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SAMUEL GARDNER DRAKE, 

THE HISTORIAN OF BOSTON, 

®l«.s Wxrrfe 

IS INSCRIBED, 
AS A TRIBUTE OF FILIAL REGARD. 



PREFACE. 



rr^HE design of this work is to give, in a single volume and at a moderate 
-*- cost, a. manual of reference, containing in a condensed form all tlie more 
important data of American biograpliy, including that of persons still living. 
Its scope, as set forth in the titlepage, is continental ; and it aims to include 
within the prescribed limits as many facts and dates as possible ; while, at the 
same time, ample reference is made to fuller sources of information. It is ob- 
vious that the utility of such a work must depend mainly upon its correctness ; 
and, to insure this all-important object, much time and labor have been given 
to the verification and completion of its dates. In regard to persons now liv- 
ing, it has not always been practicable to obtain the requisite facts ; and, in 
some instances, these have been so long withheld as to make it necessary to 
embody them in a Supplement. 

While the investigations of historical students in New England, New 
York, and in some of the other States, have been so fruitful in the materials for 
biography, that the principal difficulty has been that of selection and condensa- 
tion, it is unfortunately true, that in many of the States, and in other portions 
of the continent, such materials are exceedingly scanty. Another deficiency 
in the sources of American biography is found in the dejiartments of industry, 
inventions, and the fine arts. The politicians, authors, and clergy of America 
have had their full share of notice ; while her inventors, engineers, and practi- 
cal scientists, — to whom her wonderfully-rapid progress in the arts of civiliza- 
tion and her high rank among the nations are mainly due, — have been in a 
very great degree overlooked. One object of the author has been to remedy to 
some extent this injustice. 

Among the features calculated to enhance tlio value of the work are the 
pronunciation of such names as present unusual difficulty ; and tlio Key to 



Xn PREFACE. 

Assumed Names, which will enable the reader at once to trace the authorship 
of writings published under a pseudonyme. 

To John Wakd Dean, M.A., Librarian of the New-England Historic- 
Genealogical Society of Boston, whose thorough and accurate knowledge of 
American history and wonderfully-retentive memory are exceeded only by the 
readiness with which its abundant stores are imparted, the author is under 
weighty obligations. For much valuable material relating to the West, his 
acknowledgments are also due to the late Alfked T. Goodman of Cleve- 
land, Ohio, Secretary of the Western-Eeserve Historical Society, whose recent 
decease at the early age of twenty-six is not alone a calamity to his friends, 
but is a serious loss to the community. To the late Dr. Joseph Palmer, 
who kindly loaned him his annotated copy of the Harvard-College Triennial, 
he is also under obligations. To Rev. Elias Nason, to William B. Tbask, 
Esq., and to all who have aided him in the prosecution of his labors, the 
author returns his grateful acknowledgments. And, finally, his thanks are 
justly due to the proof-readers, — Messrs. George Wadham and George 
W. Powers, and Miss Mercie L. Taylor, — of the value of whose critical 
labors he is fully sensible. 

F. S. D. 



KEY TO ASSUMED NAMES. 



Abimelech Coody, 
AdraouisU Crime, 
Agate, 

Alice G. Lee, and Cous- 
in Alice. 
Allan Grant, and Alpin, 
Antlioiiy I'asquin, 



A. W. Farmer, 

Bailey, 

Barclays (One of the), 

Bard, Samuel A., 

Barrett, Walter, clerk, 

Barry Gray, 

Belle Brittan, 

Belle Smitli, 

Benauly, 
Benson, Carl, 
Berkly, Helen, 



Bin Arp, 
Billings, Josh, 
Blythe, White, jun.. 
Bob Short, 
Boston Bard, 
Boston Rebel, 
Breitmann, Hans, 
Brown, Vandyke, 
Buntliue, Ned, 
Burleigh, 

CsEsariensis, 

Cantcll A. Bigly, 

Carl Benson, 

Carleton, 

Caustic, Christopher, 

Caxton, Laura. 

Charles Summerfield, 

Clavers. Mary, 

Constantia, 

Coody, Abimelech, 

Cousin Alice. 

Cramer. Julian, 

Crayon, GeotTrey, 

Crayon, Porte, 

Creyton, Paul, 

Croaker. 

Crowfield, Christopher, 

Cypress, 

Dare, Shirley, 
Delia Crusca, 
Dick Tlnto, 

Diedrich Knickerbocker, 
Doesticks, Q. K. Phi- 
lander, 



Gulian C. Verplanck 
James Cook Richmond 
Whitelaw Reid 
William Elliott 
Alice B. Haven 
William Wilson 
John Williams 
Cliarles H. Smith 
Charles F. Browne 
Mrs. F. D. Gage 
ECT. Isaac Wilklna 

Fred. Douglass 
Mrs. H. G. Otis 
Ephraim G. Squier 
Joseph A. Scoville 
Robert B. Coflin 
Hiram Fuller 
Louisa Kirby Pratt 

r Benjamin, i 

I Austin, and > jointly 

(Lvman Abbott.) 
Charles Astor Bristed 
Anna Cora (Mowatt) 

Ritchie 
James Redpath 
James Russell Lowell 
Geo. W. Peck 
Charles H. Smith 
Henry W. Shaw 
Solon Robinson 
A. B. Longstreet 
Robert S. Coffin 
John Lowell 
Charles G. Leiand 
Wm. P. Brannan 
E. Z. C. Judson 
Matthew Hale Smith 

J. W. Alexander 
Geo. W. Peck 
Charles Astor Bristed 
Charles Carleton Coffin 
Thos. Green Fessenden 
Lizzie B. Comins 
Alfred W. Arrington 
Mrs. C. M. Kirkland 



Joseph Lemuel Chester 
Washington Irving 
Gen. D.T. Strother 
J.T.Trowbridge 
Fitz Greene Halleck 
Mrs. H. B. Stowe 
W. P. Hawes 

Susan Dunning 
Robert Merry 
Frank B. Goodrich 
Washington Irving 
Mortimer N. Thompson 



E. C. Revons, 
Edith May, 
Edmund Kirke, 
Elizabeth WethereU, 
Estelle, 
Ethan Spike, 
Everpoint, 



Fanny Fern, 
Fanny Fielding, 
Fanny Forrester, 

Farmer, Pennsylvania, 
Fat Contributor, 
Fleta, 

Florence Leigh, 
Florence Percy, 
Folio. Tom, 
Francis Oldys, 
Frank Forester, 

Gail Hamilton, 

Gath, 

Genesee Traveller, 

Geoffrey Crayon, 

Gleaner, 

Glyndon. Howard, 

Grace Greenwood, 

Grant, Allen, 

Gringo. Harry, 

Hamilton. Gail, 

Harland. Marion, 
Harry Gringo, 
Helen Berkly, 
Helen Mar, 
Honestus, 



Charles C. Converse 
Anna Drinker 
J. R. Gilmore 
Susan Warner 
Elizabeth Bogert 
Matthew F. Whittier 
J. M. Field 

Jonathan F. Kelly 
Frances D. Gage 
Mrs. Sarah (Willis) 

Parton 
Mary J. S.Upshur 
Emily C. Judson 
Rev. Isaac Wilkins 
John Dickinson 
A. Miner Griswold 
Kate W. Hamilton 
Anna T.Wilbur 
Mrs. Elizabeth Akers 
Joseph E. Bab'-on 
George Chalnuis 
Wm. H. Herbert 

Mary Abigail Dodge 
Geo. Alfred Townseud 
Matthew L. Davis 
Washington Irving 
Nathl. f. Bowditch 
Laura C. Reddon 
Sara J. Lippincott 
William Wilson 
Robert B. Coffin 
Henry A. Wise 

Mary Abigail Dodge 
Charles G. Lclaud 
Sirs. Terhune 
Lieut. H. A. Wise 
Anna Cora (Mowatt) 

Ritchie 
Mrs. D. M. F. Walker 
Benj. Austin 
G. C. Fisher 
J. Russell Lowell 
Laura C. Reddon 
Mrs. Eliz. Stuart Phelps 

Emma C. Embury 
Samuel L. Knapp 
Donald G.Mitchell 
Seba Smith 
Stephen C. Massett 
Mrs. Jennie C. Croly 
George A. Foxcroft 



KEY TO ASSUMED NAMES. 






John Oldbug, 
Jolin Paul. 
John FhcDuix, 
John Quod, 
John Waters, 
Jonathan Oldstyle, 
Jones, Major, 
Josh Billings, 
Julian Cramer, 

Karl Reden, 
Kerr, Orpheus C, 
Kirke, Edmund, 
Kirwan. 
Knickerbocker,* Died- 

rich, 
K. N.repper, 

Laco, 

Laura Caxton, 
Lay I'reaclier. 
Lee, Alice G., 
Lee, Patty. 
Leigh. Florence, 
Leighton, 
L'Inconnu, 
Lovengood. Sut, 
Lynn liard, 

McArone, 
Mace .Sloper, 
Mar, Helen, 
Maria del Occidente, 
Marion Harland, 
Marion Ward, 
Mark Twain, 
Marvel. Ik, 
Mary Clavers, 
Mary Orme, 
Massachusettensis, 
Mav. Edith, 
Mav, Sophie, 
Miles O'Reilly, 
Minnie Myrtle, 
Mrs. Manners, 



». >> ifasbv. Petroleum V. 
' Ned Buntline, 

Nevers. C. O., 
Novanglus, 

Oldbug, John, 
Oldham. Dr., at Gray- 
Old South". 
Oldstyle. Jonathan, 
Oldvs, Francis, 
Oliver Oldschool, 
Oliver Optic, 
O'Keilly. Miles, 
Orme, Mary, 
Orpheus C. Kerr, 



Patty Lee. 
Paul Crevton, 
Paul. John, 
Paulus Silentia 
Peasant Bard, 
Penn, Wra., 



Rev. Leonard Withing. 

ton 
C. H.Webb 
George U . Derby 
John T. Irving 
Henry Cary ot Boston 
AVashington Irving 
Wm. Theodore Thomp- 



Charles C. Converse 
K. H. Xewell 
J. K. Gilmoi-e 
liev. Nicholas Jlurray 
Washington Irving 
James M. Morris 

Steplien Higginson 
Lizzie li. Coniiiis 
Joseph Dennie 
Alice B. Haven 
Alice Carey 
Anna T. Wilbur 
Rev. Jesse Appleton 
L. Virginia French 
George W. Harris 
Alonzo Lewis 

George Arnold 
Cliarles G. Iceland 
Mrs. D. M. F. Walker 
Maria (Gowen) Bi-ooks 
Mary Virginia (Uawes) 

Terhune 
Mrs. H. M. Stephens 
Samuel L. Clemens 
Donald G. Mitchell 
Caroline M. Kirkland 
Mrs.Marv Sargent Gove 

Nichols 
Daniel Leonard 
Anna Drinker 
Miss R. S. Clarke 
Charles G. Halpine 
Anna L. Johnson (Mrs. 

Joaquin Miller) 
Cornelia H. (Bradley) 

Richards 

David Ross Locke 
E. Z.C. Judson 
Charles C. Converse 
John Adams 

Rev. Leonard Withing- 

tou 
Caleb S. Henry 
Benjamin Austin 
"Washington Irving 
George Chalmers 
Joseph Dennie 
"Wra. T. Adams 
Charles G. Halpine 



B. P.Shillaber 
John WUliams 
Alice Carey 

J. T. Trowbridge 

C. H. Webb 
George P. Philes 
Josiah D. Canning of 

Gill 
Jeremiah Evarts 



Pennsylvania Farmer, 
Pepper, K. N., 

Percy. Florence, 
Perley, 
Peter Parley, 
Peter Porcupine, 
Peter Quince, 
Peter Schlemihl, 
Peter Scriber, 
Petroleum V. Nasby, 
Philauthropos, 
Philip Quillibet, 
Phoenix, John, 
Pipes. Jeemes, of Pipes- 

ville, 
Poor Richard, 

Publicola, 
Pylodet, F., 

Quillibet. Philip, 
Quince. Peter, 
Quod, John, 



Revons. E. C, 
Robinson. Ignatius 

Rustic Bard, 
Kutledge, 

Salmagundi, 

Sam Slick, 

Samuel A. Bard, 

Sass. Job, 

Schlemihl, Peter, 

Scriber, Peter, 

Se De Kay, 

Se.\ton of the Old 

School, 
Shirlev Dare, 
Short, Bob, 
■Sigma, 
Sloper, Mace, 
Smith, Belle, 
Sophie May, 
Spike, Ethan, 
Spy in Washington, 
Squibob. 
Stampede, 



Tiieodore de la Guard, 
TimothvTitcomb, 
Tinto, Dick, 
Tom Folio. 
Traveller, Genesee, 
Trusta, H., 
Twain, Mark, 



Walter Barrett, clerk. 
Ward, Artemus, 
Ward, Marion, 
Warrington, 
Waters. John, 
Wetherell, Elizabeth, 
White, Blythe, jun., 



John Dickinson 
James M. Morris 
Charles W. March 
Mrs. Elizabeth Akers 
Ben. I'erley Poore 
S. G. Goodrich 
Wm. Cobbett 
Isaac Story 
George Wood 
Charles Aug. Davis 
David Ross Locka 
William Ladd 
George E. Pond 
George H. Derby 
Stephen C. Massett 



D. P. Strother 
John Quincy Adams 
F. Leypoldt 

George E. Pond 

Isaac Story 
John T. Irving 

Charles C. Converse 
Mrs. O. J. Victor 
Charles C. Converse 



S. L. Knapp 
Robert Dinsr 



Washington Irving 
T. C. Haliburton 
Ephraim G. Squier 
George A. Foxcroft 



Charles Aug. Davis 



; Wood 
Aug. I 
Charles D. Kir 
Lucius M. Sargent 
Miss Susan Dunning 
A. B. Longstreet 
Lucius M. Sargent 
Charles G. Leland 
Louisa Kirby Pratt 
Miss R. S. Cl.arke 
Matthew F. Whittier 
Matthew L. Davis 
George H. Derbv 
Jonathan F. Kelly 
J. M. Field 
Miss Kale Field 
Alfred W. Arrington 
George W. Harris 

Therise A. L. Robinson 
Nathaniel Ward 
Dr.J. G.Holland 
Frank B. Goodrich 
Joseph E. Babson 
Matthew L. Davis 
Mrs. Eliz. Stuart Phelps 
Samuel L. Clemens 



J. A. Scoville 
Charles F. Browne 
Mrs. H. M. Stephens 
W. S. Robinson 

■ Cary of Boston 






I Wo 



Solon RobinsoQ 



ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 



a., aged. 

ab., about. 

acad., academy. 

accomp., accompanied. 

adm., admiral, admitted. 

Amer.. America < 

Ant. Coll., Antioch College. 

app., appointed. 

art., artillery. 

assist., assistant. 

asso., association, associate. 

atty., attorney. 

b., born. 

bapt., baptized. 

brev., brevet. 

bro.j brother. 

com., commanded, command 

commiss., commissioned, commissioner. 

commo., commodore. 

conf., conference. 

Confed., Confederate. 

Cong., Congregational. 

consec, consecrated. 

Const. Conv., Constitutional Convention. 

Cont., Continental. 

contrib., contributed, contributions, contributor. 

corresp., correspondence, corresponding. 

C. S. A., Confederate-States Army. 

d., deceased. 

Democ, Democratic. 

dep., deputy. 

dept., department. 

dist., district. 

disting., distinguished. 

eccles., ecclesiastical. 

exped., expedition. 

explo., exploring. 

Inf., Infantry. 

Inst., Institute, Institution. 



legisl., legislature, legislative. 

m., married. 

mag., magazine. 

manuf., manufacturer. 

llpi., Mississippi. 

N. A., North America. 

nat., national. 

N. E., New England. 

Nouv.Biog.Univ., Nouvelle Biographic Universelle. 

N. W., North-west. 

occas., occasional. 

ord., ordained. 

Pr-Ep., Protestant-Episcopal. 

pres.. president. 

Presb., Presbyterian. 

prof., professor. 

prov., provincial. 

provis., provisional. 

pub., published, publication. 

Revol., Revolutionary. 

sem., seminary. 

theol.. theology, theological. 

Unit., Unitarian. 

vols., volunteers. 

Names of colleges generally abbreviated by first 
letters. 

The strictly alphabetical order has been devi- 
ated from in such names as Clarke, Deane, and 
others, in which the final c is sometimes dropped ; 
in that of Matthews, — sometimes spelled with a 
single t ; and in those having the prefix Mc, which 
are placed as though spelled ATac. Names of mem- 
bers of the same family are sometimes grouped 
together in one paragraph; as in the cases of 
Shubrick, Lemoine, Wyllys, Hallam, Claiborne, 
Brenton, &c. 

Pronunciation as in Worcester's large Diction 
ary. 



INDEX TO AUTHORITIES, CITED BY THE AUTHOR'S 
NAME ONLY. 



AUen, American Biographical Dictionary, 8vo, 

ISSC. 
Allibone, Dictionary of Authors, 3 vols. 8vo, 



Appleton, New American Cyclopadia, and . 

27 vols. 8to. 
Blakc. Biographical Dictionary, 8to, 1856. 
Bradford, New-England Biography, 12mo, 1842. 
Collins, History of Kentucky, 8vo, 1848. 
Cullum, Register of West-Point Graduates, 2 vols. 

8vo, 1868. 
Duyclvinck, Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 

and Supplement, 3 vols. 8vo, 1856-66. 
Eliot, New-England Biographical Dictionary, 8vo, 

1809. 
Gardner, Dictionary of the Army, 2d edition, 12mo, 

1860. 
Gayarre, History of Louisiana, 2 toIs. 8vo, 1854. 
Goodman, A. T., MS. notices. 
Grigsby, Virginia Convention of 1776, 8vo, 1855. 
Gross, American Medical Biography, Svo, 1861. 
Hamersly, Record of Living Officers U. S. Navy, 

8vo, 1870. 
Henry, Record of Civil Appointments U. S. Army, 

8vo, 1869. 



Lanman, Dictionary of Congress, 5th edition, 8vo, 

1867. 
Lossing, Field-Book of the American Revolution, 

2 vols. Svo, 1852. 
Morgan, Celebrated Canadians, Svo, 1865. 
O'CaUaghan, New-Tork Colonial Documents, 11 

vols. 4to. 
Phillipart, Royal Military Calendar, 5 vols. Svo, 

London. 
Rogers, Biographical Dictionary of Revolutionary 

Worthies, Svo, 1829. 
Sabine, American Loyalists, 2d edition, 2 vols. 8vo, 

1864. 
Simpson, Eminent Philadelphians, Svo, 1859. 
Sparks, American Biographies, Ist and 2d series, 25 

vols. 12mo. 
Sprague, Annals of the American Palpit, 9 vols. 

Svo, 1857-66. 
Thacher, American Medical Biography, 2 vols. 8vo, 

1828. 
Thomas, Universal Biographical Dictionary, 2 vols. 

Svo, 1671. 
Tuckerman, Book of the Artists, Svo, 1867. 
Wheeler, History of North Carolina, Svo, 1851. 
Williams, American Medical Biography, Svo, 1845, 



ITl 



DICTIONARY 



America]^ Biography. 



(a-bas-kiir), Don Jose Fernan- 
do, Viceroy of Peru, b. Oviedo, 1743 ; d. Ma- 
drid, June"30, 1821. Entering tlie military 
service in 1 762, he became a brigadier during 
the war with France, and in 1796 was sent as 
lieutenant of the king to defend Havana 
against the English. Called thence to tlie 
intendancy of New Galicia, liis services there 
were rewarded in 1804 witli the viceroyship of 
Peru. On his way thiiher, he fell into the 
hands of tlie English. By prudence and firm- 
ness he overcame various obstacles, and gained 
the confidence of the people. He established 
free schools, an academy of design, and chairs 
of medicine and surgery, at Lima, besides 
effecting important changes in its administra- 
tive Indian and police organizations. For 
these and other services, the Spanish Cortes, 
May 30, 1812, gave him the title of Marquis 
de la Concordia Espahola del Peru. Subse- 
quent reverses caused his recall in 1816. The 
title of deputy-general was decreed him by 
the Junta of Asturias for his benefactions to 
the widows and orphans of the patriots of that 
province who died fighting for the national 
independence. 

Abasola (aba'-sola), M.4riano, Mexican 
revolutionist, b. near Dolores Guanajuto ab. 
1780; shot in Chihuahua, July, 1811. He 
was a zealous supporter of Hidalgo, a colonel 
of his army ; and at the capture of Rianon 
was conspicuous for courage, and humanity to 
the prisoners. He was at Las Cruccs, and, 
after the disastrous bntti" -f tli" T',. id-o of Cal- 
deron, fled to Sahill-. -■ ': li' i i' n. Both 
were taken by Eliz^ii , \! :, I si I, and 

shot soon after; theii !- .... lulilicly ex- 
posed on stakes, and k,t iinl.uiiL.i until 1822. 

Abbadie, d' (da-bade), il., governor of 
Louisiana from 1763 to his death, Feb. 4, \~6f<. 
June 29, 1763, he arrived at New Orleans, 
where the French king had a factory, of which 
d'Abbadie was made director-general, with 
the powers of a military commandant. Or- 
dered in 1764 to surrender the country to 



Sjiain, his grief at this duty caused his death. 
He protected the Indians, repressed the excesses 
of masters towards their slaves, and left a 
memory dear to all Louisianians. — O'Callag- 

Abbeville, d' (diib-vel'), Claude, a Cap- 
uchin, author of "Histoire de la Mission dea 
P&res Capucins en I'lsle de Maragnon ; " d. 
Paris, 1632. The mission to the Island of 
Maranham (on the coast of Brazil) was under- 
taken in 1612. 

Abbot, Aeiel, D.D. (H. U. 1838), minis- 
ter, b. Wihon, N.H., Dec. 14, 1765; d. West 
Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 31, 18.i9. H. U. 1787. 
Descended from George, who settled in An- 
dover, Ms., 1643. His tiither, Abiel, was a 
major in the Revol. army. Soon after gradu- 
ating, and until July, 1789, he was a teacher in 
Phillips Academy. After studying theology, 
and engaging in missionary labors in Maine 
and elsewhere, he was, from" Jan. 1794 to Jan. 
179.5, Greek tutor at Cambridge. Ord. minis- 
ter of Coventry, Ct., Oct. 28, 1795. June 6, 
1811, he was deposed from the ministry on 
account of differences of opinion with his 
church. In Sept. 1811, ho took charge of 
Dummer Academy ; which, in April, 1819, he 
quitted for a farm in North Andover. In- 
stalled minister of Peterborough, N.H., June 
27, 1827, he remained until his retirement in 
Sei)t. 1 848. He was an able writer and popular 
preacher. In 1811, he pub. a statement of the 
Coventry difiiculty ; in 1829, a "History of 
Andover ; " and a " Genealogy of the Abbot 
Family " in ISiT. — Necroloin/' TI. U. 

Abbot, Abiel, D.D. (H. U. 1S2I), minis- 
ter, b. Andover, Aug. 17, 1770; d. Staten Is- 
land, N.Y., June 7, 1828. II. U. 1792. After 
being an assistant in the Andover Academy, 
he was minister of Haverhill from June 8, 1795, 
to June 13, 1803; and then of Beverly until 
the winter of 1827-8; when he went to Charles- 
ton, S.C., for his health, and thence to Cuba. 
Returning in improved health, ho preached at 
Charleston June 1, and sailed the next day for 



'.'I'l-' 



:if yellow fever at the 
y. He was an eloquent 
His " Letters from 
.-.toil in 1829. His ser- 
V S. Everett, were pub., 
r ». alu HI. 
LL. 1). (D. C. ISU), 



quick percejition of cliar.ieter, and a native 
authority which secured obeilicnce and affec- 
tion. Under his charge, the institution was 
exceedingly popular. Among his pupils were 
Daniel \Vebster, Edward Everett, Jared 
Sparks, George Bancroft, and many others 
who became distinguished. He stood at the 
head of his profession in New England. Mary, 
his wife, sister of Thos. H. Perkins, merchant, 
of Boston, d. Exeter, March 17, 1863, a. 93 y. 
10 mo. 

Abbott, Benjamin V., b. Boston, June 4, 
1830 ; Austin, h. Dec. 18, 1831 ; and Lym.a.n, 
b. Roxbury, Dec. 18, 1835. The Abbott 
brothers, sons of Ucv. Jacob, practise law in 
N. Y. City ; and have jointly pub. Admiral- 
ty Reports, 18.^7; N. Y. Practice Reports; 
Forms of Pleading ; Digest of N. Y. ; C. P. 
Reports, 8 vols. ; Uiiccst of U. S. Statutes and 



E-eports, 1 
veyancers' A--! , : 
porations, 2 v > 
tice and Jurl^ h. uni 
many articles in law 
cut Corners," a novel i 



krks'and Con- 
lie Law of Cor- 
i-c on the Prac- 
U. S. Courts; 
3s ; and " Conc- 
iipport of prohibitory 



temperance laws. — Aliibonc. 

Abbot, Hull, .nini^tL■^ of Charlestown, 
Ms., from ImIi ■. U-L ]•< lli^ death, April 
19, 1774. r. I: I •■. 1702. H. U. 

1720. Many \., I . i vi itii Rev. Simon 

Bradstreet. 11' :'ii'', 1:1 - on the " Artil- 

Icrv EUi-tion," l'7;3.) ; on ilie " Rebelfion in 
Scotland," 1746 ; " Against Swearing," 1747. 

Abbott, Rev. Jacob, author, b. Hallow- 
cll, iMf., Nov. 14, 1803. Bowd. Coll. 1820; 
And. Theol. Scm. 1825. ' Jacob, his father, b. 
Andover; d. Farmington, Me., Jan. 25, 1847, 
a. 70. Prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. 
Amh. Coll. 182.5-9. Ord. Sept. 18, 1834, at 
Eliot Church, Boston Highlands ; and was suc- 
ceeded by his bro., Rev. J. S. C, Nov. 25, 
1835. Among his many writings, chiefly for 
the young, are "The Young Christian." 1825, 
" Corner Stone," " Way to do Good," "Hoary- 
Head," and " Mac. Donner," " Teacher," 
" Summer in Scotland," 24 vols, of the " Rol- 
lo,""Lucy," and "Jonas" stories, and 30 
vols, of juvenile biographies. 

Abbott, JoHy, author of " The Natural 
History of the Rarer Lepidopterons Insects of 
Georgia," edited by Sir J. E. Smith, Lond. 
1797, with 104 colored plates. Resided many 
' years in Georgia. 

Abbot, John Emery, clergyman, b. E.Keter, 
N.H., Aug. 6, 1793; d. Salem, Ms., Oct. 7, 
1819. Bowd. Coll. 1810. Son of Benjamin, 
principal of Phillips Academy, where he re- 
ceived his academical education. Ord. April 



20, 1815, p.astor of the cluirch in Salem, as 
successor of Rev. Thomas Barnard, where he 
was highly esteemed lor his literary acquire- 
ments and the liberality and candor of his re- 
ligious views. His sermons, with a memoir 
by H. Ware, jun., were pub. in 1829. 

Abbott, Rev. John Stevens Cabot. 
author, bro. of Jacob, h. Bnii.swirk, Mc Sent. 
18, 1805. Bowd. Cnll l = j-, ; Anl, Ti,...l. 
Sem. 182Sr Ord.,J;i:i " : i - 1 ; ■ : ■ 

ministry successively 1! W I:.. 

and Nantucket, Ms., i: . i , . il, , , 

1861-6, and over tin- " ■ -i..l 1 1 : ,1 I !:i\> 1 
Ct., 1869. His fiiM I M.il, I at 

Home," has been 11 1 . 1 .,, - i.mu, im- 
eign languages. Aiihii ■ li m; • ;.il |,ulili- 
cations are " The Child at llunr ; ' AM.nit s 
Historical Series," 6 vols.; " 1 'nuiLlmn:,! 
Correspondence of Napoleon an. I .l>.~r|ihiu. ; " 
"Napoleon at St. Helena;" " .Mnii.ijr^ ,,| Na- 
poleon," 2 vols. 8vo, 1855, and of Napoleon 
IIL ; " History of the French Revolution," and 
of the " Civil War in America.' His " Life of 
Frederic the Great" is in preparation. 

Abbot, Samuel, a founder and benefac- 
tor of the And. Theol. Sem., b. Andover, 
Ms. ; d. there April 30, 1812, a. 80. Hav- 
ing a feeble constitution, he adopted the mer- 
cantile profession in Boston, and, acquiring 
wealth by integrity and methodical habits, 
devoted it to religious and charitable objects. 
Upon the establishment of the seminary at 
Andover, Aug. 31, 1807, he gave to it $20,000, 
and in his 'will left it $100,000 more. 

Abbot, Samuei,, inventor of the process 
bv which starch is made from the potato, b. 
\Viltoii, N.H., March 3, 1786; d. there Jan. 2, 
1839. H. U. 1808. Son of Major Abiel. 
Practised law at Dunstable, and afterwards at 
Ipswich. Burned to death in a starcli-factory 
at Wilton. 

Abeel, David, an oflScer of the frigate 
"Alliance" in the Revol. war, d. N. Bruns- 
wick, N.J., Oct. 1840, a. 78. 

Abeel, DAVib, D.D., missionary to China, 
b. N. Brunswick, N. J., June 12, 1804; d. Al- 
bany, Sept. 4, 1846. Educated principally at 
his native place. He was ord. to the ministry in 
1826, and labored at Athens, N.Y., two years. 
His health failing, he went in Oct. 1829' as a 
missionary to China, and thence to J.iva, Bata- 
via, Singapore, and Siam. Visiting Europe in 
1833, oii returning home he pub. " The Claims 
of the World to the Gospel ; " " Residence in 
China" in 1829-33; and "Missionary Con- 
vention at Jerusalem," 1838. He went again 
to Canton in 1839; but, the "opium war" 
precluding his usefulness there, he visited Ma- 
lacca, Borneo, and other places, and settled at 
Kolongsoo. Ill health compelled him to return 
home in 1845. after beginning a mission at 
Amoy in 1842; and he died soon after. He 
was well qualified for his work by great prac- 
tical judgment, good sense, and persevering 
energy. — Memoirs by Rev. G. R. Williamson, 
1849. 

Abeel, John Nelson, D.D.fH.U. 1804), 
an eloquent Presbyterian minister, b. New 
York, 1769; d. there Jan. 20, 1812. Princeton 
Coll. 1787. He studied law while a tutor at 
Princeton, but began to preach, in Apr. 1793, 



t.fc^-3,.'i 



in Phila. From the autumn of 1795 until his 
death, he was pastor of tlie Dutch Reformed 
Church in New York. He possessed a voice 
of much sweetness and m.lody. 

Abercrombie, James, of Glassaugh, a 
British gen, b. 17u6; d. deputy-gov. of Stir- 
ling Castle, Apr. 28, 1781. De'scended fi-om 
a wealthy Scotch tamilv, he onrniil ih« .-irinv ; 
became a col. Apr. 16, 1746; m n •_ n- .l,i;i :l , 
I7.i6; lieut.-gen. Mar. 31, IT.'i i _ i. 1 ;. -''. 
1772. Sent to America in ,1 > i , I , n. , ii 
the rank of maj.-gen., to \vIik;i lie li.ul l-jcn 
promoted for services on the Continent, he 
held the chief command until the arrival of 
Loudoun in Aug., and resumed the command 
on the return "f rhiit offir,.,- ill I7:w .Tiilv s, 

1758, at tth' 1-, 1 "1 1- 1 Ii, .;' -■ k-il 

Ticondeni, , . , ,, :!, ..•.:• i , ■> : • -I 
folly whii'ii ..;,,! ,, . - ..: n .;..,_ (i ■ • ,,,,ivc 
men. He .i,.: i.ulKr u..pl.u.,l ,„....>..,,... .ty 
by unnecessarily retreating to lils uurenclied 
camp on the south side of Lake George. 
Superseded hj' Amherst, he returned to 
England in 1759, and, as a member of par- 
liament, supported the arbitrary measures 
which resulted in the independence of the 
United States. 

Abererombie,JAJiES,hisson,alient.col., 
mortally wounded at Bunker's Hill ; d. Boston, 
June 24, 1775. Maile capt. 42d Highlanders, 
Feb. 16, 1756; aide-de-camp to Gen. Amherst, 
M-v 5, 1759 ; maj. 78th, July 25, 1760 ; lieut.- 
col. 22d, March 27, 1770. "He led the gren- 
adiers to the assault of Bunker's Hill ; vvns a 
brave and noble-hearted soldier; and, while 
being borne from the field, begged his men to 
spare his old friend Putnam. 

Abercrombie, James, D.D. (N.J. Cull. 

1804), clergyman and scholar, b. Phila. Jan. 
26, 1758 ; d. there June 26, 1841. Phila. Coll. 
1776. Ord. deacon and priest Dec. 29, 170.3. 
He was for manv years one of the associated 
rectors of Christ Church, St. Peter's, and St. 
John's, in that city ; and was also widely and 
favorably known as a classical teacher. For 
impressive eloquence and classical acquire- 
ments, he was excelled by few. 
Abercrombie, John Joseph, brig. gen. 

.11 U. S. Vols., b. Tenn. 1802.^ West Point, 1822. 

// His father emigrated from Scotland, was a 
volunteer in the Revol. army, and settled in 
Tennessee. Entering the 1st Infy., he was 
adjutant from 1825 to 18.3.3 ; became capt. Sept. 
4, 1836 ; brev. maj. for services in the Florida 
war, especially at Okechobee, Dec. 25, 1837; 
brev. lieut.-col. for gallantry at .Monterey, 
where he was wounded Sept. 23, 1846 ; lieut.- 
col. 2d Infv. Mav 1, 1852 ; col. 7th Infy. Feb. 
25, 1861 ; "brev. brig.-gen. U. S. A. March 13, 
1865; retired June 12, 1865; brig.-gen. of 
Vols. Aug. 31, 1861. He commanded a 
brigade in Patterson's division in May ; in 
July was transferred to Banks's division on 
the Uppi;r Potomac; and early in 1862 joined 
the ar-iiy of McClellan, and was in the battles 
lirfoie Kiehmond, being slightly wounded at 
F^irOaks. 

Abercromby, Sir Robert, a British 
gen., bro. of the celebrated Sir Ralph, b. Oct. 
1740; d. near Stirling, Scotland, Nov. 3, 1827. 
Ensign in the 44th in July, 1758.; capt. in 



1761 ; lieut.-col. 37th, 1775; col. I78I ; maj.- 
gen. 1790; lieut. -gen. 1797; gen. IS02. He 
served in Canada until its surrender by the 
French in 1763 ; commanded his regt. thruut;h 
the whole American war until ca|iture(i at 
Yorktown, and was wounded at Monrnonth. 
He commanded the exped. which, May 7, 
1778, destroyed the Araeiican slni.niii' ii." the 
Delaware; May 1, 1778, mh : ii. .1 i,.:i l,i,-,y 
at Crooked Billet, Pa.; ai. i : : . i.-e 

of Yorktown, led a succrs~i,: : min^' 

two batteries. He afterwaul .^er.vd lu India, 
where he succeeded Cornw.allis in the chief 
command in 1793; and, at his death, was the 
oldest gen. in the service. 

Abert (a'bert). Col. John James, military 
engineer, b. Md. 1791 ; d. Washington, D.C, 
Jan. 27, 1863, West Point, 1811. He was 
employed in the war office in 1811-14; was 
in the battle of Bladensbnrg, Aug. 24, 1814; 
Nov. 22, 1814, was app. maj. of topographical 
engineers; became lieut.-col. Nov. 22, 1824; 
and Mar. 19, 1829, was placed in command 
of the corps of topographical engineers, and 
at the head of the topographical bureau, which 
was by his efforts made a distinct branch of 
tlie war dept. June 22, 1831. He was an 
Indian commissioner in 1832-3; and, on the 
reconstruction of the army, was appointed col. 
of his corps, July 7, 1838. The military topoj 
raphy of the United States ' 



super 



was under 
sion until his retirement, Sept. 9, 1861. 



Abert, Col. Wm. Stretch, son of J. J., 
b. Washington, D.C, Feb. 1, 1836; d. Galves- 
ton, Tex., Aug. 25, 1867. During the Rebel- 
lion, in which he rendered faithful service to 
the g-overnment, he was col. 3d Ms. Heavy Art., 
and brev. lieut.-col. U. S. A. for gallantry at 
Antiotam, 

Aboville, d' (dii-bo'vcr), Francois Ma- 
rie, Count, a French gen. of artillery, b. Brest, 
Jan. 23, 17.30 ; d. Nov. 1, 1819, Entering the 
artillery, he disting. himself at the siege of 
Munster in 1759. He commanded in chief, 
with the grade of col., the artillery of Ruchani- 
beau's army, and directed its operations at 
the siege of Yorktown with great skill, earning 
promotion to the rank of brigadier, and the 
order of the Cincinnati, Mar&hal de camp, in 
1788. In 1792 he com., as lieut.-gen., the Ar- 
my of the North and of the Ardennes, and in 
1809 was gov. of Brest. Adhering in 1814 to 
the Bourbons, he was made a peer, and com- 
mander of the order of St. Louis. 

Acamapixtla I. (a-ka-ma-pitch'-tlcc), 
king of III ■ A ■■-- :i-iu 1 ■ ■_' n. In, d. in 13S9 ; 
was the I _ I , , ; , ; hiiilt roads, 

canals, a : i , i . , . . . i tl,,- scattered 
tribes tuu' ;:i' i ii.l hMinil.-i im eity nf Tenoch- 
titlan, near .Mexieo. 

Ackland, Lady Christina Harriet 
Caroline Fox, dau. of Stephen, Earl of III- 
chester, and wife of Maj. John Dyke Ackland 
of Pixton, b. 17.50; d. July 21, 1815. Her 
husband, maj. in the 20th foot, juiiied Biir- 
goyne's exped. in 1776; disting. himself, and 
was severely wounded, and made pri.soner, at 
the battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7, l777. While 
on parole in New York, he alleviated the suf- 
ferings of the American prisoners there. He 
was a member of parliament, and d. Oct. 31, 



1778. Lady Harriet, who acconipanicil him 
during Burgoyne'sexpefl., is memoruhle for licr 
sufferings and heroism durini; an anxious at- 
tendance upon her husband throui^hout the 
perils of a long campaign. The story related 
by Wilkinson in his memoirs, and often re- 
peated, of her husband falling in a duel, her 
consequent insanity, and subsequent marriage 
to Mr. Brudenell, a chaplain in Burgoyue's ar- 
my, lacks confirmation. Some authorities 
state that Maj. A. died from the effect of his 
wounds. Lady A. could never after hear an al- 
lusion to his name without tears. Her sister. 
Lady Susan, also came to America with her 
husband, William O'Brien, who held office 
under the crown, and returned to England 
during the war, by which he was a large loser 
in landed projierty. 

Aeosta, Joaquin, an officer in the service 
of the republic of Colombia, travelled exten- 
sively there and in New Granada, and com- 
piled a map of New Granada, with a history of 
the discovery and colonization of that country 
(Paris, 8vo, 1848). He also repub. the work 
of Caldas, cited by Humboldt, with notes and 
a preface. 



Cliickasaws from 1735 to 1775, assigns to them 
a Hebiew origin, — an idea tlien regariled as 
visionary, but which has since found support- 
ers ; among them Dr. Boudinot in his " Star 
of the West." His argument is founded on 
their division into tribes, their language and 



Acosta, Joseph d', a Spanish Jesu 
del Campo, 



and 
missionary, b. Medi 

rector of the U. of Salamanca, Feb. 15, 1600. 
He spent some years subsequent to 1571 in the 
conversion of the Indians of S. America, and 
was afterwards a provincial in the Jesuit Col- 
lege in Peru. On his return to Spain, he pub., 
besides his missionary works, " The Natural 
and Moral History of the Indies," 8vo, 1590, 
translated into French in 1600 ; to which was 
afterward added De Nalum Novi Orbis, libri 
duo, a work quoted by Robertson and others. 
He was at oue time professor of theology at 
Orana. 

Acrelius, Israel, a Swedish clergyman, 
b. Osteraker, Dec. 25, 1714; d. Fellingsbro", 
Apr.25, 18U0. U.ofUpsal. Ord. 1743. App. 
]irovo5t of the Swedish congregations on the 
Delaware in 1749, and pastor of Christina. 
Reaching Phila. in Nov., he superintended suc- 
ces.-lully the ecclesiastical affiiirs of the Swe- 
dish colonists until obliged by ill health to re- 
sign in Nov. 1756. On his return, the king 
gave him a pension and the liviiigof Fellings- 
bro'. Besides articles on America in the 
Swedish journals, and some religious works, 
he pub. a description of the Swedish colonies 
in America, 4to, Stockholm, 1769. 

Acuna, d' (a-koon'-yii), Christopher, 
Jesuit and explorer, b. Burgos, 1597 ; d. Lima, 
ah. 1675. He was one of the early explorers 
of the River Amazon, and was sent to report 
the incidents of the cxpcd. of 1639. On his 
roniin h. S; in, !,>■ miI\ at Madrid, in 4to, 
ir,4l ', -' Gran Hio de las 

Ai : :, . , 1 iiii^ work were all 

disM-Mi,:! i,i:r iwi. Miir ,,] which Gomberville 
traiisiatnl into 1' ii-tkIi hi 1iiS4. The work is 
aecompanicd with a curious dissertation. He 
subsequently went to the East Indies, returned 
to S. Anieric:j, and died on the way from Pan- 
ama to Lima. 

Adair, James, trader, and author of a his- 
tory of the American Indians, 4to, 1775, Lon- 
don. The writer, who lived chiefly among the 



Adair, John, general, h, Chester Co., S.C, 
1759; d. HanwM'ui.. K, , Mn 1>J, 1S40. 

He served in the i;r\ i iv.dtnKy. 

in 1787; wasaniaj - i i and Wil- 

kinson in the expidiihin- :i;jaiii.i tlie North- 
western Indians in 17'JI ; was attacked by the 
Miami chief, " Little Turtle," in camp near 
Fort St. Clair, Nov. 6, 1792, and forced to re- 
treat ; and was lieut.-col. under Gen. Charles 
Scott in 1793. He was a volunteer aide to 
Gen. Shelby at the battle of the Thames, Oct. 
5, 1813; made brig.-gen. of Ky. militia in Nov. 
1814 ; and com. the Ky. troops with distinction 
at N. Orleans, under Gen. Jackson, in 1814-15. 
He was several years a representative of Mer- 
cer Co. in the Ky. legislature, of which body 
he was also speaker ; was a member of the Ky. 
Const. Conv , and register of the U. S. Land 
Office; U. S. senator in 1805-6; gov. of Ky. 
1820-24; and M. C. 1831-3, serving on the 
Committee on Military Affairs. 

Adams, Abigail, wife of Pres. John, b. 
Wevmouth, Ms., Nov. 22, 1744 ; d. Quincy, 
Oct'. 28, 1818. Dau. of Rev. William Smith. 
Feb. 24, 17G4, she ra. Mr. Adams, then a 
lawyer at Weymouth. She visited Europe 
while her husband was minister to England, in 
1784-8 ; and during his Vice-Presidency and 
Presidency, 1789-1800, resided in Phila. Her 
letters we're pub. by her grandson, Charles F., 
4th ed. Boston, 1848, 12mo. They are inter- 
esting and valuable pictures of the Revol. pe- 
riod. 

Adams, Amos, minister of Roxbury, Ms., 
from Sept. 12, 1758, to his d. at Dorchester, 
Oct. 5, 1775, b. Medfield, Ms., Sept. 1, 1728. 
H. U. 1752. He was an ardent patriot, and 
was scribe of the convention of ministers at 
Watertown, which in May, 1775, recommend- 
ed to the people to take up arms. He pub., 
besides sermons, two discourses on " Religious 
Liberty," 1767; "A Concise Historical View of 
New England," in two discourses ; on the Gen- 
eral Fast, Apr. 6, 1769, repub. London, 1770. 

Adams, Andrew, LL. D. (Y. C. 1796), 
jurist, b. Stratford, Ct., Jan. 1736; d. Litch- 
field, Nov. 26, 1797. Yale Coll. 1760. He 
was admitted to the bar of Fairfield Co. ; 
practised law some time in Stamford ; removed 
in 1764 to Litchfield ; was a member of 
the legislature from 1776 to 1781 ; delegate to 
Congress in 1777-80 and 1781-2; member 
of the Council in 1781 ; app. judge of the 
Supreme Court in 1789, and chief-justice in 
1793. He was an adroit and learned lawyer, 
and an able judge. 

Adams, Benjamin, lawyer, b. Worces- 
ter, Ms., 1765 ; d. Uxbridge, Ms., March 28, 
1837. B. U. 1788. He was an able law- 
yer, a member of the legislature in 1809-14, 
"State senator in 1814-15 and 1822-25, and a 
useful member of Congress in 1816-21. 

Adams, Charles, historian of the 
" Patriot war," b. Arlington, Vt., Mar. 12, 



AJDA. 



1785; d. Burlington, Vt., Jan. 12, 1861. U. 
ufVt. 1804. He was an eminent lawyer, and 
held many pulilic offices. 

Adams, Cii.irles Baker, naturalist, b. 
Dorchester, Ms., Jan. 11, 1814; d. St. 
Thomas, Jan. 19, 1853. Amh. Coll. 1834. 
He studied at the And.Theol. Sem. two years, 
and then, with the Rev. Dr. Hitchcock, made 
a geolo^ical survey of New York. Tutor at 
Amh. Coll. 1837. From 1833 to Aug. 1847, he 
was piof. of chemistry and natural history in 



It All 






y of Vt. 
1844 and 

Panama 
lids. He 

.societies, 
Vt., pub. 

to Con- 
il Species of 






chology," " Monographs of Si 
Shells," ." Catalogue of Shells collected in Pa- 
nama," N.Y., 1852, "Elements of Geology," 
and some papers in Silliiitan's Journal. 

Adams, Charles Fka.scis, LL.D. (H U. 
1864), statesman, son of John Quincy Adams, 
b. Boston, Au-. 18, 1807.^ H. U. 1825. His 
boyhuud was passed with his father at St. 
I'rniviiij A. . ,.inpanying his father in his 
nil I i ; I iii'l in 1815, he was placed at 

sell I i: I his return home in 1817. 

Hi; :;uj.c a la.'. 11. the office of Daniel Webster, 
and was, in 1S2S, adm.'to the bar, but never 
has practised. In 1829, he in. the youngest 
(lau. of P. C. Brooks, a Boston milfioniiaire. 
Kepresentative iu the leijisl. of Ms. 1831-4; 
senat.n- IS:i5-7. Havin-'^left the Whig party, 
he was, in 1848, the candidate of the newly- 
ur;;anizrd Vr<:<! Soil party for the Vice-Presi- 



)..,■. I ■■:! V 




led the way for the present 


i; ' , , 1 




M. C, for the district so 


lull' ■ 1. ... ,: 1 


1. .[' 1,1 


his father, in 1859-61, and. 


llo.u .\l.u. 1: 




■".•1, 1 «!■,'!, miiii-trr to Great 


Uiuaiii. — a 


|iOM.i. 


.:i ■, :i 'i ';,! ' ,11 filled by 


his lUtlirr an 


1.1 -1,11 


i,i;„. This 


pu-t WHS ilil 

t ,- .\ .1 
J-:,..,„ ,;in 


1 n.i- 


- - : 11, an cx- 

,i: II. aiqimted himself 

; IS a contributor to 

■ ud to the CAns(ian 

1. 1 Ills -rand father's col- 


lectL-.i wntin; 


'S wu 


li a .M,.iii.,ii- l,v himself, in 


10 vols. 8vo; 


'"Lett 


cr, ..1 .Ms .\.!,.iis,"4ihed. 


1848; and" 


Letter 


5 ..! .I.iliii .\ii,i..is addressed 


to his Wife ; 


" afso 


a-Lhr ,,t ,I„l,u Adams," 


2 vols. 1870. 


His; 


son, John (Quincy, b. Bos- 


ton, Sept. 22 


, 1833 


(H. U. 1853), has been sev- 


eral times de 


moc. c 


andidate for gov. of Ms. 


Adams, 

aii::,-r Ml- . 


Dan-1 

•1 1 


:el, M.D , physician, and 
text-books, b. Townsend, 


M 

1.1 1 i , 


.•: - ll. 
.Il.'lii,' 


; d. Keene, N.H., June 8, 
11, 1797; M.D. 1822. He 
.ol iu Boston in 1806-13; 
in Lancaster, Boston, and 


Iv'm'N.'u 


; was 


Slate .senator in N. H. in 


lS:iS-4i); ai 




s president of the N. H. 


.Medical an. 


1 r,ii. 


n, S„.i,.tirs. Resides an 



Telescope, 



Anricultural Register, at Boston. — Darlm. CoU. 
Alumni. 

Adams, Ecenezer, educator, b. New Ips- 
wich, N H,, Oct. 2, 1765; d. Hanover, Aug. 15, 
1841. Dartm. Coll. 1791. Descendant of 
Henry of Devonshire, Eng., who settled in 
Braintree ab. 1630. Preceptor of Leicester 
Acad, in 1792-1806; then took charge of the 
Portland Acad.; prof, of mathematics in Phil- 
lips (Exeter) Acad.; prof, of laiiguaLjes at 
Dartm. Coll. in 1809-10, and of maihemaii.-s 
and natural philosophy there in 1810-33. Mem- 
ber of many scientific and literary societies. 

Adams, Edwin, comedian, b. Medford, 
Ms., Feb. 3, 1834. First appeared at the Na- 
tional Theatre, Boston, Aug. 29, 1853, as 
Stephen in " The Hunchback." His first ap- 
pearance in Phila. was Sept. 20, 1854, at the 
Chestnut, as Charles Woodley in " The Sol- 
dier's Daughter." His first great hit was at 
the St. Charles Theatre, Baltimore. He has 
appeared as a star in all the principal cities of 
the U.S. — Brown's Amer. Stnge. 

Adams, Eliphalet, minister of New 
London, Ct.. b. Dcdham, Ms., Mar. 26, 1677; 
d. Oct. 4, 1753. H. U. 1694. Ord. Feb. 9, 
170'J. William, his father, was second minister 
of Dedham. A Diary kept by him, 1667-85, 
is in Ms. Hist. Coll. iv. 1. Eliphalet was a 
scholar of reputation, and pub. a number of 
sermons. His son William, also a minister, d. 
1798. — Sprayue. 

Adams, Hannah, historian, b. Medfield, 
Ms., 1755; d. Brookline, Ms,, Nov. 15, 1831, 
and was the first person interred at Mt. 
Auburn Cemetery. Her father was a shop- 
keeper of literary tastes. Her mother d. when 
she was but two years of age. Evincing an 
early fondness for study, she obtained a 
knowledge of Latin and Greek from some 
divinity students boarding at her father's house. 
He failed in business when she was 17 ; and 
the children were obliged to provide for them- 
selves. During the Revol. she supported 
herself liy making lace, and teaching. She was, 
perhaps, the first of those literary women of 
whom our country has since been so prolific, 
and, though much esteemed as a writer, de- 
rived little pecuniary benefit from her literary 
labors. Her friends, however, contributed 
liljcrally to her support, raising for her declin- 
ing years a comfortable annuity. Simple in 
her manners, she possessed rare modesty, and 
great e.xcellenee and purity of character. 
SunUI in stature, she was, in old age, very 
d.af, fond of strong tea, and an inveterate 
snutf-taker. She corresponded with learned 
men in Europe, among them, the Abbe' Gre- 
goire, who assisted her with material tor her 
" History of the Jews." She pub. " View of 
Religions," 1784; " History of New England," 
1799 ; " History of the Jews," 1812 ; " a Con- 
troversy with Dr. Morse," 1814 ; " Letters or. 
the Gospels," 2il ed. 1826 ; and "Evidences of 
the Christian Religion," 1804. Her Autobi- 
ography, with a continuation by Mrs. G. G. 
Lee, was pub. in 1832. 

Adams, Isaac, inventor of the power 
printing-press in general use, b. Rochester, 
N.ll., 1803; descended from Rev. Joseph of 
Newington, 1689-1783. His education was 



very limited. He first became a flictory opera- 
tive, afterwards learned the trade of a cabinet- 
maker; came to Boston ab. 1824, and went 
into a macliine-oliop. IIu invented a printing- 
press in 182S, «li:.li i,i I 11 lie improved, 
making it suli : it now is. With 
his bro. Seth, in the manufac- 
ture of these a hi 111,1 iiiiies, and acquired 

a competency. .\U-niberMs. senate. 

Adams, James Hopkins, politician, b. 
S.(;.ab. 1811; d. near Columbia, S.C, July 27, 
1861. Yale Coll. 1831. He strongly opposed, 
in the S. C. legisl. in 1830, the nullihcation 
doctrine ; was subsequently a member of the 
Senate; was gov. of S.C. in 1855-7, and, 
after the passage of the " Secession Ordinance," 
was one of the commissioners to treat with the 
President concerning the U. S. property in 
South Carolina. 

Adams, J.tSPEK, D.l)., educator, b. Med- 
wav, Ms., 1793 ; d. Charleston, S.C, Oct. 25, 
1841. B.U. 1815. He studied theology; was 
prof, of mathematics in B. U. 1819-24; took 
charge of Charleston Coll. in 1824, and of Ge- 
neva Coll in 1825-7; and was president of the 
former in 1827-36. He next occupied himself 
in preparing a treatise on moi-al science, pub. 
in 1837. He was in 1838-40 a prot. of geog- 
raphy, history, and ethics, in West Point Acad., 
and subsequently had charge of a seminary at 
Pendleton, S.C. 

Adams, John, poet and Cong, minister, 
b. 1704; d. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 23, 1740. 
H.U. 1721. Son of Hon. John Adams of Nova 
Scotia. Settled minister of Newport, Il.I., 
Apr. 11, 1728; dismissed Feb. 25, 1730, after- 
ward settled in Phila. His poems (Boston, 
1745) include the Book of EcveliUions in heroic 
verse, and evince a lively fancy, and a harmony 
of versitication remarkable for that period. An 
ingenious and satirical piece on the love of 
money, pub. during his lifetime, is not included 
in this volume. He had genius and learning, 
and was a ]iopular preacher; was " master of 
nine laniiuaLics, and conversant wit!i Greek, 

Adams, Joii.\, second President U.S., b. 

there July 4, 1826. 11 I' 'l7,i-.. I'lis t.u'her 



clectn 



id be- 



He first tau-ht school at W.., 
gan to study law ; tbou;;li ins ciiiy inclina- 
tion was for the army. Keturning to Braintree 
in 1758, he acquired a good practice, and in 
1764 m. Abigail Smith, a woman of superior 
abilities and sense. He was tlie author of 
the Iiistniclions of the Town of Braintree 
to its nL'iircseniativcs on the Subject of the 
Stamp Act, which were adopted verbatim by 
more than 40 towns. App. by the town o'f 
Boston, together with Gridley and Otis, to 
support a memorial addressed to the governor 
and council that the courts might proceed with 
business without stamps, Adams opened the 
case, boldly taking the ground that the Stamp 
Act was absolutely void, parliament having no 
right to tax the Colonics. Some papers writ- 
ten by him at this time for the Boston Gazette 
were subsequently pub. as an " Essay on the 
Canon and Feudal Law." He moved to Bos- 
ton in 1768; drafted the instruciions to its rep- 



leader among them. Elected to the Provincial 
Council in 1773 and 1774, he was negatived 
by Gov. Hutchinson. Chosen a delegate to 
the Congress of 1774, he advocated resting 
colonial rights upon the law of nature as well 
as the law of England, and shaped the reso- 
lutions thereupon. On liis return, he was cho- 
sen to the Provincial Congress. At this time, 
he wrote, under the signature of Novauylns, 
his reply to Mussachusettensis, — a series of ef- 
fective papers in vindication of the course of 
Great ISritain. An abridgment of them was 
pub. in Almoii's "Remembrancer" for 1775 as 
"A History of the Dispute with America;" 
and they have twice been repub. In the Con- 
tinental Congress of 1775, he carried the prac- 
tical measures of putting the Colonies in a state 
of defence ; adopting the N. E. army about 
Boston ; and also, to conciliate Virginia and 
the South, proposed Washington lor the chief 
command. In Sept. he drew up, as one of the 
Committee of Naval Affairs, rules and regu- 
lations, the basis of our existing Naval Coile. 
He urged upon Congress to advise all tlu 
provinces at once to institute governments of 
their own, which was done. His views upon 
State governments were printed under the title 
of " Thoughts on Government Applicable to 
the Present State of the American Colonies." 
Placed on the Committee on the Declaration 
of liuicpeiid'-Mice, and also on that of Foreign 

lMtii"ii H I liim devolved the task of 

lia; II 1' nation through Congress in 

at;. 111'. President of the Board 

of W.i, .l,.:i I-, 1776-Dec. 1777, and was 
also chairman of the conimiitee which decided 
appeals in admiralty cases from the State 
Courts. Appointed, Nov. 28, 1777, commis- 
sioner to France to supersede Deane, he 
reached Paris Apr. 8, 1778, and finding a 
want of liarmony between the commissioners, 
Franklin and Lee, advised intrusting the mis- 
sion to a single person. Franklin having been 
made sole ambassador, he returned home in 
time to lake a seat in the State convention for 
forming a constitution, and took a leading part 
in its formaiioii. .Apn. by Congress minister 
to treat witli < .11 111 I i -i n i.>r peace and com- 
merce, he .sail I 1 I ill Nov. 1779. V(,r- ' 
gcnnes, tin- 1 . ;. i ... : i, who distrusted 
him, finally u;j.aiii..i i.u.a Congress the recall 
of Mr. Adams's powers to negotiate a treaty 
of commerce, and the conjunction with him of 
several colleagues, of whom Franklin was one. 
In July, 1780, he went to Holland to negotiate 
a loan, and Apr. 19, 1782 was received as am- 
bassador by the States-General, from whom 
he soon after obtained a loan of two million 
dollars, and with whom he made a treaty of 
amity and commerce. In Oct. he returned to 
Paris to assist in making tlie treaty of jieace, 
and was chiefly instrumental in securing, the 
fisheries to the U. S. With Franklin and 
Jay he negotiated a treaty of commerce with 
Great Britain. In the lollowing winter, he 
negotiated another Dutch loan ; was com- 



ADA. 



toil 



povi 



tlie 



Jiiines. Wliile at this post, he prepared his 
"Defence of the American Cnii'ilirntidns." 
llccaliedin Feb. 1788, on ln> aniv.il limn, , he 
was rc-appointed a dclc,L;ate lu I'.-ii^ir s, l.iit 



did 



, take 



President of the U.S., reeeivm^^ tin- „i.-xt lu-li- 
est number of votes to Washington in the 
first rresidential election. He sustained the 
policy of \V'ashinf,'ton, {jiving, as president of 
the senate, his casting-vote in many important 
measures. The French Kevoi., to which lie 
was oppo.scd, led him to write iiis " Discourses 
on Davila," in which he controverted the 
radical democ. doctrines of the day. Chosen 
president by a small majority over Jefi'erson 
for the term beginning Mar. 4, 1797, his ad- 
ministration was vehemently opposed by the 
new party under the lead of Jett'erson, called 
Republicans, who were friendly to the French 
Kcvol , while tlic Federal party were deter- 
mined to preserve neutrality. The French 
Directory having issued decrees and orders 
highly injniious to American commerce, a na- 
vy was set on loot, an armv partly levied, with 
Washiimloii lor comniander-in-ehief; and a 



with Buna; n I ■, ' 
heavy taxes to u 
preparations, the 
Law, and the cli 



stro3'ed .Vd.nti- - ; ' ■ ■ w- 

ingeleiip, , - . ;,. .;r^, 

while J.;,, : - ,:i: '. I ■ : . : :,:;,;, |. K Ills 

la OH -: : i (^i:,n.cy. At the age of 85, be 
w ■ ■ -ate to the Convention to re- 

» ■ ' i:atiun of Ms., and was request- 

r.l M I : , hat declined. Ho lived to see 

1j:.^ m, I I '(. - iriit, and to receive Jefferson's 
ei'H-raini.iihai, ujjon it. By a remarkable 
ciaiK iih la < , liny both expired on the fiftieth 
aniiivir.-aiy i>\ that Declaration of Independ- 
denee in which they had both taken so active 
a part. His daii. Abigail m. Col. Wm. S. 
Smith, his secretary of legation in Lon- 
don, lie wrote for the Boston Patriot many 
valuable contributions to the history of his 
times, a portion of which, entitled " Corre- 
spondence," was pub. 8vo, 1809. His Letters 
to Mr. Tudor led to Ihe publication of the Life 
of Otis, and shed niach li-lit cai ilie early his- 
tory of the Rev,,]. 11,, -KMaNon Charles 
Francis Adams ba< |iiili. Iim lullectcd writ- 
ings, including his "Autubiui.'iaphy." Among 
bis other publications are " Twenty-six Let- 
crs on the American devolution, written in 
Holland in 1780;" "Correspondence with 
W. Cunningham," 1823 ; and Letters on Gov- 
ernment to Samuel Adams," 1802. Though 
courteous in manner, Mr. Adams was some- 
what irritable in temper. 

Adams John, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. Tenn. 
1825; killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., 
Nov. 30, 18G4. West Point, 1846. Entering 
the Ist dragoons, he was brevettcd 1st lieut. 



for gallantry at Santa Cruz dc Rosales, Mar. 
16, 184S; capt. Nov .■i0,18.i6; had seen consid- 
erable Indian fighting in Utah and N. Mexi- 
co; resigned Mar. .'il, 1861, to join in the Re- 
bellion. 

Adams, John Quinct, sixth President 
of United Stales, b. Braintree, July 11, 1767 ; 
d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1848. H. U. 
1787. Son of Pres. John Adams. He re- 
ceived his name of " Quincy " from his mater- 
nal grandfather, an influential citizefi, who died 
just as his grandchild was born. In Feb. 
1778, he accompanied his lather in his mission 
to France, occupying himself, until his return 
in Aug. 1779, in studying the French and Latin 
languages ; enjoying tlie special iiivor and 
friendship of Franklin. In Nov. he made a 
second visit to France, and resumed his stu- 
dies, which were subsequently pursued at Am- 
sterdam and at the U. of Leydcn. In 1781, 
at the age of 14, he accompanied Mr. Dana 
to Russia as private see. In 1782, he spent 
some time in Stockholm, Copenhagen, and 
Hamburg; accompanied his father to England, 
and, in 1784, to Paris ; returning home early 
in 178.5. After graduating at Harvard with 
disting. honor, he studied law with Theophilus 
Parsons, and praeiised at Boston, obtaining 
distinction as a political writer. Under the 
signature of "Publicola," in 1791, he advo- 
cated neutrality with France; suggesting 
doubts of the favorable issue of the French 
Ecvol. From 1794 to 1801, he was suc- 
cessively minister to Holland, England, and 
Prussia, receiving in 1798 a commission to 
negotiate a treaty of commerce with Sweden; 
and residing in Berlin from Nov. 1797, to Apr. 
1801, when he was recalled. While here, be 
wrote his " Letters from Silesia." July 27, 
1797, he m. Louisa, dau. of Joshua Johnson, 
consul at London, and niece of Thos. John- 
son of Md., a signer of the Declaration of 
Independence. In 1802, he was in the senate 
of Ms., and was in that of the U.S. from 1S03, 
until, in 1808, he resigned on account of dis- 
agreement on the question of embargo with 
the Ms. legisl. His course in this matter led 
to a serious controversy between him and his 
colleague Timothy Pickering. From 1806 to 
1809, he was prof, of rhetoric at H. U. Min- 
ister to Russia in 1809, his influence at that 
court induced its offers of intervention, which 
culminated in the treaty of peace between 
Eng. and the U. S. He was one of the com- 
missioners to negotiate that treaty at Ghent 
in 1814; after the signing of which, he, with 
Gallatin and Clay, negotiated at the court of 
St. James a commercial treaty with Great 
Britain, signed July 13, 1815. He remained 
in London as resident minister until Mar. 
1817. While at St. Petersburg in 1811, he 
was app. a judge of the U. S. Supreme Court, 
but declined. A scries of letters to his son on 
" The Bible and its Teachings," was written 
at this period. From 1817 to 1825, he was 
Sec. of State to President Monroe, whom he 
succeeded as President in 1825. In 1831, he 
was sent to Congress, where he was continued, 
by successive re-elections, until his death, which 
occurred suddenly in the Capitol. His last 
words were, " This is the last of earth: I am 



ADA. 



AJDA. 



nji 



As a scholar, his 
various and profound. Congress devolved 
upon him the duty of pronouncing the eulo- 
gium upon Lafayette ; and he also pronounced 
at Boston the funeral-orations upon Madison 
and Monroe. As Sec. of State, the claims on 
Spain were by his influence adjusted ; Florida 
was added to the Union ; and the republics of 
S. America recognized. Mr. Adams's adminis- 
tration favored the application of all the super- 
fluous revenues of the country to internal 
improvements. The fearless stand which he 
maintained in Congress upon the right of 
petition was in the highest degree honorable 
to him. He looked upon slavery as an un- 
mitigated curse. His voice was heard on 
nearly every important question before the 
House. When more than fourscore, he was 
yet " the Old Man Eloquent." Independent, 
manly, and patriotic, he never swerved from 
what he believed to be the path of duty ; leav- 
ing behind him a high reputation for purity 
and disinterestedness. In 1810, his " Lectures 
on Rhetoric and Oratory " were pub. ; " Let- 
ters on Freemasonry," in 1833; " Dennot 
MacMurrough," a poem, 1832; and, in 1848 
" Poems of Religion and Society." A Memoir 
by Josiah Quincy was pub. in Boston, 8vo, 
1858. 

Adams, M.itthew, writer, of Boston, d. 
Mar. 2, 1749. Though a mechanic or trades- 
man, he had a large collection of books. Dr. 
Franklin acknowledges his obligations for ac- 
cess to his library. He contrib. essays to the 
New-Eii(jland Journal, and pub. some poetical 
essays. ' His son John, minister of Durham, 
N.H., 1748-78, h. June 19, 1725; d. June 4, 
1792. H. U. 1745. Rev. Hugh, minister of 
Durham, bro. of Matthew. H. U. 1697, d. 
1750. — See Drake's Boston, pp. 634, 675. 

Adams, Nathaniel, author, b. Ports- 
mouth. N.ll,, 1756 ; d. Exeter, Aug. 5, 1829. 
Dartni. Coll. 1775. _ He began the study of 
law with (Icn. Sullivan; but, before the ex- 
piration of his term, was app. clerk of the N.H. 
Superior Court, and for more than fifty years 
officiated in the courts of the State. He was 
the reporter of the first vol. of " Decisions of 
the N.H. Court," pub. 1819, and author of 
" Annals of Portsmouth," 1825 ; one of the 
founders of the N.H. Hist. Society. 

Adams, Nehemiah, D.D., Cong, clergv- 
man, b. Salem, Ms., Feb. 19 1806. H. U. 
1826 ; And. Theol. Sem. 1829. Settled as col- 
league with Rev. Dr. Holmes of the First 
Church, Cambridge, Dec. 17, 1829, and since 
Mar. 26, 1834, has been pastor of the Essex- 
st. Church, Boston. Many years an officer 
of the Amer. Tract Soc. and of the A. B. C. 
F. M. An eloquent and earnest preacher. 
Dr. Adams took an active part in the Uni- 
tarian controversy, and has pub. " Remarks 
on the Unitarian Belief;" "The Friends of 
Christ," 1851 ; " Autobiog. of Thos. Shepard," 
&c., 1832; "Life of John Eliot," 1847; 
" Southside View of Slavery," 1854, present- 
ing a favorable view of the institution ; " Cor- 
respondence with Gov. Wise of Va." on the 
bame subject ; occasional discourses, &c. He 
was a frequent contributor to the Spirit of the 
Pilgrims, Boston, 1826-33. 



Adam.S, Samcel, one of the foremost of 
the Revol. patriots, b. Boston, Sept. 27, 1722; 
d. there Oct. 2, 1803. H. U. 1740. LL.D. 
1792. Samuel and Pres. John Adams were 
great-grandsons of the son of Henry, the first 
emigrant. His father, Samuel, many years a 
rep. in the Ms. Assembly, d. 1747. He"studied 
for the ministry. On receiving I he degree of 
A.M. in 1743, he proposed, and took the af- 
firmative in the discussion of, tlie question, 
" Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme 
magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot other- 
wise be preserved 1 " About the same time he 
pub. a pamphlet called Englishmen's Rights. 
Unsuccessful as a merchant, as a writer he 
soon became eminent, preserving by his efforts 
the estate of his father, which had been at- 
tached on account of the " Land Bank Bub- 
ble." His able writings in opposition to the 
administration of Shirley procured him public 
esteem and confidence. App. tax collector, 
his political opponents styled him " Samuel 
the Publican." He was a member of a politi- 
cal club which originated important meas- 
ures ; fomented hostility to the Stamp Act, ihe 
tea-duty, and other aggressive measures; and 
drew up the instructions of the town of Bos- 
ton in May, 1764, to its representatives, 
against Grenville's schemes of parliamentary 
taxation. Elected a representative in 1765, 
he was chosen clerk, and for nearly ten years 
was the soul of that assembly. Courageous 
and ardent, he was yet prudent, and knew 
how to bend the passions of others to his pur- 
pose. He is said to have suggested the congress 
which assembled at N. Y. in 1765. In conse- 
quence of the act imposing duties, in 1767, 
Adams suggested the non-importation agree- 
ment, which took effect Jan. 1, 1769. On the 
day following the " massacre " of Mar. 5, 1770, 
he addressed a public meeting with impressive 
eloquence, and was chairman of the committee 
to demand of Gov. Hutchinson the immedi- 
ate removal of the troops. The stern and in- 
flexible patriot carried his point, and clearly 
exposed the fallacy of Hutchinson's reply to 
the demand. Committees of correspondencB 
were in 1772 first adopted by Ms., on motion 



the provinces. To I 
him to make his peace with the king, he re- 
plied, " I trust I have long since made my 
peace with the King of kings. No personal 
considerations shall induce me to abandon the 
righteous cause of my country." He was one 
of those who matured the plan of a general 
congress ; was one of the first delegates ; and 
was an .active member from Sept. 5, 1774, to 
1781, rendering most important services to his 
country. The last official act of the British 
Government in Ms. was to proscribe John 
Hancock and Samuel Adams, June 12, 1775. 
He was one of the earliest and most zealous ad- 
vocates of independence, which he had avowed 
as early as 1769, and which he wished to have 
declared immediately after the battle of Lex- 
ington. With John Adams he made the draft 
of the State Constitution, 1779, and also the 
address of the convention to the people. Pres- 
ident of the senate of Ms. in 1781. Member 
of the convention which adopted the Federal 



AX>-A. 



Constitution in Feb. 1788, though objecting 
to some of its provisions : some of his amend- 
ments, afterwards agreed to, now form a part 
of that instrument. Lieut-gov. of Ms. 1789- 
9i; gov. 1794-7. His only son, Samuel, b. 
Oct. 27, 1741 (H. U. 1770), studied medicine 
under Dr. Joseph Warren, served as a suri;eon 
during the war, and d. Jan. 17, 1788. Though 
poor, Samuel Adams possessed a lofty and in- 
corruptible spirit, was pure in morals, and 
grave and austere in manner, though warm in 
his feelings. An enthusiastic love of liberty, 
an inextinguishable hatred of tyranny, great 
promptness of decision, and inflexible firmness, 
were his promineutcharacteristics. His Revol. 
services were not surpassed by those of any in- 
dividual. From the commencement of the dis- 
putes, he was incessantly employed, — writing 
State papers from 1765 to 1774, planning and 
organizing clubs and committees, haranguing 
in town-meetings, or filling the columns of the 
public prints adapted to the spirit and temper 
of the times. As a speaker, he was pure, con- 
cise, logical, and impressive; and the energy of 
his diction was not inferior to the depth of his 
mind. Jefferson attributed to him a greater 
share than to . any other member of Con- 
gress in advising and directing its measures 
in the northern war. He was jealous of 
all delegated power, even in the hands of a 
Washington. He was a warm admirer of the 
Frencli Revol., and belonged to the Republi- 
can or Jeffersonian parly. His wife, Elizabeth, 
dau. of Rev. Samuel Checkley, whom he m. 
Oct. 17, 1749, was a most exemplary woman. 
Adams pub. a Dllcrlo Ihe Earl uf UdUhuroNqh, 



v. /. 



■ith 



i.lited by his 



grandson, Williiim V. Wells. 3 vols. 8vo, 1866. 

Adams, Seth, inventor, b. Rochester, 
N.H., Apr. 13, 1807. Apprenticed to a cabi- 
netmaker; removed to Boston in 1828; worked 
in a machine-shop; began business for him- 
selfin 1831 ; in 1833 became interested in the 
printing-press invented by his bro. Isaac ; 
erected a new machine-shop in 1836, and em- 
barked largely in manufacturing the new 
press, and establislud the firm of I. & S. 
Adams, which continued until 1856, with great 
pecuniary profit. In 1849 he began the busi- 
ness of sugar-refining ; and in 1859 built in So. 
Boston an establishment for this purpose, 
which is one of the most nuteworthy in the 
world. He has been a member of the city 
council and of the board of public works. 
M. A. of Bowd. Coll., to which ho gave a con- 
siderable sum for the enlargement of their 
buildings. Resides in Newton, Ms. 

Adams, William, D.D. (N. Y. U. 1842), 
LL.D. (N. S Coll. 18C9) ; b. Colchester, Ct., 
1807. Yale Coll. 1827. His fiuher, John 
Adams, LL.D., principal of the Colchester 
Acad., and afterward of that at Andover, Ms., 
d. Jack.'onville, III., Apr. 24, 1863. a 90. Yale 
Coll. 1795. At 27 he left his N. E. pari>h to 
vi.sil the South for his health, bec.ime pastor of 
the Broome-st. Church, N. Y. (1835-53), and 
has since been pastor of the New School Pres- 



byterian Church, cor. 24th St. s 
Ave., N.Y. City. Besides sermons, Dr. Adama 
has pub. " The Three Gardens, — Eden, Geth- 
semane, and Paradise." 

Adams, William T., "Oliver Optic," 
writer of juvenile books, b. Medway, Ms., July 
30, 1822. 20 years a teacher; for 6 vears he 
was principal of the Boylston and Bowditch 
Schools, Boston. He has pub. "Boat Club," 
" Woodville," and "Army and Navy" series, 
6 vols, each ; " Riverdale," 12 vols. ; " Young 



& Shepard, Boston, and have attained great 
popularity. He has for some years edited Oli- 
ver Optic's Mai/azine for Boi/s and Girls. 

Adams, Winborn, Revol. officer of Dur- 
ham, N.H., mortallv wounded at the battle of 
Stillwater, Sept. 19, 1777. Capt. 2d N. H. 
regt., 1775 ; maj. in 1776 ; lieut.-eol. in Reid's 
regt. in the spring of 1777. 

Adams, Zabdiel, minister of Lunenburg, 
Ms., b. Bniintree, Nov. 5, 1739 ; d. Mar. 1, 
1801. H. U. 1759. Ord. Sept. 5, 1764. His 
father was uncle to Pres. John Adams. Ah. 
1774, he pub. a pamphlet maintaining that a 
pastor had a negative upon the proceedings of 
the church. Some ministers, in consequence 
of embracing this doctrine, lost their parishes. 
He pub. sermons on "Church Music," 1771 ; 
"Christian Unity," 1772; " Election Sermon," 
1781 ; on Apr. 19, 1783, and at the ordination 
of E. Whipple, 1788. 

Addlngton, Isaac, sec. of the province 
of Ms., b. Jan. 22, 1645, in Boston ; d. there 
Mar. 19, 1715. Son of Isaac Addington, sur- 
geon, by Anne, sister of Gov. Levereti. and was 
bred to his father's profession. Meniber of 
the house of representatives and spt-akor in 
1685; an assist, in 1686; was one of those who 
opposed the administration of Sir Edmund 
Andros, and on its overthrow, Apr. 1689, was 
chosen clerk of the Council of Safety, to whom 
the government was committed by the people. 
Sec. from his appointment in 1690 till his 
death, — a period of nearly 26 years. Judge 
of the Court of Common Pleas from 1693 to 
1702, and chief justice of the Superior Court 
in 1702-3. He was many years chosen to the 
council, and was successively clerk, registrar, 
and judge of the Probate Court of Suffolk; 
holding the latter office from 1702 till 1715. 
He was as remarkable for his modesty as for 
his gn at integrity, wisdom, and industry. 

Addison, Alexander, a disting. "lawyer 
of Pittsburg, Pa., b. 1759; d. Nov. 24, 1807. 
He was judge of that circuit 12 years; was an 
accomplished scholar and a cultivated writer. 
He pub. "Observations on Gallatin's Speecli," 
1798; "Analysis of the Report of a Commit- 
tee of the Va. Assembly," 1800; " Penn. Re- 



port 



Adet (a'da'), PiEKRE Augustus, French 
politician and chemist, b. Paris, 1763; d. ah. 
1832. Brought up in the artillery service, he 
quitted it to devote himself to the study of the 
sciences, but, engaging in polities, was success- 
ively chief of the administration of the Colo- 
nies, member of the council of mines, colleague 
of the minister of marine in 1793, resident at 
Geneva in 1794, ambassador to the U. S. in 



10 



l8o;i 



chemical works. In ir'n . :> 1 i' i..ii- 

grcss, on the |iart oi tli'' I . ■ ■ 

colored fl:vu, and in 1 7, : , ; :, - - 

State the tamuus note ih .., . l'...:n!\ 

declared that the tia- •■! , -■. Muid 

treat all neutral tiags'as i :. ; iliein- 

selves to be treated by t:, i ._ . — i ueela- 
ration regarded by our -u' ■ : nm n; ,i- . ,,iiirary 
to the tenor of tiie treaty ot ITTS. Adet then 
suspended his f'unetious, and returned to 
France. 

Adler, George J., Ph.D., author, b. Leip- 
sic, Gennanv, 1821 ; d. Bloomingdale Insane 
Asylum, N. J., Aug. 24, 1868. U. of N.Y. 
1844. He came to the U.S. in 18.33 ; was pro£p 
of German at the U. of N.Y. from 1846 to 
1854, and, until he lost his reason in 1860, was 
a teacher, and writer of text-books. Among his 
works are a German grammar, 1846 ; a reader, 
1847; a dictionary, 1848, aiid a manual of 
German literature, 18.")';, a i.iii:i -iiniiiiu 
1 858; translations of tlie- I ,_ ii, > i, 
and a history of Pruv.. , r i i 

Fauriel, 1860; notes on : \_ n -i 

iEsehylus, 1861 ; and hi- I: . iru of 

Nathan the Wise,'' in /' .- for 

Sept. 1868. Hedelive.-! , , .\ V. on 

" Honian Literature" iii 1^ -', j . i i i 1-04 on 
Goethe'» " Fau»t." His - Letters of a Luna- 
tie ■' appeared in 1854. 

Adl'ain, HoiiERT, LL. D., mathematician, 
b. Carrieklergus, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1775; d. N. 
Brunswick, N.J., Aug. 10, 1843. He taught 
school. Was dangerously wounded in the 
Irish rebellion of 1798, in which he command- 
ed a company ; escaped pursuit, and, arriving 
ely at Prince- 
Pa., and was a 



laiabled 



i , .: ,v ,,i Humboldt 

.ualM... .H,n I.. |.:i . 111. UP :, I « , ak .,11 - FoSsil 

He arrived in Boston in 1846, intending to 
study the natural history and geology of the 
country, and lectured there on the animal 
kingdom and on the glaciers. Returning in 
the summer of 1847 from a journey south. 
Prof. Bache, superintendent of the U.'S. Coast 



the CI 



iidied 



', and another 
I. In 1861, he 



prof, of 



.Y., 



in N.Y., tauiiht school 
ton, N.J., York and lieai 
contributor to a seieniilie i 
and to the AuimUsl in Pli 

matics and natural philosophy in Rutgers Coll. 
in 1810-13, and in Col. CoU.'in 1813-25; from 
1827 to 1834 was prof, of mathematics in the 
U. of Pa., and also vice-provost ; and after- 
wards engaged in teaching in N.Y. He was a 
member of many scientific bodies in Europe 
and America ; edited an improved edition of 
" Mutton's Mathematics," also a periodical, 
the Mathematical Diary, in 1825-8, and pub. 
papers on " The Figure and Magnitude of the 
Karth," and on " Gravity " in the periodicals of 



a-see), LODIS John Rd- 
I). ill the parish of Mottier, 
jaiel, Switzerland, May 28, 

. ,.„^.iot descent : his father was 

pastor of St. Imier. He studied at Bieniie 
and the Coll. of Lausanne, at the Zurich 
medical school (l.'!24-5), and at the universities 

for iMti! '^ : !iii-'s lectures on philos- 

o]ih\ , 11 1,1 '111 tins in his great work 
on iji.i i, uiii, 1 nil- help of Cotta the pub- 
lisher, "as eiianie.i tu complete his " Natural 
History of the Fresh Water Fishes of Eurojie." 
Receiving at Erlangen the degree of Ph. D., 
and at Munich that of M. D., he next studied 



Lake 



1807., 



ull. (1852-4), he bi 
i.f that coast. In 1865, he 
le results of which, ** A 
by Mrs. Agassiz, was pub. 
vol., by C. F. Hartt, in 
received the Coplev Medal 
from the Koval .Society ot Lundun. From the 
Aim. I i ! .■-. h 1:1 •, i'.ii I- !.'■ 1.1^ 1 r, ivcd the 

JIi,:, I, .. , r : la, OS., and 

ihr 1 ,, . 1' '.'. ' .11,' li.il from 

tin- :.>,. - 1. .:'. I :i. Molal of 

Merit from la i-., I' ■ i Member of 

the leading . nil inutrihutor 

to the proiiiii. n : . i m n il- 111 I':urope 

and Amerira. i.l.li ni iln Laiuer.sities of 
Dublin and Edinburgh. His researches upon 
the glaciers of the Alps are embodied in 
"Etudes sur les Glaeieres," 1840, and " Sys- 
teme Glaciale," 1847. Among his works are 
"Lake Superior," 8vo, 1850, and "Contri- 
butions to the Natural Hist, of the U. S.," 
of which four vols, only have yet appeared; 
" Methods of Study in Natural Hist. ; " Geo- 
logical Sketches," "Tlie Structure of Animal 
Life," 8vo, 1862; and "Twelve Lectures on 
Comparative Embryology," before the Lowell 
Institute, Boston, 1849. 

Agate, Fkederick S., artist, b. Sparta, 
N.Y., 1807; d. N.Y. City, May, 1844; visited 
Italy in 1835; was an assiduous student ia 
art, but d. without leaving any works of very 
great interest. Of those he left, the best 
known are, "Dead Christ and Mother," " Co- 
lumbus and the Egg," " The Ascension," and 
" Count Ugolino." 

Agnel, Hyacinth R., teacher of French 
at West I'oint Milit. Acad, since Feb. 4, 1840, 
b. N. Y.; d. West Point, N. Y., ab. Feb. 15, 
1871. Author of a "Treatise on Chess," 1867, 
and " Tabular System of French Instruction." 
J.\MES, a British gen., killed at 
ot Germantown, l,)ct. 4, 1777. Maj. 
58th Foot, Dec. 1757; lieut.-col. 44th, Dec. 
1704; came to Boston late in 1775; was 
engaged at Brooklyn Heights, Aug. 27, 1776; 
when, as well as in the tbllowing campaign, 



-A.GTJ 



he com. the 4th brijjaJc of the royal army. 
He com. a detachment uirder Gov. Tryon, in 
his e.xpeii. to Danbury, Apr. 26, 1777, and 
was at the battle of Brandywine, where he was 
sli^ihtly wounded by a cannon-ball. 

Aguirre (a-gei'-ra), Lope de, a Spanish 
adventurer. He went to Peru during the 
exped. of Orsua, in quest of the imaginary 
Eldorado (1560-Gl), a hi.story of which has 
been written by Soutliey, and committed great 
atrocities. He prompted Orsua to seize su- 
preme power, then killed him to obtain his 
place ; and from that time committed frequent 
murders. He d. by violence in Venezuela. 

Ahuitzol, emperor of the Aztecs ab. the 
close of the l.Tth century, is said to have en- 
larged his cmi)ire, and to have expended large 
sums in building canals and public edifices in 
Mexico. Tradition says, that, in 14SG, he in- 
augurated a temple by the slauglitcr of 72,344 
prisoners, the bntclin\ l,i liiu I" .] r, -. 

Aiken.WiLi.i ^ -i ' i, ■ ' ■ .n, 

S.o., 1806. S. ('. I •■: 1 ' \ , :,. ,11!- 

forsome lime in i: i ! I J'l. 

and in I8::n ', , .1 : .. , 

Island, :: - ■.■•. '. i ' :.• '• ., 

heempl^a ■ ' I . ;. I I ■, ,, 

2,000 aei-- -I ; ,-r M ■n,:,. ,■ .,i i.i.'M.j.' i. •■_•!.:, 

in 1844-6; and representative to Congress 
from 1851 to 1857. A Democrat of the Cal- 
houn school : he was supported by that party 
in Congress for ilir -p' .il.ri ^Iili,, an^I la ke.l 
but one vote. IL i i ■ _ ! , i . tlie 

local enterprises la : . : . i_ .i^e 

donations to the Mipliai A-iiua ^.| I liarlrs- 
ton, and contrib. to the eiulnwinent uf tlie 
Charleston Coll. and other public institutions 
of his native city. He took no part in the 
Rebellion. 

Aikman, Alexander, loyalist editor, b. 
Scotland, 1755 ; d. Prospect Pen, St. Andrews, 
Jamaica, July, 1838. At 16, he emigrated to 
Charleston, S.C., and was apprenticed to Rob- 
ert WelK, I li irn 111 It the country at the 
Revol., an I :; i i .1 aiaiea, where he estab- 
lished ill ' ' /ay, afterward the 
Roi/ut f/'i: 111 \\ ;, many years a member 
of the House uf Assembly, and printer to that 
body and to the king. In 1795, he sailed for 
Great Britain, but was captured on the pas- 
sage, and compelled to ransom his property. — 

Aillebout, Lotjis d', gov. of Canada 
1647-51 ; d. Quebec, 1660. He came to Cana- 
da with colonists for the Island of Montreal ; 
administered its government in the absence of 
Maisonneuve ; was afterward gov. of Three 
Rivers, and, while gov. of Canada, endeavored, 
unsuccessfully, to form a combination with the 
N.-EnL'laiid governors to stop the encroach- 

Ainslie, Hew, poet, b. Baugeny Mains, 
Cani.k lii-fii t, Avr-hire, Scotland, Apr. 5, 

17'- 11' i a a,,J "a I education, and in 

la I rill ;. ,, V...-M a, (aa,gow to .study law. 



Julv 26, and purchased a small farm in Iloosle, 
N.Y. In 1825, he removed to the West, tried 
New Harinony one year, and, finding; it a fad- 
ure, settled down as a brewer at Ship|)ing])urt, 
Ky. In 1829, he built a brewery in Louisville, 
which was ruined by an inundation of the Ohio 
in 1832. Another in New AHiany, Ind., was 
destroyed by fire in 1834. He has since em- 
ployed himself in superintending the erection 
of breweries, mills, and distilleries, at the 
West, and is a resident of Louisville, Ky. 
On the eve of his departure from Scotland, 
Ainslie pub. "A Pilgrimage to the Land of 
Burns," a volume of notes interspersed with 
numerous songs and ballads suggested by a 
visit to his early home in Ayrshire. These, 
with his other songs, ballads, and poems, 
wliich originally appeared in various maga- 
zines, were jiuli.'in 1.S55. — Oiii/cLinck. 

Ainsworth, L.vnAS, minister of Jaffrey, 
N.H., b. Woodstock, Ct., Julv 19, l-.'i7; d. Ja"f- 
frey, NIL, Mar. 17, 1S5S. Darim. Coll. 1778. 
Son of Capt. Wm. Ainswortli. Ord. first 
pastnr of tlie .biueh at Jaffivv, Dee. 10, 1782, 



Aitken, Robert, 
b. Scotland, 1734; d. 
came to Phila. in 170'.) 
Maijazine, or Am, /. aa 
Jan. 1775 to .Inia i . ; 
Witherspoon I'l 
taehment to tir - i 
into prison in 177 7 . 
dence in the ] a , 
he pub. the lii ■ \ 
Bible, by which h- « 



nedi 



Ilia iva.,1 iLi iiuii.-a, i.iiiiiijiirgn, passing some 
of bis time at Kiuniel House, as the amanuen- 
sis of Dugald Stewart, and left it in 1822 to 
emigrate to the U. S. He landed at N.Y. City 



. \ Y. In 1782, 
I II ion of the 
!■' I nni.nily a loser. 
He is the supposed antlmr of "An Inquiry 
concerning tlie Principles of a Commercial 
System for the U.S.," 1787. 

Akerly, Sa.mi'i;l. M. D., phvsician, b. 
1785; a "^ait. a I- a .1, -la v C, l'845. Col. 
Coll.la' 1 11 ^: ... a u .. . : a. withhisbro.- 
in-Iaw, a 1 ■,:,.' : la , ■ - l.aing a large 
contii'maa ai an 'la il an.l - a niilic journals, 
he was a f)nnilar and most eftkient supporter 
of the institutions for the deaf and dumb, and 
for the blind. Author of " Essay on the Geol- 
ogy of the Hudson River," 1820; "Observa- 
tions on Deafness," 1821. 

Akerman, Amos T., U.S., atty.-gen., app. 
Jan. I.'), 1870, b. N.IL 1819 ; adra. to the bar in 
1841; removed to Elbcrton, Ga. in 1850; U.S. 
atty. for Georgia, 1866-70. 

Akers, Benja.min Paul, sculptor, b. Sac- 
arappa, ile., July 10, 1825 ; d. Phila., May 21, 
1S61. At 18 be went to Portland, where he 
worked in a printing-office; but the siu'ht of 
Chaiitrey's statue of Washington in the State 
House, Boston, led him to become a sulpior. 

raodellail a. I -. ,a' I ,.ai .■!< ;a..i , a'l.i ..,', r. In 

I851-:J, 1.' 1 i-.l ll ;■>. aaa ,a, ', a,, . aa tO 

Portluna a, : . 1 „ ,,a,,. >a ■' 1: a, in 

Egypt,- ua.a.i u.,„ exlii..iad ,.i tia: X.Y. 
Crystal Palace in 1SJ3. During a subsequent 
visit to Washington, he produced busts of 
Judge McLean, Edward Everett, Gerritt Smith, 



' Dta 



Jan. 1855, lie again 
two years in Rome, 
Una and the Lion," 
eth of Hungary," tlie 
lid an ideal head of 



his best 



Milton, his last 
tion in Rome. In 1859, he revisited Rome, 
where he modelled a statue of Com. M. C. 
Perry for the N.Y. Central Park. On return- 
ing to America in 18G0, he established himself 
first in Portland, and then in Phila., where he 
died of consumption. He executed about 40 
portrait Imsts and statues, besides some mar- 
hie copies from the antique. He contrlb. 
papers on an and artists to the Atlantic Month- 
lif. His wife, Elizabeth Akers, has contrib. 
to juvenile literature under the pseudonym 
of " Florence Percy." A vol. of her poems 
was pub. in Boston in 1866. 

Alaman (ii-la-miin'), Don Lucas, Mexican 
statesman, b. in the State of Guanaxuato ; d. 
Mexico, June 15, 1853. Educated at the 
Coll. of La Minerva, he entered the Mexican 
army soon after the breaking-out of the war 
of independence. Soon relinquishing the mil- 
itary profession for that of the law, he devoted 
himself assiduously to politics. After the de- 
position of Iturbide, Alaman became minister 
of foreign affairs; retiring on the return of 
the former in 1824. He then visited Europe; 
but upon the overthrow of Guerrero in Dec. 

suraed his former office. Out of a state of 
the greatest confusion, under his hands, the 
country soon emerged to a settled and orderly 



ufactuies. Santa Anti, however, lielieving 
Alaman to be interfering with his plans, suc- 
ceeded in driving him from public life. He 
re-appeared in 18.37, upon the return ofBusta- 
mente to power; and afterwards became recon- 
ciled with Santa Ana, who. Mar. 17, 1853, on 
again coming into power, conferred on him the 
office of minister for foreign affairs. 

Alarcon, Hernando de, a Spanish navi- 
gatorof the 16th century, to whom we owe the 
first precise knowledge of California. He 
sailed May 9, 1540, in the service of Spain; 
missed a junction with the exped. of Corona- 
do on the western coast of America, and, re- 
turning to New Spain in 1541, drew up his 
maps and observations. His discoveries and 
those of UUoa were so complete, that the map 
of California of 1541 differs little from that 
made in our own day. 

Alarcon y Mendoza (a-lar-k6n e mSn- 
dd tha), DON JcAN Rciz de, a celebrated 
Spanish-American poet, b. of a noble family 
at Tashco, Mex. ab. 1600. He was employed 
in Spain in 1622 ; and in 1628 is named lida- 
tar del real Consejo de las Indias. At a celebrat- 
ed _/e(e in Madrid in 1634, he was a competi- 
tor, and bore off the prize, for a dramatic com- 
position. A writer in the Nouvelle Biographie 
f/n/wrse/fc (Ferd. Denis) calls him "The great- 
est poet that America has yet produced." His 
comedies were pub. Madrid, 1 528 ; a second 



vol. in Barcelona, 1634. Some of his pieces 
have since been repub. in some Spanish collec- 
tions.— iVo«y. fi/o,/. Kiii,'. 

Alcott, Amos Bronson, teacher and , ^^ i ,(^(^ 

philosopher, b. Wolcott, Ct., Nov. 29, 1799. {f-. Nv^^l.'oPC 
While a boy, he was a vender of merchandise 
in a small way among the plantations of Va. 
On his return to Ct , he taliglit an infant 
school; removed to Boston in r>'2S. ainl ac- 
quired reputation as a teacher nl imin^ , liil- 
dren at the Masonic Temple, (s'. ■ lir.,,,.! 
of a School," E. P. Peabody. li.-td;,. Is;;i ) 
Mr. Alcott then removed to Concord, interest- 
ing himself in the study of natural theology, 
and the various questions of reform in educa- 
tion, diet, civil and social institutions. On his 
return from Eng. in 1842, he lM..n:;I]t with 
him two of his English frien.ls, I", n l> - I, me 
and H. G. Wright; and Mr, l.aia l,a,in- 
bouglitafarmcalled"Fruitlanil>. at Uanai.i, 
Ms., they all went there to found a new com- 
munity. Messrs. Lane and Wright soon re- 
turned to Eng., and the scheme was aban- 
doned. Mr. Alcott removed to Boston, and 
has led the life of a peripatetic philosopher, 
conversing in cities and in villages, whenever 
invited, on theoretical and practical questions. 
He attaches great importance to diet, and gov- 
ernment of the body, aii.l t., r.ire aiiM cumplex- 
ion. Author of " Ttililet^, " ]nili. m iSiiS, and 
" Conv 
2 vols.. 

is the author of "Little Women," " The ' 
fashioned Girl," " Moods," " Hospital Sketch- 
es " (1863), "Emily Chester," and "Little 



■nswith CliiMivii,,!, ilirtiosiiels," (1 , .,(. 

Louisa .Mw A... ,,, i, his dau., ^.^X y,'^^^ 



Men." 



Alcott, Wm. Alex., M D., 
)r, cousin of A. B. Alcott, b. 
6, 1798; d. Auburndale, Ms , Ma 



)., physician am 
itlior, cousin of A. B. Alcott, b. \Volcott, Ct. 



and 



he 



pori.M hiin-rli niiiil L'."i In ;.i 1 1 1 1 1 ; i .; ,i nil teach- 
in,-- 1 ' ■ I i: ■ , : ,1 ■ i,, ,1 medi- 

eiiic ,:, I ;. - , I ,, |.|ivsic a 

tew , I - .J . ii_, ,::,,! ,iiii, William 

Wn.. :.,iing school-geographies 

aii'l I 1 he Annals of Education" 

aial I I:, I,; Uambler." He wrote upon 

seliiinl ]-, 1 , Ml ilir Hartford and N. Haven 

papers, gtiiiiing a premium from the American 
Institute of Instruction for his article on the 
" Construction of Sehoolhouses." Abandon- 
ing animal food and all drinks bnt water in 
1830, his health graduailv iiii|iiuv.,i. Remov- 
ing to Boston in Jiiti.,' I - ; ;. \„- myaged in 
various reforms in morals, i ilur.iiiun. ami physi- 
cal training, having fur hi- object the preven- 
tion of vice, disease, and poverty, and the dis- 
semination of physiological knowledge. He 
lectured in different parts of the country. He 
pub. above 100 works, among them "YoiJng 
Man's Guide;" "The House I Live In;" 
"Young Woman's Guide;" "Young House- 
keeper:" "Library of Health," 6 vols.; 
" Moral Reform ; " " My Progress in Error ; " 
"Young Mother;" "Young Husband;" 
"Young Wife;" and "Prize Essay on To- 
bacco." 

Alden, Ebenezer, M.D., b. Randolph, 
Ms., Mar. 17, 1788. H. U. 1S08. M.D., U. 
ofPenn.1812. Practices medicine in R. Au- 
thor of "Alden Memorial," 1867; "Memoir 



AJL.Ii 



of Mrs. M. A. 0. Chirk," 1837; and "Hist. 
Sketch of Ms. Med. Soc," 1838. 

Alden, Ich.a.bod, col. Revol. army, b. Dux- 
bury, Ms., Aug. 11, 1739; d. Nov. 10, 1778. 
His father, Capt. Samuel (d. 1781, a. 9i), was 
grandson of John, one of the original settlers 
of Plymouth. Icliaborl was lieut.-col. of tlie 
Plymouth regt. before the Revol., lieut.-col. of 
L. Baldwin's regt. at the siege of Boston, and 
col. 7th Mass. regt. until slain by the Indians 
at Cherry Valley. 

Alden, J.^mes, rear-admiral U. S. N., b. 
Pn, tl :;, : M. , Mir ".] . I«in. Midshipman 
.\ I I : : ! " ' J "' I - ; 1 , i oinraander, 

^ ; . ! ' i , . .1 : J 1 ■ ■mmodore, 

.liii\_i.i "■ .\;,i.ji -i lo \\'i,Ki'^V cr.xploring 
exped. in l^.;J-+:;. iJunnL.' the Mexican war 
was at Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tobasco ; com. 
steamer " South Carolina" early in 1861 ; re- 
enforccd Fui t Pickens ; attacked the batteries in 
the rear i.l' ( ; Ii .i.n, .ml captured 13 schoon- 
ers laden 1 I III ■; com. steam-sloop 
"Eichniiiiii I , I ue of Forts Jackson 

and St. l'liiii|i ,iu.i . . .: if N. Orleans; at 

the passage ot the \ , , -'ini j Iiu;' ri-^ iw i.i' ; 
at Port Hudson, I i "|i 

"Brooklyn" in tlir , i i . n, 

and Gaines and rcljr; ^nn .. h : i ' l.i >; I; n ; 
and in the two attacks on !■ ort !■ l^hl•r. He took 
part in nearly all the great naval battles of the 
war, and was honorably mentioned in the offi- 
cial reports. App. ill A]ir. ISiiO chief of the bu- 
reau of II .Mj.eiiiii iiiii! il l,.i'. — If I. ■ ' . 

Aldea, i n'^ i'. r^^.: •• >''■'>■. 

d.Duxhiii. .; , - ••• [J, 1.. :. II V ;. 1, : .1 

Mavfiower " victualed, .■-i-n 3d the comp.act in 
her" cabin in 1620, and ab. 1621 m. Priscilla 
Mullens. He was many years an assist, to the 
governor ; and by his wisdom, integrity, and 
decision attained a commanding influence over 
his associates, although the youngest of the 
Pilgrims. 

Alden, Joseph, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1838), 
LL D. (Coll. Col. 1857), b. Cairo, N.Y., Jan. 
4, 1807. Un. Coll. 1829. He studied 2 years 
at the Princeton Sem. ; was 2 years tutor in 
Princeton Coll. Ord. pastor at Williamstown, 
Ms., July 3, 1834; prof, in Williams Coll. 
from Aug. 1835 to 1852; prof, of moral pliilos. 
in Lafiiyctte Coll., Pa. 1852-7 ; pres. of Jeflfer- 
son Coll., Pa . 1857-G7; and, since 1807, pr'S. 
of theX.Y, -M..' N.M-,n;;l S. •'.... I Ai, l:Mr,,r 
numeron- '.' ■ . • '■• ■' > f 

Intell. riiT ■■ '■ ^ ■ •■ • ■ ■ . .'M I u, 

Connect! ■:!! Am.': i ■ m Ir-MiiU' u " jn.I 

•\Chri>tian Eiliic" At one time cilitof, an.l 
lortg a contributor to the N Y. Obsenvr. — Al- 
den Memoricd. 

Alden, Rooek, maj. Eevol. armv, b. Leb- 
anon, Ct., 1748; d. West Point, Nov. 5, 1836. 
Y. C. 1773. Some time aide to Gen. (ireene ; 
agent of the Holland Land Co., residint; at 
Meadville, Pa., from 1795 to 1825 ;. ordnance 
storekeeper at West Point from Jan/20, 1825, 
till bis death. ' 

Alden, Timothy, D.D , Cong, clergyman 
and educator, b. Yarmouth, Ms., Aug. 28, 1771; 
d. Pittsburg, Pa., July 5, 1839. H. U. 1794. 
Son of Rev. Timothy of Yarmouth (H. U. 
1762 ; d. Nov. 13, 1828). He was from Nov. 20, 



1799, to Aug. 11, 1805, minister of Ports- 
mouth, N.H., where he taught school from 
1800 to 1808, and in 1810-17 taught in the 
acad. at Newark, N.J. Removing to N.Y., he 
prepared and pub. his collection of Epitaphs 
in 5 vols. 1814, and while teaching in Bos- 
ton, in 1808-10, made the valuable Catalogue 
of the Liiirary of the N. Y. Hist. Society. He 
next removed to Meadville, Pa., where he 
founded Alleghany Coll., of which he was first 
pres. (inaug. July 28, 1817), and for which he 
collected a valuable library. Want of patron- 
age caused his withdrawal from the college 
Nov. 11, 1831 ; and he resumed educational 
labors in Cincinnati in 1832, and in 1834 took 
charge of an acad. at East Liberty, near Pitts- 
burg, Pa. He pub. "An Account of Sundry 
Missions among the Senecas," N.Y. 12ino, 
1827; "New-Jersey Register," 1811 and 1812; 
Alleffhany Magazine, 1816; "History of the 
Pine-Cieek Ch.," 1839. During the year be- 
fore his death, he preached as stated su])ply 
to the people ia Sharpsburg. — Sprague: Al- 
den Memorial. 

Alden, Timothy, inventor of a machine 
for setting and distributing type, b. Barnsta- 
ble, Ms., 1819; d. N.Y., Dec. 4, 1858. He 
was 6th in descent from John Alden, the 
Mayflower Pilgrim. When very voiiiil;, and 
a compositor in his bro.'s printing oliice, he 
said, " If I live, I will invent a madiine to do 
this tiresome work." He steadily pursued this 
object, and after 20 years' labor accomplished 
it. It was improved after liis death by Henry 
W. Allien. 

Aldrieh, James, poet, b. near the Hud- 
son, Suffolk Co., N.Y., 1810; d. N.Y., Oct. 
1856. Educated partly in Orange Co., and 
partly in N.Y. City. In 1836 he quitted mer- 
cantile for literary pursuits. He edited sev- 
eral popular periodicals, and in 1840 estab- 
lished the LUerary Gazette, in which first 
appeared many of the poems which established 
his reputation. One of these, " A Death-Bed 
Scene," is familiar to most readers. He sub- 
sequently engaged again in business under the 
style of Aldrieh & Barton. — Sec specinv-ns of 
' Griswold's "Poets and Poctnj of 



Aldrieh, Thom.\s B 

mouth, N.H., Nov. 11, 

youth in La. ; was 3 yeai 

in N. Y. ; then became 

publishing-house ; and was afterward a writer 

lor the N. Y. Eveninej Mirror, and an ' 

on Tlie Home Journal, and Salnrdmi 



\ILET, poet, b. Ports- 
836. He passed his 
3 in a counting-house 
' reader " for a large 



He has contrib. many poem • 
Putnam's M untidy, Tl,.' /. 



7/)- 



er's Monthlji, and the.4(/i' 
been reprinted in Loud. II in'-. ' 1 m I'.ells," 
1854 ; " Daisy's Necklace, ' I's.jG ; " The Ballad 
of Baby Bell," and other Poems ; " " Tlie Course 
of True Love," &c , 1858; "Pampinea, and 
other Poems," 1861 ; " Out of bis Head," a 
prose romance, 1862; "Poems," 1863 and 
1865; "The Story of a Bad Boy," 1869.— 
Dui/ckinck. 

Aldridge, Ira, a mulatto actor of merit, 
b. at Bellair near Bait., Md., 1804; d. Lodz, 
Polonia, Aug. 7, 1867. Entering in 1826 the 
BeiTice of Edmund Kean, he is said to iiave 



accompanied bim to Eng., where ho stud- 
ied for the stage. He subsequently made an 
unsuccessful attempt at tlie Mud Theatre, 
Bait., but shortly afterwards returned to Eng. 
He made his debut at the Eoyalty 'J'heatre, 



ferred In 
Venice," 
" Hugo,' 



Me 



" Zaiiga," " Onizemba," " I'izarro," 
&c., he was generally regarded as 
one of the ablest and most faithful interpret- 
ers of Shakspeare's best characters. He first 
appeared at Cuvent Garden Theatre, Apr. 10, 
18.33, as Othello. At Belfitst, Ireland, he played 
Othello to Kean's lago, and also Orozemba to 
his Alboin. Upon the Continent, where he 
performed in the principal cities, he received 
tokens of high approbation. The King of 
Prussia wrote him an autograph-letter accom- 
panying the first-class medal of art and sci- 
ence. The Emperor of Austria conferred 
on him the grand cross of Leopold ; and at 
Berne he received the medal of merit in the 
shape of a magnificent Maltese cross. His 
wife was a white woman. 

Alemany, Joseph Sadoc, C.S.D., R. C. 
archbishop of California, consee. bishop of 
Monterev, June 30, 1850; made archb'p. July 
29, 1853^ 

Alexander, Abraham, chairman of the 
famous Mecklenburg Convention in Mav, 
1775 ; d. near Charlotte, N.C., Apr. 23, 1786, 
a. 68. He was a magistrate of Mecklenb. Co., 
and represented it in the colonial legisl. 

Alexander, Archibald, D.U. (N.J. 
Coll. 1810), Presbyterian divine, b. Rockbridge 
Co., Va., Apr. 17,1772; d. Princeton, N.j., 
Oct. 22, 1S5I. His grandfather, Archibald, 
came from Ireland to Pa. in 1736, removing 
ab. 1738 to Va. At the age of 10, he was 
sent to the acad. of Rev. Wm. Graham at 
Timber Ridge meeting-house. At the age of 
17, he became tutorin the family of Gen. John 
Posey. He studied theology ; was licensed 
Oct. 1, 1791 ; and was for seven years an itin- 
erant missionary in his native State. Succeed- 
ing Dr. Smith in the presidency of Hampden 
Sidney Coll. in 1796, he resigned that, and 
also his pastoral charge, in 1801. In 1802, he 
m. J;inetta, dau. of the celebrated blind 
preacher, Dr. Waddel, and resumed his former 
position at Hampden Sid. Coll., but, ow- 
ing to the insubordination of the students, 
accepted a call from the Pine-st. Church, 
Phila., where he was installed pastor, Mav 
20, 1807. From 1811 to his death, he wa's 
prof, of the theological semin'y at Prince- 
ton. Author of " Outlines of thi: Evidences 
of Christianitv," 1823; "Treatise on the Can- 



on of 



Chi 



New 



1826; 
ivs on 



nscls 



of distinguished American clergymen and 
alumni of the college of N.J. He also con- 
tributed to the Biblical Repertory and other 
periodicals, and left a»number of works in 
manuscript. (See his life by his son, Dr. J. 
]V. Ahxauder. N. Y., 1854.) — Sprogue. 

Alexander, Barton Stone, brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A., h. Kv 1819.^ West Point, 1842. 
2d lieut. K-=- !■' ■■;- S-i-t :'->, 1 = ;?: -:-.t. 

July i,ie-'-, • ' • ■ ■• ' .!••'■ ; I I • 1 ■ !■ ,:i 

Run; l)r^^ ' \ . '■ \ ., i 

Yorktown, <r.r... L„_, ( ..,; ^ :,i,,,, :;, i .,■; ; 
lieut.-col. Mar. ,, lou7; biu.. Im-.-u. u. Mm: 
13, 1855, fur merit, .services iu the Rebellion. 
He has been much engaged in the construction 
and repairs of forts, and in the erection of Mi- 
not's Ledge Lighthouse, 1855-61 ; was a.d.c, 
rank of lieut.-eol., on the staff in Va. during the 
Rebellion, and was consulting eng'r in Sheri- 
dan's army, Shenandoah Valley, Va., and 
present at the battle of Cedar Creek, Oct. 9, 
18U. — Cullum. 

Alexander, Caleb, D.D., clergyman and 
scholar, b. NorthfieM, Ms., 22 July, 1755; d. 
Onondaga, N.Y., April 12, 1828. Y. Coll. 
1777. Minister of New Marlboro' 1781-2, and 
of iMendon from Apr. 12, 1786, to Dec. 7, 
1802. Not succeeding in the attempt to es- 
tablish a college at Fairfield, N.Y., he took 
charge of an acad. at Onondaga. He pub. 
Latin and English grammars ; an " Essay 
on the Deity of Christ," 1796; "Grammar Ele- 
ments ; " a translation of Virgil into literal 
English prose, Worcester, 1796; "Columbian 
Dictionary," 1800; Arithmetic, 1802, and 
" Young Ladies' and Gentlemen's Instruc- 
tor." — Spraque. 

Alexander, Edmund B., col. U. S. A., 
b. Va. ab. 1802. West Point, 1823. Asst. Q.- 
M., rank of capt., 6 Dec. 1833 ; capt. 3d Infy. 
Julv 7,1838; com. his regt. in Mexico in 
1847 ; maj. 8th Infy. Nov. 10, 1851 ; col. 10th 
Infy. Mar. 3, 1855. Brev. for Cerro Gordo, 
Contreras, and Churubusco. In the spring of 
1863, he was ordered to St. Louis as acting- 
asst. provo.-marsluil-gen. Brev. bris.-gen. Oct. 
18, 1865. Retired Feb. 22, 1869. 

Alexander, James, see. of the province 
of N.Y., b. Scotland; d. N.Y. Apr. 2, 1756. 
In 1715, he came to America in consequence of 
tlie part he had taken in favor of the Pretender, 
accompanied by Wm. Smith, afterward chief- 
justice of N.Y. He was the first recorder of 
Perth Amboy in 1718, but, having served as an 
officer of engineers in Scotland, was made sur- 
veyor-gen. of N.J. and N.Y. lie devoted his 
leisure to the study of the law, in which he at- 
tained eminence; was many years a member of 
the legisl. and council ; was deputy-clerk of 
the council in 1719, attorney-gen. in 1721-3, 
naval officer 1723-33 ; was a particular friend 
of Gov. Burnet, and by his industry and abil- 
ities acquired great wealth. One of the coun- 
sel for Zeu;rpr," the printer, bo was arbitrarily 
excluded ihi'ii ili^ ! :ii ,,ii ili :t armiint in 1735, 



of the Aged to the Youn-," 18-33; "Brief 
Compendium of Bible Truth ; " "History of 
the I-raelitish Nation," in 1852; "Moral Sci- 
ence," 1852; a Memoir of bis old instructor, 
Mr. Graham; a "History of the Presbyterian 
Church in Va. ;" and biographical sketches 



but. 






stored in 1 7 7 .\ 
principles, h. I"-: !.._ ...l i-, i, ..iring to Al- 
bany while surtering from severe ilhic-ss, to op- 
pose a ministerial project o]j]ircssive to the 
colony. He, with Franklin and others, founded 



15 



the Amer. Philosophical Society. He was the 
father of Wm. Alexander, commonly known 
as Lord Stiriincj, ami presumptive heir to the 
earldom of Stirlinir 

Alexander, (vmk^ \V\ddeH/, D.D., an 

eloquent I'n -' nd author, b. near 

Gordonsvill, . [ \ ,i., Mar. 13, 1804; 

d. at the \a. :- _ , ,l,ilv .31, 1859. N.J. 

Coll. ISaO. l.:,k.i .,ui.>ji l/r, Archibald. Tu- 
tor in N..). Coll. in 1S24. He was a minister 
in Charlotte Co., Va., from 1825 to 1827; in 
Trenton, N.J., from 1829 to 1832, and of the 
Uiuine-st. Church, N.Y. City, from 1844 to 
1S51, when he was elected pastor of the Fifth- 
avc. Church Editor of tlie Presbyterian news- 
paper pub. in Phila. from 1830 to 1833 ; prof, 
or rhetoric and belles lettres in N J. Coll. in 
1833-44; and from 1849 to 1851 prof of 
ecclesiastical history and church government 
in the theological sem. at Princeton. The 
degree of D.D was conferred on him by La- 
fayette Coll. Pa., in 1843, and by H. Coll. 
in 1854. He pub. a vol. of sermons entitled 
•' Consolation; " "Thoughts on Family Wor- 
ship ;" " The Amer. Mechanic and Working- 
man ;" a biofjraphy of his father. Dr. Archibald 
Alc.\Mndcr; "Discourses on Chri^tian Faith 
and Practice," 1858 ; a vol. of " Sacramental 
Discourses," and " Gift to the Afflicted ; " 
"Geography of the Bible," 1830; "Plain 
Words to a Young Communicant," 12mo; 
"Amer. Sunday School and its Adjuncts," 
Phila., 1856 ; numerous contributions to the Bib- 
lical Repertorji and Princeton Meinew, and some 
of the publications of the American Tract 
Society. He wrote for the Literari/ World 
under the signature of " Csesariensis." After 
his death, 2 vols, of his letters were pub. by 
Dr. Hall of Trenton. 

Alexander, John Henry, chemist and 
phi-i-i 1, i. Ai,:r,|i..!is. Md., 1812; d. Balti- 
niiii- ' ■ I 1 : In 1850, he pub. a " Uni- 
vn- i' 11 ill . : Weights and Measures," 
of st:iii !,ii 1 :i:,::i i;ty. In 1857, hc was com- 
missiuncr to Knuland on international coin- 
age, and, in the summer of 1866, was app. 
by Prcs. Johnson a commissioner to the 
Paris Exhibition, but was taken fatally ill just 
before he was ab. to set sail. He had held 
many positions of honor and trust, and was 
learned on the snbj.-et of wei:;hts and meas- 
ures and coins. Author of " Treatise on Math- 
ematical Instruments," &c., 8vo, 1835; " Treat- 
ise on Levelling by F. W. Simms, with large 
additions," 8vo, 1838; "Contributions to the 
History of the Metallurgy of Iron," 1840; 
" Introits, or Ante-Communion Psalms," 12mo, 
1844 ; " Reports on Standards of Weights and 
Measure.^ for Md.," 8vo, 1846 ; " Catena Domi- 
nica," IMiila. iL'ino, •• IJepons on the new Maj) 



languages and literature in In^ iilina nintor, 
and was prof, of biblical crid i-m ' I ■ k-i- 
astical history at Princetini I ' , ,,iii 

1838 to 1852, when he wai iiii , ,; ,, i;,c 
chair of biblical and ecclccia ...i. .U l.i.;ury, 
which he held till his death. He received the 
degree of D.D. from Marshall Coll., Pa. His 
works are " A Translation of and Commen- 
tary on the Psalms," 3 vols. ; " A Critical 
Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah," 
and an abridgment of the same; a vol. on 
primitive church government, and numerous 
essays in the Biblical Reperton/ and Princeton 
Review. He subsequently aided Dr. Hodge in 
preparing a commentary on the New Testa- 
ment. He was an excellent linguist. — See a 
memoir hi H. C. Alexander., 1869. 

Alexander, Dk. Nathaniel, gov. of N. 
C. 18U5-7, b. Mecklenburg, 1756 ; d. Salis- 
bury, Mar. 8, 1808. Princeton Coll. 1776. 
He served in the Revol. army, and afterward 
practised medicine at the High Hills of Santee 
and Mecklenhurg. He was .several years a 
member of the Icgisl. andM.C. 1803-5. 

Alexander, Stephen, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1852), astronomer, b. Schenectady, N.Y., Sept. 
1, 1806. Un. Coll. 1824; Princeton Theol. 
Sem. 1832. Tutor in N.J. Coll. in 1833, ad- 
junct prof of mathematics from 1834 to 1840, 
prof, of astronomy from 1840 to 1845, of 
mathematics from 1845 to 1854. He lias since 
that period held the professorship of mechan- 
ics and astronomy. Author of many scien- 
tific papers, some of which have been trans- 
lated and pnb._ in Europe. Among them is 



one on thi 
upon Sola 
mental Pr 
"ThoOrigi 
dition of .s 
" The "For 



Phys 
~ "ipse 



Phcni. 



Mil. H 



8vo, 1867. 

Alexander, Joseph Addison, D.D., a 
learned divine and author, b. Phila. Apr. 24, 
1800 ; d. Princcion, N.J., Jan. 28, 1860. N J. 
Coll. 1826. Son of Dr. Archibald. From 
1830 to 1833, he was adjunct prof of ancient 



of the Clnsf.T. -I -: .1., ,.„ 
nd Equatorial Diainci.rof the 
Asteroid Planet," and also on the " Harmo- 
nies in the arrangement of'the Solar System." 
In 1860, be led an exped. to the coast of Lab- 
rador to observe the solar eclipse of July 18. 

Alexander, William, first earl of Stir- 
ling, created earl in 1633, b. 1580; d. Lond., 
Feb. 1640. Through the fricnd^lii|i .jf Sir Fer- 
dinando Gorges, Sir Wm. in, , , v. ], in, 
1621, a patent, embracing t'l .ly 

of Acadia, which was confii III I > ! ; i i.ihi's 
heirs by King James, and en ■ i ■' ini" a pila- 
tinate to be holdcn as a fief of the ciowu of 
Scotland. It resulted, however, only in losses 
and disappointments. He was knighted in 
1613. Charles I. founded the order of Nova- 
Scotia baronets in Scotland to further the 
settlement. Sir Wm. was subsequently made 
sec. of State for Scotland, and created 
Viscount Canada. He was a poet of some 
merit. His uncle, John Akxin I. , wa the 
ancestor of Lord Stirlin- oi : i ai\. 

He developed his coloni'i a i a a 

pamphlet, " An Encoura^'i 11! II- i :-!,.." 

1625 ; " The Map and Delinc.ition of X. Eng- 
land," &c., 16-30. 

Alexander, William, " Lord Stirling," 
maj.-gen. Kevol. army, b. N.Y. City, 1726; d. 
Albany, 15 Jan. 1783. Son of Sec. James 
Alexander. He received the best education 
the country afforded ; became the partner iu 



AXiL 



of David 


ihi- British 


V. Shii-ley, 


. Mud pri- 


V to Eng. 


the House 



business of his motlior, tin' wi.l 

Provost ; joined the cciiiimi-- n i,i: 

army, and, attracting tin' im':i' > ^I 

was for three years his Miuciirr, 

vate sec. Accompanyinj^ iSh; 

in 1755, he was examined belb 

of Commons in 1757, and commenced the 

prosecution of his chiim to the earldom of 

Stirlint:, in which he was unsuccessfnh Soon 

after his return in 17fil, he ni. the dau. of 

Pliilip Livingston. lie succeeded his father 

as surveyor-gen., and, until the Revol., was a 

member of the prov. council. A prominent 

patriot, ho was app. a col. in 1775, and Mar. 

1776, was commis. brig.-gen. by Congress. 
When Gen. Lee left for the South, Stirling 
was left in commitnd at N.Y. His bravery 
was conspicuous at the battle of Long Island, 
26 Aug. 1776, and he was made prisoner, 
but was soon exchanged. Maj.-gen. Feb. 

1777. Disting. at Brandywine and at Ger- 
mantown, where he com. the reserve. At 
Monmouth, he com. the left wing, and so 
disposed his command as to aid in the success 
of the day. In 1781, he took command at 
Albany. He aided in founding a library for 
his native city in 1754, and in the founding of 
King's, now Col. Coll. His youngest dau. m. 
Col. Wra. Duer. He pub. "An Account of 
the Comet of June and Julv, 1770," in Am. 
Philos. Coll., and "The Conduct of Miij.-Gen. 
Shirley Briefly Stated." He was convivial in 
his habits, ani dignified in his appearance, and 
displayed considerable scientific attainments. 
— See Life of Lord Stirling hu his grandson, 

Wm. A. Due,; in N.J. Hist. Coll. 

Alexander, William, of the U. of Penn., 
author of " Poetical Works," and sketch of 
his life, Phila., 1847. 

Alford, John, founder of the professor- 
ship of natural religion, moral philosophy, and 
civil polity in Harvard Coll., b. 1686; d. 
Charlestown, Ms., Sept. 29, 1761. He had 
been a member of the colonial council. His 
executors divided his bequest for " charitable 
uses " equally between Harvard Coll., Prince- 
ton Coll., and the Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel among the Indians. To the 
latter $10,675 was paid in 1787. 

Alger, Cykus, iron-founder, b. W. Bridge- 
water, Ms., 1782 ; d. Feb. 4, 1856. He com- 
menced early in life the business of an iron- 
founder at Easton, but in 1809 established 
himself in South Boston ; made many improve- 
ments in the art of casting, and was partic- 
ularly celebrated for the excellent cannon 
which were made at his establishment. He 
was jnominent in various projects beneficial to 
South Boston. He was liberal and charitable, 
was a nieniher of the city council the first year 
of its organization, and alderman in 1824 and 
1827. 

Alger, Rev. Horatio, jun., author, b. N. 
Chelsea, Ms ,Jan. 13, 1834. H.U. 1852 ; Camb. 
Theol. School 1860. From 1852 to 1857, he 
was a ttacher, and wrote for the Bos .on and 
N.Y. press. In 1361, be made a European 
tour. From 1861 to 1864, he was a private 
tutor at Cambridge. Dec. 8, 1864, he was 
ord. over a Unitarian Church at Brewster, Ms. 
He pub. " Bertha's Christmas Vision," 1855 ; 



' Nothing to Do, a Tilt at our Best Society," 
a poem, 1857; "Frank's Campaign; or. 
What Boys Can Do," 1864; "Paul Preston's 
Charge," 1865; and has contributed a number 
of poems to Harper's Weekly and other period- 
icals. 

Alger, William Rocnseviile, clergy- 
man and author, b. Freetown, Ms., Dec. 30, 
1822. Camb. Theol. School, 1847. In that 
year he became minister of a Unitarian society 
at Roxbury,and in 1855 exchanged lor asimilar 
charge in Boston. He now preaches at the 
Music Hall, Boston. He pub. " A Symbolic 
History of the Cross of Christ," 1851 ; " The 
Poetry of the East," 1856, His chief work is 
" A Critical History of the Doctrines of a 
Future Life," with a Complri,. - 
of the Subject, by Ezra Al.'-,r. 



ipl.y 



ited 



th an 



" Studiesof Christianity by.fmir, .Martincaii." 
Contrib. to the Christian Esaminer and other 
periodicals. — Dujckinrk. 

Alison, Francis, D D., Presb. divine 
and scholar, b. Lac, Doncg.al Co., Ireland, 
1705 ; d. Phila. Nov. 28, 1779. U. of Glas- 
gow. He came to America in 1735; was 
pastor of a church at New London, Pa., until 
1752, when he took charge of an acad. in 
Phila. He had previously taught school at 
New London, and was the tutor of many of 
the eminent men of the Revol. From 1755 
until his death, he was vice-provost, and prof, 
of moral philosophy of the College of Phila., 
and pastor of the First Church. In Aug. 
1 758, he was chaplain to Col. Byrd's exped. 
to Fort Cumberland. He received the degree 
of D.D. from the U. of Glasgow in 1758. 
By his will he freed all his slaves. May 
24, 1758, he preached before the synods of 
N.y. and Pa. a sermon, entitled " Peace and 
Unity recommended." — Spra<jue. 

Allan, Col. John, Revol. patriot, b. 
Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, Jan. 13, 1746 ; d. 
Lubcc, Me., Feb. 7, 1805. Wm. his father, a 
retired British officer, emigrated to Nova Scotia 
in 1749. John engaged in agricultural and 
mercantile pursuits near Fort Cumberland ; 
became a justice of the peace, clerk of the 
Supreme Court, and was a member of the 
Provincial Assembly in 1770-6. Sympathizing 
with the Americans in their struggle for liberty, 
he secured to them the friendship of the Iiulian 
tribes in his vicinity, and applied personally 
to Congress, who app. him superintendent of 
the Eastern Indians and a col. in the army 
in Jan. 1777. The authorities of N. S. offered 
a reward of £100 for his apprehension ; and, 
during the struggle, his house was burned, 
and his wife kept for mouths in prison at 
Halifax. Col. Allan rendered creat service 
to the patriot cause, and, wiili ln^ lti.l,:iii ;ilii( s, 
protected the exposed ni.iili i ■ i. 

In 1784, he settled in JIaii,: !i i -rd 
from the govt, of Ms. 22,0uu a. il; l: \m: 1 laiul 
(now the town of Whiting) in 1792, and in 
1801, in consequence of losses incurred by him 
in the war, a grant from Congress of 2,000 
acres in Ohio, where Columbus now stands, 
but then of little value. — See " Military Ope- 
rations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia," by 
Frederic Kidder. 



17 



Allen, Rev. Benjamin, rector of St. Paul's 
Church, I'hila. ; d. at sea on his returu from 
Europe, Jan. 27, 1829. Author of " llist. of 
the Church of Christ," 2 vols. 18.3.3. Editor 
of the Chnsliaii Maqazim. — See Memoir bi/ his 
brother, Pliila., 1832'. 

Allen, Ch.^rles, LL.D (H. U. 1863), ju- 
rist and statesman, h. Worcester, Ms., Aug. 9, 
1797; d. there Aug. 6, 1869. Adm. to the 
bar in 1818, he bea;an practice at New Brain- 
tree, but soon removed to Worcester. iVIanv 
years a member of the State legisl. ; member of 
the North-eastern Buiindarv roiiuin-sion in 
1842; Jud-eC.C. P. 1842-4'; ,liin |u,nrr S,il- 
folk Co. Sup. Conn Is.i8-'J, ami ..I ilir ,\l,i.s. 
Sup. Court 1859-67; M. t'. lS4'.i-.")i. One 
of the founders of the Free Soil party ; editor 
of the Boston Whig, afterwards called the Re- 
publican. An influential member of the Const. 
Conv. of 1853, and a delegate to the Peace 
Congress in 1861. A sound lawyer, and an 
able and upright judge. He rec'd an hon. 
degree from V. C. in 1836. Allen's Reports 
make U vols. (1861-8). 

Allen, David Oliver, D.D., missionary, 
b. Banc, Ms., 1804; d. Lowell, Ms., July 17, 
1863. Amh. Coll. 1823. After working on a 
farm, and teaching, he studied at the And. 
Theol. Sem., and in Sept. 1827, went to Bum- 
bay. There he labored until his return in 
June, 1853 ; and in 1856 pub. a " History of 
India." From 1856 to 1860, he preached at 
Wenham and other places. Myra his wife d. 
Bombay, Feb. 5, 1831. Hecontrib. 



journal! 



India and An 



of the " Royal Asiatic " and " American Ori- 
ental " societies. 

Allen, Ebenezer, Revol. soldier, and one 
of the founders of Vt. ; d. 1805. He was at 
the capture of Ticonderoga and Mount Deti- 
ance, and disting. himself in the battle of iien- 
nington. — Rogers. 

Allen, Ephraim W., printer, and 30 years 
eMtor of the N^iubiiri/port Her ltd, b. aboutl780; 
d. Mar. 9, 1846. 

Allen, Ethan, Revol. soldier, b Litchfield, 
Ct., Jan. 10, 17.-i7; d. Burlington, Vt., Feb. 
12, 1789. His parents removed to Cornwall, 
and subsequently to Salisbury ; wliere, in 1762, 
Ethan was one of the proprietors of the iron 
furnace. Of six brothers who received the 
bare rudiments of education, four emigrated 
in 1772 to the territory west of the Green 
Mountains, where Ethan had preceded them in 
1766, and where they became renowned in the 
border feuds and in the Revol. struggle. This 
territory called " The New-Hampshire Grants," 
was claimed by N. Y. ; but the settlers, 
under the lead of Allen, seconded by Scth 
Warner and Remember Baker, resisted their 
sheriffs ami con.stables, and held them at bay, 
until the Hevol. turned the efforts of all in 
another direction. During this controversy, 
several pamphlets were written by Allen, and 
in his peculiar manner, which were well suit- 
ed to the state of public feeling, exhibiting the 
injustice of the claims. The State of N. Y. 
declared Allen an outlaw, and otfercil a re- 
ward of £150 for his capture. Immediately 
after the battle of Lexington, a plan for the 
capture of Ticonderoga was matured in Hart- 



ford ; and Edward Mott and Noah Phelps with 
16 men were joined by Cols. Easton and 
Brown at Pittsfield, and by Al.en at Benning- 
ton, who was chosen to command. At Castle- 
ton, they were joined by Arnold, who had been 
commissioned by the Massachusetts Commit- 
tee to raise 400 men for the same object, and 
who, it is said, accompanied the expedition as 
a volunteer. They arrived at the lake opjio- 
site the fortress, on the evening of May 9 ; and 
at daybreak, Allen, with 83 men, surprised the 
garrison, and captured the stronghold with all 
its valuable stores. The capture of Crown 
Point by Col. Warner the same day, and of a 
sloop-ot-vvar soon after, gave tliem the mastery 
of Lake Champlain, and gave a brilliant g.-./at 
to the opening of the war. His success as a 
partisan, occasioned his being twice despatched 
into Canada, during the fall of 1775, to gain 
over the Canadians to the American cause. 
In the last of these expeditions, he undertook, 
in conjunction with Col. Brown, the capture 
of Montreal. Crossing the river with 110 men 
on the morning of Scijt. 25, he was attacked 
by a large force, before Col. Brown could ef- 
fect a junction, and made prisoner. He was 
put in irons, and treated with great severity by 
Gen. Prcscott; then sent to Eng., and treated 
with extreme cruelty on the passage, by 
Brooke Watson. After three weeks' con- 
finement in Pendcnnis Castle, he w.as, in Jan. 
1776, sent to Halifax ; and, five months after, 
was removed to N. Y. He experienced great 
kindness from the captain ; and, while on the 
passage, his refusal to join in an attempt to seize 
the vessel, prevented tiie execution ot the plan. 
May 6, 1778, he was cwlianged for Col. Camp- 
bell, returned to Vt., where he was received 
with honors, and given tlie command of the 
militia ; receiving also from Congress the com- 
mission of lieut.-col. in the Continental Army. 
A fruitless attempt was made by the British, 
through Beverley Robinson, to bribe him to 
lend his support to a union of Vt. with t^ana- 
da, the only result of which was, that, by 
feigning negotiations, Allen was able to secure 
the neutrality ot the British towards his moun- 
taineers until the close of the war. As a 
member of the State legi»l. and a special dele- 
gate to Congress, he succeeded in his great ob- 
ject, — the ultimate recognition of Vt. as an 
independent State. Before the end of the war, 
he removed to Bcnnmgton, thence to Arling- 
ton, and finally to the vicinity of Onion River, 
where he died. Two of his sons, graduates of 
West Point, became capts. of artillery. Be- 
sides a narrative of his captivity, and some 
pamphlets on the Controversy with N. Y., he 
pub. in 1784 " Allen's Theology, or the Oracles 
of Reason," the first publication in the U. S. 
openly directed against the Christian religion. 
He was a brave, generous, and independent 
man, but was eccentric and ambitious. A Life by 
Hugh Moore was pub. Plattsburg, 12mo, 1834 ; 
" Ethan Allen, and the Green Mountain 
Heroes of '76," by H. DcPuy, 8vo, Buffalo, 
1853. There is also a memoir in Sparks's 
Amcr. Biog., vol i. 

Allen, He.man, LL.D., lawyer and politi- 
cian of Colchester, Vt., b. Poultncv, Vt., Feb. 
23, 1779; d. Highgate, Vt., ApV. 9, 1852. 



AJ[^J^ 



)artm. Coll. 1 
ephuw of Eth 
issiun of tlie 



cliicf- 



from 1811 to 1814; an iictivo memljer 
State legisl. from 1812 to 1817 ; quar 
of iiiiliiui with the title of brigadier; and a 
trustee of the U. of Vt. M. C. 1817-18. U. 
S. nuirshal for the District of Vt. 1818-23. 
He was ininister to Chili in 182.3-8, and held 
the Presidency of the U. S. Branch Bank at 
Biirliii-ton, from 18.30 until the expiration of 
its elianer. — Dartin. Coll. Alaiuni. 

Allen, Henry, a religious enthusiast, b. 
Newport, K.I., June 14, 1748; d. Northamp- 
ton, N.H., Feb. 2, 1784. He was settled at 
Falmouth, N. S., where he taught that our 
first parents were not corporeal before the Fall, 
that there will be no resurrection of the body, 
and that men are not bound to obey the ordi- 
nances of the gospel. He pub. some treatises 
and sermons, and a hook of lyrics. 

Allen, Henry Watkins, statesman and 
soldier, b. Prince Edward Co., Va., Apr. 29, 

1866. His 

1 Lexing- 
ton, Mo. Disliking mercantile life, the son 
was placed in Marion Coll., but ran away 
two years after ; became a teacher at Grand 
Gulf, Mpi. ; studied law, and had attained a 
successful practice, when, in 1842, he raised a 
company for the Te.xan war. Alter its close, 
he returned, married, and in 1846 was elected 
to the State legisl. He afterward settled on his 
estate at West Baton Rouge; and in 1853 was 
in the La. legisl. In 1854, he went to Cam- 
bridge U. as a law-student. He visited Europe 
in 1859, one result of which was a volume of 
" Travels of a Sugar-Planter." Re-entering 
the legisl., he became a prominent speaker, and, 
when Buchanan became Pres., left the Whig for 
the Democ. party. When the Rebellion broke 
out, he was made lieut.-col., and then col., of 
the 4th La., and afterward military gov. of 
Jackson. He was wounded at Shiloh, com. a 
brigade at Baton Rouge, where he was despe- 
rately wounded ; was made brig.-ge.i. in Sept. 
1864, but almost immediately after was elected 
gov. of La. In this position, he showed great 
ability, improving the finances of the State, 
encouraging manufactures, and enforcing the 
laws. At the close of the war, he took up his 
residence in Mexico, where he established the 
Mexican Times, which he edited until his 
death. — See " Recollections of'Henri/ W. Allen," 
b,l Mrs. Sarah A. Uorsey. iV.y.,'l867. 

Allen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., 
1>. Corn»;ill, Ct., Apr. 21, 1751 ; d. Phila., 
Jan. 7, 1814. A younger bro. of Ethan, he 
went with him to Vt., and took part with 
him in the controversy with N.Y. He was an 
active patriot; was a member of the legisl. in 
1776-7; a member of the convention which 
framed the constitution of Vt. in 1778; was 
sec. of State, and subsequently surveyor-gen., 
and treasurer, and member of the council. 
Upon Burgoyne's advance, Allen, then a mem- 
ber of the Committee of Safety and a col. of 
militia, suggested the raising a regt. by the 
confiscation and sale of Tory property. It was 
soon raised, and, together with that of Col. 



Warner, did good service in the battle of Ben- 
nington. Wall Alessrs. Bradley and Fox, he 
was acommissiuner to Congress in 1780-81, in 
behalf of Vt., and in opposition to the claims of 
neighboring States. In Apr. 1781, he was 
app. to settle a cartel, and also to agree to an 
armistice with the British troops in Canada, 
which was accordingly dune. These politic 



r\ : , ,1 .,:.,>, I 330,000. 

In Mar. 1792, he was a delegate to the con- 
vention which ratified the U.S. Constitution. 
In 1795, having become senior maj.-gen. of mi- 
litia, he went to Europe to purchase arms tor 
the supply of his State. On his way home with 
the muskets and cannon purchased of the 
French Republic, he was taken and carried to 
Eng., where, after a litigation of eight years 
in the Court of Admiralty, on the accusation of 
intending to supply the Irish rebels with arms, 
the case was decided in his favor. In 1798, he 
was imprisoned in France, and returned home 
in 1801. He was the author of a "Natural and 
Political History of Vermont," 8vo, London, 
1798, and of " Statements Appended to the 
Olive Branch," 1807. 

Allen, Isaac, lawyer and lovalist of 
Trenton, N.J.; d. Frederickton, N.Bl, 1806, a. 
65. N.J. Coll. 1762. In 1782, he was lieut.- 
col. of the 2d butt of N.J. Vols. One of the 
grantees of St. John, N.B., he held a seat in 
the council, and was a judge of the Supreme 
Court. — Sabine. 

Allen, James, clergyman, b. Eng., 1632; 
d. Boston, Sept. 22, 1710. Fellow of New 
Coll., Oxford. Having been ejected for non- 
conformity, he came to N.E. in 1662, with a 
high reputation as a scholar and divine, and 
wasord. Dec. 9, 1668, as colleague with Mr. 
Davenport in the First Church, Boston. In 
1669, 17 ministers pub. their testimony against 
the conduct of Allen and Davenport in regard 
to the settlement of the latter. This contro- 
versy between the 1st and 3d churches inter- 
ested the whole Colony. The General Court 
having, in 1670, declared the conduct of those 
churches and elders who assisted in establish- 
ing the 3d church illegal and disorderly, at its 
ne.xt session, some of the members being 
changed, the censure was taken oflF. Mr. Al- 
len possessed great Zealand influence, and took 
a deep interest in Harvard Coll., of which cor- 
poration he was several years a member. He 
])nb. occasional sermons and essays on polemic 

Allen, James, first minister of Brookline, 
Ms., b. Roxbury, 1692; d. Feb. 18, 1747. 
H. U. 1710. Ord. Nov. 5, 1718. In 1722, he 
pub. a "Thanksgiving Sermon," in 1727 a 
'• Discourse on Providence ; " a " Fast Ser- 
mon on the Great Earthquake in 1731." 

Allen, James, poet, b. Boston, July 24, 
1739 ; d. there Oct. 21, 1808. The son of a 
wealthy merchant, he studied at Harvard Coll. 
but left it at the end of the third year. 
His chief production, " Lines on the Massacre," 
written at the request of Dr. Warren, to ac- 
company the oration which he delivered, was 



ATiT. 



19 



AJJL. 



suppressed by the committee having the sub- 
ject in charge, owing to suspicions of his polit- 
ical faith. His friends, indignant at this treat- 
ment, pub. it, with extracts from the " Retro- 
spect," also by Allen, which they accompanied 
by a vindication of the author's political sound- 
ness and poetical merits: pub. Boston, 1772. 
He also wrote a patriotic epic, entitled " Bun- 
ker Hill," now supposed to be lost, and a few 
magazine pieces. — Uuyckinck. 

Allen, Col. John, b. Rockbridge Co., Va., 
Dec. 30, 1772; killed in battle of the River 
Raisin, Jan. 22,1813. His father was an early 
settler in Ky. The son was educated at Dr. 
Priestly's acad. at Bardstown ; settled in the 
practice of law at Shelbyville in 1795, and at- 
tained high rank in the profession. Early in 

1812, he raised a regt. of riflemen, part of which 
was in the action at Brownstown, Jan. 18, 

1813. It formed the left wing of the American 
force at the disastrous battle of the River Rai- 
sin. — Collins' s IIisl. of Kentucky. 

Allen, Joseph, b." Boston, Sept. 2, 1749 ; 
d. Worcester, Sept. 2, 1827. H. U. 1774. His 
mother was a sister of Samuel Adams. He 
was a merchant in Leicester, Ms., and an ac- 
ti%'e Whig ; a member of the State Const. 
Conv., 1778; clerk of Worcester Co. court 
from 1776 to 1810; M, C. 1811-13; council- 
lor 1815-18 ; a founder and patron of Leicester 
acad. He went to Worcester 1776. 

Allen, Joseph, D.D. (H. U. 1848), b. 
Medtield, Ms., Aug. 15, 1790.^,^ H. U. 1811. 
Ord. 1814. He studied theologv under Rev. 
Dr. Ware at Cambridge. Onl'. minister of 
Northboro' Oct. 30, 1816, — a post he still re- 
tains. Deleg. to the Peace Congress at Paris 
in 1849. Author of " Hist. Accountof North- 
boro' " in [Vorcesier Mag., July, 1826 ; " Ser- 
mon on Completing the 25th Year of his Min- 
istry." 1841; "Centennial Discourse," 1846; 
" Memoir of Rev. Dr. Lathrop of Springfield," 
1823; '• Hist, of the Worcester Association," 
1863; " Allen Genealogy," 1869. 

Allen, Moses, minister of Medway, Ga., 
b. Northampton, Ms., Sept. 14, 1748; d. Feb. 
8,1779. N. J. Coll. 1772. Ord. at Christ's 
Church parish, near Charleston, S.C, Mar 16, 
1775; resigned June 8, 1777, and established 
himself at Medwav. His emigrant ancestor, 
Samuel, d. Windsor, Ct., 1648 An ardent 
patriot, he became obnoxious to the British, 
who dispersed his society, and burned his 
roeeting-house. Made prisoner at the capture 
of Savannah, and put on board a prison-ship, 
he was drowned in attempting to escape to the 
shore. 

Allen, Paul, editorand poet, b. Providence, 
R L, Feb. 15, 1775; d. Baltimore, Ang. 18, 
1826. B.U. 1796. After studying law, he went 
to Phila., where he wrote for the Portfolio and 
U.S. Gazette. In 1801, he pub. a small vol. of 
poems, superintended the publication of "Lewis 
and Clarke's Travels," in 1814 ; and projected a 
" Life of Washington," and obtained a great 
number of subscribers, but from indolence made 
no effort to fulfil the oblig.-ition he had in- 
curred. Successively editor of the Federal lle- 
pnblkan, the Journal of the Times, and a con- 
tributor to the Portico, a magazine, he sank into 
poverty, and was for a time insane. He final- 



ly became editor of the Morning Clironicle, at 
Baltimore, which he conducted until his death. 
In 1819, a history of the Amer. Revol. appeared 
in his name, but really written by ,lohn Neal, 
and another friend, named Watkins. Allen 
contrib. a portion of the preface. His poem 
of " Noah," pub. in 1821, was judiciously re- 
duced from 25 to 5 cantos, by his friend Neal. 
He also pub. a " Life of Alexander I.," 1818. 

Allen, Philip, politician, b. Providence, 
R.I., Sept. 1, 1785; d there Dec. 16, 1865. B. 
U. 1803. He was long and successfully en- 
gaged in the cotton manufacture in R.I. ; was 
a liiember of the State legisl. in 1819-21 ; gov. 
of R.I. 1851-3; and U.S. senator, 185.3-9; 
pres. of the US. Branch Bank, 1827-36. He 
constructed the first Watt and Boulton steam- 
engine in Providence. 

Allen, Phineas, editor, b. Northampton, 
Ms., Aug. 11, 1776 ; d. Pittsfield, Ms., May 8, 
1860. Son of Rev. Solomon. Alter serving an 
apprenticeship in the ofSce of the Uampahire 
Gazette, he established, Sept. 16, 1800, the Pitts- 
field San, which he continued 60 years. He 
was often in the State legisl. 

Allen, Richard L., agriculturist, b. Hamp- 
den Co., Ms., Oct. 1803 ; d. Stockholm, Sweden, 
Sept. 22,1869. He was amerch-int in N.Y., 
but impaired health led him to farming 
on a tract on the Niagara River, in 1832. In 
1842, with his bro., A. B. Allen, he founded 
the American Agriculturist, contributing, co- 
editing, and publishing 14 years ; when the 
brothers relinquished editing to carry on the 
agricultural-implement business, which became 
verv extensive. He pub. " The American 
Farm-Book," 8vo, 1856; a valuable treatise 
on" The Diseasesof Domestic Animals," 1848 ; 
"American Agriculture," and "American 
Farmer's Muck- Book," 18mo. At the time of 
his death, he was making the tour of Northern 
Europe. 

Allen, Col. Robert, soldier and politi- 
cian, b. Augusta Co., Va., 1777 ; d. near Car- 
thage, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1844. Bred a merchant, 
he settled in Carthage about 1804, and was 
many years clerk of the county court. He 
commanded a regt. in the War of 1812, serving 
under -Jackson with hont)r and credit. He was 
a memlicr of Congress in 1819-27. 

Allen, Robert, brig.-gcn. vols., b. O. West 
Point, 1836. Entering the 2d Art., he was 
made 1st lieut, July 7, 1838; assist.-quarter- 
mastcr. May 11, 1846; brev. maj. for gallant 
and merit, conduct at Cerro Gordo, Apr. 
18, 1847; quartermaster of Twiggs's division 
in the Valley of Mexico; capt. Oct, 19, 1847 ; 
maj. May 17, 1861 ; aide-de-camp, rank of 
col., Feb. 19, 1862; brig.-gcn. May 23, 1863. 
He was stationed at St. LiMii, w li i. iii- . i vires 
were of thegreatest value HI'" I i: iiion, 
since which he has been i , 1 1 n i.,icr 

div. of the Pacific; brev. Ill II J II ^l,, ;i 13, 
1865 for merit, services in tlir K.Ik'IIi.ih : col. 
and assist, quartermaster-gen. July 28, 1866. 

Allen, Samdel, gov. of N.H. ; d. New 
Castie, May 5, 1705, a. ab. 70. A merchant 
of London, he bought into Mason's patent in 
1691 ; and w.as gov. in 1691-9 His purchase 
brought to him and his heirs only embarrass- 
ment and contention. His son Thomas con- 



AJLL 



tinued to agitate his claim, which was contested 
by various persons. The final verdict in 1707 
being against him, he appealed ; but his death 
in 1 715, before the appeal was heard, put an end 
to the suit. 

Allen, Samuel Clesson, politician, b. Ber- 
nardston, Ms., Jan. 5, 1772; d. Nonhfield, 
Ms., Feb. 8, 1842. Dartm. Coll. 1794. He was 
from 1795 to 1798 pastor of a Cong, church in 
Northfield ; afterward practised law in Green- 
field and Northfield ; was in the legisl. in 1 806- 
10; State senator, 1812-15 and 1831; M.C. 
1817-29; and e.\ecutive councillor, 1829-30. 
Afterward lecturer on political economy in 
Amh. Coll. He delivered a eulogy on Dr. 
Wheelock, pres. of Dartm. Coll. 1817, and an 
oration, July 4, 1806. — Dwtm. Cull. Alumni. 

Allen, Rev. Solomo.n, b. Northampton, 
Ms., Fen. 23, 1751 ; d. N. Y., Jan. 20, 1821. 
He with four of his brothers served in the 
Revol. army ; Moses and Thomas as chaplains. 
At the time of Andre's capture, he was a lieut. 
and adj., and conveyed him to Lower Salem. 
Lieut. Allen then proceeded to West Point to 
deliver to Arnold the letter from Col. Jameson, 
his commander, which enabled the traitor to es- 
cape, by giving him the information .so essential 
to his safety. Alter the war, in which he rose to 
the rank of maj he was actively employed 
in quelling the insurrection of Shays. At the 
age of 50, though his education had been 
scanty, he became a preacher, and was exceed- 
ingly" successful. His labors were performed 
in the western part of Ms. and the State of 
N. y., in a country newly settled, and whose in- 
habitants were mostly poor. 

Allen, Thomas, minister of Charlcstown, 
Ms.r b. Norwich, Eng., 1608 ; d. there Sept. 21, 
1673. He grad. at Camliridge; was minister 
of St. Edmond's ; was silenced by Bp. Wren 
in 1636, for refusing to read the "Book of 
Sports," as required of the clergy ; and in 1638 
came to Boston. He preached at Cliarlestown 
from that time till 1651, when he returned to 
Norwich, continuing his ministry until ejected 
III 1662, liut continued to preach till his death. 
Wiilc ill this country, he pub. an " Invitation 
to Thirsty Sinners to come unto their Saviour." 
He also pub. "The Scripture Chronologv," 
1659; "Way of the Spirit in bringing Simis 
to Christ ; " and several sermons upon " The 
Necessity of Kaith." — /-yiot. 

Allen, Thos., minister of Pittsfield, Ms., 
from A]ir. 18, 1764, to his death, Feb. 1 1, 1810. 
H. U. 1762. Bro. of Moses and Solomon, h. 
Northampton, Jan. 17. 1743. A chaplain in 
the RlvoI. army at White Plains andatTicon- 
(k-roya. He was consiiicuous at the battle of 
Bi-iiiiingti>ii, and was one of the first to enter 
tlie German breastwork. He visited Eng. in 
1799. Ho took an active part in the political 
discusiioiis of his time. He pub. some ser- 

AUen, Wn iT\M,rIi!,fhisticcofPa., 1750- 
74, ami a ih-t:: ■ i 'i M 1. 1 ,,f literature and 
the arts; d, ! ~ , -" Son of Wm., 

an eminent iii. i. i,iiii .., I „iki., who d. 1725. 
His wife was a dau. ot Andrew Hamilton, 
whom he succeeded as recorder of Phila. in 
1741. He was a patron of West the painter, 
and CO operated with Franklin in establishing 



the Coll. of Phil.a. Being a loyalist, he with- 
drew to Eng. in 1774. He pub. in Lond., 1774, 
" The American Crisis," suggesting a plan for 
restoring the dependence of America. His son 
Andrew succeeded Mr. riiiw n^ atiorncy-gen., 
and after being a nicinlirr (,!' ( niiurrss and of 
the Committee of Sihn, i.>^,ili.r with his 
bros. John and WillKiui, jiiit liiiii.MJf, at the 
close of 1776, under the protection of Gen. 
Howe at Trenton. This son d. in Lond., Mar. 
7, 1825, a. 85. His bro. William had been a 
lieut.-col. in the Continental service, but in 
1778 raiseil a n -t. uf Pa. L,.vali,ts. He was 
noted for wit, u-" d liiiiii..r, an.l i,,r affable and 
gentlemanly inaniirr. — S,:'n'nr. 

Allen, Wii i.iAM, 1) II, (I). C, 1820), clcr- 
gvraan and author, I). PittsHcId, Ms,, Jan. 2, 
1784; d. Northampton, Ms., July 16, 1868. 
H.U. 1802. Son of Rev. Thomas. After being 
licensed in 1804, he preached for some months 
in various places in the western part of N.Y. 
While a regent in Harvard Coll. he prepared 
the first edition of his "American Biographical 
and Historical Dictionary," pul), in 1809. The 
second edition of tin- " >il^ ii ar il in 1832; 
the third, in 1857. 1 !■ " iiired.the 

livesof Amer.minisi. i i : 1, . 1 1 , al Rogue's 
" History of the Di-nii la (let. 1810, 

he was ord. pastor of the church in Pittsfield, 
as his father's successor. In 1 812, he m. Maria 
M., dan. of Pres. John Wheelock. He was made 
pres. of Dartm. Coll. in 1817, and from 1820 
to 1839 was pres. of Bowd. Coll. Among his 
writings are contributions of " Words not 
found in Dictionaries of the English Lan- 
guage," to Worcester and Webster; "Bacca- 
laureate Addresses," 1823-9; "Junius Un- 
masked," identifying hira with Lord Sack- 
ville ; "Accounts of Shipwrecks;" "Psalms 
and Hymns," 1835 ; " Memoirs of Dr. Eleazer 
Wheelock and of Dr. John Codman," 18.53 ; 
" An Historical Discourse on the Fortieth An- 
niversary of the Second Ch. in Dorchester," 
1848; ""a Discourse at the Close of the Sec- 
ond Century of the Settlement at Northamp- 
ton, Ms.," 1854 ; " Wunnissoo, or the Vale of 
Housatonnnk," a poem, 1856; besides a 
"Dudleian Lecture " at Cambridge ; "Chris- 
tian Sonnets," 1860; "Poems of Nazareth 
and the Cross," 1866 ; " Sacred Songs," 1867, 
and various sermons and reports. A discourse 
commemorative ot Dr. Allen, by Dr. W. B. 
Spraguc, has been ])ub. 

Allen, Wm, Henry, a distinguished naval 
officer, b. Providence, R.I., Oct. 21, 1784; d. 
Aug. 15, 1813. His fatlier, Wm. Allen, was a 
maj. in the Revol. army, and in 1 799 brig.-gen. 
of State militia. His'mother was a sister of 
Gov. Jones. At a very early period, he discov- 
ered a surprisingly inquisitive mind, and a ro- 
mantic inclination to visit foreign countries. He 
entered thenavyasamidshipman,Apr. 28, 1800, 
and sailed in the frigate " George Washing- 
ton," Capt. Cainphi'll, to .Mgicrs ; subsequently 
sailing to tin .Mi iliirM.iiKaui, under Barron, in 
"The Phil. HlJpli.a:' nial.r Rodgers, in "The 
John Adams; ' an I a Imnih time, in 1804, as 

age, he narrowly escaped death, having fallen, 
during a gale, into the sea, luckily rising near 
the mizzm-chains, which he grasped. Lieut, of 



21 



"The CoiiMituriMii ■ in ISO.'), he visited iEtna 
andVesiuiii ii m uiul Pompeii; anil, 

reuiinini.'in I -nt. of "Tlie Chesa- 

peake" when -ii .,; Ill I. !i I ' iilorsto the British 
Irigate " Leopaid." llf lUxvi up the letter of 
the officers to the sec. of the iiavy, urging the 
arrest and trial of Barron for neglect of duty. 
In 1809, he became 1st lieut. ol tlio friu:ite 
•■United States," under DecMim :,„.i. -o. ,,,;,: „■, 
thel.roaking-outoftheWariii 1 i 
ting, himself in the action u lii i I - 

(.■Mii,i.,.i i . I'. i . ; i I . li , I ! . ■. :-i.l, therain- 
i>;i , I ! ■ ;, _ ■ \ • j-i ■ h' 1 !.i . -■, and then 



vessel, alt. r.i i.-..)..u- n-i-taiice, taken. Cui-- 
ried into I'n nioml,, ih.- m-.-^t day he died, and 
was buriud vmiIi luiliiary li.iiiors. 

Allen, AVii.LiA.M Il(i\\Ai;u, a naval officer, 
b. Hud»on, X.Y., July S 1790. Killed near 
Matanzas, Nov. 9, 1822, while gallantly lead- 
ing a boat-attack upon a piratical squadion. 
Midshipman Jan. 1, 1808; lient. Julv 24, 1813. 
He was 2d lieut. of "The Argus," CaptAH™. 
when she was taken by "The Pelican," on the 
English coast, in 1813, and commanded in the 
latter part of the action ; both his superiors 
liaviuL: brcn wuiukIciI. IIi^ native town erected 

Allende (al-\Cii -ilO), J , a Mexican revo- 
lutiuaist, shut at I'hiiiuabua in July, 1811. A 
captain in the army, he lent to the revolution- 
ists the military skill they so much needed, and 
a powerful inHnence over the natives. Nov. 
29, 1810, he joined Hidalgo, and transported 
over the Cordilleras, with the aid of the na- 
tives, heavy gnus from San Bias. Hidalgo 
having fought a battle against his advice, he 
was defeated. Allende brought off the remnant 
of his army, but was taken near Saltillo by the 
treachery of Eiizondo, and was shot soon after. 

Allerton, Isa.vc, a Plvmouth Pilgrim, b. 
ah. 1583; d. 1659. He was one of those who 
left Eng. in 1608, and settled in Leyden. His 
name is attached to the memorable compact 
signed on board " The Mayflower," Nov. 1 1 , 
1620. His wife Mary d. Feb. 25, 1621. He 
possessed a considerable estate, and was one of 
the bailmgand enterprising men of the colony. 
Mar. 22, he, with Miles Standish, " went ven- 
turously" to treat with Massasoit. He was 
subsequently for some years an assistant. Ah. 
1626, he m.'Fcar, dan. of Elder William Brew- 
ster, and in the autumn of that year was sent 
to Eng., partly to i.i'rt:i;ii -ii|.i-;ii -, ^iml partly 



lued 



i their 



for ; 



ding-station for Kenneliec, lie returned earlv 
1628 to Plymouth. In a fourth trip, after 
ich delay and difficulty, he succecdeil in oh- 
iiiiig the enlargement and correction of the 
nneliec patent, and also another for Ply- 
lutii, and facilitated the removal of the re- 
nider of the church at Leyden. In 1631, in 



consequence of a difficulty with the colony, 
" he was dismissed as their agent." Quitting 
them, he, in June, 1632, hired the " White An- 
gel," and attempted to establish a trading-house 
on the Kennebec River, and also at Penobscot; 
but the latter was destroyed by the French. 
In 1633, he established a trading-house at Ma- 
ehias, which was attacked and plundered by 
the French and Indians in 1634, and burned 
soon afterwards. In 1634, his pinnace, return- 
ing from a trading-voyage with the French ab. 
Port Royal, was cast away ; and in the same 
year his wife was carried off by a " pestilent 
fever." In Mar. 1635, he " was to be notilied 
by the civil authorities that ho had leave to de- 
part from Marblehead;" and during this year 
another of his coasting-vessels was wrecked at 
Cape Ann, and 21 persons perished, including 
Rev. John Avery, his wife, and 6 children. 
From 1643 until his death, he resided at New 
Haven, though spoken of Oct. 27, 1646, as "of 
New Amsterdam in the province of New Neth- 
erlands, iTierehant." Chosen a member of the 
council of New Amsterdam in 1643. Point 
Aldcrion in Boston harbor is sujiposed to be 
n:|mcd from him. His third wife d. 1684. His 
son Isaac grad. at H. U. 16.50. 

Allibone, Samuel Austin, b. Phila , 17 
Apr 1816, author of a "Critical Dictionary 
of English Literature and Authors," 3 voLs. 
roy. 8vo, 1859-70. A work of immense labor 
and research, and of very great importance 
and utility. 

Allin, John, first minister of Dedham, b. 
Eng, 1596; d. Dedham, Ms., Aug. 26, 1671. 
Driven from Eng. by the )ierseciitinii of the 
Puritans in 1637, he was s.ttl.,1 ,„ Dr.lhani, 
Apr. 29, 1639,andcontinnr.l iIi.kiiII ln^M.aih. 
Assisted by Mr. Shephcril .;! ( .imlu i l^c, lie 
pub. his " Defence of the ;Siiie i'iu|i;).,iiiuiis" 
of Church discipline, also a "Defence of the 
Synod of 1662 against Pres. Ghauncey," and 
a few discourses. Dr. Mather calls him a 
diligent student and good scholar. — .E/iof. 

Allison, Patrick, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1782), 
35 years pastor of the Presb. Church, Balti- 
more, b. Lancaster Co., Pa , 1740; d. Halt. 
Aug. 21, 1802. Phila. Coll. 1760. Ord. 1765. 
He ranked high as a preacher, was an active 
patriot in 1775, and was app. chaplain to Con- 
gress, Dec. 23, 1776. He pub. treatises on 
Liberty, &c. An original founder of Baltimore 
Coll. and Library. — tSpraqne. 

Allouez, Claude, a Jesuit missionary, 
wlio visited Lake Superior in 1665-7, founded 
a mission at Green Bay in 1669, where he en- 
dured many hardships, and in 1687 was at 
St. Louis. 'While confined to his bed at that 
place by illness, he stole away on hearing of the 
approach of La Salle, whoiia he had injured. 
— .iVe Parkman's Discoveri/ of the Great 'West. 

AUston, Ges. JosEi-H, gov. of S. C, 
1812-14, b. 1778; d. Sept. 10, 1816. Son of 
Col. Wm. His wife Theortosia, dau. of Aaron 
Burr, was lostat sea in 1812. He was a planter 
of education and ability, and several years a 
distin^'. member of the S.C. legisl. 

AUston, RoBEKT Francis Withehs, 
gov. of S.C, 1856-8, b. All Saints' Parish, S.C, 
Apr. 21, 18U1 ; d. near Georgetown, S.C, Apr. 
7,1864. West Point, 1821. Retiring from the 



22 



army in 1822, upon a rice-plantation on the 
Pedee, he became very successful. Survey.- 
gen. of the State, 1 823-7 ; member of the lower 
branch of the legisl. 1828-32 ; of the Senate, 
1832-56, and pres. of that body in 1850-6. He 
was a State-nghts politician. In the legisl. 
he fostered the agricultural and educational 
interests of the State. Trustee of S.C. Coll. 
1841-64. Aiilhoi- of "Memoir on Kice," 1843 ; 
" Kepurt c.ii Public Schools," 1847 ; " Essay on 
Sea-.-n:iM Clops" 1S54. 

AUston, W.isiiixGTON, an eminent paint- 
er, b. Waccamaco, S C, Nov. 5, 1779; d. 
Cambridge, Ms., July 9, 1843. H. U. 1800. 
Between the aues of 7 and 17, he was at school 
in Newport, R. I., where he made the acquaint- 
ance of Malboiie, and first essayed his artistic 
talent. In 1801, he went to Europe, having 
sold his patrimonial estate to enable him to 
cultivate his love of the art, and became a 
student at the Royal Acad. During 8 years' 
residence abroad, he made himseff familiar 
with the works of the great masters. Return- 
ing to Cambridge in 1809, he delivered a poem 
before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and m. the 
sister of Dr. Wm. E. Channing. From 1811 
to 1818, he was again in Eng., where, besides 
producing some of his best pictures, he pub. 
in 1813, "The Sylphs of the Seasons," and 
other poems. He built himself a house and 
studio in Cambridge, and, having lost his first 
wife, ni. in 1830 a dau. of Judge Dana. Among 
his best works are " Saul and the Witch of 
Endor," "Elijah in the Desert," "Jacob's 
Dream," " The Angel Liberating Peter from 
Prison," " The Dead Man Restored to Life 
by Elijah," " The Angel Uriel in the Sun," 
" Anne Page and Slender," and " Bclshazzar's 
Feast," which, though left unfinished, is no in- 
adequate monument to the genius of this 
great painter. His works exhibit a power- 
ful imagination ; and his skill as a colorist 
earned him the title of the " American Titian." 
The execution of his pictures was marked by 
a rare combination of strength, freedom, and 
grace. Besides his poems, which are much 
esteemed, he pub. "Monaldi," a prose tale, 
1841, and "Lectures on Art and Poems," 
1850. 

AUston, CoL. Wm., Revol. soldier, b. 
1757; d. Charleston, S.C, June 26, 1839. 
He was a capt. under Marion, was afterward 
a successful planter and a large slaveholder, 
and many years a member of the S.C. Senate. 
He m. a dau. of Rebecca Motte. 

AUyn, John, D.D. (H.U. 1813), pastor of 
the Cong. Church, Duxbury, Ms., from Dec. 
3, 1788, till his death. B. Barnstable, Mar. 
21, 1767 ; d. Duxbury, July 19, 1833. H.U. 
1785. He studied theology with Dr Samuel 
West. He pub. " The Christian Moniior," 
" Memoirs of Dr. West and of Rev. David 
Barnes," and occasional sermons, A memoir 
by his son-in-law, C. Francis, is in Ms. Hist. 
Coll. iii. vol. 5. His son Rdfus Bkadford, 
b. Mar. 27, 1793; d. Belfast, Me., Jan. 25, 1837. 
H. U. 1810. Was a disting. lawyer and schol- 
lar of Belfast. 

Alma-gro (al-mii-gro), Diego, one of the 
Spanish conquerors of Peru, b. ab. 1463; d. 
July, 1338. His diligence and perseverance 



in forwarding supplies to Pixarro, in spite of 
formidable obstacles, were of the utmost im- 
portance to the success of his great enterprise. 
In 1535, he took Cuzco, the ancient capital of 
the Incas, by storm. His barbarity to the nion- 
arch,Atahualpa. whom he put to death with ex- 
treme cruelty, and his profligacy, have handed 
down his name to the execration of posterity, 
notwithstanding his valur. Qimrrclling with 
his companions about ilir cli\ ih.n .,f spolland 
power, Almagro was .1. Ii.iti.l, mailc prisoner 
by PIzarro, and straimlril, 1 i.^ 1. h n.ls of the 
father, rallying round the .-md - i-ai iirrl 
Pizarro, July 26, 1541, ami v. : ■ s 

executed by order of the \i< i 1, m 

1542. Almagro's frank and n iiiiinij niiiiiars 
made him very popular with the soldiers. 

Almon, John, an English political writer 
and publisher, b. Liverpool, 1738; d. 1805. 
He was apprenticed to a bookseller ; went to 
sea in 1759; afterward settled in London. He 
pub. an edition of "Junius," and attempted to 
prove Hugh Boyd its author. A man of 
strong sympathies and liberal ideas, he placed 
his pen and press at the service of ,John Wilkes, 
whose " North Briton " he published. He also 
pub. "The Remembrancer," in 17 vols., a great 
magazine of information on the war of the 
Amer. Revol. In 1777, he added a vol. of 
" Prior Documents " to this work. He also 
wrote several party pamphlets during the Am- 
erican war. The first regular publication of 
parliamentary debates was begun by hiin in 
1 774. He also pub. " Anecdotes of Lord Chat- 
ham," and " Biographical Anecdotes of Emi- 
nent Persons." 

Almonte (al-mon'-ta), Juan Nepomu- 
CENO, Mexican gen. and statesman, b. Valla- 
dolid, Mexico, 1804 ; d. Paris, Mar. 20, 1869. 
Reputed son of the priest and partisan chief, 
Morelos. Receiving a superior education in 
the U.S., he early disting. himself by his 
talents and courage. In the Texan war of 
1836, he served under Santa Afia ; and the 
records of the massacre of the Alamo were 
chiefly made up from his journal. Disting. at 
the battle of San Jacinto, and made minister 
of war by Pres. Bustamente. He displayed 
great courage in quelling the insufrection of 
Urrea in 1840 ; but was deprived of his offlce 
by the revol. of that year, and supported him- 
self by scientific lectures in the city of Mexico. 
Afterward ambassador to the U. S., he de- 
manded his passports upon the annexation of 
Texas, and, in the war which followed, was 
disting. in the battles of Bucna Vista, Cerro 
Gordo, and Churubusco. He was re-app. 
minister to the U. S. in 1853 and to the court 
of St. James in 1856. He returned to Mexico 
with the allied exped. in 1862, holding, for a 
brief period, the supreme power there ; and 
was afterward one of the triumvirate for the 
managementof Mexican affairs, having charge 
of finances and the foreign dept. ; made a 
marshal of the empire in 1864 by Maximi:ian, 
on whose fall he became an exile in Europe. 

Almy, John J., commodore, U.S.N., b. 
R.I., Apr. 25, 1814; midshlpin. Feb. 2, 1829; 
licut. Mar. 8, 1841 ; com. Apr. 24, 1861 ; 
capt. Mar. 3, 1805; commo. Dec. 30, 1869; 
attached to " The Ohio," and present at Vera 



Cruz and Tuspan, Mexican war ; coast survey 
1851-7; com. " Tliu Fulton " at Nicaragua 
in 1857, when Walker and his fillibusters sur- 
rendered to her, and in the Paraguay exped. 
1838-9; com. steamer "South Carolina," S.A. 
block, squad , 1862 ; com. steamer " Connecti- 
cut," 1863-4, and captured several valuable 
prizes ; and in 1865 com. the " Juniata," S.A. 
block, squad. Chief signaUofficer of the navy. 
— Unmersly. 

Almy, William, philanthropist of Prov- 
idence, R.I., b. Feb. 17, 1761 ; d. X?eb. 5, 1836. 
He belonged to the society of Friends, and was 
a teacher ; marrying the only dau. of Moses 
Brown, he engaged in business with her bro. 
Obadiah in manufacturing cotton goods, and 
became wealthy. Among his charities was 
the endowment of the N. E. Yearly Meeting 
Boarding School, at Providence, in which he 
paid the expenses of the education of eighty 
young persons placed there by him. 

Alsop, GeorUB, author of " A Character 
of the Province of Maryland," Lond., 1666, 
reprinted by VVia. Gowans; N.Y., 1869. Alsop 
was b. 1G38 ; was an apprentice in Lond., and 
resided in Maryland in 1658-62: of his subse- 
quent career nothing is' known. His tract 
was designed to stimulate emigration to Md. ; 
and derives its chief value from its " Relation 
of the Susquehanna Indians." 

Alsop, John, member of the Continental 
Congress in 1774-6, b. Middletown, Ct. ; d. 
Newtown, L. I., Nov. 22, 1794. An opulent 
merchant, his ability, patriotism, and integrity 
secured his election to that remarkable body. 
On the occupation of N. Y. by the British, he 
withdrew to Middletown, Ct., returning after 
the peace. His dau. Mary ra. Kufus King. 

Alsop, Richard, poet and wit, b. Middle- 
town, Ci , Jan. 23, 1761 ; d. Flatbush, L.I., 
Aug. 29, 1815. Ho was brought up a mer- 
chant, but preferred literary pursuits ; for which 
he was fitted both by his talents and attain- 
ments. He is best known by his principal 
share in the "Echo," — a series of burlesque 
pieces, begun in 1791, and ended in 1805, — the 
character of which underwent a change, from 
a mirth-provoking essay to a bitter political 
satire directed against the Demoe. party. 
Dwight, Hopkins, and others, known as the 
" Hartford Wits," were joined in the author- 
ship. This, with other poems, was repub. in 
1807. In 1800, he jjub. in heroic verse a 
"Monody on ihe Death of Washington," and 
in 1808 -'The Enchanted Lake of the Fairy 
Morgana." Besides a- number of fugitive 
pieces in prose and ver.«e, he pub. in 1808 
" The Natural and Civil History of Chili, 
from the Italian of Molina," and in 1815 a 
narrative of the captivity of John R. Jewett. 
He was fond of field-sports and natural history. 
His youngest bro., John, also a poet, b. Feb. 
5, 1776; d. Nov. 1, 1841. He practised law 
at New London ; and was afterward a book- 
seller at Hartlbrd and N.Y. — See spucimens in 
Euirest's Paels oft't.. and iJui/rkinci: 

Alston, PhIlip Whitmkl, rector of Cal- 
vary Church, Memphis, Teim. A vol. of his 
sermons, with Memoir by Bishop Otey, was 
pub. Phila., 8vo, 1854. 

Alston, Willis, col. of the Halifax dist. 



in 1776; member of the H. of Commons, 
1791-2; M. C. 1799-1803. His son Willis, 
Jan., b. Halifax Co., N.C. ; d. there Apr. 
10,1837; member State legi-sl. in 1794 and 
subsequently; M. C. 180.3-15 and 1825-31; 
chairman of the Committee of Ways and 
Means in the War of 1812. 

Alvarado (ii.l-va-rii'-do), Alonzo de, one 
of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico, and after- 
ward of Peru ; held a high command under 
Piiarro. Sent with 500 men to re-en force the 
bros. of Pizarro, he was dcfetUed and made 
prisoner by Alinti'jro in 1 5^7. .After thedeath 

of Pizarro, he t..-.' ~i Almagro the 

younger, and |m i : lo that of l)e 

Castro (1542). II. .. .i • ,mi ; ,, n. of the army 
which su])prc.^.sLd the ilIjcLiuo of Gouzaio Pi- 
zarro in 1 548. 

Alvarado, Pedro de, one of the con- 
querors of Spanish Ainer., b. at Badajos: d. 
1541. In 1518, he sailed with his four bros. for 
Cuba, whence he accompanied Grijahia on 
his exploring exped. along the coast. In Fell. 
1519, he accompanied Cortes in his cxpcd , in 
which he took an important part : k It by 
Cortes in charge of the city i.i .Mi xin), bis 
cruelty and rapacity cau-ril an in^mnction, 
and he narrowly escaped unlj lii> liir. In the 
famous retreat of the niglit of July 1, 1520, 
Alvarado again disting. himselt by his ex- 
ploits; in commemoration of which, an 
enormous ditch, over which he leaped to 
escape the enemy, is called to this day, "El 
Salto de Alvarado." On his retinn to Spain, 
Charles V. made him gov. of Guatemala. Ho 
m. a dau. of the illustrious Albuquerque: 
subsequently he had violent contests with 
Pizarro; but the emperor appointed him gov. 
of Honduras, as well as of Guatemala. He 
made many discoveries on the California coast, 
and coniinucd to icilonize ami explore the 
Amer. Cuiiiiiicnt until 1541 ; when he was 
killed in a skirmish with the Indians. 

Alvarez (^U -^a rcih), Bei!Nardo de, a 



Spa, 
At til- 
but W.I 
ported 



".14 



d. 1584. 
irmy. 



red a 



I, and 
ng thence, he 
fortune, with 
Mexico and 



which he established ho.spital 
other cities of New Si)ain. These hospitals 
were supported by the charitable society of St. 
Hyppolitas, which he founded and endowed. 

Alvarez, Juan, leader of the Mexican 
revol. of 1835, b. 1790. His energy and cour- 
age, as well as his repub. principles, had 
previously made him popular in Southern 
Mexico. He ended the dictatorship of Santa 
Ana bv the decisive battle at Saltillo, July 22- 
3, 1855. The " Plan of Ayutla," promulged 
by Alvarez, Mar. 1, 1834 announced the dep- 
osition of Santa Ana, and proposed repub. 
principles. Proclaimed pres. by the assembly 
at Cuernavaca, Oct. 4, 1855, Nov. 15, he en- 
tered the city of Mexico, escorted by his In- 
dian body-guard, whose barbarian appearance 
excited the apprehensions of the citizens. 
Dissensions in the cabinet, and the opposition 
of the army and the clergy, caused by the 
abolition of their ancient privileges, induced 
Alvarez to resign, Dec. 8. He p aced Comon- 



24 



fort, his minister of war, in power; took $200,- 
000 from tlie treasury, and sucli arms and mu- 
nitions as he could seize, and returned with 
his Indians to their homes in Southern Mex- 
ico. 

r Alvord, Benjamin, brev. brig.-gen. U.S. 
A., b. Rutland, Vt., Aug. 18, 1813.^ West 

' Point, 18.'J3. Entering tlie 4th Inf., he served in 
tlie Seminole war in 1 835-6 ; was assist, prof, 
of mathematics at West Point in 1S37 ; and 
until 1839 was assist, prof, of natural and ex- 
perimental philosophy. In the Mexican war, 
ho won the brevets of capt. and maj. for gal- 
lantry at Palo Alto, Resaea do la Palma, and 
other engagements.' June22, 1854, he became 
paym. with rank of maj., and April 15, 1862, 
brig. -gen., and was put in command of the 
dist. of Oregon. Chief paym. dist. of Omaha 
and Nebr. since May 25, 1867. Brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A., Apr. 9, 18G5; A.M. of U. of Vt. 
1854. Author of numerous scientitic papers, 
essays, and reviews. — Cnllum. 

Alzate y Bamirez (iii-tha'-te e ra-me'- 
r6th), Jose Antonio, Mexican scientific writ- 
er, b. Mexico; d. ab. 1795. A correspondent 
of the Acad, of Sciences, Paris ; he pub. the 
Gaceta de Lileraturii, also an essay sur la limile 
des neiges pcrpetuelles en volcan Pococatexetl. 

Ames, Adklbert, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Me. West Point, 1861. 1st lieut. 5th Art. 
May 14, 1S61 ; brev. maj. July 21, 1861, for 
Bull Run ; brev. lieut.-col. for Malvern Hill, 
July 1, 1862; col. 20th Me. Vols. Aug. 29, 
1862; brig.-gen. U.S. Vols. May 20, 1863, for 
Chanccllor&ville ; brev. col. July 1, 1863, for 
Gettysburg; com. div. or brigade 18th Corps 
in the operations before Petersburg, and en- 
gaged at Port Walthall Junction, May 7, and 
Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864; capt. 5th Art. 
June U, 1854; com. div. 10th Corps, Oct. 10 
to Dec. 2, 18G4, in actions of Uarbytown, Oct. 
13 and 27 ; com. div. 24th Corps in assault and 
capture of Fort Fisher, and in operations in 
N.C. Jan.-Apr. 1865, for which brev. maj.-gen. 
vols, and brig.-gen. U.S.A. ; com. div. 10th 
Corps Apr.-May, 1865 ; lieut.-col. 24th Inf. 
July 28, 1866. U.S. senator from Mpi. 1871. 
— CuUum. 
Ames, F.DWARD B., bishop of the M.E. 
.^Church, b. Athens, 0., May 20, 1806^ His 

' grandfather was a chaplain at Valley Forge. 
Edward was educated in the Ohio U.; was an 
instructor in McKendree Coll. in 182.3-9 ; was 
licensed to preach in 1830; was soon after as- 
signed to the Ind. conference, and ord. dea- 
con and elder. He took part in the general 
conference at Baltimore in 1840, when he was 
elected corresponding see. of the missionary 
society, and travelled in its behalf through 
the Western States and among the Indian 
tribes — a distance in all of over 25,000 miles. 
In 1842, he officiated as chaplain to a council 
of Choctaws. From 1844 to 1852, when he 
was made a bishop, he travelled sis presiding 
elder through variolas districts of Ind. A 
resident of Baltimore since 1861. 

Ames, Fisher, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1796), 
orator and statesman, b. Dedham, Ms., Apr. 
9, 1758; d. there July 4, 1808. H. U 1774. 
Son of Dr. Nathaniel. His precocity is indi- 
cated by his having entered college at the age of 



12. The poverty of his widowed mother com- 
pelled him to teach school for a support until 
1781, when he began to practise law, and soon 
displayed brilliant oratorical powers. His 
great abilities tirst became known by his polit- 
ical writings in the Boston newspapers under 
the signatures of " Brutus " and " Camillus." 
In ihe convention which ratified the U.S. Con- 
stitution, he was a disting. speaker, especially on 
the subject of biennial elections. In the legisl. 
of 1788, he was so conspicuous for oratory and 
business-talent, that he was elected to Con- 
gress for the Suffolk dist. over Samuel Adams. 
He continued in that body during the whole 
of Washington's administration (1789-97), of 
which he was the zealous defeniler. His great 
speech on the British treaty, Apr. 28, 1795, is 
considered the era of his political life. At its 
close, a member in opposition moved to post- 
pone the ilecision of the question, that they 
mi;;ht nut vnti; unilrr llip irillncnce of a sen- 
sibility H liii li ilirii' i-aliii jiiHumcnt might con- 

elu(|ui-i]t ilrl.aii-r 111 the Ihuise, and was the 
author ot the address ot that body to Wash- 
ington on his retirement from the Presidency. 
He was several years a member of the council 
of Ms., and, while in that body, delivered a 
eulogy upon Washington before the State 
legisl. Chosen pres. of H. Coll. in 1804, but 
declined. He wrote a number of essays ou 
the French Revol., the character and tendencies 
of which inspired him with horror. The con- 
versation of Mr. Ames was instructive and de- 
lightful, and his character one of amiable sim- 
plicity and moral purity. His writings, with 
a memoir by Dr. Kirkland, were pub. in 1809 
in one vol. 8vo, and an enlarged edition in 2 
vols, in 1854, edited by his son, Seth Ames, 
judge Ms. Sup. Court. 

Ames, Joseph, b. Roxbury, N.H. Has 
painted many portraits in Boston and Balti- 
more. Among them are " Pius IX," " Gaz- 
zaniga," " President Fclton," and " Death of 
Webster : " he has also produced " Maud 
Muller," and the "Old Stone Pitcher.'' — 
Tuck-erman. 

Ames, Nathaniel, physician and mathe- 
matician, b. Bridgewater, Ms., 1708; d. Ded- 
ham, July 11, 1764. He inherited a taste for 
astronomy from his father, Nathaniel (1677- 
1736), and from 1725 till his death pub. his 
famous almanacs. They were continued until 
1775 by his son Nathaniel. Removing to 
Dedham, where he kept a House of public en- 
tertainment, he m., in 1735, Mary Fisher, by 
whom he had Fisher the celebrated orator, and 
Nathaniel (1741-1822), H.U. 1761, also a 
physician, and a surgeon in the Revol. army. 

Ames, Nathaniel, seaman and author, 
b. Dedham, Ms.; d. Providence, R.I., Jan. 18, 
1835. He was the sou of Fisher Ames, and 
author of " Mariner's Sketches," 18.J0, "Nau- 
tical Reminiscences," 1832, and " AnOldSail- 

Ames, Nathan P., a skilful manufacturer 
of cannon, swords, cutlery, &c., at Chicopee 
Falls and Cabotville, Ms., b. 1803 ; d. Cabot- 
ville, Apr. 23, 1847. He commenced the cut- 
lery business in 1829. In 1834, the Ames man- 
ufacturing Co. was incorporated, with N. P, 



25 



Ames as agent. This company has supplied 
the U. S. Government with sworils since 1831. 
In 1840, he visited Europe to inspect foreign 
armories, and acquire information in regard to 
tools, cutlery, and improvements in arms. In 
1836, the bronze foundry was erected, which lias 
become the most famous in the U S. : since 
its erection, nearly all the brass guns miide for 
the Amer. army have been cast at this estab- 
lishment. Here the celebrated statues of De 
Witt Clinton in Greenwood Cemetery, Brook- 
lyn, Washington in Union square, N.Y., and 
that of Franklin in School St., Boston, were 
cast. In 18.54, the British Government ordered 
of this company a complete set of the machines 
for perfecting the stock of the musket. They 
are now in use at the government armory near 
Woolwich. Eng. 

Amherst, Jeffhev, baron, a celebrated 
British gen., b. Kent, Eng., Jan. 29, 1717 ; d. 
Aug. 3, 1797. lie was page to the Duke of 
Dorset while lord lieut. of Ireland ; became an 
ensign in the army in 1731 ; was aide to Lord 
Ligonier at Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Rou- 
coux, and afterward to the Duke of Cumber- 
land at Laffeldt. Made maj-gen. in 1756, in 
1758 he was given the command of the ex|)ed. 
against Louisburg. Landing June 8, a lodge- 
ment was effected July 26, and the place sur- 
rendered, as did also St. John's and other 
French strongholds. App. commander-in- 
chief Sept. 30, 1758, the surrender of Quebec to 
Wolfe's forces, and that of Fort Niagara to 
Townshend and Johnson, was followed hy that 
of Crown Point (July 26), and ihat of 'ticon- 
deroga (Aug. 4, 1759), to Amherst in pe 



his hands; and Sept. 8, 17G0, Montreal and 
the whole of Canada became a British posses- 
sion. He was rewarded with the thanks of 
parliament and the insignia of the Bath ; was 
made gov. of Virginia in 1763, and of Guern- 
sey in 1771, created a baron in 1776, com- 
mander-in-chief of the forces from I77S until 
1795, and field-marshal in July, 1796. His 
bro. WiLLLvM, licut.-gen., col. 32d Foot, and 
gov. of St. John's, Newfoundland, d. May 13, 
1781. He was aide-de-camp to his bro.. in 
Anicr., and was at the capture of Louisburg. 

Amidas, Philip, navigator, b. Hull, 1550; 
d. Eng. 1618. He com. one of the two ships 
fitted out by Raleigh, under Arthur Barlow, 
and sent to North Amer. 27 Apr. 1584. En- 
tering Ocracock Inlet, 13 July, they landed 
on Wocukc-ii Island, uf whicli th(?v on their 



.wn i>y 



-L- uf an 



Ammen, Damel, Capt. U. S. N., b. O., 

July 7, 1819. Midshipman, July 7, 1836; licut. 
Nov. 4, 1S49; capt. July 25, 1866. Attached 
to the coast-survey, 1848-62; com. steamer 
" Seneca," S. A. B. squad, at the battle of Port 
Royal, Nov. 7, 1861 ; at Tybee Island; com. 
monitor "Patapsco," S. A. B. squad, at Fort 
McAllister, Mar. 1863; attack on Fort Sumter, 
Apr. 7, 1863; suppressed a mutiny while on 
board the Calif. steamer"Ocean Queen," bound 



to Aspinwall, in May, 18G4 ; com. steamsloop 
" Mohican," N. A. B. squ.td. in both attacks on 
Fort Fisher; chief of bureau of yards and 
docks, 1869. — Ilamerdy. 

Ammen, Jacob, brig.-gen. Vols. b. Bote- 
tourt Co., Va , Jan. 7, 1808. West Point, 
1831. Entering the 1st Artillery, he was for 
some years an instructor at West Point, and 
resigned in Nov. 1837. He was prof, of math- 
ematics successively in Bacon Coll., George- 
town, Ky., Jeff. Coll., Mpi., the U. of Ind., and 
Jeff. Coll. again. In 1861, he became col. 24th 
0. Vols., and July 16, 1862, brig -gen. for ser- 
vices at Pittsburg Landing. From Apr. 1864, 
until after the battle of Nashville, he com. the 
4th Div. 23d Corps at Knoxville. Resigned, 
Jan. 14, 1865. 

Ampudia (ilm-poo'-de-a), Pedro de, a 
Mexican gen., promoted by Santa Ana, in 
1840, to that rank ; in 1842, led a party under 
Gen. Woll to attack the Texan frontier; took 
a prominent part in the conflicts at Loredo and 
Mier with the Tcxans, and in Dee. 1842, com. 
at the siege of Campeachy in Yucatan. Com- 
pelled to retreat by Commodore Moore on the 
night of June 26, 1843, Ampudia proceeded 
to Tabasco, where, in the summer of 1844, he 
aroused great indignation by his cruel execu- 
tion of Gen. Sentmanat, who had attacked that 
town. Ampudia was removed, but Apr. 11, 
1846, appeared before Matamoras, as gen. in the 
Mexican army, under Arista. Intrusted with 
the command at the siege of Monterey, he was, 
after a spirited defence, compelled to surrender 
that city to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 24, 1846 

Antiurey, Thomas, author of " Travels 
in America," 2 vols. 8vu, Loud., 1789, was a 
capt. in the army of Gen. Burgoync, whose 
conduct in the campaign of 1777 lie attempts 
to vindicate, and returned to Eng.- soon after 
theeapiuM' .-I C.iirA.u ,-. 

AnchiL'in II 1 ui), Jose, a Portu- 

guese .1-11 ! II II III il ■' ilie Apostle of the 
New WoiM; I, I, ,i. :i:i:, 1.533; d. near Espi- 
ritu SaiHo, June 9, 1597. He was a relative of 
Loyola, and was stationed at Coimbra. Sent 
in 1553 to Brazil, he founded there the first 
college for theconversion of the natives. App. 
gov. of the converted Indians, he contiib. 
with them to the foundation of St. Sebastians. 
Both the Portuguese and the savages ascribed 
to Father Anchieta the working of miracles. 
Of his many writings, one, on " The Natural 
Productions of Brazil," was pub. by the Acad, 
of Sciences at Madrid. 

Anderson, Alexander, the first wood- 
engi aver in Amer. (1798). b. N. Y. City, 1774; 
d. Jersey City, Jan. 16, 1870. Ho was origi- 
nally a phvsician, having grad. M. 1). at Cul. 
Coll., N. Y. In 1804, he pub. "A General 
History of Quadrupeds," with wood-engrav- 
ings. Among his best-known works are 40 il- 
lustrations of Shakspeare, and those in Web- 
ster's Spelling-book. Mr. B. J. Lossing pre- 
pared a memorial lecture of this pioneer en- 
graver.— 5e? Harper's Weekhj, Feb. 5, 1870. 

Anderson, Geo. B., gen. C. S. A., b. Wil- 
mington, N.C., 1831 ; d. Raleigh, N.C., Oct. 
16, 1862. West Point, 1852. Entering the 2d 
Dragoons, he became 1st lieut. Dec. 13, 1855, 
adjt.^Aug. 1857, but resigned, Apr. 2.5, 1861, 



26 



and was maJe a brig.-gen. in the rrhA army. 
He commanded the N. C. coast-dtfences in 
Nov. 1861, and led a brigade at the battle of 
Antietam, where he received a wound in tlie 
foot, which caused his death. 

Anderson, Dk. IIe.vrv James, LL D. 
(185U), b. ITUS.^ Prof, iii.itlicmaiius Col. Coll., 
N.Y., 1825-43; Emeritus jirof. 1860. Col. 
Coll. 1818. MD. Cull Pliy. and S. 1824. 
Author of " Geology of Lieut. Lynch's E.xped. 
to the Dead Sea," " Geological Reconnois.-ianee 
of part of tlie Holy Land," 1843; pub. bv the 
U. S. Government. 

Anderson, Hugh J., lawyer, !>. Me 1801. 
Clerk U aldo Cu. courts 1827-37 ; M. C. 1837- 
41; t;ov, of Me. 1844-7; commissioner of 
customs in Washinntou 18:)3-S; ap|j. Cth au- 
ditor U. S. treas. Oct. 1866. 

Anderson, Isaac, D.D., clergyman and 
pioneer preacher in the West ; b. EocUbridge 
Co., Va., Mar. 26, 1780; d. Kocktbrd, Tenn., 
Jan 28, 1857. At the age of 7, he had read 
the easier Latin authors. At 14, he entered 
Liberty Hall Acad., afterwards Washington 
Coll., and, after leaving the academy, studied 
theology. Removing with his father's family 
to Union, Tenn., he was in 1SU2 licensed to 
preach by the Union Presbytery ; preached 
there 9 years, and in 181 1 became pastor of 
a church in Maryville, where he established 
the south-west Theol. Sem. — Spratjue. 

Anderson, James, first Pres'b. minister 
of N. Y.. b. Scotland, Nov. 17, 1678; d. Done- 
gal, Pa , July 16, 1740. He was ord. by Ir- 
vine Presbytery, Nov. 17, 1708, with a view to 
his settlement in Va., where he arrived in 
Apr. 1709, but settled at Newcastle, Del , un- 
til, in Oct. 1717, he took charge of the church 
forming in N. Y. City. A division took place 
in 1720; and in Aug." 1727, he was installed in 
Donegal Pa. His bro. Johu of Perth Amboy 
was made in 1712 one of the council of the 
province, and d. Mar. 1736, a. 73, pres. of the 

Anderson, James, M. D., phvsician ; d. at 
his ^cat iKvir fliestertown, Md., D'ec. 8, 1820,a. 
68. C'umiuciicuig las medical studies under his 
father, a plivbicuui from Scotland, he contin- 
ued tiiem at Phila. and at Edinburgh, but was 
obliged to return home before taking a degree. 
Fur more than 30 years he enjoyed a most ex- 
tensive pr.aetice, which his inlirinities com- 
pelled him, when at the age of 60, to relinquish. 
He was a zealous disciple of Wesley, and was 
exceedingly liberal and benevolent. — Tfiacher. 

Anderson, James Patton, gen. C. S. A., 
b. Mpi. He was lieut.-col. commanding of 
batt. of Mpi. Kifle Vols, in Mexican war. He 
com. a brigade in the 2d corps of the rebel 
army at Sliiloh and at Stone River; was highly 
commended for valor and ability. 

Anderson, John, lawyer and politician, 
b. CHniiliL-rUind, Me-, 1792; d. Aug. 21, 18.53. 
Bowd. Coll. 1813. He studied law with Ste- 
phen Longfellow, and was adm. to the bar in 
1816. Member of the Me. senate in 1824; 
M. C. 1825-33 ; mayor of Portland in 1833 and 
42; coll. customs at P. 1837-41 and 1843-8. 
Actively instrumental in securing the construc- 
tion of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence R.R. 
U.S. dist. Ktty. for Me. 183.3-7. 



Anderson, John Wallace, M. D, phy- 
sician, b. H:igerstown, Md. 1802; d. Liberia, 
Apr. 12, 1830. M. D. Phila. Coll. 1828. Son 
of Col. Richard, a Revol. officer. He prac- 
tised medicine at Hagerstown, but in Jan. 
1830 sailed to Liberia to promote the cause of 
trmperance there, and died of fever soon after 



Anderson, Joseph, statesman, and Rcvol. 
soldier, b. N. Jersi'y, Nov. 5, 1757 ; d. Wash- 
ington, Apr. 17, 1837. He received a good 
education; studied law; was app. an ensign 
in the N. J. line in 1775; fought at Monmouth 
as a capt.; was in 1779 in the exped. of Sulli- 
van against the Six Nations ; in 1780 was at 
Valley Forge; in 1781 at the siege of Y'ork ; 



in which he assisted; and was an influential 
member of the U. S. Senate from Tenn. from 
1797 to 1815, serving upon many important 
committees, and acting on two occasions as 
pres. pro tempore of the Senate, 



1836, he 



■Lnn 



1815 to 
comptroller of the U. S. 



Anderson, Mrs. Ophelia Brown, ac- 
tress, b. Boston, Julv 24, 1813; d. Jamaica 
Plain, Roxbury, Ms.," Jan. 27 1852. Dau. of 
Mrs. Pelby ; made her debut at the Washing- 
ton Garden Theatre, Boston, in 1815, as Co- 
ra's child in " Pizarro." Afterward appeared 
at the Tremont Theatre, while it was under 
her father's management; and, after he took 
the National, she was for many years the chief 
attraction there. She was a superior actress 
and a great favorite. She first appeared at the 
Chestnut-st. Theatre, Phila., Sept. 7, 1840, as 
Julia in "The Duke's Bride." 

Anderson, Col. Richard, Rcvol. officer, 
d. Phila., June 22, 1835, a. 84. App. capt. 4th 
Md. rcgt. Nov. 15, 1777, he fought at German- 
town, and was wounded at the battle of Cow- 
pens. 

Anderson, Richard Clough, Jan., law- 
yer and politician, h. Louisville, Ky., Aug. 4, 
1788; d. Tubaco, July 24, 1826. Wm. and 
Marv Coll. Son of R. C, a Rcvol. soldier, who 
d. Nov. 6, 1826, by a sister of Gen. George 
Rogers Clarke. He studied law under Judge 
Tucker, and practised with distinction in Lou- 
isville. Member of the Ky. legisl. ; M. C. 
1817-21 ; again a member and speaker of the 
legisl. in 1822; minister to Colombia in 1823, 
and envoy extraordinary to the Panama Con- 
gress in 1826, but died while on the way there. 

Anderson, Richard Henry, lieut.-gen. 
C.S.A., b. S. C. ab. 1822. West Point, 1842.. 
He was brev. for gallantry at San Augnstin, 
Mexico, Aug. 20, 1847, and was a capt. 2d Dra- 
goons, when. Mar. 3, 1861, he resigned, and was 
made a brig.-gen. Confed. service. Maj.-gcn. 
in Aug 1862, and com. the 5th div. of Bragg's 
army in Tenn. Wounded at Antietam; com. 
a division at Gettysburg, July 4, 1863 ; made 
lieut.-gen. May, 1864. June 23, 1864, he made 
a successful attack on Gen. Wright's division, 
in front of Petersburg ; Oct. 7, he attacked and 
routed the U. S. cavalry near New Market ; 



and com. the 4th corps of Lee's army, at its 
surrender, Apr. 9, 18B5. 

Anderson, Hobert, brig.-gen. U. S. A., 
b. near Louisville, Ky., June 14, 1805. West 
Poipt, 1825. His lallier was Col. Joseph of 
the Uevol. army, and his mother a cousin of 
Chief-Justice Marshall. Entering the artillery, 
he was an instructor at West Point ; was brov. 
capt. for gallantry in the Florida war, Apr. 2, 
1838; capt. Oct. 23, 1841 ; brev. raaj. Sept. 8, 
1847, for gallantry at Molino del Key, where 
he was severely wounded; maj. 1st Artillery, 
Oct. 5, 1857; col. Jilay, 1861; and brig.-gen. 
May 15, 1861. He was in command at Charles- 
ton harbor when tlie Uebellion broke out, and 
transferred his small force to Fort Sumter, 
which he he.d until Apr. 14, when, after a 
heavy bombardment of two dnys, \k was obliged 
to surrender. Promotut-1, and as>igned to the 
dept. of the Cumberland, ill health caused him 
to withdraw from active duty. He has trans- 
lated from the French "Instructions for Field 
Artillery " and " Evolutions of Field Batter- 
ies." Brev. maj.-gen. Feb. 3, 1865; retired 
Oct. 27, 1863. D. Nice, Oct. 26, 1871. 

Anderson, Robekt H., brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
iiom Ga. Wei,t Point, 1857. Lieut. 9tu U.S. 
Inf ill 1S61 ; killed at the battle of Jonesboro', 
Ca., Sept. 1, 1864. 

Anderson, Uufcs, Cong, minister, b. 
Londonderry, IM.H., Mar. 5, 1765; d. Wenham, 
Feb. 11, 1814. Dartm. Coll. 1791. Oct. 22, 
1794, he was ord. pastor in North Yarmouth, 
Me.; dismissed Sept. 1804; installed at Wen- 
ham, June 10, 1805, and dismissed in 1810. 
He pub. two discourses on ilie Fast, 1802, 
and seven letters jj.iiu-i i':r i lu»e com- 
munion of the Bii]iii . i - ' ■ — " :'i>/ue. 

Anderson, Ki,\ Ui i i I'l', LL.D., 

son of the piccciliii_, • ■ i h' \r,ir, ;,,(•. of the 
A.B.C.F.M , li, Mr . I :,i I, Bowd. Coll. 1818 ; 
And. Thcol, S, i„ l^-j did. May 10, 1826. 
Lecturer on I iiijii _\li->ions at And. Scm. 
1867-9. A:irl,..r -I " , ,.,■,,«. upon the P,i.)- 
ponncsus u >> / - 1-';im>, 1> -;":i, 

1830; n,^ ' / 

1871; "F.H, • I ■-;,■ ■ i; ■ ., ..I 

Claims;"".\fMn..iroi( .rn.niMi;:-!.,),, I..:,. 

Anderson, Sa.muel, a N. V. loyalist; d. 
near Cornwall, Can., Oct. 6, 1336, a. 101. At 
the commencement of the Revol., lie went to 
Canada, was a capt. under Sir John Johnson, 
and after the war received half pay. He be- 
came a magistrate, judge of a district court, 
and associate justice of the court of King's 
Bench. — /Sahihe. 

Anderson, William, Revol. officer, b. 
Chester Co., Pa., ah. 1759; d. there Dec. 13, 
1829. He joined the army early in the strug- 
gle, and at lis (lose was a capt., participating 
in the sufTi riii-s ..1 \'alKy Forge, the battle of 
Germaniowii, ^,nl ih.' ^i..;i' of Yorktown. He 
held many |iiil. n ini-is; was a Jefferson iim 
Democrat"; M..C. Irum 1^09 to 1815, and from 
1817 to 1819; and in the latter part of his life 
was a judge of Delaware Co. court, and was 
employed in the collection of the customs. His 
daughter, Evelina, m. Com. Porter, U.S.N. — 
iimUh's Del. Co. 

Andrada e Sylva (iin-dra'-dii a sel'va), 
BoxiFACio Jose de, a Brazilian naturalist, b. 



Ho 



sessed 



and eloquence, and took i.. ; ... i,. ..isig 

Brazil an independentenipiic m 1„.J. iii; was 
prime-minister of Brazil for a shun time in 
1822-3, and guardian of the emperor's minor 
children in 1831. He wrote several works on 
mining. His bros., Antonio Cailos (d. 1845) 
and Martin Francisco, were both disting. for 
talents and eloquence, and held high office 
under the Brazilian Government. 

Andre, John, maj , a British officer, who 
suffered as a spy in the Revol. war, b. London, 
1751; d. Oct. 2, 1780. His father, a London 
merchant, and a native of Geneva, d. 1769. 
Alter receiving his education at Geneva, he 
returned to ].,oiidon before he was 18, and en- 
tered a counting-liuuse. His literary taste and 
genius procured him the acquaintance of seve- 
ral of the writers of the day, among whom was 
Anna Seward. Between Audio' and this lady's 
cousin, Honora Sneyd, a reciprocal attachment 
sprung up ; but their marriage was prevented 
by the girl's lather, and she became, a fiiw 
years later, the wife of Richard Lovell Edge- 
worth. Andre entered the British army. Mar. 
4, 1771; visited the courts of Germany in 
1772-3 ; and, in Sept. 1774, as licut. of the Roy- 
al Fusileers, landed at Phila. Taken prison- 
er by Montgomery at St. John's, Nov. 2, 1775, 
he was sent to Lancaster, Pa. ; but was ex- 
changed Dec. 1776, and promoted to a captain- 
cy Jan. 18, 1777, having gained the favor of 
Gen. Howe by a memoir with which he pre- 
sented him, on the existing war. In a letter to 
a friend, he said, " I have been taken prisoner 
by the Americans, and strijjped of every thing 
except the picture of Honora, which I con- 
cealed in my mouth. Prc.sLr\in:; that, I yet 
think myself fortunate." 'lli^ | .' :iii'- \i'' had 
him.self delineated on \i\: nice 

with her, at Buxton, in 1 7- ■ I lucr 

of 1777, he wasapp. aide tn i ,. n i ,i. , , rd was 
in the engagements in N.J. and Pa. in 1777. 
On the departure of Grey, he was app. aide to 
Sir Henry Clinton, by whom he was. in 1780, 
promoted to the rank of maj., and made adju- 
tant-gen. Selected by his commander to ar- 
range with Arnold the details of the treasonable 
surrender of West Point, he had, on his return 
from that post, passed safely all the American 
posts and guards by means of a pass from Ar- 
nold, when, on the 23d of Sept , he was stopped 
by 3 militiamen, whom he sought to bribe, hut 
without success. They found in one of his 
boots, in Arnold's handwriting, exact returns 
of the state uf the forces, stores, ordnance, and 
detcnces of West Point, with those of all its 
dependencies, with various Other kinds of in- 
formation necessary to the success of the plan. 
The board of officers composing the court- 
martial, at whose head was Greene, and among 
whom were Lafayette and Steuben, ibund him 
guilty of being a spy, and sentenced him to 
be hanged on his own admissions, he hav- 
ing thrown off all disguise, and acknowledged 
every thing. Every effort was made by Sir 
Henry Clinton to procure a remission of the 
verdict, but without avail. When led forth to 
execution, he manifested some emotion at the 



28 



si^'lit of the gibbet, and exclaimed, " Must I 
die in tliis manner? " and in a moment added, 
"But it will be only a momentary pang," and 
met his fate with dignity and com|josure. The 
sympathy of the American officers was univer- 
sal tor one so young, so gallant, so accom- 
plished, and so unlbrtunate. He contrib. poetry 
to the loyal newspapers; and it is a singular 
fact, that the last. canto of his satirical poeiii, 
" The Cow-Chase," was pub. in Rivington's 
Gazette, in N.Y., on the day of his capture. It 
ends with the following stanza ; — 

"And, now I've closed my epic strain, 
■ I tremble as I show it, 
Lest this same warrio-drover Wayne 
Should ever catch the poet." 

Wayne com. the division of the army at Tap- 
pan, where Andre was executed. His memory 
has been embalmed in verse by Miss Seward, 
and perpetuated by a beautiful monument near 
the "Poet's Corner" in Westminster Abbey. 
His remains were placed near this monument 
Nov. 28, 1821. A pension was settled upon 
his family, and the honor of knighthood was 
conferred upon his brother. Anna Marguerite, 
his last surviving sister, d. in London in 1848 
a. 90. {[.ossim;). — &e his Life, by [Vinthrop 
Sargent, 8vo, 18(31. 

Andl'ew, James Osgood, D.D , bishop 
of the M. E. Church, South, b. Augusta, Ga., 
May 3, 1794; d. Mobile, Mar. 2, 1871. His 
father was a Kevol. soldier and a Methodist 
minister. Entering the S. C. Conference in 
1813, he was ord. deacon in 1814, and bishop 
in 1832 at Phila. His marriage with a lady 
who owned slaves was one of the causes of the 
division of the church into two independent 
bodies. 

Andrew, John Albion, LL.D., states- 
man, b. Windham, Me., May 31, 1818; d. 
Boston, Oct. 30, 1867. Bowd. Coll. 1837. 
Robert his anccsior settled in Rowley, Ms., 
and d. there in 1668. Adm. to the Boston bar 
in 1840, he became especially conspicuous in 
cases arising under the Fugitive Slave Act of 
1850; and in 1858, after being 10 years an anti- 
slaveiy man, was chosen to the legisl. In 1860, 
he was a member of the convention which 
nominated Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency, and 
was himself chosen gov. of Ms. by the largest 
popular vote ever cast for any candidate. An- 
ticipating the conflict with the seceded States, 
he took early steps to render the State militia 
efficient, and within a week after the President's 
proclamation of April 15, 1861, despatched five 
rcgts. of inf, a battalion of riflemen, and a 
battery of artillery, to the assistance of gov- 
ernment. He was re-elected by large majorities 
in 1861-4, evinced great executive ability, and 
declined a renomination in 186.5, on account 
of impaired health and the pressure of private 
affairs. During the war, he was veiy active in 
rai:.ing troops, animating the people by his 
fervid eloquence, and in providing comforts for 
sick jii'l .■.iiMil.l Mildiers; frequently confer- 
rinu 1' :i I iiment officers on national 

affin- 11 ', ! t in the conference at Al- 

toiiiia, l':i , III s ; I ISG2, prepared the address 
which tlicy ]irescntcd to the President, and was 
one of the most urgent in impressing upon the 
administration the necessity of emancipating 



the slaves, and of aco 


;'ptin- the s 


o.vic.sofcol- 


ored troops. He dv, 


■lillriT ihi- 


pioidency of 


Ant. Coll. in 1865. 1 


111 li.at Mv, 


r. Ill- presided 


over the first natioiu 


.1 Uiulari;. 


., eon'vention. 


and was a leader of it: 




vcwing. He 



was a powerful debater and an eloquent orator. 
Pres. of the N. E. Hist. Geneal. Society 1866-7. 
A memoir of his " Oflicial Life " by A. G. 
Brown, jun., was pub. 1868. 

Andrews, Ethan Allen, LL.D., b. New 
Britain, Ct.,1787; d. there Mar. 2.5,1858. Y.C. 
1810. He studied law, and was some years 
engaged in iini.ni.w. In inoo, he was prof of 
ancient hiii-M.-. I'l ir I '. ot N. C. at Chapel 
Hill. Alt. Ill,, I : , at Xew Haven, Ct„ 



and i 



lor yc 



ladii 



In con- 
junction with Prof. Solomon Stoddard, he 
pub. a Latin grammar, of which 65 editions 
have been issued. He ])ub. many other books 
of Latin instruction, the chief of which is the 
large Dictionary on the basis of Freund. 

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. George L., b. 
Bridgewater, Ms., 1827. West Point (1st in 
class), 1851. Entering the engineer corps, he 
superintended, under Col. Thayer, the erection 
of fortifications in Boston harboi. Acting 
assist, prof, of engineering at West Poin t, 1 854 ; 
resigned, Sept. 1, 1855. He was subsequently 
a civil engineer in the employ of the Amos- 
keag Manuf. Co. As lieut.-col. and then col. 
2d Ms. regt., he was disting. in all its hard- 
fought engagements, first under Banks in the 
Shenandoah Valley, conducting the rearguard 
in his memorable retreat, at Cedar Mountain, 
in the campaign under Pope, and at Antietam. 
Made brig.-gen. Nov. 10, 1862, and com. a 
brigade in Banks's exped. and the Port Hudson 
Campaign ; com. the Corps d'Afrique, July, 
1863, to Feb. 13, 1865 ; and, for service at the 
capture of Mobile, brev. niaj.-gen. Vols., Mar. 
26, 1865. App. Apr. 8, 1867", U. S. marshal for 
Ms. App. prof, of French at West Point, 
Feb. 27, 1871. 

Andrews, John, D,D., Epis. clergyman, 
b. near ihe head of Elk, Cecil Co., Md.i Apr. 
4, 1746 ; d. Phila., Mar. 29, 1813. Phila. Coll. 
1765. Ord. at London, Feb. 1767. He offici- 
ated in ditferent parts of Md., but, not sharing 
in the patriotic sentiments of the day, left his 
parish in Queen Anne Co., for school-teaching 
in Yorktown. Principal of the Phila. Epis. 
Acad. 1 785-9 ; prof of moral philos. U. of Pa. 
in 1789, vice-provost, 1789-1810 ; and provost 
from Dee. 1810 till his death. He officiated 
some years at St. James's, Btistol. Author ot 
" Elements of Logic," and a sermon on the 
parable of the unjust steward, 1789. 

Andrews, Joseph, one of the best line- 
engravers of this country, b. Hingham, Ms., 
Aug. 17, 1806 ; was apprenticed to Abel Bowcn 
of, Boston in 1821, and in 1836-7 received in- 
struction in London irom Goodyear, a leading 
English engraver. Of his best-known works 
are, " Annette de I'Arbre " by West, " Duke 
d'Uibino" by Titian, "Head of Washing- 
ton " by Stuart, and " Plymouth Rock, 1620," 
by Rothermel. Practises his art in Boston. 

Andrews, Loeing, journalist, d. Charlcf- 
ton, S.C, Oct. 19, 1805. Bro. of Rev. John 
of Newburyport (1788-1845; H.U. 1786). He 



ANGr 



pub. in Boston the IJerahl of Freedom, after- 
ward, at Stockbiidge, the Western Star, and in 
1803 established the Charleston Courier, an able 
itical jonrnal. 



Andrews, 

Ms., 1811'. Pul 
Law with tlie 1 



STKpriF.N Pe.\rl, author, h. 
Comparison of the Oommon 



Ua<u 



, Krench, &c.," " Phoi: 
' " Love, Marriage, and 
rench with or without a 
3 Constitution of Govern- 
innir, ' Xr I MMiiih. to the London Times and 
othi'i piiiniiiN. — .l/W»M. 

Andrews, Coi,. Timothy Patrick, U. S. 
A., b. Ireland, 1794; d. AVashington, D.C., 
Mar. 1 1 , 1 SG8. He offered his services to Com. 
Barney, whose flotilla was confronting the en- 
emy during the War of 1812, and was employed 
as his aide. He was subsequently engaged" in 
active service in the field, and "in 1822 was 
app. paymaster in the army. In 1847, he re- 
signed to take command of the regt. of Volti- 
geurs raised for the Mexican war. He was 
disting. in the battle of El Molino, and iircv. 
a brig.-gen. for gallantry at Chapultepec. 
At the close of the war, he was reinstated as 
paymaster, and in 1851 was made dop. pay- 
inaster-gen. On the death of Gen. Larned, he 
succeeded him :is |)uvni;isior-gen. of the army, 
Sept. 6_, ISO-, r: ii"i.,l X.v. LiO, 1864. 

I li i II tor of centrifugal 
:--, b. Grafton, Ms., 
- i.iiii I r iTLivedtoNeedliam, 
the ilistrict school. Uemovcd 
840, and turned inventor be- 
vith .a wrecking corn- 
use becoming choked 



Andrews 



where he atten 
to N. Y. City 
cause of hi 
pany ; the pumps 



with sand, &c. His pump was patented in 
1846, was subsequently improved by him, and 
manuf. by Wm. D. Andrews & Bro. in N. Y. 
City. 

Andros, Sir Edm cnd, a colonial governor, 
b. Lond., Dec 6, lei? ; d. there Feb. 24, 1714. 
He was disting. in the war with the Dutch, 
which closed in 1667. Maj. in Prince Rupert's 
dragoons in 1672. In 1674, on the death 
of his fiither, he succeeded him as bailiff of 
Guernsey. He was gov. of N. Y., where he 
had previously held a command, from 1G74 
to 1681 ; gov. of New England from 1686 to 
1689, and of Va. in 1692-8. Knighted by 
Charles II. in 1678. While in N. Y., ho was 
principallv occupied in passing grants to the 
subjects, and presiding in llic Court of Ses- 
sions. II.' anivoil at Boston, Dec. 21, 1686. 
Here 111' intcrCered with ibe liberty of the 
press, levied enormous taxes without authority, 
and required the [a-oprietors of lands to obtain 
from him new titles at groat expense. In Oct. 

1687, he demanded at the liead of his troops 
the surrender of the charter of Ct. ; bnt it 
was concealed in the famous Charter Oak. In 

1688, he caused an Indian war by his aggres- 
sions on the Penobscot tribes. Apr. 18, 1689, 
the people of Boston deposed and imprisoned 
him. The abdication of James II. prevented 
trouble with the British Government ; but no 
judicial decision was rendered in his ease. 
While gov. of Va., he founded Wm. and Mary 
Coll , encouraged manufactures and the cotton 
culture, and by these and other commendable 
acts gained the esteem of the people. Charges 



were, however, preferred against him by Com- 
missary Blair, as an enemy to religion, the 
church, and the college, anil he was removed. 
Gov. of Guernsey, 1704-6. His narrative of 
his proceedings in New England was pub. in 
1691, and repnb. in 1773. The "Andros 
Tracts," edited by W. H. Whitmore, were 
pub. by the Prince Soc, Boston, 1868, 2 vols. 
4to. — O'Cal/mi/ian. 

Andros, R. S. S , poet and author, son 
of Rev. Thos., d. Berkley, Ms 
In early life, ho wa 
pers, and contrib. poems of great beauty to the 
Democ. Rev. Some years dep.-col lector of the 
port of Boston, and latterly confidential agent 
of the treas. dept. at the South. Author of the 
" Customs Guide," a standard authority, and 
" Choeorua, and other Sketches," 1838. 

Andros, Tnos., minister of Berkley, Ms., 
from Mar. 19, 1788, to June 15, 1834, b. Nor- 
\yich, Ct., May 1, 1759; d. Dec. 30, 1845. He 
joined the army at Cambridge in 1775, and 
was in the battles of Long Island and White 
Plains, and other engagements. In 1781, he 
enlisted in a N. London privateer, was captured, 
and pl.aced in the Jersey prison-ship at N.Y., 
but escaped a few months later. He then 
studied theology with Ur. Benedict of Plain- 
field. His last sermon was preached Oct. 5, 
1845, after walking 2 miles to church. He 
pub. some sermons, and a narrative of his im- 
prisonment, and escape from the Jersey prison- 
ship. 

Ange, FEA«fCis, d. 1767, a. 1-34. He lived 
between Broad Creek and the head of Wico- 
nioco River, Pa.; remembered the death of 
Charles I. ; was in good health at the age of 
130; and his memory and other faculties of 
mind were perfect when he died. 

Angell, Israel, col. 1st R. I rc<:t. in the 
Rovol:, d. Smithfield, R.I., May, 18.32, a. 91. 
Mnj of Hitchcock's regt. at the siege of Bos- 
ton ; commissioned col. Jan. 18, 1777,andserved 
through the war ; disting. at Springfield, N.J., 
June 23, 1780. 

Angell, Joseph Kinnicut, legist, b. Prov- 
idence, R.I., Ayr. 30, 1794; d. Boston, Mav 1, 
1857. B.U. 1813. Adm. to the bar ab. 1816, 
he went in 1820 to Eng., where he prosecuted, 
without success, a claim to a large estate. 
From 1829 to 1831, he edited the Law bdtlli- 
ge.nrer and lieview ; was for some years re- 
porter to the Supreme Court of R' I., and 
editor of the earliest vol. of R. I. Reports. In 
connection with Sam'l Ames, he pub. a " Trea- 
tise on Corporations." His other publications 
are, the "Law of Watercourses," "Law of Tide- 
waters," " Limitations of Actions at Law and 
in Equity and Admiralty," " Law of Carri- 
ers," " Law of Fire and Life Insurance," " A 
Practical Summary of the Law of Assign- 
ments," " Adver.se Enjoyment," 8vo, 1837. His 
" Law of Higlnvavs " was completed after his 
death by Thos. Durfee. 

Angers, Real, an eloquent Canadian ad- 
vocate and author, b. 1823 ; d Apr. 1860. Be- 
sides some poetical essays, he pub. Revela- 
tions da Crime, and a treatise on stenography. 
With M. Aubin, he reported and pub. the 
Speeches in the Lower House in 1857-60. — 
morgan. 



A.1^G 



30 



Anghiera (ange-a'ra), PiETRO Maetiro 
DE, or Peter Martyr, Italian historian and ge- 
ograplier, b. Arena, Lalie Maggiore, 1455 ; d. 
Granada, 1526. Of noble birth, he was edu- 
cated at Rome, served in 3 campaigns against 
the Moors, and entered the church, but, by de- 
sire of Queen Isabella, opened a school (or the 
education of young noblemen. Sent in 1501 
on a mission from the king to tlie Sultan of 
Egypt, he visited the Pyramids and other mon- 
uments of antiquity. Made prior of the church 
of Granada in 1505, Charles V. afterward pre- 
sented him with a rich abbey. His " History of 
the New World " is the best of the early works 
extant upon that subject. Original materials 
were furnished for it by Columbus, also from 
the minutes of the Council of the Indies ; and 
1; contains a notice of newly-discovered islands. 

Angus, Samuel, capt. U. S. navy, b. 
Pnila., 1784; d. Geneva, N.Y., May 29, 1840. 
Entering the service in 1799, he was madelieut. 
Feb. 4, 1807 ; master-commandant, July 24, 
1813; capt. Apr. 27, 1816. He was several 
times severely wounded, — in the action between 
" The Constellation " and the French frigate 
"La Vengeance," Feb. 1, 1800, and soon af- 
ter in an action between the schooner " Enter- 
prise " and a French lugger; in an attack on 
the English opposite Black Rock, in 1812, and 
afterward while commanding the flotilla in 
Delaware Bay. He was selected to carry to 
Europe Messrs. Adams and Clay, Commis- 
sioners to Ghent. Owing to wounds received 
in the service, his mind as well as his health 
became impaired ; and he was dismissed from 
the navy June 21, 1824. . 

AnsehutZ, Karl, a German musical di- 
rector and composer, b. Coblentz, Germany, 
Feb. 1813 ; d. N. Y. City, Dec. 30, 1870. Ed- 
ucated by his father a musical prof, he was, 
until 184S, Royal Musical Director at Cob- 
lent?; was afterwards a musical conductor in 
London ; came to the U. S. in 1857 ; founded 
the German Opera of N. Y. City in 1862, and 
established a conservatory of music there. 

Anselme, Jacqces Bernard Modeste 
d', a French gen., h. July 22, 1740; d. 1812. 
Son of an officer of the regt. Soissonnais, in 
which, according to custom, his name was en- 
rolled at the age of 5 years. He became its 
lieut.-col. July 17, 1777,' and made with it the 
campaigns of the warof Amer. Independence. 
Made lieut.-gen. May 22, 1792, in the follow- 
ing Sept. he passed the Var, at the head of 
his corps d'armie, took Nice and the foitress 
of Montalban, and also the castle of Ville- 
franche, defended by a hundred pieces of can- 
non, gaining a complete victory. Defeated at 
Sospello, accusation and imprisonment at I'Ah- 
baye soon followed The revolution of the 9tli 
Tiiermidor (July 27,1794) restored him to lib- 
erty, and he d. in an obscure retreat. — Biorj. 
Univ. Suppl. 

Ansorge, Charles, teacher of music, and 
editor of the Ms. Teacher, b. Spiller, Silesia, 
1817 ; d. Chicago, 28 Oct. 1866. He grad. at 
the Collegiate Institute of Breslau, was a teach- 
er and editor, and for his liberal sentiments 
was expatriated by the government of Prussia ; 
came to Boston in 1849 ; was 13 years organist 
and chorister of the First Church, Dorchester, 



and 4 years teacher of music in the Asylum for 
the Blind, So. Boston. In 1863, he removed to 
Chicago, where he was a successful teacher of 
music. He took great interest in education, 
and was a thorough musician. 

Anspach (rins'-pak), Rev. L. A., a magis- 
trate of Ncwt.iunilland, pub. " Summary of "the 
Laws of CouiniLTce and Navigation adapted to 
the Island of Newfoundland," Lond., 1809. — 
Alllbone. 

Anthon, Charles, LL.D., a classical 
scholar, b. N.Y., Nov. 19, 1797 ; d. there Julv 
29, 1867. (Col. Coll. 1815). His father. Dr. 
George C. Anthon, a German by birth, attained 
the rank of surgeon-gen. in the British army, 
in which he served from the commencement of 
the French war until the final surrender of 
Detroit, ah. 1784. He then resigned his com- 
mission, and settled in N.Y. Charles, the 
fourth of his six sons, studied law in the office 
of his bro. John, and in 1819 was adm. to the 
bar. In 1820, he was app. adjunct prof of 
languages in Col. Coll. ; in 1830, he produced 
his edition of "Horace," and became rector of 
the grammar school attached to the college; and 
in 1835 succeeded prof Moore as the head of the 
classical de])t. of that institution. Besides his 
labors both in college and school, he produced 
some 50 vols., chiefly editions of the Latin clas- 
sics, and aids to classical study. He was an ac- 
curate and thorough scholar, and an acute and 
ingenious critic of the ancient languages. His 
works have often been repub. in Eng., and 
are used extensively in schools. His " Clas- 
sical Dictionary," pub. in 1841, entirely super- 
seded that of Lempriere. He excelled as an 
instructor, and conferred on the public schools 
of his native city 6 free scholarships. 

Anthon, Henry, D.D. (1832), bro. of the 
preceding, rector of St. Marks, N. Y. City ; d. 
there Jan. 5, 1861, a. 69. Col. Coll. 1813. 
Author of Hist. Notices of St. Mark's Church, 
from 1795 to 1845, 8vo, N. V., 1845. Rev. 
Wm. H. Anthon, D.D., is a bro. 

Anthon, John, LL.D., b. Detroit, 1784 ; 
d. N.Y. Citv, Mar. 5,1863. Col. Coll. 1801. 
LL. D. 1861. Son of Dr. George C. Anthon. 
During the War of 1812, he com. aeompany at 
the Narrows for the defence of N.Y. He prac- 
tised law with great assiduity, and is said to 
have tried more causes than any man that ever 
lived. He was instrumental in establishing the 
City Sup. Court and the Law Institute, of 
which he was pres. at the time of his death. 
Author of "Digested Index to the Reports of 
the U. S. Courts," 5 vols. 8vo, 1813; "Re- 
ports of Cases at Nisi Prius in the N. Y. Sup. 
Court in 1820;" "Analyt. Abridgment of 
Blackstone's Commentaries, with prefatory Es- 
say ; " " Anthon's Law Stnilent;" "Amer. 
Precedents," 8vo, 1810. 

Anthony, Henrt B., statesman, of Quaker 
ancestrv, b. Coventry, R. I., Apr. 1, 1815. 
B.U. 1833. Edited the Providence Jomnal from 
1838 to 1859; gov. of R.I. 1849-51, re-elected, 
but declined; U.S. senator, 1859-71. — Z^n- 



Anthony, Susan B., reformer, b. So. 
Adams, Ms., Feb. 15, 1820. Daniel her father 
was a Quaker and a cotton manufacturer. He 
moved in 1826 to Washington Co., N. Y., and 



A.NT 



in 1846 to Rochester. She was educated in a 
small select school in her father's house, and at 
a boarding-school in Phila. 15 years of teach- 
ing in N. Y., at one-third of the salary paid to 
men, taught her the lesson of woman's rights; 
and, since 1852, she has been one of the leaders 
in that movement, and its acting sec. and gen- 
eral agent. As early as 1848, she engaged in 
the temperance cause, forming societies, and 
lecturing; and in 1851 she called a State con- 
vention in Albany. With her co-worker, Mrs. 
E. C Stanton, she succeeded in obtaining the 
admission of women to educational and other 
conventions, with the right to speak and vote, 
to be put on committees, and to make reports. 
Miss Anthony in 1858, at Troy, read an able 
report on educating the sexes together. From 
1857 to 1866, she was an agent and a faithful 
worker in the antislavery cause. She has been 
untiring in her efforts to secure liberal legis- 
lation for wflmen in N.Y., assailing each year 
its legisl. with petitions, appeals, and addresses. 
In the winter of 1854-5, she held 54 conven- 
tions in different counties of the State, to de- 
mand equal property rights and the ballot. In 
the autumn of 1S67, she went with Mrs. Stanton 
and Lucy Stone to Kansas, and succeeded in 
obtaining 9,000 votes in that State for woman's 
suffrage. Her bro. Daniel R. has been mayor 
of Leavenworth. She has since established 
" The Revolution," with the aid of Geo. Fran- 
cis Train, and has been one of the editors. 
Her style of speaking is rapid, vehement, con- 
cise, and in her best moods she is sometimes 
eloquent. — Women of the Time. 

Anthony, Sdsanna, of Quaker parentage, 
eminent for pietv, b. R.I. 1726; d. Newport, 
June 23, 1791. Dr. Hopkins pub. her mem- 
oirs, with manv extracts from her writings. 
12mo, 1799. 

Anville d' (don-vel'), N. DE LA RocnE- 
FODCAOLD, duke, b. ab. i7U0; d. of grief, Sept. 
16, 1746, at Chibouctou, now Halifax, N.S. He 
early entered the French navy, and in 1745 
was sent with a fleet of 14 ships of the line to 
recover Louisburg. A violent tempest dis- 
persed his squadron, and ruined the exped. 
He had the literary taste and elegance of man- 
ners characteristic of his illustrious family. 

Apes, William., an Indian preacher of 
the Pequot tribe, pub. "Indian Nnllitication," 
Boston, 12mo, 1835 (written by W. J. Snell- 
ing) ; " Eulogy on KingPhillip," pronounced at 
tlie Udeon, Boston, 8vo, 1836; "A Son of the 
Forest," 1831 ; " Experiences of Five Christian 
Indians of ibe Pcqiiot Tribe," 1833. 

Appleton, I) \xiEL, founder of the exten- 
sive liuuk ]jiilili~liiii^c house of Appleton &, Co., 
b. Havcilull, .M- . 1785; d. N.Y.,Mar.27, 1849. 

Appleton, Jesse, D.D. (H.U. 1810), di- 
vine, b. Now Ipswich, Nov. 17, 1772; d. Bruns- 
wick, Me., Nov. 12, 1819. Dartm. Coll. 1792. 
Samuel, his ancestor, came to Amor, in 1635. 
He taught an acad. in Dover ; was licensed to 
preach in 1795; and Feb. 22, 1797, was ord. 
pastor of the Cong, church at Hampton, N. H. 
From Dec. 1807, until his death, he was pres. 
of Bowd. Coll. Under the signature of Leiqii- 
ton, he contributed valuable essays to the Pis- 
rataqna Evaivjetical Miif]azine. His works, cm- 
bracing lectures, course of theology, addresses, 



and sermons, with a memoir, were pub. in 2 
vols., 1837. He was a member ol the Acad, of 
Arts ami Sciences ; and was, while at Hamp- 
ton, a trustee of Phillips (Exeter) Acad. His 
dan. Jane m. pres. Franklin Pierce. 

Appleton, John, lawyer and politician, 
b. Beverly, Ms., February 11, 1815; d. Port- 
land, Aug. 22, 18G4. Bowd. Coll. 1834. He 
commenced the practice of law at Portland 
in 1837; was editor of a Democ paper, the 
Eastern Aryas, from 1839 to 1844, and part of 
the time was also register of probate for 
Cumberland Co. In 1845, he became chief 
clerk in the navy dept. ; subsequently suc- 
ceeded Mr. Trist as chief clerk of the State 
depart.; and in 1848, was app. rliariyf: d'af- 
faires to Bolivia. On his lYtmri Im:,! tli'it 
mission, early in 1849, he re-n i ' ic 

of law at Portland ; was eli'^ i . . ' in 

Sept. 1850; in 1855-6 was .Ml i.iniinini - -rr. 
of legation in Loud. In Isd/, having boeu 
obliged, from ill health, to decline the editor- 
ship of the Washiiir/ton Union, he was assist. 
sec. of State ; app. minister to Russia in May, 
1860. 

Appleton, John, LL.D., b. 1804. Bowd. 
Coll. 1822. Judge of the Sup. Court of Me. 
1852; chief-justice, 1862; authorof" Reports of 
the Su]). Jud. Court of Maine," in 1841, 2 vols. 

Appleton, John James, diplomat, son of 
John, who was U. S. consul at Calais, b. 
France, Sept. 22, 1792; d. Rennes, France, 
Mar. 4, 1864. H. U. 1813. He was sec. of 
legation to Portugal in 1819-22; to Spain, 
1822-5; cliarge d'affaires to the Two Sicilies, 
1825, and to Sweden, 1826. He resided in 
France, where he owned a valuable estate. 
While at Stockholm, he negotiated a treaty of 
commerce. 

Appleton, Nathan, LL D. (II.U. 1855), 
merchant, and writer on political economy, b. 
New Ipswich, N.H., Oct. 6, 1779 ; d. Boston, 
July 14, 1861. In 1795, he left Dartm. Coll. 
to engage in business with his bro. Samuel, in 
Boston, and, on coming of age, became a part- 
ner. He was one of the first proprietors of the 
Waltham cotton manufactory, where, in 1814, 
the power-loom was first put in operation in 
this country; was one of the founders of 
Lowell ; and .was the projector and largest 
proprietor of the Hamilton Company. He was 
several times in the State legisl., and in Con- 
gress in 1831-3 and 1842. Author of speeches 
and essays on currency, banking, and the 
tariff, and of an account of the introduction 
of the-power loom, and the origin of Lowell, 
1858. He was a member of the Acad, of 
Sciences and Arts, and of the Ms. Historical 
Societv. A memoir of his life was pub. by R. 
C. Wi'nthrop. 

Appleton, N.iTHANiEL, D.D. (H.U. 

1771), Cong, minister, b. Ipswich, Ms., Dec. 9, 
1693 ; d. Ciimliridge, Ms., Feb. 9, 1784. H.U. 
1712. John, his father, 20 years judge of pro- 
bate for Essex Co., and one of the king's coun- 
cil, was disting. for his exertions to Christianize 
the Indians. The son was ord. to succeed Mr. 
Brattle, Oct. 9, 1717, and remained 66 years. 
He was a friend of civil and religious liberty, 
uniting useful talents with exemplary piety. 
He was one of the corporation of II. 'U. from 



AFF 



32 



1717 to 1779. He pub. a iiumbci- of sermons 
and occasional discourses. — S/ira(]ue, 

Appleton, Samcel, phihiniliropist, b. N. 
Ipswuili, N. U., June 22, 1766; d. Boston, 
July 12, 1853. One of twelve children. His 
early years were spent on a farm and in school- 
teaching. He next kept a store ; but removed 
to Boston in 1794, where he engaged in the 
importation of En^'lish Lr.iiiih, with his bro. 
Nathan, and acquired i:r< it immIiIi. He sub- 
sequently engaged in ill .i'ltMii inanulacture 
at Waltham and at Lnwril. I'lnm 1799 to 
1820, he passed much ol las time abroad. His 
liberality and beneficence kept pace with his 
means to indulge them. In 1823, on his retire- 
ment from active business, he determined to 
spend his entire income annually; and he gave, 
each year, the sum of $25,000. He also be- 
stowed his bounty upon various philanthropic, 
religious, charitable and scientific associations ; 
and, at his death, S200,000 was distributed for 
similar purposes. He regularly placed large 
sums in the hands of physicians and others, 
who were in the w.ay of seeing those in 
destitution, to be distributed as their judg- 
ment shiuild indicate. A memoir by I. A. 
Jewett, pub. 8vo. Boston, 1850. 

Appleton, Wm., merchant, b. BrooV 
field, Ms., Nov. 16, 1786; d. Longwood, near 
Boston, Feb 15. 1862. Son of Rev. Joseph 
of Brookficld. He came to Boston in 1807. 
He was a successful merchant ; was pres. of 
the U.S. Branch Bank in 1832-6; and M. C. 
in 1851-5 and 1861-2. He devoted hissurplus 
means to benevolent objects ; giving, at vari- 
ous times, $30,000 to the Ms. Gen. Hospital, 
of which, as also tiie Provident Institution for 
Savings, he was president. 

Appling, Col. Daniel, b. Columbia Co., 
Ga., Aug. 25, 1787 ; d. Fort Montgomery, 
Ala., Mar. 18, 1817. He entered the army as 
lieut. of Rifles, May 3, 1808 ; was made capt. 
Apr. 1812, major 1st Rifles, Apr. 18U; brev. 
lieut.-col. May 30, 1814, "for gallant conduct 
in capturing a superior force of the enemy in 
Sandy Creek, N.Y;" brev. col. 11 Sept. 1814, 
" for (listing, services at Plattsburg ; " resigned 
June 1, 1816. — Gardner. 

Apthorp, East, Episcopal divine and 
author, b. Boston, 1733; d. Cambridge, Eng., 
Apr. 17, 1816. U. of Cambridge, Etig., 17.58. 
Charles, his father, wtis a mercliantof IJoston, 
While a nii-..i.>n;iry in X- i:., for tlie Society 
for the Prup;i^:iih',ii ,,| ihr (iospcl ill Foreign 
Parts (17Gl-.".i, in- eie^i,., ,| in a warm contro- 
versy with L)r. M:i\ hew. "ii the design and 
conduct of that bmly. 'I'lie lio-tility of the 
people to the Episcopaey ilerj.l 'il liim to return 
to Eng., wliere he eventually lill' il the stall of 
Finsbury in St. Paufs Catheili.il. Among 
his writings are " Letters on Christianity, in 
reply to Gibbon," " Discourses on Projihe- 
cy," 2 vols. 8vo He m. Elizabeth, dan. of 
Eliakim Hutchinson. 

Arbuckle, AIatthew, soldier, b. Green- 
brier Co., near the Warm Springs, Va , 1776 ; 
d. Fort Smith, Ark., June 11, 1851. He en- 
tered the army an ensign. Mar. 3, 1799 ; was 
made capt. June, 1806; major 3d Inf. Aug. 
15, 1812; lieut, -col. Mar. 9, 1S14 ; col. 7th 
Inf. Mar. 10, 1820; brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 16, 



1830. Stationed for many years on the fron- 
tier, he was well acquainted with the Indian 
character, and by his good conduct acquired 
their confidence. He com. a successful exped. 
against the Fowltown Indians, Nov. 23, 1817. 

Arbuthnot, Marriot, a British adm., b. 
ab. 1711 ; d. Loud., Jan. 31, 1794. Nephew of 
])r. Arbuthnot tlie poet. After commanding 
various ships, he was naval commissioner, resi- 
dent at Halifax, in 1775-8, and relumed to 
Eng. a rcar-adm. JIade vice-adm. of the blue, 
and com.-in-chief on the N. Amer. station, he 
proceeded to his destination in Mar. 1779; but 
was confined to port soon after his arrival, by 
D'listaing's fleet. Dec. 26, 1779, he conveyed 
Sir Henry Clinton's troops to the siege 
of Charleston, in which he co-operated, and 
which was soon forced to surrender, and 
earned by this success the thanks of parlia- 
ment. Mar. 16. 1781, in a distant action with 
the French fleet off the capes of Va., he ob- 
tained some advantage, but was prevented, by 
a thick haze, from following it up. Made adni. 
of the blue, Feb. 1, 1793. 

Arce (ar'-tha), Manui;l .T> i-f , ]>f • ■•\~ the 
Republic of Central Amer. in : i ' l' : mg 
incurred the enmity of the j; i al 

party to which he belonged, a .nil ,\,ir lnuko 
out, and Arce was, in 1827, defeated at A|io|>a 
and Santa Ana. In April, 1829, Gen. Mora- 
zan, leader of the liberal party, entered Gua- 
temala, assumed the government, and seized 
Arce, who, together with some of the superior 
clergv, were expelled the coiintrv. 

Archdale, John-, gov. of N. C. 1695-6, 
author of a " History and Description of Car- 
olina," Lond., 1707. Son of Thos. of Loaks 
in Chipping Wycomb, Bucks Co., Eng. Gov. 
Gorges of Me. m. his sister Mary ; and in 1664 
he came as his agent to N. E. Archdale was 
in N.C. in Mar. 1686, and was a commissioner 
for Gorges in Me. in 1687-8. Landing first in 
S.C, he formed a new commission of sensible 
and moderate men ; arrived in N.C. in the sum- 
mer of 1695, and had a successful and highly 
popular administration. He was a proprietor 
of the province, and was a man of great pru- 
dence and sagacity. Though a Quaker, he 
promoted a militia'law, exeinpting the Friends 
from military service. Elected a member of 
parliament in 1698, he would only afiirm, in- 
stead of taking the required oaths, aiul was not 
jiermitted to take bis seat. — 0'Colhir;han. 

Archer, Dr. Branch T., Te.xan revol'ist, 
b. Va., 1790; d. Brazoria Co., Tex., Sept. 22, 
I85G. He studied medicine in Phila., prac- 
tised for many years in his native State, and 
was often a member of its legisl. Removing 
to Tex. in 1831, he became a prominent actor 
in her revolution ; presided over the " Consul- 
tation " in Nov. 1835, and was by that body 
elected a commissioner to the U. S. with S. F. 
Austin and N. H. Wharton, to solicit aid in 
her struggle for independence ; was elected to 
her first Congress on his return in 1836, was 
speaker of the house of representatives, and sec. 
of war from 1839 to 1842, when, on account of 
ill health, he retired to private life. He was a 
ripe scholar and an eloquent speaker. 

Archer, John, physician and legislator, 
b. Harford Co., Md. in 1741 ; d. 1810. Prince- 



A.RC 



.AJS.I 



ton Coll. 1760. M.D. 1768. He received from 
the riiihi. Meil. Coll. the first medical diploma 
ever issued in the New Woi-Ul. At the com- 
mencement of the Revol., he had command of a 
military company; was a member of the State 
lo.-isl.; and was'M.C. from Md. from 1801 to 
1807. Several of his medical discoveries have 
been adopted by the profession. 

Archer, Col. Sam'l B. ; d. Phila., Dec. 
1 1 , 182.i. He was ajjp. from Va., capt 2d Art. 
March 12, ISIJ; iia-v. m.aj. May 27, 1813, 
"for L.:i; i-iin ,.ii.!-.in,lcondue ' 



I'urt George, Jilay 26 and 
at Stony Creek, "June 6, 
111 rank of col., Nov. 10, 



,/,„, 



Archer, Stkphenson, LLD., judge of 
the JId. ('uurt of Appeals. Son of Ur. John, 
h. Harford Co., Md. ; d. June 2.i, 1848. N. J. 
Coll. 1805. M.C. from Md., 1811-17; then app. 
judge of Mpi. Terr., and was again in Congress 
in 1819-21. 

Archer, Wm, S., statrsmnn. Ii. Amelia 
Co., Va., Mar. .">, l7S;i: A lii -i- Alar i^^, 185.i. 
Wm. a:,. I .\Iarv CmII, <<: W al. His 
gran^ll.iila 1-, Ci.l- Will,, ' ai, i , I ,ii';eton, 
d. uf .snnll |.MX o„ I,.,,, 1-1 a ,ai-..:; -!iia. His 
fuller, yi.(]. John, aide to Wayne at Stony 
I'oint, was brcv. capt. for gallantry in that 
ail'air. Win. S. studied law; was a member 
of the la-i>l. 1812-19; M. C. 1820-3.5 ; U.S. 
sciiatn: l~ll-7.ai,il chairman of the commit- 
tee 1.111 s. In Congress he took 

an all, ;.ai i a i!! matters of national im- 
portaiM . .nil n - .i member of the committee 
on the Missouri C'om]irumise. 

Arciszeffski (an-se-shCv'-ske), Christo- 
pher, gov.-gen. of Brazil, b. ab. 1600; d. Lissa, 
Toland, 1668. Leaving Poland on account 



of religion, he ( 



the Du 



lilary ser- 



vice, and on the conquest of Brazil was app. 
its gov. He fortified the principal cities, and 
was an excellent mathematician as well as a 
skilful soldier. A tii-l,,: i' i -Ma U !-, ;ii ■ 
Dutch in e..iiimcm.aa:a 
Arey, Haruii;t la i i , • -a > . -. i - p 

her father, a member of the Caiiiadiui parlia- 
ment at tlie brcaking-out of the rebellion of 
1 837, afterward held offices of trust under the 
U.S. Gov. She was a school-teacher in Cleve- 
lanil. O,, a contributor to the Dalh/ Herald ; 



1848 1 



1 Oli 



the Youth's Cas/.et and the Home ilonlhl,, m 
Buffalo and N.Y. ; and in 185.5 pub. " House- 
hnld Sonus and other Poems." — Pods and 
I'd. Ini Of- the West. 

ArgaU, Samuel, dep.-gov. of Va. in 1617, 
1. Bri-iol, Kng. 1572; d. 1639. In 1612. 
ho carri' il off Pocahontas to Jamestown, the 
temi.tatiiin to the perfidious chid in whose 
charge she was b.-ing a bra-s kettle. In 1613, 
he broke up the Freurh - tr'ian iii at !\Ir. 1).-.- 
ert, on the coast of M- ' a -i a r 
twcen the French anil 1 _: ii- n K. 

also destrovcd tbt- Fi ■ a i , - ,s 



became odious to the colony. Recalled to an- 
swer for his misconduct, he was shielded by 
his trading partner, the Earl of vVarwick. He 
was a capt. in the exped. against the Algerines 
in 1620; was knighted by James I. in 1623; 
and in 1625 was engaged in Cecil's exped. 
against the Spanish. An account of his voy- 
age from Jamestown, 1610, and his letter re- 
specting his voyage to Va. in 1618, are pre- 
served in Purchas. After the death of Lord 
Delaware, Argall took charge of his estate; 
and letters of the countess are in existence ac- 
cusing him of the most flagrant and barefaced 
peculation. 

Argenson, r>' (dar-zhOn'-sOn'), Pierre 
DE Voter, Viscount, gov. of Canada from 
Jan. 27, 1657, to 1661, b. 1626 ; d. France, ab. 
1709. He was of a noble family, and disting. 
himself at the siege of Bordeaux and at the 
battle of Sens. Subsequently Reeve of Tou- 
raine. Some progress was made by him in dis- 
covery, in the country beyond Lake Superior, 
and on Hudson's Bay; but his government 
seems to have " consisted of little else than 
barbaric invasions and civil and religious 
quaiTcIs." — Moirjan. 

Arias, Don Francisco Gabino, traveller, 
b. Salto, Buenos Ay res ; d. ab. 1808. He was 
a col. in the army, and in 1774 undertook to 
penetrate the desert part of the continent, des- 
ignated by the name of " prand diaco." Af- 
ter making an exploration of this region with 
Matorras, who d. ab. 1775, Arias, in 1780, 
Cantinued the labors of his former companion 

1 : - i i ;iic course 
of 1 r. a: , , ■ 1 , ■< that the 
lla.i.-i:,. a ■ ■: :; i , i' a,,i. la-a lait craft of 
a 111 : . • a M dl'^eend it, tliat the na- 
tion- 1 1 J iti borders w. re pacific, and 

a!-- d not into the Parana, as 

« 1- - , I 1, liat into the River Paraguay. 

1 11 liive of his expedition, drawn up by 

.MIS ] ub. by his son Dr. Jose' An- 

\ lias, by order of the government. — 

Arillaga (il-iel-la-gii), Rev. Basilio Man- 
ui.L. 1> 1 1 . -iiiH lior of ji'suits in Mexico, and 
rarair ,,| ilir r,,|| uf St. Ildcfnnso ; d. Aug. 
isi'.:, in tlia 1 n-nn ,,f ,Sf. I , ihon.jh over 80 
vai . .,: ,1 J- 111 -i,a ,1,1, 1 ■, !ai|.hletsin 
Vr|,:, a, 1^ ■-■,,■ .■ .a a, 1 1, a ', ,\l,l,e Tes- 

toi '. . , :. ,- a, .'1 ,, a , , _ i;;iiorant 

a. 1.1 auuaiii. U. v..i, una ol ila: most erudite 
of Mexican scholars; and his reply is a master- 
piece of learnin.g, wit, and sarcasm. 

Arismendi, Juan Bautista, a Vene- 
zuelan gen., b. in the Island of Margarita. He 
had attained the rank of capt. ; and, when the 
revol. broke out, took command of the i atriot 
forces, and, after a long struggle, defeated the 
Saaai-li gen. Morillo, and drove him from the 
! Ill conjunction with Bolivar and Paez, 
'■a Morillo from New Granada in 1819, 
a the greater part of Venezuela, of 
ii I was made vice-pres. In Paez's in- 

1 a against Bolivar, in 1826, he espoused 

il, a- of the latter in his absence, and ren- 
lii a uraat service to the nation. 

Arista (ii-res'ta), Mariano, a Mexican 



34 



^RM 



when he joined ihe |iatriuts. In Apr. 1829, he 
was matle a lieut.-eol., and, having supported 
Bustamente, was made a col., and brev. brig.- 
gen. Upon the accession of Santa Aiia, Apr. 
1, 1833, Arista was made gen. of brigade, and 
in June, 1833, was second in command of the 
army. Having joined Duran in his unsuccess- 
ful revolt, he was deprived of his rank, and 
expelled from Mexico. After passing a year 
and a half in the U. S., he returned in June, 
1835, was restored to his rank in the army, and 
was judge of the supreme tribunal of war, from 
Aug. 1836, to Apr. 1837. Taken prisoner by 
the French at Vera Cruz, Dec. 5, 1 838, he was 
2 months after released on parole. In 1839, 
with but 400 men, he suppressed the revolt of 
Urrea at Tampico. App. commandant-gen. 
of Tamaulipas, at the close of 1839 he became 
gen.-in-chief of the northern division. For 
defeating the insurgents of the eastern dept., 
he received a special cross of honor. Made 
gen. of division in Sept. 1841, he caused the 
government of Hcrrera, who succeeded Santa 
Ana in Dec. 1844, to be recognized through- 
out the eastern dcpts. In the war with the 
U.S., in 1846-7, he com. at the battles of 
Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. In June, 
1848, he was app. by Pres. Herrera minister 
of war, and displayed activity and judgment 
in the suppression of 17 revolts that occurred 
during 2 years. Elected pres. of the republic 
in the fall of 1850, he resigned the government, 
Jan. 5, 1853. Banished from the country by 
his enemies, he made a voyage to Europe, 
visited Spain, and died while on his way to 
France, on the day that Santa Ana, who had 
usurped his seat, fled from the city of Mexico. 
The government of Alvarez in 1857 decreed 
him to have " merited well of his country." 

Armand (iir-mon'), Charles Tufin, 
Marquis de l.i Kocarie, a French soldier, 
b. nearRennes, France, 1756 ; d. Jan. 30, 1793. 
Entering tUe rjardes du corps, at Paris, his pas- 
sion for an actress in that city led to a duel, in 
consequence of wliich he left France. Volun- 
teering in the cause of America, May 10, 1777, 
he received from Congress the commission of 
col. He fought at Red Bank ; was with La- 
fayette in N.J. in the fall of that year; and 
in 1778 was actively engaged in Westchester 
Co., N.Y., opposing the corps of Simcoe, Em- 
merick, and Baremore the loyalist, whom he 
captured near Kingsbridge, Nov. 8, 1779. His 
corps was incorporated with that of Pulaski in 
Feb. 1780 ; and he was with Gates at the defeat 
of Camden, and strongly censured the conduct 
of that officer. In 1781, though dissatisfied 
with the promotions in the army, in which he 
saw no chance of advancement, he procured 
from his own means clothing and accoutre- 
ments in France, returning in season to par- 
ticipate in the victory at Yorktown. He was 
made a brig.-gen. Mar. 26, 1783. Returning 
home, he took part in the French Revolution ; 
was for a time a prisoner in the Bastille ; took 
an active part with the royalists of La Vendee, 
and was a leader of those of Brittany, Anjou, 



and Poitou. The execution of Louis XVI. 
gave his system such a shock, that he sunk 
under a nervous malady. Gen. Armand was 
urbane and polished in manner, an eloquentand 
persuasive speaker, and was greatly beloved by 
his friends. 

Armistead, George, lieut.-coI. U.S.A., b. 
Newmarket, Va., Apr. 10, 1780; d. Baltimore, 
Apr. 25, 1818. The ancestor of this family 
came from Hesse D'Armstadt. 5 bros. en- 
gaged in the War of 1812, — 3 in the regular 
army, and 2 iu the militia. George was app. 
2d iieut. Jan. 8, 1799; capt. Nov. 6, 1806; 
maj. 3d Art. Mar. 3, 1813; was disting. at 
the capture of Fort George, U.C, May, 1813, 
and was brev. Iieut -col. for the defence of Fort 
McIIenry, Sept. 14, 1814. 

Armistead, Lewis Addison, gen. C.S A., 
b. Newbern, N.C., 18 Feb. 1817 ; killed at the 
battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. West 
Point, 1836. Son of Gen. Walter K. Enter- 
ing the 6th Inf. in 1839, he won the brevets 
of capt. and maj for gallantry at Contreras, 
Churubusco, and Molino del Rey At Chapul- 
tepec, he was one of the storming-party, was 
highly disting., and wounded. Capt. Mar. 3, 
1855. In 1859, he com. a detachment sent 
against the Indians from Fort Mohave, Cal., 
and defeated them. He resigned in 1861 ; was 
made col. 57th Va. Inf. in Apr., and in the same 
month a brig.-gen. in the Confederate Army ; 
took part in the peninsular campaign, and was 
in Longstreet's corps in Lee's invasion of Md., 
and was wounded at Antietam. 

Armistead, Walter Keith, brev. brig.- 
gen.. hro. of George, b. Va. ab. 1785; d. Up- 
perville, Va., Oct. 13, 1845. Entering the en- 
gineer corps from West Point, Mar. 5, 1803, he 
was chief engineer of the army in Canada in 
1812, and engaged at Fort Niagara, 21 Nov., 
and engineer for the defence of Chesapeake 
Bay in 1813-18; col. and chief engineer, Nov. 
12, 1818; inspector Milit. Acad. Nov. 1818 
to June, 1821 ; col. 3d Art. 1 June, 1821 ; 
brev. brig.-gen. Nov. 12, 1828. He com. in 
1840-41 against the Seminoles in Florida. 

Armstrong, James, commodore U.S.N., 
b.. ShclbyviUe, Ky., 17 Jan. 1794; d. Salem, 
Ms., 27 Ang. 1868. His parents emigrated 
from Va. Midshipm. U. S. N. 15 Nov. 1809 ; 
Iieut. 27 Apr. 1816 ; com. 3 Mar. 1825 ; capt. 
8 Sept. 1841, and comrao. 16 Julv, 1866. Cap- 
tured in " The Frolic " in 1814, by the British 
frigate " Orpheus," and kept a prisoner until 
Mar. 1S15. Com. the E. I. squad, in 1855-8, 
and in 1857 attacked and captured the Barrier 
forts in the Canton River. Compelled by a 
large rebel force to surrender the Pensacola 
navy-yard 12 Jan. 1861. — See Notice of Capt. 
A.'s Services in the N. E. H. f,- G. Reg., July, 
1871. 

Armstrong, James Francis. 30 years 
pastor of the church at Trenton, N.J., b. W. 
Nottingham, Md., 3 Apr. 1750; d. Trenton, 
Jan. 19, 1816. N. J. Coll. 1773. He studied 
under Rev. John Blair ; was licensed to preach 
in 1777, and served as chaplain through the 
War of Independence. — S/<raijiic. 

Armstrong, James F., c.ipt, U. S. N., b. 
N.J., Nov. 20, 1816. Midshipm. Mar. 7, 1832 ; 
Iieut. Dec. 8, 1842 ; com. Apr. 27, 1861 ; capt 



35 



July 16, 1862. He com. steamer "Sumter," 
1 861 ; steamer " State of Georgia," N.A. block, 
squad. 1862-4; bombardment and surrender of 
Fort Macon, Apr. 25, 1862; comg. steamsloop 
"San Jacinto," E. Gulf block, squad. 1864; 
com. Pensacola navy-yard. \865-8.—Hamersli/. 

Armstrong, John, Gen , b. Pa. ; d. Car- 
lisle, Pa., Mar. 9, 1795, at an advanced ai;e. 
Ill 1756, he headed an exped. as col. of the 
provincial forces of Pa. against the Indians at 
Kittaning, destroyed the settlement, and took 
the stores sent, by the French for the use of 
their native allies. For this service, the cor- 
poration of Phila. presented him with a vote 
of thanks, a medal, and a piece of plate. He 
enjoyed in a high degree the confidence of the 
proprietors of Pa., and was resorted to for 
advice in whatever related to Indian affairs. 
Mar. 1, 1776, he was app. a brig. -gen. in the 
Continental Army, and did good service at the 
defence of Fort Moultrie and at the battles of 
Brandywine and Germantown, in which latter 
engagments, he com. the militia of Pa., hav- 
ing left the army, Apr. 4, 1777, on account of 
dissatisfaction in regard to rank. He was in 
Congress in 1778-80 and 1 787-8, and sustained 
many other honorable offices. 

Armstrong, John, soldier and writer, b. 
Carlisle, Pa , Nov. 25,1758; d. Red Hook, 
N.Y., Apr. 1, 184.3. He was the youngest son 
of Gen. John Armstrong of Carlisle. In 1775, 
while a student at Princeton, he volunteered 
in Potter's Pa. regt. ; was soon made aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Mercer, and held a similar post 
with Gates in the campaign against Burgoyne, 
and until the close of the war, having the rank 
of maj. He was the aiithor of the celebrated 
" Newburgh Letters," setting forth the services 
and destitution of the soldiers, and urging them 
to take measures for their relief. These letters, 
powerfully and eloquently written, were in- 
tended to arouse Congress and the States to a 
sense of justice to the army then about to be 
disbanded, and, but for the prudence of Wash- 
ington, might have produced serious results. 
After the war, he was sec. of State, and adj.- 
gen. of Pa., and in 1784 condncted the vigor- 
ous operations against the settlers at Wyoming. 
App. by Congress in 1787 oneof the judges for 
the western territory, he declined, and having 
in 1789, ra. a sister of Chancellor Livingston, 
removed to N.Y., purchased a farm, and devoted 
himself to agriculture U. S. senator in 1800- 
2, and 1803-4 : minister to France in 1804-10 ; 
brig.-gen. July 6, 1812 ; sec. of war, 1813-14, 
and effected many salutary changes in the army ; 
but the lack of success in the operations against 
Canada, and the sack of Washington City, made 
him unpopular, and he resigned. He pub. 
a brief but able " History of the War of 1812," 
" Memoirs of Gens. Montgomery and Wayne " 
(in Sparks's Amer. Biog.), valuable treati.ses 
on agriculture and gardening, and a " Review 
of Gen. Wilkinson's Memoirs." He had par- 
tially prepared a history of the Amer. Revol. 

Armstrong, Richard, lieut.-gen. in the 
British army ; d. ab. 1823. Entered the Queen's 
Rangers as capt., became a maj., and a most 
efficient partisan officer on the side of the crown 
during the Revol. war. In 1783, he and Capt. 
Saunders were deputed to write Col. Simcoe a 



parting address. He became col. Jan. 26, 
1797; maj.-gen. Sept. 25, 1803; lieut.-gen. 
Oct. 25, 1809. — 5«6/ne,- Philipart. 

Armstrong, Richard, D.D., missionary, 
b. Northumberland Co., Pa., 1805 ; d. Hono- 
lulu, Sept. 23, 1860, from injuries by a fall 
from a horse. Dickinson Coll. 1827 ; Prince- 
ton Theol. Sem. He went to the Sandwich 
Islands in 1832 ; was 8 months a missionary at 
Nukahivah, Marquesas Islands ; preached 5 
years at Walluka, and then returned to Hono- 
lulu to take the station vacated by Mr. Bing- 
ham's return to the U. S. Dec. 6, 1847, he 
was made minister of instruction, and soon 
after pres. of the board of education. His 
talents were rewarded by the king's appointing 
him to a seat in the house of nobles and to a 
membership in the privy council. 

Armstrong, Gen. Robert, b. E. Tenn., 
1790; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1854. 
He settled in Nashville ; com. a company of 
Tenn. artillery under Jackson, in the Creek 
war of 1813-14, in which he was disting., and 
dangerously wounded, Jan. 24, 1814, at "Talla- 
dega ; disting. in command of the artillery at 
the battle of New Orleans ; and was brig.-gen. 
commandingTenn. Mounted Vols, at the battle 
of Wahoo Swamp in the Florida war, 1836. 
Postmaster of Nashville, 1829-45; U. S. con- 
sul at Liverpool, Eng., 1845-52 ; and subse- 
quently editor and proprietor of the Washing- 
ton Union newspaper, and confidential adviser 
of Pres. Polk. 

Armstrong, William Jesshp, D.D., sec. 
of the Amer. Board of Foreign Missions, b., 
Mendham, N.J., Oct. 29,1 796 ; d. Nov. 27, 1846, 
in the wreck of the steamer " Atlantic." A. M. 
ofN.J. Coll. 1816; D.D. 1840. Son of the Rev. 
Dr. A. Armstrong. After three years of theo- 
logical study, he was sent to Albemarle Co., 
Va., as a missionary; was pastor of a church 
in Trenton, N.J., three years, and in 1824-34 
was pastor of the First Presh. Church in Rich- 
mond, Va. In 1834, he was app. sec. of the 
I'resb. Board of Foreign Missions for Va. and 
N.C., and at the .same time general agent of the 
Amer. Board of Missions for these States. In 
Sept. of that year, he was app. successor to 
Rev. Dr. Wisner, sec. of the Amer. Board. In 
Apr. 1838, after a residence of two years and 
a half at Boston, he removed to N. Y. A 
memoir of his life, with a collection of his ser- 
mons, edited by Rev. Hollis Read, was pub. 
N.Y., 1853. 

Armstrong, Wjlliam Morris, capt. 
U.S.N., b. Kv., 1797 ; d. Norfolk, Va., June 24, 
1861. Midshipman, Nov. 14, 1814; lieut. Mar. 
3, 1821 ; commander, Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. May 
24, 1845. 

Arnold, Benedict, gen. Revol. army, in- 
famous for attempiing to betray his country, 
b. Norwich, Ct., Jan. 3, 1741 ; d. Lond., June 
14, 1801. In his youth he was mischievous, 
bold, and turbulent. Apprenticed to an 
apothecary, he ran away, enlisted as a soldier, 
but soon deserted ; was a druggist and book- 
seller in New Haven in 1763-7 ; was afterward 
master and supercargo of a vessel trading to 
the W. Indies, and became a bankrupt with the 
reputation of dislionesty. Immediately after 
the battle of Lexington, he raised a volunteer 



company witli wlii.-h lio nianlird t" r'.niiliiiilu'i-, engaged in trade and navigation, but was very 
proposed Vi tli.' ,Ms. Coiiiniiit.r u( S:ilriv tlm unpopular, and was linng in cflify. His wife 
capture of 'liruinlinii;:!, ;hi<], hriu- .Miiimis- d.Lond., Aug. 24, 1S04, 'a.43. His son James 
siiinril a •■'<:., jniiir,! Aili'ii's ]i:iri\ iii iliit Robertson became a gen. in the Britisli army. 
alhiir 111 May, l';::,. S.pt, If,, wiih al.. l.diiii —See Sparks's Life of Arnold m Amer. Blaj. 
turn, l.r l,r::,,a tlu- inaH li ilir-Miuli t!ir « IMlt- Arnold, Bexedict, b. Eng., Dec. 21, 

In■^.> <if Main.-, I.aviii- the .ai.iiin „| (i„,.|„c 1615; d. June, 1678. He r.-Milrd in Provi- 
dence as early as 1636. Ill ir,-,:. li, isii!; Pn.l- 
dington, purchased of thr li- ' 1 I uf 
Quononoquat, afterward ■ i , .1 n nvii. 
VVinthrop .speaks of him a- ,i i : , i.l .,f 

Mas.sacliu^.ii-, c-^prriallv i,, m imiimm- uith 

the Indian-, \,r li.mn- a p., I,, a Ln..ul,.l-r uf 

their laiiuna-r In li,:,:;, hn ivnhivr.l t.. Nrw- 

port; wa.s iiiailc a--i^i. in 1(;.'.4 ; prrs. liv the 

■d him by Royal Charter in 1G6.3, and so continued for 8 

I; of maj.- years. 

aniegrade Arnold, GEonoE (" McArone"), editor 
\\c affront and poet, d. Strawberry Farms, N.J., Nov. 3, 
U.dinin.-- 1865. Widely known as the autlior of the 
1 , and liis " McArone Papers," some biogra])hical works, 
In .\n-. and by contributions to Vanilij Fair, the 
I iiivi -t, >l Lvader, and other journals. Some of his 
'lianin t<( jiiaaiis an- uf riiiiaikalilr sweetness. Heserved 
nuni till- iviih liMinir in lim I'niun army during the 
allnrival.l <ivil war. ilniir^ dniv a long time at One of 
ni il.itr,, ihv' foia, ,in Siairii Maml. His poetical pieces 



,ject, andd.splaynigth 
nmander. Wounded m 


p.'ni. -, l:n. 


Dec. 31, in which M 




e was promoted. J.ui \<- 


1 : :■■ n . n 1 1 ■ , - 


]:,r...] ; , .■.Mllnaildnf a ll 


iii::a„t small 


!, • rl,,n,pl;,in, Im, 


nruuntered a 




I.I, though he 


1 ■■'.'[] ami lil-nv.-i-y. 


xvas defeated. 



to have lieeu iealnn- 


. ..I Inn, lln 


desperate conraiin ; 




maadinthedeciMv, 


liallln at Slill- 


'; was in the thi.kn. 


t i.r ihr fi-ht, 


he liiuhc-t (irtinn-i.r 


1 tlirlirld, his 


obeyed uln n |na,,h 


alih..; though 




t «as rash .n 


A-aiil s-\nr.|v ivi 


nindnd in the 



adm. t" ■ I I , : >, hi 

Chica;;.!, ■::•,, .:,•,, ;:, ,::„.., 

and wa.^ Ill I -i,,'i-n. -I .Ih ainiinn r. S, Unas. 

!,.■ '\ ;- 'li-.ilih .1 I'i' Villi nanitlis, during — Lanman. 

I ■ 11 111, tail rank. In Arnold, Sir James Robektson, a British 

',, : "1 .1 >, n r.aiiinin.h.f Phila. gen., b. Phila., 178U ; d. Loud., Dec. 27, 1S.54. 

M 1. 1,11 Illy, ran deeply in His father was Benedict Arnold thi- traitor. 

I ' . oivil to su>tnin himself by Entering the royal engiin'i i - m ITI-^ li ■ at- 

' 1 I and rapacity. In 1779, ho tained the rank of col. ; \mi i innn 

I 111. of Edward Shippen of that arm in 1841, and l« i '. : ^mi. 

1, I ' vMiv ,,r,.r,MiTil a"riinst him; in 1851. He was comnuunlin- LiiuimLr at 

I Ml :: ' :, Mil- nn IK ' I liv a court- Nova Scotia and N. Brunswick in InIO-2.3; 

lln the .com- displayed great courage in the attack on Su- 

I i 1 II : I i 1 I ll III. : V adminis- rinam, where ho was dangerously wonniled, and 

^l,ua^ 1.1 uiruii \i li !i 11 1. months became aide-do-camp siicces<ivelv to William 

enemv. To enha ii vin :.i n :i !n bore a striking rcMiniiliin-i- to In- inlni-. 

, h.- sought anil in.;.., . ; Amold, Dr.. .lov M in s', ^nn. .11,111, I,. 
.tPoint,the"Gil.r.iliai .i! \ .1 .. ' , r.-Mvl.i.ni.-n, !; I , I >.■■■ 1 I ITil .1 ^i .1. 1'lns- 
iidposed to betray into ll,!' ni 1 i - I I !.., • \'t , I'..' ■' I : . II 1 1.1 ; r of 
iton, who had employed .M \. i ■ \ i. \:' ' i - .. i of 
otiation. ThecaptnVeof .\i. -■ - .i M.i. i::n,i.|.. . ; I.. I.,., , |.i ..., i.im - nn the 

(,, 1,.,1 to ,|W rN,,o.n,-.. 11. 1 .n ,. ; ,. oUt., ol .olv- C to l„n II ,ui i ,. , -O . ,11, U'V, 

t; inni ,\rnol.l n 1 ■ ■ ' ; . ^ .1 memher of the Old Congress in 1782-4, aiid 

In !'n iti-h -lno|i • \ I 1 1.111-,., 1- surgeon in the Rcvnl. army. After the war, 

I. iin I, -li'l to ll I 1 : 1.1.1 1 moved to St. Johnshury, Vt., where he was 

;l.'i, and the Lii in- judge of tlie Orange County Court from 1782 

tisli service. A].] -n-i n . 1 .n nxiHil, lill his death. 

Inst Va, in 1 >. , I n 1, ,1 liie Arnold, Josun Lyndon, poet, b. Provi- 

iir^Uivrr, andinlli 1 ilvlaiin- dence, Apr. 22, 1768 ; d. St. Johnshury, Vt., 

Ill i'l.j" ll-: 1: I in another June 7, 1796. Danm. Coll. 1788. Son of 

' ' • ' 1.1 I, Ct. by Dr. Jonathan Arnold. After graduating, he 

1 1 1 ' 1 ! 1- they had taught .school in Plainfinld, Ct., then studied 

II 11 i >. I.iinlon. In law in Providence, and was adm. to prac- 

i 1 11 I am." He tice, but quitted the bar for a tutorship at B. U. 

1 1 ' ! ii i 11 i 11 .iniehewas On his father's death, he returned to St. Johns- 

1 . . . 1 . liv except bury. His poems were collected after his 

in J .11 I ■ V I" 1 n III .1 1; miiv." In death in a small volume (pub. 1797), with a 

.1., ami in I ;aii--, in- was at .St, Joim's, N.B., biogi-aphical preface signed James Bnrrell, jnn. 



le 27, 'Arrington, Alfked W., lawyer, b. ] 
•d law dell (.lo., iS'.C, Sept. ISIO; d. Chicago. ] 



Arnold, Lkwis G., bng.-gen. U. S. Vols., 
Ii. N'..J. all. 1816. West Point, 1837. Entering 
the 2j Art., he won two brevets in Mexieo 
by his gallantry at Contreras and Clmrubusco, 
where lie com. his company, and at Chapul- 
tepec. He was afterward disting. in Florida, 
commanding a detachment in a conflict with 
a large force of Seininoles at Big Cypress, 
Apr. 7, 1S56. jMay i5, 1861, made maj. Ut 
Art., and Jan. 24, 1862, brig.-gen. vols., serv- 
ing with the forces at N. Orleans. Lieut.-col. 
2d Alt, Aug. 1, 186.3. Retired Feb. 8, 1864. 
He served at Fort Pickens in 1861-2, was in 
ilic repuLse of the rebels on Santa Rosa Island, 
Fla , Oct. 9, 1861, and com. the Dep't of Fla. 
Feb.-Oct. 1862. 

Arnold, Peleg, manv years chief-justice 
of the Supreme C^ourt of R. I.; d. Smithfield, 
R.I., Feb. 1.!, isjd, :i. fis. He was a member 
of the Assi-ni! : ;ii.l i .;. j -ate to Congress 
in 1736-8, wL , , >-•■!• ludge. 

Arnold, l:: ■ ..)> • •■ inaj.gen.,b.Prov- 
idence, R,l., \2 .\|,i. 1 •_,-. West Point, 1850. 
Sun of Guv. L. a. Arnold. Entering the ar- 
tillery, he served in Florida; was aide to Gen. 
Wouliu Cal.; eapt. 5th Art. June, 1861 ; served 
at Bull Run, and t\n<m._,U tli- prnin-nlMV ,-a,u- 
paign ; app. chiefof an -1.11 i; m! -'■•:. ! 

rendered important .s.i.i . , ;\,. ,^ ..1 I'..,: 
Hudson, and in the Ucd Kuci ^.uii|..ul;ii , u.ij. 
afterward al.so chief of cavalry dept. of the 
Gulf; contrili. greatly to the reduction of Ft. 
Morgan in Moidle Bay. in Aug. 1864; was 
brev. maj.-gen. vols. 22 Aug. 1865 ; and Aug. 
1 866, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A. — Bartktt's 
R. I. Officers. 

Arnold, S.imuel Greene, historian and 
politician, b. Providence, R.I., 12 Apr. 1821. 
B.U. 1841. Camb. Law School, 1845, and adm. 
to the l{, I. liar. After travelling extensively in 
Europe, in the East, and in S. Amer., he be- 
came, in 1852, lieut.-gov. of R I., being the 
only man elected on the Whig ticket. Was in 
1861 a delegate to the peace convention ; was 
a;;ain lieut.-gov. of the State; took the field in 
1861 in command of a battery of artillery, and 
as aiile-dc-cainp to Go\ . .Sprague ; was .again 

for the unexpired term of J. F. Simmons, serv- 
ing on the committee on naval affairs. Author 
of a valuable " History of R. I.," 7 vols , 
1859-60; the article on " Tristam Burges" in 
"Appleton 8 Cyclop. ; " " Spirit of R. I. Histo- 
ry," a discourse beforr ili K, I III I s... , 1: 
Jan. 1853; an address ' : \ , , I 1 

tnte, N. Y., Oct. ls:.n , .. . , 

tha North American lui'l I './;.', ,.,<,, if. 



)ireacher in Ind. an 
oquenee. Adm. to 1 

18:!.j to Aik., altain 



the De 



Rev. and Southern LiLerartt Me. 



successful, 



and 



Arthur, Sir Geohoe, 1. 
statesman, b.June I'l. I7-I : -I 
He early entered th m i 
high rank, and, all. 1 1 
Honduras and Van li..ui,i, ■ 
18.'?8,wasapp. lieut.-gov. of Ui.| 
measures to suppress the rebe 
were prudent, vigorous, an 
with the aid of Sir John C 
harmony were comnlrtrly irvt,>i,-[|, m 1839, 
on the union of tlu' luov.nn ,. .iinl the app. of 
C. PaulettThom|.,"ii a-iii-i -.v -.n. of Can- 
ada, Sir George retuiiied liouie, and was imme- 
diately app. gov. of Bombay. — Munjan. 

Arthur, Timothy Shay, author, b. near . 
Newhurg, Or.inge, Co., N.Y., 1809.^ He had CL. 
little education ; was apprenticed to a trader in 
Baltimore ; was for several years a clerk, and, in 
18:J3, visited the West as agent of a banking 
company. On his return to Baltimore, where 
\\'- pn!i. a nnwi^aper called the Athenaeum, he 

' I ■!-- m| short novels, chiefly of a do- 

11 , ; : I , which have been widely cir- 

i. : . I. .: |iapers and in cheap editions, 



i.X ^ 



\V 11 
j| hi>tui 



his later novels are, " Out in the Wi.iid,'' 
" Nothing but Money," and " Our NeighlMirs." 
Artigas (ar-tee'-gas), Jose, a Montc\ idean 
gen., b. ab. 1760; d. Nov. 1825. During the 
insurrection of the Spanish colonies, the late of 
the new republic of La Plata was for souir time 
in his hands. In 1811, whileacapt. in tiie nual 
army, he entered the service of Buenos Ayns in 
consequence of a quarrel with the gov. of Santo 
Sacramento, and, gaining a victory over i\v: 
royalists at Las Piedras, the junta of Buenos 
Ayres speedily invested him with the command 
of an army with which he soon brought the Bra- 
zilian Governmentto terms. Having withdrawn 
Ills tnii.ps from tlie sic-e of Montevideo, the 



1 1815, and coni] 
him as independei 
In 1816, the Pu: 



deavored to extend tlieir territory to the La 
I'lata, but, alter several engagements, were 
forced to leave Artigas in possession of the 
country. In 1820, Artigas became master of 
the capital, in consequence of the government 
having lent itself to a plot for the establishment 
of an hereditary governjnent, Imt was deleattd 
in a decisive battle in Oct. 1820, and was, un- 
til his death, a captive in the hands of Francia, 
dictator of Paraguay. He was active and brave, 
and possessed an indomitable wid. 

Asboth, Alexander Sandor, brig.-gen. 
U.S. Vols., b.Keszthelv, Co. of Zaln, Hungary, 
Dec. 18, 1811; d. Buenos Ayres, Jan. 21, 1868. 
He studied at Oedenburg, served in the Aus- 
trian army, and afterwards devoted hinisiH'to 
engineering. Attaching himMli'in ilh I.l!« iik 
on the outbreak of the war of 1 '^ I ' ' 1 

the Hungarian army, took p,i II 
ties, and at the close of the >tiii,;j! wi^iij- 
gen. of the army. Accompanung Ko-snth tu 
Turkey, he shared his confinement at Kutaiah, 
and on their release, in the autumn of 1831, 
came in the frigate " Mississippi " to the U. S., 
of which he became a citizen. He was succes- 
sively a farmer, engineer, and manufacturer, 
until, in the spring of 1861, he oiFered his ser- 
vices to government, and in July went as chief 
of Fremont's staff to Missouri. Sept. 26, he 
was made brig.-gen., and in Fremont's western 
campaign com. the 4th division. His division 
formed the rearguard on the retreat to Rolla. 
He took an active part in Gen. Curtis's winter 
campaign in Ark., and was prominent in the 3- 
days' battle of Pea Ridge, where he was severely 
wounded. In Feb. 1363, he com. at Columbus, 
Ky., and in Aug. was assigned to the command 
of W. Florida. In the fight at Mariana, Fla., 
Sept. 27, 1864, his left cheek bone was broken, 
and his left arm fractured in two places. Brev. 
maj.-gen. for his services in Fla., Mar. 13, 1865; 
resigned Aug. 186.'). Tlie wound in his face fi- 
nally caused his death. App. minister to the 
Argentine Republic in Mar. 1866. 

Asbury, Francis, bishop of the M. E. 
Church, b. Uandsworth, StaHTordshire, Eng., 
Aug. 20, 1745; d. Spottsylvania, Va., Mar. 
31, 1816. He became an itinerant under Wes- 
ley in his 23d year; came to theU. S. in 1771 ; 
in 1772 was app. by Wesley general supt. in 
Amer., and held the office throughout the Rev- 
olution. At the peace, the Methodists in this 
country organized as a body separate from the 
Church of Eng. ; and Asbury was consecrated 
bishop by Dr. Coke in 1784. For 32 years, 
Bishop Asbury travelled yearly through the 
U. S., ordaining not less than 3,000 preachers, 
and preaching about 17,000 sermons. 

Asgill, Sir Charles, hart., a British gen., 
b. 1762; d July, 1823. Son of Sir Charles, 
alderman of London. Entering the 1st foot 
guards in Feb. 1778, he became a capt. Feb. 3, 
1781, and, joining the army under Cornwallis 
in America, was included in the surrender at 
Yorktown. By order of Washington, the cap- 
tured officers of his rank drew lots, that one 
might suffer in retaliation for the execution 
of the Amer. capt. Huddy. The lot fell upon 
Asgill; but by the intervention of the French 
queen, to whom his mother had made most pa- 
thetic appeals, he was, after 6 months' deten- 



tion, releasi-d by act of Congress. He afterward 
served during the Irish rebellion, and attained 
the grade of gen. June 4, 1814. 

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, lord, 
manv years the head of the great mercantile 
house "Baring Brothers & Co.," b. 1774; d. 
May 13, 1848. Son of Sir Francis Baring. 
After a business-education in Lund., cauic to 

firm. From 1812, until lic\\,i^ mi-d tn the 
peerage in 1835, he was a m. ml., r ni |,:irlia- 
ment. Comnienciiig political lilrUNU Win-, he 
became, on the formation of the Peel ministry 
in 1S34, prcs. of the Board of Trade. In 
1842, he was app. by Peel a special commis- 
.sioner to settle the .Maine boundary dispute, 
which then thrcatrncd ut in\<Av<: us in a war 
with Eng. In coiijnnrtioii uiil, Daiiir] Wcli- 

Treaty. In 1798, Lord Ashburton m. the dau. 
of Wm. Bingham of Phiia. 

Ashby, Turner, brig.-gen. C.S. A., b. Rose 
Hill, Faucjuicr Co., Va., 1824 ; killed near Hui- 



11k ; 



afterward ,, ,: , : ., 


When the 


civilwar 1 . 1 ■ 


1. nf cavalry, 


and,bein,:;a),ao.,,„i,|,..l,. ,1 1, 


n.Ml.sonnbe- 


came celebrated. llew.iis\\i' 


.,. M T .1 .lark- 


son, covering the retreat ul ! 


I ■ '•■■rlh,; 



advance of Gen. Banks, an 

Gen. Fremont up the Sht-n I .lii .ml (Lilly 

skirmishing with the Union vanguanl. In May, 
1862, he was app. a brig.-gen. Confcd provis- 
ional army. 

Ashe, John, gen., b. Eng., 1721 ; d. Du- 
plin Co., N.C., Oct. 24, 1781. He came to 
Amer. with his fatlier, who settled on Cape 
Fear River, N.C., in 1727. He was some 
years in the Colonial legisl., and was speaker 
in 1762-5 ; warmly opposed the Stamp Act, 
and, at the head of an armed force, com- 
pelled the stamp-master to resign. As a col. 
of militia, he aided Tryon against the Reg- 
ulators in 1771, but soon became a zealous 
republican. A member of the legisl., of the 
committee of correspondence and of safety, he 
was exceedingly active and vigilant; was one 
of the first projectors of a Provincial Congress ; 
with 500 men, destroyed Fort Johnson, in 
1775, and was denounced as a rebel. Member 
of the first Provincial Congress, he raised and 
equipped a regt. at his own expense ; was 
app., Apr. 23, 1776, brig, of Wilmington dis- 
trict, and, at the close of 1778, joined Lincoln 
in S. C. After his surprise and defeat by 
Gen. Prevost, at Brier Creek, Mar. 4, 1779, 
he returned home. Wilmington became a 
British post in 1781 ; and Col. Ashe and his 
family suflFered much at their hands. Made a 
prisoner, he contracted the sniall-po.x during 
his confinement, of which disea.se he died. 

Ashe, John Baptiste, soldier and states- 
man, b. N. C, 1748; d. Nov. 27, 1802. Son 
of Gov. Samnel Ashe. In 1776, he was a capt. 
in the Continental service, and closed his mili- 
tary career at Eutaw, a lieut.-col. He was a 



4 



member of the State leKis!., delegate to the 
olJ Congress in 1787-8, M. C, 1790-3. 
Elected gov. of N. C, but died before his in- 

Ashe, Samuel, jurist and statesman, Iiro. 
of Gen. John, b. N. C, 172.5 ; d. Rockv I'..iiit, 
N.C., Feb. 3, 1813. He was a lawyer, ami 
exhibited his patriotism and talenis in tin- 
council of safety, in the Congress of N. (_'., »( 
which he was a leading member in 1774-6, 
and also as a soldier in some of the emergencies 
of the times. Chief-justice of N. C. in 1777- 
96, and gov. of N. C. in 1793-8. 

Ashe, CoL. Samiel, son of the preced- 
ing, b. 1763; d. near Fayi-tleville, N.C., Nov. 
10, 1834. He was a Revol. soldier ; was made 
prisoner at the capture of Charleston in 1780, 
and, after his exchange, served to the end of the 
war ; first under Lafayette, and finally under 
Gen. Greene. He subsequently represented in 
the State Assembly the county of New Hano- 
over for many years. He was a man of great 
kindness and benevolence. 

Ashe, Thomas, clerk, on board his Majes- 
ty's ship, " The Richmond," sent out in 1680; 
pub., on his return in 1682, "Carolina; or, a 
Description of the Present State of that 
Country, and the Natural E.\cellences thereof," 
&c. It forms 26 8vo pages in the reprint in 
Carroll's Hist. Coll. of S. C. — Dnyckinck. 

Ashe, Tiios., called Capt. Ashe, an English 
traveller, author of " Travels in America in 
1806;" d. 1835. 

Ashley, John, niaj.-gen., d. Sheffield, Ms., 
Nov. 5, 1799, a. 63. Y.C. 1758. Son of Col. 
John, one of the settlers, in 1732, of Hous- 
satonnuc, afterward Sheffield, who d. there 
Sept. 1, 1802, a. 92. Gen A. com. the militia 
which dispersed the insurrectionary force of 
Shay's at Sheffield, Feb. 26, 1787. He was a 
lawyer, and iield many public trusts. 

Ashley, Jonathan, minister of Westfield ; 
and subscfiucntlv of Deerfield, Ms., b. 1713; 
d. there June, 1787. Y. C. 1730. Ord. 1738. 
He was a man of strong mind ; was an earnest 
and pungent preacher, and a warm loyalist, 
in conseiiuence of which, and of the imprudent 
boldness with which he expressed his senti- 
ments, difficulties occurred between him and 
his people. He pub. a sermon on " Church- 
membership ; " at the ordination of John Nor- 
ton, Deertield, 1741; "The Great Duty of 
Charity,' 1742; "A Letter to W. Cooper," 
1745. 

Ashley, Gen. William H., b. Powhatan 
Co., Va. ab. 1778; d. near Booneville, Mo., 
Mar. 26, 1838. He emigrated to Missouri, 
then Upper La. ; in 1808 settled near 
the lead-mines, and became brig.-gen. of 
militia. In 1822, he projected the "Mountain 
Expedition," uniting the Indian trade in 
the Rocky Mountains with hunting and 
trapping; enlisted ab. 300 hardy men in the 
business, from which they realized handsome 
fortunes. He was the first lieut.-gov. of Mo., 
and M. C. from 1831 to \SS1. — Lanman. 

Ashmead, Isaac, printer, inventor of 
composition printing-rollers, d. Phila., Mar. 1, 
1870, a. 80. He was a founder of the Anicr. S. 
S. Union, and aided in establishing the Amer. 
Presbi/leriun and the Pr'esb. Quarterli/ Review. 



Ashmun, Eli Porter, lawver, b. Bland- ' 

ford, Ms., June 24, 1770; d. Northampton, 

May 10, 1819. Middlebury Coll. 1807. He 

pr.ictised law in his native town until 1807; 

was -cveral years in the house and senate of 

Jl . ; and was U. S. senator from 1816 until his 

n-i-^iiation in May, 1818. He received an 

hoiinrary degree from H. U. in 1809. 
Ashmun, George, lawver and politician, 

b. Bradlurd, .Ms., Dec. 25,'l804; d. Spring- i 

Hold, July 17, 1870. Y. C. 1823. He settled ' 

in SpriagticUl as a lawyer in 1828; was some 

years in the legisl., and was speaker in 1841. , 

M. C. 1845-51 ; and pres. of the Chicago Nat. I 

Repub. Convention in 1860. He was an able 

debater and a sterling patriot. 

Ashmun, Jehudi, agent of the Amer. 

Colonization Soc, b. Champlain, N. Y., Apr. 

1794; d. Aug. 25,1828. Bowd. Coll. 1816. 

After preparini; for the ministry, he was for a 

short tiiiM' |>p.r. in ilir Bangor Theol. Sem. 

Removinj I i 1 :■ h, : [ (.'olurabia, he edited 

the 7'/,. / //. App. to take 

charge of a r rn;,!, . mciit to the colony at 

Liberia, he an ivtil at Cape Montserado, Aug. 

8, 1822. He was legislator, soldier, and engi- 
neer, laying out fortifications, and superin- 
tending their construction, though suffering 

great affliction from the loss of his wife, and 

laboring under an attack of fever. Ab. three 

months after his arrival, his force of 35 men 

and boys was attacked by 800 armed savages, 

whom he repulsed, and a second time defeated 

them a few days later. Comjjelled by ill health 

to take a voyage to Amer., he d. a fortnight aftei 

his arrival at New Haven. He pub. " Memoirs 
of Rev. Samuel Bacon," 1822, and papers in the 
African Jiepoaitorij. — See Life by li. R. Gurlet/, 
8vo, 183S. 

Ashmun, John Hooker, legal scholar, 
b. Blandford, Ms., July 3, 1800; d. Cam- 
bridge, Ms., Apr. 1, 1833. Son of Eli P. H. 
U. 1818. He became associated with Judge 

Howe and Elijah H. Mills in conducting a law- 
scliool at Northampton ; and, when the law- 
school at Cambridge was organized in 1829, 
he was app. prof there. Though he d. young, 
ho had acquired a high reputation. Judge 
Story, in his funeral discour.se, said, " The 
honors of the university were never more wor- 
thily bestowed," and " he gathered about him 
all the honors which are usually the harvest of 
the ripest life." 

Aspinwall, Col. Thomas, b. Brooklino, . , 
Aug. 23, 1784.^H. U. 1804. Sou. of Dr. <^ ^-f /2., / & 
Wm. He studied law with Wm. Sullivan, / 

and, at the commencement of the War of 1812, 
was a practitioner at tlie bar. App. maj. 9tli 
U. S. Inf , which he aided in raising, Mar. 
12, 1812, he received tlie brevs. of lieut.-col. 
for gallantry at Sackett's Harbor, May 29, 
1813, and of col. for Brown's sortie from 
Fort Erie, in which he lost an arm, Sept. 17, 
1814; and was also disting. iu Gaines's victory 
at Fort Erie. U. S. consul at London from 
1816 to 18.i4. Since a resident of Boston. 

Aspinwall, William, M.D., physician, 
1). Brookline, Ms., May 23, 1743; d. Apr. 16, 
1823. H. U. 1764. He studied at Phila., and 
took his diploma there ab. 1768. He prac- 
tised in Brookline until the Revol. war. He 



^t 






40 



served as a vol. at Lexington, then as a 
surscon, anil afterward as deputy director of 
a military hospital at Jamaica Plain. He 
afterward engaged in inoculation for small- 
pox, and erected ho.spitnls in Brookiine for 
that purpose, and adoptid vnrciin' innculation 
as soon as it was int.-.n!,,,.,! ,„;u il„. U. S. 
Mnnv ve:,rsamen,hr, ,.| >1., I,,,.,.,, and senate 
of .Ms . nn.l ,,f tl ^.■< rir.r .Miinnl.Mlso a 



Astor, .fou.N J.^coB, a wealthy merchant, 
founder of the Astor Library o"f N. Y., h. 
Waldorf, Germany, July 17, 1763; d. N. Y. 
City, March 29, 1848. At the age of 16, he 
joined his elder bro., a dealer in musical in- 
struments, in London, and at 20, with a small 
stock of furs, began business in N. Y. He 



nnd, 



an immense loitune, the bulk of which he left 
to his son, Wm. B. Astor. Besides giving 
8400,001) for the lihr.irv, he made many liberal 
d<,!iaii"n..lMnnr hi. lilMime. His will con- 
tain -.1 iiii-ii . -'i. ! . '; iiii.iMr provisions, one 
of ^ . 1 'I i-i ; ,; ..I (lie poor of his 

nain. mii::j<> I h' in- hi' m- of the establish- 
ment hi A>ioria are narrated by Irving in his 
"Astoria" and iu his "Life of Capt. Bonne- 
ville." 

Atahualpa (ii-tii-hwal'-pa), or Atabali- 
PA, last inea of Peru, strangled by order of 
Pizarro, Aug. 29, 1533. Made king of Quito 
on his fatber's death in 1.'529, he soon after de- 
posed his eldest brother Huescar, and sought 
to secure his seat bv the nini-der of lii^ iliilihcii. 
The civil war which cnsiaM cnaiilrrl l'i/,,Mo t,i 
obtain a foothold in I'iih nhiainin^ |„,,.r.- 
sion of the inca's perMiU I y lreaehii\. lie wa^ 
for some time kept iu respectful ciistody to 
issue such orders as the conquerors dictat'd ; 
but at length, to prevent con'cnfion ab. the di- 
vision of his ransom between liis captors and 
the newly-arrived troops of Almagro, he was, 
after a mock trial, strangled at the stake. 

Atchison, David R., U. S. senator from 
Mo., 1841-5.=., b. Frogtowu, Favette Co., Ky., 
, Aug. 11, 1SII7, Ih -. iM.-l III Liberty Co., Mo., 
in April, 18 ;ii , \vasa memhcrof 

theMo. Icgi-; I ! I -IS; and, in Feb. 

1841, was ap[i. jn Ij- m :!i. I'hme Co. Circuit 
Court ; pres. pm icm. U. S. senate, 1846-9 and 
18.')2-4. Prominent in the legisl. upon the or- 
ganization of the Territories of Kansas and Ne- 
braska, and claims to have originated the clause 
in the bill repealing the Missouri Compromise. 
He was a proslavery leader in the Kansas 
troubles in 1856-7. 'Resides in Clinton Co., 
Mo. 

Atherton, Charles Gordos, senator, 
son of Charles H., b. Amherst, N.H., 4 July, 
1804 ; d. Manchester, N.H., 15 Nov. 18.53. H. 
U. 1822. Adm. to the bar in 1825, he opened an 
office in Nashua, and afterward in Dunstable ; 
was many years a Democ. member of the N. H. 
legisl., and three years speaker of the House. 



M. C. 1837-43; U. S. senator 1843-9, and 
again in 1853, and chairman of the finance 
committee. 11 Dec. 1838, he introduced re- 
solves declaring that " Congress has no juris- 
diction over tlin institution of slavery in the 
several Slatr^ of ihr .-oiiri'ihaary, and' that all 

be laid on tli- niMr iviihimi drh.i'ic." ' Thc^J 
rules wiav in luixx- until 1S4.J. 

Atherton, Cuahles Hdjiphrey, lawyer, 
b. Audierst, N.H., Aug. 14, 1773; d. there 
Jan. 8, 18.53. H U. 1794. Son of Hon Josh- 
ua. He descended from James, one of the 
founders of Lancaster, Ms. ; began to practise 
law in Amherst in 1797; soon established a 
reputation for solid attainments and exact hab- 
its of investigation ; and was register of pro- 
bate from 1798 to 1837. M. C. 181.5-17, and 
an ardent member of the Federal partv. Mem- 
ber of the State legisl. in 1823 and 1838-9. 
lb' ninlc' valnalili' contributions to the coUec- 

Athcrton, lliMriiKiv, maj.-gen., a dis- 

ini^ni^li-.l .M,. >n|,lirr; .I.Boston, Sept. 17, 

Eng.' ah. 1G36, at whi.'h ti.n.' \u- -i-n.'.l ilie 
covenant ofthocbnr.bat li'n.li'^i r A.lni. 
a freeman in 1638; dr|.. to ih.' i,.ii.a;il Conit 
from Dorchester for that vrar, an. I in liJ.i'J, 41, 
and 53, from SprinL;li.l.i when he was chosen 
speaker. Capt. ol ibc Art. ('... 1650. In 
1654, and from 1664 to bis il. he was assist., 
and in 1656, mnj.-gen. He was much employed 
in negotiations with the Indians. The manner 
of his death is commented on by Hubbard as 
one of the judgments of God. 

Atherton, Joshua, lawver and loyalist, 
h. Harvard, Ms . June 20, I7'37; d Amherst, 
N.H., Apr. 3, 1809. H. U. 1762. Son of 
Col. P.-t,a- of Lancaster. He studied law, be- 



lli. I ir , 1 > nil the insults and indignities 
b I. v., I ,,., u.h.he refused to Hy. Having 
ti.l,-i ili__,.iuli ..I allegiance to the U. S., he 

rior Court. (iiihl" i i -.^ his lost 

popularity, he beiMin . i n i . ,,| the Con- 
vention to adopt th.; I'.li I i: I I, II .i!i.>n, and 
led the opposition. He ohj.. i '< i- li. pn. vis- 
ions concerning slaves an.l . ^ n .■- 
qnently he was elected to th. ', it.i 

of N. H,and in 1793 was n.;. .■ mi ■. ^. ii. 

of the State. His last office was that of com- 
missioner for U. S. direct tax. He was re- 
m;irkable for courtesy, urbanity, and other 
social qualities. — Saln'iie. 

Atkinson, HENltv.gen. ; d. June 14, 1842, 
at Jefferson Barracks, Mo , a. 60. He was app. 
from N. C. ca|)t. 3d Inf. July 1, 1808 ; inspec- 
tor-gen. Apr. 25, 1813; col. 45th Inf A|)r. 15, 
1814; brig.-gen. May 13, 1820; adjutant-gen. 
June I, 1821, and com. the Western army at 
the defeat of the Sac Indians under Black 
Hawk, near Bad Axe River, Aug. 2, 1832. His 
bro. Gen. Richard served in N.C. legisl.; was 
col. of a N.C. regt. in the Creek war (1813-14); 
d. Person Co., N.C, Dec. 3, 1821. 



41 



Atkinson, Theodore, jml-e, b. Newcas- 
tle, N.U., Dec. 20, 1697 ; d. Sept. 22, 1779. H. 
U. 1718. Son of Col. TlieoJoi-c. Sec. of the 
Colony in 1741, chid -justice in 1754, and 
nuij -sen. of militia in 1769. The Revol. ilc- 
in-i'vcd him of all these offices. A dcle^'ate to 
the Congress at Albany in 1754, he was one 
of the committee which drew up the plan of 
union for the defence of the CniMiiic-; \lnnv 
years in the le^isl. and coini- il '■■■• ' . i. ' i 
the offices of clerk of the < '. I' l 

militia, and in active sir\M> i _ li. 

French and Indi.in wars; comcioi ui I'.j,;,- 
niouth, and shcrift'. At his death, he left X200 
to the Epis. Church of Portsmouth, the inter- 
est to be spent in bread for the poor. 

Atkinson, Theodore, Jun., his son, b. 
Portsmouth, Apr. 29, 17.37; d. Oct. 28, 1769. 
H. U. 1757. Was a nieml>er of the council, 
and sec. of the Colony, 1760-9. 

Atkinson, William King, lawyer, h. 
Portsmouth, N.H., Jan. 6, 1764 ; d. Sept. 29, 
1820. H. U. 178-3. He changed his name, 
which was Kinir, from respect to h's relative, 
Judge A. Commencing the practice of law 
at Dover, N.H., he acquired high repute, was 
many years register of probate, was attorney- 
gen., and afterward a justice of the Supreme 
Court. 

Atlee, Samuel John, col. Revol. army, 
1). 17.iS; d. Phila., Nov. 1786 He com. a 
P.-niiNvlvania coiiipanv in the Fieneli war. 



1778-82, and one of the committee on 



the mutiny of Pa. troops in 17 


■81. 


Atlee," Washin-uton L., 


M,D., lecturer 

'■■1. i'a.. 1' Il -J. 


rm^ii:-,:,.^!:,;:::;:;,; .:,:: 




Atondo y Antillon, i - 1 


i....,.i ,, - , .|i 


admiral ooncenird ill. IhT,,.,:, 


,■ ...| ..1 1, : ■.-!■ 


California; d. in tlu- l.it.. r , 


,: ., Ill' 17:li 


century. He sailed liom (' 


i:u:ila, .\rav 18, 


1683, with two vcssil- e.|in| 


.p,..l at his" own 


cost. Landing Oct. 6 in a -i 


,'a. I.,,v >ituated 


in latitude L'6°':iii', vilu. 1, \,r v 


allr.l M. Bruno, 


he iiiiij a r 'il, ,i:.; ■, .:, 1 


-i.m of the 


t''n ■■..!,..' 1 . •■ I • I'll' 


1 i.y the crown 




.1 lUo„..fthei^- 


In 1 ' .,':i !' ' ' |i'.< I :mii 


|. 1. ri' liaptized. 


ill^. . :i :; : 


-nil, Aton- 



Bruno, lie declined to remain there, and, after 
spending three years, returned. Atondo was 
charged with a new expedition in 1686 ; hut 
none took place until 8 years after, when 
Francisco de Hamarra und"ertook it, and the 
colonization was afterward completed by the 
fathers Kino and Salva Tierra, who accompa- 
nied Atondo. — Nouv. Bioy. Gen. 

Attacks, CRispus,.a mulatto, or half-In- 
dian, a resident of Frainingham, Ms. Killed 
Mar. 5, 1770, in the atfray known as the Bos- 



ton Massacre, in which he Wiis a ringleader. 
Several affiays had recently taken place be- 
tween the people and the soldiery, who were 
mutually e.xa-perated. Leading his party to 
King .Street to attack the main guard, Attucks 
seized the bayonet of a soldier, knocked him 
down, and, i"n the fatal discharge which fol- 
lowed, was the first to fall. The funeral of 



oration in Boston, and was effectively used to 
stimulate the Revol. sentiments of the people. 

Atwater, Caleb, author, h. N. Adams, 
Ms., Dec. 25, 1778 ; d. Cireleville, O., Mar. 13, 
1867. Williams Coll. 1804. He practised law ; 
removed to O. in 1811; was some years 
member of the legisl., and postmaster of Cir- 
eleville; and was an Indian commissioner un- 
der Jackson. Author of a "Tour to Prairie 
du Chien in 1829," 12mo, Columbus, 1,S31 ; 
" Western Antiquities," 1833 ; " Writings of 
Caleb Atwater," 8vo, 1833; "History of 
Ohio," 8vo, 1838 ; and " Essay on Education," 
1841. 

Atwater, Jeremiah, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 
1810), first pres. of .Miildleburv Coll., Vt., 
1800-9 ; pres. of Dick. Coll. Pa.; 1809-13 ; b. 
N. Haven, Ct., 1774; d. there 29 July, 1858. 
Yale Coll. 1793. Tutor there, 1795-9. 

Aubert Dubayet (o-b,iir du-bar-ya), 
Jean Bapt. Annibale, a French soldier, b. 
La., Aug. 29, 1759; d. Constantinople, Dec. 
17, 1797^ In 1780, he was a lieut. in the regt. 
Bourbonnais in the army of Rochamlieau, serv- 
ing in America; and at the outset of the 
French Revol. was a capt. of cavalry in gar- 

I :• i. i ' - l.iia^rtlr, l;ii^ .J a,, in 1793, he 
; ■ : .1 : a " aiMi.M 11- Mniviiderlcdthe 

jam 1 Mill, I tha Vaa.laaii-, who defeated 

liim at Cli'-son. In 1796, he com. the army of 
the coast of Cherbourg, but was called to the 
ministry of war by the Directory, and 3 months 
later was sent ambassador to Constantinople, 
where lie died. 

Auberteuil, Hillakd d', see Hilliard 
d'A. 

Aubry, capt., Knight of St. Louis; d. 
Feb. 24,1770. Made prisoner by Sir Wm. 
Johnson at Niagara, in 1759, and was in com. 
of 4 companies at N. Orleans, where he suc- 
ceeded to the government of La., Feb. 4, 1765. 
In Mar. 1766, he surrendered the colony to 
Gov. UUoa, upon whose e.xpulsion in 1768, he 
continued to administer the government until 
relieved by Gen. O'Reilly, in July, 1769. He 
then sailed for Bordeau.x, and was wrecked in 
the Garrone, nearly all on board perishing. — 
O'CaJ/aylmiK 

Aubrey, Col. Thomas, a British officer ; 
d. Jan. 15, 1814. Son of Sir Thomas. En- 
sign 9th Foot, Oct. 26, 1762 ; capt. 47th, 1771, 
and cnsragcd at Bunker Hill, 1775; maj. 1782. 
He served through the Amer. war, particular- 
ly distinguishing himself in command of the 
troops upon Diamond Island, where he acquit- 
ted himself so as to receive the thanks of the 



^TJC 



AJUGr 



conimiinJer in chief. M. P. for WuUingfoni. 
1784-90. 

Auchmuty, Robert, an eminent lawyer, 
li. Boston, Apr. IT.W. His father, the deseend- 



was in the battles of Brooklyn and White 
Plains; and, after serving' in three eampiii^nis 
against his countrymen, procured a captaincy 
in the 75th, with which he served in India from 

WS.S to 17y6, and was at the first sicLre of Sc- 



Court..! Am u, ,;;. , .r.i.l lu 174' i u ,i, ...il- uf the 
diruciui^ .,1 tli^ L.i.iJ U.iiik. 1m 1741, he was 
sent to Eiig. as agent for the Colony in the 
houndarv dispute with R. I. While there, he 
advocated the e.\ped. to Cape Breton in a pam- 
phlet, en titled "Thelmportance of Cape Breton 
to thi- British Nation, and a Plan for taking the 
Placi;." His talents were extraordinary ; and 
he was famous for his wit and shrewdness. To 
him, it is said, the profession in Ms. is indebted 
for the high character it has since maintained. 
He was a resident of Roxbury from 1733 till 
his death. He left two sons, Samuel and Rob- 
ert; a dau., who became the wife of Chief-Jus- 
tice Benjamin Pratt of NY. ; and also a third 
son James, a talented lawyer, and a judge in 
Nova Scotia. 

Auchmuty, Robert, lawyer, son of the 
preceding, b. Boston ; d. Marylebone, Eng., 
Dec. 1788. His great natural talents and in- 
dustry enabled hi.Ti to dispense with a collegiate 
education. He was an eloquent and successful 
advocate, and, with Adams and Quiucy, de- 
fended Capt. Preston and the British so'ldiers 
engaged in the Boston Massacre. He was 
judge of admiralty from 1767 till 1776, when, 
being a zealous royalist, he went to Eng. His 
letters to persons in Eng. were sent to Amer., 
with those of Gov. Hutchinson, by Franklin, in 
177;i, and created great excitement. 

Auchmuty, Samuel, 0.D., bro. of the 
prccc-dinL;. an Episcopal clergyman, b. Boston, 
Jan. 16,1722; d. N.Y., Mar. 6, 1777. H. U. 
1742. He studied in Eng.; wasord.,andapp. an 
assist, minister of Trinity Church, N.Y., and in 
1764, upon the death of the rector, was assigned 
the charge of all the churches in that city. Op- 
posed, like most of his Episcopal brethren, to 
the Revol., he continued to read prayers in 
his church for the king, until Lord Stirling, 
while in command in N. Y., compelled him to 
close his church. When the British obtained 
possession of the city, he resolved to return, but, 
not being allowed to pass the Amer. lims, re- 
turned on foot by a circuitous route, after un- 
dergoing great hardships. His church and 
piirsonage had been burnt to the ground, and 
his papers and the church-records all destroyed. 
The Sunday following, he preached in St. 
Paul's for the last time; an illness, brought 
on by his exposure and hardships, terminating 
his life in a few davs. He received his degree 
of D.D. from Oxford, and from Kings Coll. 
in 1767. Trumbull calls him a " high-church 
clert;yniaii." and makes him the subject of re- 
mark in " iMcFingal." 

Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, a British gen., 
son of Uev. Samuel, b. NY., June 22, 1758 ; 
d. Dublin, Aug. 11, 1822. Kings Coll. 1775. 
He volunteered in the 45th Foot in Aug. 1776; 



In 1810, he com. the luiv,-, in {],.- i '.[hkiih' ; in 
1811, reduced the valnaldc sfttifiuunts ut Java 
and Batavia, was again thanked by parlia- 
ment, and, returning to Eng. in 1813, was 
made a lieut.-gen., and in 1822 commander in 
chief in Ireland. 

Audubon, John James, ornithologist, b. 
N. Orleans, Mav 4, 1780 ; d. Minniesland, near 
N. Y., Jan. 27,'l851. His father had been an 
admiral in the French navv. From his earli- 



est 



of Nal 
! he atta 
• the tni 



drawings of iln' " KmU 'il Anni km " I li, la- 
ther gave liini a I. mil in I'.i., ami lie iiiairird. 
"For a period ut nearly 20 years," lie Miys in 
the preface to his great work, " ray life was a 
series of vicissitudes, I tried various branches 
of commerce; but they all proved unprofitable." 
As early as 1810, he sailed down the Ohio with 
his wife" and child in an open boat, in search of 
a congenial spot for his forest home. Devoting 
all his energies to his favorite pursuit, hardly a 
region in the U. S. was left unvisited. Wilson 
the ornithologist was his companion in some 
of his Western excursions. In 1811, Audubon 
visited Florida, gathering by his rifle and pen- 
cil the subjects of his great work. With a view- 
to its publication, he went to Phila. and N.Y. 
in 1.S24, and in 1826 to Europe, to obtain sub- 
scribers. From Herschel, Cuvier, and Hum- 
boldt, whom he had known in Amer., he had 
a warm reception. " The Birds of America " 
appeared in numbers, beginning in 1825, and 
was completed in 4 vols., June 20. 1838, ex- 
ceeding by its merits all expectation. In 1829, 
he returned to the U.S. ; and, renewing his 
explorations, found materials for a new work, 
called " Ornithological Biographies." He vis- 
ited Eng. in 1834, and, returning; in 1839, estab- 
lished himself on the banks of the Hudson. 
There, with the aid of Dr. Bachman, he pre- 
pared "The Quadrupeds of America," pub. in 
1850. He was a man of simple manners, but 
of marked characteristics of genius and energy. 
He was assisted in some of his labors by his two 
sons, the younger of whom, John W., d. Feb. 
21, 1862, while preparing a new edition of the 
" Birds of America," afterward completed and 
pub. by his widow in 1869. 

Augur, Christopher Colon, brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. N. Y. ab. 1821. West Point, 1843. 
App. from Mich., he entered the 2d Inf. ; was 
aide-de-camp during the Mexican war to Brig.- 
Gen. Hopping, and, after his death, to Gen. Ca- 
leb Cashing; capt. Aug. 1, 1852; and was 
in 1855-6 (listing, in several conflicts with the 
Indians of Oregon. Maj. 13th Inf. May 14, 



43 



1861, he was a short time com. of cadets at 
West Point, and Nov. 12 became brig.-gen. of 
vols. He was first assigned a command in Mc- 
Dowell's corps ; in July, 1862, took a division 
in the army corps of Gen. Banks, and was 
wounded at tlie battle of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 
9, 1862. In Oct., he was a member of the court 
of inquiry to investigate the surrender of Har- 
per's Ferry, and in Nov. was ordered to report to 
Gen. Banks for service in his Southern exped. 
He was made maj.-gen.9 Aug. 1862; col. 12th 
Inf. Mar. 15, 1866;'Mar.4, 1869, brig.-gen. U. 
S. A. He won the brevets of brig.-gen. U. S. 
A. at the capture of Port Hudson, and raaj.- 
pen. for services in the field during the Rebellion. 
He com. the dept. of Washington from Oct. 
1S63 to Aug. 1866. Assigned to the dept. of 
the Platte in 1867. 

Augur, Hezekiah, sculptor, b. Feb. 21, 
1791, N. Haven, Ct.; d. there Jan. 10, 1858. 
Not succeeding in trade, he turned bis attention 
to art, and in 1827 chiselled a Washington and 
a Sappho. He produced several works, the best 
of wbich is his " Jephthah and his Daughter," 
in the Trumbull Gallery of Yale Coll. Pos- 
sessing also much mechanical genius, his inven- 
tion of the carving machine is now in general 
and successful use. A. M. of Y. C. 1833. 

Augustus, JoHS, a philanthropic shoe- 
maker of Boston ; d. there June 21, 1859, a. 74. 
For more than 20 years he attended the crimi- 
nal courts for the purpose of endeavoring to re- 
claim the poor and unfortunate, to whom his 
purse and his house were alwavs open. 

Auliek, John- H., commo.'U. S. N., b. Va. 
Midshipman, Nov. 15, 1809 ; master's mate in 
the action between " The Enterprise " and 
"Boxer," Sept. 4, 1813; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; 
com. Mar..3, 1831 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841 ; commo. 
n-tired list, July 16, 1862. He com. sloop 
" Vincennes," 1837 ; East India squad. 1852-3. 

Aury, Luis de, was from New Grenada; 
became a lieut. in the navy, 9 June, 1813 ; and 
com. the naval forces of New Grenada at the 
siege of Carthagena. Sept. 1, 1816, he ac- 
companied Herrera to Texas as commo. of the 
united fleets of the Republics of Mexico, Vene- 
zuela, La Plata, and New Grenada ; was app. 
gov. of Texas and Galveston Island, and held 
the office until 1817. In July, 1817, he aided 
Sir Gregor McGregor in the exped. against 
Florida ; and afterwards assisted the patriots 
of the Soutli Amer. republics. He m. a lady 
of N. Orleans, resided there some time, and 
was in 1845 at Havana Yonhwi's Texas. 

Austin, David, b. N. Haven, 1760. Y.ile 
Coll. 1779. Minister of Elizabethtown, N.J., 
from 1788 to 1797, when dismissed for his 
second-advent opinions, and of Bozrah, Ct., 
from 1815 to his death, Norwich, Feb. 5, 1831. 
He pub. the "American Preacher," by various 
ministers, 4 vols., "The Downfall of Babylon," 
and some sermons, and edited a commentary 
on the Bible. 

Austin, Benjamin, political writer, b. 
Boston, 1752 ; d. there May 4, 1820. Son of 
Benjamin, who d. Boston, Mar. 14, 1806, a 89. 
His mother was a Waldo. He was a merchant 
and a political writer before the Revol. In 
1784, he engaged in business with his bro. J. 
L. Austin. He engaged zealously on the 



Democ. or Republican side of the violent po- 
litical controversy, which terminated in the 
triumph of Jefferson, and was app. by him 
commissioner of loans for Ms. He "was a 
member of the house and senate of Ms , and was 
long known as a writer in the Indpeiulenl 
Chronicle, under the signatures of Honestus and 
Old South. His essays under the latter title 
were pub. in 8vo, in 1803. His son Charles 
attempted, in 1806, to chastise Thos. O. 
Selfridge for abuse of his father, and was 
killed by him in State Street, Boston. Selfridge 
was tried and acquitted. 

Austin, James Trecothic, LL.D., law- 
yer and author, b. Boston, Jan. 7, 1784; d. 
there May 8, 1870. H. U. 1802. Son of 
Jonathan L. Austin. He was town advocate 
in 1809, member of the State legisl., county 
attornev for Suffolk, 1812-32, and attorney-gen. 
of Ms. in 18.32-43. He delivered an oration 
at Lexington, July 4, 1815; edited the Emer- 
ald, a literary periodical; was a contributor 
to the Christian Examiner and to various polit- 
ical journals ; pub. several orations and other 
similar productions, and in 1828 a "Life of 
Elbridge Gerry," whose dan. he m. in 1806. 
He was an anti-Federalist, and a decided op- 
ponent of the antislavery movement. 

Austin, Jonathan Loring, a merchant, 
b. Boston, Jan. 2, 1748; d. there May 10, 
1826. H.U. 1766. SonofHon.Benj. Austin. 
He became a merchant in Portsmouth, N.H. ; 
was raaj. in Langdon's regt. ; became aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Sullivan, and was sec. of the 
board of war in Ms. until Oct. 1777. De- 
spatched to France with the news of Burgoyne's 
surrender, and to obtain supplies of clothing, 
&c., for the army, the good Dr. Chauncy prayed, 
that, " whatevermight befall the young man, the 
packet might be preserved." Arriving in Nov., 
Dr. Franklin transferred to the messenger of 
such glorious tiding tlie affection of a father ; 
constituted him additional private sec, and 
sent him as an agent to London. Charged 
with the despatches of the commissioners to 
Congress, he arrived in Pliila., May, 1779. 
Sent to Europe by the State of Ms., in Jan. 
1780, to negotiate a loan, he was captured on 
the passage ; was liberated in En^ by means 
of his old friends, but did not succeed in his 
mission, and returned in the fall of 1781. 
He served many years in the State senate ; 
represented eambridge in the legisl., and was 
successively elected sec. and treas. of the 
State. He delivered the oration, July 4, 1786, 
in Boston. — Lorint/'s Bost. Oratoi-s. 

Austin, Col. Jon.^than Williams, son 
of Benj., a Kevol. patriot, b. Boston, Apr. 18, 
1751 ; d. in a Southern State in the summer 
of 1778. H.U. 1769. He read law with John 
Adams ; was adm. to the Suffolk bar, July 27, 
1772 ; was a member of the Middlesex con- 
vention in 1774, and chairman of the com- 
mittee that prepared resolutions adopted by 
the convention. Maj. in the army of the 
Revol., and in 1776 com. at Castle 'William. 
He wrote poetical and political ess.ays, and de- 
livered the oration on the Boston Massacre, 
March 5, 1778. — Loring' s Boston Orators. 

Austin, Rev. John Mather, b. N.Y., 
1803. Author of " Voice to Youth," " Voice to 



the ^Lin-ie.l," " Sundav-School Exposition," 
"Life of John Quincy Adams," &c.—Alli- 

Austin, Moses, Texan pioneer, b Dur- 
ham, Ct. ; 'i. Louisiana. June 10, 1821. Emi- 
grating \\\-t Willi his familv in 1798, he 
ensa-c.l in I ;i i iiiiiiiii- from '1800 to 18iO, 
when hi' » a. Ill I'nxar, I'ex. He applied to the 
Mexiean <■ iianlaiit at Monterey for permis- 
sion to colonize 300 families in Tex. ; and the 
enterprise was successfnlly prosecuted by his 
son Stephen F. On his return to the Sabine 
in Jan. 1821. he was robbed, and caught a 
severe coM, wliich caused his death. 

Austin, Samlll, D.D. (Williams Coll. 
1807), 1MV>. of the U. of Vt. (1815-21), b. New 
Haveu, Ci., Oct. 7. 1760; d. Glastcnbury, Ct., 
Dec. 4, IS.TO. Y.C. 1783. He spent two 
years in teaching, and in the study of divinity ; 
was ord. at Fairhaveu, Nov. 9, 1786, but was 
dismissed Jan. 19, 1790; and was many years 
pastor of the First Cong. Church at Worcester. 
Here he became celebrated for his eloquence 
and learning, and acquired great popularity. 



OCra.-lulicJ In, iviura lu \V,jKa-,ka HI lb2.j. 

For the last three years of Ins life, he was 
partiallv deranged. He pub. " A View of the 
Church," 1807; "Letters on Baptism," 1805; 
"Reply to Merill's Letters," 1806 ; " Disserta- 
tions on Several Fundamental Articles of 
Christian Theology," 1806; a number of 
sermons, orations, and addresses, also numer- 
ous contributions to the periodicals of his time. 

Austin, Stephen F., founder of the first 
colonv ill IVx., Min of Moses ;d. Dec. 27, 
18.3(;.' 1. u ii: N:,h!iilorli,'S, ,liily ,-, 1R21, tO 
prnscriii ■■, .: , ,11 1 I'll- tlir r.M Mialiiiii of a 



London 
printed 



colo 



he 



Bv 



with almost absolute power over the colonists 
of Austin, then the capital of Tex., the site 
of which he selected. A convention met Mar. 
1, lSi.3, without the concurrence of the Mex- 
ican [lopiilation, to form a State constitution ; 
and Austin was one of the delegates to the 
central government at Mexico, to obtain its 
ratification. In consequence of the delays he 
met with, he recommended a union of all the 
municipalities, and the organization of a State 
under the ^Icdi Constitiitiva of May 7, 1821.. 
Arrested, and taken back to Mexico, he was 
detained until Sept. 1835. Finding the 
country in a state of confusion and insecurity 
upon iiis return, he took part with the revol. 
party ; was put in command of a small force, 
and undertook to drive the Mexicans out of Tex. 
Gen. Hoilston was elected to the command of 
the army in Xov. 1835 ; and Austin was made 

Tex. n .1 I I , • the time of his 

death. i- ■ _ I ;■! _ ii.itions to obtain 
the olliri il r r..j'i 11.111 I .iT. -..an independence. 
A biograjihy of him l,y M. B. Lamar was said 
to have been prepared. 
Austin, William, lawyer and author, b. 



invn, JIs.. Mm: 2, 177.S; d. there 
, \<U. II. U. 1798. In 1801, he de- 
an oiiiioii at Charlestown on the 
IJuiih IS Hill. His " Letters from 
" writt.ii in 1802 and 1803, were 
in Boston, 8vo, 1804. Ab. 1805, he 
nded in a duel with James H. Elliott, 
growing out of a political newspaper alter- 
cation. In 1807, he pub. a vol. of Unitarian 
views, entitled " An Es.say on the Human 
Character of Jesus Christ." Ilecontrib. to the 
New-England Galax// a remarkable legendary 
tale, entitled " Peter Rugg, the Missing 
Man," and to the New-England Magazine the 
paper " The Late Joseph Natrerstrone." He 
was eminent at the bar of Suflfolk and Middle- 
sex. — Dm/ckmck. 

Autieiiamp d' (do-te-sh6n'), Antoine 
Joseph Eulalie de Beaumont, Comte, a 
F'rench gen., b. 1744; d. 1822. He served in 
Corsica, where he was wounded at the affair of 
Ponte Nuevo. Returning to France, he became 
col. of the inf. regt. of A'/enois, and led it in 
America under Rochambcau, distinguishing 
himself lit Yorktown and at the taking of St. 
I hi .' n!i,i,.'s, where he had the misfortune to 
1 rhlest son. During the Revol., he 
> Ml, _,,.;!, served in all the campaigns of the 
.iiiiii oi Luiide', and returned to France during 
the consulate. 

Avalos y Figuera (il-va'-los e fe-ga'-ra), 
DON Diego de, author of " Miscellanea Aus- 
tral," Lima, 1602 ; was of a noble family of 
Ecija, and left Spain on account of a hopeless 
passion. The last 15 chapters of his book, 
which is in prose and verse, treat of the history 
and antiquities of Peru. 

Avaugour (dar'vo-L'Oo/), Piekhe dc 
Bois, Baron d', gov. of l\inada, 1061-3; 
killed in 1 664, while defending the fort of Serin 
in Croatia against the Turks. He had gained 
distinction in the wars of Hungary, and, being 
of resolute and unbending character, v/as, 
while gov. of New France, constantly engaged 
in disputes with the clerL'V.especiiUlv with Bish- 
op Laval, who caused his recall. In 1662, he 
made a treaty with the Onondaga, Cayuga, and 
Seneca nations. — Morgan. 

Averill, William W., brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. N.Y., 18.30. West Point, 1855. 
Entering the mounted rifles, he disting. himself 
in N. Mexico by the surprise and capture of a 
party of Kiowas in Dee. 1857, and was severely 
wounded in a night-attack by the Navajoes in 
the antumn of 1858. 1st lieut. 14 May, 1861 ; 
col. sa Pa. Cav. ; eapi. .'iil U.S. C-.w. 17 Julv, 
IS.;- hi,.:,.,, 11. xmI. ^1, s,.|. |.i,Lh Metoiik 
pail ,, :h r . . .\ ,.:■ •, Malvern 

Uhl I I ." h.- .■.,:', I \n-. 1862; 

n-rir..,.', ,i rh',.|.:,ii:,.l, la l:,.' laii .,„;■ of the 

armv after .Antietam ; was brev. niaj. for Kel- 
ley's Ford, Va., where he com. 17 Mar. 1863 ; 
com. the 2d div. of Stoneman's caval. corps 
of Hooker's army ; won a decisive victory over 
a force of 4,000 rebels at Droop Mountain, 6 
Nov. 1863, for which he was brev. licut.-col.; 
and brev. col. 15 Dec. 1863, for services in the 
Salem exped. in Va. He served in West Va. 
under Siegel, Hunter, and Sheridan in 1864, 
and was in the actions of Winchester, Moor- 
field, Opequan, and Fisher's Hill, and was brev. 



maj.-gen. for Mooi-ficUl, 13 Mar. 1865. U.S. Avezzana(a-vet-za'-na),.Ji)SEPii, 

consul-gen. in Canada since 1866. patriot, and merchant in N Y.Citv, li. 

Avery, Epuralm K., Meth. clersvman, Fie.lniont, Fel). 19, 1797. He 'fou- 

b. Ct. al5. 1799; d. Pitt-firld, O., Oct. 2:1, 1869. Napoleon in 181.'5 and 14; !-rived in 

He was noted (or ,■',„:. mi ■■ au.] idillitv, ami diiiiaii ai tnv uiiiil M,n 1-21 ; n-xt ; 



Avery, \\' 

Groton, I'l , .Mi 
Mar. 1.5, isji. 



ministry, and removed to 
in industrion.s and highly- 



Feb. 15, 1851. 


He^vased^^:,: ; . 1 n ■ ::. 


acad. in France 


.while his tan,;,, v. ,. ..:„i_,a 


|„. ,1,,-. i„o.,vn...t 


-.n of the black,, ^ola;s,;.>.la-e 


j ,', . 1 . . r s ■> 


-riving medicine in N.C., lie 


l)r;r" .j '■! \ 


iliac Co., Va. ; but, after the 


; . i: 


1 c, by advice of his relative, 


lvlu:u,ll>,MM- 


M.ii, he studied law, and becanM; 




iliy in criminal cases. In the 


Wa'r"rTr'l'^'l'->?l'i'! 


_• served as judge-advocate, and 


aide to ,Ja.k<n„ 


at the battle of New Orleans. 


In 1829, l'ir..I 


.1- l-.in ;i|-i]i liini -■< <■ i.f legation 


to the Neih ' 


1, :■ ■ ■ ,:'■ ■• , in 18.31; 


and in IHU : . 


! - ; ' i 1 ■ic-.'ntativo 


intlieN.Y : 


, • to Holland, 


1845-9. 11- !• 


,11, 1 ■ i: ini.useeiices of Ed- 




> : I, ,: 1 ,11 of which was pub. 


in the /!■ .;. 


■1 1S40. 


Avezae, \-. 


i:l: \ : LNTIN- DOMINIQUE 


Julian i.', :i 1 


111,, li ,' r\ l> S'. Dciniii'j,', 


Jan. 17, i;..- 


1 I',- 1 , 1 ' ,1 i;;'i- 


Gated in F,,, 


1, •,,,• ,,,■■. , r , •,, :, 


Revol., 1,.T ■l■ 


• ,,■ : !,,. 1 ,,,, ■ ■' 1 li',. 



.Mr 



of 



was intrusted with the defence of the city ; 
gained a complete victory over Gen. Mora at 
Ciudad Victoria, and on the triumph ot the 
Liberals, resigned his command, having been 
previously named gen. of Tamaulipas, Coha- 
hiiil.i, Trxas and Nuevo Leon. In 18.34, he 
N.Y., where 



elfin bus 
lish ladv 



outbreak of 
app. comma! 
of Genoa, 
resigneil, an 



igat Li 



eliia. he hastened to Rome, then under a re- 
publican ^(ivernmcnt, and was app. ministerof 
war and com. -in-chief of the army. For two 
months, this small force kept at bay 4 armies, 
amounting to 100,000 men; but on the night 
of July 2, he fled in ilisguise, and at the close 
of Aug. reached N.Y., where he has since 
resided. —^;>/)/etoK's New Amer. Cijclop. 

Axtell, Col. William, lovalist, b. on the 
Island of Jamaica, 1720; d. Sept 2, 1795, at 
Chertsey, Eng. He resided manv years in 
N.Y., where he m. Margaret, dau. of Abraham 
l)e Peyster, and was a])p. a member of the 
council, May 4, 1771. During the Kevol., by 
which ho lost a large estate, he was col. of a 
provincial corps, became entitled to balf-pay, 
and received from parliament a ccjiisiderablc 
sum of money as a loyalist. He was descended 
from thecelebrated Col. Daniel Axtell, who was 
executed by Charles II. for the part he took 
in the great rebellion. He went to Eng. in 
1783. 

Ayer, Peteb, one of the founders of the 
society of Shakers at Canterbury, N.H., b. 
1760; d. there Sept 14, 1857. He was a 
powerful and athletic man, and a soldier of 
the Uevol. before becoming a member of the 
sect with which he was connected 70 years. 

Ayeta (ii-yii'-tii) Francisco mC, a Fran- 
ciscan friar, author of ^'A/iolof/m thl 0. d< n r/e 
S. Francisco en la America," 'l690, als.j '• Vcr- 
dail Vimlicada," ov "La Verdad Drfndida;" 
the three titles, perh.aps, of the same work. 
He was custodian of the province of Santo 
I'viiii^. llo, ;iih| |irocurador-gen. of the Indies. 



AvHc 



, Lucas Vasquez de, 
ho in 1509 was eounci 

ii,il,,l Si P,„„;,i^,,,;n, 



author of the F,rneli oliiii.il traiislatii>ii of the land-d 

penal code of La. His niece, the young widow S.C., i 

de Lasay, m. Edward Livingston, author of ber of 

that code and na 



wara returned, wishing to found a colony, and 
obtained provisions of the gov. of Chicora, 
but was ruined by the expense. He is believed 
to have perished in a second exped. to Florida. 

Aylmer (al'-mer) Matthew Whit- 
worth, fifth lord, a British gen., b. 1775 ; d. 
Lond., Feb. 23, 1850. He succeeded lo the 
peerage on the death of his father Henry, Oct. 
22, 1785, entered the army as ensign 49ih Foot 
in 1787, served at the siege of Copenhagen, in 
Portugal in 1809, in the peninsular campaigns, 
and became a full gen. May 27, 1825. He 
was gov.-gen. of Canada from 1 828 to Sept. 
1833, and was held in high estimation by the 
Canadians. — Morgan. 

Ayolas, de or d'Atolas Juan, a Span- 
ish adventurer who sailed with Pedro de Men- 
doza in 1534, on a voyage of conquest and 
discovery to the La Plata. Mendoza, having 
been disabled by disease in 1536, gave the com- 
mand to Ayolas, who ascended the Paraguay 
to Asuncion, where he defeated the natives, and 
remained six months. Leaving a garrison 
there, he ascended the river about 80 leagues, 
and then marched westward with 200 Span- 
iards. He never returned. An Indian re- 
ported that Ayolas and his men were decoyed 
into a morass, and killed by the Payngos. 

Ayres, Romeyn B., brev. raaj.-gen. U. 
S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1847. He served 
in the 3d Art. in the Mexican war, 1847-8; 
became capt. 5th Art. May 14, 1861; brig.-gen. 
vols. Nov. 29, 1862; was engaged at Bull 
Run; chief of Art. of Gen. W. F. Smith's 
div. Oct. 1861 to Nov. 1862, and of the 6th 
Corps from Nov. 1862 to Apr. 1863; was in 
the peninsular campaign ; was engaged at 
South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericks- 
burg; com. a brig.ide in 5th Corps at Chan- 
cellorsville ; com. div., and brev. maj. for Get- 
tysburg, July 2, 1863; served through the 
Richmond campaign of 1864-5, earning brevs. 
of lieut.-col. for battle of Wilderness, Mav 5, 
1864; col. Aug. 18, 1854, for battle on Wel- 
don Railroad ; brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. Mar. 
13, 1865, for battle of Five Forks, and for gal- 
lant and meritorious servicesduring the Rebel- 
lion; lieut-col. 28th Inf. July 28, 1866.— 

Azara (de-ath-a'ril) Felix de, Spanish 
naturalist, b. May 18, 1746; d. Aragon, 1811. 
He was educated in part at the military acad. 
.It Barcelona; was wounded in the exped. 
against Algiers in 1775 ; became a lieut.-col. 
of engineers, and was app. a commissioner to 
determine the boundaries of the Spanish and 
Portuguese territories in S. Amer Reaching 
his destination in 1781, he devoted much time 
to constructing correct maps of the country, 
and in preparing his "Natural History of the 
Quadrupeds of Paraguay," pub. .soon after his 
recall in 1801. This wo'rk was pub. in French 
by Moreau St. Mery, in 2 vols. 8vo. While in 
Paris in 1803, he made the acquaintance of M. 
Walkenacr, who pub. Azara's travels in S. 
Amer. from 1781 to 1801, with notes by the 
celebrated Cuvier, 4 vols, 8vo, 1809. 

AzevedO Coutinho (a-za-va'-do ko-ten'- 
yo), Jose Joaquim da Cdnha, a Portuguese 
bishop and author, b. Brazil, Sept. 8, 1742 ; d. 
Sept. 12, 1821. He pub. in 1792 " Eiisais 



de Porttujal e suas 
cotonias." In 1794, he was made bishop of 
Pernambuco. He pub. in London, 1798, a 
pamphlet against the abolition of the slave- 
trade by Great Britain. Shortly before his 
death, he was chosen to the Cortes as a repre- 
sentative of Rio de Janeiro. Chosen bishop 
of Elvas, he declined, and was app. inquisitor- 
gen. Author of a memoir on the conquest of 
Rio de Janeiro by Duguai Trouin in 1711. 

Azevedo y Zimiga(a-tha-va'do e thoon- 
yee'-ga) Gaspakd de, Count of xVIonterey, a 
Spaniard, who in 1603 suoeeded Luis de'Ve- 
lasco as viceroy of Pern and Mexico ; d. Mar. 
16, 1606. He equipped a fleet to search for 
the great southern continent, which, under the 
command of Pedro Fernandez de Quirre, dis- 
covered several islands ab. lat. 28° S. 

Babbitt, Isaac, inventor of the "Babbitt 
Metal" used in all railroad-car axle-boxes, 
b. Taunton, Ms., 26 July, 1799; d. McLean 
Asylum, Somerville, Ms.j 26 May, 1862. He 
learned the trade of a goldsmith, and ab. 1831 
made at Taunton the first britannia-ware man- 
ufactured in this country. Removing to Bos- 
ton in 1834, he was employed in Alger's 
foundry, and ab. 1839 invented' the anti-friction 
metal which bears his name. He received in 
1841 a gold medal from the Ms. Char. Mech. 
Asso., and from Congress 820,000, for this 
valuable invention, for which he took out pat- 
ents in Eng. in 1844, and in Russia in 1847. 
He was for many years engaged in the manu- 
facture of this metal, and subsequently carried 
on the manufacture of soap. He became de- ' 
ranged a few years before his death. 

Babcock, Maj. Elisha, pub. the Amer- 
ican Mercury 31 years ; d. Hartford, Ct., Feb. 
1821, a. 68. 

Babeock, Col. Henry, b. R.L, 1736 ; d. 
1800. Y. C. 1752. Son of Chief-Justice Bab- 
cock of R. I. ; bro. of Rev. Luke (b. 1738; d. 
18 Feb. 1777. Y. C. 1755). At 18, he was a 
capt.; at 19, he was in the force under Col. 
Williams, which was defeated at Lake George; 
maj. in 1756, lieut.-col. in 1757, and col. in 
1758, of a R.L regt., with which he took part 
in the attack on Ticonderoga, and was wound- 
ed in the knee. He was afterwards at its cap- 
ture by Amherst. M. and settled at Stoning- 
ton, Ct. Made, in Feb. 1776, com. of the 
forces at Newport, but was removed in May 
on account of insanity. 

Babcock, Rnrus, D.D., clergvman and j 
author, b. N. Colebrook, Ct., Sept! 18, 1798^ >vJ - -y « /fV 
B.U. 1821. He was 2 years tutor in Col. Coll.^ rr. ^-f T^ / 
D.C. ; was ord. pastor of the Baptist Church 
Poughkeepsie, 1823; became pastor 1st Baptist 
Church, Salem, 1826; was pres. of Waterville 
Coll., Me., in 1833-6; and for 3| years was 
pastor of the Spruce-st. Church, Phila. ; he then 
returned to his former charge in Poughkeepsie, 
and is now settled in Patterson, N.jr He was 
twice sec. of the Amer. and Foreign Bildo Soci- 
ety, and has been sec. of the S.S. LTnion and 
the Pa. Colonization Society. He founded and 
for 5 years edited the Baptist Memorial; pub. 
"Claims of Education Societies," 1829; "Re- 
view of Beikwith's Dissuasive from Contro- 
versy on Baptism," 1829; " Making Light of 
Christ," 1830; "Memoirs" of Fuller, 1830, 



47 



HAC 



George Learned, 1S32, Abraham Booth, an 

Isaac Backus ; " History of Waterville Coll., 

18.3G; ' "" ■ "" • " ■ 

" I'ers 

Peek, 1). 1).," 1858; and "The Emigrant's 

Mother," 1859. 

Bache (batch), Alexander Dallas, LL. 
D., A.A.S., physicist, b. Phila., July 19, 1806; 
d. Newport, K.I., Feb. 17, 1867. West Point, 
1825. He was a great-grandson of Dr. Frank- 
lin ; and his mother was the dau. of A. J. Dal- 
las. He was a lieut. of engineers until his 
resignation in 1829, engaged in constructing 
Fort Adams and other works at the entrance 
of Narragansett Bay. From 1827 to 1832, he 
was prof, of mathematics in the U. of Pa , and 
then took charge of the organization of Girard 
Coll., spending some time in 1836 inspecting 
the great schools of Europe, publishing, upon 
his return, a valuable report on the subject. 
In 1839, he resigned his connection with this 
coll., and became in 1841 principal of the 
Phila. High School. In 1843, he was app. su- 
perintendent of the U. S. coast-survey. Its 
valuable contributions to geodetic and physical 
science are found in the annual reports of the 
survey, and in the proceedings of the Asso. for 
the Advancement of Science. He was one of 
the founders of the Amer. Asso. for the Pro- 
motion of Science, took a prominent part in 
founding the Amer. Acad, of Science, was made 
prcs. of the Amer. Philos. Society in 1S55, and 
was an active and efficient member of the U.S. 
Sanitary Commission throughout the war. The 
degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the 
U. of N.Y. in 1836, by the U. of Pa. in 1837, 
and by H.U. 1851. He was made a regent of 
the Smithsonian Institution in Aug. 1846. In 
1833, he edited Brewster's "Optics," with notes. 
He pub. "Observations" at the Observatory 
of Girard Coll. 1840-5, 3 vols. 8vo; "Report 
of Experiments to navigate the Chesap. and 
Del. Canal by Steam," 8vo, Phila., 1834, and 
contrib. many valuable papers to the scientific 
journals of the day. 

Bache, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, 
son of Richard, b. Phila., Aug. 12, 1769; d. 
there Sept. 10, 1798. He accompanied his 
grandfather. Dr. Franklin, to Paris, was edu- 
cated in France and Geneva, and gained a 
knowledge of printing in the celebrated publish- 
ing-house of Didot. Returning in 1785, he 
studied for a time in the Coll. of Phila., and in 
Oct. 1790 began to publish the General Adver- 
tiser, afterwards called the Aurora, the ablest 
and most influential, as well as the most vio- 
lent, opposition journal during the administra- 
tions of Washington and Adams. 

Bache, Franklin, M.D., an eminent phy- 
sician, great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, 
son of B. F. Bache, b. Phila., Oct. 25, 1792; 
d. there Mar. 19, 1864. U. of Pa. 1810; M.D. 
1814. He was an assist, surgeon in the army 
in 1813, and surgeon in 1814-16, when he re- 
signed, and began practice in Phila. Physician 
to the Walnut-st. Prison, 1824-36; prof of 
chemistry to the Franklin Institute, 1826-32; 
physician to the Eastern Penitentiary, 1829-39; 
pi of of chemistry in the Phila. Coll. of Phar- 
m.icy, 1831-41 ; and from 1841 to his death held 
the same chair in the Jeff. Med. Coll. ; pres. 



Amer. Philos. Soc, 1854-5, and at his death 
pres. of the Deaf and Dumh Asylum Corpora- 
tion. As joint author, with Dr. Wood, of the 
" U. S. Dispensatory," from 1833 to 1864, he 
is probably best known to the medical world. 
He also rendered much service to medical liter- 
ature by his contributions to the " U. S. Phar- 
macopjeia" upon the Materia Medica. Author 
of "A System of Chemistry," 8vo, 1819; "In- 
troductory Lectures on Chemistry," 1841-52. 
Editor, with Dr. Hare, of " lire's Dictionary 
of Chemistry," 8vo, 1821; "Cutbush's Pyro- 
techny," 8vb, 1825; "Dr. Hare's Chemical 
Compendium," 1836; "Turner's Chemistry," 
and one of the editors of the North Amer. Med. 
and Surg. Journal, 1823-32. Contrib. to a 
large number of medical and scientific jour- 
nals. {See Memoir by Geo. B. Wood, Phila., 
1865.) Richard (1794-1836) capt. of ord- 
nance, U. S. A., author of " Notes on Colom- 
bia," 1822-3, Phila., 8vo, 1827, was a brother. 

Bache, George Mifflin, hvdrographer, 
b. Phila. ab. 1810; d. Sept. 8, l"846. Great- 
grandson of Franklin, bro. of A. D. Bache. 
Entering the navy Jan. 1, 1825, he became a 
lieut. Mar. 3, 1835, and ab. 1838 was placed 
upon the coast-suivey. He w^as engaged upon 
the survey of the Gulf Stream, andperished in 
the hurricane of Sept. 8, 1846. 

Bache, Hartman, brev. brig.-gen. U. S. A., 
b. Pa. ah. 1797. West Point, 1818. Bro. of 
Franklin B.ache. Entering the U. S. topog. 
engineers, he became brev.-m.aj. July 24, 1828 ; 
mnj. July 7,1838; lleut.-col. Aug. 6, 1861; 
col. Mar. 3, 1863; brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 13, 
1865; retired Mar. 7,1867. 

Bache, Richard, U. S. postmaster-gen. 
(Nov. 1776-1782), b. Settle, Yorkshire, Eng., 
Sept. 12, 1737; d. Settle, Berks Co., Pa., July 
29, 1811. He came while young to Amer., 
became a merchant, and, at the beginning of 
the Revol., was chairman of the republican soc. 
of Phila. In 1767, he m. Sarah, only dau. of 
Benj. Franklin, and succeeded him as postmas- 
ter-gen. His bro. Theophilact, a loyalist, 
pres. of the N. Y. Chamber of Commerce in 
■ N. Y. City, 1807, a. 78. His kind- 



Whig 



gpr 



i during the war merits 



especial notice. 

Bache, Mrs. Sarah, only dau. of Dr. 
Franklin, b. Phila., Sept. 11, 1744 ; d. Oct. 5, 
1808. In 1767, she m. Richard Bache, and 
deserves special mention for her patriotic ser- 
vices during the Revol. war. In the severe 
winter of 1780, many of the soldiers were 
barefoot and only half clad. The ladies 
undertook to supply them with clothing, ami 
m.ide the garments with their own hands. In 
this noble charity, Mrs. Bache was one of the 
most zealous. On other occasions, her active 
benevolence was called into exercise. She 
performed hospital duties, dressing the wounds 
of the soldiers, and administering to them 
medicines and cordials to mitigate their suffer- 
ings. 

Bachi (ba-kee'), Pietro, Ph. D. of the 
U. of Padua, teacher of Italian and Spanish in 
H.U. (1826-46), b. Sicily, 1787; d. Boston, Aug. 
22,18.53. He was bred to the law. Implicated 
in Mnrat'- attempt to ascend the throne of 
Naples in 1815, he was banished, and resided 



48 



in Eng. until 1R2S, wlion tie cnine tn tln' U.S. 
He was well vev-r,l in jnii^|.n;,ir„r,., mi.l was 

a skilful tearlirr, Init ii,r:,,n-- i i,i|.c.r,,i.- in 

his habits, wMsrlrpiivu.l ..I In. |„..t in II V.. 
and (i. niiseraljlv. Autliur ut an " Italian 
Grammar," 1829. 

Baehman (bak'-man), John, D.D., LL. 
D., b. Duchess Co., N.Y., Feb. 4, 1790, natural- 
ist and theolofrian, pastor of the German Lu- 
theran Chureh in Charleston, S.C, since 1815. 
He assisted Audnhon in his great work on 
ornithology, and was the principal author of 
the work on the quart rupeds of N. A., illustrat- 
ed by Audubon and his sons. Author of 
" Notice of the Types of Mankind, by Nott 
and Gliddon," 1854; "Examination o"f Prof. 
Agassiz' Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the 
Animal World," &c., 1855; "Characteristics 
of Genera and Species as applicable to the 
Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race," 
1854; " Catalogue of Phenogamous Plants 
and Ferns growing in the Vicinity of Charles- 
ton, S.C. ; " " Two Letters on Hybridlty," 
8vo, 18.50 ; " Viviparous Quadrupeds of N.A.," 
and a work in defence of Martin Luther, 1 853. 
In the Med. Jour, of S.C, he has ably discussed 
the bearings of science upon theology. 

Back, Sir George, F.R.S., an arctic ex- 
plorer, b. Stockport, Eng., Nov 6,1796. En- 
tering the royal navy in 1808, he accompanied 
Capt. David Buchan on an exped. to Spitz- 
bergen in 1817; and in 1819 went with Sir 
John Franklin on his overland exped. from 
the western shore of Hudson Bay to the 
northern coast, near the Coppermine River. 
The exped. returned to York Factory in 1823. 
In 1821, he was made lieut. In 1825, he joined 
Franklin's second exped. in the endeavor, in 
conjunction wiili Beechey and Parry, to dis- 
cover from opposite quarters the north-west 
passage. Lieut. Back penetrated as far as 
lat. 70° 24' N. ; long. 149° 37' W., and on 
the return of the exped. was- left in charge 
of the remaining officers and men at Fort 
mrnals of the 



lir pnMrl]>.l till' aiiiiiial clrctinn sriinon before 

the {'1 h-i,l. .\ \('l. (.(■ his Mllnniis, with a 
skrlrli of lu^ litr. ha- ln'OI! |>llli, — SjTafjue. 

Backus, t'liAULiis, D.I>. (Williams Coll. 
1801), thcoluuian, uncle of Azcl, b. Norwich, 
Ct., Nov. 5, 1749; d. Somer.s, Ct., Dec. 30, 

1803. Y. C. 1769. Pastor of the Con^. 
Church at Somers from Aug 10, 1774, until 
his death. He was a fervent and eloquent 
preacher, and a successful teacher of theology. 
Besides sermons, he pub. a vol. on Regener- 
ation, " Five Discnnr*''s on ih.> Truth of the 
Bible," 1797, and an ln-t..Mral ili-. curse upon 
the town of Somer-, I--!! — >/' "/'c. 

Backus, Elech-, I. 111!,-. I, mortally 
wounded in defence ut Saekni'- llarl'or, Mav 
29, and d. June 7, 1813. .\|M' mai li-lit 
dragoons, Oct. 7, 1808; linn r-l. l-.l,, 15, 
1809. His son Elisctus, cnl. U S..\ . Ii. X.Y., 

1804. West Point, 1824. Aide h. Ucir. Brailv, 
1828-37; capt. Oct. 17, 18.i7; brcv. niaj. 
Sept. 23, 1846, "for gallant and meritorious 
conduct at Montercv ; " maj. 3ii Inf. June 10, 
1850; lieut.-col. Jan. 19, 1859; col. 6th Inf. 
Feb. 20, 1862; d. Detroit, June 7, 1862. He 
saw service in the Seminole War, 1838-40, and 
in the Navajoe exped. 1858. 

Backus, Franklix Thos., a disting. law- 
ver of Cleveland, O. ; d. there Mav 14, 1870 ; b. 
Lee, Ms., May 6, 1813. Y.C. 1836. He went 
to Cleveland in 1836; was adm. to the bar in 
1839 ; pros, atty. for Cuyahoga Co., 1841 ; 
member of the' hon.se of rep. 1846, of the 
State senate in 1848, and of the peace con- 
vention of 1861. — A. T. Goodman. 

Backus, Is.\AC, Bapt. minister and author, 
b. Norwich, Ct., 1724 ; d. Nov. 28, 1806. He 



Franklin, with .all the 



voyage, &c. ; returning to Eng. in 1827, hav- 
ing in 1825 been made commander. In 1833, 
he took charge of the party sent in search of 
Sir John Ross, who had left Eng. in 1829, of 
which voyage he pub. an interesting history. 
Receiving news of Ross's safety, he returned 
home in 1835; obtained post rank, and in 
Jan.-, 1 ::■•., -i irt-l -n In- !a-. vmv,,.^,. (See 
A',,-,. ■ ,/,..-/-,,// 1/ -■ ■■ r.rror," 

on tL A y -■-.,- w'/ I ^:;('.-7// 1 1, rrreiveda 
gold medal from the Geog. Society in 1837, 
was knighted in 1839, and subsequently held 
a lucrative treasury appointment. — Men of the 
Time. 

Backus, AzEL, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1810), 
cler^vnian and educator, b. Norwich, Ct., Oct. 
13, 176.5 ; d. Dec. 28, 1816, Yale Coll. 1787. 
Nephew of Rev. Charles Backus. After leav- 
ing college, he taught school at Wcathersfield, 
Ct., with his classmate, John H. Lotbrop. 
Licensed to preach in 1789 ; minister al Beth- 
lehem, Ct., and successor of Dr. Bellamy from 
1791 to 1812 ; and pies, of Ham. Coll., N. Y., 
from its establishment in Sept. 1812, till his 
death. While at Bethlehem, be instituted and 



began to preach in 1746; 
gregationalist, at Middlebor 
1748; and, becoming 1 T'.i|. 
there in 1756. He ^^ , 
freedom, and in 177 1 
of the Wan-en A.,-,,r,,,, aa, , 



-li. Ms. 



, a Con- 
Apr 13, 



He 



(li. ,. I -e in this affair in an article in 

tl" .' ' ' v. Dee. 2, 1779, and argued 

a'.; .iii-i,i:i:n:irl ill the Bill ofRightsof tile State 
constitution then under diseiis-ii'ii in the enn- 
vention. He was the delegate i.t .\liddh i (inm^li 
to the convention which adu|.trd tlie Inhial 
Constitution, which he supported in a si r, eh. 
The Baptist denomination is greatly iiidihtrd 
to him for its prosperitv. He pub. a " Ilisicny 
of the Baptists," 3 vo"ls., 1777 and 17s4 and 
1796; also an abridgment bronglit down to 
1804, and a Historv of iVliddleborough in the 
3d vol. Ms. Hist. Colls. — See Life and Times 
of, bi/ Almh Hove;i, D.D., 1859. 

Bacon, David Francis, M.D., author, 
and physician of the Colonization Soc. at Libe- 
ria, 1836-41, b. Prospect, Ct., 30 Nov. 1813 ; 
d. N.Y City, 23 Jan. 1866. Y. C. 1831 ; 
Med. Coll. i836. He engaged in politics in 
N.Y. City, and frequently contrib. to the 
periodicals of the dav ; author of " Lives of 
the Apostles," 1835"; " Wanderings on the 
Seas and Shores of Africa," 1843. 

Bacon, Ezekiel, LL.D., son of Rev. 
John, b. Stockbridge, Ms., Sept. 1, 1776; d. 
Utica, N.Y., Oct. 18,1870. Y.C. 1794. Hewas 



B^C 



a member of the State Ief;isl. in 1S05-6 ; chief- 
JListite of Common Pleas, 1813; 1st comp- 
troller U.S. treasury, 1813-15; and M.C. 
1807-13. Removed to Uiica, N.Y. ; delegate 
to the State Const. Conv. of 1821. He pub. 
" Recollections of 50 Years since " a lecture, 
1843. 
. Bacon, Ili-.vnr, antlior, iind lliiiversalist 



M, 



11.1 



M.Li \,\A 



and has contrib. to the Christian Speclator, the 
New-Engkinder, and the N. Y. Independent. 
Among his pub. are " Select Praictieal Writings 
of Richard Baxter," 2 vol. 8vo, 2d ed., 1835 ; 
" Manual for Young Church-Members," 18mo, 
1833 ; " Slavery Discussed," 8vo, N.Y., 1846; 
" Thirteen Discourses on the 200th Anniver- 
sarv of the First Church in New Haven," 1839, 
•• liist. Disc, at the Old South Meetinghouse, 
W.jiv.stcr, 22 Sept. 1863." 

Bacon, .N'atiuniel, an early patriot of 
\a . U Sulfolk, I'.iig. al). 1646; d". I Oct. 1676. 



Providciite, U.I., and over the Church of the 
Messiah, Phila. 20 years editor of the Ladies' 
Repository, Boston. Author of " Christian 
Comforter," " Sacred Flora," " Memoir of 
Mrs. Jerauld," and over 50 tracts and sermons. 
" The Pastor's Bequest," selections from his 
sermons bv Mrs. E. A. Bacon, was pub. 
Boston, 1857. 

Bacon, Henky, figure-painter, b. Win- 
chester, Ms., 1840. He studied with W. A. 
Gay of Boston ; went to Paris in 1864, where 
he has since resided ; studied at the Beaux Arts, 
and afterwards at Ecouen under E. Frere. He 
has a happy talent in telling a story by a 
picture. 

Bacon, Joel Smith, D.D. (Wash. Coll. 
1845), Bapt. minister and educator, b. Cavnga 
Co., N.Y., 1801 ; d. Richmond, Va., Nov. 9, 
1869. Ham. Coll. 1826; Newton Theol. Inst. 
1831. Before graduating, he was a teacher in 
Amelia Co., Va. ; was afterward a classical 
teacher at Princeton, N.J. ; pres. of (ieorge- 
town Coll., Ky., 1831-3 ; pastor of the Baptist 
Church at Lynn, 1833-4; prof. Ham. Inst., 
N.Y., 1834-7 ; was some time an agent for 
Indian missions; pres. of Col. Coll., D C. 
1843-54; then taught in female seminaries; 
was two years at the head of an institution at 
Tuscaloosa, Ala.; and in 1859-67 was a 
teacher at Warrenton, Va. He was finally a 
travelling agent in the South for the Bible 
Society. 

Bacon, John, clergyman and politician, 
b. Canterbury, Ct., 1737 ; d. Stockbridge, Ms., 
Oct. 25, 1820. N.J. Coll. 1765. He studied 
theology; preached in Somerset Co., Md., in 
1768; and Sept. 25, 1771, was settled over the 
Old South Church, Boston. Owing to diflfer- 
imces of opinion with his church, he was dis- 
missed Feb. 8, 1775, and removed to Stock- 
bridge, where he was a magistrate, a representa- 
tive, associate and presiding judge of the Com- 
mon Pleas, a member and pres. of the State 
senate (1803-4), and M. C. 1801-3. He pub. a 
sermon after his installation, 1772 ; an answer 
to Huntington on a ease of discipline, 1781 ; a 
speech on the courts of the U..S., 1802 ; " Con- 
jectures on the Prophecies," 1805. 
,J Bacon, Leon.\rd, D.D., Cong, clergyman 

r- and author, b. Detroit, Mich., Feb. 19, 1802. 
Y. C. 1820; And. Theol. Sera. 1824. David, 
his father, was a missionary to the Indians, and 
the first settler of Tallmadge, O. In Mar. 
1825, he was installed pastor over "the Centre 
Church, New Haven, Ct. A disting. cham- 
pion of N. E. Congregationalism, and a close 
adherent to the traditions and practices of 
the Puritan fathers. He has written a 
number of occasional addresses and sermons, 

I' 



large estate at the head of James River, became 
in 1672 a member of the council, and acquired 
great popularity. ■ An Indian war having 
sprung up, Uov. Berkeley built a few frontier 
forts ; but the people, desirous of more active 
and energetic measures, chose Bacon as their 
leader. The gov. refused to commission him ; 
but he defeated the Indians, and 29 May, 1676, 
was proclaimed a rebel. Tried and acquitted, 
he received the gov.'s pardon, Juno 9 ; was 
restored to the council, and was promised a 
gen.'s commission for the Indian war. Ber- 
keley refused to keep his promise ; and Bacon, 
at the heaii of 500 men, extorted his signature. 
He then turned his attention to the war, which 
ho vigorously prosecuted. Again proclaimed 
a rebel, he issued a declaration against the gov., 
whom he drove from Williamsburg, and whom 
he was about to attack at Accomac, when death 
ended his career. At the time of his death, he 
was one of the burgesses for the county of 
Henrico. His story has been novelized by 
Caruthers of Va. — See Force's Tracts, 1840; 
^P'lrkss Amer. Bioij. iii.. New Series. 

Bacon, Samoel, Prot.-Epis. clergyman, b. 
Sturbridge, Ms., 22 Julv, 1781 ; d. Kent, Cape 
Shilling, Africa, 3 ilay, 1820. H. U. 1808. 
He studied law ; edited the 11'. ., , ,f.'/i's, 
afterward the Hive, at Lanca- 1. r . , i i _'. 
was an officer of U.S. mann- : . , i : ' i 

practised law in Pa., and tluii iM,,k oni.i- in 
the Prot.-Epis. Church. Aj.p. U.S. a^cnt to 
establish a colony in Africa, he reached Sierra 
Leone, 9 Mar. 1820, and d. shortly after. — See 
Life, by J. Aslwmn. 

Bacon, l'ii"M v^. I 'I'lt-ICpis. clergy man and 
author, li. I I i . , Ml, : d. May 24, 1768. 

Hecom|iil.: -lem of the revenue 

of Ireland, K;:, i... ,i minplete body of the 
laws of Md., folicj, 176'). 

Bacon, William Thompson, poet and 
clergyman, b. Woodbury, Ct., Aug. 24, 1814. 
Y. C". 1837. After two years passed at the 
Epis. Acad, at Cheshire, he, at the age of 17, 
established himself In business at New Haven. 
He delivered the valedictory poem at Yale ; 
studied at the N. Haven Divinity School, and 
from 1842 to 1845 was pastor of the Cong. 
Church at Trnmbull, Ct. He became sub- 
sequently one of the editors of the New-Eiig- 
laiider, was also for a few years editor and 
proprietor of the N. Raven Journal and Courier, 
since which he has been engaged in ministerial 
labors in Kent and in Derby, Ct. In 1837, Mr. 
Bacon pub. a vol. of poems, which in 1840 



//// 



BA.T) 



60 



passed to a third edition. In 1848, a new 
vol. was issued. 

Badeau, Adam, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. Capt. .ind aide-de-camp U. S. Vols , 
Apr. 1 862 ; on staff of Gen. Sherman ; severo- 
Iv wounded at Port Ihulson ; joined Gen. 
Grant -Tan. IS64, as military sec, and lieut.- 
ool., and was made brev. l.ri-.-gen. U.S.A., 
for faiihlnl and merit, services in the war. Col. 
and aide decamp to the gen. of the army. Mar. 
1865 to May 1869, when retired. Sec. of le- 



Salion 
" His: 



Londc 



ry of Gen. U. S. Gr; 



Author of 
vols., 8vo, 



Badger, George Edmcnd, LL. T). (Y.C. 
18-18), statesman and jurist; b. Nc-wliern, 
N.C., Apr. 13, 1795; d. RaUi.h. ^.r., May 
11, 1866. Y. C. 1813. Heprart— 1 Ian m Ka 
leigh, where he soon disting. hnn-.li ly -m.iIi- 
ty and strength in his prolessimi. lb- li.aamc 
a member of the legisl. in 1816 ; was judge of 
tlie Su]u-eme Court in 1820-5; sec. of the na- 
vv in 1S41, but resigned on I'res Tyler's veto- 
iii- the bill to re-charter the U. S. Bank; and 
Ufs. senator from 1846 to 1854. Nominated 
to the supreme bench in 1851, but not con- 
firmed by the senate. In the State convention 
of May, 1861, he .spoke ably in defence of the 
Union. He was an excellent lawyer, and a 
vig.irous siieaker, abounding in wit and humor. 

Badger, Gen. Joseph, b. Haverhill, Ms., 
Jan. U, 1722; d. Apr. 4, 1803. Priur to his 
removal to Gilmanton in 1763, he held vari- 
ous civil and military offices in Haverhill, and 
became col. in 1771. During the Revol., he 
was an active and efficient officer, a member of 
the Provincial Congress, was muster-master of 



a Revol. pensioner. — See Life by E. G. Holland, 
N. Y., 1854. 

Badger, LnTHER, lawyer, b. Partridge- 
field, Ms., Apr. 10, 1785. Ham. Coll. 1807. 
Adm. to the bar of Broome Co., N.Y., in 
1812; jud-o-advocate of the 27th brig, N Y. 
Mililia, 1S19-27; M. C. 1825-7 ; cxan.inor 

1840-'! ; U.' S. dist.- 

Badger, Steph 

Indians from Mar. 27 
1799; d Aug. 28,1 
Apr. 12, 1726. H 
ployed by tli'' rouii 
thcgospcl ill X. 1',. 
ing the liidiau-. iii 



atiy 



803 



for X, Y. 1846-9.^ 
ninisier to the Natii 
752, until dism. Jul 
b. Charlcstown.M: 
1747. He w:,s ei 



797, 



epri 



ited. 




Badger, William, gov. of N. H , 1834-6, 
b. UilniMuimi, N.H.,Jan.l3, 1779; d. Sept. 21, 
18,'i2. His youth was emploved in business 
pui-M.its. • He was successively in the legisl. 
(1810-12) and senate (1S14-10) of his native 
State; Frcs, of the senate in 1816; an nsso. 
justice of the C, C P. lsiG-:i. hijh sher- 
iff of Stafford Co. IS-'L>-:;-J — lf>~i (/Jninnlon. 

Badlam, Stf.iih.n-, ^m,, a K'.^il nfficer, 
b. Canton, Ms., 17.-.1; .1, 1 )ui,li, m, i-, Ms., 
Aug. 24, 1815. Left an crpliaii ai an early 
age, his education was linni-l .iMMnnj the 
army in 1775, hcwas maile a lint .1 am lerv, 
soon became a capt., and \va^ cial. i, d i.i X.\ ., 
where he made the acquaintaini.- of .VIex. Ham- 
ilton, who frequently consulted him on tactics. 
He had also the esteem of Washington, whose 
disciple in iioliiics he continued to his death. 
Made 



the Provincial uongress, was musiei-u.a=.c, .. .......^ , 'e was ordered to command the 

roops raised in hi^s section of the State, and artillery of the dept, of Canada. Returning 
was emnloved in furnishing supplies for the thence to Crown Point, he took possession of 
rmy "^He was app. brig.-gen.*^ 1780, was Mt. Independence on the memorable July 4 

army. nc was _app_ _j,^„ u„..„r,t,o i77K- fmm which circumstance it was named 

im. He did good service in the 



jpplies for the thence to Ci 

He was app. brig.-gen. 1780, was Mt. Independeiice 

iudge of probate 1784 to 1797, member of the 1776; from « 

conv. which adopted the Constitution, and of by Maj. B^.dli 



Fort Stanwix, under Willet, in Aug. 
1777. In 1779, he was made brig.-gen. of mi- 
litia. —5ee Cod7mn's Fun. Sermon : Panoplist 
xi. 572. 

Baena (bg-a'-na) Antoxio Ladislaus 
Monteiro, Portuguese historian and geog- 
rapher in the military service of Brazil ; d. 
ah. 1851. Authorof a " Chorographic Essay 
on the Province of Para," 1839, and of other 
valuable works. . 

Baez, Buenaventura, pres. of Hayti, a 
mulatto, b. A/.na, Hayti, 1820. His father 
was active in the insurrection of 1808. The 
son became influential by his wealth and tal- 
ents, and, having co-operated with Santana 
in securing the independence of the republic, 
was, after' the expulsion of Jemines, chosen 
pres. At the next election, Santana was 
chosen ; and from being friends they became 
bitter enemies. Oct. 6, 1856, Baez again be- 
came pres., but surrendered the government to 
Santana, June 11, 1858, and left the coun- 
trv. Returning in 186."), he was a third time 
elected pres., but in Mar. 1866 was again ex- 
w"ihVh"e'countryTnai".le'd pelled by Gen. Cabral. Late in 1867, he in- 
of a temporal as well as augurated a new revol., and has since been in 
at the close of the war, he power in the eastern part o the ^aud tte 
TV functions. His poverty sale of which he endeavored to effect to the 
ic became U. S. in 1871. 



the State council in 1784, 90-91. He did 
much towards fouading and erecting the acad. 
in Gilmanton. . . 

Badger, Joseph, an early missionary 
west of the AUeghanies, b. Wilbraham, Ms., 
Feb. 28, 1757 ; d. Perrysbnrg, O., May 5, 1846. 
Y. C. 1785. Giles his ancestor settled in 
Newbury, Ms., in 1635. His early education 
was slight; and, at the age of 18, he entered 
the Revol. army, in which, with the excep- 
tion of a few weeks, he remained until the 
end of 1778. $200, which he had saved in 
Continental bills, were then so reduced in 
value as hardly to purchase him cloth for an 
ordinary coat. Notwithstanding his destitu- 
tion, he resolved to obtain an education, and 
earned money to pay his coll. bills by teaching 
school. He studied for the ministry, was pas- 
tor at Blandford, Ms., 24 Oct. 1787-24 Oct. 
1800, and was then sent by the missionary 
society to the unsettled parts of 0. Here for 
30 years his labors were only exceeded by his 
hardships. During the War of 1812, Mr. 
Badger was app. by Gen. Harrison brig. chap- 
Iain. His familiarit; —--■--- «--i.i-.^ 

him to act the part 

spiritual guide, and, 

resumed his missionary functions. His po 

was at times extreme ; and in 18: 



B^I 



William, an English arctic ex- 
plorer, b. 'l584; d. 1622. On returning from 
his first West Greenland voyage in 1612, he 
wrote an account of it, giving for the first 
time a method for determining the longitude 
at sea by an observation of the celestial 
bodies. He also pub. an account of a second 
voyage to Greenland in 1615, and of a voyage 
toSpitzbergen in 1614, containing important 
information. In 1618, he was mate of a mer- 
chant-vessel in the Arabian Sea. In 1616, he 
com. a vessel in wbiih he is said to have 
reached 81i iliu' X, latiimlo, and is supposed 
to have asc.T:, nil. ,1 ilir .miiis of the vast inlet 
of the sea siiir, Limwn l.\ ]iis name. He was 
killed at the sic^c ul (Jrmuz in the Persian 
Gulf, while attempting, in conjunction with a 
Persian force, to expel the Portuguese from 
that island. 

Bagby, ARXHnR P., gov. of Ala., 18.37- 
41, b. Va., 1794; d. Mobile, Ala., 21 Sept. 
1858. Liberally educated, he settled in Ala., 
taking at once a high position as a criminal 
lawyer; was a member of the legisl. in 1820- 

2, and speaker of the house ; U- S. senator in 
184.3-9, and minister to Russia in 1849-53. 
Subsequently a commissioner to codify the 
laws of the State. 

Bagot, Sir Charles, a British statesman, 
b. Blithfield, StatTord Co.. Eng., 23 Sept. 
1781 ; d. Kingston, Canada, May 18, 1843. 
Second son of William Lord Bagot. Made un- 
der-sec. for foreign affairs in 1807 ; sent in 1814 
on a special mission to Paris ; shortly after- 
ward min.-plenipo. to the U. S. ; successively 
ambassador to St. Petersburg, the Hague, and 
special ambassador to Vienna in 1834. From 
10 Jan. 1842, to his death, gov.-gen. of Brit. 
North Amer., which he governed with wis- 
dom and prudence. 

Bailey, Ebesezer, educator, and author 
of a treati.se on algebra; d. 1839. Y. C. 1817. 
lie pub. also a "Review of the Mayor's Re- 
port upon the High School for Girls," 1828. — 
See Sketch of his Life and Educ. Labors, 8vo, 
1861, Hartford. 

Bailey, Gamaliel, proprietor and editor 
of the National Era, b. Mt. Holly, N.J., Dec. 

3, 1807; d. June 5, llB59, on board steamer 
"Arago," while on his way to Eng. Remov- 
ing to Phila. at the age of 9, he studied med- 
icine; receiving his degree in 1828. Sailed to 
China as physician of a ship, and began his 
career as an editor on the Methodist Protestant 
in Bait. In 1831, he removed to Cincinnati, 
and was physician to the cholera hospital dur- 
ing the pestilence. The expulsion of some 
students from Lane Sem. on account of their 
antislavery sentiments first prompted his 
hostility to slavery. ■ In 1836, with J. G. Bir- 
ney, he conducted the_first antislavery news- 
paper in th e West, the C iiiSmali Philanthro- 
pisl. TTieir^nnting-othceTvas twice attacked 
by a mob, the press thrown into the Ohio 
River, and the books and papers burned. In 

(^1837, Dr. Bailey became sole editor of the 
Philanthropist, the organ of the Liberty party, 
and was a principal leader in the presidential 
canvass in 1840. In 1841, his press was de- 

(Stroyedby a mob, which was dispersed by the 
military. Jan. 1, 1847, he began to edit at 



Washington the National Era, an antislavery 
paper. In 1848, a mob for three days besieged 
his office. Addressing the multitude in a 
speech remarkable for its coolness and its in- 
dependent spirit, the mob, that had proposed 
to tar and feather him, was disarmed by his 
eloquence. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was ori- 
ginally pub. in the Era. 

Bailey, Jacob, soldier, b. Newbury, Ms., 
July 2. 1728; d. Newbury, Vt.. Mar. 1, 1816. 
Settled in Hampstead, 1745; was a capt. in 
French war, 1 756, and escaped from the mas- 
sacre at Fort Wm. Henry in Aug. 1757 ; col. 
at the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 
in 1759. In 1764, chartered a township in Vr., 



which ho removed ; app. brig.-gen. 
the State of N.Y., and commis 



Northern dept. during the Revol. 

he performed valuable service with purse, pen, 

and sword. — Coffin. 

Bailey, Jacob, Pr.-Ep. clergyman and 
lovalist, b. Rowley, Ms., 16 Apr. 1731 ; d. 
Annapolis, N.S., 26July, 1808. H. U. 1755. 
Ord. in Eng., he officiated many years at 
Pownalboro, now Wiscasset, Me. ; and in 1779, 
during the Revol. war, went to Annapolis, 
where he was rector of St. Luke's. His eldest 
son Perev, a capt. in the British army, was 
killed at the battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814. 
— See his Journal, with Memoir by Rev. W. S. 
liarlht. 

Bailey, Jacob Whitman, naturalist, b. 
Ward, Ms., Apr. 29, 1811 ; d. West Point, 
Feb. 26, 1857. Removing to Providence, R.I. 
in early life, he received a common school 
education. Grad. West Point, July, 1832, 
and was app. lieut. of art. In 1839, he was 
app. assist, and afterwards prof, of chemistry, 
bot.iny, and mineralogy, at W. Point. His wife 
and dau. perished when the steamer " Henry 
Clay" took fire on the Hudson in 1852; 
and his exertions and exposure on that oc- 
casion caused his death. Inventor of " Bai- 
ley's Indicator," and of many improvements 
in the microscope. His investigations with 
this instrument, illustrating botany and zool- 
ogy, gave him great distinction. His "Mi- 
croscopic Sketches," together with his collec- 
tion of about 4,500 specimens of algse, 
he bequeathed to the Boston Soc. of Nat. 
History. He was pres of the Amer. 
Asso. for the Advancement of Science 
in 1857. His pub papers, more than 50 in 
number, are found in Silliman's JonrnnI vt 
Science, Transactions of the Asso. of (Seol 
agists and Naturalists, The Smithsonian Con- 
tributions to Knowledge, and in the various 
State geological surveys. — Journal of Micro- 
scopic Science. 

Bailey, Col. John, Revol. officer, b. 
Hanover, Ms, Oct. 30, 1730; d. there Oct. 
27, 1810. At the outset of the war, he was 
licut.-col. of the Plymouth regt., with which 
he marched to Cambridge, in M.ay, ,1775; suc- 
ceeded Col. John Thomas in its command, 
and throughout the war was col. of the 2d Ms. 
regt. of the Continental line. He was con- 
spicuous in the campaign against Burgoyne, 
and had the reputation of a brave and faith- 
ful officer. Late in life he was an innkeeper 
in Hanover. 



52 



BAI 



Bailey, Joseph, brifr.-gen. of U.S. Vols. ; 
mnidcreil liv hujhwh.ickers near Nevad.i, Mo., 
Mar, 21, 1867. Gen. Bailey achieved a high 
repiitntion in the ReJ River exped. in May, 
1864, by a slcilfiil and original feat of cn;^i- 
neering-,by whicli he hrons'lit tlie iron-clad gun- 
boats of the Mpi. squadron safely over the 
dangerous falls and rapids of the Red River 
above Alexandria. He joined the army in 
Wisconsin, where he had previously been a 
lumberman, and was acting chief-engineer of 
the I9th Army Corps, with rank of licut.-col., 
when the retreating Union forces found that 
the water of the Red River had fallen so much, 
that Admiral Porter's squadron could not pass 
the rapids. In this perilous emergency, Col. 
Bailey proposed to construct dams which 
should raise the water sufficiently lO permit 
the gunboats to descend safely. The most 
skilful engineers in the army said the propo- 
sition was absurd; but in U days the fleet 
were safely over the falls. For this brilliant 
achievement, he was made brig.-gen., and re- 
ceived the thanks of Congiess. He settled 
after the war in Newton Co.," Mo., of 
which he was chosen sheriff. He became for- 
midable to buskwhackers, but after arresting 
two of them, brothers, named Pixley, was 
shot by I hem. 

Bailey, Joseph Roosevelt, R. C. bishop 
of Newark since 1S5.3, b. N.Y., 1814 ; studied 
for thePr.-Ep. Church, embraced Catholicism, 
1842; studied at St. Sulpicc, Paris; was ord. 
priest, and returned to the U. S. in 1844. 

Bailey, Kiah, Cong, minister, b. Brook- 
field, Ms., 11 Mar. 1770; d. Hardwick, Vt., 
17 Aug. 1857. Dartm. Coll. 1793. He stud- 
ied theol. under Dr. Emmons ; was minister 
of Newcastle, Me., 7 Oct. 1797-1824 j subse- 
quently of Greensborough, Vt., and Thornton, 
N.H., and in 1833 settled on a farm at Hard- 
wick. Member Ms. legisl. in 1819-20; pres. 
of the Me. Missionary Soc. 

Bailey, Rufds 'Wm., D.D. (Hamp. Sid. 
Coll. 1859), clergyman and author, b. North 
Yarmouth, Me., Apr. 13, 1793; d. Huntsville, 
Tex., Apr. 25, 1863. D. C. 1813. He taught 
an acad. at Salisbury and at Blue Hill, Me. ; 
was tutor at D. C. 1817-18; pastor of the 
Cons. ch. at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1819, to 
Novri2, 1835; at Pittslield, Apr. 14, 1824, to 
Sept. 27, 1 827 ; taught school in S. C, in Fay- 
ctteville, N.C., and'in Staunton, Va. ; went to 
Texas in 1854; prof, of languages at Austin 
Coll , Huntsville, 2 vears, and its pres. from Dec. 
16, 1858, to his death. He pub. " The Issue," 
a vol. on slavery, 1837 ; " The Family Preach- 
er," 18.j8; a primary grammar, and a "Man- 
ual of Grammar ; " " Tlie Motlu-r's Request ; " 
:.nd"Thc Bi-inuiiv,-. 1 1,mI ' - \'',,nuiD.C. 

Bailey, Tin;<iii.. I. - '■ H -^ Co., N. 
Y-, 17.VJ: .1. X. Y ( • jv M. C. 

from N. Y . 179:3-7 anl I T'n -1 -n ; ; U. S. sen- 
ator 1803-4; postmastrr X. Y. City, 1804-28. 

Bailey, Theodobus, rcar-adni. U. S. N., 
b. N. Y., 1803. S(m of Judge Wm. Bailey 
of Plattsburg.'^ Midshipman, Jan. 1, 1818; 
lieut. Mar. ;!, 1827 ; commander. Mar. 6, 1849 ; 
eapr. Dec. 15, 1855; commo. July 16, 1862; 
rear-adm. retired list, July 25, 1866. He com. 
the storeship " Lexington " during the Mexi- 



can war, and manifested enterprise and gal- 
lantry in numerous cxpcds. against the enemy. 
Com. frigate " Colorado," West Gulf block, 
squad. 1861-2 ; second in command and offi- 
cially commended by Adm. Farragut for cap- 
ture of N. Orleans, where he led the attack and 
passage of the forts ; com. the Eastern Gulf 
block, squad. 1862, and was energetic and suc- 
cessful in breaking up blockade-running on the 
Florida coast. Com. Portsmouth navy-yard, 
1865-7. Said to have taken over 150 blockade- 
runners in a year and a half. 

Baillargeon, C. F., R. C. Bishop of Que- 
bec; d. Oct. 14, 1870, a. 72. App. administr.a- 
tor of that diocese in 1855. 

Bailly, Joseph A., sculptor, b. Paris, 1825 ; 
came to Phila., 1850. Among his works are 
"Adam and Eve," "Eve and her Two Chil- 
dren," and the monument of W.ashington, 
placed (1869) in front of the State House, 
Phila. 

Baily, John, clergyman, b. rear Black- 
burn, Lancashire, Eng., 24 Feb., 1644 ; d. Bos- 
ton, Dec. 12, 1697. He began his ministry in 
Chester, Eng., in 1665, but was imprisoned 
for nonconformity, and preached to crowds 
through the bars of Lancashire jail. He 
preached 14 years in Limerick, and subse- 
quently again in Eng., but was driven by 
persecution to Amer., and landed in Boston in 
1684. Ord. minister of Watertown, Oct. 6, 
1686, he became assist, minister of the First 
Church, Boston, July 17, 1693. He pub. 
an address to the people of Limerick. His 
funeral-sermon was preached by Cotton i\Ia- 
ther. — Sprague ; Nonconformist's Memorial ; 
Bioijraphia Evangelica. 

Bainbridge, Henrt, lieut.-col. U. S. A , 

b. N.Y., 1803; d. at sea near Galveston, Tex., 
May 31, 1857. West Point, 1821. Capt. 15 
June, 1836; brev. m.aj. Sept. 23, 1846, "for 
gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey, 
Mexico," where he was wounded, Sept. 21 ; 
maj. 7th Inf. 16 Feb. 1847 ; brev. lieut.-col. 20 
Aug. 1847, "for gallant and meritorious con- 
duct in battles of Contreras and Churubusco ; " 
military and civil gov. of Jalapa, Mex., June, 
1848 ; engaged in hostilities with the Seminoles 
in 1849-51 r lieut.-col. 1st Inf. 11 June, 1851.— 
CuUum. 

Bainbridge, William, commo U.S.N., 
b. Princeton, .\'.J., Mav 7, 1774; d. Phila., July 
28, 1833. Son of Dr' Absalom B. He went 
to sea at 16, and at 19 com. a ship. App. Aug. 
3, 1798, to com. the U. S. sch.mner " Retalia- 



he 



while 
Miths' 
iMas- 



29, 1? 



cruising near Gii;i I 
confinement,rcai !;' : 
ter com. Mar. 29. 1 7'i i i . 
In 1799, he cruisoil a-aiii in the W. Indies in 
the brig "Norfolk," 18 guns. In 1800, he 
sailed to Algiers in com. of the frigate " George 
Washington," and w.as compelled by the dey 
to convey his ambassadors, with presents, to 
Constantinople. On his return to Algiers, he 
was instrumental in saving the French residents 
there, — tlie dey having declared war with 
France, thus ]>reventing their imprisonment 
and slavery. For this act he received the thanks 
of Bonaparte, then first consul, and the ap- 
proval of his own government. While com- 



53 



inanding the frigate "Philadelphia," engaged 
in the blockade oC Tripoli, Oct. 31, 1803, she 



qlle^t. ^l'|lt. i . 
frigate "Cmi^ 
coast of Brazil, 



llull 



'Capt.: 



Jill- 



she 



bio 



I , i. : .'KuiJed, Lambert 

imii' II . ; I, - ;: i-jiiers with great 

kiiiilh -~ ; \\.i~ . i,:iiii,;.i-!j. ,liy received upon 
hii. rciiini, and w;is awarded a gold medal by 
Congress. Alter the peace of 1815, he superin- 
tended the building of "The Independence," 
74, in which he sailed lor Algiers, but was fore- 
stalled byanv,,:i ,.i |-i.. II. .i,,, an. run! 
one of the n.n r , i r,.,., ; 

navy-yard ai i ,, . , 1 1 - , , i . i , ,, 

in"TheColu,nM.- -i,i;i !lM Al .li:..,,.:,r,i„. 
in 1820-21. (.bV, Li/r. b,/ Tims. Hum's, M.O., 
niib. Phila., 8vo, 1837.) His bro. Joseph, capt. 
U. S. navy, d. Nov 18, 1824. A lieut. at the 
destruciion of " The Philadelphia " frigate in 
the harbor of Tripoli. Feb. 16, 1804, and 



of Preble's squadron in 
Julv-Sept. 18U4. 

Baine, A. C, lawyer and ai 
lei"li, N.r., I'l S,],t. I.SIU; d. Ciii 



21 



harbor, 

r, b. Ra- 
Neviida, 
III Stock- 
LSieemed 
■of-'Ui- 



and i 



forseliolar>liii, and int.-i-ity. . 
vinel<\uth and Natural Reason, 
the time of his death had nearly completed a 
vol. on " Relations of Human Liberty to Nat- 
ural, Moral, and Divine Law." 

Baird, Ausalom, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., 
b. \Vasliini;lon, Pa., Aug. 20, 1824. Wash- 
ington Coll. 1841 ; West Point, 1849. He 
studied law belore entering the military acad. 
Ent. the 2d Art.; served in Fla. in 1850-3; 
and between 1853 and 1859 was assist, instruct- 
or, and assist, prof, of mathematics at West 
Point. In Mar. 1861, he was ordered to Wash- 
ington Xo com. Magruder's battery, and 1 1 
May, became assist, adj. -gen., raidc of capt. He 
was chief of staff to Gen. Tyler at the battle of 
Bull Run; 12 Nov. 1861, assist, insp.-gcn, rank 
of maj. ; and in Mar. 1862, chief of staff, and 
insp.-gcn. to the 4th army corps. Gen. Keves ; 
■ ■ -Yoi' 



at the siege of Yorkt. 



the ba 



Will 



.,11, at Iranklin, 
ga, for which he 



Tenn., and aUo 

was brev, lieut.-col. 20 Sept. 18B3. Jin 

Nov. 20, for Chattanooga; .brev. bri 



3 Mar. 1865, for the capture of Atlanta; a 
ij.-gen. vols. 1 Sept. 1864, for servii 






in the Atlanta campaign, particularly for the 
battles of Resaccaand Jonesborough.and op's 
against Savannah. Ue com. a div. of the 14th 
corps, in Sherman's " march to the sea," at the 
battle of Bentonville, N.C., 20 Mar. 1865, and 
surrender of Johnston's army,26 Apr. 1865. — 
Cnliain. 



Baird, Rohert, D.D., author and clergy- 
man, b. of Scotch parents, Fayette Co., Pa., 
Oct. 6, 1798; d. Yonkers, N.Y., Mar. 15, 
I^'il. .Idf. Coll. 1818; D.D. 1842. He taught 
■ Ilia a yaar at Bellefonte; studied 3 years at 
I'l :i i.m Tlieol. Sem., in wliich he was one 
111 I laior : had charge of a sera, at Prince- 
t" I II i-j2:m1S27; was agent of the N.J. 
Ml 11^ an- in 1828; of the Amer. 
Sir ■. - I iiioninl829, and in 5 years 

iiiri.aal II- r-vanue from $5,000 to S28",000. 
From IS.'ia to 1S43, he was most of the time 
in Europe, striving to revive the Protestant 
faith in the south, and to promote the cause 
of temperance in the north, earning the title 
of " The International Preacher," so wide- 
spread had been his labors. On tlie formation 
of the Foreign Evangelical Society in 1849, he 
beeiinie its agent and corrcsp. see. On his last 
1 i-ii la laiiijia III I -ai'. Iia ali!\ I iiiilirated the 

III . .a 1 ..'.a aaai I -I a. ill bcfore 

I . i ai . . 1 1.' .. I I ■ llaiigion in 

Ann iia I, ■ I ■ la ; ■ Vi-i; a. Nil! Ml. I II I.;iirope;" 
•• .Memoir of Anna J. Linnard," 1S.J5 ; " State 
and Prospects of Religion in America," 1842; 
" View of the Valley of the Mississippi," 1 832 ; 
"Transplanted Flowers," 1839; "Memoir 
of Rev. Joseph Sanfbrd," 1836 ; " Protes- 
tantism in Italy," 1845; "Impressions and 
E.xperiences of ttie W. Indies and N. America 
in 1849," 12mo, Phila. ; " The Christian Ret- 
rospect and Register," 1851 ; " History of the 
Albigenses, Waldenses, and Vaudois," "His- 
tory of the Temperance Societies of the U.S.," 
Paris, 1836; " Union of Church and State in 
N. England," Paris, 1837. Editor of the 
Christian Union, monthly, 1 847-8, and corresp. 
of many leading foreign and Amer. journals. 
His son. Rev. Charles, had charge of a Prot- 
estant chapel at Rome ; and another son, 
Henry M., is disting. for proficiency in Greek 
literature, and pub. a memoir of his father, 
1866. 

Baird, SpenoekFullerton,LL.D., natu- 
ralist, b. Reading, Pa., 1823. Prof. nat. sciences, 
Dick. Coll. 1840; assist, sec. Smiths'n. Inst. 
The editor and translator of " The Iconographic 
Encyclop.," 4 vols. 8vo, N.Y., 1851. Author 
of papers on zoiilogy, and of reports on natu- 
ral history colls., made by Capt. Stansbury, 
Capt. Marcy, Lieut. Gilliss, the U.S. and Mex- 
ican Boundary Survey, and the Pacific R. R. 
Survey; also, with J. Cassin, " The Birds of 
North America," 2 vols. 4to, 1860; " Mam- 
mals of North America," 4to, 1861. He has 
made valuable contributions to the publications 
of the Jour, of Sciences, Phila., the Smith- 
sonian Institution, &c. 

Baker, Daniel, lieut.-col. U.S.A.; d. 
Detroit, Mich., 10 Oct. 1836. App. from Vt., 
Ensign 16th Inf., 8 Jan. 1799; adj. in 1802; 
assist, military agent at Detroit; capt. Mar. 
1812; assist, dep. quartermaster, Apr. 1812; 
brev. maj. Aug. 9, 1812, for disting. service 
in battle of Brownstown, Maguago, where he 
was wounded; aide-de-camp to Gen. Lewis, 
June, 1813; maj. 45 Inf Apr. 15, 1814; 
disting. in alfitir at Lyon's Creek, under Gen. 
Bi.ssell; maj 7th Inf. 1 June, 1819 ; lieut.-col. 
6th Inf May 1, 1829; com. hisregt. in battle 
of the Bad A.\e. — Gardner. 



54 



Baker, Daniel, D.D. (Laf. Coll. 1849), 
pies, of Austin Coll., Texas, Presb. clergy- 
man ; d. 1857. N. J. Coll. 1815. Has pub. 
"Affectionate Address to Mothers," and to 
" Fathers," " Plain and Scriptural View of 
Baptism," 18mo, " Revival Sermons," 12mo, 

Baker, David Jewett, politician, b. E. 
Haddam Ct., Sept. 7, 1792; d. Alton, HI., 
Auir. 6, 1869. Ham. Coll. 1816. He went 
with his parents to Untario Co., N.Y., in 1800, 
worked on a farm, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1819; settling in Kaskas- 
kia. 111. He had a large practice, and was 
probate judge of Randolph Co.; U .?. senator 
1830-1, canviim ilin.iiLli Cuu-rr.s tlir idi- 
portant m. m- : ■-■ inil.lir lin'U \'< 

actual settle i ■ , • ,. . ^.| in n.i-^ - : T ^ 
attorney for III. m l>;:-tl Hi- uppn^ril thr 
introduction of slavery into III. in lS2.i, wiili 
such energy, that his opponents tried to kill him. 

Baker, Edward Dickinson, soldier and 
senator, b. Lond., Feb. 24, 1811 ; killed in the 
battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861. His 
family came to the U.S. ab. 1815, and settled 
in Phila., but in 1825 removed to 111. The 
son studied law, was admitted to practise 
in Greene Co., III. ; removed to Springfield ; in 
1837 was chosen to the legisl. ; was State sen- 
ator from 1840 to 1844, and then M.C. until 
the breaking-out of the Mexican war, when 
he resigned, and became col. of Illinois 
Vols. He shared in the siege of Vera Cruz, 
com. with great gallantry a brigade at Cerro 
Gordo and all the subsequent conflicts, and 
after the war removed to Galena, and aided in 
the nomination of Gen. Taylor to the presi- 
dency. In 1848-9, he was again in Congress, 
but, becoming connected with the Panama 
Railroad Co., declined a re-election, settled in 
the successful practice of law in Cal. in 1852, 
and connected himself with the Republican 
party. When Senator Broderic was killed in a 
duel in 1859, he delivered a funeral-oration 
over the body of his friend in the public sqnare 
of San Francisco, and soon after removed to 
Oregon, where in 1860, by a coalition between 
the Republicans and Douglas Democrats in the 
legisl., he was elected to the U. S. senate. On 
the breaking-out of the civil war in 1861, he 
raised the "California" regt. in N.Y. and 
Phila., and, declining to be app. a gen., went 
into the field at its head. At Bali's Bluff, he 
com. a brigade, and fell in advance of the line 
while serving a pi''ce of artillery. 

Baker, Henry Felt, author and inventor, 
b. Salem, Ms., Nov. 7, 1797; d. Portsmouth, 
O., Feb 20, 1857. H.U. 1815. He became a 
merchant and trader. In 1846, he patented 
the well-known " Improvement in Steam- 
Boiler Furnaces." Ab. 1848, he went to Cin- 
cinnati, became clerk in a bank, and in 1853 
and 1854, pub. in two parts a work on " Banks 
and Banking in the U.S.," and contrib. fre- 
quently to the Bankers' Magazine. The name 
of Baker, his stepfather, was added to his ori- 
ginal name. 

Baker, Lafayette C, brev. brig.-gen. 
vols., and chief of the detective service daring 
the civil war, b. Stafford, N.Y., 1824 ; d. Phila , 
July .■!, 1868. In 1867, he pub. a work detail- 



ing much of the secret history of the war, and 
charging President Johnson with being privy 
to the pardon-brokerage business. 

Baker, Osman Cleander, D.D., Bishop 
M. E. Church, b. Marlow, N. H., 1812. 
Licensed 1829. Consee. bishop in May, 1852. 
He was stationed in N.H., and was prof, in 
the Meth. BiW. Inst, in 1847-52. Author of 
" Discipline of the M.E. Church," 1 2mo ; " Last 
Witness." D. Concord, N.H., Dec. 20, 1871. 
\IT. Re.mi;.mder, soldier and 



sion, he was captured and cruelly maimed, 
but was rescued the same day. He was out- 
lawed by the gov. of N.Y., and a price set 
upon hi"s head. May 10, 1775, with Col. 
Warner, he participated in the capture of 
Crown Point. He was on a scouting e.xped. 
when killed. 

Balboa, Miguel Cavello, a Spanish mis- 
sionary who visited S. America ab. 1566, and 
collected materials for a history of Peru, which 
was pnb. in Paris, 1840. 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez ve, a Spanish dis- 
covererandconquerorin Aiiiri mi,!. \. r. -i|. lus 

Caballeros, 1475; d. Caslilli I >'; lilT. 

In 1501, he went to the Wr.: 1 , : , , ^;- 

ped. of Bastidas. He is sail m h :\ > i, . i, ihe 
first European who ascertained Culia to lie an 
island. From Hispaniola, he sailed in 1510 to 
the River Darien, and established a colony on 
the Isthmus of Panama, where he built Santa 
Maria de la Anti-ua, the lirM town .m tlic ron- 
tinentof South .Vm iir;, In ,s,|.i, I.,!:. I'.al- 
boasctout on an ix|. il m n-- tli.; i-ilnnn-, ami 
discovered the Paeilic Uecan, Sept. 2'J. Kneel- 
ing, he thanked God for this great discovery, of 
which he took possession in the name of the 
sovereigns of Castile. Returning, he sent to 
Spain an account of his discoveries. His mer- 
its, however, were neglected, Enciso, a rival, 
having traduced him to the Spanish Govt.; and 
Pedrarias Davilawas sent out with a fleet and 
troops as gov. of Darien. Ralhoa was alter- 
wards made lieut-i^^v. with inil.ptndent au- 
thority. But, dis|nitr, .n i-in.; I.i t". rti him and 
Davila, the latter aLT 11 -L.l Mm -i .li-luyalty, and 
a design to revolt; uu wiiiili charge he was 
tried and convicted ; and in spite of the entrea- 
ties of the judges themselves, and of the whole 
colony, he was beheaded, leaving the character 
of an active and enterprising adventurer, infe- 
rior to none of the Spanish leaders in America 
in courage or abilities, and whose object was 
fiime, and not the accumulation of wealth. In 
his intercourse with the Indians, he dis])laycd 
great humanity and prudence. 

Balbuena de (da-bal-bwa'-nS), Bebxae- 
DO, a Spanish poet, and bishop of Porto Riro, 
in the W. Indies, from 1620 to his death, 1627, 
b. Val de Penos, 1568. Author of " The Age 
of Gold," a pastoral romance; "El Bernardo," 
an epic poem, and some lyrics. — See Tichwr's 



B^^Jj 



55 



Balcarres, Alexander Lindsay, Earl 
of, a British -en,, b. ITfii; (1. London, 27 Mar. 
1!<25. ElilL'ft son of tho 5th Earl Balcarres, 
wliotii in 1767 lie succeeded in the liimily hon- 
ors. He became an ensi};n in the 53d Foot, 
obtained a majorate, Dec. 9, 1775, and served 3 
years in N. America under Carleton and Bur- 
Koyne. He was jjiesent at the actions of Trois 
Rivieres, June 1, 1776 ; com. the lisht infantry 
of the army at Ticonderoga and Hnbbardton, 
July 7, 1777; also at Freeman's Farm, Sept. 19, 
(ju "the heights of Saratoga, with thf com. of 
tlie advanced corps of the army, r.ri;; (an. 
Frasi-r being killed in the actic.ii. i),r. 7. ( )ri s 
Balcarres was app. lieut.-col. L'4tli FmmI. ;mhI 
was included in the conventiim (if S;ir,[fi.^a. 
At the battle of Hubbardton. where he was 
wounded, 13 balls passed through his clothes. 
Made maj.-gen. 1793, and in 1794 sent to com. 
the forces in Jamaica, (vherc he was also placed 
at the head of theciviladmijiistration as lieut.- 
gov., but soon after returned to Eng. Lieut.- 
gen. 1798 ; gen. 1803. Ar the time of his death, 
he was one of the representative peers for Scot- 
land, but took no active part in politics. 

Balch, George B., capt. U.S.N., b. Tcnn., 
Dec. ■■511, 1821. Midshipman, Dec. 30, 1837; 
licnt, Aug. 16,1850; com. July 16,1862; capt. 
July 25, 1866. Actively engaged in the war 
with Mexico from first attack on Alvarado, 
Nov. 1, 1846, to surrender of Vera Cruz, Mar. 
1847. While on the sloop "Plymouth,'' in 
com. of the advance post at Shanghai, China, 
he was wounded in the hip in a fight between 
the rebels and imperialists. Com. steamer 
"Pocahontas," S. A. squadron ; engaged rebel 
battery at Stono, S.C., and on the Black River 
in Aug. 1862; com. steamer "Pawnee," at- 
tacked by 2 rebel batteries, who at the same 
time attacked Gen. Terry's forces, and were re- 
pulsed July 16, 1863 ; engaged and captured 2 
rebel guns in the Keowah River, Dec. 25, 1863 ; 
in the operations of Dahltcren and Foster in 
Stono River, S.C., July,I864; and Feb.9, 1865, 
with the " Sonoma" and " Dafll)dil," engaged 
3 rebel batteries on Togoda Creek, North Edis- 
to, S.C., driving the enemy from his works. — 
Hamersly. 

Balctl, William, minister of the Second 
Church, Bradford, b. Beverly, Ms., Oct. 2, 1704 ; 
d. Bradford, Jan. 12, 1792. H. U. 1724. Ord. 
7 Jan. 1727. In 1744, he pub. a pamphlet upon 
a dispute between himself and a few dissatis- 
fied members of his church ; and in 1746, he 
wrote an able reply to Messrs. Wigglesworth 
and Chipman, who had attacked him for propa- 
gating Arminian tenets. Besides the above- 
named, he pub. " A Discourse upon Self-right- 
eousness," 1742, and "Election Sermon," 
1749. — .E/io(. 

Baldwio, Abraham, statesman, b. Guil- 
ford, Ct., Nov. 1754; d. Washington, D.C., 
Mar. 4, 1807. Y. C. 1772. Being a good clas- 
sical and mathematical scholar, he was tutor 
there 5 years, and from 1777, till the close of 
the war, was a chaplain in the army. Remov- 
ing to Savannah at the request of Gen. Greene, 
early in 1784 he abandoned the clerical pro- 
fession for that of the law, was a member of 
the legist, in 1784, a delegate to Congress in 
1785-8, an active and disting. member of the 



which framed the Federal Consti 
tution in 1787, under which he was .M. C. 
1789-99, and a U. S. senator from 1799 till his 
death. During the 22 years of his legislative 
career, he was never absent an hour, until the 
week preceding his death. In the Georgia 
legisl. he originated the plan of the State Uni- 
versity, drew up the charter by which it was 
endowed with 40,000 acres of land, and, with 
the aid of Gov. John Milledge, carried it 
through successfully. It was located at Ath- 
ens, and he was several years its pros. He 
was the bro.-in-lawof Joel Barlow; was a man 
of great talents, ardent patriotism, and exten- 
sive benevolence. Having never been married, 
bo was enabled by economy to assist many 
young men in obtaining an education ; and, on 
the death of his father in 1787, protected and 
educated 6 orphan-children, bis half bros. and 
sisters, among them Judge Henry Baldwin. 

Baldwin, Asiibel, Pr.-Ep. clergyman, 
b. Litchfield, Ct., Mar. 7, 1757 ; d. Rochester, 
N.Y., Feb.8, 1846. Y. C. 1776. He served as a 
quartermaster in the Revol. war, and was ord. 
by Bishop Seabury in 1785, — the first Epis. 
ordination in this country. Minister of Strat- 
ford, 1792-1824. He was a delegate to the 
General Convention, see. of the Diocesan Con- 
vention for many years, and see. of the General 
Convention several times. After leaving Strat- 
ford, he officiated at Wallingford, Meriden, 
North Haven, and Oxford, until 1832, when he 
became disabled by age. He had preached 
about 10,000 times, baptized 3,010, married 600 
couples, and assisted at the burial of about 3,000 
individuals. — Z?/ai-e. 

Baldwin, Chaeles H., Capt. U. S. N., b. 

N. Y. City, Apr. 24, 1822. Midshipm. Apr. 24, 
1839; lieut. Nov. 1853; resigned, and re-en- 
tered navy in 1861 ; com. Nov. 18, 1862 ; capt. 
1809. Served in frigate "Congress" in Mexi- 
can war ; com. steamer " Clifton " at the cap- 
ture of New Orleans, and at the first attack on 
Vicksburg, 1862. — Hamersli/. 

Baldwin, Elihc Whittlesey, Pros. Wa- 
bash Coll., Ind., 1835-40, b. Durham, N.Y., 25 
Dec, 1789 ; d. Crawfordville, Xnd., 15 Oct. 1840. 
Y. C. 1812 ; And. Sem. 1817. S.T.D. Bloom. 
Coll. 1839. Minister 7th Presb. Ch., N. Y. 
City, 1 820-35. — See Memoir, by E. F. Hatjidd, 



<.;iiy, 
N.Y. 



1843. 



Baldwin, Henry, LL.D. (1830), jurist 
and statesman, bro. of Abraham, b. New Haven, 
Ct., 1779 ; d. Phila., 21 Apr. 1844. Y. C. 1797. 
He became eminent at the bar, settled at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., was M. C. from Pa. in 1817-22, and 
in 1830 was made a justice of the U. S. Su- 
preme Court. Author of " A General View of 
the Origin and Nature of the Constitution and 
Govt, of the U. S.," Phila., 1837. 

Baldwin, Henry P., gov. of Michigan, 
1869-71, b. Coventry, R.L, 22 Feb. 1814. He 
engaged in mercantile business in his youth, 
emigrated to Detroit in 1838, became pres. Sec- 
ond Nat. Bank, and was two years a State 
senator. 

Baldwin, Jedcthan, col. of engineers in 
the Revol. army, b. Woburn, Ms., .Jan. 13, 
1732; d. Brookfield, Ms., June 4, 1788. He 
com. a companv in the exped. against Crown 
Point, Sept. is'to Nov. 27, 1755. He was ac- 



56 



tivc ill ;il.inninu' the works around Boston 
(JininL: it< iiiv. -tnieiit ; was made assist, en- 
■/mr,:v, i.iiil; ,ii r;,|,t., at Cambridge, Mar. 16, 
177f., :iihl i,nl(iv,l to N.Y.; placed on the 
contiML-iital estaliiisliinent. with rank and pay 
of lieiu.-col , Apr. 20, 1776, and ordered to 
Canada, Sept. 3, 1776; made engineer, with 
rank of col., and served at Ticondcroga. He 
was at West Point with his regt of artificers 
in Oet. 1780, and resigned Apr. 26, 1782. He 
was a prominent member of the Ms. Provincial 
Congress, 1774-5, and a friend of literature. 
He left a bequest of £100 to Leicester Acad. 

Baldwin, John Denison, author, editor, 
and M C. (1863-9), h. N. Stonington, Ct., 
28 Sept. 1810. A. M. of Y. C. 1839. He 
studied law and theology; connected liitnself 
witli the press, first in Hartford, next in Boston, 
and afterward became proprietor of the ll'or- 
cedn- Spi/. Deleg. to the Chic a-o C.iuv. of 
1860. Author of " RaviiHuM IIill :iii.l nihrr 
Poems," 1847, and " I'k !ii i \ rl ii~." 

Baldwin, Josei'h l , i : < ^np I't. ni 

Cal. 1857-63, chief-jiisii,.., | si; ; ; ,1 San Kran- 
cisco, 30 Sept. 1864. Autliorof " Flush Times 
of Alabama and Mississippi," 8vo, 18.53, and 
" Party Leaders," 8vo, 1855. His son Alex. 
VV.. U".S dist. judge for Nevada, was killed at 
Alameda, Cal., by a railroad accident, 15 Nov. 
18r,!i, a. :)4. 

Baldwin, Col. Lo.^mmi, engineer, b. 
Wuhuru, Ms., Jan. 21, 1745; d. there Oct. 20, 
1807. A descendant of Deacon Henry, one of 
the first settlers of Woburn. Having a good 
common school education, he devoted his lei- 
sure to the study of mathematics ; attended the 
lectures of Prof. Winthrop at Harvard Coll. 
with Benj. Thompson, afterward Count Rum- 
ford, and became a practical surveyor and en- 
gineer. A leading and active Whig of the 
Revol., he was a member of the county con- 
vention in Middlesex, held in Aug. 1774 ; en- 
tered the army as a major; was chosen lieut.- 
col. of Gerrisli's regt. June 16, 1775 ; was col. 
of the 26th regt. in Nov. 1775 ; served at Lex- 
ington, at New York, and in the surprise of 
the Hessians at Trenton, but left the army 
early in 1777, in poor health. Sheriff of Mid- 
dlesex Co. 1780 to 1794. Member of Ms. 
legisl. 1778-9 and in 1800. A principal pro- 
prietor of the Middlesex Canal, of which he was 
superintendent, 1794-1804. Member of the 
American Acad. His sou Loammi, engineer, 
b. Woburn, May 16, 1780; d. June 30^ 1838. 
H.U. 1800. Was often employed in public 
works by the govt. ; and his skill is well at- 
tested by the dry docks at Charlestown and 
Newport. 

Baldwin, Matthias W., a pioneer in- 
ventor, and builder of locomotive-engines, b. 
Eiizabethtown, N.J., 10 Dee. 1795 ; d. Phila., 
7 Dec. 1866. He was originally a jeweller, 
and, while thus employed, invented a new 
process of gold-plating. He afterward manu- 
factured bookbinders' tools, and calico-printers' 
rolls, at which time he built his first steam- 
engine. In 1832, he constructed his first loco- 
motive for the Phila. and Germantown Rail- 
way, called the " Ironsides." He made many 
important improvements in locomotive-engines, 
and, in Aug. 1842, patented the flexible truck 



locomotive. He was a member of the Const. 
Conv. of 1837, and of the State legisl. in 1853. 
Many years pres. of the Phila. Hortic. Soc. 

Baldwin, Roger Sherman, LL. D. (Y. 
C. 1845), lawyer and senator, b. N. Haven, 
Jan. 4,1793; d. there Feb. 19, 1863. Y.C. 
1811. Son of Judge Simeon by a dau. of 
Roger Sherman. He studied at the Litchfield 
Law School; began practice at N. Haven in 
1814; soon became eminent in the ])rolession ; 
was State senator in 1837, and prcs. jn-oti-m. in 
1838; representative in 1840-1; gov. of Ct. 
1844-6; US. senator, lS47-r.I : and a mem- 
ber of the Peace Co;i-n>s ill Fi h. ISiil, oppos 
ing the projected amriiilinents to tlir Constitu- 



Johu 



Baldwin, Simeon, jurist, father of the 
preceding, b. Norwich, Ct., 14 Dec. 1761 ; d. 
New Haven, 26 Mav, 1851. Y.C. 1781. Tu- 
tor at Yale in 1781-6; admitted to the N. 
Haven bar, acquired an extensive practice ; 
was clerk of the District and Circuit Courts 
in 1790-1803; M.C. 1803-5; judge of the 
State Supreme Court, 1806-17, and of the 
Court of Errors ; pres. of the Boaid of Corns, 
to locate the Farmington Canal in 1822-30, 
and mayor of the city of New Haven in 1 826. 

Baldwin, Thomas, D.D. (Un. Coll 1803), 
Baptist clergyman, b. Norwich, Ct., 23 Dec. 
1753; d. WaterviUe, Me., 29 Aug. 1825. 
With little early education, he became, by dili- 
gent effort, an eminent preacher, and the head 
of his sect in N. E. Ord. 11 June, 1783, at 
Canaan, N.H., and in Nov. 1790, over ihu 
Second Church, Boston. Prominent in the 
establishment of WaterviUe Coll., Me., 1820, 
and Columb. Coll., D.C., 1821. He began the 
Amer. Bapt. Mag. in 1803 ; was sole editor 
until 1817, and senior editor till his d. 
Several times a member of the legisl., and mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv. of 1820. 
Author of " Baptism of Believers only," 1806, 
and a number of sermons. 

Balfour, Nisbet. a British gen., b. Edin- 
burgh, 1743; d. Denbigh, Co. Fife, Oct. 10, 
1823. Son of an auctioneer and bookseller of 
Edinburgh. Entering the service as an ensign 
in the 4th Foot in 1761, he obtained a company 
in 1770; was wounded at the battle of 
Bunker's Hill in 1775, and again in the action 
at the landing on Long Island ; was at the cap- 
ture of Brooklyn, and at the taking of New 
York in 1776, on which occasion he was sent 
home by the com.-in-chief with despatches, and 
received, in consequence, the brev. of maj. 
Nov. 19, 1776. He was present in the action 
near F.lizabethtown, N.J., in the spring of 
1777; in the engagements of Brandywine and 
Germantown ; at the siege of Charlestown, and 
served, under Lord Cornwallis, part of the 
campaign after the surrender of the latter place. 
He was com. at Charleston in 1781, and caused 



57 



BAl. 



Col. Isaac Hayne's execution, an act of un- 
justifiable cruelty. He was app. lieut.-col 23d 
Foot in 1778, col. and aide-de-camp to the king 
in 1782; attained the rank of maj.-gen. in 
1793; served in Flanders and Holland in 1794 ; 
liecame lieut.-gen. in 1798, and gen. in 1803. — 
Gent's Mag. 1823. 

Balfour, Walter, Universalist clergy- 
man, b. St. Miniaus, Scotland, 1777; d. 
Charlestown, Ms., where he had long been 
settled, 3 Jan. 18.52. Educated a Presbyte- 
rian, he came to the U. S. at the a;;e of 20 ; 
acquired popularity as an extempore speaker; 
became a Baptist at 30. and a 1 him r-.ili^i Mi 
years later, by reading Prof Stient^ 1- tii i i.i 
Dr. Channing. He pub. " IiKiniiie- i '..n- 
cerning the Devil," and " Scriptural Import 
of the Words transhued Hell," 1824; "The 
State of the Dead," 1833; "Reply," and 
"Letters to Prof. Stuart," " Letters to Hud- 
son," and other controversial works. 

Ball, Dyer, M.D., clergyman and mis- 
sionary, b. W. Boylston, Ms., June 3, 1796 ; d. 
Canton, China, March 27, 1866. Un. Coll. 
1826. He studicdat Phillips Acad., and at Yale, 
hut was obliged to go South for his health. 
After a theological course at N. Haven and 
Andover, he was licensed to preach in 1828, 
and ord. in 1831 He taught school in St. Au- 
gustine, Fla., and was a missionary and teacher 
in the South until 1837 ; having also the degree 
of M. D. from the medical institution in 
Charleston. He sailed for Singapore, May 25, 
1838; labored there two years; went to Macao 
in June, 1841 ; removed to Hong Kong in 
April, 1843, where he lost his first wife; and in 
184.i removed to Canton, where he again m., 
and passed the remainder of his life in mis- 
.sionary, medical, and educational labor. For 
many years he printed a Chinese Almanac. 
He visited the U. S. in 1854-7. 

Ball, Epheaim, inventor of the Ohio 
Reaper and Mower, b. Stark Co., O., 1812. 
Passed his youth without the advantages of 
even a common-school education. In 1840, he 
began to make ploughs ; and " Ball's Blue 
Ploughs " became a success. He subsequent- 
ly associated with himself, in this business, 
Cornelius Aultman and Lewis Miller, whose 
large establishment at Canton, O., became 
widely known. " The Ohio Mower " appeared 
in 1854, and was patented in 1856; and in 
1858 the "Buckeye" machine was brought 
out, which attained a large popularity. 

Ball, Thomas, sculptor, b. Charlestown, 
Ms., June3, 1819. Po.ssessing a fine bass voice, 
lie sang solo parts in oratorios in Boston. His 
first art attempts were at portraits. Among his 
best pictures are those of Mrs. Barrett the 
actress, and a full length of Webster. He has 
executed, in marble, busts of Webster, Choate, 
Jonas Chiekering ; statuettes of Lincoln, Web- 
ster, and Clay ; full-length statues of Webster 
and Everett, and an equestrian statue of Wash- 
ington in the Boston Public Garden. He has 
also prod,nced ideal statues of Eve, Pandora, 
Truth, and the Shipwrecked Sailor-Boy. In 
Feb. 1871, his statue of John A. Andrew was 
placed in the State House, Boston. — Tucker- 

Ballard, Maj. Bland, b. Fredericksburg, 



Va., Oct. 16, 1761 ; d. Shelby Co., Ky., Sept. 
5,1853. He went to Ky. in" 1779, and took 
part in many of the Indian conflicts of those 
days. As maj. of Ky. Vols., he led the advance 
against the British and Indians at the River 
Raisin, and was wounded, and taken prisoner. 
He was often chosen to the Ky. legisl. 

Ballard, Edward, D.D. (Trin. Coll. 1865), 
Pr.-Ep. clergyman, sec. Nil. Hist. Soc, h. 
Hopkinton, N.H., 1805; d. Brunswick, Me., 
Nov. 14, 1870. Formerly a schuulteaelier, 
latterly rector of St. I'muI's church, Brunswick. 
Dr. Il.'u.i u.,1 i,r .1 111 the Indian lansua.'cs. 



Ballard, Henry E., com. U.S. Navy, b. 
Kd., 1785; d. Annapolis, Md., Mtiy 23, 1855. 
Son of Maj. Ballard of the Rev. army. Mid- 
shipman, Nov. 2, 1804; lieut. April 2"6, 1810; 
master, April 27, 1816; Capt. March 3, 1825. 
Lieut, in the frigate " Constitution " in theaction 
with the "Cyane" and "Levant," Feb. 20, 
1815. 

Ballou, Hosea, a prominent Univ. min- 
ister, b. Richmonil, N.H., Apr. 30, 1771; d. 
Boston, June 7, 1852. Ho was one of six sons 
of Rev. Matiirin Billon, a Baptist minister, 
of whom 15. nj aiei I )avid, as well as the sub- 
ject of tin. 111 iiiMM, alterwards became Univ. 
jireachcrs. lll^ I, r 'ir. who had a large family, 
received iiu salary tur preaching, and was ex- 
tremely poor. As there were no schools in 
his native town, nor pen, ink, nor writing-pa- 
per in his father's house, he was obliged to be 
his own teacher, to substitute birch-bark for 
paper, and to u.se charcoal in place of pen and 
ink. By perseverance, he enabled himself to 
read and write at the age of 16. He began to 
preach when ab. 21, and labored principally in 
R. I., but subsequently in various portions of 
N.E. In 1794, he settled at Dana, Ms. Atthe 
age of 30, he removed to Vt. to oificiate in 
Woodstock, Hartland, Bethel, and Barnard. 
He there wrote his popular " Notes on the 
Parables," 1804, and " Treatise on the Atone- 
ment." In 1807, he became pastor of the 
Univ. society in Portsmouth, N.H., where he 
disting. himself by his controversial writings; 
and in 1815 removed to Salem, Ms. He was 
installed pastor of the 2d Univ. society in Bos- 
ton, Dec. 17, 1817, where ho labored over 35 
years. He commenced the Uiiivericdist Macja- 
zinem 1819, conducted for a few years solely 
by himself, and afterwards by Rev. Thos. 
Whittemore. Besides the works already 
named are a series of 26 lecture sermons, and 
20 select sermons; "An Examination of the 
Doctrine of Future Retribution," 1846. His 
essays, fugitive sermons, and other pub. works, 
it is estimated would make 100 12mo vols. 
In 1831, he commenced with his nephew, Rev. 
Hosea Ballou, 2d. a quarterly publication, en- 
titled the Universalist Expositor, which he ed- 
ited two years, and continued a contributor to 
till his death. A vol. of his fugitive verses 
consists mostly of hymns, many of which are 
included in the " Universalist Collection," by- 
Adams and Chapin. A Life by his son, M. M. 



Ballou, has been pub., also by Thos. Whitte- 
more, 2 vols. 8vo, 1854. 



58 



BallOU, IIosKA, 2.1, D.D. (II. r. 1S44), 
Univ. clergyman and author, b. llalitMX, Vt., 
Oct. 18, 1796; d. Somerville, Ms., Mav 27, 
1861. Grandson of Benj., elder bro. of Rev. 
Hosea Ballou of Boston. He received his early 
education at Halifax, Vt. About 1813, he was 
settled as pastor of Stafford, Ct., where he 
continued 4 or 5 years. July 29, 1821, he was 
installed pastor of the church at Eoxbury, 
where he remained until June, 1838, when he 
was installed at Medford, Ms. In May, 1853, 
he was choocn first pres. of Tufts Coll., Som- 
erville, Ms., which he hn.l Iktii aitlvc in es- 
tablishing, and after vi>-iiiiiL: l.iii.i[,i, ami ex- 
aminin.!^ the colleges tluiv, ,,ii hi^ i. mni, Aug. 
22, 1855, entered upon In- .Inta- In May, 

1822, he became one ul ih Iii..r~ dl the 

L'liirerS'Uist Magazine (imw ih' /',/,/;../ 1. ami 
in Jnlv, 18.30, iii connn-i,,,,, wi li K-v IIom.m 
Balloil. sen., hecomn.cnr,.lil,r|,uliliraiio,i „f 

the r / /;.7",.v;to-, which ho edited 

inan\ i- I : iliit title and the title of 

the 7 . , ' ': uurly. In 1829, he pub. 

"The Anen ni lliMury of Universalism," and 
a colleetion of psalms and hymns for the use 
of Univ. societies and families, 1837. lie ed- 
ited Sismondi's " Historv of the Crusades " 
12mo, Bost., 1833. 

Ballou, M.4.TDRIN M., b. Boston, 1822, 
son of Rev. Hosea, editor and proprietor of 
Ballnu's Pictorial and the Flaq of our Union. 
Author of " History of Cuba," 1854, "Biog- 
raphy of Rev. Hosea Ballou," and " Lite- 
Story of Hosea Ballou," a juvenile work. 

Baltimore, Lord, see Calvert, George. 

Bancroft, Aaron, D.D., a Unitarian 
minister, b. Reading, Ms., Nov. 10, 1755; d. 
Worcester, Ms., Aug. 19, 1839. H. U. 1778. 
D.D. 1810. Though his studies were much 
interrupted by the Revol., he became one of the 
most accomplished scholars of the country. 
He shouldered a musket as a volunteer at 
Lexington and Bunker's Hill. After spending 
some time in teaching, he studied theology, 
was licensed to preach, and spent three years 
as a missionary in Yarmouth, N.S. Feb. 1, 
1786, he was settled in Worcester, where he 
spent the residue of his life. He was a pio- 
neer in liberal Christianity, and took an ac- 
tive part in associations, conventions, and ec- 
clesiastieal councils. He pub. a " Eulogy on 
Washington "in 1800, " Life of Washington " 
in 1807, and in 1822 a vol. of controversial 
sermons. He delivered, Jan. 1, 1836, a dis- 
course on the 50 years of his ministry at Wor- 
cester, which has been printed with historical 
notes. He was in straitened pecuniary circum- 
stances in the early part of his career, and, in 
the last years of his life, he was oppressed by 
severe domestic afflictions. Member of the 
Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Father of 
Hon. George Bancroft, LL. D. 

Bancroft, Dr. Edward, political and 
scientific writer, b. Westfield, Ms., Jan. 9, 
1744 ; d. Eng. 8 Sept. 1820. Pres. Adams, in 
his autobiography, says that Bancroft had 
been a pupil of Silas Deane when the latter 
was a school-teacher; after some education, he 
was apprenticed to a trade, from which he ran 
away, and went to sea in debt to his master ; 
returned successful, and compensated his em- 



plover 
in'Gu 
dence 
" Natu 



Lon 



ing the 11 
recommen 
tors of th. 
to review 
In this lal 



ish Gu 



1, 


111, ma 


."a wc 


.rk of mer- 


IM 


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irles W( 


cntworth." 


■ist 


ianit 


V was V 


ilified. He 


Re 


■y. Cbll. of Phvsicians, 


th 


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V. Soci. 


Hv. Gain- 


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. r.' 


aliklill, 


the latter 
id proprie- 






l-r win 


ani he was 



In the 



le.rii rcrt-ianuth .loekvanl, lie He,l to Passy. 
lie lie 11 went 1.1 V.m< to meet Siias Deane, 
aail ien,|,.,- a>-istaliee t.i tlie .\,„,,. eause. He 
liail ]iieviuii,-lv jaiK. a vol 111 Mippiirt of Amer. 
colonial ri-hts, entitled " Remarks on the Re- 
view of the Controversy between Great Bri- 
tain anil her Colonies," Lund., 1 769, written by 
Win. Kno.x. He had "a clear head and a 
good pen, and wrote some pieces relative to the 
connection between France and Amer., which 
were translated, and printed in a work, entitled 
Affaires de I'Aiif/leterre et de I'Am^rique." 
Bancroft the historian accuses him of being a 
spy in the pay of the British Government, 
and of making a dupe of Deane, who showed 
him all his instructions and correspondence. 
After the peace, he obtained a patent in France 
for the exclusive importation of the bark of the 
yellow oak, for the dyers, and afterward pro- 
cured a similar patent in Ens;., by which he is 
said to have nae/.t imh, ;, year. In 1794, he 
pub. the 111 -I I . liniental Research- 

es conceniiii_ I' phv of Permanent 

Colors,"&c., lullunul Lv a .-ecund in 1813. He 
never returned tu America. 

Bancroft, George, LL. D., historian and 
politician, b. Worcester, Ms., Oct. 3, 1800. 
H. U. 1817. Son of Rev. Aaron Bancroft. 
He studied at the German universities, and re- 
ceived at Gottingen, in 1820, the degree of Ph. 
D. Returning to Amer. in 1822, he officiated 
one year at Harvard as tutor of Greek. In 
1823, in conjunction with Dr. J G. Cogswell, 
he established the Round Hill School at North- 
ampton, as a preparatory school for collegiate 
instruction. He began at this time collecting 
materials for a history of the U. S., the first 
vol. of which appeared in 1834, and the 9th 
1866. In 1826, in an oration at Northampton, 
he declared himself for universal suffrage and 
uncompromising democracy. In 1835, he draft- 
ed an address to the people of Ms., at the re- 
quest of the young men's Democ. Convention, 
and was active as a public speaker, and in 
drawing up political resolutions and addresses. 
In 1838-41, he was collector of Boston, and 
was a frequent orator in political assemblies. 
In 1844, he was the Democ. candidate for gov. 
of Ms., but was not elected. In 1845, he en- 
tered Mr. Polk's cabinet as sec. of the navy, 
signalizing his administration by the establish- 
ment of the naval school at Annapolis. In 
1846-9, he was minister-plcnipo. to Great Bri- 
tain, and occupied '.litiiself in perfecting his col- 
lections on Amer. history. He also brought 



59 



B^:v 



ab. changes in the British navigation laws fa- 
vorable to Amcr. commerce. App. minister to 
Prussia in 18G7, and has negotiated a treaty 
with ihe N. Germ. Confcd., by which German 
naturalized citizens of the U. S. are released 
from allegiance to the government of their na- 
tive country. In 182.3, he pub. a translation 
of IlriTon's " Politico of ATicicnt GiCL'ce." 



:.:; , -.. .-.;,.,;,:,—. 1 i I - ; ', I • l'':)V, 
ot ihvlu.J nuiJ,, hu.i .1 duclurul civil law; 
and in that year he returned tu tlie U. S. A 
small vol. of poems pub. at Boston in 1823 
witnesses to the poetical enthusiasm with 
which he traversed the ruins of Italy and the 
sublime scenery of Switzerland. lie was a 
contrib. to the N. A. Review. He has filled 
the office of pros, of the Amer. Geographical 
Society, and is adisting member of the Ethno- 
logical and N. Y. Historical Societies. Mr. 
Bancroft has also pub. an abridgment of his 
history. In Oct. 1855, he delivered an address 
on the site of the battle of King's Mountain, 
S.C. ; another. Sept 10, 1860, at the inaugura- 
tion of the statue of C im. Perry at Cleve- 
land, O. ; a eulogium on Prescott the historian, 
in 1859, before the N.Y. Hist. Society, and in 
Mar. 1866, delivered a eulogy on Pres. Lin- 
coln, before both houses of Congress. 

Bangs, Nathan, D.D., Methodist minis- 
ter, and scholar, b. Stratford, Ct., May 2, 
1778; d. N. Y. City, May 1, 1862. He com- 
menced business-life asaschoolmasterand land- 
surveyor, making a tour in Upper Canada, and 
continued these occupations until, in 1801, he 
entered the itinerant ministry of the Methodist 
Church. In the discharge o'f this function he 
travelled in Canada 7 years, and, returning 
to the U. S. in 1808 had charge of several 
circuits, stations, and districts, until 1820, 
when he was elected agent and editor of the 
Methodist Book Concern. He was in 182S- 
32 editor of the Chrislinn Advocate and Jour- 
nal, the Quartrrltj Review, and also of the books 
issued from the establishment in 1832-36. He 
was cor. see. of the missionary society of the 
M.E. Church in 1836-+1 ; pres. of the Wes- 
leyan Univ. at Middletown, Ct., 1841-3; then 
took charge of different churches in N. Y. and 
Brooklyn, for 10 years. Author of " The Er- 
rors of Hopkinsianism,'' " Predestination Exam- 
ined," " Reformer Reformed," "Life of Garret- 
son," " History of the Methodist-Episcopal 
Church," "History of Missions," 1832, "An 
Original Cliurch of Christ," "Emancipa- 
tion," " Letters on S.inctification," " State 
Prospects and Responsibilities of the M. E. 
Church," "Life of Arminius," "Scriptural 
Vindication of the M. E. Church," 1820. 

Banister, John, naturalist, b. Eng. ; d. 
Va., 1693. He came from the \V. Indies to Va , 
and settled near Jamestown. Formerly a clergy- 
man, he devoted himself here to botanical pur- 
suits, in which he was long and successfully 
engaged. Hefellavictim tohisfavoritepursuit, 
being killed by a fall while climbing some 
rocks in one of his botanical excursions. He 
was at the time engaged upon a work on the 
natural history of Va. In 1680, he sent a 
catalogue of plants to the naturalist Ray, who 



pub. them in the 2d vol. of his work. Amon^ 
his pubs, were " Observations on the Natural 
Productions of Jamaica," " The Insects of 
Virginia," 1700, " Curiosities in Virginia," 
"Observations on the Unseen Lupus," "On 
Several Sorts of Snails," " A Description of 
the Pistolochia or Serpentaria Virginiana, the 
Snakeroot." 

Banister, Col. John, b. Va. ; d. near 
Hatcher's Run, Uinwiddie Co., Va., 1787. 
Educated in Eng., and studied law at the Temple. 
Member of all the patriotic conventions of the 
Revol. period ; col. in the Va. line ; member 
of the Assemlily, and of the Continental Con- 
gress in 1778-9' and one of the frainers of the 
Articles of Contc.l.Tnti,.!, In IT.Sl.hewas 
lieut.-coi. of cav. n.i I. I C u 1 i >vM,n, and, dur- 
ing the invasion ^ \ : , \ I' in repelling 
the enemy, and 1- ; , ::y. For spe- 
cimens of his hti 1.;, , ,.!,...L. ,, ,,ec the Bland 
Papers, and al-o Siiaik-s llcvol. Corresp. — 
Gri,jsh,i,aiull\u,n,'-irs Va. 

Bankhead,JAME<,l)rev.brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Va., 17Sy ; d. Baltimore, Md.,Nov. 11, 1856. 
Son of James Ban khead of Port Royal, planter 
and Revol. off., who d Aug. 1840. App. capt. 
5th Inf. 18 June, 1808 ; brigade maj. to Gen. 
Smyth, 1812 ; assist, adj.-gen. 5 Mar. 1813 ; 
maJ. 4th Inf 15 Aug 1813; adj-gen. Sept. 9, 
1813; lieut.-col. 3d Art. Apr. 26, 1832; brev. 
col. " for meritorious conduct in campaigns in 
Florida," July 7, 1838; col. 2d Art. Sept. 16, 
1838; brev. brig -gen. " for gallant and meri- 
torious conduct at the siege of Vera Cruz," 
Mar. 29, 1847 ; com. dept. of Orizaba, Mex., 
Jan. 1848, and at the time of his death com. 
the military depart, of the east. His son 
John P. Bankhe.^d, capt. U S. N., b. S.C. ; 
d. Aden, at the mouth of the Red Sea, Apr. 
27, 1867. He com. the famous "Monitor," 
which foundered in a gale off Cape Hatteras 
on the night of Dec. 30, 1862; com. "The 
Pembina" at the capture of Port Royal, and 
" The Florida " at the capture of Fernandina. 
He entered the navy 10 Aug. 1838. 

Banks, John, lawyer, b Juniata Co., Pa., 
1793; d. Reading, Pa., Apr. 3, 1864. Received 
a classical education. Adm. tothebarin 1819, 
and practised in the western part of the State; 
M. C. 1831-6; pres. judge 3d judicial dist. 
18.36-47; State treasurer in 1847. 

Banks, Nathaniel Pkentiss, statesman, 
b. Walthain, Ms., 30 Jan. 1816. His parents 
were operatives in a factory. With only a 
common srh.iul odiuation, he applied himself 
earnestly ■■• ~:\iA\ ili. d anewspaperin Wal- 
tham', mi • ! i: Lowell; studied law; 

became :! h speaker, and, during 

Polk's a;;n , -:ri[ , held an office in the 

Boston cu>tom house. Member of Ms. legisl. 
1849; speaker in 1851-2, and a prominent 
advocate of the coalition between the Demo- 
crats and Freesoilers, by which the Whig as- 
cendency in Ms. was terminated ; pres. of the 
State Const. Conv. of 1853; M. C. 185.3-7, 
separating from his party on the question of 
slavery, and, after a protracted contest, chosen 
speaker of the house in 1855 ; gov. of Ms. in 
1858-61 ; pres. of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road when the Rebellion began, and, offering 
■ to Pres. Lincoln, was made maj.- 



60 



gen. 15 May, 1861, and app. to com. the An- 
napolis military district, and subsequently that 
of the Shenandoah. 24 May, 1862, he was 
attacked by Stonewall Jackson, and compelled 
to make a rapid retreat. He com. a corps 
under Gen. Pope in the battle of Cedar Moun- 
tain, Va., 9 Au.;., 1862, and in Dec. succeeded 
Gen. Butler in com. of the dept. of La. He 
took Opelousas in Apr. 1863, after defeating 
the enemy, and capturing 2,000 prisoners, and 
Alexandria in May, 1 863. His capture of Port 
Hudson, s.Jiilv, 180:3, o|)rneil the navigation 
of the .\|:-.|.m".'.., .,;, I ;,al i.ii|i<Mtam re.-ults. 

InMai . , ' . i lu the 

Red );.. . .1' .. 1 -l-r at 

Sabiur Co., K.M.U. s Ai-),, a>l. Ml imii, re- 
pulsing him 9 Apr. iU ricasant Hill. He w.is 
relieved from com. in May, 1864. .\I. C. since 
1865, and chairman of the com. of foreign 
relation^. He is less eminent in debate than 
as a presiding officer. 

Banneker, Benjamin, a negro astron- 
omer, b. Md., Nov. 9, 1731 ; d. Baltimore, Oct. 
1806. Of African descent, ho learned to read 
and write of his maternal -I. Mi.li), .i.n .,;, white 
woman, who liberated a:i 1 "t iicr 

slaves. While employ..! :l;.iial 

labor, he taught himself m 1 1 !, );i.ii i. ■ ami as- 
tronomy, and made the ucees^ary calculations 
for, and" from 1792, for many years, pub., al- 
manacs for Md. and the adjoining States. In 
1792, he pub. a letter addressed to Jefferson, 
the sec. of State. He assisted Ellioottin lay- 
ing out the city of Washington, and in running 
the boundary-lines of the District of Columbia, 
and was complimented for his scientific ac- 
quirements by (-ondorcet, sec. of the French 
Acad, of Sciences, to whom Thomas Jefferson 
had sent one of Banneker's Almanacs. — See 
Memoir by. T. H. B.Lalrobe, ISib , and lii/ J. i'. 
Norris, 18r)4, pub. by the Md.JIist. Soc. 
Fee " ^ -^ . • 



touching at Bata 



the clii 



3ved fatal 



jio;/. 



KEDERic, D.D., R.C. bishop of 
Marquette and Sault Ste. Marie, b. Dobernich, 
Austria, 1797 ; d. Marquette, Jan. 19, 1868. 
He settled at Sault Ste. M. before 1838. Con- 
secrated bishop Nov. 1, 18.53. Made bishop 
of Sault Ste. M., Jan. 9, 18.i7, and of Mar- 
quette and S. S. M., Oct. 15, 1865. Author 
of " Grammar of the Otchipwe Language," 
Detroit, 12mo, 1851; "Dictionary of the 
Otchipwe Language," Cinoin., 18.53. 

Baranov (ba-ra'nof), Alexandre Andre 
ViTH, gov. of Russian America, d. Apr. 
1819, a. 73. At first a Siberian merchant, he 
embarked, in Aug. 1790, for the Island of 
Kodiak, and, immediately upon his arrival, 
opened a trade with the natives. In 1796, he 
established a mercantile colony at Behring's 
Strait, and, in 1799, he took possession of the 
large Island of Sitka. He had many natural 
obstacles to overcome ; but his efforts were as- 
sisted by the Russian company ; and he ob- 
tained from the Emperor Alexander a title of 
nobility. After having lost, and again recover- 
ing in Oct. 1804, the fortress of the Isle of 
Sitka, he established there an important factory, 
and transacted business with Canton, Manilla, 
Boston, N.Y., and Cal. ; and he even founded 
a small colony in the vicinity of San Francisco. 
He withdrew from the field of his labors in 
1818, but did not revisit his country ; for, 



Barbe, M.iruuis, see Marbois. 

Barber, Col. Francis, Revol. officer, b. 
Princeton, N J., 1751 ; d. Jan. 11, 1783. N.J. 
Coll. 1767. He became in 1769 rector of the 
acad., and pastor of the Presb. Cbnrch, at 
Elizabethtown, N.J,, and had among his pupils 
Alexander Hamilton. Resigning these posts, 
he was, in Feb. 1776, commissioned by Con- 
gress major of the 3d N.J. batt. ; lieut.-col. in 
Nov., and subsequently assist, insp.-gen. under 
Baron Steuben. He served at Trenton, Prince- 
ton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- 
mouth, where he was severely wounded ; in 
1779, he was adj.-gen. in Sullivan's Indian 
exped., and was wounded in the battle of 
Newtown. He was engaged in the battle of 
Springfield, and in' 1781 was intrusted with 
the delicate and important duty of suppress- 
ing the revolt of the Pa. and N.J. troops, in 
which he was successful. He was with the 
army at Newburgh in 1783; and, on the same 
day 'that Washington announced to the army 
the conclusion of the treaty of peace. Col. 
Barber was killed by the falling of a tree 
while rilling along the skirt of a wood. Two 
younger bros., John and William, were officers 
in the N.J. line. 

Barber, John Warner, historian, b. 
Windsor, Ct., 1798. Has pub. " History and 
Antiquities of New Haven," 12mo, 1831; 
"Religions Events," 12mo, 1832; "Historical 
Colls." of Connecticut, 8vo, 1836, Massachu- 
setts, 8vo, 1839, and New Jersey, 1844, Vir- 
ginia, 1814, Ohio, 1847, and New York, in 
connection with H. Howe. He has also pub. 
"Incidents in Amer. Hist." 12mo, 1847; 
"Elements of Gen. Hist." 16mo, 1844; "Re- 
ligious Emblems and Allegories," 12mo, 1848 ; 
"European Hist. Colls." 8vo, 1855; " History 
and Antiquities of N. E., N.Y., and N.J.," 
8vo, 1841 ; " Our whole Country, Historical 
and Descriptive," 8vo, Cincin., 1861 ; "Hist. 
Scenes in the U. S." 1827, and, in connection 
with Eliz. G. Barber, "Historical, Poetical, 
and Pictorial American Scenes," 12mo, 1850. 

Barber, Jonathan, M.D., elocutionist, b. 
Eng., 1784 ; d. near Montreal, May 11, 1864. He 
practised medicine at Scarborough, and after- 
ward at London successfully ; came to the U.S. 
ab. 1820 ; devoted himself to teaching elocution 
at Yale and Harvard Colleges ; then lectured 
on phrenology extensively; went to Canada in 
1842; resumed medical practice there as a 
homceopathist in 1845, and was afterward prof, 
of oratory in the McGill U., Montreal. He 
pub. several works on elocution. 

Barbour, James, statesman, b. Orange 
Co., Va , June 10, 1775; d. there June 8, 1842. 
Son of Col. Thomas. He obtained a limited 
education while serving as a dep. sheriff; be- 
gan to practise law at 19, and first disting. 
himself as a member, and then as speaker, of 
the Va. House of Delegates. Participating in 
every important debate, he ably vindicated the 
resolutions of Mr. Madison in 1798, and was 
the proposer of the anti duelling law, — one 
of the most stringent and effective Icgisl. acts 
ever passed. Gov. of Va. 1812-14; U. S. 
senator, 1815-25; sec. of war, 1825-8; and 



niiii; ' ■•• "" i:. I'l 1328-9; pros, of the Har- 
li'.: :i in 1839. In the senate, he 

t"<il. :; It part in the discussion of 

tlir ,\|.. ,|ii.Mi.n. was chairman of the com- 
niitiJT. oil f>iivi^'ii artairs, and ultimately pres. 
pro tem. 

Barbour, John S., politician, h. Culpep- 
er Co., Va., An-. 8, 1790; d. there Jan. 12, 
1855. Son of Mordecai, a Kevol. officer. He 
was at William and Mary Coll. in 1808-9; 
then studied law with his relative Gov. B. ; and, 
in the War of 1812, was aide to Gen. Madison. 
He was a member of the State legisl.; M.C. 
1823-33; again in tlie Va. Icgisl. in 1333-4, 
and was prominent and influential in the public 
affairs of Va. and of the U.S. Ho was of the 
State Bights school, and was an able debater. 
One of his best speeches in Congress was de- 
livered in defence of McDuffie's proposition to 
break up tlie system of voting for President by 
States, and establish a uniform system of vot- 
ing bv districts. Member of the Const. Conv. 
of ls'2y-30. 

Barbour, Philip Pen'dleton, jurist 
aul I : > M Sdii of Col. Thomas, a Ilevol. 
I,,;; , . Co., Va., Mav25, 1783; d. 

W.i , I.I h < ., Feb. 24, 1841. He was a 



Va. 



his I 



14, and 



cknowl- 
M.C.. 



ctlged leader of the " war party 
1814-2.') and 1827-33; an opponent of public 
improvements being made by Congress, and of 
a tariff, and sustained the Southern side of the 
Mo. question. Speaker of the house in 1821 ; 
judge of one of the Va. courts in 1825-7 ; pres. 
of the Va. Const. Conv. in 1829 ; pres. of the 
Free Trade Conv. in Phila in 1831 ; jud.ge of 
the U.S. Circuit Court for tlie eastern district 
of Va. in 1829-36; and asso. judge of the 
U.S. Supreme Court in 1836-41. 

Barcena (bar-tha'-na;, Alfonso, a Span- 
ish missionary to S. America, b. Cordova ; d. 
1398. lie wrote for the use of the natives, 
and in their language, some religious and edu- 
cational works. 

Barcia de (bar-thee'-a), Andre.4^ Gon- 
zalez, who lived about 1700, was author of 
"AGener.d History of Florida," and "First 
Historians of the West Indies." 

Barclay, Henry, D.D. (Oxf. U. 1761), 
Pr.-Ep. rector of Trinity Church, N.Y. City, 
from Oct. 1746 to his death, 20 Aug. 1764; b. 
Albany. Y. C. 1734. He took' orders in 
Eng. 30 Jan. 1738, and was some years a mis- 
sionary to the Mohawk Indians. The transla- 
tion of the church Liturgy into the Mohawk, 
under his direction and that of l?evs. N. An- 
drews and J. Ogilvie, was pub. in 1769. 

Barclay, J. T., M.D., b. Hanover C. H., 
Va., 1807. Three and a half years a missionary 
to Jerusalem, and since 1858 a permanent 
resident there. Has pub. " The City of the 
Great King ; or, Jerusalem as it was, as it is, 
and is to be," Phila., 8vo. 1837; "Map of 
Jerusalem and Environs," N.Y., 1856 

Barclay, R. H. capt. H. N.-, com. of the 
British fleet in the battle on Lnke Erie, b 
Scotland ; d. Edinburgh, May 8, 1837. He had 
served with Nelson, lost an arm at Trafal^jar, 
and assumed the com. on the lake in May, 
1813. He fitted out the naval 



which he afterward com., and displayed great 
energy and activity. His fleet, however, owing 
to the scarcity of sailors, was |)oorly manned, 
and in the ol)Stinate battle of the 10th of Sept. 
this deficiency, together with the superior 
weight of metal in the Amcr. fleet, compelled 
the surrender of Barclay and his entire force. 
He was dangerously wounded, and his remain- 
ing arm rendered useless. A trial by court- 
marshal resulted in his honorable acquittal. — 

Bard, John, phy.sician.b. Burlington. N.J., 
Feb. 1, 1716; d. Hyde Park, N.Y., Mar. 30, 
1799 He was of a family which the edict of 
Nantes had driven from France. Peter, his 
father, came to Md., a merchant, in 1703, bnt 
soon moved to N. J., where he was many 
years a privy-councillor and second judge of 
the Supremo Court. He received the rudiments 
of a classical education at Phila. ; was seven 
years a surgeon's apprentice there, and began 
a lasting friendship with Dr. Franklin. He 
established himself in New York in 1746, and 
soon ranked among the most skilful in his 
profession. In 1750, he assisted Dr. Middle- 
ton in the first recorded dissection in America. 
In 1759, he was app. to take measures to pre- 
vent the spread of ship-fever, and selected 
Bedloe's Island for a hospital, of which he 
took charge. In 1778, he withdrew from the 
city; but, after the Revol., he resumed practice 
there, and in 1788 became first pres. of the 
N.Y. Medical Society. In 1795, when the 
yellow-fever raged in New York, Dr. Bard, 
though near 80, remained at his post, but 
gave up practice in May, 1798. He left an 
essay on malignant pleurisy, and several pa- 
pers on the yellow-fever, pub. in the Amer- 
ican Medical Register. 

Bard, S.imuel,M.D. (U.of Edinb. 1765), 
T.L.D. (N. J. Coll. 1815), physician, son of 
Dr. John, b. Phila., 1 Apr. 1742; d. 24 May, 
1821. On his passage to Edinburgh, where he 
studied medicine, he was cajitured by the 
Freni-h (Sept. 1761 ), and owed his release, five 
months later, to Dr. Franklin, then living in 
London. After a tour through Scotland and 
Eng , he returned home in 1767, having gained 
the annual medal given by Prof. Hope for the 
best collection of plants. He began practice 
in New York with his father; organized a med- 
ical school, which was united to King's Coll., 
in which he took the chair of physio In 1769, 
subsequently becoming dean of the faculty. 
He m. his cousin Mary Bard in 1770, pur- 
chased his father'.s establishment and business 
in 1772, and in 1793 took Dr. Ilo^ack into 
partnership. In 1774, he gave a course of 
clinical lectures ; caused the establishment of 
a public hospital in 1791, of which he was 
app. visiting physician ; and in 1813 was app. 
pres. of the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons. 
While the seat of govt, was in N.Y. Citv, he 
was Washington's family phvsician. In 1708, 
he retired to his eoiintry-soat in N.J.. but. on 
the approach of the yellow tVvcr, returned to 
his post. He took the disease, but, nursed by 
his faithful wife, soon recovered, lie was a 
skilful horticulturist, as well as an eminent 
physician. Besides addresses and discourses, 
he pub. " The Shepherd's Guide;" de Viri- 



bus Opii, 1765 ; on Anguia Suffomtu-a, in vol. 
I. Amer. Phil. Trans., and " Compendium of 
Midwifery," 1807 .— See Life, byJohnMcVicar, 
1S22. 

Barker, Jacob, financier, b. Swan island, 
Kennebec Co., Me., 7 Dec. 1779. He was of 
a Quaker family, connected, on his mother's 
side, with the mother of Dr. Franklin. At 16 
he went to New York, soon began to trade on 
his own account, and at 21 was the owner of 
four ships and a brig, and engaged in large 
transactions. He became a State senator, and, 
when sitting in the Court of Errors, delivered 
an opinion in an insurance case in opposition 
to that of Judge Kent, and was sustained by 
the court. His ships were all captured during 
the War of 1812. He established the Union 
newspaper to advocate the election of Gov. 
Clinton ; started the Exchange Bank in 181.'5; 
became largely concerned in stocks, and, on 
(he failure of the " Life and Fire Insurance 
Co.," was indicted with others for conspiracy 
to defraud. He defended himself ably, and 
the trial win (|uasliiil ; but public conHdence 
WM- ^[i.ikrii, ;ini| li ■ ivin.iMd \i> N.'iv Oileans 
ill i I 1 I : ;i I : . [[■■•■ !i ;r, :inil became 

a I" ■ : . i '- ' : i ; ihriv ; hut tllC 

l!''l'' '1 ^i-u:l,! ,:;,,,,, ■,, in u|.(„il,i.n,andin 

Dec. lsi;7, at the age of 88, he was again in 
bankruptcy. — See incidents of his Life, 1800- 
.■55, N.Y., 1855. D. Phila. Ti.c. 27, 1871. 

Barker, James Nelson, soldier, author, 
politician, b. Phila., June 17, 1784 ; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., Mar. 9, 1858. Son of Gen. 
John. He was a brave officer in the War of 
1S12, in which he gained the rank of major; 
was alderman in 1817, and mayor of Phila. 
in 1820; collector of that port in 1829-38; 
comptroller of the U.S. treas. 1838 to 1858. 
In 1814, he was severely wounded in a duel, 
and was assist, adj.-gen. 4th milit. district, 
from 1814 to 1817. Ho wrote two dramas, 
"Marmion," and the "Indian Princess ; " 
" Superstition," a tragedy ; the comedy of 
" Smiles and Tears," and a poem called "The 
Sisters." He was a contrib. to the public 
journals of Phila. and Washington. His 
poem " Little Ked Kiding Hood" is in " Gris- 
wold's Poets and Poetry of America." " Sketch 
of the Primitive Settlements on the River Del- 



Phil 



1827 



Barker, John, D.D., pres. of Alleghany 
Coll., -McadviUe, Pa.; d. there Feb. 26, I860. 

Barksdale, William, brig.-gen. C S.A., 
b. Rutlierford Co., Tenn., Aug. 21, 1821 ; 
killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. He 
studied at the Nashville U.; removed to Co- 
lumbus, Mpi.; was adm. to the bar, where he 
practised successfully, and, while editing the 
Democrat sustained the principle of State 
Rights. During the Mexican war, he served 
in the 2d Mpi. Vols. In 1851, he was a mem- 
ber of the State convention to discuss the 
compromises of 18.50. From 1853 be was a 
leading State Rights member of Congress of 
the Democ. party, until the war broke out; 
when he left his seat, and joined the Confed. 
army. He assisted Brooks in his assault upon 
Senator Sumner. At the head of the 13th 
Mpi. Regt., he took part in the various cam- 
paigns of Va., attained the rank of brig.-gen., 



and com. the 3d brig.ade of Early's division, 
Ewell's corps. 

Barlow, Francis Channing, maj.-gen. 
vols., b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 19, 1834. H. 
U. 1855. First in his class. He studied law, 
began practice in N.Y. City, was for a time 
connected with the Tribune, and, in Apr. 1861, 
became a private in tln' 12tli X.Y. Ucgt., in 
which he served tln>i' iimmiiIi , n iu^r to 1st 
lieut. He then I... , ,, ii .. i;ist N.Y. 

Vols., and.diirinu'i I . ■ ■ \ ; l.i.nvn, col , 
distinguishing liiin-i ii -.w 1 ,, i i, ; - In the 
retreat from the Cliiikali':., ■ .liii]<> 

River, his regt. rendered im, ■ - >. 

At Antietam, Sept. 17, ISii:;, ino 

stands of colors and 300 pn-.n, i. i,.i;\,,l 
two severe wounds, and was carried off tlie 
fiehl for dead. Sept. 19, he was a|ip. brig.- 
gen. for disting. conduct at the battle of Fair 
Oaks, June I, 1862. He com. a brigade of 
Howard's div. at the battle of Chanccllors- 
ville. May 2, 1863. At Gettysburg, be was 
again severely wounded. In Grant's cam- 
paign of 1864' he captured the whole division 
of Gen. Johnston ; com. a divi^imi at tlir bat- 
tles of the Wilderness, Spoii^v h ama. ami the 
assault on Petersburg. In ihr jiii il -hnjiu'le 
and pursuit ofLee's routeil army, he lenh led 
essential service. Secretary of 'i^tate of N.Y. 
1866-8 ; U.S. marshal for the Southern dis- 
trict of N.Y., 1868. 

Barlow, Joel, poet, b. Reading, Ct., 24 
Mar. 1 755 ; d. Zarnowicke, near Cracow, Po- 
land, 22 Dec. 1812. Y. C. 1778. He served 
as a volunteer in the Revol. armv, studied the- 



rit of 
ter of I 



at New llav. 11 a pMem, mini, il ■ : ' I'l- j.r.'t 
of Peace." Setilin- al lla:i;..i i, :,. :iea '■ -ik- 
sclling, established the Amu:- n.: .)/,,.:«,:/, a 
weekly paper, and in 1785 was adui. to the bar. 
In 1786, he jmb. a revision of Dr. Watts's ver- 



1 of the Psalms, 



his own 



He 



the antho 



the " Anarchiad," a 
sion of Columbus." 
agent of the Ohio I- 
the French revol., ' 
Orders," " Lett 



Ad^ 



to the National Conveii- 
tion," 1791, and the "Conspiracy of Kings," 
a poem. Towards the end of 1 792, as a dep. 
of the London Constitutional Society, be pre- 
sented an address to the Freiieh ( 'iHivention, 
by whom he was invested with the n-ht^ cit a 
French citizen, and given eTii|iln\ nient in Sa- 
voy, where he wrote his innek-la nee jhhih, 
" Hasty Pudding." U. S. ciimi! at .\l-i. i^ in 
1795-7, and negotiated trcaiie-; Hih Aimers 
and Tripoli. In 1799, he ]uil.. h.s ■ !.et:er lo 
the People of the U. S.," ami cndeavoretl to 
bring about an adjustment of our dilHculties 
with France, and, in a memoir to the French 
Govt., denounced privateering as mere sea-rob- 
bery. Having enriched himself by commer- 
cial speculations in France, he returned to the 
U. S. in 1805, and built himself an elegant res- 
idence on the Potomac, near Washington. In 



1807, he iiuh. ■• Tin- d,] 


uinliiad," an epic po- 


em, — the .i.o^r .iiau'nili, 


,n. work whidl had 


yet been issiinl in Amn i> 


a, and superbly illus- 


trated; but it |.rnv,>i a la. 


iiie. App. ambassa- 


dur to Fn\iRL' in l;-ll, i 


n iirt. 1812, he was 


invited by the I'rei.el, ,„, 


ni-i.-r to a .-..nforence 


with Napoleon at W liiu 


, l.ut (li.'d before his 


arrival tljere. A ciiiouM i 


vas dv.iwvvd in Paris 


by Dupoiit de X.-incui-, 1 


»l,nv tlic Soriety for 


theEneou,au,„,.„,ni Xa 


11 al Industry; and 


an account ..1 In- In.- an 


1 « ritin-s, in quarto, 
iiun. " The Colum- 


was pub., witli .xira. t. 


biad." Hc«a,o„r ul tl, 


u lorcmost Amoriean 


authors of bis tunc, au.l 


, lur his patriotism, 



1843 to 1849, he had charge of the public 
schools of li. I., where he established a model 
system of popular education. Ho next inter- 
ested himself in school architecture, and, from 
1850 to 1854, was State superintendent. In the 
summer of 1855, be hc;,'an the Aiin'riain Jour- 
nal of Education. He became pres. of the Ai]ier. 
As.so. for llie Advaneemnnt of Education, in 
1855, and w,^ ..ffrvr-l il,.. yr.-<\.\.;uy ,,r two 

State uiii\' I m. ^ ,\ ' • ■ r .if the 

newdopai : a. ■. .a . ^ .r ■ u .• Wa-lnnutmi, 
Mar. isr,7. i! ,, ■, | , a ;! .r.. - s.^h.)..! 
Arcliit.Tiiia , 1- .; , :...,■,.,,, : . Ia„,l, m the 
U.S. ami I, a, ,.;..■■ i- .1 , i I,: to Ual- 



iibli. 



political writinjjs was jiuli. 1796. 

Barnard, JJ.^mel Dkwey, LL.D., law- 
yer and politician, b. SbetHcld, Ms., 1797; d. 
Albany, Apr. 24, IS61. Wms. Coll, 1818. His 

in th.-'lY-v'ol. Daniel iia-e.l in- innthon his 



ty clerk's oltice. Alter leaving cull., lie studied 
law at Rochester, M.l'. ; was adni. to the bar 
in 1821 ; was county attorney in 1826; M. C. 
1828-30 and 1809-45. Travelled in Europe in 
1830-1, corresp. with one of the Rochester 
journals, removed to Albany in 1832, and be- 
came a ]ifotninent member of the Whig party, 
serving in the N. Y. Assembly. U. S. minis- 
ter to Prussia, 1849-53. Many of his addresses, 
discourses, and speeches, have bcmpub. In 
1839, he read before the Albany Institute "An 
Historical Sketch of the Colony of Rensselaer- 



wick," which 



pub. He was 



the Whi,, liet-iew. The colleges of 
Geneva and New York conferred on him the 
degree of LIj.D. 

Barnard, Fked. "Stia. Porter, D.D., ' 
LL.D. (Jeff. Coll. Mpi.), scholar and educator, 
b. Sheffield, Ms., 1809. Y. C. 1828. Tutor at 
Yale in 1829; teacher in the Hartford Asylum 
for the Deaf and Dumb in 1831-3, and in a 
similar institution in N.Y. in 18-33-8; prof, of 
math, and nat. pbilos. in Ala. U. 1838-48; of 
chemistiy, 1848-54; of math, and astron. from 
1854 ; and pres. of the Mpi. U. 1856-61 ; and, 
in IS64, became pres. of Col. Coll. N.Y. In 
1856, ho took orders in the Pr.-Ep. Church. Au- 
thor of a treatise on arithmetic, 1830; a gram- 
mar, 1834; "Report on Collegiate Education," 
18.54; and "Lectures on College Government," 
1855. A contrib. to the Ainer. Jour, of Edu- 
cation from its origin. 

Barnard, Henry, LL.D. (H.U. 1852), ed- 
ucator, b. Hartford, Ct., Jan. 24, 181 1. Y. C. 
1830. He was adm. to the bar in 1835 ; trav- 
elled extensively in Europe until 1837, when 
be was a representative in the State legisl., and 
was twice re-elected. In tliat body, be effected 
a re-organization of the State common-school 
system. He was for four years sec. of the Board 
of School Commissioners. His first annual 
report in 1839 was pronounced by Chancellor 
Kent " a bold and startling document, founded 
on the most painstaking and critical inquiry." 
During this period, he issued 4 vols, of the 
Connecticut Common School Journal, and subse- 
quently continued it from 1850 to 1855. Prom 



Bio-rapliy;" ■■ lli aa : r - 
163S-1S54;" " l;-| ' " 1'^^' 
R. L," 1845 au.l L,. • lia,,, aim 
for the Use of Temnei-, l>>..7 , 
Ezekiel Clicever.and Notcsun the Fie 
of N, E.," 1856; "Education in F 
1842; "School Libraries," 1854; 
tional Tracts," 1842-6. 

Barnard, Isaac D., soldier and 
b. Aston, Pa., 1791 ; d. Westchester, Pa., Feb. 
28, 1834. Receiving an ordinary education, he 
began to study law in Chester in 1811 ; was 
app. capt. 14th Inf. Mar. 12, 1812; maj. June 
26, 1813; was disting. at Lyons Creek, under 
Gen. Bissell, and at the <aptiirc of Fort George, 
in May, 1813; and Id liManii, in \^\o. Re- 
suming his legal - a ahn. to the 
bar in 1816, in W.- ..un made 
dep. atty.-gen. ; cli" . n .'-i n -. n n.ir in 1820; 
sec. of State in 1826 ; and was U . S. senator in 
1827-31. 

Barnard, John, minister of Marblchead, 
b. Boston, Nov. 6, 1681 ; d. Jan. 24, 1770. 
H. U. 1700. He was for some time assist, to 
Dr. Colman ; but his fondness for active lite in- 
duced him to accompany as chaplain tbeexped. 
to Port Royal in 1707, of which he left a MS. 
account. In London, where ho became ac- 
quainted with some of the famous dissenting 
ministers, he was offered a chaplaincy by Lord 
Wharton, but refused to conform to the articles 
of the National Church. Ord. minister of 
Mai blehcad, July 16, 1716, as colleague of Mr. 
Cheever. He received Mr. Wbitwell as his 
assist, in 1 762, and preached his last sermon, 
Jan. 8, 1769. Eminent for his learning and 
piety, Mr. Barnard was famous among the 
divines of America. He taught his people to 
improve the advantages of their situation, and 

took great liaia- h. h ai li iha ■' III', -a r\ i.t the 

fish-trade. ■■■•.■, a, ', • , aa,,,!,. ,:-.!- 

forts; anil I .i, ■■ ■ , . a, , a ; i i aan 

to undertaka . i,tiiii|. nnl \-.i\ a,.., aiai ir.ili i».rt 
their fish to the West liidiJs and Europe. He 
generally supported at school two boys, whose 
parents were unable to meet the expense, and 
gave by his will £200 to Harvard Coll. The 
Dubs.of Mr. Barnard were mostly sermons. His 
was the first Dudleian lecture ever pub., and, at 
the age of 70, he pub. a version of the Psalms. 
There is in the Mass. Hist. Colls, a letter from 
him to Pres. Stiles, giving a sketch of the emi- 
nent ministers of N. E. One of the first N.E. 
clergymen who deviated from Calvinism. 



64 



BAR 



Barnard, Jonathan C, LL.D. (Y. C. 
1864.) Biev. niaj.-gen. U.S.A., 1). Essex Co., 
Ms., 19 May, 1815. West Point, 1833. En- 
tering tlie engineer corps, he became capr. 7 
July, 1838; maj. 13 Dec. 1858; lieut.-col. 3 
Mar. 1863 ; col. 28 Dec. 1865 ; brig.-s:en. vols. 
23 Sept. 1861. He was long employed upon 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La. ; upon the 
defences of Tampico, Mc.x., 1846-7; chief- 
engineer to survey the projected Tehuantepec 
Railroad, Mcx., 1850-1 ; employed on the 
Delaware Breakwater, 1852-3, in the fortifica- 
tion of San Francisco harbor, 1854 ; supcrint. 
and instructor, U.S. Milit. Acad., 1855-6; em- 
ployed on Forts Gaines and Morgan, Mobile. 
1857-8, and on the defences of N.Y. harbor, 
1858-61. Chief engineer in Manassas cam- 
paign of July, 1861 ; of Army of the Potomac, 
1861-2, and brev. col. for services in the Pe- 
ninsular campaign ; chief engr. defences of 
Washington, Sept. 1862 to May, 1864; chief- 
engr. "of the armies in the field" on staff 
of Gen. Grant, 1864-5 ; and brev. brig.-gen. 
and maj.-gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for gal- 
lant and meritorious services in the campaign 
ending with Lee's surrender, and during the 
Rebellion. Author of " Survey of the Isthmus 
of Tehuantepec," 1852; "Phenomena of the 
Gyroscope," 1858; "Dangers and Defences 
of' New York," 1859; "Notes on Seacoast 
Defence," 1862 ; " The C.S.A. and the Battle 
of Bull Run," 1862; "The Peninsular Cam- 
paign," 1864 (jointly with Gen. W. F.Barry) ; 
"Reports of the Engineer and Artillery Ope- 
rations of the Array of the Potomac,"' 1 863 ; 
" Eulogy on Gen. Tottcn," 1866 ; and various 
scientific and military memoirs and reports. 
Corporator of Nat. Acad, of Sciences, 3 Mar. 
ISm. — CiiUum. 

Barnes, Ret. Albert, Presb. clerGrvraan, 
b. Rome, N.Y., Dec. 1, 1798; d. Phi'la., 24 
Dec. 1870. Ham. Coll. 1820. Employed in 
his fathei's tannery until 17 years of age. He 
studied theology at Princeton, and was pastor 
of the Presb. Church of Morristown, N.J., 
from Feb. 1825 to 1830, after which he had 
charge of the First Presb. Church of Phila. 
He held a prominent position in the new school 
of his denomination, and took an early and 
decided stand both in his sermons and writings 
against slavery. His Bible commentaries are 
well known, and are in general use. The 
" Notes on the New Testament "(11 vols.) had 
reached in 1870 a circulation of a million vols. 
He also pub able works on the Episcopacy, on 
the " Scriptural Views of Slavery," numerous 
contribs. to periodicals, occasional essays and 
discourses, and an elaborate " Introductory 
Essay to Bishop Butler's Analogy." He was 
an impressive pulpit orator, and ranked high 
as a divini!. Also author of commentaries on 
Job, Is:iiali, the Psalms, and Daniel, "Manual 
of Pnivcrs," 1854; " Sermons on Revivals," 
"TI.e'W.iy of Salvation," 1855; " Practical 
Sermons." 1855; " The Church and Slaverv," 
1857; "Prayers for Family Worship," 18.58 ; 
" Miscellaneous Essays and Reviews," 2 vols. 
1855 ; "The Atonement," 1859 ; " Claims of 
Episcopacy," 1856; "Church Manual," 8vo, 
1841 ; " Defence " on his trial for heresy by 
the Phila. Synod," and "Life of St. Paul." 



!, Daniel H.,conchologist, b. 1785 ; 
d. Oct. 27, Wis, by being thrown from a car- 
riage. In conjunction with Dr. Griscom, he 
originated and conducted with reputation the 
Hieh school of New York. Ho was also a 
Baptist preacher. Besides his great attain- 
ments as a classical scholar and philologist, lie 
was probably the most eminent concho!()^ist in 
the U. S. ; and his learned communications on 
that science were pub. in Silliman's Journal 
with explanatory plates. His writings in that 
journal are " Geological Section of tbe Canaan 
Monntain," " Memoir on the Geneva Unio and 
Alasmodonta, with numerous figures," " Five 
Species of Chiton, with Figures," " Memoir on 
Bairachian Animals and Doubtful Reptiles," 
" On Magnetic Polarity and Eeclamaiion of 
Unios." 

Barnes, Jame.s. brev. maj.-gen. vols., b. 
Boston ; d. Springfield, Ms., Feb. 12, 1869. 
West Point, 1829. After seven years' army- 
service, he resigned, and became a railroad eij- 
gineer and superintendent on the Western 
R. R. of Ms., 1836-48, and chief engineer of 
the Seaboard and Roanoke K.R., 1848-52. 
He aided in constructing several other railroads 
between 1843 and 1857. Col. 18lh Ms. regt. 
from July 26, 1861, to Nov. 29, 18G2, when 
he was made hrig.-gen. ; brev. maj.-gen. Mar. 
13, 1865; mustered out, Jan. 15, 1866. He 
participated in most of the battles of the Army 
of the Potomac, was at Fredericksburg, Chan- 
cellorsville, the skirmishes of Ahlie andUpper- 
ville, and at the battle of Gettysburg com. a 
division, and was severely wounded. 

Barney, Joshua, commodore U. S. Navy, 
b. Baltimore, G July, 1759 ; d. Piit.sburg, Pa., 
1 Dec. 1818 His parents resided on a farm 
near Baltimore, where he was sent to school 
until 10 years of age. Inclined to a seafaring 
life, he made several foreign voyages, in the 
last of which, when but 16 years of age, the 
care of the ship devolved, by accident, upon 
him. In Oct. 1775, he became master's mate 
of the sloop of war " Hornet," and joined the 
fleet of Com Hopkins in the capture of New 
Providence. Before he was 17, he was made 
a lieut. for good conduct in the action between 
the schooner "Wasp" aud the British brig 
" Tender," in Del. Boy. Lieut, of " The 
Sachem," Capt. Isaiah Robinson, and, after a 
severe action with an English brig, brought 
her into port; soon afterward he was taken 
prisoner, but was almost immediately ex- 
changed, and in "The Andrea Doria," aided, 
in the spring of 1777, in the defence of "The 
Delaware." Again captured in the frigate 
" Virginia," he was e.whanged in Aug. 1778 ; 
was a third time a prisoner in the following 
year, and, after his exchange, was for the 
fourth time captured in " The Saratoga," of 
16 guns; was sent to Plymouth, and confined 
in the Mill I'lison, whence he escaped in Mav, 
1781. After being retaken. ,nivl ,in..ii,i ,c.-:,j,- 
ing, he arrived in Phila. in Mn ! " _■ : >. d; 
commandof "The Hyder .\,1 ,1- m 

which he captured, after a _ ■ ;,_:i:, ;i..- 

ship "General Monk" of sKpni.a luicc, lor 
which the legisl. of Pa. voted him a sword. 
After the war, he engaged in busitiess ; travel- 
led in the West in 1786-8, and took part in the 



/s-zr 



BA.R 



BAR 



adoption of the U. S. Constitution. In 1792, 
while returning from Cape Fran9ois with a 
large number of women and children, whom 
he had rescued from the l)lacl;s, his vessel was 
captured by an T"njli.!i |.i i\ ateer ; but ho re- 
captured her fruin ; i ; :v\\. Again cap- 
tured in 171)! i>\ I I !; I 'liu', ho was im- 
prisoned as a |iii II', .Hi I 1,1^ sliip and cargo 
condemned. In 1 "'.14, he areompanied Monroe 
to France, and was the bearer of the Amcr. 
flag to the National Convention. Made a 
capt. in the French navy, he com. a squad- 
ron, but resigned in 1799. In the War of 
1812, he engaged successfully in privateering; 
was made a capt. in the U. S. Navy, 25 Apr. 
1814, and com. the flotilla for the defence of 
the Cl.e,ai.e,.ke. Ordered to tli.' delenee of 
Waslliluton ni.lnly, l,e u;h ."vei.ly woun.lrd 

Briti-li invader- at tlie lia~tlle ,,f r.la.|,n,lmrj, 
24 Aug. 1814. A sword was voted him liy the 
city of Washington, and a vote of thanks by 
the legisl. of Ga. He was sent on a mission to 
Europe in .M.iy, 1815, but returned in Oct., 
suffenii.: ii-Mi hi, wnuii i , ill ' iiall ih'ver hav- 
ing \ir I -■ ,: : 1 I I M . I . 'i :.m,1, |,l,ice just 

a.s he " I - ■ . !ii' . I : li 111- i.iiiiily to 

26 e'n^'a.;eineius. In 1780, lie m. the clau. of 
Alderman Bedford. His son John, M.C. from 
Baltimore, 1325-7; d. Washington, D.C., 2G 
Jan. 1837, a. 72. — .§ce Memoirs of Com.' 
Barnr,,. /«/ M„ni B„rne/j, 8vo, 1832. 

Barniim, I'hine.vs Taylor, showman, b. 
Bethel, Ct., 5 July, 1810. He was a trader, 
afterward pub. the HemUl nf Freedom in Dan- 
bury, Ct., and suffered 60 davs' imprisonment 
for "a libel. Removing to N. Y. in 18.34. he be- 
gan his career of showman in 1835, with Joice 
Heth, a coloi-cd woman, the reputed nurse of 
Washington. In Dec. 1841, without owning a 
dollar, lie bought Scudder's Amef. Musonm, 
and, at the end of one year, had paid for it in 
full. In 1842, he began to exhibit Gen. Tom 
Thumb, with whom he visited Europe in 
1844-7. In 1849, he engaged Jenny Lind to 
come to America, paying her SI, 000 per night 
for 150 nights. In 1855, he retired to Bridge- 
port, Ct., and pub. an account of his career. 
He soon lost all he had made, and was obliged 
to compound with his creditors in 1857. 13 
July, 1865, his museum was burnt. He opened 
another, which was also destroyed by fire, 
and has since been interested in Wood's Mu- 
seum on Broadway. An unsuccessful candi- 
date for Congress in 1857. He has pub. a 
" History of Humbugs," and has written and 
lectured on agriculture and temperance. 

Barnwell, Kouert Woodward, states- 
man, b. Beaufort, S.C, Aug. 10, 1801. H. U. 
1821. He studied law ; was M.C. in 1829-33 ; 
pres. of S.C. Coll. 183.5-43; U.S. senator, 
1850. In Dec. 1860, he was a commissioner 
to visit Washington in behalf of S.C, and was 
a member of the Confed. Congress. Pres. of 
the U. of S.C. 

Barras de (deh-ba- a'), Louis Count, a 
French naval oBicer, b. Provence : d. ah. 1800. 
During the War of Amer. Independence, he 
exhibited qualities much more rare than ex- 
perience or courage. The superior of De 



Grasse, and free to act as chief in the northern 
waters of the U.S., he did not hesitate to place 
himself under the orders of that admiral when 
he thought a junction necessary to the good 
of the service. Barras had at first followed 
D'Estaing, and disting. himself at the naval 
combat of Grenada. He fought under De 
Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, and at the Antilles, 
also, on the 25th and 26th Jan. 1782, against 
Hood, whose fleet was moored under the guns of 
St. Christopher, which was taken by Bouille. 
Barras was detached to possess himself of 
Nevis and Montserrat, soon after which he re- 
turned to Europe, and retired from the service. 
Barre de la (deb la liar). Antoi.se Le- 
FEvni:. a French naval officer ; d. May 4, 1688. 
lie was a])p. gov. of Guiana in 1663, and re- 
tiiol. I'ayenne from the Dutch, 1667. Lieut.- 
-.11. ill if,67, he defeated the English in the 
Aiitilh s, forcing them to raise the blockade of 
St. Christopher. In 1682, he was app. gov. 
of Canada, succeeding Frontenac. He was, 
however, recalled in 1685, for having, by his 
irresolution, caused the failure of the cxped. to 
treat with the savages. He was the enemy of 
La Salle, and is said to have enriched himself 



»nd 



thr aim;, i , 1717 , I. .,,ni.. aii-.n "i. 1,1755; 
accoin]i.niied the expeil. against Louisburg ; 
was app. by Wolfe, '' his early protector and 
friend," major of brigade, May 12,1758; and 
May 4, 1739, adj.-Lrcn. of the army before Que- 
bec. In the haul., on the Plains of Abraham, 
he was .so sev. i-.ly \\..iiiMi. .1 as to lose the sight 
of an eye. In \Ve-t'.s ]iieture of the " Death 
of Wolfe," Bane's li,:ure is conspicuous. He 
served under Amherst in 1760, and bore to 
England the news of the surrender of Mon- 
treal ; promoted to lieut.-col. Jan. 19, 1761. 
Placed in parliament through the interest of 
Lord Shelburne in 1761, Bane soon found 
himself in the opposition, and, in consequence, 
was deprived of the offices given fur bis services 
in America. His speech upon the Stamp Act 
in 1765 deserves a place in the memory of 
every An)ericau. Throughout the administra- 
tion of Lord North, Col. Barre continued the 
warm friend of the Ameriean Colonies ; disting. 
himself greatly by t!ir li.ihlii.-j of his senti- 
ments, and his inlleMl, , ,i|i]i.i itani to the 
American war. lie \i.i, him. I .Ini nig the last 
20 years' of his life. For 13 years, he held a 
lucrative office. He was one of the supposed 
authors of Junius's Letters. A town in 
Ms. perpetuates his memory. His oratory was 
powerful, but coarse, his manners rugged, his 
countenance stern, and his stature athletic. 

Barringer, Daniel Moreau, statesman, 
b. Cabarrus Co., N.C., ab. 1807. U. of N.C 
1826. He established himself in the practice 
of law in 1829, became distinguished in his 
profession ; was several years in the State 
Ic^isl. ; member of the State Const. Conv. in 
1835; M.C. 1843-9; minister to Spain in 
1849-53 ; afterward trwelled in Europe, and, on 
his return, served in the State legisl. until 1855, 
when he devoted himself to literarv pursuits. 



BAR 



66 



He was a delegate to the Peace Congress of 
1861, and to the Phihi. convention of 1866. 

Barritt, Frances Fdller. poet, b. Rome, 
N.Y., May, 1826. In 1830, her parents re- 
moved to Northern Pa ,and, in 1839, to Wors- 
ter, O. She early became a contrib. to the 
leading' bellc-lettres journals of the country. In 
1S51 appciuiil a vol. of her poems edited by 
KmN- \V ( 11 i-AMld, of great raerit.containing, 
aiii -."Azlea, a Tragcdv." In 

l-"!: :: ii ! -ii, Barritt of Pontiac, Mich. 

Alt' : ,1 ; \ ;' r' r..-,--idencewest of the Missouri, 
she tiHilc up hrr residence in N.Y. City. A 
younger sister, Metta Victoria (see Victor), 
is also a poetess. — Poets and Poetry of the West. 

Barron, James, commodore U. S. N., b. 
in Va., 1768; d. Norfolk, Apr. 21, 1851. He 
commenced his naval career under his father, 
James, who d. in 1787, and who held the rank 
of commodore of the Va. navy during the 
Hevol. war, and was also a member of the Va. 
Board of War. His bro. Richard was a capt. 
during the whole war. The vessels com. by the 
Barrons were " The Liberty " and " The Pa- 
triot." The former was engaged in 20 actions, 
and was very successful. On the formation of 
the U S. navy, Mar. 9, 1798, he was made 
lieut., and served under Commo. Barry in the 
brief war with France. Made capt. Slay 22, 
1799, and ordered to the Mediterranean under 
the command of his elder brother, Commo. 
Samuel Barron, and was esteemed one of the 
most accomplished and efficient officers, and 
one of the best disciplinarians, in the service. 
He served actively afloat until 1807, in which 
year he com. the frigate " Chesapeake" at the 
time of her unfortunate encounter with the 
British frigate " Leopard." Barron was tried 
by a court-martial, and suspended for five years. 
In 1820, a corresp., which grew out of this af- 
fair, led to a duel with Decatur, Mar. 22, 1820, 
in which the latter was killed, while Barron 
was severely wounded. 

Barron, Samuel, commo. U. S. N., bro. 
of James, b. Hampton, Va., Sept. 25, 1765; d. 
there Oct. 29, 1810. He was disting. for gal- 
lantry in the Revol. navy of Va., in which his 
father, his uncle, and his brother, also partici- 
pated. In 1798, he com. the brig "Augusta," 
fitted out by the citizens of Norfolk against 
the French. Made capt. U. S. navy, Sept. 13, 
1798, he left the merchant-service; was con- 
spicuous in the Tripolitan war; and in 1805 
com. a squadron of 10 vessels. He co-ojierated 
with Gen. Eaton in the capture of the town of 
Derne, on the Tripolitan coast, Apr. 27, 1805, 
but. in consequence of extreme ill health, soon 
after returned to the U. S. 

Barron, Samdel, admiral in the Confed- 
erate navy, b. Va. Midshipm. TJ. S. N. 1 Jan. 
1812; lieut. 3 Mar. 1827 ; com. 15 July, 1847 ; 
capt. 1855. He com. "The Wabash," the flag- 
ship of Commo. Lavalette in the Mediterrane- 
an, in 1859. Made com. in the Confed. navy 
in 1861, and put in charge of the naval de- 
fences of N. C. and Va., with the rank of flag- 
officer; took charge of the defence of Forts 
Clark and Hatteras during the attack by Flag- 
officer Stringham and Gen. Butler, 27 Aug. 
1861, and, after their surrender, was a prisoner 
in New York until exchanged in 1862. 



Barrow, Gen. Washington, minister to 
Lisbon, 1841-3; M. C. 1847-9; b. Tenn. ab. 
1817; d. St. Louis, 19 Oct. 1866. He was a 
lawyer ; some years editor of the Nashville 
Banner, and a leader of the old Whig party ; 
State senator in 1861, and for a time impris- 
oned by the federal authorities during the civil 
war. 

Barrundia, Jose Fkancisco, statesman 
of Honduras, b. 1779; d. N. Y. City, Aug. 4, 
1834. He was the first to raise the standard 
of revol. against the Spanish Govt. Member 
of the first republican assembly, Apr. 10, 1824, 
he introduced and carried a decree for the abo- 
lition of slavery, and devoted himself to ibe 
cause of social and civil reform. Pres. of the 
republic in 1829, he served with wisdom and 
moderation, and organized a general system of 
public instruction. Minister to the U. S. in 
1854, he purposed the annexation of Honduras 
to the U. S., but died soon after his arrival. 

Barry, John, first commodore in the U. S. 
navv, b. Tacumshane, Wexford Co., Ireland, 
1745 ; d. Phila., Sept. 13, 1803. He went to 
sea very young ; came to Phila. at the age of 
15; soon rose to the com. of a ship, and accu- 
mulated wealth. When the war commenced, 
he offered his services to Conirross, "abandon- 
ing," to use his own laii,ni;iLM\ " ihe finest ship 
and the first eni|ilny in Am. rii-a," In Feb. 
1776, he was app t.j r.r.n. ■• J In- Lcxiu-ton," 
14, in which, after a sharp action, he took 
" The Edward," tender, the first war-ves<el 
captured by a regular Amer. cruiser in action. 
He was then transferred to " The Effingham," 
frigate, which being useless during the snsjien- 
sion of navigation the following winter, he ob- 
tained the com. of a company of vols., and 
with some heavy cannon assisted in the opera- 
tions at Trenton, continuing with the army, 
and performing important services, during the 
winter campaign. At the head of 4 boats, 
he carried an enemy's man-of-war schooner in 
gallant style, without the loss of a man ; for 
which he was publicly thanked by Washington. 
He was for a short time aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Cadwallader. When the British obtained po.s- 
session of Phila., he took " The Effingham " 
up the Delaware, with the hope of saving her ; 
but she was subsequently burned by the enemy. 
An offer was made iiim, by Gen. Howe, of 15,- 
000 guineas if he would bring in the ship. It 
was rejected with scorn. In Sept. 1778, he 
took com. of " The Raleigh," 32, which a 
British squadron compelled him to run on 
shore at Fox's Island in Penobscot Bay. In 
Feb. 1781, he sailed in " The Alliance" with 
Col. Laurens, ambassador to France, and 
cruised successfully until autumn. May 29, he 
captured, after a severe contest, two British ves- 
sels, " The Atlanta " and " Trepasa." Return- 
ing in Oct. 1781, " The Alliance " was refitted, 
and after carrying Lafayette and Noailles to 
France, cruised in the West Indies, with suc- 
cess, until Mar. 1782. After the foundation of 
the present navy, June 6, 1794, Barry was 
named as the senior officer, in which station be 
died. He superintended the buililing of the 
frigate " United States," and was assigned to 
her command. He was a man of deep religious 
feeling, and strict honor. 



BAR 



Barry, John, D.D., R. C. bishop of Sa- 
vantuili, consecrated Aug. 2, 1857 ; d. Nov. 21, 
1859. 

Barry, Joi'U S., gov. Michigan, 1842-6 
and 1850-2, b. Vt. 1802; d. Constantine, Mich., 
Jan. 15, 1870. Educated at the public schools 
of Vt. ; studied law, but in 1832 went to Con- 
stantine, and engaged in racrcantile business. 
Member of the first Const. Conv. of Mich., in 
which he took a leading part, and was cliosen 
State senator in 1836, and again in 1840. Mem- 
ber of the Chicago Democ. Conv. of 1864. 

Barry, William Farqdhar, brev. maj.- 
gen. U. S. A., b. N.Y. City, Aug. 18, 1818. 
West Point, 1838. Kntcring the 4th Artillery,^ 
and stationed on the northern frontier during 
the troubles in Canada, he served part of tlie 
time on an armed schooner on the Lakes, and 
also as capt. of a guard at Lewiston. In 
1838, he assisted Maj. Ringgold in organizing 
the first battery of light artillery introduced 
into the U.S. army ; was ordered to R.I., 
during the Dorr rebellion ; became 1st lieut. 
1842; served tliroughout the Mexican war; 
was assist, adj.-gen. of Patterson's division, 
1847; aide-de-camp to Gen. Woi th, 1848; 
capt. in 1852, and served 2 years against the 
Seminole Indians. In 1857, ho served against 
tbe Sioux and Chippewas in Minnesota. In 
April, 1861, he re-enforced Fort Pickens with a 
company of flving artillerv. Maj. 5ih Artil-. 
lery. May 14, "1861. OrdeVed to Washington 
in July, he joined Gen. McDowell, participated 
in the battle of Bull Run, and, July 23, was 
ordered to re-organize the field artillery of the 
array. Brig.-gen. vols., Aug. 20, 1861, and 
assigned to the staff of Gen. McClellan, as 
chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac, 
taking part in the peninsular campaign. Lieut.- 
col. 1st Art., Aug. 1, 1863 ; col. 2d Art., Dec. 
11, 1865; chief of Art. on staff of Ge:i. Slier- 
man, 1864-6; brev.-col. U.S.A., and maj.-gen. 
vols, for campaign of Atlanta, 1 Sept. 1864; 
brev. brig.-gen. U. S. A., 13 Mar. 1865, for 
services in the campaign ending in the sur- 
render of Johnston's army ; and brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., for merit, services during the Rebellion. 
Author (with Gen. Barnard) of "Reports of 
Engr. and Art. Operations of the Army of 
Potomac to the Close of the Peninsular Cam- 
pMiL'n," 1863. — Cullwn. 

Barry, William Taylor, statesman, b. 
Lunenburg, Va., Feb. 5, 1784; d. Liverpool, 
Kng., Aug. 30, 1835. William and Mary 
Coll. 1803. He moved to Ky. at the age of 
11 ; and, being adm. to the bar, his gilt of 
popular eloquence soon established his fame. 
He served in both branches of the Ky. legisl ; 
was M.C. in 1810-11 ; U.S. senator, 1814-16; 
judge of the Supreme Court of Ky. ; succes- 
sively lieut.-gov., see. of State, and chief- 
justice of Ky. Postmaster-gen. 1828-35 ; min- 
ister to Spain in 1835 ; died on his way to 
Madrid. He acted as sec. and aide to Gov. 
Shelby in the battle of the Thames, and was 
the first U. S. postmaster-gen. admitted to the 
cabinet. 

Barry, William Taylor Sollivan, 
Inwyer, b. Columbus, Mpi., Dec. 12, 1821 ; d. 
there Jan. 29, 1868. Y. C. 1841. Ho took a 
plantation in Oktibbeha Co. ; practised law in 



Columbus 2 or 3 years ; was a member of the 
legisl. in 1849 and 1851 ; afterward removed to 
Sunflower Co.; M.C. 1853-5; again practised 
law in Colnmbus; was speaker of the legisl. 
in 1855 ; seceded from the Charleston Conven- 
tion in 1860; and in 1861 was pres. of the 
secession convention of Mpi., and member of 
the Provisional Congress. He entered the 
military service of the Confederacy in June, 
raised and com. the 35th Mpi. Eegt. in the 
spring of 1862, and until captured at Mobile, 
in Apr. 1865; afterward practised law in Co- 
lumbus. — Y. a. Obit. Record, p. 320. 

BarstOW, Col. William A., gov. Wis., 
1854-6; d. Leavenworth, Kan., 14 Oct. 1865, 
a. 54. lie raised the 3d Wis. Cavalry in 1861, 
with which he served in the south-west with 
credit until his health gave way. 

Barthe, J. G . Canadian journalist. Left the 
College of Nicolet in 1832. Studied medicine, 
and, after a short imprisonment on suspicion 
of having written an ode to Papineau and the 
exiles, established himself in 1838 as an advo- 
cate in Montreal. He was 5 years editor of 
L'Aveiiir des Canmlas. M. P. for the county 
of Yamaska, 1841-4; clerk of appeals of 
Lower Canada, 4 years, and resided in Paris in 
1853-6, where he pub. " Canada Reconquis par 
la France." — Morgan. 

Bartholomew, Edward Sheffield, 
sculptor, b. Colchester, Ct., 1822; d. Naples, 
May 2, 1858. Becoming a resident of Hart- 
ford, he learned dentistry, then pursued paint- 
ing, and afterward sculpture, in which he be- 
came (listing. From 1845 to 1848, he had 
charge of the Wadsworth Gallery in Hartford, 
then came to New York, and about 1850 went 
to Italy. Among his most celebrated finished 
works, are Paradise Lost, Shepherd Boy, 
Sappho, Youth and Old Age, Monument to 
Charles Carrol (greatly admired), Belisarius at 
the Porta Pincinia, a group representing Gany- 
mede and the Eagle of Jupiter, and Eve after 
the Fall. 

Bartlett, Elisha, M.D. (B. U. 1826), 
physician an<l writer, b. Smithfield, R.I., Oct. 
6, 1804; d. Providence, July 19, 1855. After 
passing a year in Europe, on his return in 
1827, he commenced practice at Lowell, 
anri, in 1836, became first mayor of the new 
city. He delivered courses of lectures at Pitts- 
field in 1832, and at Dartm. Coll. in 1839 ; took 
charge of the medical department of the 
Transyl. U., Lexington, Ky. in 1841, and 
again, in theantumnof 1846,afterasccond visit 
to Europe ; that of the U. of Maryland in 
1844; that of the Med Institute of Louisville 
in 1849; and in 1850, that of the U. of N.Y., 
which position he rcliniiuishcd in 1852 to 
occupy that of Materia of Medica and Medical 
Jurisprudence in the Coll. of Physicians and 
Surgeons of that city, in which he continued 
until his death. During the spring and sum- 
mer months from 1843 to 1850 inclusive, he 
occupied himself in lecturing in the Vt. Med. 
Coll. at Woodstock. His principal works are, 
" The Fevers in the U. S.," 1842; " An Es- 
say on the Philosophy of Medical Science," 
1844 ; "An Inquiry into the Dignity and Cer- 
tainty in Medicine,'"' 1848 ; " A Discourse on the 
Life and Labors of Dr. Wells, the Discovi:rer of 



68 



BAJR 



the Philosophy of Dew," 1849 ;" A D 

on the Times, Character, and Works of Hiji- 

pocrates," 1852 ; and poems, cntitlnl " Simple 

S.-ttinL'* in \"iT<''fMr Portrait- :iivl Pi^-tnrcsfrom 

Mr ]>• I ..:-■- I, li. 1- ■■ 1--.-. M lited a 

wIm'. •!:• 1/ . • ,/ ■ . • i/^ '■ / '.,atLow- 

.■i^, .■;..: — - .. 1/ . Ma:;atwe. 

— A„ .17, ;/,...,; , /., .-: U. /->,. :.u.i, .,< (//ois's Med. 

Bartlett, Icuabod, lawyer, b. Salisbury, 
Ci., July L'4, 1786; d. Portsmouth, Oct. 19, 
1853. Dartm. Coll. 1808. Adm. to the bar 
in 1812. After practising a short time at Dur- 
ham, he rrmuved to Portsmouth, where he re- 
sided till his d'-ath. He held high rank among 
his dLstini:. r.,:, [Mt!-..!- at tlie^N.H. bar, in- 
eluding \Vi ! : I '! 1 M ; ill. He was 7 years 
in the Slat. . . 1. i-k of the State 

senate in IM 7-1 - , ... i- lan lor the county of 
Koekingliain in l.^l'J; .-.|.eaker of the house 
in 1821; and M. ('. in 182.3-29; member of 
the State Const. Conv. of 1850. 

Bartlett, .ToiiN- Russell, author, b. Prov- 
idence, IM . '• t •-''■, l^""i ; was early placed 
in a bankia ' \vas for six years 

cashier ot tl). ' I'.. I'luvidence. While 

there, he wa- .. ., la ;. ..j.Ttors of the Ath- 
cniEum, and an active nicmljcrof the Franklin 
Society for the Cultivation of Science, before 
which he occasionally lectured. In 1837, he 
engaged in business in N. Y., but was unsuc- 
cessful. He then established a foreign hook- 
store ; was an active manager of the N. Y. 
Hist. Society, and a projector of the Ethnolo- 
gical Society. In 1850, he was app. by Pres. 
Taylor commissioner to fix the boundary-line 
between the U. S, and Mexico, under the treaty 
of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which occupied him 
until Jan. 7, 1853. He pub. in 1854 a person- 
al narrative of explorations and incidents in 
the countries which he had visited ; having 
previously published, in 1847, a small work on 
the Progress of Ethnology, and, in 1848, a 
Dictionarv of Americanisms. He became sec. 
of Stale of R. I., May 1, 1855, and still holds 
that oflice, having arranged, edited, and pub. 
the ncords of the colonv (10 vols. 1636-1790); 
acting gov. 1861-2. Mr. B. has also pub. 
'• Bil.li.mraphyof R. I." 1864; "A History of 
the l)c-tiuction of H B. M. S. hooner, G.ispee" 
lSii2 ; ■■ Indrx ID the .\cts and Resolves of the 
(,.1 : , .\-- mi. , ..; l; I 1758-1852; " Bih- 
li..: . \.;. I .| , i I - ;-isuO, 4 vols., 8vo, 
l.-i I • ,.■ Rebellion," N.Y'., 

.vv,. ' ■ ■ l; : ; .:., a..., of Albert Galla- 
tin . , i 1 ', ■Memoirs of R. I. Officers 
in ^ — the Rebellion," 4to, 1867; 

■I'l I . IsfiS; "Naval Hist, of R.I.," 

ca • ' ii( lii-t.Mag. He has two sons in 
till- r. S. -, la irr, .ToHN R., lieut. com. U. S. N., 
and III Ni:v -\.. capt. U. S. marine corps. 

Bartlett, ■lunx Shekren, M.l)., jour- 
nali.,t. I.. Dnis.-tshire, Eng., 1790; d. N. J., 
<C3. He was educated a physician 
; app., on recommendation of 
Sir ,\<ilcy Cooper, surgeon in the royal navy 
in 1812: was taken in the packet " Swallow," 
hyan Amer. frigate, and remained aprisonerin 
Bo>t.ai until 1813. He m. at Boston, and es- 
talili-hnl himself there as a physician. The 
Albiuii was commenced bv him in New Yoik, 



I>ond 



June 22, 1822, as an English conservative 
organ ; and it gained a large and profitable cir- 
culation. He afterwards established two other 
papers, also the European at Liverpool. He 
withdrew from the Albion in 1848. In 1855, 
he issued the Anijlo-Saxon, a weekly paper at 
Boston. In 1857, he was Biitish consul at 
Baltimore. 

Bartlett, Joseph, wit. poet, and adventur- 
er, b. Plvmouth, Ms., 10 June, 1762; d. Bos- 
ton, 20 'Oct., 1827. H. U. 1782. Visiting 
Eng., he pursued a checkered and adventurous 
career, gambled, got into prison, wrote a plav 
for his release, and went upon the stage himself. 
Procuring a large stock of goods on credit, he 
was shipwrecked on Cape Cod, and, failing in 
business in Boston, studied law. Capt. of 
vols, in Shays' insurrection, then opened a law- 
office in Woburn, painting it black, and call- 
ing it " the coffin" to attract notice. Remov- 
ing to Cambridge, he busied himself with the 
affairs of the town and of the college. Af- 
terwards a lawvcr and politician in Me., and 
mcmlxTof the I'-i-i. Wliil- in Sarn, in Isn5, 
hr o.lile.l thr /■. ■■ '■ ' .i,.I. .Inlv 4, 



before the Phi B. la :, , - i ,.ji- 

tion of 1823, in. I . i • . i . i.. n, 

principles, and tin . I i . . ar 

of Bray, "M.l. i,ni. I! . ' . nd 

the 4th of .Inh ...,:, . ,,: :: . .. : , I : . . 

Bartlett, '.!..-: Ml m p . iiic 

Declaration ot In.i.].. n.l. n. . , h .\n,..nn,-v, 
Ms., Nov. 21, 1729; d. May 19, IT'J.V Wiih 
a common-school education, and such knowl- 
edge of medical science as he could acquire 
from study with a practitioner of his native 
town, he commenced practice at Kingston, 
N.H., in 1750, and soon became eminent. Dur- 
ing the prevalence of a fatal throat-disease 
among children, in 1754, he introduced the 
use of Peruvian bark with success. In 1765, 
and annually until the Revol., Dr. Bartlett 
was chosen to the legisl. ; in 1770 was app. 
lieut.-col. 7ihregt, of militia, but was deprived 
of his commission in Feb, 1 7 7 "v ..n a. iinf nf 
the active part he took in il, \ iili 

Great Britain ; he was a in a ui- 

niittee of safety, upon wh.ni ,i.\..a.. i, i.n- a 
time, the whole executive govt, of the State, 
and on the organization of govt, by a provin- 
cial congress, of which he was a member, he 
was app. a justice of the peace, and col. of 
the 7th regt. Sept. 1775. A delegate to Con- 
gress in 1775 and 1776, he was the first to give 
his vote for the Declaration of Independence, 
and its first signer after the President. In 
1777, he accompanied Gen. Stark to Benning- 
ton, as agent of the State, to provide medicine 
and other necessaries to the N.H. troops. 
From April to Nov. 1778, he was again a del- 
egate to Congress; was app. chief-justice of the 
Common Pleas in 1779, judge of the Supreme 
Court, 1782, and chicf.justice in 1788. Ho 
was an active member of the convention called 
to adopt the Federal Constitution, in 1788. 
From 1790 to 1793, he was pres. of the State, 
and, under the new consiitution, gov. in 1793; 
retiring from public business in 1794 on account 



of infiira health. He was prcs. of the N. H. 18.35. Settled as colleague pastor 
med. soc., which he was chieHy instruinental in Charles Lowell, ».D., of the VVe; 
founding, and received an honorary degree of Boston, Mar. 1, 1837. His princip 

M.D., from Dartm. Coll. He was always a " 

patron of learning, and a friend to learned men. 
His son Josi.^H, M.D., M. C. 1811-1-3, a phy- 
sician of extensive practice, d. Strathara, N.H., 
Apr. 14, 1838, a. 70. 

Bartlett, William, a benevolent mer- 
chant, b. Newbury port, Jan. 31, 1748 ; d. there 
Feb. 8, 1841. Descended from one of the 



[for 



the iiiiin-tr\ , 1, : . : - i ris of his muni- 

ficeiKv. li _, - i /|„„iid the Theol. 

Sein. ai And'i.' ' ii ii , i Ii>]mI ly endowed a pro- 
fcssc>i-lii|i aihl (1- it. li an expensive dwelling- 
hoiiM- I..1 til I1-' ul tlie incumbent. His bene- 
faciMii- til till- iii^titntioii were estimated, by 
tliosi' i.uuiliar uitli his affairs, to have reached 
tlie niuuiliiuiit sum of a quarter of a million 
dulhirs. He gave a large amount in the ag- 
gre^'ate to other worthy objects. 

Bartlett, WnxiAM H. C, LL.n. (Geneva 
Coll.). luoi; of iK.tural ami rx|.ri-n,„'iltal plli- 

1804. 'W.-t r.MHi, l^tji;. A-iM. I'luf. En'g'rg.' 
Mil. Acad., Aug. ld:iG lo Aug. 1«2U. Acting 
pruf. nat. and cxper. philos.Nciv. 1S34, and 
Prof, since Apr. 20, 1 836. Author of " Eleni. 
Treatise on Optics," 1839 ; " Eletnents of 
Mechanics," of " Nat. Pliilos.," 1850, " Acou- 
stics and Optics," N.Y, 1852; "Analytical 
Mechanics," 18.54; "Spherical Astronomy," 
1855. Member of Philos. Soc. of Phila., and 
of Acad. Arts and Sciences, Beston. 

Bartlet, Rev. William Stoodley, 
Prut.-Epis. clergyman, b. Newhurvport, Ms., 
Apr. 8, 1809. Gen. Theol. Sem. 1839. A.M. 
of Trin. Coll., Hartford. Formerly rector of 
Immanuel Church, Little Falls, N.Y. ; of St. 
Andrew's, Providence, R.I. ; and of St. Luke's, 
Chelsea, Ms. Member of the Ms. Hist Soc., 
and of the N.E. Hist, and Geneal. Soc. He 
jinb. " The Frontier Missionary," a memoir 
of Rev. Jacob Bailey, 8vo, 1853; contrib. to 
the Ndiional Qiiarterli) an article on vocal cul- 
tuic, in -Mar. 1863; and in 1864 delivered at 
Lowell an oration at the tercentenary celeb, of 
the birth of Shakspeare, which was pub. Con- 
irili. hist, papers to various periodicals, and to 
the " Memorial of Bishop Burgess." 

Bartley, Moedecai, gov. of 0., 1844-6, b. 

Fayette Co., Pa , Dec. 16, 1783; d. Oct. 10, 
1870. His grandparents emigrated in June, 
l":i4, and settled in Loudon Co., Va. He at- 
tended school during intervals of labor on his 
father's farm, removed to Ohio in 1809, and 
engaged in agriculture in Mansfield, Richland 
Co. Ca))t. and adj. under Harrison in the 
War of 1812. Was a State senator 1817-18 ; 
register of the land office, 1818-23; M. C. 
1823-31. T. W. Bartley, was acting gov. in 
1844.— ;l/Lmo/r, 6^^. T. Goodman. 

Bartol, CvRus Augustus, author and 
Cci.g. clergyman, b. Freeport, Me., Apr. 30, 
1813. Bo wd. Coll. 1 832 ; Camb. Div. School, 



Pictures o( Europe," 1855 ; " Uiscour.^cs 
on the Christian Spirit and Life," 1850 ; " Dis- 
courses on the Christian Body and Form," 
1854; and a history of the " West Church 
and its Ministers." His latc--i work is on 
ecclesiastical polity. He litis ,iI~m |iiil> m my 
occasioiial and miscellancoii- i : ml 

essays, besides numerous cotiti . i > ir .1 
ing "periodicals of the day, uti.l -~ i. lal iik n il 

Barton, BaNjAMiif SiMim, M.l)., iiatu- 
^tlli.^l, I.. Lancaster, Pa., 10 Feb. 1766; d. 19 
Dec. 1S15. Son of Rev. Thos. Barton by a 
sister of Rittenhouse the mathematician. While 
a student in Pa. Coll., he accompanied Ritten- 
house and the other U. S. commissioners to 
settle the boundary line west of Pa. From 

1786 to 1789, he was studying medicine at 
Edinburgh, London, and at Gottingcn, where 
h; took his degree of M.D. He then settled 
in Phila., where he soon acquired an extensive 
practice ; was in 1 789 app. prof, of nat. hist, 
and botany in the Coll. of Phila., and Apr. 
1813, was appointed prof, of materia inedica 
Besides papers contrib. to the Amer. Philos. 
Trans, and to the MedicaJ and Phi/sical ./ountal., 
begun by him in 1804, he pub. " Observations 
on some ptirts of Natural History," Lond., 

1787 ; "New Views of the Origin of the Tribes 
of America," 1797; "Elements of Botany," 

1804, and in 2 vols. 1812; an edition of Cul- 
len's Materia Mcdica ; " Eulogy on Dr. Priest- 
ley ; " Discourse on the Principal Desiderata 
of Nat. Hist," Phila., 1807 ; "Collections to- 
wards a Materia Medica of the U. S.," 3d ed., 
1810 —See Dion. Sketch, hy his nephew, W.P. 
C. Bm-lon, M.D., and Thachn-'s Med. Bioq. 

Barton, William P. C, M.l). (U. of 
Pa. 1808), prof of botany in the XJ. of Pa., 
nephew of B. S. Barton ; d. 1855. N J. Coll. 

1805. He pub. " Flor« Philadelphicas," 4to, 
181.5-25; " Compendium "of the same, 2 vols., 
1818; " Flora of North America," 3 vols., 4to, 
1821-3; " Materia Medicaand Botany," 2 vols. 
" Medical Botany," 2 vols., 8vo ; " Hints to 
Naval Officers cruising in the W. I.," 1830; 
" Plan for Marine Hospitals in the U. S." 
1817 ; " Memoirs of B. S. Barton." " Disser- 
tation on Nitrous-Oxide Gas," &c. 1808.— 
AlWmne. 

Barton, Gen. William, Revol. officer, b. 
Providence, R.I., 1747 ; d. there Oct. 22, 1831. 
He held the rank of lieut.-col inthcR.L militia, 
when on the night of July 10, 1777, with a 
small party, hecrosscd Narragansett Bay, passed 
unobserved 3 British frigates, landed about 
half-way from Newport to Bristol Ferry, and 
captured the British Gen. Preseott. For this 
service. Congress honored him by the presen- 
tation of a sword, a commission of col., and a 
grant of land in Vt. By the transfer of some 
of this land, he became entangled in the toils 
of the law, and was imprisoned for debt in Vt. 
many years, until liberated by Lafiiyette, who 
paid the claim against him in 1825. Col. 
Barton was wounded in the action at Bristol 
Ferry in Aug. 1778, and was disabled from 
further service during the war. Member of 



BA.T 



which adopted the U. S. Con- 
stitution.— See Life of, by Mrs. 0. M. Wil- 
liams, 1839. 

Bartow, FsAMCis S., brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Ga. ; killed in battle of Bull Run, Va., July 
21, 1861. 

Bartram, John, botanist, b. Derby, 
Chester Co., Pa , 23 Mar. 1699 ; d. 22 Sept. 
1777. Left an orphan at the age of 13, ho was 
self-taught, and became proficient in botany, 
medirine, and surgery. In the intervals of 
agricultural labor, by which he supported a 
large family, he made excursions to Fla. and 
to Canada, and at the age of 70 made a journey 
to East Fla. to explore its natural productions. 
He was also a skilful mechanic, and built the 
house in which he lived. In 1728, he founded 
on the banks of the Schuylkill, near Phila., the 
first botanic garden in America, and which still 
bears his name. The gardens of Europe are 
indebted to hiscontributions; and some foreign 
scientific bodies bestowed their honors upon him, 
and pub. communications from him in their 
transactions. Until 1758, he was a member 
of the Society of Friends. He pub. in 1751 
" Observations " on his travels to Lake Ontario, 
and "Description of East Florida, with a 
.Journal," 1766. — Sci' Mt-nt'trials of Bartram 
„nrl Mnr^lmll, edil'.lh^i II.: ■ '-, |v4',l. 

Bartram, Wnn i, . •, Non of 

the prccwiing, b. Kii.u : ■;-,_ I'l.'i IVI,. 17.-19 ; 
d. 22 July, 1823. lli; c.n j.i-.!..d himself in 
business in N.C. in 1761; studied natural 
history, and accompanied his father in his 
botanical explorations in E. Fla. ; resided some 
time on the River St. John, and returned home 
in 1771. In 1773-8, he explored the Floridas, 
Carolina, and Georgia, and transmitted to his 
employer, Dr. Fothergill, at London his valua- 
ble collections. Elected in 1782 prof, of 
botany in the U. of Phila., he declined, on ac- 
count of ill health. In 1786, he became a 
member of the Amer. Philos. Soc, and was 
admitted into other scientific bodies at home 
and abroad. In 1790, he pub. an account of 
his travels, including notices of the Creeks, 
Cherokees, and Chocta\vs. In 1789, he wrote 
a reply to a scries of questions proposed to him 
on the condition of those Indians, lately printed 
in the Trans, of the Ethnological Society. He 
was the author of the most complete and ac- 
curate table of American ornithology which 
had appeared previously to the work of VVilson ; 
and science owes to him its knowledge of many 
curious and beautiful plants peculiar to this 
continent. He also pub. •' Memoirs of J. 
Bartram," " Anecdotes of a Crow," " Descrip- 
tion of Certhia," and a work on the site of 
Bristol. 

Bascom, Henry Bidleman, D.D., 
LL.D., bishop of the M. E. Church South, 
b. Hancock, Delaware Co., N.Y., May 27, 
1796; d. Louisville, Ky., Sept. 8, 1850. Enter- 
ing the ministry in 1813, after filling various 
appointments in the Ohio, Tenn., and Ky. con- 
ferences, he was elected chaplain to Congress- 
Pres. of Madison Coll., Pa., in 1827 ; he then 
became agent of the Colonization Society. 
From 1832 to 1842, he was prof, of moral 
science and belles lettres in Augusta Coll., Ky., 
and was subsequently pres. of Transylvania 



U., Ky. 

Coll. and of the : 
In the general conference in 1844, when the 
separation between the Methodist churches 
North and South took place, he drew up the 
protest of the Southern members against the 
action of the conference upon slaveholding, and 
in 1845 was member of the convention at 
Louisville which organized the Church South, 
and author of its report. In 1846, he became 
editor of the Southern Methodist Qaariejli/ 
Revifw. He was chairman of the commis- 
sioners of the Church South to settle the con- 
troversy between the two divisions of the 
Church. In 1849, he was elected bishop, ord. 
May, 18.50. He pub. a vol. of " Sermons," 
1850, " Lectures on Infidelity," " Lectures and 
Essays on Moral Science," and sermons and 
sketches. His life was written hy Rev. Dr. 
Henkle; and his " Posthumous Works," edited 
by Rev. T. N. Ralston, appeared in Nashville, 
2 vols., 8vo, in 1855. D.D. of Wesl. U. 1838. 
LL.D. of La Grange Coll. 1845. 

Basilio de Gama (ba-see'-le-o dagii'-ma), 
Jose, b. San Jose', Brazil, 1740; d. ab. 1795. 
One of the founders of the Brazilian Acad. 
Author of " Uruguay," a popular poem, and 
some Ivrics. 

Bass, Edward, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1789.) 
first I'njt.-Upis. bishop of Ms., b. Dorchester, 
Nov. 23, 1726 ; d. Sept. 10, 1803. H. U. 1744. 
He taught school for several years, and was 
ord. in Eng., May 24, 1752, by Bp. Sherlock 
at the request of the society of St. Paul's 
Church, Newburyport. In 1 796, he was elected 
bishop of the Prot.-Epis Church of Ms., and 
was consecrated May 7, 1797. He was after- 
wards elected bishop'of the R.I. churches, and 
in 1803 of those in N.H. 

Bassett, Richard, gov. of Delaware in 
1798-1801 ; d. Sept. 1815. A member of the 
old Congress in 1787, and of the convention 
which framed the Constitution. He was U.S. 
senator in 1789-93, and was U.S. district judge 
in 1801-2. He was a lawyer of repute. His 
dau. Ann. m. James A. Bayard. 

Bassini, Carlo, music-teacher and writer, 
b. Cuneo, Piedmont, 1812; d. Irvington,N.J., 
26 Nov. 1870. Obtaining distinction as a vio- 
linist, he went with an operatic company to 
South America, became director, and afterward 
settled as a teacher of music in N. Y. City. 
Among his best known works are " Art of 
Singing," 1857 ; " Method for the Barytone," 
1868; "Method for the Tenor," 1866; " Me- 
lodic Exercises," 1865; " New Method," 1869. 
He composed some exquisite pieces. 

Batehelder, Samuel, inventor, b. Jaf- 
frey, N.H., 8 June, 1784. In 1808, he beg.an 
the manufacture of cotton at New Ipswich ; 
superintended the erection of the Hamilton 
Mills at Lowell in 1825, and of a mill for the 
York Manuf. Co. at Saco, Me., in 1831. He 
now resides in Cambridge, Ms. Among his 
inventions, that of the dynamometer, for ascer- 
taining the power for driving macliinerv, first 
used in the York Mills in 1837, is perhaps the 
greatest. In early life, he contrib. to the Port- 
fullo, and h;is pub. a " History of the Cotton 
Manuf. of the U. S" 

Bateman, Dr. Ephraim, b. Cumberland, 



71 



N.J. 1770; d. there, Jan. 29, 1829. While a 
niuehiinie's apprentice, he stujicd mediuiiie, 
liLCiiine noted in the profession; was many 
vuars in the State legisl. ; was an M. C 1815- 
23, and U. S. senator, 1826-9. 

Bateman, Kate Josephine (Mrs. George 
Crowe), actress, b. Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 
1842. Her father, H. L. Bateman, was a well- 
known theatrical manager; her mother, Fran- 
ces, an actress and dramatist. The children, 
Kate and Ellen, were on the stage almost from 
iiil.in. V. Kllen retired from the stage, and is 
now Mrs. Claude Greppo. Kate re-appeared, 
JIar. 19, 1860, after 4 years' absence, as Evan- 
i/cliue, in a drama by Iter mother, at the Winter 
Garden, and performed in a variety of parts 
until, in Dec. 1862, she made, at Boston, her 
first a])pcarance as Leah, — a character with 
which licr name is now identified, and in which 



she appeared first in Oct. 1863, the part was 
repeated 211 nights in succession. Oct. 13, 
1866, she became the wife of George Crowe, 
some time editor of the London Daily News, 
who resides near Bristol, Eng. 

Bates, Barsabas, advocate of cheap post- 
ase, b. Edmonton, Eng., 1785 ; d. Boston, Oct. 
11, 1853. He was brought to this country by 
his parents when a child, and became a Baptist 
preacher in K. I., but was afterwards a Unita- 
rian. For a short time, he was collector of the 
port of Bristol, but in 1825 removed to N. Y., 
where he pub. a weekly paper, 'J'he Christian 
Inqniier. While holding an office in the N. Y. 
post-office, he turned his attention to cheap 
postaiic publishing paniplilcts, writing in the 
nows|iapers and magaziiios, and lecturing on 
the siibject in various parts of the U. S. He 
succeeded in the reduction of the land postage 
to a reasonable rate, but died before effecting 
a corresponding decrease in the rate of ocean 

Bates, Edward, LL.D. (H. U. 1858), 
statesman and jurist, b. Belmont, Goochland 
Co., Va., Sept 4, 1793 ; d. St. Louis, Mar. 25, 
1869. Educated under the care of Benjamin 
Bates, a relative, he in 1814 emigrated to Mo. 
with his elder brother Frederick, who was sec. 
of the territory, and its gov. 1824-6. Com- 
mencing the practice of law in 1816, he became 
eminent at the bar; was app. pros. atty. for 
the St. Louis Circuit in 1818; attv.-gen. of 
the new State in 1820-22; U. S. (list. atty. 
1824-6 ; was many years a leading member 
of the Mo. legisl., member of the convention 
which framed the constitution of the State in 
1820, and was a member of the 24th Congress. 
The delivery of liis celebrated speech at the 
Chicago Internal Improvement Convention in 
1847 brought him into general notice. He, 
however, refused to be a candidate for office in 
Mo., and declined a seat in Pres. Fillmore's 
cabinet. He was the friend of Henry Clay in 
1824; supported the administration of Mr. 
Adams ; in 1854 was an opponent of the re- 
peal of the Mo. Compromise; co-operated with 
the Free Labor party in Mo., and opposed the 
admission of Kansas under the Lcconipton 
Constitution. Judge of the St. Louis Land 
Court in 1853-6,. arid pres. of the Bait. Whig 



856. On the election of Pres. 
Lincoln, he accepted the post of U. S. atty.- 
gen., resigning in Sept. 1864. 

Bates, Isaac C, lawver and statesman, b. 
Granville, Ms., 1780; d.' Washington, D.C., 
Mar. 16, 1845. Y. C. 1802. He settled as a 
lawyer in Northampton, rose to eminence at 
the bar, and was for many years in both branch- 
es of the State legisl. and in the exec, council. 
M. C. 1827-35, and in 1842 was elected U. S. 
senator, making an able speech against the 
annexation of Texas only a few days before 
his death. 

Bates, -JosHDA, D.D. (Y. C. 1818), scholar 
and divine, b. Cohasset, Ms., Mar. 20, 1776; 
d. Dudley, Ms., Jan. 14, 1854. H. U. 1800. 
Descended from Clement, b. Eng., 1592, came 
to America ab. 1636, settled at Hingbam, and 
d. 1671. The son of a farmer of limited 
means, he toiled on a farm until he was 17. 
On leaving Harvard, he became an assist, in 
Phillips Acad., pursuing a course of theol stud- 
ies at the same time. Ord. pastor of the Cong. 
Church in Dedham, Mar. 16, 1803, where he 
labored successfully until Mar. 1818. Pres. of 
Middlb. Coll. 1818-39. He was subsequently 
chaplain during one session of the U. S. sen- 
ate ; and was installed pastor of a church in 
Dudley, Mar. 22, 1843. Member of the Amer. 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He pub. " Remi- 
niscences of Rev. John Codman ; " two ser- 
mons on Intemperance, 1813 ; a volume of Ser- 
mons ; Inaugural Address, 1818; Anniversary 
Discourse at Dudley, 1853 , and Sermons and 
Discourses. — Sprague. 

Bates, Joshua', financier, b. Weymouth, 
Ms., 1788; d. London, Sept. 24, 1864; 
son of Col. Joshua, who d. 1804. He re- 
ceived his early education from Rev. Jacob 
Norton, and, at the age of 15, entered the 
counting-house of William R. Gray in Boston. 
Entering the employ of Mr. Gray's father, 
long a leading merchant of N.E., he was sent 
by him to the north of Europe, to look after 
his interests there. In 1826, he formed a con- 
nection in London with John Baring, under 
the firm of Bates & Baring. On the death 
of Mr. Holland, they were both made partners 
in the house of Baring Bros. & Co. In 1854, 
he was umpire between the commissioners of 
the English and U.S. govts, for settling claims 
growing out of the War of 1812. In 1852, he 
contributed 850,000 to the Public Library of 
the city of Boston, then being established, on 
condition that the income of his fund should 
annually be spent in the purchase of books of 
permanent value and authority, and that the 
city should provide comfortable accommoda- 
tions for their use, both day and evenin>;, by at 
least 100 readers. Up to Jan. 1858, when the 
building was dedicated, he had given to it 
some 30,000 vols., besides the sura above 
named. The large hall of the library is desig- 
nated as Bates Hall. His only surviving 
child is the wife of Van de Weyer, an eminent 
Belgian statesman. During the Rebellion, his 
sympathies were actively enlisted in behalf of 
his country, and he did much by prudent coun- 
sel and judicious suggestions to avert a war 
between England and ihe U ?,. — See Mnmorial 
of Joshua Bates, from the Cilij of Boston, 1865. 



B^T 



72 



Battle, LoiiEN-zo, UniKtiay 
b. 181 J Miiii^tcM- .,f war lunlcr On. Florcs ; 
proviMnnnl pivs. uf UniHiuiv, 1866-8; elected 
pros, allei- the iissassination of Flores, 28 Feb. 
1868. 

Baugher, Henky L., D.D., Lutheran 
clergvnian, and educator, b. Abbotstown, Pa., 
ah. l'8u.3 ; d. Gettysburg, Pa., April 14, 1868. 
Dick. Coll. I82.i". "lie studied theology at 
Priiieetou and Gettysburg; was licensed to 
lireaih hy the Md. synod; elected pastor at 
BoonsbonV in 1829; took charge of the classi- 
cal school at Gettysburg in 1830; and in 1832, 
when it became a coll., filled the chair of the 
Greek lanjuage, and belles lettres, until 18.50, 
when be became pres., continuing in that office 
nntil his ileath He was a frequent contrib. to 
^\^aEr.n.|. Ileal Review. 

Baume, Frederick, lieut -col. of the 
Brunsuiek Dra,i;oons in Biirgoyne's e.xped., 
mortallv wounded at the battle of Bennington, 
Vr., 16" Aug., and d. 18 Aug. 1777. He ar- 
rived in Canada in 1776 ; 13 Aug. 1777, he was 
sent on an cxped. to obtain Supplies, and was 
defeated by the militia under Gen. Stark. 

Baxtei", George Addison, D.D. (U. of 
N.C. 1812). Prcsb. clergyman, b. Rockingham 
Co, Va. 22 July, 1771"; d. April 24, 1841. 
Liberty Hall, 1796. Licensed by the Lexing- 
ton Pivsbvrei-v, 1 Apr. 1797. 'Prof, mathe- 
matics at Liberty Hall (afterward Wash. Coll ), 
19 Oct. 1798-1827, and was at the same 



pastor 



of New Monii 



nd Lexington. In 



1827, he became the second pres. of Wash. 
Coll., Lexington, Va., resigning in 1829. In 
Apr. 1832. he accejited the office of prof, in the 
Union Theol. Sem., Prince Edward Co — 

Spmgne. 

Bay, Fmiiu Haix, jurist, b. York, Pa., 
l-r,t : .1 r'li:ir|r.ton,S,C., 19Nov. 1838. Au- 
dn w I:, I i!' I :i native of Ireland, long a 

P.r-I- : I : , 1 '; ,, , d. NcWtOWn, L.I., 1 776. 

Thr 'I 1. I, :i i..> nv--en. of S.C., under the 
cohiniai /(/(-»., anil, 'from 1791 to his d., asso. 
justice of the General Sessions and C. C. P. 
Author of " Reports of Superior Courts of S. 
C. since the Rcvol," 2d ed., 2 vols., 1809-11. 
Bayard, George D., brig.-gen. vols, b. 
New York, 1835; killed at Fredericksburg, 
Va., Dec. 14, 1862. West Point, 1856. En- 
tering the 1st Cavalry, he became capt. 4th 
Cavalry, Aug. 20, 1861. He com. the 1st Pa. 
Cavalry, and was made brig.-gen. April 28, 
1862. Attacheil to Gen. McCall's reserves, he 
participated in the various battles of that fight- 
ing corps. Nov. 20, 1861, he made a most 
brilliant and successful dash at the head of his 
regt. upon Dranesville. He subsequently 
served in the army-corps of Gen. McDowell, 
and in the army of Va., under Gen. Pope. 
After the battle of Antietam, he com. a cavalry- 
brigade in the advance of the army, with which 
he did excellent service, making frequent dashes 
into the enemy's lines, and driving them from 
the gaps of the Blue Ridge ; chief of cav. 3d 
army-corps ; engaged in the battles of Cedar 
Moiintain, 9 Aug. 1862, Manassas, Aug. 27- 
31, and in the defences of Washington, D.C., 
Sept.-Oct. 1862. He was attached to Gen. 
Franklin's com. at the attack on Fredericks- 
burg. 



Bayard, James Ashton-, statesman, b. 
Phila., 28 July, 1767 ; d. Wilmington, Del., 6 
Ang. 1815. N.J. Coll. 1784. Of Huguenot 
descent. On the death of his fether, Dr. J. A. 
Bay.ard (8 June, 1770), he was received into the 
family of his uncle. Col. John. He studied law 
under Gen. Joseph Reed ; was adm. to the bar 
in 1787; settled in Del., and acquired reputa- 
tion and practice. M.C. 1797-1803, and a 
leader of the Federal party ; U.S. senator, 1 804- 
13. He disting. himself in conducting the im- 
peachment of Senator Blount; contrib. jiowcr- 
fnlly to the election of Jefferson ,,vr,- l!„ir in 
their memorable contest fur the I'lv.i.lm, i ; ;mhI 
in the debate which preceded l!ir n ]„ .il, m M.ir. 
ISO-', of the judiciary bill, di.plavr,! r..n~ma- 
mate ability in defence of the system, which 
was, however, overthrown. He declined the 
post of envoy to the French republic, tcndcicil 
him by Mr. Adams. In the senate, he o]. posed 
the declaration of war with Great Biitain in 
1812. Sent as a commissioner to treat for peace 
nnilcr Russian mediation, he left Phila., 8 
May, l.^l.-!, arrive.l at St. I'etersburg in July, 
anil ill .1:111. isu, ]iroeecded to Holland. He 
alirn\,u.l \i-i|.il F.iig., and with his colleagues, 
Ml-.-. Ail.i.ii^, Clav, Gallatin, and Russell. 
nc,i;otiatea in Dec. 1814, at (ihnit. the treaty 
that hears the name of that |il:irr. Im Iml. il in 
the commission to make a i iiiniin n i.il inaty 
with Great Britain, he was |,n|iiiijii^ m ■^i> 
there, when an alarming illness caused him to 
return home, which he reached only to die. As 
a lawyer and political orator, he took high 
rank. His son James A. was U.S senator 
from Del., 1851-64. Another son, Richard 
H, U.S. senator, 1836-9 and 1841-5; c/«i///^ 
to Belgium, 1850; b. Wilmington, Del., 1796; 
d. Phila., 4 Mar. 1868. Ann, his wife,dau. of 
Gov. Richard Bassett, d. 10 Dec. 1854, a. 76. 

Bayard, Col. John, merchant, and Rcvol. 
patriot, b. Cecil Co., Md., II Aug. 17.38; d. 
N. Brunswick, N.J., 7 Jan. 1807. Member of 
theRevol. Committee of Safety; maj. 2d Phila. 
batt., which he led at the battle of Trenton ; 
many years spealier of the Pa. Assembly ; mem- 
ber Old Congress in 1785; removed in 1788 to 
N. Brunswick, of which he was- nuiyor, and 
judge of C.C.P. 

Bayard, Samuel, jurist (176.5-1840), pub. 
" A Digest of Cases on the Law of Evidence," 
1810, and an "Abstract of the Laws of the 
U.S." 

Bayfield, Henkt Wolsey, an English 
hydrographer, entered the navy in 1806 ; com. 
a gunboat on the Amer. Lakes in 1814; made 
surveys of Lake Ontario in 1815, Lakes Erie 
and 'Huron in 1817-23, Lake Superior in 
1823-5, and of the River and Gulf of St. Law- 
rence in 1827, being the first to make known 
the wonders of tlie Sagueuay; made capt. in 
1834,, and rear-admiral in 1856. His series of 
charts of the above surveys are leading author- 

Bayley, Matthias, remarkable for lon- 
gevity; d.ab. 1789, at Jones's Creek, a branch of 
the Pedee in North Carolina, a. 136. He was 
baptized at the age of 134. His eyesight re- 
mained good, and he retained his strength, in a 
great degree, up to the time of his death. — 
Blake. 



BA.Y 



Bayley, Richard, M.D., physician and 
meJic^ilwiiter.b.Fairliulil.Ct., 174.3; d. Statuii 
Island, Aug. 17, ISOl. Having finished liis 
professional education in London, he settled in 
N.Y. in 1772. The prevalence of the croup in 
lliat city afforded him an opportunity for the 
display ol his skill and judgment, treating it 
in a new manner, as an inflajninatorv disease ; 
and, in 1781, his puhli.-.u i-.n, > i:lil .1 " A View 

of the Croup," led to il,. i : .-ii I lii^ plan. 

In the aulninn of 177', : i . , I London, 
where he enija-ed in .-iii.v ,.:!.! pia nrc witli 
tlieaidof Dr. Hunter; and, in the tollowing 
spring, he returned to N.Y. as asurgeon in the 
English army, under Sir \V. Howe. This 
post he rcsi;;ned in 1777, and passeil the re- 



sons, Willi. 



Coll.; 



sulii.v 



:m; \,r |,u'. a It. Mil- ■ '.II vollow- 
fever, in >>tii,h li- i. .-ii.l I- li ivr pioved its 
localc,ri.4in,iv|,„,l,,,!i,i, 1 1,- ili, ■,.,■> , ii , .nitagion. 

ofN.V., and. in \7'JS. [.m ■ ',,,• I. '■ :i- n 

the Health Otfice." II i : ; i I 

1788, his house was liMi i:ii- li i' 

tor's Moh," vvhod.^tlM . . , , . . / n:, 

ing his valuaMr '-"l'.^ ■ i ■n\ , l.r- 

sidessomc vnln iM ■ i ' ■- r i : i: I .i liiiii the 

State of N.Y ; i . :: .:..iiM1I.' 

laws. In 17S1 , 1p' pii'i Anji.ii Tn.-liralis," 
with the mode of cure, 8vo, N.Y. — Thadi'-r. 

Baylies, Francis, lawyer and politician, 
b. Taunton, Ms., Oct. 16, 178.3; d. there Oct. 
28, 1852. After receiving an academical edu- 
cation, he practised law in Taunton. M C. 
1821-7 ; member of the State legisl. 1827-32 
and in 183.5; register of probate, 1812-20; 
charffi d'affaires to Brazil in 1832. Author of 
a v'aluahie history of Plym. Col., 2 vols. 8vo, 
1828, rcpub., with notes and additions by S G. 
Drake, in 1866. 

Baylies, Nicholas, judge, b. U.xbridge, 
Ms., 1772; d. Lyndon, Vt., Aug. 17, 1847. 
Dartm. Coll. 1794. He practised law at Wood- 
stock and Montpelier, and was a judge of the 
Supreme Court of Vt. in 1831-4. Author 
of " A Digested Index lo the Modern Reports 
of the Courts of Common Law in Eng. and 
the U.S." 3 vols., 1814; and an " Essay on 
Free Agency." 

Baylies, William, M.D., physician, b. 
Uxbridge, Ms., Dec. 5, 1743 ; d. Dighton, Ms., 
June 17, 1826. H. U. 1760. He established 
himself as a physician in Dighton, where he 
remained through life an exceedingly successful 
and popular practitioner. He zealously en- 
gaged in the political controversies of the times, 
was a representative of the town of Dighton ; 
a member of the 3 Prov. Congresses of Ms. 
in 1775, serving on several important commit- 
tees; was also a member of the State conven- 
tion that adopted the Federal Constitution ; and 
State senator, 1783. He was for several years 
a judge of the C. C. P. for the- county of 
Bristol, and for a long time register of probate 
for that county. M. C. 1805-9. Member of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; of the Ms. 
Hi.st. Soc, and also of the Ms. Medical Soc., of 
which he was one of the founders. His two 



Francis, wore both disting. 



Baylor, Coi,. George, Revol. officer, b. 
HauuviT Co., Va. ; d. 1784, at Barbadoes, 
whiili'-r In.' hud gone forhis health. App. aide 
to Washington; Aug. 1.5, 177."); served at 
Trenton, and carrie-d the news of that success 
to Congress, by whom he was |irrspiit"d with 
a horse caparisoned for sor\ i ■ . :i;i'! riuni- 
mended for promotion. Made . ; ' i ,i , 
Jan. 8, 1777; surprised an I !ii; i v 
wounded on the night of Sapi l; i,, at 
Tappan, N.Y., by Gen. Grey. o7 ot hw men 
were butchered in cold blood, and the remain- 
der, with himself, captured. He served to the 
close of the war, and was esteemed an officer 
of bravery and merit. 

Bayly, Thomas Henry, M. C. from Va., 
b. Accomac Co., Va., 1810 ; d. there June 22, 
1856. U of Va. Son of Thos. M. (177.5-7. 
Jan.1834. M. C. 1813-15. X. .T. i •.11, 1 7n I.) 
He came to the bar in 1830 .\ 

he was chosen a member ol til \ I 

was ro-el.rted for five vears in -n. . 11.^ 

ua- , ;.-. 1-1 l.v thai l,..:'lv al.iiu - a.ufniilitia; 



\l. 



. ■ a III.' In. II, (•..ininiti.' Wavs and 

.M. alls. H.. luaal and dual oil the spot" where 
Ins i;in;li.,li aiuasioiN laiidod in 1666, and where 
tlii-v I'-tal.li-lin.l till' faiiiilv home. 

Beach, Adhvha-u, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1789.) 
Frot.-Epis. clergvman, b. Cheshire, Ct., Sept. 
9, 1740; d. Sept! 11, 1828. Y. C. 1757. He 
was ord. by the bishop of London in June, 
1767. Rector of N. Brunswick, N.J , until 
1783; assist, minister of Trinity Church, N.Y., 
1783-1813. He pub. " Hearing the Word," 
and a " Funeral Sermon on Dr. Chandler," 
1790. 

Beach, Moses Yale, invent, and pub., b. 
Wallingford, Ct., Jan. 7, 1800; d. there July 
18, 1868. Exhibiting in his boyhood some 
mechanical skill, he was apprenticed to a cabi- 
net-maker at Hartford, subsequently went into 
business for himself at Northampton and 
Springfield ; manufactured a gunpowder en- 
gine for propelling balloons, and endeavored 
to introduce steam-navigation on the Con- 
necticut, between Hartford and Springfield. 
His plan was executed by others, his inventive 
skill enabling them to take a steamer over 
what liad before been deemed the insurmount- 
able Enfield Falls. He next devised a rag- 
cutting machine, now in general use in paper- 
mills ; then engaged in the manufacture of 
paper in Ulster Co., N.Y., but lost during the 
7th year all he had before made. In 1835, he 
removed to New York, became interested in the 
Sun newspaper, the pioneer of the penny press, 
of which he soon made himself sole proprietor. 
During the Mexican war, he was sent to Mex- 
ico by Pres. Polk, as an agent, to arrange a 
treaty of peace. The negotiations, however, 
when nearly concluded, were broken off by a 
false report that Santa Aiia had annihilated the 
army of Gen. Taylor. Mr. Beach retired from 
business in 1857, and returned to his native 
town. 

Beall, Benjamin Lloyd, col. U.S.A., b 
D.C. ; d. Bait., Aug. 16, 1863. Sou of Maj. Beall 



BEA. 



of Md. ; app. cailet, Jan. 181-1; capt. Wash. 
City Vols, lor the Florida war, Jiinu 1, 18.36; 
capt. 2d Dra>;oons, June 8, 18-36; brev. major, 
March 15, 1837, " for -allantry in war against 
Florida Iniliariv ; " niaj' Ht Dragoons, Feb. 16, 
1847; hrev. liiii! -.'••\ . '■ i^imillant conduct in 
battle of Saiit L I 1 11/, I U >-.ilos, Mex.," Mar. 
16, 1848; lii'vit ml Mar. i, li^jb ; col. 1st Cav- 
alry, May 1.3. isbl ; retired Feb. 15, 1862.— 
Gardner. 

Beall, Gen. Reazin, d. Wooster, Ohio, 
Feb. 20, 184'i, a. 7,3. App. from Pa. ensign, 
March 7, 1792; batt.-adj, and .fma^tor, 1793; 
.served under Wavue ; and « a, Kli^-i;r„. of 
Ohio Vols, in Sept. 1812. lb- ^Hvupird various 



Beall, William Dent, col. U.S.A., b. 
5 ; d. Prince George Co., Md., Sept. 24, 



disting. at 



-:;en. and 
dod June 
iSoS; col. 



Apr 



5 e/^:*^, 



beihtown, N.J. After 


hrin- 


roctor of St. Peter's 


Church, Albany, N.Y 




.■n.,r,-tnrof Christ 


Church, IJaltiu'iore. h 


• wa- 


., ill 1S13, app. pro- 


vost of the U. of Pa 


.. Hlli 


,rz al..u the chair of 


Mental Philn.ophv. 


Urn 


," lie pal.., in 1822, 


"A Search ..r Trut 


h ill 


til.- ^<eiellce of the 


Human Mind," a wo 


ik in 


delenre of the phi- 


losophy of Luciv.' j\ 


.Iter 


l.-> yrar-' ronncction 



Md 

1829; a maj. in the Revol. 

Long Island and at C 

maj. 9th Inf. Jan. 8, 

dept.-insp.-gen. Apn 

15, 1800; lieut.-col.5i 

3d Inf. Nov. 30, 1810 

to 5th Inf. ; resigned Aug. 15, 1812 ; he com. 

a regt. of militia in the battle of Blavlensburg; 

sheritf of Prince George County. — Gardner. 

Beard, James H., artist, h. Buffalo, 1815. 
James, his father, removed to Painesvillc, 0.; 
d. there ab. 1827, leaving a wife and 5 small 
children p.-nniless. With little teaching, he 
made himself aportraii ;i:iiiii' 1, i: d in (in 
cinnati, and was many , i , ; 

the West. Hepaintrdll i . i I 

and J. Q. Adams. A i In- . >.niiM,-ii i.ni- 

are " Tlie Long Bill," " Tiie Land .S|>eculat- 
or," and the " North Carolina Emigrants." — 
TnrL.rmnn. 

Beard, W.m. H., artist, bro. of James H., 
b. I'aiur.sville, 0., ab. 1824. At the age of 21, 
he bee ime a peripatetic portrait-painter ; settled 
in BuH'alo in 1850; visited Europe in 1858-60, 
and after the loss of his wife, to whom he 
had been recently united, in the latter year set- 
tled in N.Y. City. He lirought with him a few 
humorous pictures, " The A-stronomer," " The 
Owl," " Bears on a Bender," and " Grimalkin's 
Dream." His other pictures are " The Guar- 
dian of ihe Flag," "In and out," " Little Red 
Riding Hood," " Christmas Eve," " Raining 
Cats and Dogs," " A Bird in the Hand," and 
"Dance of Silenus." — Tuckerman. 

Beardsley, Samuel, LL.D. (Ham. Col. 
1849), a N.Y. politician, lawyer, and judge, b. 
Otsego Co., N.Y. ; d. Utica, N.Y., May 6, 1860. 
He studied law in Rome, Oneida Co., where he 
practised until his removal to Utica in 1825; 
dist. atty. of Oneida Co., 1821-5 ; was State 
senator in 1823; U.S. dist. atty. for the north- 
ern district of N.Y. in 1827-31 ; M.C. from 
Oneida Co., N.Y., in 1831-6 and 1843-5; and 
chairman of the judiciary committee; atty.- 
gen. of N.Y., 1837 ; app. jud.ge of the Sup. 
Court of N.Y., 1844, and chief-justice in 1847. 

Beasley, Frederick, D.D., Pr.-Ep. cler- 
gyman and writer, b. near Edenton, N.C., in 
1777; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., Nov. 2, 1845. 

■ N.J. Coll. 1797. He was a tutor in that insti- 
tution in 1798-1800, and, in 1801, was ord. 

■ deacon, and took charge of a parish in Eliza- 



'..ilHthtowii. lie also pub. 'An li.xaniina- 
1 of the Oxford Divinity; or, the Xracta- 
, Conlrnversv."— C/ufe. 
Jeasley, <ii:-v Nathaniel, pioneer of 



and a ci 
maj.-gen 



while you 
led theohi 
Oct. 13, 1 
Mr. Ten 
In 1760, 



■aJe 



We.-ti 



^e^^ 



742.1 :! li 1 n. 1 743, and succeeded 
iKiit a! N. -haminy, 26 May, 1743. 
he viMti.l lam to obtain aid for the 
liM-y, till ir widows and orphans. 
Va. and .\'. C. in 1754, he accomp. 
in an exped. against the frontier In- 
chaplain, in 1755. He was often en- 
missionary labors among the Indians 
■n Pa., and was esteemed for his piety 
and charity. His journal of a two-months' 
tour to promote religion among the frontier 
inhabitants of Pa. was pub. in London, 8vo, 
1768. — Spraque. 

Beatty, John, M.D., physician and sol- 
dier, sou of Rev. Charles, b. 'BncUs Co., Pa., 
Dec. 10, 1749; d. Trenton, N.J., May 30, 
1826. N. J. Coll. 1769. He studied medi- 
cine with Dr. Rush, but joined the army early 
in the Revol. contest, and, in Sept. 1776, hail 
attained the rank of lieut.-col. in the Pa. line. 
At the capture of Fort Washington, he was 
taken prisoner. Severe treatment greatly im- 
paired his health ; but, having been exchanged, 
he was app., May 28, 1778, to succeed Dr. IJur- 
dinot as commissary-gen. of prisoners, with 
rank of col., which post he resigned JIar. 31, 
1780. He then settled as a physician in 
Princeton ; was a delegate to the Old Congress 
in 1783-5; was frequently a member of l.oih 
branches of the State legisl., and speaker of 
the house; was a member of the eonvrntion 
that adopted the Federal Constitution ; and was 
a member of Congress in 179.3-5. From 1795 
to 1805, he was sec. of State for N.J. He su- 
perintended the erection of the bridge across 
the Delaware at Bloomsbury, and, in 1815-26, 
was pres. of the Trenton Bank. 

Beauharnais (bo'-iir'-na), Alex., Vis- 
count, aFronch gen., b. Martinique, 1760, guil- 
lotined atParis,23 July, 1794. Heservcdasa 
maj. under Rochanibeau in the Amcr. Revol. 
war. Dep. from Blois to the states-gen., he 
was one of the first to join the tiers dat; be- 



A/4, 



BEA 



75 



came pres. of tlie National Assembly ; gen. of 
division in the army of the Rhine in 1792; 
minister of war in 1793; falsely accused of 
having promoted the surrender of Metz, he 
was condemned by the revol. tribunal. Jose- 
phine, his widow, became Empress of France. 
Eu;^ene, his son, made by Napoleon viceroy 
of Italy, d. 182-1. 

Beauharnais, Charles, Marquis de, 
natural son of Louis XI V., t;ov. of New France, 
1726-46, wa.s an able and efficient officer. He 
had been distini;., and held the' rank of com- 
nioilore in the navy. On the breaking-out of 
war with Eng., he fortified and strengthened 
the country, and built the fortress of Crown 

Beaujeu (bo'-zhoo') Hyacinthe Marie 
L, DK, a French officer, who com. and was 
killed at Braddock's defeat, at the battle of 
Monongahela, 9 July, 175.5; b. Montreal, 9 
Aug. 1711. He had attained the rank of 
capt. and the Cross of St. Louis, for ser- 
vice in the navy. In 17-3.3, he obtained the 
seigniory of La'Colle, on the Clianibly ; suc- 
ceeded Contrecoeurat Ft. Du Quesne, in 1755, 
and planned the ambuscade which destroyed 
the army of Braddoek. 

BeaujOUT ( bo'-zboor'), Louis Felix, de, 
author and diplomatist, b. Provence, 1765 ; d. 
July 1, 1836. He entered the diplomatic ca- 
reer in 1788, and was successively sec. of lega- 
tion at Munich and Dresden, and consul-gen. in 
Sweden and Greece. Afterwards sec. and pres. 
of the tribunate, be wrote two remarkable tracts 
on the treaties of Luneville and Amiens. In 
1804, he was app. consul-gen. and chanjg d'- 
affaires to the U.S. While here, he composed 
a work, which, on his return in 1814, he pub. 
with an admirable map, under the title of " A 
Sketch of the U.S. at the Commencement of 
the 19th Century." He was made consul-gen. 
of Smyrna in 1816, insp.-gen. of the French 
establishments in the Levant in 1817, and, re- 
turning to France in 1819, was rewarded with 
the title of baron. 

Beaumarchais (bo'-mar-sha'), Pierre 
AuGUSTiN Caron, I)E, b. Paris, Jan. 24, 
173-2; d. May 19, 1799. He gave striking 
proof, while young, of the possession of me- 
chanical and musical talents ; assisted his fa- 
ther in watchmaking, and afterwards became 
teacher of the harp to the daughters of Louis 
XV. He laid the foundation of his immense 
wealth by a rich marriage. In his celebrated 
lawsuit against Goesman, he exhibited all bis 
talent ; and his " Memoirs," pub. at Paris in 
1774, entertained all France. "The Barber 
of Seville" and " The Marriage of Figaro" 
have given him a permanent reputation. In 
his memoir, " iles Six £lpoi/ues," he relates the 
dangers to which he was exposed in a revol., 
where a celebrated name, talent, and riches 
were sufficient causes of proscription. As 
early as Sept. 1775, he had submitted to the 
king a memorial, in which he insisted upon the 
necessity for the French Govt, to come secretly 
to the assistance of the Colonies against Eng. 
As an agent of the French ministry, be passed 
part of 1775 in Eng., where he had interviews 
with Arthur Lee. By letters, representations, 
and adroit flattery, he brought over Maurepas, 



and obtained secretly from the Frcncli Govt. 
l,00l),00il livres,an equal sum from Spain, and 
arms and ammunition from the public arsenals, 
on condition that he would pay for or replace 
the same. Under the firm of Uodcrique Hor- 
talez & Co., early in 1777 he forwarded 3 ships 
with 200 pieces of ordnance, 25,000 muskets, 
200,000 lbs. of gunpowder, and other ammu- 
nition. He had aNo oni_':iL"'d more than 50 
officers, among tlum I'lili^l;! ;ind Steuben. 
He continued hisshiinnriit., iinii , iii the begin- 
ning of 1779, the U.S. un. imlc l.ir.l to him in 
more than 4,000,000 Ir.uas. Tim liual balance 
of this claim, ab. 800,000 francs, was not paid 
until 1835. The transaction, far from bavitig 
been profitable to him, resulted in losses, wbirh 
he was enabl'-il to wiih-:t:i!i'l, fhn>n'j-li ;,'i)Vt. aid, 
and succr- i:i' ■'■ !:!!'■ .■■ • ! ^ Doiis kiuds. 
The aid lurn. ,i ! .. i; i n , , :i i. ,vas of in- 
calculabU-ii.i>,, ,,,,_. ... i.,r .\,„: , , ,u»e. The 
recent bioL;iapiiy ..I lins kih.ii ival.le man, by 
M. de Lomenie, discloses the I'aUity of Arthur 
Lee's statement to Congress, that this aid to 
Amer. was a gift : it was not so. The ship- 
ments of Uodcrique Hortalez & Co. were to 
be re-imbursed by return-cargoes of rice, to- 
bacco, and indigo; and the falsehood of Lee 
placed Silas Deane in the position of a man 
trying fraudulently to obtain payment for a 
gift, and prevented Beaumarchais from furnish- 
ing further aid, by cutting off his means of 
doing so; since he had already far exceeded 
the capital loaned him by France and Spain. 
— .See De Lomenie, " Beaumarchais and his 
Times." 

Beaumont de (deh-bo'-mon'), de la 
Bonniere, Gustave Augusts, a French 
advocate and writer, b. depart, of Sarthe, Feb. 
6, 1802; d. Paris, Feb. 22, 1866. In 1831, he 
was commissioned, with DeTocqueville, to visit 
the U.S., and examine its penitentiary system. 
Their roport, " Du Si/steme Peniteidiaire aux 
iStats Unis et de son ' Ap/ilicalion en France," 
has become a standard work on the subject. 
Beaumont also wrote " Marie, ou de I'Esclavage 
aux iStats Unis," which has been translated and 
reprinted in the U. S. He was a member of 
the ebamber ot deputies in 1840, of the con- 
stituent assembly, 1848, and was app. ambassa- 
dor to Eng. by Gen. Cavaignae. He was a 
grandson of Lafayette, and, in 1836, he ra. a 
grand-dau. of the marquis. He was imprisoned 
for opposition to the ro/i/; it'elat. of Dec. 2, 
1851. He wrote in 1839 " L'hlande, Sociale, 
Politique, el Reiigieuse " (2 vols., 1839). 

Beaumont, William, M. D., a celebrat- 
ed physician, b. Lebanon, Ct., in 1785; d. 
St. Louis, Apr. 25, 1853. After completing 
his medical education at St. Alban's, Vt., in 
1812, he was app. assist, surgeon in the U. S. 
army, in which he served until 1837. In 1825, 
while stationed at Miehilimacinac, he became 
acquainted with the Canadian St. Martin ; and 
it is to hi-, experiments with this man, that Dr. 
Beaumont is indebted for his wide-spread fame. 
A gunshot wound in the side of St. Martin, 
healed without closing up, so that the stomach 
was exposed to observation ; and Dr. Beau- 
mont made careful experiments for several 
years upon the processes of digestion. The 
result of his observations, pub. in 1838, shed 



'C^ 



new ]i;i-ht upon this most interesting and 
important subject, and is the only authority, 
based on actual observation, in that branch of 
science. After leaviu- the army, Dr. Beau- 
mont practised his profession at St. Louis. 

Beauregard, Peter Gustavos Ton-. 
TANT,(;en. C S..\., b. on his father'.s plantation, 
near N. Orleans, 1817. West Point, 1838. 
Entering the 1st Art., he was transferred to the 
engineer corps ; became 1st lieut. in 1839, and 
in the Mexican war won the brevets of capt. 
at Contreras and Churubusco, and maj. at 
Chapultepee, where he was twice wounded. 
He was present at the capture of the city of 
Mexico, and received another wound at the 
Helen Gate. Capt. Mar. 3, 18.53. After the 
war, l>e had charge of the construction of the 
N. Orleans mint and custom-house, and of 
the fbviilications near the mouths of the Mpi. 
Resiiining his commission Feb. 20, 1861, he 
joined tlie rebel army ; was made brig.-gen., 
conducted the attack on Fort Sumter, and, in 
June, took com. of the army at Manassas. 
July 21, he gained the battle of Bull Run, and 
was the same day promoted to be gen. C.S.A. 
Mar. 5, 1862, he took com. of the army of the 
Miss., under Gen. A. S. Johnston, who joined 
him at Corinth, ab. Apr. 1, and directed the 
battle of Shiloh until he was killed, Apr. 6 ; 
after which, Beauregard held the chief com. 
Fortifying himself at" Corinth, he held the army 
of Gen. Halleck in check for nearly 2 months, 
and, when forced to retire, did so with slight 
loss. He was soon after relieved, at his own 
request, on account of ill health. In Aug., he 
received the com. of the military dept. com- 
posed of S. C. and Ga. Jan. 31, 1863, he is- 
sued a proclamation, as gen. com'g in S. C, 
that the blockade of Charleston harbor had 
been raised. This canard was soon disproved ; 
but he snceessfuUv defended Charieston against 
Dahlgren and Gil more. In May, ISW, he 
joined Lee at Richmond ; com. at Petersburg 
in June; took com of the military division of 
the West, Oct. 17, and com. at Charleston, 
S.C, in the following spring; but, on Gen. 
Sherman's approach, retired to N. C, and 
united his forces with those of Gen. J. E 
Johnston, who surrendered soon after to Sher- 

Beck, Charles, Ph. D., LL.D. (H. U. 
1865), .-xholar, b. Heidelberg, Germany, Aug. 
19, 1798; d. Cambridge, Ms., Mar. 19, 1866. 
Educated at the U. of Berlin, he studied theol- 
ogy also ; was ord July, 1822, and, in 1823, re- 
ceived his degree at Tiibingen. He was some 
time tutor at the U. of Basle; but his republi- 
can sentiments endangered his liberty, and, in 
1824, he came to New York. He soon con- 
nected himself with the Round Hill School, 
Nortliainpton, but in 18.30 established a school 
at Philip.-town, on the Hud^on, opposite West 
Poiul. From 1832 to 1850, he was prof, of 
Latin language and literature at Cambridge U. 
He pub. in 1863 "The Manuscripts of the 
Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, described and 
colfaled." He was a member of the Oriental 
Society, and of the Acad, of Sciences ; was 2 
years in the State legisl., was a man of en- 
larged views and great public spirit; and was 
specially interested iti the soldiers' fund, the 



sanitary rn 
the rap- 111! 

Beck, ' 



;for 



i I- t. 1), Eng., 
174'J; d. !.■ .iii_; .11, K,^.. 1 1. ■ -i, 1812. He 
was app. prui. ui inaiiicuMtiLs in the Royal 
Acad, at Woolwich in 1776, but lost the office 
for neglecting its duties. After coming to 
Amer. in 1795, he was employed in painting 
by Mr. Hamilton of the Woodlands, near 
Phila. Besides original poetic pieces, he trans- 
lated Anacreon, and large portions of Homer, 
Virgil, and Horace. He pub. " Observations 
on the Comet," 1812. 

Beck, John Brodhead, M.D., h. Sche- 
nectady, Sept. 18, 1794; d. Rhinebeck, N.Y., 
Apr. 9, 1851. Colnmb. C0II.ISI3. Bro. ofT. 
R., Nicholas, Lewi,, mi .\'.i ,:, i ,1 Bock. Ed- 
ucated by his nncli', V. 1 1'. i; eyn of 

Rhinebeck. He vr.u 1 i ; : j> .• on the 

completion of his \\\ • 1 , n 1S17, and 

became di-tiiu. In l-jj. .'.rli lii- Iiviknian 
and Franci-, III' r-: ; vi^li .1 ih.' .\" Y \l ■' hi.l 

PhlS.Jonm: .A :. , . [, !,. v.M - 7 M.ii- ruwf 

medica and buiany in the Coll. of Pliysicians 
and Surgeons, but subsequently exchanged the 
chair of botany for that of medical jurispru- 
dence, which, together with that of materia 
medica, he continued to hold until his death. 
Physician of the N. Y. Hospital, 1835-45. He 
pub. "Medical Essays," 1843, and, with his 
bro. T. KouK-yn Bick, ijroduced the great 
work on " .\I i' ,1 .1 j, .-mudeuee," 1823. Al- 
so author m: I I , ;\i|.entics," 12mo, N. 
Y., 1849: 11 >, ui the State of Medi- 
cine in til- ( m;,,iii,., ' i-.'Ki. — See Memoir, by 
C. R. Gilmnn, m G,-o.<s's Med. Biog. 

Beck, Lewis C, M.D., chemist, b. Sche- 
nectadv, N.Y., Oct. 4, 1793 ; d. Albany, April 
21, 1853. Un. Coll. 1817. Bro. of John B. 
and Theod, Romeyu Beck. Adm. to practise 
medicine in Schenectady in 1818, he resided in 
lSi. Louis in 1820-21, and afterward settled in 
Albany. Prof, of botany in the Rensselaer 
School, 1824-9; prof, of botany and chemis- 
try in the Vt. Acad of Med., 1826-32 ; gave a 
course of chemical lectures at Middleb. Coll. in 
Apr. 1827 ; mineralogist of the survey of N. Y. 
in 1837. In 18.30, he was app. prof of chem- 
istry and natural history in Ruiger's Coll., and, 
at the time of his death, was prof of chemistry 
in the Albanv Med. Coll. He pub. " Account 
of the Salt Springs at Salina," 1826; "On 
Adulterations," 12mo, N. Y, 1846 ; " Bot.iny 
of the U. S.," and of the "U. S. North of Vir- 
ginia," 12m.. KS4S : ■■ Miii.raloL'v of N. Y.," 
4to, 1842; 1' II.., mi Mi-ii 111 (iazetteer," 
8vo, 18'-'j . I . II liir a com- 

plete list ..: I': l; :._- Memoir, 

by Alden Mu. ,. ... .... ...>., M,J. L.j. 

Beck, Pall, a pliilanthropie merchant, b. 
Phila. ab. 1760; d. there Dec. 22, 1844. His 
father emigrated from Nuremberg in 1752. 
'I'll.' «nn wa« :i|,nrpnt.>.'.l w n winf-nierchant. 



u.;, ,01,- |,ui;-.|.,ii..lui ui r.,i..i, ..lie of the 
fonndLTS of the Pa. Acad, of Fini; Arts, pres. 
and a liberal benefactor of the Deaf and Dumb 
1, one of the originators, and subse- 



BED 



qucntly tlic pre 


s., of the Amer. S. S. Union, 




;il coutiib. t.) literary, religious, 


ilnd ch'aritalilo . 


uUjoets. 


Beck, T„c. 


.Douic RoMET-f, M.D., LL.D., 




iaa„il,nr,h Srl„-nr,-ta.lv,N.Y., 


11 All-. 17yi ; 


.1. Unr:,, X.V., i:i X..V. is:^:^. 


Uii. t:oll. 1807. 


IK: slna...! ,„r.liri,„, lUMl.T 


Dr. Ho^^irk, „1 


.tain.Ml In, ,1,.^hv hi ISIl, lie- 


gan ,>::;.■■:-.• ,;, 


\"mt aihliii Ksl;! adtlressed 



tlK- .\: 

rt-soiii . . 
pal,. >,.,:, 


- • -• .\ 




upon the mineral 
ed to he the first 
Ainer. minerals. 




.> I.l'nl, 1,1 llir i 




■iiti', nf modicine, 


and luttuni 


r on nied. inn- 


prii 


:'ii.- Mil the Coll. 


of I'll vs. am 


1 Siir-eoii- III 


W. 


-■< n: \. Y.; prof. 


of mod. ju 


risp. ^at Fan 


del. 


1 Mi-d Coll. in 


1826-36, an 


d, Horn isau t 


U 


■<40 iirof of mate- 


riamedica; 


prof of materia i 


inediea in the Al- 


bany JVIed. 


Coll. 1340-54 


; prineipal of the Al- 


bany Aoa.l 


. 1 SI 7-48; nu 


ide 


pre.s. of the State 


M.-d. s,. 1,. 


'> ia i^:n; :, 




-la^eroftheN.Y. 


Stat' i 
haiiv [,;■.: 


\-;. ■ ,■: 




ill 1854 elected 
!■ .porter of the Al- 
1, its pres; mem- 


bei-'ol man 


V learned ,so,'i 


i'lK 


■s, and an earnest 


promoter ol 


all philantlire 


iiiic 


enterprises. His 


statisiicj of 


■ the deaf and 


du 


mb influenced the 


State k-isi 


. to take ni.-.i 


-ur. 


.^ for their cduca- 


tion. He c 


■dit. d h.r ni.r 




. ,i. ,!,■ Au.rrictn 


Journal of /. . ,., i 




1 - ': |.-'. Ills fa- 


mens wofk 


nil ■ \|-:i 1 


.!■ 


■■ ■ ii ■ iii'r," — a 


staiulnrrl w, 


Ilk 1 1 !.,.,.■; 




i Aiiieriea. 


UeaUopul 
trilK. t<i ,„ 1 






:/ »-.,Vs, Ay 


/•■. //. //.„« 




1 




Bockw 

1). i7-' ■ .1 






,! i-h-en., 

;!. . , la/adj. 



Amer. in 179.!; col. 179.); gov. of Bermuda, 
1 798-1 si«, and afterwards of St. Vincent's ai.d 
IJaihailo.s; and, in 1809-10, captured all the 
French W. Indies. Made full gen. 4 June, 
1814. and com.-in-chicf in Ireland in 1816-20. 

Beckwith, George C, D.D., Cong, cler- 
gyman, d. Boston, 12 May, 1870, a. 70. A 
founder of the Amcr. Peace Society ; .33 years 
its coiTcsp. sec; editor of its magazine, The 
Adooaite. if Peace, and devoted his whole time 
and mind to the cause. 

Bedard, Pieruk Canadian jurist and pol- 
itician, b. t,>iM!.i 171,; d IS27. Oneofthe 
first native i 'i i , m , h i iii the bar, leader 
of the oppo-iii I (, I I iig in the As- 
seinhly, and uu, ui ;.ij : ...adcis of Le Catia- 
dii-n. newspaper. He was imprisoned for some 
violent atiaeks upon the executive in this jour- 
nal, and, after his release was long a district 
■y^Vs^.-Mnrnan. 

Bedel, Cor.. Timothy, Revol. ofTicer, d. 
IlaverhiH. N Ii.. Feb. 1787. Originally from 
Salea., N.II., 'he settled in Haverhill, was a 
lieut. in GoH'e's re>;t in 1760, and served fa 
Canada. App. capt. of rangers, July 6, 1775. 
Col. 1st N. U. regi. Jan. 20, 1776, he joined the 
Northern army under Schuyler. While absent 



at Montreal on duty, his subordinate, Capt. 
Butterfield, surrendered in a most cowardly 
manner at the Cedars. July 30, 1776, he was 
ordered by Congress to be tried by court-mar- 
tial for neglect of duty. He was afterward maj.- 
grn. 2.1 div. X. H. militia. 

Bedell, Gheoort Townsesd, D D., an 
elo.iuuiit (d. i-vnian. h. Staten Island, Oct. 28, 
179y; d. r.al.i'i •■■ Ai.L- -io, 18'U. Col. Coll. 
1811. Hi- 11: ■;• ..f r.i-lio]) Moore 

of Va. Oi.l I I :i \ 1. I'-ll. In 1815,he 

became rc-t... ..I i.h- . .li m Hudson, and, 

in 1818, of tliat ill Fayelieville, iN.C, when, 
after 3 years of successful labor, ill health in- 
duced him to come north. The Church of St. 
Andrew's, in Phila., was built for him, and was 
consecrated May 21, 1823. Here Dr. Bedell 
officiated till his death. His sermons were re- 
markable for simplicity and point ; and none 
could have heard himpreach without remem- 
bering and apjireciating the peculiarities of his 
oratory. He pub. " Cause of the Greeks," 
1827; "Ezekiel's Vision;" "Is it WelH " 
" It is well ; " "Onward, or Christian Progres- 
sion;" "Pay thy Vows;" "Renunciation;" 
" Way Marks ; " " Basket of Flowers ; " " Bi- 
ble Studies," 2 vols., 1829; "Religious Sou- 
venir," 1834. Thirty of his sermons were pub., 
with a Memoir by Rev. Dr. Tyng, 1836, 8to, 

Bedford, GnNNiNC. Revol. patriot, mem- 
ber Old Congress in 178-3-5; gov. of Del. 1796- 
7 ; d. Newcastle, Del., 30 Sept. 1797, while in 
office. B. Phila. Lieut, in the French war in 
1755; maj. 20 Mar. 1775; lieut.-col. in Has- 
let's regt., 19 Jan. 1776, and wounded at White 
Plains; mii?-ter-m.-gen. 18 June, 1776. — See 
Lif <;.o. l;,u>l. I,,/ Win. T. Reed, 1870. 

Bedford, Gu.vning, jun., cousin of the 
preeidinLT, alMia Revol. patriot, b. Phila., 1747; 
d. Wilmington, Del., 30 Mar. 1812. N.J. Coll. 
1771. Practised law at Dover, and afterwards 
at Wilmington, Del. Member of the legisl., 
and atty.-gen. of the State; member Cont. 
Congress, 1785-6, and of the convention that 
formed the U. S. Constitution ; U. S. district 
jndge from 1789 to his death. — Life of Geo. 
Read. 

Bedford, Gunning S.,M.D. (Rutg. Coll. 
1829), b. Baltimore, 1806; d. N.Y. City, 5 
Sept. 1870. Mt. St. Mary Coll. 1825. Grand- 
nephew of the preceding. Prof at Charleston, 
S.C.,and afterwards in the Albanv Med. Coll., 
but in 1836 went to N.Y., and' obtained a 
lucrative practive. Prof, of niidwileiy in the 
U. of N.Y., 1840-62. Author of " Lectures 
on the Diseases of Women and Children," 
" Midwiferv," 1859, and has translated from 
the French; and edited," Chailly's Midwifery," 
" Magrier's Anatomy," " Baudelocque on 
Puerperal Fever," "Boisseau on Cholera, &c." 

Bedinger, Maj. George M., Revol. 
offieer, b. Va. ; d. Lower Blue Licks, Ky., ab. 
1830. One of the earliest emigrants to Ky., 
be served as adj. in the exped. against Chil- 
licothe in 1779, as maj. at the battle of Blue 
Licks in 1782, and did good service throughont 
the war as an Indian spy. He led a batt. 
from VVinchester, Va., under St. Clair, in his 
exped. in 1791 ; was maj. of U.S. Inf. from 
Apr. 1792, to Fib. 1793 ; was amoniberof the 



78 



Ky. legisl. in 1792, and M. C. from 1803 to 
1807. 

Bedinger, Henry, politician, b. near 
Slieplierdstown, Va., 1810; d. there Nov. 26, 
1858. Daniel his father, a Revol. soldier and 
a Democ. leader, d. ab. 1820. He began to 
practise law at Shephcrdstown at 22 ; was after- 
wards a partner of his bro.-in-law, Gen. George 
Rust, at Chailestown ; succeeded him as M. C. 
in 1845-9, and, in 1853-8, was minister to Den- 
mark, settling by a treaty the vexed question 
of the Sound dues. He was a popular and 
effective speaker. 

Bee, Barnard E., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. 
Charleston, S.C., ab. 1825 ; killed atthe battle 
of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. West Point, 1845. 
Entering the 3d Inf., he was brev. for gal- 
lantry at Cerro Gordo, where he was wounded, 
and for Chapultepec, where he was one of the 
storming-pany. 1st lieut. 1851 ; capt. 10th 
Inf. Mar. 3, 1855, and, being ordered to Utah, 
was acting licut.-col. of a batt. of vols, from 
Dec. 1837, to Sept. 1858. He resigned M.-ir. 3, 
1861, and was app. brig.-gen. in the rebel 
army. 

Bee, JoDGE Thomas of S.C., a Revol. 
patriot; member of the Assembly, speaker of 
the house of reps., member of the privy 
council ; judge of the State courts ; member 
of the council of safety ; lieut.-gov. ; member 
of Continental Congress, 1780-2, and finally 
judge of the district. Suffered greatly in prop- 
erty by the war. He pub. " Reports of the 
Dist. Court of S.C." 1810. 

Beebe, Bezaleel, Col., a Revol. officer, 
b. Litchfield, Ct., Apr. 28, 1741 ; d. there May 
29, 1824. In 1 758, he joined Rogers's Rangers, 
and was engaged in the sanguinary fight in 
which Putnam was captured, and shared in the 
reduction of Montreal. Capt. in Jan. 1776, 
he was app. to Hinman's regt., and was made 
prisoner at the capture of Fort Washington. 
Maj. in Aug. 1777, havingjust been exchanged; 
lieut.-col. 1780; col. early in 1781; and was 
soon after app. to the command of the Ct. 
troops raised (or the defence of the sea-coast. 
From Oct. 1781 to 1795, he was frequently a 
member of the State legisl. His son Ebenczcr, 
maj. U.S. A., d. in the service during the War 
of 1812. 

Beecher, Catherine Esther, eldest 
dau. of Kev. Lyman, b. East Hampton, L.I., 
Sept. 6, 1800, received her early education at 
Litchfield. The death of Prof Fisher of Yale 
Coll., to whom she was betrothed, was a severe 
blow, from which she sought consolation in a 
life of activity. In 1822-32, she conducted a 
female sem. at Hartford, and prepared for the 
press a manual of arithmetic, 1830, and ele- 
mentary books of instruction in theology and 
moral philosophy. In 1832, she accomp. her 
father to Cincinnati, where, for 2 years, she was 
at the head of an institution for female in- 
struction. She has for many years employed 
herself in developing a plan for female Chris- 
tian education, to be promoted through a 
national board, with high schools and normal 
schools to provide a sufficient supply of well- 
instructed teachers. Among her writings in 
this cause are " Domestic Service," " The 
Duty of Amer. Women to their Country," 



" The True Remedy for the Wrongs of Wo- 
man," 1851; "Treatise on Domestic Econo- 
my," a work on "Physiology, and the Comlition 
and Habits of American women," ISaiJ, ami 
thefirst vol.of a courso on tlno'n^y an.l umral 
philo.sophy. She ha- al-r, [ml,. ■■ ll,,ii-, l.r,|i(T'.s 
Receipt Book," " Sii-L:.-th.n- im IMucaiicjn," 
1829; "Letters on l)iiH.-uiiir~ in IJih-ion," 
1836; "TheMoral Instructor,' IS.J8; Memoir 
of her brother. Rev. George Beecher, 1844; 
" Truth Stranger than Fictidn," 1830; Phys- 
iology and Calisthenics," " Letters on Health 
and Happiness," 1835. 

Beecher, Charles, son of Dr. Lyman, 
b. 1810. Ord. 1844 pastor of a cl 
Newark, 
since 18.' 
Incarnat 
Son; " 



ISa 



the Bible," 1855. With his broihcr Henry 
Ward, he prepared the " PIvmouth Coll. of 
Hymns and Tunes," 1836. 

'Beecher, Edward, D.D. (Marietta Coll. 
1841), eldest son of Rev. Lvman, clerirvman, 
b. 1804. y. C. 1822. He studied divinity at 
Andover and New Haven; wiis tutor at Y.C. 
in 1825, pastor of Park-st. Church, Boston, 
1826-31; pres. III. Coll., Jacksonville, 1831- 
44 ; pastor of Salem-st. Church, Boston, 1846- 
56 ; now pastor of a church in Galesburg, III. 
He has pub. " Conflict of Ages," 1854, " Papal 
Conspiracy," 1833, a work on "Baptism," 
12mo, 1850^ and "Riots at Alton," 1838. 

Beecher, Henrt Ward, a popular orator, 
and minister of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, 
N.Y., son of Rev." Lvman Beecher. b. Litch- a j^, 

field, Ct., June 24, 1813. Ainh. Coll. 18;!4. ci- />rWA* 
He studied theology under his father at the ^ ll.'^xju. 

mi 



Lane Sem. 


, Cin 


cinn'aii iii 


id wa.sHrst settled in 


1837 as Pn 


-li. 1 


nilil^trv' at 


I-auniKcburg, Ind. 


In 1839, la 


r, 1!) 




nana s. In 1847, 


he becanir 


pa-I 


IT Hi liir 


TK th Church. 


He visitL.l 


laij 


111 ;ll<' M 


iniiiiir of 1863, and 


rendered ii 


n|'Mi 


lain -I'lvir 


L' to his country by 


hiseloqur,, 


I \ in 


ilira;iiin nt 


its policy in the war 


for the i:ii 


hill 


In .\;>.-. 


1 8C5, at the request 


of the g.,v 


t, Ul 


■ iklivrrcd 


an oration at Fort 


Sumter; oi 


I th( 


; anniversary of its fall. Be- 


sides occasi 


ional 


addresses 


, he is the author of 


" Lectures to Yc 


.ungMen,' 


'editor of "The Ply- 



mouth Collection of Hymns," also one of the 
founders of the Independent, a weekly religious 
newspaper of N.Y. Two vols, of these contribu- 
tions have been collected under the name of the 
" Star Papers." Fragments from his discourses, 
entitled " Life-Thoughts," and " Notes from 
Plymouth Pulpit," have had a wide circulation. 
He has also pub. "Eves and Ears," 1862; 
"Freedom and War," 1863; '■ N<>rnn„d," a 
novel of New-England life, Im'.Ii ; ami ■ Sn- 
mons," 2 vols. 8vo. He is a |M.|iulai liituiiT; 
and, as a preacher, he addie>r- luni-rli with 
vigor and effect to the hearts and unlUl^tailll- 
ings of his hearers. He opposed the in-tltutiun 
of slavery, and, in the presidential contest of 
1856, took an active part in favovof the Repub- 
licans, not only with his pen, but by addressing 
mass meetings throughout the Northern States. 
— See Men of our Time, hif H. B. Stowe. 
Beecher, Lvman, D D., an eminent Prcsb. 



UKT. 



clergyman, b. N. Haven, Ct., Oct. 12, 1775 ; d. 
Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1863. Y.C. 1797. 
He studietl theology umlcr Pres. Dwight; was 
pastor oC the ohiiiL-li in E. Hampton, L.I., from 
Dec. IT^w t.i l>*m : ''t tlie I'irst Church, Litch- 
fiel.l, I ' ti-ii I -M ... 1826; of the Hanover- 
st. I li!.: , l; 1... in 1826 to 1832, and of 

the S . .11 ,.,.,..,( iiicinnati, O , in connec- 
tion Willi ilic [ii^-i.leucy of the Lane Theol. 
Scm. thcic, Irom lS32 to 1851. Returning to 
Boston, he preached occasionally, but removed 
to IJrooklyn in 1855. where he ended his days, 
in Lit.hli.jil.h.-ai.le.l in ..i-nnizing the Mis- 
sioiuirv, tlir i;.lii.':in..;i, 1111.1 ilic Amer. Bible 



boldn 



i.ido 



deep 



the 



He was tlu 
3st influential, 
preacher iu the country, from 1815 to 1851. 
He was conspicuous in the temperance move- 
ment, and pub. a famous series of sermons on 
intemperance, which greatly aided the cause. 
His numerous publications, mostly sermons, 
iuchide a vol. on " Political Atheism." His 
Autobioi^raphv, and a selection of his works, 
edited by his son Charles, were pub. in 1865, 
in 2 vols., 12rao. His works, 3 vols., 8vo, were 
pub. Boston, 1 852. All his sons became Cong. 
clergymen ; viz , William, Edward, D. U., 
George (d. 1843), Henry Ward, Charles, Thos. 
K., and James. The daughters are Catherine 
E. and Harriet (well-known authors), Mary, 
and Isabella. 

Beechey, Fredeeic William, British 
navigator, b. London, Feb. 1796 ; d. there Nov. 
29, 1856. Son of the painter, Sir Wm. He 
entered the navy at the age of 10, and saw 
service at New Orleans; a lieut. in 1815; in 
1818, he sailed under Sir John Franklin on his 
first voyage of arctic discovery, acting as artist 
to the exped. In 1819, he accomp. Sir Edward 
Parry in " The Hecla," in his first arctic voy- 
age. In 1821, he was commissioned, with his 
brother, H. W. Beechey, to survey the north 
coast of Africa from Tripoli to Dcrne. Made 
a com., he sailed in 1825, in " The Blossom," 
on another arctic exped., via Cape Horn, to 
act in concert with Franklin and Parry, and, 
having pas.sed Behring's Straits, arrived in 
Aug. 1826, at a pohit north of Icy Cape, reach- 
ing in boats 71° 23' 31" N. lat., and 156° 21' 
30" W. long. He pub. a narrative of this voy- 
age in 1831. Beechey subsequently discovered, 
in 1827, two secure harbors south-east of Cape 
Prince of Wales, and near Behring's Straits, 
which he named Port Clarence and Grantly 
Harbor. In 1829-39, he was employed in mak- 
ing surveys of the coasts of S. America and 
Ireland. In 1854, he was app. rear-adm. of 
the blue, and in 1855 was chosen pres. of the 
Roy. Geog. Society, 

Behem, Martin, geographer and navi- 
gator, b. Nuremberg, ab. 14.30; d. Lisbon, July, 
1 506. He studied astronomy and mathema- 
tics ; went in 1477 to Flanders, and in 1430 to 
Lisbon, where he is said, by Herrera, to have 



sustained Columbus's view of a western passage 
to India. In 1483, he was app. a conimis. for 
calculating an astrolabe and tables of declen- 
sion. Next year, he was cosmographer to the 
exped. to the W. coast of Africa. In 1486, he 
established a Flemish colony at Fayal, and in 
1490 returned to Nuremberg, where he con- 
structed a terrestrial globe, on which historical 
notices were written, and which is a valuable 
memorial of the discoveries and geog. knowl- 
edge of the time. The discovery of Fayal is 
claimed for Behem in 1459, and of Brazil 
in 1484 (8 years before the voyage of Co- 
lumbus). 

Behring, Vitus, a Danish navigator, well 
known for his shipwreck and death on an 
island still (ii-rin'j. hv Iiis n.ime, b. Hor-seus, 
Jutland, IC.s'. : I 1 1. '^ 1741. In his youth, 
he made s, .. I , . . ihc East and West 

Indies. !!.■ nii.,. , i.i i;j:., an exped. to the 
Northern tsea,-. lu iii»i.j\ er an overland passage 
to America. He served in the Russian navy, 
and, in 1728, was intrusted by Peter the Great 
with an exped. to ascertain how far the coast 
of Amer. extended towards the east, but made 
no discoveries of consequence, either in this or 
the two subsequent voyages for the same govt. 
in 1730 and 1741. In the last of these at- 
tempts, he was shipwrecked and lost in the 
straits, and on the island which retain his 
name. He became a commodore in 1732. 
Though Behring's exped. terminated so unfor- 
tunately, the finding of this island led to the 
discovery of others abounding with valuable 
furs, and finally to that of the Aleutian Isles: 
it is also the foundation of the claim of Russia 
to that part of America. 

Belcher, Sir Edward, arctic explorer, 
grandson of Judge Jonathan, b. 1799. Entered 
the English navy, 1812; present at the battle 
of Algiers; coni. "The JEinn," 1830; "The 
Terror," and " The Erebus,'' ^or arctic service, 
in 1833, and "The Sulphur" in 1836-42; 
knighted in 1843; capt. of " The Samarang" 
in the E. Indies, 1843-9 ; com. the exped. in 
search of Sir John Franklin, 1852-4 ; admiral, 
1861. Author of several narratives of his voy- 
ages, and other works. 

Beleher, Jonathan, a colonial governor, 
b. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 1582 ; d. Elizabeth- 
town, N.J., Aug. 31, 1757. H.U. 1699. Son 
of Andrew, one of the council of the province, 
who d. in 1717 ; and grandson of Andrew, who 
lived in Cambridge in 1646. His education 
was carefully superintended by his father. 
Visiting Europe, he formed an acquaintance 
with the Princess Sophia and her son, after- 
wards King George I., which laid the founda- 
tion of his future honors. After his return 
from a six-years' sojourn, he was a merchant 
of Boston, a member of the Prov. Assembly, 
then a member of the council, and m 1729 
was sent as agent of the province to I'ng- 
land. This position, according to Hutch- 
inson, was not attained by him in a very 
creditable manner. In 1730, he was app. 
gov. of Ms. and N H. He was superseded 
in 1741, in consequence of the violent clamor 
against him. He succeeded in vindicating him- 
self at the British court, and took the govt, of 
N.J., where he arrived in 1747, and where he 



80 



passed the ix-miiinder of his lil'c. He extended 
the chiirter of N.J. Coll., was its chief patron 
and benefactor, and rendered emincn' service 
to the State. 

Belcher, Jonathan, jurist, b. Boston, 
July 28, 1710; d. Halifax, March 29, 1776. 
H.U. 1728. .Sunof Gov. Jonathan. He studied 
law at the TeM.|ile, Londim, and attained some 

the first si-itl < : i I !■ :<>, alterwards callid 
Halifax, aiiW :i , i I :■ '. Mni..r cOMnoillor, 
was, on tlir .|< :ii ■: ' .- i.,iun-nrr, app. lic-ul.- 



Th. 



Halil 



h 111" 


.Mirm: 


lllrt', 


id 


ade a 
other 


ji:ew,Imss 
member ol 


the' 


.di 

CO 


sting, 
uncil, 



Belcher, Joseph, D.D., clergyman and 
author, b. Birmingham, Eng., April 5, 1794; 
d. Phila., July 10, 1859. He came to this 
country in 1844. His publications number 
nearly 200, AmoiiLC them are lives of 
Whiiefield :um1 U..h. iT II,, I, " Ili-mry of Re- 
ligious Dcii'i . . r -; 1 '-);" Bap- 
tist Manual. - . I ;iil. Foetieal 
Sketches oi l;i 'i-: .A >i; ]■■.(,, ■ I iie Clergy 
of America," lf<5.'); " 1 he Baptist Pulpit of the 
U.S.," 1850. He furnished many of the biog- 
raphies for the Amer. Portrait Gallery. His 



book was " A History of Hymns and their that 



Belgrano, Manuel, a South-American 
patriot, b. Buenos Ayres; d. 1820. His par- 
ents, who emigrated from Italy, were wealthy ; 
and their son, after completing his education at 
the U. of Salmanca, was app. sec. of the con- 
sulate at Buenos Ayres, and became popular. 
He entered zealously into the measure of de- 
posing the Viceroy Cisueros, in May, 1810. 
Raised to the rank of gen., he com. an unsuc- 
cessful exped. against Paraguay. Sept. 4, 1812, 
Belgrano gained a victory over the royalist 
gen. Pio Tristan at Tucuman, and on ihc 13th 
S"eb. following obtained another victory over 
him at Salta, but imprudently released Tris- 
tan and his troops upon their parole, which the 
Spaniards di.shoiiorably violated. In conse- 
quence of this. Gen. Pezuela.with the very same 
troops, added to others collected in Peru, at- 
tacked and defeated him at Vileapuzio, Oct. 1, 
1813, and afjain at Ayoma in the same year; 
and San Mariin succeeded him in the com. 

Belknap, Jeremy, D.D. (H. U. 1792), 
clergyman and historian, b. Boston, June 4, 
1744; d. there June 20, 1798. H. U. 1762. 
He studied theology, taught school 4 years, 
was pastor of a church in Dover, N.H., from 
Feb. 18, 1767, to 1786, and of the Federal-st. 
Church, Boston, from April 4, 1787, until his 
death. He founded the Ms. Hist. Society in 
1794 ; was an overseer of Harvard TJ., and was 
a useful member of many literary and humane 
societies. He was a warm friend of the Ilevol. 
and of the Federal Constitution, an opponent 
of African slavery, and a ])roniotcrof literature 
and science. Besides numerous sermons, he 
pub. a " History of New Hampshire," 3 vols., 
8vo, 1784-92; a collection of Psalms and 
Hymns, I79j ; "American Biography," 2 vols.. 



acentiir\ . m ilir Discovery of Amer- 

ica, 17'Jl: .In : , 11 ll^ upon the Character 
and Resunn.iuu ul (. Iiii.t," 179.i,^12mo; and 
contribs. to the t'u/iuuhiau and Boston mag- 
azines, the Hist. Colls., and the new.spapers of 
the day. His historical writings are charac- 
terized by extensive information and research. 
He was highly esteemed as a preacher. A 
Memoir, with selections from his corresp., was 
puh. by his grand-dan. in N. Y., in 1847. 

Belknap, Wimiam Ooidsmith, brev. 
brig.-gen. U.S.A., li.Xrwl,ni-li, X. v., Sept. 14, 
17i)4; d. Fort Warl)it;,, T.x., Nov, 10, 1851. 
.Made a lieut. 23.1 lul. Api. .;. IM.'i ; disling, 
and wounded iu the sorlie from Fort Erie, 17 
Sept. 1814; capt. 1 Feb. 1822; brev. raaj. 1 
Feb, 1832; maj. 8th Inf. 31 Jan. 1842; and 
Mar. 15, 1842, brev. lieut.-col. for good con- 
duct in the Florida war. He was with Gen. 
Taylor on the Rio Grande; was brev. col. for 
services in the battles of May 8 and 9, 1846, 
and was presented with a sword by his fel- 
low-townsmen of Newburgh. Acting insp.- 
gen. at the capture of Monterey ; lieut.-col 5ih 
Inf. Sept. 26, 1847 ; brev. brig -gen. 23 Feb. 
1847, for Buena Vista. F'roin Dec. 1848 to 
May, 1851, he was in com. of Fort Gibson. In 
1828-9, Capt. Belknap established Fort Leav- 
enworth near the site of the thriving city of 



Belknap, Wiluam w.i.Mii. f war, 

1869, li, lo-, 1831. N.J. (■< I 1 - : I : i - ton 
Mil. Coll, N.J. Served 111!. ; i : mil, 

a division. Coll. of revenue in Inwa. lSf.iJ-9. 

Bell, Charles H., rear-adm., b. New York, 
Aug. 15, 1798. Midshipm. June 18, 1812; ci^d.i'ji'^J 
lieut. Mar. 28,^^1820; com. Sept. 20, 1840; ' 
capt. Aug. 12, 1854; coninio. July 16, 1862; 
rear-adm. July 25, 1866. He was iii Decatur's 
squadron in 1813-14, in that of Chauncy on 
Lake Ontario, in 1814, and in Decatur's, in 
the Mediterranean, in 1815; in 1824, com. 
schooner "Ferret" in the W. Indies; was cap- 
sized at sea, and remained 21 hours on the 
wreck; attached to "The Eiie " in 1.S20; as- 
sisted in cutting out the piiai, ~, ! ih i I'nl- 

cral" from the forts at i^i; 1 ; 

com. Norfolk navy-yard, 1 I ■ ill • 

squad. 1862-4; N. Y. iKuv n,:i i, I- -^ _ 
IJamrrsI,/. 

Bell, Henry H., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. N.C. 
ah. 1808; drowned at the mouth of Osaka, 
River, Japan, Jan. 11,1868. Midshipm. Au,i;.4' 
1823 ; lieut. Mar. 3, 1831 ; com. Aug. 12, 18:i4 , 
capt. 1861 ; commo. Julv 16, 1862 ; iTar-adin. 
July 25, 1866. His first service was in " The 
Grampus," in clearing the coast of Cuba of 
pirates. He com. one of the vessels of llic E. I, 
squadron, which, in Nov. 1856, captiucd and 
destroyed the four barrier forts near Canton, 
China. Assigned to the Gulf squadron in 
1861, he took an active part, as fleet-captain, in 
the capture of New Orleans and the siege of 
Vicksburg, and did c-sential service in the 
coast blockade. He was for a time, in 1863, in 
com. of the West Gulf squadron ; and, when 
Adm. Thatcher was ordered to other duty, its 
com. again devolved on him. Iu July, i865, 



BEL 



81 



he was ordered to coin, the E. I. squadron, 
and was very active in putting down the pi- 
rates that infested the Chinese seas. In 18G7, 
he was retired, but had not been relieved when 
he was drowned. 

Bell, James, lawyer and statesman, b. Fran- 
ecstown, N.H., Nov."l3, 1804; d. Gilford, N.II., 
May 26, 18.57. Bowd. Coll. 1822. Son of Gov. 
Samuel. He studied law with his bro. Samuel 
D. Bell, and at the law school at Litehficlil, 
Ct.; in 1825, w.as adm. to p.aetiM' in Oilman- 
ton, N.II., and ab. 18:11 n n, ■> 1 i- i:x-i. i 
where he practised till \-'t i i 

to Gilford. In 18+G, li- : i , :li 

N. H. legist, from Ex^'t.r ; i:i 1 Vi, ;i ,iir,,,l. !■ 
of the State-Const. Conv. tioui Gilfoiil ; and in 
18.5.5, he was elected by the leyisl. to t.ie U. S. 

Bell, John. rov. N. H., 1829-30; d. Ches- 
ter, K, II , -J M 11. Kii',, a. 70. Bro. of Gov. 
Sam'l l; M MX a merchant in Ches- 

ter; cii" 'i i State; and sheritf of 

Kockiii ■ ■<'' ! '--. 

Bell, ■''■■ > ., .[ !u 111. Iv nr;ir Nashville, 
Tenii . r ■ li, i: ': . l iIi ;■ S,.pt. 10, 1869. 
U.of Xi r III II- -: !•:: ■ I law; was adm. 
to the li.ir ill I [■:. 1111^1 sritlrd at Franklin, 
Williamson Cu. In 1817, he was elected to 
the State senate; was M. C. in 1827-41, offi- 
ciating during one term as speaker; was see. 
of war in H41 ; was in 1847 a member of the 
Tenn. Ii _i 1 , iiu, l"iiro the close of the year, 
was r\'-' I IS. senate, and was re- 

clcctcil II I - I 111- from time to time as 
cbairniiiM "i mi] 'iMnt committees. He was 
the Union candidate for Pres. in 1860, Mr. Ev- 
erett being on the ticket for vice-pres. In Con- 
gress, he was an earnest advocate of the policy 
of protecting American industry, and of im- 
proving the great rivers and lake harbors. He 
opposed nullification, favored the reception of 
petitions for the abolition of slavery in the 
District (if Columbia, opposed the polfcv of an- 
nexation i:iv..r. I 111- ro, „:„■,, i„i.,. ,n-:,:iMvsof 



and in an elaborate speech charged that that 
measure tended directly to the overthrow of the 
Union. Mr. Bell was one of the very few 
Southern men whose course was wholly na- 



Pres. Ms. Med. Asso. 1857. He went to the 
seat of war as surgeon of the 11th Ms. regt., 
but was .soon after maile brigade-surgeon in 

Hook-;', 'ill, .11. Pi, Cell was the authorof 
sever-' '.; I . iiii il \\-ojks,and soraepolit- 

iciil -I iiiM;, ligation of alleged 



Bell, Luther V, M.D., LL.D., physician, 
son of Gov. Sanil. Bell of N.H., b. Chester, 
N.H., Dec. 20, 1806; d. in camp near Budil's 
Ferry, Md.,Feb. 11,1862. Bowd. Coll. 18-'3. 
He studied medicine in N.Y. City with an elder 
liro., received his degree from the Hanover Med. 
School.and began practice in N.Y. Afterwards, 
removing to his native town, he became eminent 
as a surgeon and as a medical writer, gaining 
2 Boylston prizes before he was 30. The es- 
tablishment of the State Lunatic Hospital at 
Worcester, Ms., caused him to advocate a simi- 
lar institution for N. H ; and he was snperin- 
tendent of the McLean Asvlnm, at Somerville, 
Ms., from Jan. 1837 to 1856. In 1845,hc visited 
Europe for the trustees of the Butler Hospital 
for the Insane, at Providence, R.I. Dr. Bell 
was in 1850 one of the exec, council of Ms., and 
was a member of the Const. Conv. of 1853. 



B..|! 



b. Va. 



July l8tS, to i'Vh. 1 S49 ; gov. 
9 to 1853; M.C. 18.5.3-7, after- 
the Su])reine Court of the State. 

t:i:i„ LLT)., staton.an and ju- 
iil-irv, .\ II . >:■<.. :i, 1770; d. 
, l>-'. -;, 1- .o. l);„tm. Coll. 

a — -l-i , \\-:- on jiaallv from 

.. a, a a., a 1 ,-a ,. i-l-ny, Ire- 

- . - I li , who, 



an, I .aa i la ;li,i: |.i:i,a \, 11 La-aai as the 
town of Londunikrrv. where he d. in 1742. He 
worked on his fathei's farm imtil 18, ivhen he 
prepared himself for coll. After graduating, 
he studied law, and was adm. to practise in 
1796 ; member of the legisl. in 1804-8, occupy- 
ing the position of speaker; in 1807 and 1808 
was a member of the senate; in 1809, a mem- 
ber of the exec, council; in 1816-19, jndgeof 
the Sup. Court of the State; and in 1819-23, 
gov. Declining a re-election, be was a member 
of the U.S. senate from 1823 to 1835. He re- 
ceived the degree of LL.D. from Bowd. Coll. 
1821. Among his sons were James, a celebrated 
lawyer, Saml. Dana, LL.D, and Lather V, 
M.U., LL.D. His youngest son, Col. Lewis 
Bell, b. 1836, d. of wounds at Fort Fisher, 
Jan. 16, 1865. Brown U. 1853. He began the 
practice of law, entered the army in April, 1861, 
as capt. 1st N.II. vols., and, at the lime of his 
death, was col. 4th NIL vols., and acting brig.- 
gcn. 

Bell, Samcel Dana, LL.D. (D.C. 1854), 
jurist, b. Francestown, N,H., Oct. 9, 1798; d. 
MMiirliester, N 11 .Inly .11 1 .sc.s II TT, 1816. 

Sonol (-0 Soal l;-a Ik I. ,., a.pracfise 
hnv . a M , , , I , isao, to 

Coi.-oi , III I ■. . I .; ;,,,,,, ; ,,!,.:!, I :-a;lilived 
in M la - : ; ,,,,, a uica.kc^ ul' the Icgisl. 

iala-' - : I KijcklnghamCo.in 1823- 

8; - ik of the legisl.; coinmis- 

sloa a [ , ; , , : :, .^tatutcs of N.H. in 18.30, 
184J, ,111.1 lai.7 ; j,Kl.gc of tlie Police Court, 
Manchester, 1S4G-'J ; justice of the Superior 
Court, 1849-55 ; justice of the Supreme t'ourt, 
185.5-9; chief-justice, 1859, to Aug. 1, 1864. 
He was one of the most eminent and profound 
jurists of N.E., and an early and valuable 
member of the N.H. Hist. Society. Vice-pres. 
of the N.E. Hist. Gen. Society, from 1859 till 
his death. 

Bellamy, Joseph, DD (U. of Aberdeen, 
1768). Cong, minister of Bethlehem, Ct., 
from 1740 to his d , 3 Mar, 1790 ; b. N. Ches- 
hire, Ct., 1719. Y.C. 1735. Hewasoneof the 
most learned divines of the country, was a supe- 
rior preacher, and instructed many young men 
in divinity. His system of theology is similar 
to that of'Jona. Edwards. Hisappearaiice was 



82 



commanding ; and he possessed great wit and 
humor. During tlie groat revival of 1742, he 
preached in manv pIuL-us iii N.K. ami NY. 
Author of •■Trur'R.ii,;-,, !>. li:,. ... ,1.- i;;,.,, 
"Thcruii, Paullui, \ ■ ■ . " : . ^ . 

"Xatiii-raiia Clou ; ■ >, I .' II 

works wui-c|,ul). Ill :; i.. - ,1-11, airi i;i L'%.,1. , 
1830, wi;h a Memoir l.y Dr. T. EdivanU 

Bellingham, Richard, gov. of M.s., of 
which he was an original patentee, b. in Eng. 
in 1592; d. Kcc. 7, 1672. Ho was bred a 
lawyer; carao to Ainer. in IG'U.and the ne.Kt 
year was chosen deji, ;:ov. In nui, ho was 
chosen gov. inopp. to Wintliniji; was ro-ohoscii 
in 1654, and again in lii66, alt.T ihe .loath r.f 
Endicott, continuing in office for the remainder 
of his life. He was long a prominent public 
man, was dep.-gov. 13 years, and gov. 10. In 
1064, he was made maj.-gon. ; and in that year 

the kinj; sent four .-mini-- r- i.i i,-i'il,iio 

the afFairsof the |ir.., i i; i.. i mi 

and others, who u. i I lo 

Eng., and answer ill , ili rn 

in person ; but th>' 1 1 , , i , . .t' 

the ministers, roui :; i i , : i ui 

tained the cUarloi- n ■ 11 M iw 

ever, was appeasnl li_\ inr pi. mmh uI ,i .:,i|,].Kid 
of masts. He was violontly opposed to inno- 
vation in religious matters, and was exceeding- 
ly severe towards the Quakers, who afiinn tliat 
he died distracted. This is rendered probable 
from the fact, that he suffered at times from 
temporary aberration of intellect. His sister 
Anne, widow of Wm. Uibbens, an assist., was 
executed as a witch in June, 1656. His will 
provided, that after the decease of his wife, ami 
of bis son by a former wife, and his grand- 
daughter, the bulk of his estate should be spent 
for the yearly maintenance "of goodly minis- 
ters and preachers " of the true church, which 
he considered to be that of the Congregation- 
alists. 

Bellomont, Richard Coote, Eari,, a 
popular colonial gov., b. 16.36 ; d. N.Y., Mar. 5, 
1701. His father, Richard, was raised to the 
peerage for services in restoring Charles II. 
Richard was the first of his three sons; was in 
parliament in 1688, and in several succeeding 
ones ; but in that held by James II. at Dublin, 
in 1689, he was attainted, having been one of 
the first who went over to tlie Prince of 
Orange. He received his appointment early in 
May, 1695, but did not arrive in N.Y., a place 
then remarkably infected with the two danger- 
ous diseases of an unlawful trade and practice 
of piracy, until April, 1698. He reached Bos- 
ton, May 26, 1699. He succeeded, by affabili- 
ty and condescension, in ingratiating himself 
with the people; wisely avoided all controver- 
sies with the legisl., and thus obtained a larger 
sum as a salary and as a gratuity than any of 
his predecessors or successors. He did much 
to suppress piracy, and sent the notorious Capt. 
Kidd to England for trial, the law here being 
insufficient to execute criminals guilty of pira- 
cy. Soon after the May session of the General 
Court in 1700, he returned 
died. 

Bl , 

1854), pastor of All Souls' Church, 
Walpole, N.H., June 11, 1814. H,U. 13.32; 



Camb. Divinity School, 1837. Ord. pastor of 
the First Cong. Church (All Souls'), New York, 
Jan. 2, 18.S8. He was the ]irincipal originator 

nl ill' '",,,"-,' ./„ /'„.,,7.,. ,-, a rmi.111,111 nrwsnancr 



-■; ;!■ ■ - 1 ' * II- ! ■ .1 I i' Hi\ fxioinpore 
^|i".il,' . , .Ilia |"i|.iil:ir l-'riiii-ii , aiiH li.is spoken 
and imh. nnuli upon the prominent topics of 
the d.ay, especially tho.se of a social and philan- 
thropic character. He was a contrib. to the 
Christian Emminer. In 1857, he delivered 
a course of lectures on "The Treatment of 
Social Diseases," before the Lowell Institute, 
Boston, anil boforc the Dramatic Fund So- 
ciorv of N.Y. an address since pub., entitled 
" The lirlation of Pnlilic Amusements to Pub- 
lic .Moialitv, cspociallv of the Theatre to the 
Hi-ho-t lnto,o.-,ts of llnmanitv," N.Y., 1837. 
In \i<m. Dr. B. piilj. in N.Y. " Re-statements 
of Christian Duotrine in 25 Sermons," and has 
sin.c pub. " The (.)ld World in its New Face." 
During the war for the Union, Dr. Bellows 
hold the important post of head of the U.S. 
sanitary coinini-sion. In ISU. ho supplied 
for a timo tlio pulpit of his doorasod inend 
Starr Kin-, in San Franrisro. — /'././.■/.;„.■/.■. 

Belmont, lii.v. I'ri.mis V.vchon- de ; 
d. Moiitival. ITU, or a di-iiiig. family in 
Burgnndy. and liulil.v r,liirai> d, ho abandoned 
brilliant |irn,p'Tt, at lioma hi liooomc a mis- 
sionary in l_',inada In lijsii, ho took charge 
of the school ooiinortod witli_ the Iroipiois 
Mission at Montre.il, and at his own cost built 
a church there, of wliioh ho bocamc pastor in 
1681. From 1701 to his .1. ho was superior 
of the Seminary of Montro.il. Author of a 
** Histoirc d't fjanada," piiiitid in tin; t 'nils, of 
the Quebec Lit. and lli-t. .Sni , — < )■ < \,:i>,.,l,ai,. 

Belton, Francis S., cul. U.S.A., b. Md. ; 
d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Sept. 10, ISiil. App. 2d 
lieut. light dragoons, March 27, 1812; pay- 
master, June 22, 1813; aide-de-camp to Geii. 
Gaines, and distin- in defonre of Fort Erio ; 
assist. -lid, --an. (lat. [s, |s|i; a.-i.t,-insp.- 
gen. Mav, IMii ; rai.t. 4ili liil', .Inly, 1817; 
m.ajor 4tii \\t. .Sept. 10, Isii.s; la m.-col. 3d 
Art. Uct. 1.3, 1S4.>; com. liis tc^i. in the Val- 
ley of Mexico ; brev. eol. lor t;allaiu condrnt 
in battles of Contreras and Cliurnbnsoo, Aug. 
20, 1847, and distin- in the capture of the city 



of Mo 

Beui! 



0, 185 



N.Y., where he 



1, AlON'SO ue, 

a "I .a a ,a. iiioir addressed 

to the Klin.; oi .S|..iiii ill ill "I, concerning the 
temisoral and spiritual aft'ain, of New Mexico, 
the character of the country, and the nations 
inhabiting it, pub. Madrid, 4to, 53 leaves. 
When, in 1621, the religious establishment was 
erected by the provincial chapter into a Ciis- 
todia, Benavides was elected custodian. So 
successful was his administration, that, in 1627, 
the viceroy ordered him to repoit thereon in 
person to the king. The result was the above 
memoir. — Dtty'-kinck. 

Benedict, D.vviD, D.D., b. Oct. 16, I778. 
Settled in the ministry in early life; pub., in 
1813, " Gen. Hist, of the Baptist Denom. in 
America and Other Parts of the World," 2 vols . 
8vo, new and enlarged ed., N.Y. 1S3S ; " His- 
tory of All Religions," 12ino, 182 1 ; " Poem de- 



. y ^. 



83 



livcred in Taunton,"6 Sept. 1807; " Fifty Years 
nmong the Baptists," 1860. He preached, 
Oct. 16, 1870, at the age of 92, at Pawtucket, 
R. I. 

Benedict, Erasths Cornelius, LL.D. 
(Riitg. Coll. 1865), author, I). Branford, Ct., 
Mar. 19, 1800. Wms. Coll. 1821. Son of 
Kcv. Joel. T. He taught school ; was adni. to 
the b;ir in 1824 ; became a trustee of schools in 
New York in 1842 ; a member of the Board of 
Education in 1850, and pres. for several years, 
resigning in 186.3. Since 1855, a regent of 
theU. ofN.Y. Mcmberof the citv council in 
1840, and of the legisl. in 1848 and 1864. Au- 
thor of "American Admiralty," 1850; "A Run 
through Europe," 1860; "The Hymn of 
Hildetiert, and other Medieval Hymns," 1868, 
and many pamphlets, reviews, and addresses, 
including " The Beginning of America," an 
anniversary discourse before the N.Y. Hist. 
Soe. in 1863. 

Benedict, Lewis, brev. brig.-gen. U. S. 
vols., b. Albanv, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1817; killed 
at the bittle of Pleasant Hill, La., Apr. 9, 1864. 
Wms. Coll. 1837 Adm. to the Albany bar in 
1841 ; was city attv. in 1845-6 ; judge advo- 
cate, 1847; surrogate of Albany, 1848-52; 
member N.Y. assembly, 1860. Made lieut.- 
col. 73d N.Y. vols. Juiie, 1861 ; served in the 
peninsular campaign, and was captured at 
Willi.imsburg, Va. After several months' con- 
finement in Libby and Salisbury Prisons, he 
was exchanged ; col. 162d N.Y. in Sept. 1862, 
and ordered to the Gulf, where he became acting 
brig.-gen. His bravery was conspicuous in the 
assaulton Port Hudson, June 14, 1863, where he 
gained his brevet,and in the Red River campaign 
at Pleasant Grove, Apr. 8, and at Pleasant Hill, 
Apr. 9, where he com. the 3d brig., 1st div., 
19th corps, and where he fell, while bravely 
leading a charge on the enemy. 

Benet, Stephen V., maj. U.S.A., b. Fla. 
West Point, 1849. Entering the ordnance 
depl., he w.as instructor in ordnance and gun- 
nery at West Point, 1861-4; brev. maj. and 
lieut.-col. 13 Mar. 1865, and maj. ordnance 22 
Dec. 1866. Translator from the French of 
Jomini of "Campaign of Waterloo," 1853; 
author of" Military Law and Courts-Martial," 
1862. — C««um. 

Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, b. St. 
Quentin, Fr.ance, Jan. 31, 1713; d. Phila., May 
3, 1784. His parents, who were Huguenots, 
were driven from France ; spent some years 
in London, where they became Quakers, and 
came to Phila. in Nov. 1731. Apprenticed to 
a merchant, he found that trade excited too 
worldly a spirit, and articled himself to a 
cooper, but in 1742 began to teach in the 
Trinity School, continuing to teach nearly all 
his life. His simplicity and benevolence m^ide 
hira the idol of tiie poor. During the Revol., 
and the occupation of Phila. by the British 
troops, he was indefatigable in alleviating the 
sufferings of prisoners. His writings were com- 
posed chiefly with the view of inculcating the 
peaceful doctrines of the gospel in opposition 
to the spirit of war, to expose the flagrant injus- 
tice of slavery, and to fix the stamp of infamy on 
the traffic in human blood. He was the author 
of "A Caution to Great Britain and her Colo- 



nies, in a Short Representation of the Calamitous 
State of the Enslaved Negroes in the British 
Dominions," 8vo, 1767 ; " Some Historical .Vc- 
count of Guinea, with an Inquiry into the Rise 
and Progress of the Slave Trade/' 1772 ; " Olv 
servations on the Indian Natives of this Conti- 
nent," 1784; " A Short Account of the Society 
of Friends," 1780; "Dissertation on the 
Christian Religion," 1782, and tracts against 
the use of ardent spirits. In 1783, he ad- 
dressed a letter to the Queen of England, on 
the subject of the slave-trade, soliciting her in- 
fluence on the side of humanity. By his will, 
he left his estate, after the decease of his wife, 
to the African school, in which he taught the 
last two years of ills life. There is a full and 
interesting memoir by Roberts Vaux, 12ino, 
N.Y., 1817. 

Benham, Henrt W., brev. maj.-gen. U.S. 
A., b. Cheshire, Ct., ah. 1816. West Point, 
1837, first in his class. App. 1st lieut. en- 
gineers in July, 1838; wounded at Buena 
Vista, Mexico, and brev. capt. 24 May, 1848; 
assist. U.S. coast survey. Mar. 1853, andsnper- 
intended the construction of fortifications 
around N.Y. City; hrev. col. 13 July, 1861, 
for Carrii-ks Ford ; brig.-gen. vols. 13 .Vug. 
1861, and disling. at Rich Mountain and Cheat 
Mountain Pasi ; at capture of Fort Pulaski, 11 
Apr. 1862; com. in attack on Secessionville, 
S.C , 16 June, 1862; com. engineer brigade. 
Army of the Potomac in 1863-4 ; maj. of 
engineers, 6 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 3 Mar. 
1863; col. 7 Mar. 1867; brev. brig.-gen. 13 
Mar. 1865, for the campaign ending in Lee's 
surrender, and brev. maj.-gen. for gallant serv- 
ices in the Rebellion. Engaged in the construc- 
tion of harbor and coast defences of Boston, 
186.1-7.— CK/Ziim. 

Benjamin, Jcd.ah Peter, lawyer and 
politician, b. in St. DominL:o, of Jewish par- 
ents, in 1812. In 1816, the family emigrated 
to Savannah, Ga. The son entered Y. C, but 
left, without graduating, in 1827. He began to 
study law in N. Orleans in 1831, was clerk to 
a notary, taught school, and afterward m. Miss 
St. Martin, one of his pupils. Adm. to the 
bar in 1834, he was soon its leader in N. Or- 
leans. A Whig in politics, he was in 1845 a 
member of the State Const. Conv. U.S. sena- 
tor in 18.53-61, he attained pre-eminence in the 
southern wing of the Dcmoc. party. He had a 
sharp controversy with Jefferson Davis ; but a 
duel was prevented by an apology from the 
latter. He advocated the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill in 1854, but subsequently insisted that the 
principle of popular sovereignty was set aside 
by the Dred Scott decision. Withdrawing 
from the senate Feb. 4, 1861, he was immedi- 
ately app. atty.-gen. in the southern confeder- 
acy. In Aug. 1861, he became acting sec. of 
war, and was sec. from Nov. 10 till after the 
capture of Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 1862, 
which caused his resignation ; and he was app. 
sec. of State, to succeed R. M. T. Hunter. 
Jlr. Benjamin was largely interested in the 
Tehuantepec Railroad speculation, and a par- 
ticipant in the so-called Houraas land-grant- 
He is at [iresent (1871) a member of the Lon- 
don bar 

Benjamin, Park, poet and journalist, b. 



84 



BEN- 



Deraeraia, Aug. 14, 1809 ; d. N. Y. City, 12 
Sept. 1864. Trin. Coll., Hartford, 1829. His 
father, a N. Englander of Welsh descent, re- 
sided as a merchant at Demerara. An illness 
in liis youth, improperly treated, caused him a 
permanent lameness; and he was sent to his 
lather's home in N. E., for medical advice, and 
to be educated. He studied two years at H.U., 
began to practise law in Boston in 18.32, and 
was one of the ori;.'inal editors of the New- 
England Mag. In 1836, he removed to N. Y. ; 
edited, in connection with C. F. Hoffman, the 
American Monihli/ May., and subsequently the 
New-Yurher, with Horace Greeley. He was 



engaged Jan. 1840, in conr 


lection with Epes 


SaiKCit and R. W. r;ri.w..l 


.1, ns,.,litorof the 


New World, a chr:,. : 


'■ M'dical. 5 


vears aftLT, he solil 1 


1 M, journal. 


"and was afterward ., |. , ,,ii. 


. ,, ,11 ]. rose and 


verse. His poems ii.a^ iici 


ei Llui collected. 



Benner, Philip, pioneer iron manufac- 
turer of the West, b. Chester Co.. Pa., 1763 ; 
d. 29 July, 1832. He served in the Revol. ar- 
ray under his relative. Gen. Wayne. In 1792, 
he erected a forge in Spring township, Centre 
Co., and by so doing assisted in developing 
the mineral wealth of that district. The bor- 
ough of Bellefonte was greatly indebted to 
his enterprise and liberality. He was a maj.- 
gen. of militia. 

Bennett, Cvleb P., gov. of Del., and last 
siirv! vir,^ n Mt'rnf the Del. regt. in the Revol. 
aim "Vil. iii^ton, Del., May 7, 1836, a. 

7^ Ml rank of maj., and was en- 

<;aj' 1 III I ' iiiil's of Brandywine, German- 
toui,, und Mumnuuth. Gov. "from 1833 to his 
death. 

Bennet, D.wid, phvsician, b. Eng., Dec. 
I, 1615; d. Rowley, Ms., Feb. 4, 1719. He 
possessed his teeth and his senses to the age 
of 10;5. His wife was Rebecca, dau. of Roger 
Sficnccr, and sister of the wife of Sir Wui. 
Pliips; and his son Spencer took that name, 
and ua> lifiit.-L;ov. of Ms. 

Bennett, James Gordon, founder and pro- 
pri.^tor nf tiK' .V. Y. thrald, b. ab. 1800, at 
New Mill Keith, in Banffshire, Scotland. He 
went to a Roman-Catholic sem. at Aberdeen, 
intending to take orders in that church ; but, 
acting under a sudden impulse, he embarked 
for Amer. in Apr. 1819, and, arriving in Hali- 
fax, kept school for a living. Coming to Bos- 
ton in the autumn of 1S19, he became proof- 
reader in the pub.-house of Wells and Lilly, 
and wrote several poetical pieces In 1822 he 
went to jSew Yoik connected himself with 
vinous pipers and became iwiim partisin 
Dtmoc paitv in the columns of the 



Benson^ Eobert, LL.D., statesman and 
jurist, b. N. Y. Citv, 21 June, 1746; d. Ja- 
maica, L.I., Aug. 24, 1833. Col. Coll. 176.5. 
He was a member of the Revol. committee of 
safety ; was a proficient in the science of plead- 
ing; held a high rank in jurisprndence; was in 
1777 app. first att.-gen. of the State ; was also 
a member of the first State lesi-l. ol 1777 ; one 
of the three commissioners t<i sii|i- rintmil the 
embarkation of the Tories hi Xm;. ,S(,,n,i in 
June, 1783; delegate to the i il Cun^i, .-, in 
1784-8; M. C. 1789-93 and 1S13-13; re- 
gent of the N. Y. U. in 1789-IS02; judge 
of the Supreme Court of N. Y. 1794-1801, 
and of the U. S. Circuit Court. He received 
literary honors frnm H, U. in 1808, and from 
Dartm ('nil in Isn. First pres. of the N.Y. 
Hist. S(.r.. ty ; autli..,- ,,| a " Vindicntion of the 
Captors i.\ .M.ij. .\n iiv," pub. 8vo, N. Y., 
1817, "Muaiuir on Dutch Names of Places," 
18.3.i. 

Bentley, Gideon, a Revol. soldier of 
remarkable lonsevitv, b. 1751 ; d. Constantia, 
Oswego Co., N. Y ,'Jnn. 1 S'lS. 

Bentley, "'m i vm H D minister, poll 



■59; 



\ 1 1 


, 


the Xational Adiocate the 






md Inqiinei, Atiy ioii 


1 




at Phila and in Mn 






tnumlei of the New lo, I 






1 1 lurnil his nrme Inssinic 


11 1 


1 — 


N ]f ^of} G Bennett 


,d A,> 1 




1 ? NY, 18d5 


Bennetl 


Mi 


I 1 1 1AHN LL D (D C 


>i) 1 1 


M 


1 t.rii 1 r, nton 



d. Salem, Dec -.r 11' 11 T 1777, and 
afterwards tutor there, 'in' , , ■ 'I-,, ^rnnil 
Church in Salem, Sept. ;i( r 1 ' I, I'O 

years, he edited the ^^s-sr I- / • 1 imoe. 

print. His knowledge was i , ;> , \ien- 

sive and various. His thei>M.i;ieal ui-,re.uise3 
were marked by a good dcid of freedom and 
oirginality, indicating Unitarian sentiments. 
His valuable library and cabinet he bequeathed 
to the coll. at Mcadville, Pa., and to the Amer. 
Antiquarian Society at Worcester. Besides' 
.sermons, he pub. a collection of psalms and 
hymns, three Masonic addresses, and a Mason- 
ic charge, and a hist, of Salem, in Hist. Colls., 
vol. vi. 

Benton, Thobus Hakt, statesman, b. 
near Hillsborough, N.C., March 14, 1782 ; d. 
Washington, April 10, 1858. He studied 
some time at a grammar school, and afterwards 
at Chapel Hill U., but, before finishing his 
studies, removed to Tenn. He studied law, 
soon attained eminence in the profession, and 
served one term in the legisl., where he pro- 
cured the passage of laws reforming the judi- 
cial system, and giving to slaves the benefit of 
a jury trial, lie became aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Juckson, with whom ho contracted a close 
intimacy, which was suddenly terminated by 
an affray with pistols and daggers, in which 
severe wounds were given and received, and 
which estranged them many years. He was 
col. of a Tenn. regt from Dec. 1812 to April, 
1813, and lieut.-col. 3'.ltli Inf. from 1813 to 
1815. Removing; i;i I>1 : in M. Louis, he 
established the Mi i , also practi.s- 

ing law, and toi.k i ; in favor of 

the admission of -M ■ i a i i::i -Mailing her slav- 
ery constitution. He was rewarded by a seat 
in"the U. S. senate, which he held for 30 years. 
In this body, his energy, iron will, industry, 
and self-reliance placed him in the front rank. 
He opposed the administration of Mr. Adams, 
but strongly supported those of Jackson and 
Van Biiien. Upon the U. S. Bank question, 
he made several elaborate speeches; and his 



tort, succeeded in liberalizini; the policy of 
government in relation to the sale of public 
lands. The price was reduced to 31.23 per acre; 
and in timeother important changes, including a 
homestead law, were secured. Ho also procured 
the repeal of the tax on salt, and succeeded in 
throwing open for sale and occupation the 



saline and mil 
General Go 
the early an 
to the Pacit 



Is of the 
■lil. He was 
of a railroad 
II up and pro- 
tect the traiJL- ■■, , .\ v M \ico, to establish 
military stations on the Missouri, to cultivate 
amicable relations with the Indians, and pro- 
mote the commerce of our inland seas. He 
moved the exjnmging of the resolution of 
censure upon Gen. J.ickson, and successfully 
carried his point. He opposed the boundary 
line of 54° 40', and caused the adoption of 
that of 49°. He supported the Mexican war, op- 
posed the Compromise Measures of 1850, think- 
ing the fugitive-slave law clause dclective and 
ill-judged ; warmly opposed nullification, and, 
in 1850, was defeated for the senate by the 
ultra slavery men of his party. To break up 
the ascendency of this party", Col. Benton, in 
18.i2, announced himself a candidate for Con- 
gress, and was elected. Against the repeal 
of the Mo. Compromise, he exerted all his 
strength, delivering a memorable speech in the 
house, tliat did much to excite the country 
a.;ainst the act. He was defeated in 1834 by 
a combination of his old opponents with the 
new Amer. party, and stumped the State for 
gov. in 1856, but failed of an election. In the 
presidential election of that year, he fupported 
Buchanan in opposition to his sonin-law Fre- 
mont. He then devoted himself to literal y 
pursuits. His " Thirty Years' View " was 
finished in 1854. He also pub. an abridgment 
of the debates of Congress from the founda- 
tion of the government to 185G, and a review 
of the Dred Scott case. Col. B. was ra. to 
Elizabeth, dau. of Col. James McDowell of 
Uockbriil-e Co., Va. 

Berckel, Peter I. TAN, of Rotterdam, 
minister from Holland to the U. S. i d. New- 
ark. N..J., Dec. 17, ISOO, a. 76 

Berkeley, George, Bishop of Clovne, b. 
Kilerin, Ireland, 12 .Mar. 16S4; d. Oxford, 
En-, 14 Jan 173.3. Trin. Coll., Dublin, 
Fellow, in 1707. He had disting. himself by 
his "Theory of Vision" (1709) and other 
philosophical writings, when, in 1724, he was 
made Dean of Deny. In 1723, he pul). " A 
Proposal for Converting the Aborigines of 
America," received from George I. a charter 
lor acoll., and, embarking for Ameri 'a, arrived 
at Newport, R.I., 23 Jan. 1729. Finding at 
length that his scheme was impracticable, he 
reluctantly took his departure in Sept. 1731, 
and, in 1733, was made Bishop of Cl6yne. He 
gave his house, and a firm of 100 acres, as a 
benefaction to Yale and Harvard Colleges, 
and gave to one of those colleges, and to sev- 
eral missionaries, books to the value of £500. 
In his " Minute Philosopher," Berkeley at- 



tacks free-thinkers with great ingenuity and 
effect. 

Berkeley, Sir William, royal gov. of 
Va., 1641-77, b. near London, ab. 1610; d. 
Twickenham, July 9, 1677. Son of Sir Mau- 
rice, and bro. of Lord John Berkeley of Strat- 
ton. He grad. M. A. at O.xford" in 1629, 
travelled extensively in Europe in 1630, and 
returned an accomplished cavalier and courtier. 
In 1641, he was app.gov. of Va., arrived in 
Feb. 1642, and by some salutaiy measures, as 
well as by his prepossessing manners, soon 
rendered himself acceptable to the people. 
During the civil war in England, Berkeley 
took the royal side ; and Va. was the last of 
the possess'ions of England which acknowl- 
edged the authority of Cromwell. He mani- 
fested shrewdness as well as courage when the 
fleet of parliament appeared in the James 
River in 1751, and made terms satisfactory to 
both parties. Upon the death of " worthy 
Samuel Mathews," in 1659, Berkeley was 
elected to succeed him by the people. He re- 
mained for a long time at the head of affairs, 
and only lost popularity by his extreme se- 
verity toward the followers of Nathaniel Bacon, 
to whose rebellion his own faithlessness and 
obstin.icy had given occasion. Many were 
put to death, and he was only restrained by the 
remonstrance of the Assembly. Charles II. 
is reported to have said, " The old fool has 
taken more lives in his naked country than I 
have taken for my father's murder." Through 
the influence of the planters, he was recalled, 
and d. before he could have an interview with 
the king. In his reply to commissioners sent 
to inquire into the condition of the colony, 
Berkeley said, " Thank God ! there are no 
free schools nor printing-presses; and I hope 
there will be none for a hundred years; for 
learning has brought disobedience and heresy 
and sects into the world, and printing has di- 
vulged these and other libels." He wrote two 
and is the author of " A Description of 
lia," folio, 1663. 

Berkenhout, John-, naturalist, b. Leeds, 
1730; d. April 3, 1791, at Beffclsleigh, near 
Oxford. M. D. of the U. of Leyden, 1765. 
In 1778, he was sent by the British Govt, 
with the commissioners to America, and was 
for some time imprisoned at Phila., on suspi- 
cion of having been sent as a spy by Lord 
North, and of improper intrigues with the 
members of Congress at Phila. He was re- 
\.arded, on his arrival in England, with a pen- 
sion. He wrote some botanical aud other 
works. 

Bernard, Sir Fr4ncis, gov. of Ms., and 
benelactor of Harvard Coll., b. Nettlehara, 
Lincoln Co., Eng., 1714; d. June 16, 1779. 
Educated at Oxford, where he took his degree in 
1736. He was a solicitor at Doctor's Commons 
when made gov. of N.J. in 1758. He succeed- 
ed Pownal as gov., arriving Aug. 3, 1760. 
The Stamp Act and other arbitrary measures 
aroused the hostility of the Colonies, not only 
to the crown, but to its local representatives. 
Bernard had no talent for conciliation, and 
attempted to crush the spirit of freedom by 
causing troops to be sent to Boston. The 
attempt to obtain an alteratioa in the charter. 



tj:(, 



8(3 



transferring the right of electing the council 
from the general court to the crown, tliough it 
brought upon him the indignation of tlie peo- 
ple, was so pleasing to the ministry, that, on 
his recall in 1769, he was created a baronet. 
One of his last public measures was the pro- 
roguing of the general court in consequence 
of its refusal to make provision for the sup- 
port of the British troops in Boston. He was 
a friend of literature, and gave a part of his 
library to llnrv. Coll. The collection printed 
at Cambiidjie in 1761, •• Pietas et Gratu/atis," 
contains several elegiac pieces by him in Greek 
and Latin. In 1752, he pub. the Latin Odes of 
Anthony Alsop. His select letters on the trade 
and govt, of America, written in Boston in 176.3- 
8, were pub. Lond., 1774. His other letters, writ- 
ten home in confidence, were pub. in 1768-9. 

Bernard, John, actor, b. Portsmouth, 
Eng., 1756; d. London, Nor. 29, 1829. His 
first appearance was at Bristol in 1774. He 
was a popular comedian at the Coven t Garden 
Theatre, where he first app. as Archer in the 
" Beaux' Stratagem " in 1787, and succeeded 
Edwin in many of his parts. After being actor 
and manager in various theatres, he embarked 
for America, where he made his d^ut as Gold- 
finch in " Road to Ruin " at the Greenwich-st. 
Theatre, N.Y., June 4, 1797 ; was manager 
and lessee of the Boston Theatre in 1806, and 
remained in the U. S., as actor, and manager 
of various theatres, about 20 years. He took 
final leave of the stage at Boston in 1820, in 
his favorite character " Lord Ogleby," returned 
to Eng. with his family, and died there in 
poverty. In his later years, he prepared his 
" Retrospections of the Stage," an amusing 
production pub. in 18.30, in which he was aided 
bv his son William Bayle Bernard, a disting. 
dramatist, b. Boston, Jan. 1, 1808. 

Bernard, Gen. Simon, engineer, b. Dole, 
France, Apr. 28, 1779; d. Paris, Nov. 5, 18.39. 
Educated at the Polytechnic School under La 
Place, Haiiy, and others, he became one of the 
most disting. engineers and aides-de-camp of 
Napoleon. When a col., he was employed in 
fortifying Antwerp, and had his leg shattered 
in the retreat of the grand army from Lei])sic. 
Lieut.-gen. of engineers under'Napoleon, and 
was assist, eng., rank of brig.-gcn. U.S.A., from 
Nov. 16, 1816, until he resigned, Aug. 10, 1831. 
In 1824, he was made chief *ng. of the army. 
Among the many admirable works e.xecuted 
by him in this country is Fortress Monroe at 
the mouth of James River, Va. Returning to 
France, he became aide to Louis Philippe, lieut.- 
gen. of engineers, and was minister of war 
until Apr. 1837. 

Berrian, William, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1828), 
rector of Trinity Church, N.Y. City, 1830- 
62 ; d. 7 Nov. 1862. Col. Coll. 1808. Ord. 
deacon, 1810; became assist, min. of Trinity 
Parish in 1811. He pub. "Travels in France 
and Italy in 1817-18," 8vo, 1820 ; "Devotions 
for the Sick -Room," "Enter thy Closet," 
" Family and Private Prayers," " On the 
Communion," " Sailor's Manual," " Historical 
Sketch of Trinity Church, N.Y.," 8vo, 1847 ; 
" Recollections of Departed Friends," 12mo, 
1850. Edited, with memoir, " Works of Bishop 
Hobart," 3 vols,j8vo, 1833. 
• i 



Berrien, John Macpuerson, LL.D., 
statesman, b. N.J., Aug. 23, 1731 ; d. Savan- 
nah, Ga , Jan. 1, 1856. N. J. Coll. 1796. Son 
of Maj. John Berrien by a dau. of Capt. John 
Macphcrson of the provincial navy. Adm. 
to practise at the Ga. bar at the age of 18, he 
attained a high reputation as a lawyer. He 
was solicitor of the eastern district of Ga. in 
1809 ; judge from 1810 to 1821 ; State senator 
in 1822-3; U. S. senator. 1825-9 and 1840- 
52 ; attorney-gen. of the U. S. 1829-31 ; judge 
of the Supreme Court of Ga. 1845. He was 
one of the most gifted orators and able states- 
men in the U. S. senate. Few contemporary 
statesmen left a fame so free from reproach. 
During the War of 1812, he com. a regt. of vol. 
cav. He was one of the board of regents of 
the Smithsonian Inst. 

Berry, Hieam George, maj.-gen. vols., 
b. Thomaston, Me., Aug 27, 1824; killed in 
the battle of Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863. 
He worked some years as a carpenter, was 
afterward successfully engaged in navigation, 
served in the State legisl., and was mayor of 
Rockland. Col. 4th Me. vols. June 4, 1861, 
he was in the battle of Bull Run, and took part 
in the siege of Yorktown. M.ide brisr.-gen. 
Mar. 17,1862, he took charse.-fihr -1,1 l.ricr'a.le, 
3div.,of Heintzleman's(.3il) . ! "!' . . - • ! jii^r 
part in the battles of William 1 - > il.-, 

and the peninsular campaign, .liui ^ ■ i>. Ji.lv 1, 
1862. Under Kearney, he iJ.uiicij.aiL.l in the 
second Bull Run battle, and in that of Chan- 
tilly, where Kearney was killed Sept. 1. At 
the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862, 
Berry's brigade especially disting. Itself, and 
was complimented by Gen. Birney. Made maj.- 
gen. Mar. 9, 1863, dating from Nov. 29, 1862, 
he was placed in com. of the 2d division of the 
3d (Sicklcs's) army corps, at the head of which 
he fell in the gallant repulse of the army of 
Gen. Lee near Chancellorsville. 

Berthier (Iwr'-te'-a'), Locis Alexander, 
prince of Neufchatel, and one of Napoleon's 
marshals, b. Versailles, Nov. 20, 1753; killed 
Junel, 1815,atBamberg,Bavaria. Heentered 
the army in 1766 ; was a capt. of dragoons in 
1777, and, with his brother Coesar, served in 
Americaoii Rorhambeau'sstaffin 1780-83. He 
became gen. of division in 1795, was chief of 
Bonaparte's staff in Italy and in Egypt ; became 
minister of war in 1799,' marshal in 1804, prince i 
of Neufchatel in 1806, andof Wagram in 1809, ' 
maj.-gen. of the grand army in the Russian j 
campaign in 1812,. of Saxony in 1813, and of 
France in 1814. At the restoration of Louis 
18th, he was made a peer of France, but, on 
the return of Napoleon, withdrew to Bamberg, 
where he was killed by 6 men in masks who 
threw him out of one of the windows of his 
father-in-law's palace. 

Bethisy (ha'-te'-ze'), Jdles Jacques Ele- 
OXORE, Vicomte de. a French gen., b. 1747 ; 
d. Paris, in consequence of his wounds, at the 
close of 1816. He entered the navy in 1764 ; 
passed into the regt. of Eot/al Auveif/ne, in which 
lie became 2d col., and served with this corps 
through the American campaigns of 1779-82. 
He was under D'Estaing at Savannah, where 
he received 5 severe wounds, and, while return- 
ing home, received 2 more in a sea-fight. He 



emigrated iliirin- the French Rcvol. ; miule all 
the campaigns of tlio armv of Conile', and was 
created lieut.-gen. Jan. I,'l814. 

Bethune, George Washington, D.D , 
clevg^'man and author, son of Divie, b. N.Y. 
Citv, Mar. 1805; d. Florence, Italy, April 28, 
1862. Dick. Coll. 1822; Princeton Theol. 
Scm. 1825. Entering the Presb. ministry in 
1826, in 1827 he passed to that of the Dutch 
Ref. He settled first at Rhinebeck on the 
Hudson, then in Utica, in Phila. in 1834, and, 
in 1849--'J9, over a large and influential congre- 
gation in Brooklyn, N.Y. In 1859-60, he 
preached a while in the Amcr. Chapel :it l!f>mc, 
then became asso pastorofa church in N.Y.,lmt 
was forced by ill health to leturn to Italy, lie 
is the author of "Fruit of the Spirit," "Early 
Lost,""Early Saved,"" History of a Penitent," 
a vol. of " Lays of Love and Faith, and other 
Poems," 1847 ; " The British Female Poets," 
8vo, 1848; "Commentary on the I.SOth 
Psalm," 12mo, 1847 ; " A Word to the AfHict- 
ed ; " " Expository Lectures on the Heidel- 
berg Catechism," l"864, and of a collection of 
orations, discourses, and sermons, 8vo, 1846. 
He was a wit, as well as a scholar, and edited, 
in 1847, "Walton's Complete Angler," being 
himself an enthusiastic fisherman. He was a 
sound and learned divine, an eloquent preach- 
er, and an orator of excellent f.incy and pleas- 
ant humor. A Memoir, by A. R. Van Nest, 
D.D.. was pub. 1867. 

BettS, Samuel Rossiter, LL.D., jurist, 
1). Richmond, Ms., June 8, 1787 ; d. N. Haven, 
Ct., Nov. 2, 1868. Williams Coll. 180S. He 

Co., N.Y. ; 'was jud'^e-advocate in the armv 
during the War of 1812; M.C. in 1815-17'; 
some years dist.-attv. of OraiiL'-e Co., and from 
182.3 to 1867 was judgeof the U.S. Dist. Court. 
To him beloULjs the high honor of having 
shaped and settled in a great degree the mari- 
time laws of the U.S. He ranks among the 
ablestof Amer. jurists. Author of "Admiral- 
ty Practice in the Courts of the U.S. for the 
Southern Dist. of N.Y.," 8yo, 1838. 

BettS, THAUDEDS,a disting. lawyer, atone 
time licut -irov. of Ct., and a U.S. senator at 
the time of liisd. at Washington, D.C., 7 Apr. 
1840, b. Norwalk, Ct. Y. C. 1S07. 

Beveridge, John, poet, !>. Scotland. He 
had been a schoolmaster in Edinburgh, having 
among his pupils the blind poet Blacklock. 
In 1752, he came to N.E., where he remained 5 
years, and became intimate with Dr. Mayhew 
and other leading men. In 1758, he was app. 
prof, of languages in the coll. and acad. of 
Phila. Alex. Graydon, one of his scholars, 
notices him in his memoirs, and shows him to 
have been a poor disciplinarian. In 1765, he 
jiuli. a collection of Latin poems, " Kjiislolce 
Fttiiiilinrcs et Alia Qtundam Miscellatiea." — 
Dmickinck. 

Beverley, Roi 



1565; d. France, 1622. He was a Jesuit mis- 
sionary, was for a time at Port Royal, and sub- 
sequently at Mt. Desert, Me., where his project- 
ed missionary colony was crushed by Argal, 
and wrote a "Relation de la Nouvelle France," &c. 
(Lyons, 1616), an account of his labors, and of 
the English outrage which left one of his co- 
workers dead on the island, and bore himself 
and another off as prisoners. This is the first 
of the valuable series of "Jesuit Kclatiiiiis." 
of which there are 41 vols, (imli iiniinally 
1632-72). He came to Port Knval in .hmc, 
1611. In 1612, he ascended tl..- Knniclicc, and 



-,,;/,/ 



Bibaud (bc'-i«'), Michel, a Canadian 
iitlior, b. at the Cute' des Nciges, near Montre- 
1, Jan. 20, 1782 ; d. there Aug. 3, 1857. He 
ludied at the Coll- of St. Rai>iiacl, and, cnter- 



iiig upon the caret 
in defence of Can; 
conservation of tli 
contributing in tu 
das." the "Blblloth 
gasin du Das Canai 
and the " EnajL 
written verses of i 
Hist, of Canada si 
indi'gue El^mentai 
acje dp. 



I bored hard 
and for the 
c. Besides 
. d,s Cana- 
■ the".Va- 
' nimdien" 
. < , he has 
ir»t French 
, on " Arith- 



" and edited the "Voi/- 
and many other valuable 
little works. A few months before his death, 
he was engaged in translating the reports of 
the geol. commission. His son, F. M. U. M. 
BiBADD, LL.D., also an author, b Montreal, 
Nov. 1824; law prof, at the .T--nit^' Ci.ll., 
Montreal. Among his man\ • n' 'i .:i -i re- 
lating to Canada aro," Dim' • '. >„ 
les Harrs Snwaqrs de I'A:., 






Cnnadien," 1858, &c. — Morgan. 

Bibb, George M., jurist and senator, b. 
Va., 1772; d. Georgetown, D.C., Apr. 14, 
1859 N.J. Coll. 1792. He .studied law, and 
settled in Ky. ; served in the State legisl. ; was 
three times elected chief-justice of the State ; 
\vas in the State senate two years ; chancellor 
of the Chancery Court of L uisville, and see. 
of the U. S. treasury under Pres. Tyler in 
1844; U.S. senator, 1811-14 and 1S29-.35. 
Alter leaving the treasury dept., ho practised 
law at Washington, and was an assLst. in the 
atty.-gcneral's office. Author of " Reports of 
Cases at Common Law and in Chancery in 
the Kv. Court of Appeals, in 1808-17;" 4 
vols., 8vo, Frankfort, I\v., 1815-17. 

Bibb, William Wvatt, terr. gov.of Ala., 
1817-19, first gov. of the State, 1819-20, b. 
Va., 1 Oct. 17S0 ; .1. near Ki. .laikMni, I) July, 



\l,n 



Nc >iuu an iniiuuui iMjii u\ >_ . < ani|. ..,,,, ,,. ,>u.. ...,,., ,,,i,, .,5 i:u, . la lo-u-.i. 

855. Biddle, Charles John, b. Phila., 1819.^ 

Biard(bc'-iir'), l'ETER,b. Grenoble.Fr.inee, N. J. CoU. 1837. Son of Nicholas. Adm. to 



the liar in 1«40; distinfr. as a capt. of volti- 
geurs at El Moliiio anil Chapultepec, Mexico, 
where he won the hrcv. ofmaj. ; wrote " The 
Case of Maj. Andre'" in " Memoirs of the Pa. 
Hi-^t. Sno.." vol. vi. Col. in the Pa. reserve 

Biddlc, I i.iMKNT, col. in the Revol. army, 
h. I'hil;,., Mav 111, 1740; d. there July 14, 1814. 
Dcsix-nde.l lioin one' uf the Quaker settlers and 
proprietors of Western N. .J., he continued in 
their society until the commencement of the 
Revol., when he was instrumental in forming 
the "Quiikcr " company of vols, raised in Phila. 
in 1775, of which he was made an officer. In 
early life, he was engaged in commercial pur- 
suits. He took an active part, as did his bro. 
Owen, in the early political movements of the 
patriots of the State ; Owen having been one 
of the framers of thestate Constitution in 1776. 
Julv 8, 1776, he was app. bv Con:,'res-; deputy 
quartermaster- e.-n, ot th.- "militia of T'a. and 
N.J., andpnniri|,atr,ln>ihr l.atllr,,.ri'rrn.„n, 

Princeton, I!r:inWy\v , ( IninaiUow ii ami 

Monmouth. As coiniiiis^ary-mn. of toraLCc 
under Gen. Greene, he rendered important ser- 
vices to the army at several critical periods, 
particularly at Valley Forge, and was actively 
engaged until Sept. 1780. App. 11 Sept. 1781, 
qunrtermaster-gen. of the State. After the 
Federal Govt, was organized in 1787, Col. Bid- 
die was app. U. S marshal of Pa. by Wash- 
inL'ton, his friend and correspondent. — Life 
of Pro:. Rml, vol. ii., p. 465. 

Biddle, Edward, son of Wm., and bro. of 
Com. Nicholas, b. 1739; d. Baltimore, 5 Sept. 
1779. He was an officer in the French war of 
1756-63; became eminent as a lawyer in Read- 
ing, Pa. ; was a member and speaker of the As- 
sembly, and was a delegate to the first Con- 
gress in 1774-5. He was one of the foremost 
advocates of Independence. 

Biddle, Horace P , lawyer and poet. b. 
Fairlicid Co., O., ah. 1818. The son of an 
early Ohio pioneer, he studied law, was adm. 
to the bar at Cincinnati in Apr. 1839, and set- 
tled at Logansport, Ind. Pres. .judge 8th Judi- 
cial Circ. 1846-52 ; member Ind. Const. Conv. 
1 850. Elected sup. judge in 1 857, but not com- 
missioned. He has made some excellent 
translations from French and German poets ; 
became a contrib. to the South. Lit. Mpssen<jer 
in 1842, and has since contrib. to the iarfies' 
Rcpos., and other periodicals. Collections of 
his poems have been pub. in 1850, '52, and '53, 
at Cincinnati. — Poels and Poetn/ of the West. 

Biddle, James, capt. U. S. navy, b. Phila., 
Feb. 28, 1783 ; d. there Oct. 1, 1848. Son of 
Charles, and nephew of Com. Nicholas, he was 
educated at the U. of Pa. ; entered the navy as 
a midshipman, Feb. 12, 1800. Of 7 bros.,John 
and Thomas served in the re.gular army in the 
War of 1812, Richard and Wm. L. served ac- 
tively in the militia, and Nicholas in the State 
legisl. Jame< was wrecked in the frigate " Phi- 
ladelphia " off Tripoli in Oct. 1803, and was a 
prisoner 19 months; lieut.Feb.il, 1807. As 1st 
iieut. of " The Wasp," he led the hoarders in 
the brilliant action with " TheFrolic," Oct. 18, 
1812. Captured by " The Poicticrs," 74, and 
taken to Bermuda, he was exchanged, Mar. 5, 
1813 ; made master com., and given a flotilla of 



gniiltoar^ on thp Delaware. While in com. of 
'■ Tlir n. .nirt, ' he was blockaded in N. London, 
lim ■■■ i| ], ami .March 23, off the island of 
'1 ri-tan .r.\ luiilia, captured the British brig 
" IViiL'tiin," alier a sharp action, in which he 
received a noam\ in the neck. April 27, he 
di>plavcd his seamanship in escaping from 
" The Connvallis." 74, after a chase of 4 days, 
diiiiiiL' iv!ii.-li !f tfircw overboard his guns and 
r^l : : : ■ :'■ !i ten his ship. For his action 
" : I' I" jiiin," Congress voted Capt. 
I'., . - I -ni n„,lal: Phila. presented hira a 
sci V K<; <>i |tlatc . and other honors were bestowed 
upon him. Capt. Feb. 28, 1815. He afterward 
held special and important commands at vari- 
ous times, in the Pacific, upon the coast of S. 
America, and in the W. Indies, and the Medi- 
terranean squadron from 1830 to 1832, during 
which period he was a commissioner to nego- 
tiate a treatv with the Ottoman Govt. In 1845, 



From i^.■i^ ii. I-Il', \„- had charge ot the naval 

Biddle, Nn H't'as. a t;allant n.ival officer, 
bro. of Jiidiio (.'hailed HMle, b. Phila., Sept. 
10, 1750; killed Mar. 7, 1778. Manifesting a 
partiality for the sea, he had, before the age of 
14, made a voyage to Quebec. In a voyage 
to the West Indies in 1765, he was cast away, 
and for two months lived on an uninhabited 
island. In 1770, he went to London, and en- 
tered the British navy. While a midshipman, 
he absconded from his own vessel, and entered 
on board " The Carcass." before the mast, in 
the exploring cxpcd. of Capt. Phipps, in which 
Horatio Nelson also served. Returning to 
Phila. after the comniciiccinciit of the Revol , 
he was app. to com, ih. i : i j .Niaiiva Doria," 
and sailed under ( 'Mill II • ,' . i liic success- 
ful exped. against N i' .After re- 
fitting at New Lo.ni n, ' ■■ n ,, ..1 otr New- 
foundland, and in 177G ca|itiir< d, among other 
prizes, two ships from Scotland, with 400 High- 
land troops. App. to com. the frigate " Ran- 
dolph," of 32 guns, he sailed from Phila. in 
Feb. 1777, and soon carried into Charleston 4 
valuable prizes. A small fleet was now fitted 
out under his com., with which he cruised in 
the West Indies. Mar. 7, 1778, in an action 
with the I5riti-li -liij. " Varimmili " of 64 gnns, 
Biddle was WMiuhiiil : ainl a i-'\v minutes after- 

geon, ''Tlicl!aii,lnl|il, " l.l.w ii|.. an.l of tlic en- 
tire crew, consist iirj -l ,;r, m i , l,ii[ l .■,r,i;,r(|. 

Biddle, Nicn.., ■,-, i : n ' ,:. , i, 
Phila., Jan. 8. 17s > ' : : i i. 

N.J. Coll. 1801. 111. am ■ ,: , . h 

Wm. Penn. His father, ( ii i : i nt 

Pa., d. Apr. 4, 1821, a. 76. II ; i : i -r 

his uncle the commodore. In I i i lo 

Paris as sec to Armstrong tli ■ .Van i i ■ ui miii- 
ister, and afterward filled a similar post with 
Monroe in London. After travelling in Eu- 
rope, he returned to Phila. in 1807, and prac- 
tised law. He edited the Portfolio, compiled a 
commercial digest, and prepared the narrative 
of Lewis and' Clarke's exped. to the Pacific. 
He was in the State legisl. in 1810-11, disting. 



89 



'■;'i iMR'chis 


Bid 


^ . il.'Ctivc 


a 101 


,,, .....l.ikrson 


1 GUI 


aa a.khobS on 


Jan 


..letliu alumni 


a (■ 


model man of 




ml an accom- 


Ju , 


, III/ R. T. Con- 


Cuiu 




feir, 


uul author, bro. 


supc 


1796; (1. Pitts- 




iii; the \V:u- of 


sedr 


etiun <.f I'hihi. 


i-cn 



himself by his efforts to establish a general sys- 
tem of education, and was a senator in 1814, 
and an ardent supporter of the war with Eng. 
His report of a committee of the senate respect- 
ing the Hartford Convention was an able State 
paper. A director of the U. S. Bank in 1819, 
and pres. from 1823 to 1836, bis administration 
of its affairs demonstrated high ability. In 
1836-9, he was pros, of the U. S. Bank of Pa. 
He was a zealous promoter of public improve- 
ments and beneficent institutions. Dm-ing the 
suspension of the payment of interest on the 
debt of Pa., he pub. a scries of essays with sug- 
gestions for its liquidation, someof which were 
adopted by the legisl. He was pres. of tho 
Agric. and' Hort. Societies, and of the trustees 
of tli'-I^ "fPa an.lnfCirar:! ( ''.!!. 'I'hf Bank 



b.lSin.■.^, a V , a- ^ 

pli.ll.al .rlaaa, ^ 

'"Biddle,"i;i. "wa, 

of l\id...la^, 1.. i'h :a 
burg. Pa., 7.iiiiv, l>4; 
1812, he served lor tl 

He became a leader ol the Pitt, lung l.ar; 
visited Eng. in 18-'7-.30 ; oCL-upied in historical 
investigations ; resumed practice on his retui n, 
and was M. C. in 1837-41. While in Eng., 
he pub. an expose of Capt. Basil Hall's 
" Travels in Amei i.a." His " Life of Sebastian 
Cabot" (IS.il) la.ia^lit tu li^lit new and im- 
portant facts ia til' ili-ovriv of America. 

Biddle, Mv' l umxh-', r. S. A., son of 
Charles,!). Pi.i; a , X.v. - 1 , 1 T'.Kl ; d. St. Louis, 

Aug. 29, IS.ll .\|i I. ufart. July 6, 

1812; distinu. a; lui i i, .i -<■ and at Stony 
Creek; com, iha nt ai ihr uiliiction of Fort 



of the cnemyV arlillery retained by the Amer- 
icans as a trophy of that hard-fonght battle, 
and ag.iin woniKlcd. Aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Izaial, Dre. 1814, and irnvmaster, 1820. lie 



Bidwell, D-^^•Il;I. I)., l.-i-.-an. I'.S. vols., 
b. Buffalo, N.Y., ab. 1816; killed at Cedar 
Creek, Va.. Oct. 19, 1864. He resigned the 
office of police jii^tiee in Hulfalo to enter the 
C.'ilh regt. as a i-, i . aa , .iml, m Sept. 1861, be- 
camecol. 49tli a m j iheSevcn-Days' 

battles, com .i urr the battle of 

Antietam. 1-. -a: , ,i . ia, regt. He was 

at f'li'l a '■'. ' ;i : i I ' r I'llorsville ; com. 
a In i_ , I 111 all the battles 

near T : : : , i Slienandoah Val- 
ley, an-l -Ai. 1,1 „l . iai_ -_,li ill July, 1864. 

Biedma (be ad'-inii). Luis Hkrnajsdez 
OF., a Sp mish officer in the army of Hernando 
de Soto ill the exped. for the conquest of Fla. 



in 1538; wrote a '• nelacion <Ie la Tsia de la 
Flurida," printed, in 1857, in the Colleccion 
de Vaiios Documeiilos para la Uistoria de la 
Florida." London, folio, pp. 208, with notes 
by Juan Baptista Munoz. — Dui/chinck. 

Bienville (bean'-vel), Jean Baptiste 
Lemoine, sieck de, colonial gov. of La., b. 
Montreal, Feb. 23, 1680; d. France, 1768. 
Son of Charles, he entered the French naval 
service, with his bro. Iberville, serving under 
him in 7 voyages. He was severely wounded 
in a conflict off the coast of N. Iv. between tho 



wuuse |MUKi|.al .-eat was now trans- 
o Mobile. May 1 7, 171.!, Bienville was 
superseded by Lamottc Cadillae : and Bienville 
lade iicnt.-gov. De I'Epinav super- 
Cadill.ir. Mar. 9, 1717; and Bienville 
il tia' Cici-s of St. Louis. Hcsucceeded 
.l)rri;,iaav a- ;,„v. Mafch 9, 1718, planted 
thr .aty ol' X ( 11 leans, and, May 14,tookPen- 
sacola trom the Spaniards, placing his brother 
Chateauguay in command. In 1723, he trans- 
ferred tho scat of government to N. O. Jan. 
16, 1724, ho was ordered to France to answer 
charges that had been brought against him, 
and was removed from office, 9 Aug. 1726. 
Before leaving the colony, in March, he pub. 
his Black Code, relating chiefly to slaves, which 
remained in force till after the transfer of La. to 
the U. S. In 1733, Bienville was re-app. gov., 
and raised to the rank of lient.-gen. In 1736, 
and again in 1739, be led expeds. against the 
Chiikas.iws. Bienville was soon after super- 
sa.li il, and May 10, 1743, departed for France, 
wlaar Ire passed the rest of his life. 

Bierstadt, Ai.DEnT, landscape-painter, b. 
Dusseldori', I j i. 1 a 1 '- 1 1 , his parents brought 
him to X.,, i; re he received his 

school eiUaa I Nveloped his artistic 

powers by rl, i, a La h. , in crayon. In 1853- 
7, lie visited r.iiioiic, where he painted his 
■ Siiiivliiiicand Shadow," which brought him 
iiiia notice. Accompanying Gen. Lander's 
I'xploi ing c.^ped. in 18.'J8, he produced his L'fcat 
pictures,^ " The Rocky Moiim i a-, l.a,.|.,< 

Peak," " Storm in the P.o 1. M 

" The Domes of the Yo S. na 1 ,: 

Peak," "Valley of tho Yo S ma " laai 
grants crossing the Plains," &c. lie visited 
Europe again in June, 1867, to make studies 
for a picture of the discovery of the North 
River, on whose banks, near the Tappan Zee 
and the Palisades, ho has a spacious studio. — 
Tud-enmm. 

Bigelow, Erastds BRiGtiAM, LL.D. 
(Amb. 1867), inventor, b. W. Boylston, Ms., 
Apr. 1814. His father was a cotton manufac- 
tnrer. The son, before he was 1 S, had invented 
a hand-loom for weaving suspender-webbing, 



90 



a inaihine for making pipins-conl, and liad 
pub. a book on stenosrapliy. lie nlitaincd a 
patent for an automatic loom in Is '.s |,,r weav- 
ing counterpanes, wliich lir ini|)njvi d in 1840. 
He also invented a loom tor wcavu];; loach- 
lace, and soon alter turned liis attention to 
carpet-weaving. In 1S39, ho produced lii-) lirst 
power-loom for weaving 2-ply ingrain carpets. 
This he subsequently improved, and it is ex- 
tensively used. In the spring of 1862, Mr. 
Bigelow proposed a schemeof uniform i 
throughout the U. S. by means of stamps, 
the snin^- year ],nl.. " The Tariff Qi 



of 



the 



nde 



Ms 



Bigelow, OiiouGii Tyler, LL.D, jurist, 
b. Watertown, Ms., Oct. 6, 1810. H. U. 18:29. 
App. a judge of the Ms. Supreme Court, Nov, 
21, 1850; chief-justice, Sept. 7, 1861 ; resigned, 
1868; State senator, 1847-8. 

Bigelow, J.\coB, M.D., LLC, phvsician 
and writer, b. Sudbury, Ms., Feb. 27, 1787. H. 
U. 1806, and commenced practice in Boston in 
1810. A skilful botanist, he pub. in 1814 the 
" Flomla Bosloiiipmis," enlarged in 1840; also, 
in 1820, " American Medical Botany," .3 vols., 
8vo, plates. He was many years a disting. 
practitioner in Boston; 20 years phvsician of 
the Ms. General Hospital, and held '(1815-55) 
the office of prof, of materia medica and of 
clinical medicine in II. U. In 1816-27, he de- 
livered lectures on the application of science to 
the useful arts at Cambridge, as Rumford Prof., 
and pub., in 1829, " Elements of Technology." 
One of ilic cotnmittce, in 1820, to form the 
"Aniri h III rii.H iii.H iipceia," the nomenclature 
of tin III I I 11 i .1 afterwards adopted by 
the 1. ■ li - is due to him. He has 

pull. 11 inn Hill- nil Ileal essays and discourses ; 
.■-omc (if iliem in a vol., entitled "Nature in 
Disease," IS.M; "A Discourse on Self-limited 
Diseases," delivered before the Ms. Med, Soci- 
ety in 1835; in 1858, a "Brief Exposition of 
Rational Medicine, to which is prefixed the 
Paradise of Doctors, a Fable; " " The Useful 
Arts," 2 vols., 1840; "Treatise on Materia 
Medica," 1822; "History of Mt. Auburn," 
1860. He was the founder of Mt. Auburn Cem- 
etery, the first of the kind in the U. S. He 
has occasionally contrib. to the literary period- 
icals and reviews. A vol. of poems, entitled 
" Eolopoesis," has been attributed to him. He 
was many years pres. of the Ms. Med. Society 
and of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences.— 
Din/ckinck. 

Bigelow, John, editor and author, b. Mai- 
den, Ms., Nov. 25, 1817. Un. Coll. 1835. He 
practised law in N. Y. City about 10 years. In 
1840, he was literary editor of the Plebeian, in 
1843-5 was a frequent contrib. to the Denio- 
cmtic llrriew. for which ho wrote " Consti- 
tutional lictbrm," " Executive Patronage," 
" The Reciprocal Influences of Civil Liberty 
and the Physical Sciences," " Pascal," &c. He 
also edited Gregg's " Commerce of the Prai- 
ries," and other popular hooks of travel. An 
inspector of Sing-Sing Prison in 1845-8, he 
originated useful reforms in its discipline. In 
Nov. 18.50, ho became a partner of Bryant in 
l\\i Evening Post. His "Jamaica in 185U"gave 



an accurate picture of the social and political 
condition of that island. He again visited the 
West Indies in 1854, collecting materials for 
a work on Hayti, He pub. a " Life of Fre- 
mont " in 1856; Corrcsp. from Abroad with 
the Post in 1854-60 ; became consul at Paris 
in 1861, and succeeded .Mr. Davtun a- mini-ter 
in 1864-6, He pub. in Paris •' I . s E'alx U.us 
d' Ameriqnc ai 18(i.3," eivi' ■_■ t-, ■'.- Vv neb valu- 
able information of lli e • i r sources 
of thi.s eountiv. ainl • ' \ . .' iui.'raphy 
of Franklin," 1868. Ke .\ )/.,- -nice 1869. 

Bigelow, Lewi.^, lauv.i, li, Worcester, 
Ms., ab, 1785; d, IVoii.i, IM., Oct, .■',, IP.JS. 
Wins. Coll. 1803. He Mmlied and pra.tiMd 
law in Ms ; was M. C. in 1S21-3; and was the 
author of the Di.-cst of the first 17 vols, of 
till- M-. I.'iiori- ; al^oofaDigestof Pickering's 
i;e|o,i-, loS. J-;, 2d ed,, Svo, Boston, 1825. 
He MiliM ijuenily removed to 111., whci-o ho pur- 
sued his profusion, and at the time of his death 
was clerk of the court of Peoria Co, 

Bigelow, CoL Timothy, b Worcester, 
Aug. 12, 1739; d. there March 31, 1790. He 
was a blacksmith and a leading patriot; mem- 
ber of the Prov. Congress, 1774-5 ; marched at 
the head of a company of minute-men to Cam- 
bridge on hearing of the battle of Lexington ; 
was a maj. in Ward's Worcester regt. May 23, 
1775, and in Arnold's exped., antl was cap- 
tured in the attack on Quebec, remaining a 
prisoner until the summer of 1776. Made col. 
Feb. 8, 1777 ; at the head of the 15th Ms. regt., 
he assisted in the capture of Burgoyne; was 
at R. I., Valley Forge, and West Point. Af- 
ter the war, he had charge of the arsenal at 
Springfield. Ho was an original grantor of 
Montpelier, and a benefactor of Leicester 
Acad. His son Timothy, lawyer (H. IT. 
1786), many years in the Ms. legis,, b. 30 Apr. 
1767; d. 18 May, 1821. His dau- Katharine 
m, rion, Abbott Lawrence. 

Bigger, Samuel, Whig gov. of Indiana in 
1840-3, b. Warren Co., Ohio, ab. 1800 ; d. Fort 
Wayne, 1845. Athens U. He studied law at 
Lebanon, and commenced practice in Ind., at- 
taining eminence in the profession. He was a 
representative in 1834 and 1835, and after- 
wards judge of the Circuit Court. By his 
recommendation, the Indiana Ilospitalfor the 
Insane was established. 

Bigler, William, Democ. politician, b. 
Shermansburg, Cumberland Co., Pa., Dec. 
1814. Receiving a moderate school education, 
and becoming a printer, he established, and for 
several years carried on, the Clearjield Demo- 
crat. In 1841, he was elected to the State 
convention, and was a member of the Stale 
senate, part of the time speaker, up to 1847 ; in 
1852-5, he was gov. of Pa, ; subsequently be- 
came pres. of the Phila. and Erie Railroad Co , 
and in 1855-61 was U. S. senator. Delegate 
to the Chicago convention in 1864, and to the 
Phila, convention of 1866 

Biglow, William, poetand schoolmaster, 
1), Natick, Ms,, Sept. 22,1773; d. Boston, Jan. 
l'^., 1844 II. U. 1794. Ho taught school in 
Salem, and then took charge of the Latin 
School in Boston, preaching occasionally, and 
writing for periodicals. Becoming intemperate, 
he was obliged to retire to his home in Natick. 



BUST 



He afterwards taught a village school in Maine, 
and was ultimately proof-reader in the Univer- 
sity printing-office, Cambridge. His " Cheer- 
ful Parson," and others of his songs, were very 
popular. In 1830, he pub. a history of Natick, 
and one of Sherburne, Ms.; "The Youth's 
Library," 1808; "Introd. to the Making of 
Latin," 1809; " Eduoaiion, a Poem," delivered 
at Cambridge, 18 July, 1799. His best writ- 
ings were in the yniai/e Messenf;er of Amhevst, 
N.H., which he edited in 1796, the Federal 
Orrery, and Ms. Matjiiztne. 

Billings, Elkaxah, F.R.G S., Canadian 
geologist, b. Gloucester, Canada, May 5, 1820. 
His fatlier, a native of Ms., settled, after the 
Revol., near Brockviile. He was adm. to the 
bar in 1S45, and practised in Ottawa, but, since 
1856, has been paleontologist of the geological 
su«vey of Canada. Besides contributions to 
papers and scientific journals, he has pub. val-. 
xialiH III !ip.i:. li!' I'.i t'lii 1 Lind fourth decades 
ul li. ' I II ula, and in 1856 

cilii. I ■ ' \ ; '.s(, to which he 

Billings, .iosLiii i I li i: .I-ator in 
the Ku3.sian service. II . I'.okin 

his last voyage, ami h i_. iik- astro- 

nomical depart m^ m, III 17-1, ir iiit.icd the 
service of Catharine 11., wlm sent liiin on a 
voyage of discovery " to complete the knowl- 
edge of the seas situated between Siberia and ■ 
the continent of Amcr." He set out overland 
in Oct. 1785, |.ut to sea from Kolyma in 1787, 
visited and examined manv islands of the N.W. 
coast; in Julv, 1790, penetrated Prl'ice Wm.'s 
Sound, where Cuok had been in 1778 ; and re- 
turur.i !i, KanH-i!:atk:ii:i 1791. Anaccountof 
his vuva:;r wa~ |iul., in Lonilin in 1802. 

BiUingSjWii.i.i AM, ihi first Anier. musical 
conip(i-ir. Ii. Dost. -11, (let, 7, 1746; d. there 
Sept. 20, l.^UO. By tra.le a tanner. A love of 
music led him, wbi'e still young, to become a 
teacher of singin,g and a composer of psalm- 
tunes, which became highly po))ular; among 
them that called "Jordan" is well known. He 
pub. 6 collections, which, with a few exceptions, 



:re of liis own composition. They 
founded upon the new st\ le of clmrcli-music, 
and caused a revoliuiM i I-, luu-h.,: t , t- m 
N.E. Billings's pati' I - 

among the N.E. trooi,. , I; .im i: 

was the first teaclicr n: ^ i^, iiii < . 
introduced the first m ,i . 

instrument — the ba-- , i 

iiiment, formed the til - : - i ,i ; ■ j 
ing in churches, and k- i i ilp lir-i hui-m -inir 
in Boston. His " Psalm-singers' Amusements " 
became very popular. 

Bingham, Caleb, teacher and bookseller, 
b. Salisbury. Ct., 1757; d. Boston, Apr. 27, 
1817. D. C. 1782. He was preceptor of 
Moore's Acad., and was many years a teacher 
in Boston. He next kept a large book-shop in 
Cornhill, Boston. :ind w.is for scv.m-mI years a 
director of tlir ^I ii^' I'l ...n ia \\'! . :i rapacity 
he exerted LI n; saiprovc- 

mentof thcMi , : - ; .: II , , -The 
Hunters." -'YunL- L.i 1/., Artia-.aic,' 1789, 
" Epistolary Correspondence," " Historical 
Grammar," 1802, " The Columbian Orator," 
" Amer. Preceptor," "Child's Companion," 



and the " Geographical Catechism." Of the 
Amer. Preceptor, 64 editions, or 640,000, were 
sold. 

Bingham, John A., lawyer and politician, 
b. Pa., 1815; spent two years in Franklin Coll., 
O. ; adm. to the Ohio bar iu 1840 ; State attv. 
for Tuscarawas Co., 1845-9; M.C. 1855-63 
and 1865-71 ; judge-advoeate of the army, 
1864; solicitor Court of Claims, Aug. 1864; 
assist, judge-advocate in the trial of the con- 
spirators for the murder of Pres. Lincoln in 
May, 1865 ; delegate to the Phila. conven- 
tion of 1866, and one of the managers of the 
impeachment-trial of Pres Johnson in 1868. 

Bingham, Kinsley S., statesman, b. 
Camillus, Onondago Co., N.Y., Dee 16, 1808 ; 
d. Green Oak, Livingston Co., Mich., Oct. 5, 
1861. He received an academic education, be- 
came a cleik in a lawyer's office, emigrated to 
Mich, in 18-33, and settled upon a farm ; wasa 
member of the legisl. in 1835-42; three years 
its speaker; M.C. from 1849 to 1851 ; was gov. 
of Mich, from 1855 to 1859, and US. senator 
from 1859 till his decease. He had also held 
the offices of postmaster, supervisor, prosec- 
atty., judge of probate, and brig.-gen. of 

Bingham, William , statesman, b. Phila., 
1751 ; d. Bath, Eng., Feb. 7, 1804. Phila. Coll. 
1768. In 1771, he was consul at St. Pierre, VV.I. 
During the Revol., he was Amer. agent at Mar- 
tinique; was delegate to Congress in 1787-8, 
and U.S. senator from 1795 tolsoi. In 1780, 
he ra. Anne Willing of Phila., a lady of great 
beauty and accomplishments, and the centre of 
fashionable society in Phila. She d. M.iy 11, 
1801, a. 37. A dau. m. a son of Sir Francis 
Baring. Bingham was a man of great wealth 
and aristocratic hauteur. He pub., in 1784,"A 
Letter from an American on the Subject of the 
Restraining Proclamation," "Description of 
Certain Tracts of Land in theDist. of Maine," 
1793. 

Binney, Amos, naturalist, b. Boston, 18 
Oct. 181)3; d. Rome, Italv, 18 Feb. 1847. 
Brown U. 1821. M.D. 1826. ' He was a success- 
ful merchant, but, devoting his leisure to natu- 
ral science, was a founder of the Boston Society 
"1 X,itiiial lli-iMiv , an 1 i;- pres^ in 1843-7, and 
J tlie Amer. Asso. of 
ii : _ - : Nil •-- As a member of 
I'M, la na- instrumental in pro- 
J anil botanical commissions, 
111 the important volumes of 
ii I I I 1, Storer, and Gould. Hegave 
iiiiiiy y ,11-' tialy !o the mollusks of theU,S., 
and fitted out several expeds. to Florida, Texas, 
and other places, to collect materials. His 
" Tei-restrial Mollusks of the U.S." was pub. 
1851-7, in 3 vols., 8vo. Many of his papers 
are pub. in the "Proceedings" of the Soc. of 
Nat. Hist. 

Binney, Rt. Rev. Hibbert, Prot.-Epis. 
bisho|)of Nova Scotia, consec. 4th bishop, 1851, 
b. Nova Scotia, 1 819 ; educated at King's Coll., 
Loinlon, and at Oxford, where he grad. 1842. 

Binney, Horace, LL.D. (H. U. 1827), 
lawyer of I'hila., b 4 Jan. 1780. H. U. 1807. 
Son of Dr. Barnabas, surgeon Revol. army. 
Adm. to the bar in 1800, he attained high dis- 
tinction in the profession. Member of the 



BIN" 



Pa. If^isl, in 1806-7 ; an opiionent of the ad- 
niiiiistration of Jackson, and a leading member 
of Con;;rLSs in 1833-5, and an early and active 
aiitislavcrv man. Many years a'dircctor in 
the U.S. iSank, and one of tlie trustees in wind- 
ing up its affairs. One of his most successful 
cffurts at the harwas his defence of the city of 
Pliila. a^'ainst the heirs of Stephen Girard. 
Author of " Reports of Sup. Ct. of Pa , 1799- 
1814," 6 vols., 1809-15 ; Eulogiums on Chief- 
Justices Tilsrhman and Marshall, 1827 and 
IS.'iG, and " Naturalization Laws," 8vo, 1853. 
Binns, .l-n ■, i>H,rn,,li-i, h. Dublin, Ire- 
land, Dii-. J-', : . 1 i,. I.. June 16, 1S60. 
Ilu rcTi'ivr,! ,, ..n, l.ut, becoiuin- 



;t._-.|, 



rclea 



11, he 



NoitliMiiii.c!: uil," l-ii, in March, 18(12, the 
/,'.,! 1 uhich gave him great in- 

flai ,,. ;': [i.iuoc. party. Fnmi 1807 

until N. V 1-j'i. Ii> conducted", at Phiia., the 
Dnimcmiic Press, the leading paper in the State, 
until, in 1824, it opposed the election of Jack- 
son. He was for 20 years an alderman of 
Phila. In 1854, he pub. an Autobiography, 
entitled " Itecollcctions of the Life of John 
Binns ; 29 Years in Europe, and 53 in the 
U.S.," " Binns's Magistrate's Manual," 8vo, 
1850. 

Birch, Thomas, artist, b. London ab. 
1779 ; d. Phila., Jan. 14, 1851. Hccmigratcd 
to tlie U.S. in 1793, established himself in 
Phila. about 1800, ami commenced the paint- 
ing of profiles. A visit to the capes of Del. 
in 1807 turned his attention to marine views, 
in the ilcliucatinn of which ho acquired a high 



occasionally in his latter years, — once at Strat- 
ford, when he was more than 100 years old. 
At his death, he left 206 descendants. — 
Sprnqne. 

Birkbeek, Morkis, traveller and author, 
b. Eng.- drowned in returning from a visit to 
Eobert'Owen at Harmony in 1825. Having 
purchased 16,000 acres of land in III., he 
founded the town of New Albion, and resided 
there. When the State was organized in 
1818, he oppposed the introduction of slavery 
into it. Author of "Notes on a Journey 
through France," 8vo, 1815, and "Notes on 
a Journey in America," 8vo, 1818 (in which 
lie gave ilattering accounts of Illinois), and 
•■ Letters from Illinois," 1818. 

Birney, D.^vid Bi;ll, maj.-gen. vols., b. 
UuutM'illc. Ala., May 29, 1823; d. Philii., Oct. 
IS, l.stM III yoiith.'he removed to Cineinrftiti 



t.) rillla,. Ulieiv he 

the 2'h1 r.i \"!. 


111 .\l,n 


n 1S4S, 1 
. l.sfil ; 


s en-a-etl 

lie iMiM.,1 
was uia.lo 


brig.-geii. V. .~ ; 1- 


■._' '\,l 




r. at York- 


town, Wil; : 


• .1 


the baules before 


RiehmouH, . , 


il 


1 the second battle 


of Bull i:„n, .\,:, 




-1. al.^o 


at Frcder- 


icksburg ami at Cli, 




■•. ,;|.', :l.l 


.1 aided in 


chceliing the advaie 






i..„ps after 


the i)aiiic in the 1 1 




.\ 


1 the death 


of Berrv, he took , 






H.n (raaj.- 


gen. May 23, 1863) 


. ! 1 




tiuig; and 


com. the corps aftei 






IS wound- 


cd. In all the opera 






lautin Va. 


in 1864, his bravery 




1 u.'i.'c 


.nsnieuous. 


July 23, 1864, he" 


receive,] 


1 com. of the 10th 


corps. He died of malarious fever. 


contracted 


in the service. 








Birney, James 


1 O. nnt 


islavery 


politician. 



//^y 



■ Blaise 



Bird, RoBEKT Montgomery, M.D., 
novelist, h. Newcastle, Del., 1803; d. Phila., 
Jan. J2 l^."i(. n- was educated in Phila. for 
the I i ' ■: ;"l -ion, but early turned his 
attii, , . !,ire ; contrib. to the il/j/i(% 

jU" .e ... 1 , ,.iiid wrote threetragedics, — 

"'I'iie i.i.eii.uor, ■ • Uraloosa,"and "The Bro- 
ker of i5o:;(ita; " all of which have been popular 
on the stai;c, especially the former, the princi- 
pal character of which is one of the favorite 
(lersoiial ions of Edwin Forrest. His first novel, 
" Calavar," a|ipeared in 1834, and was suc- 
ceeded liv " The Infidel," 1835 ; " The Hawks 
of Hawk Hollow;" "Nick of the Woods," 

■V':.'. !■'■ • :.•,■' ■ '-■- ■■ I " i; ''-I Day," 



In 



for :i I \ . I ;e\ious to Ilis death, edited 

the / \ ///(-American, of which he 

Birdseye, ^"^ \tiian, remarkable for lon- 
gevity, h. Stratford, Ct., 19 Aug. 1714 ; d. June 
28,1318. Y.C. 1736 He was' settled pastor at 
West Haven from 1742 to 1758, and preached 



inemlier of the legisl. In 182.T, he became a 
planter in Ala., served in the legisl , and prac- 
tised law at Huntsville. Removing to Ky., he, 
in 1834, emancipated his slaves, and, being un- 
able to find there a printer for an antislavery 
paper, established one in Ohio at great personal 
risk. About 1836, he went to New York as 
secretary of the Amer. Antislavery Society, 
and Labored to build a |.Mlitieal |,:irty upon that 
sole issue. In IStii. In imuU [lait m the .inti- 
slavery movements in Iji-. In l.-<44, he was 
the candidate of the Liberty ])arty, for Pres., 
one result of which was the defeat of Henry 
Clay, the candidate of the Whig party. Fa- 
ther of Gen. D. B. Birney. . 

Biscaccianti, Eliza (Ostinellt), b. 
Boston, 1825, a distinguished vocalist. Louis 
Ostinelli, her father, leader of the orchestra in 
the principal cities, and a talented musician, 
in. in .'\pr 1 R22, the dau. of Mr. Hcwctt, a 
cell 1:1, It. i| iniiieal eomposerof Boston. Eliza 
w( lit lo ImIv III 1843, studied under the best 
nia^iers, H.is 111. to Signor Biscaccianti, also a 
musician, and in May, 1847, made her first 
appearance at Milan, with complete success. 
She made her debut in America at the Astor 
Place Opera House, in Feb. 1848, and in 



93 



Phila., M.ir. 1, 184S, at tlie Chestnut-st. thea- 
tre, as "Lucia." Sung in the principal cities 
with great applause, and became an especial 
favorite in California. 

Bishop, Abraium, a political writer, b. 
New Haven, 1763 ; tl. there Apr. 28, 18U. 
y. C. 1778. He was an active politician, and 
for more than 20 vears was collector of the 
port of New Haven. He pub. orations, and 
" Proofs of a Conspiracy," 1802. 

Bishop, Madame Anna, n& Revifere, a 
celebrated singer, b. London, 1816 ; educated 
at the Royal Acad of Music, London ; made 
her dibut at a concert given by M. Bochsa, 
July 5, 1839, and won a triumphanj; success. 
She sang in most of the principal cities of Eu- 
rope and the U. S., where she made her debut 
at the Walnut-st. theatre, Phila., Nov. 22, 1847, 
as " Norma." Author of " Travels in Mex- 
ico in 1849," Phila, 1855. Her husband, H. 
Bishop, d. Apr. 30, 1855. Apr. 30, 1858, she 
m. Martin Shultz. 

Bishop, George, a Quaker writer, joined 
the sect in 16.54, and, between 1600 anil 1668, 
pub. several works on tti'M!''''>-tiin.'=, lie pub., 
in 1661, "NewEngl;!!! I ' ' -j a Brief 

Relation of the SuffLiiM <; ik.isin 

that part of Amcr. fiuii^ ., I. ^ of the 

SthMonth, 1656, totheLiuui uic lu;.i .Month, 
16C0," &c. A second part appeared in 1 667; and 
both were reprinted in 1703, with " An Answer 
to Cotton Mather's Abases," by John Whiting, 
with an Appendix. 

Bishop, Joel Prentiss, b. Volney, Oswe- 
go Co., N. Y., 1814, author of " Commenta- 
ries on the Law of Marriage and Divorce," 2 
voIs.,8vo, 1856 ; " Criminal Law," 2 to1s.,8vo, 
Boston, l8.-)8; "Thoughts for the Times," 
1863 ; " Secession and Slavery," 1 864 ; " Com- 
ment.aries on Criminal Procedure," 2 vols., 
1866 ; " First Book of the Law," 1868. 

Bishop, RoBEitT HAaiiLTos, D.D. (N. J. 
Coll. 1825), Presh. divine and scholar, b. near 
Edinburgh. ScotIand,26 July, 1777 ; d. College 
Hill, ()., 29 Apr. 1855. U. of Edinb. 1797. 
He camr in 1801, at the solicitation of Dr. Ma- 
son, to N. Y. ; preached there a while ; was ord. 

rivedatChillicotheinlsnj Pi-r In ti:, ,\ 
Univ. 1804-24; pres. ul "!> 
prof. hist, and polit. - 

subsequently prof of lii-t, :iiM piiiir .■. ,u<\ 

in the Farmer's C'dl. near Umeinnali, u. He 
was a warm friend of Henry Clay. Author 
of "Sermons," 1808; "Memoirs of- David 
Rice." 1824; " Elements of Logic," 1S33; 
" Philosophy of the Bible," 1833 ; " Science of 
Government," 1839 ; " Western Peacemaker," 
1839, besides sermons, addresses, &c. — Spraque. 
Bissell, Clark, LL.D. (Y. C. 1847),' ju- 
rist and stiuesman, b. Lebanon, Ct., 1782 ; d. 
Norwalk. Ct., Sept. 15, 1857. Yale Coll. 
1806. He was a lawyer, and, during most of 
his life, resided at Norwalk. Judge of the Su- 
preme Court of Ct. in 1829-39, gov. of Ct. 
in 1847-9. a:ul was V 



Sept. 14, 
modore, Oc 



-55. 



Kent Prof, of law in Y.C. 



Bissell, Gen. Daniel, U. S. A., d. St. 
Louis, Mo., Dec. 14, 1833. App. cadet from 
Ci , Sept. 1791 ; ensign 1st Inf. Apr. 11, 1792; 
lieut. Jan. 1794 • eaot. Jan. 1799 ; lieut.-col. 



Aug. 18, 180S; col. 5th Inf. Aug. 15, 1812; 
brig.-gen. Mar. 9, 1814 ; com. in successful af- 
fairat Lyons Creek, U.C, Oct. 19, 1814 ; May, 
1815, col. 1st Inf. with brcv. of bng.-gen.; col. 
2d Art. Jan. 16, 1826. — Gardner. 

Bissell, Simon B.,commo. U.S.N., b. Vt., 
Oct. 28, 18U8. Midshipm. Nov. 6, 1824 ; 
Dec. 9, 18r~ ... 

capt. July 

1866. Attached to thesloop"AIbany," during 
the war with Mexico ; present at the siege of 
Vera Cruz, and stationed at the naval batiery ; 
com. sloop " Cyane," Pacific squad., 1861-2; 
navy-yard, Man Island, Cal., 1863-4 ; sloop of 
war " Monongaliela," N. A. squad., 1866-7. — 
Uame.rslij. 

Bissell, William H., statesman, b. Coop- 
erstown, N.Y., Apr. 2.5, 1811 ; d. Mar. 18, 1860. 
Phila. Med. Coll. 1835. He was self-educated, 
attending school in summer, and teaching in 
the winter; practised medicine 2 years in 
Steuben Co., N. Y., and 3 vears in Monroe 
Co., III. Chosen to the 111. "legisl. in 1840, he 
disting. himself as a forcible and ready debat- 
er; studied law, and practised successfully in 
Belleville, St. Clair Co. ; became prosec.-atty. 
in 1844 ; col. of the 2d III. Vols, in the Mexi- 
can war, and disting. at Bncna Vista ; M. C. 
in 1849-5.-1, ni;.! jr-'v. -f IM in 1857-60. He 
separated ti u;; • l> : party upon thcpas- 
.sage of tlii I i-ka Bill, and was 

Black, Ji I'.t.Mi.ui 6., lawver, h. in the 
Glade.s,Somfr.sctCo.,Pa., Jan. 10,18U1 Adm. tL 
to the bar in 1830, he was, in Apr. 1842-, app. 
pres. judge of the judicial district in which he 
lived; was in 1851 elected to the bench of the 
Supreme Court, and m.ade chief-justice ; was 
re-elected in 1854, and, Mar. 5, 1857, received • 
.from Pres. Buchanan the app. of atty.-gen. 
Appearing in behalf of government in a dis- 
puted land-claim from California, he achieved 
a great success, at once establishing his repu- 
tation as a jurist. U. S. sec. of State from 
Dec. 1860, to Mar. 1861. 

Blackburn, Gideon, D. D. (Gen. Coll. 
1818), an eloquent Presb. clergyman, b. Au- 
gnsla Co., Va., 27 Aug. 1772; d. Carlinville, 
lil , .\iij j;, !-".<. Educated at Martin Acad., 
>' ' _ I i'< nn. Licensed to pre.ach by 
IV. 1795, and settled many 
v> ,1- ,ii _\l,u\.x Tenn. Minister of Frank- 
lin, Tenn., 1811-23, and of Louisville, Ky., 
1823-7. He passed the last 40 years of his 
life in the Western States, laboring zealously 
in preaching, organizing churches, and during 
a part of each year, from 1803 to 1809, in his 
mission to the Cherokees, establishing a school 
at Hvwassee. He set up a school in Tenn. 
in 1806. Pres. of Centre Coll., Ky., 1827-30. 
— Sprarine. 

Blackford, Isaac Newton, jurist, b. 
Bound Brook. N J., Nov. 6, 1786; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., Dec. 31,1859. N. J. Coll. 1806. 
Completing his legal studies under Gabriel 
Ford of Morristown, N. J., he in 1812 re- 
moved to Ind., and settled in Vincennes; he- 
came clerk of the territorial legist., in 1813 ; 
judge of the first judicial circuit, 1814-15; 
speaker of the first State legisl. 1816 ; judge 
of the Supreme Court of Ind., 1819-35 ; and a 



BLA. 



judge of the U.S. Court of Claims, from Mar. 
18.')5 until liis deatli. His reports, of which 
there arc 8 vols., gave great credit to the State 
abrond. — N. E. H. ^- G. Reg. xvii. 174. 

Black Hawk (Ma-ka-tae-mish-kia-kiak), 
a noted chief of the Sac and Fox tribes of 
Indians, though by birth a Potawatomie, b. 
Kaskaskia, 111., 1767; d. at his camp on the 
River Des Moines, Oct. 3, 1838. At 15, he was 
ranked with the braves, and became a success- 
ful leader in expeditions against the Osage 
and Cherokee tribes. About 1 788, he succeeded 
as head chief of the Sacs, his father, who had 
been killed by a Cherokee. Jloved by the exhor- 
tations of the Shawnee Prophet (brother of Te- 
cumseh) and by the presents of British agents, 
Black Hawk, with the title of gen , joined the 
British, with 500 warriors, during the War of 
1812. A repulse in a battle near Detroit, and 
an unsuccessful attack on a fort, surprised and 
disgusted the red men, who soon tired of the 
service. By a treaty made at Prairie du Chien, 
July 15, 1830, and signed by chiefs of various 
tribes, — among them Keokuk, chief of a party 
of Sacs, — their lands east of the Mississippi 
became the property of the whites. Their re- 
moval west was opposed by Black Hawk, but, 
June 25, 1831, a force under Gen. Gaines com- 
pelled them to depart ; and, after a brief conflict 
in the following spring, the Indians were com- 
pletely defeated at the River Bad Axe, Aug. 2, 
by Gen. Atkinson, and the surrender of Black 
Hawk took place on the 27th. Black Hawk, 
with his two sons and seven other head war- 
riors, were detained as hostages; were taken 
through the principal eastern cities ; and were 
confined in Fortress Monroe until June 5, 1833, 
when they were released, and returned to their 
tribe. An account of his life, taken from his 
own lips, was pub. by J. B. Patterson, 1834. 

Blackhoof, a chief of the Shawanese tribe 
of Indians ; d. VVapagh Konnetta, Oct. 1, 1831, 
aged 1 14 years. He was at St.Clair's, Harinar's, 
and Crawford's defeats, and was, perhaps, the 
last survivor of those who were concerned in 
Braddock's defeat. 

Blackstone, William, the first white 
settler of Boston ; d. Rehoboth, May 26, 1675. 
He is supposed to have been a graduate of 
Emanuel Coll., Cambridge, in 1617, A.M., 1621 , 
and to have been a clergyman of the Churcli of 
Eng. He settled at Shawmut, the Indian name 
of Boston, ab. 1623; not liking bis Puritan neigh- 
bors, he sold out to them in April, 1633, and 
removed to Rehoboth, R.I. A small round 
eminence west of his house there is called 
Study Hill, from its being his place of retire- 
ment for study. In 1659, he ra. Mary, widow 
of John Stevenson of Boston. — See Mass. 
Hist. Coll. 2d. scr., vol. X. 

Blackwell, Elizadeth, the first woman 
who received the degree of M.D, in the U.S., 
b. Bristol, Eng., 1821 ; came to N.Y. with her 
fatherin 1831 ; emigrated to Cincinnati in 1837, 
and taught school there several years. She 
studied medicine at Charleston, S.C, while 
teaching music ; at Phila. ; and finally took the 
degree of M.I), at the Medical School of 
Geneva, N Y., in Jan. 1849, after making ap- 
plication unsuccessfully at the schools of Phila., 
N. Y., and Boston. She also pursued a course 



oX clinical study in Blockly Hospital, Phila. 
After 6 mos. study and practice of midwifery 
in the Maternity at Paris, she was adm. as a 
physician, to walk the Hospital of St. Barthol- 
omew in London, where she could not have 
been a student After passing a year there, 
she returniil to N.Y. City, where she has since 
practised her professicm with siuccess. In 1859, 
she again visited Europe, and gave a course of 
medical lectures in London. In 1854, with her 
sister Emily, she opened the New- York Infirm- 
ary for Women and Children. She pub. " The 
Laws of Life," 12mo, 1852. Her sister Anna 
is a poetess of merit; and Emily, another 
sister, has also obtained a medical diploma. 

Blaine, Jamks Gillespie, speaker 41st 
and 42d Congresses, b. Wasliiimton Cn,, Pa., 
31 Jan. 1830. Wash. Coll. I si7. Hi, ^nuid- 
father. Col. Eph. Blaine, o. „,:,,,, .l-.m -f the 
middle dept. in the Revol. Wji , .1 ( .n :i.;- I'n,, 

in Mar. 1804, a. 63. He «m, , i. \ h.^ 

South ; settled in Maine :il ; , . u-1 

in journalism; edited the A / , m 

18.52-8, and the- Portland /'r ,' .1-,, ;-., m 
1858-61. Member Me. le-isl. lsr)7-(>-J; two 
years speaker of the house, and M.C. since 
1863. 

Blail% Austin, gov. of Mich., 1861-5, b. 

r.u..V,u.-. T pidas Co., N.Y., 8 Feb. 1818. 

r '' : : '.1. Studied law; removed to 

M ,iv clerk of Eaton Co. ; ])roscc.- 

ii!! . < I I i- !i I'o.; meniberof the Icgisl.and 
of tlic Stale sunale, and, as gov. of the State, 
took an active part in putting down the Rebel- 
lion. M.C. 1866-72. Resides at Jackson. 

Blair, Francis Preston, journalist and 
politician, b. Abingdon, Va., Apr. 12, 1791. 
James Blair, his father, removed to Ky. about 
1800, and became attv.-gen. The son grad. at 
Transyl. U. ; studied law, but. from ill hcalih and 
lack of voice, never engaged ill |.ra.ii(,\ Karly 
a politician, he supported hi- ;.i :i 1 Mi i lay, 
for the Presidency in 1824, !> i ' in ; liii- 
cally estranged from him diui: .. i'- n I m migra- 
tion of J. Q.Adaiii-. All aiiirl,. in a Ky. 
newspaper, against ila- niilliiiraiiwn niovcmcut, 
procured him an iiiviiatiim Iniiii i'.vn. Jackson 
to remove to WasliiniitDii, and edit a Dcmuc. 
journal to be established there. The (iluhe 
was commenced in 1830, powerfully sustaining 
the policy of the administration, espcciallv in 
relation to the U. S. Bank and nullitiration ; 
and the iiitiiiiiitr nlaticuis wliirh ilicii -uniiig 



betv 



.Mr 



Mo 



till the latt-l'- il.alli Mr. r.lair I. 
control uf tliL- '/.i/" iinii! rlu' arcr-..ii 
in 1845. He afterward successfully c 
agricultural pursuits at Silver Spr 
gomery Co., Md. He withdrew 
Democ. party in 1848 ; took a prominent part 
in the organization of the Republican party after 
the repeal of the Mo. Compromise, and in the 
attempt, in 1856, to elect Col. Fremont to the 
Presidency. He was master of an easy and 
vigorous style. 

Blair, Francis Preston, jun., soldier and 
politician, son of the preceding, b. Lexington, y 

Ky., 19 Feb. 1821. N. J. Coll. 1841. Set- Ct SJuA- lS)i 
tied as a lawyer in St. Louis. In 1845, he ' 

made a journey to the Rocky Mountains for his 
health; served as a private in the Mexican 



BLA. 



war, ami, in 1847, resumed practice at St. 
Louis. He supported the Freesoil party in 
18i8 ; was elected to the lef,'isl. in 1852, and 
was a member of Congress in 1 856-60, propos- 
ing; in a speech in IS.')? fu (Milonize tlic blacks 
ot'dc rs I I ('.111! n Niiiiiici. Hewasatone 
till.- .!.:.: V l<r,nomit. Col. of 



lie . 



Vicksbur;,' campaign, and the 27th corps in 
the arniv of the Tennessee in Sherman's cam- 
p.iigns ti'oin Chattanoosra to Atlanta in 1864, 
and in S. and N. Carolin:, in Mnr ISfin ; elect- 
ed to the 38th Con;in-- In i.^-m... 1 t.. mkr hi< 

in St. Louis in 186i;. a;, i .,m,,;iii ;ui„ , li-r ilic 

Pacific Railroad. U..S. .cu.iuj: hum .Mu. lor 

the term ending in 1877. 

Blair, J.vmks 

land, about 1660 
1, 1743. Not Ml 
man in Scotlm 
1635, was sent 
zeal and abilitv i 



ne and scholar, b. Seot- 
Williamsbnrg, Va., Aug. 
ling as a Pr.-Ep. ek-rgy- 
«cnt to London, and, in 
i.M -ninarv to Va. His 
vr.\ I, nil, ill 1689, the high 
office of cuiiiiiii--iuy. Il.iviiig rai-ed by sub- 
scription .£i,5u0, and |)nicnrcii a patent tor the 
erection of William and Mary Coll in 1693, 
he was its tirsc pics., and hrid tlie office 50 
years. He was rector of Williamsburg from 
1711. He was also pres. of the council of Va. 
In 1727, he assisted in compiling" The State of 
His Majesty's Colony in Va.," by Hartwell, 
Blair, andChilton ; "Sennonsand Discourses," 
4 vols., 8vo., Lond., 1742. Ho left bis library 
and £500 to the coll 

Blair, John-, statesman and judge, b Wil- 
lianv!iiiij. Va,, K/^O; d. there Nov. 5, 1771. 
Nc|i' I' r.'iir. Member of the house 

ot I i: ■ ., . :!insl736. By his efficient 

scrvii'i , ii. .|ii liiii (I liimself for the position of 
pres. ut liic coiiiuil of Va., and of acting gov. 
of Va. in 1757-8 and 1768. In a letter to the 
atty. of Spottsylvania, while acting gov., he 
manifested a spirit of toleration as rare at that 
day as it was creditable. 

Blair, John, jurist, b. Williamsburg, 1732; 
d. there Aug. 31, 1800. Wm. and Mary Coll. 
He studied law at the Temple, London ; soon 
rose to the first rank as a lawyer ; was a mem- 
ber of the legisl. as early as 1765, and, on the 
dissolution of the house in 1769, he, with 
Washington and other patriots, met at the 
Raleigh Tavern, and drafted the non-importa- 
tion agreement. He was one of the committee, 
which in June, 1776, drew up the plan for the 
govt, of the State ; was elected to the council, 
and, on the est.iblishment of the judiciary in 
1777, was elected ajudge of the Court of Ap- 
peals; then chicfju- tice, and, in 1780, a Judge 
of the High Court of Chancery. A delegate to 
the Phila. convention to revise the articles of 
confederation, he supported the " Virginia 
Plan," and with Washington and Madison 
alone, of all the Va. delegates, voted for the 
adoption of the Federal Constitution, and also 
for its ratification in the State convention. In 
Sept. 1789, Washington app. him a judge of 
the U.S. Supreme Court. He was disting. for 
his private virtues no less than for his public 
services. He resigned his seat on the supreme 
bench in 1796. 



Blair, JIn^'TGo^ 
lin Co., Kv,, Mac li 

Son of Franc, 1'. 
served in ibc flmi/ 



Mav 20, 
1836; stiidicil law, and began practice in St. 
Louis in 1837. He was U.S. dist -atty. for Mo. 
in 1839-43, and was ju<lge of the C.C.P. in 
1843-49. In 1842, ho was also mayor of St. 
Louis. In 1852, he removed to Md., and, from 
Mar. 1861 to 23 Sept. 1864, was U.S. post- 
master-gen. Before the repeal of the Mo. Com- 
promise, he had been a Dcmoc, but afterward 
nifached himself to the Rcpuh. partv, and was 
ivniove.l by Pres. Buchanan from the office of 

.M. h ■ to" the Court of Claims, to which he 

iiaJ licen app. by Pres. Pierce, and in 186U he 
pic^ulcd over the Rcpub. State convention of 
Aid. In the famous Dred Scott case, ho was 
counsel for the plaintiff. Brother of F. P. 
Blair, jun. Counsellor at law, Montgom. Co. 
Md., since 1863. 

Blair, S.\310el, Presb. minister and edu- 
cator, b. Ulster, Ireland, June 14, 1712; d. 
July 5, 1751. He came to Pa. while young; 
was educated at Tennent's Acad, at Nesha- 
minv ; settled as a preacher in Shrewsburv, 
N.J.', in May, 1734, and, in 1740, established an 
acad. at Fogg's Manor, Chester Co., Pa., and 
took pastoral charge of the church at that 
place. He pub., in 1744, "A Narrative of a 
Revival of Religion in Several Parts of Pa." 
A vol. of his writings, pub. in Phila., 1754, 
contains an elegy by Samuel Davies, one of 
his scholars. Joiix, his bro., prof, of divinity 
at N.J. Coll. 1767-9, d. Dec. 8,1771. He pub. 

Blair, S.\mcel, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1790), 
son of the preceding, b. Fogg's Manor, Pa., 
1741; d. Germantown, Pa., Sept. 24, 1818. 
N.J. Coll. 1760. Tutor at Princeton, 1761-4 ; 
settled as colleague of Dr. Scwall over the Old 
South Church, Boston, Nov. 26, 1766, having 
been ordained as a Presb. in 1764. Chosen 
pres. of N J. Coll. 1767, declined. Dismissed 
from Old South, Oct. 10, 1769, on account of 
ill health and theol. differences. Returned 
to Phila. in consequence of loss of voice and 
impaired health, resulting from shipwreck be- 
tween Boston and Phila. He was the jirincipal 
founder of the Eng. Presb, Church, German- 
town ; was often a member of tlie Pa. As- 
sembly ; was 2 years chaplain to the Continen- . 
tal Congress, and m., in 1769, a dau. of Dr. ^c^ 
Shippen of Phila'. Ho pnb. an oration on the ^ ^HsJ^ 

h, brev. brig.-gen. ^■% ■ ^^^ 
lent 2aDriigoons, June 11, 
ith the Seminoles at Fort 
Inlet in 1841 ; eapt. Dec. 



death of George IL, 1761 

Blake, George A. 
U.S.A., b. Pa.; Istlieut 2 






Mellen and Jupii 
1839; engaged a 



treras, Molino del I; > i 'h i 
of Mexico, in the .M 
maj. for gallant ami n, 
Augustine, Mex. ; m ij I -i 
and served against the .Vpac 
dians; lieut.-col. 1st U.S. ca\ 



Piiebla, Co 

1 , and City 

1 M'i-7 ; brev. 

ai'liict at St. 

,,,.[iily, 1850, 

nd Navajo In- 

May, 1861 ; col. 



Feb. 15, 1862; slightly wounded at Gaines's 
Mill, Jan. 1862; present at the actions at Aldie, 
Middletown, Upperville, and at Gettysburg, 
for which brev. Iirig.-gen. 
Blake, George Smith, comrao. U.S.N., 



BLA 



b. Worcester, Ms., 180.3 ; d.Longwood, Ms.,24 
June, 1871. Son of Francis Blake, a disting. 
lawyer of Worcester. Midsliipm. Jan. 1, 1818 ; 
lieut. Mar. 3 1,1827 ; cruised in "The Grnmpiis" 
on the W. I. station for tlie suppression of 
piracy; was employed in 1832 on a special 
survey of Narragansett Bay; from 1835 to 
1846," on the coast survey, and in 1846, when 
the Mexican war broke out, com. the 10-gun 
brig " Perry." While cruising off Cuba, he 
encountered the great hurricane of that year. 
" The Perry " was wrecked on the coast of 
Fla., hut was got otf, and taken to Phila. under 
jury-masts. He was made commander, Feb. 
27, 1847, and attached to the bureau of con- 
struction and equipment. Ho was employed on 
special duty connected with tlie Stevens Bat- 
tery. Sept. 14, 1855, he was made capt., and, 
in 1857-63, was snpt. of the U. S. naval acad. 
Soon after the civil war broke out, the acad. 
was removed to Newport. On the re-organiza- 
tion of the navy, July 16, 1862, Capt. Blake 
was promoted to be commodore. Light-hou.se 
inspector, 1866-9. 

Blake, John LAunifc, D.D., autlior, b. 
Northwood, N.H., Dec. 21,'^1788 ; d. Orange, 
N.J., July 6, 1857. B. U. 1812. Manifesting 
a taste for meclianics, he was apprenticed to a 
cahinet-makur ; then studied at Phillips E.xeter 
Acail.; was some years a teacher; was ord. a 
Prot.-Epis. clL-rgyman in 1815; organized the 
parish ol .St. P.iul's at Pawtncket, ll.I., where 
he continued 5 vciirs; established a young ladv's 
sem. at Concord, N.H., in 1820, which he re- 



moved to Boston ir 


11822, and continued, with 


high reputation, un 


111 1810; ,>ast«rofSt.Mat- 


thew's ChurrI, Hm- 


1-1 fM.:ii 1824 tol832,and 


edited the /,' 


1 and the Gospel 


Advocate, llr 


li.- writer, having 


written orcoinii.r. I 


11:11 v ill vols,, mostiv te.xt- 


books for sc1k)oIs. 


His first book, "'Te.xt- 



Book of Geography and Chronology," appeared 
in 1814. He is the author of a Biographical 
Dictionary, a new edition of which was pub. 
in 1856 ; a " Family Encyclopsedia," roy. 8vo ; 
"Farmer's Every Day Book," 8vo,' 1852 ; 
"Modern Farmer," 12mo, 1853; "History 
of the Amer. Revol.," 18mo, N.Y. 

Blake, Joseph, gov. of S.C. in 1694, and 
from 1696 to his death in 1700. He was a pro- 
prietary, and a nephew of the famous Admiral 
Blake. 

Blake, William Hume, Canadian jurist; 
d. Toronto, Nov. 15, 1870. Chancellor from 
1849 to 1862. Many years prof, of law in the 
U. of Toronto. 

Blake, William Rufus, comedian, b. 
Halifax, N.S., 1805 ; d. Boston, 22 Apr. 1863. 
He was intended for the medical profession, 
but at 17 went on the stage at Halifax, and first 
a|i|M-,,M I .11 Nir (iia Chatham Theatre, N.Y., 
iii I- 1 ik in "The Poor Gentle- 

111:111, ' -Mil's favorite character in 

thf ■■ I 111' ,"-11 ; I ■' He visited Eng. in 1839. 
He had ln,en sta^je-mnnager of the Tremont 
Theatre, Boston, joint manager of the Walnut- 
st. Theatre, Phila., and stage-mannger of the 
Broadway Theatre, NY. He excelled in the 
delineation of old men and eccentricities, at- 
tained the head of his profession, and as "Jessie 
Rural " in " Old Heads and Young Hearts " 



was incomparable. Author of " Nero," " The 
Turned Head," an adaptation of "Norman 
Leslie," and " The Buggs," a burlesque. Ho 
m. Mrs. Waring, a sister of Henry and Tom 
Placide. 

Blakeley, Johnston, cnpt. U.S N., b. 
Seafoid, Co. Down, Ireland, Oct. 1781 ; lost at 
sea in 1814. U. of N.C. 1800. His father 
omi:r:i''"t to Wilmington, N.C. The members 
ot I 'I 1'', il', ing one by one, he was left 
11 iM, and had also the misfortune 

1 . 11 rinnant of iheir property. A 

Iritii'l -,:.' ' 1 :n riliiTitinn, and procured for 
him a 111,: ;:' - ■■ inant, Feb. 5, 1800. 

Made liint I 1 • IT: master com. Julv 
24, 1813; . I N - _l. IS14. In 1813, he 
com. the lui- 1.iiil-i |iiise," and did good 
service in protectinLiourruasting trade. In Aug. 
he was app. to " Tin- Wasp," in wliicli, June 
28, 1814, he captnrud, after an action of 19 
minntes, in latitude 48° 36' north, II. B. M. 
ship " Reindeer," which he was obliged to 
burn. This severe action showed the manifest 
superiority of Amer. gunnery. "The Rein- 
dpi'r"ni:iil' 1 :ut<ni],ts to board, in the last 
ofv,!; 1: I : _ "ivii - (1111, was slain. For this 
c". ' ', I ■ :■ \'iii 'I him a gold medal with 

MiiM'i' '-■r\ ., Srpr, 1, 1814, in a severe 

action witli the brig " Avon," lie compelled her 
to strike ; bnt the approach of another enemy 
prevented his taking possession of her. " The 
Wasp " was afterward spoken off the West- 
ern Isles, and, on Sept. 21, captured the brig 
" Atalanta," which arrived safely in Savannah, 
and brought the last direct intelligence ever 
received from " The Wasp." Being heavily 
armed and sparred, and very deep waisted, she 
probably foundered in a gale. His only child, 
a dau., was educated at the expense of the 
State of N.C. 

Blanc (Won), Anthony, D. D., first 
archbishop of N. Orleans, b. Lyons, France ; 
d. N. 0., June 20, 1860. He camo here quite 
young, was consecrated bishop, Nov. 22, 183."), 
and archbishop in 1851. 

Blanc, Vincent le, author and traveller, 
b. France, 1554 ; d. 1640. He travelled in 
Asia, Africa, and America, from the age of 12 
to 60, and in his ■■ T ., - < /:>.!,)■," 1648, 
gives an account oi < .. 1 — ' „/, ,Wx. 

Blanehard, < 1 .1.11 iMier and 

judge, b. Diinstablr, 11:1 \ ,.|in:,, X.H., Feb. 
11, 1705; .1, .\]ir 7, 1 7 - lie was a manda- 
mus couiKili'ii In. Ill 1740 10 1758; judge of 
the Sup. C-uit ot \ 11 Irom 1749 to 1758; 
ooni.aN.II, iv:;!, in 1 7.'i,'i. and was engaged at 
Crown Point. He was a great speculator in 
lands, and in conjunction with Rev. Samuel 
Langdon, D.D., produced a map of N.H., pub. 
1761. 

Blanehard, Thomas, mechanic and in- 
ventor, l>. Sutton, Ms., 24 June, 1788 ; d. Bos- 
ton, 16 Apr. 1864. While engaged with his 
bro. in the manufacture of tacks by hand, he 
invented a machine which made 50b per min- 
ute, and sold the patent for S5,n00. He also 
invented "a lathe to turn the whole of j 
ket-barrel from end to end, by the combi 
of one single self-directing operation," the 
lathe for turning irregular forms, now in use in 
all armories, for making musket-stocks, also 



applied to busts, slioe-Uists, handles, spokes, 
&.C., and a machine for bending timbers, called 
the " Compound Bend." He was also en^'aged 
in the construction of railroads and locomo- 
tives, and in boats so contrived as to ascend 
the rapids of the Connecticut and the western 
rivers. He had taken out 24 patents for differ- 
ent inventions ; and, though he struggled long 
against discourajremcnts and difficulties, he ul- 
timately acquired wealth. — Bishop's American 
Manufacturers. 

Blanehelande (blunsh'-lond'), Phili- 

liERT Frantius HorssKT. DK, P'lcnch gen., b. 
Dijon, it;;:,; ,|..\,,r. II. 17M. Ki.tr, „,^ thr 



and soon after pub. a series of bitterly indig- 
nant letters against the gov. under the signa- 
ture of Cassias. Made capt. of the 1st troop 
of Va. cavalry, he joined the main army in 
1777 as lieut-col.; became col., and signalized 
himself upon many o.uM-iim^ as a \ i-ilant and 
energetic otlirn-, |,.iiih'iiI.[i1v at liran.lvwinc. 
In 1779, boom.. t!ir .mhv, nii..,, m..,,!. at Albe- 
marle Barracks Va.; wasa nirniiHi nltheOld 
Congress, 17SO-3, and, Mibst'tjuiaitlv, of the 
State legisl. He opposed the adnpii'on of the 
U.S. Constitution in the convenliun, but rei>re- 
srnttii liis State in the lir.st Cununss held under 
il. an, I >niiki' in tavor nf tli,' a,->uni|,lion of the 



d'Aiu 
after 

SUCCCf 



France at the epoihof the Uevol. lie was sent 
to St. Domingo as gov. of the French part of 
the island; but evincing openly a disposition 
to re-establish the old order of things, in oppo- 
sition to the decrees of the National Assembly, 
giving the blacks equal right.?, he was taken to 
France, brought belbre the Revo!, tribunal, 
condemned, and executed. His son soon after 
shared his fate. 

Bland, Uicn.tRD, an able political writer, 
b. Va., 1708; d. Williamsburg, Va., Oct. 28, 
1776 Wm. and Mary Coll. and U. of Edin- 
burgh. He was a fine classical scholar, familiar 
with British and Va. history, and was the ora- 
cle of his time on all questions touching the 
rights and privileges of the Colony. A disting. 
member of the house of burgesses from 1745, 
he opposed the Stamp Act in 17G4, with great 
zeal, and was one of the committee to memo- 
rialize the king, lords, and commons, but 
opposed the famous resolutions of Patrick 
Henry in 1765. In 1768, he was one of the 
committee to remonstrate with parliament on 
the subject of taxation. In 1769, when the 
house was dissolved, and its members met at 
the Raleigh Tavern, he was among the first to 
sign the non-importation agreement there pro- 
posed. He was one of the committee of cor- 
r.'sp. in 1773 ; of safety in 1775-6 ; was promi- 
nent in all thecommitteesof the conventions of 
that period ; was a delegate to Congress in 
1 774, and was again chosen, Aug. 12, 1775, but 
, declined. Ho pub. " A Letter to the Clergy on 
^ the Twopenny Act," in 17G0; "An Inquiry 
.nto the Rights of the British Colonies " in 
1766, the first and ablest tract written on that 
subject. 

Bland, Col. Theodobic, M.D., states- 
man and soldier, b. Prince George Co., Va., 
1742 ; d. New York, June 1, 1790. Through 
his grandmother, Jane Rolfe, he was fourth in 
descent from Pocahontas. John T{a.ndolpli 
was a nephew. He received his doctor's degree 
at Edinburgh; returned home ah. 1764, and 
practised medicine, but distinguished himself 
as a leader of vols, in opposing Lord Dunmore, 
7 



l.mliiy CMC inr.l nut ni.ly l,.r lu^- iiitrgiity. and 
drvutiuii tu princiijli-, but also lur his social 
accomplishments, which set off an elegant and 
imposing person. 

Bland, Theodoric, jurist, 22 years chan- 
cellor of Md., b. 1777; d. Annapolis, Md., 
Nov. 16, 1846. He Ugan liis jn.li. lal career in 
Baltimore, as judge <,f th, ( cimty ( Mart, from 
which station he was i;u^, ,| i,, ii,r l.un bof the 
U. S. Dist. Court for JUL lie pub. - Ucports 
of Cases decided in the High Court of Chancery, 
Md.," Btilt., 1836-41. 

Blaquiere, Peter Boyle de, Canadian 
politician, b. Dublin, Apr. 27, 1784; d. York- 
ville, near Toronto, Oct. 1860. Son of John, 
Lord de B. of Ardkill. Hewas a midshipman 
at the battle of Camperdown, but left the navy, 
and emigrated to Canada in 1837. Member 
of the legislative council from 1838 to 1860; 
some time chancellor of the U. of Toronto. 

Bledsoe, Albert T., teacher and author, 
b. Ky. West Point, 1830. Lieut. 7th Inf.; 
resigned 31 Aug. 1832; instr. of math, and 
French in Kenyon Coll., 1833-4; prof of 
math., Miami U., 183.5-6; lawyer in Spring- 
field, 111., 1840-8; prof. math, ai.d astron., 
U. of Mpi., 1848-53, and in U. <f Va., 
185.3-61, afterward taking part in the Rebellion 
against the U.S. Author of " Exam, of Ed- 
wards on the Will," 1845 ; " A Theodicy or 
Vindication of Divine Glory," 1856; " Essay 
on Liberty and Slavery," 1856. Contrib. to 
manv literarv, sclent, and thcol. reviews. — 
Cu/lim. 

Bledsoe, Jesse, a distinguished advocate 
and jurist of Ky. ; U.S. senator from 1813 to 
1815 ; prof of law in the U. of Transylv., and 
chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Kv. ; 
d. Nacogdoches, Texas, June 30, 1837. Yield- 
ing to habits of intemperance, he became a 
miserable outcast and wanderer. 

Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess, b. New 
York, Oct. 1752; d. Tomhanick, above Alba- 
ny, Nov. 23, 1783. Youngest dau. of Brandt 
Schuyler, she in 1769 m. John J. Bleecker, 
lived with him one year at Poughkeepsie ; then 
removed to Tomhanick, whence she was 
driven by the news of the approach of Bur- 
goyne's army. After much suffering, they es- 
caped to Albany, and thence to Red Hook, re- 
turning home after Burgoync's surrender. Her 
pieces are to be found in the early numbers 



BLE 



of the New -York Marinzinr ; mid a collection 
of her stories and " |ioetics " in a vol. was pub. 
in 1793 by her dan., .Mar-aietta V. Faii-eres. 

Bleecker, Hermanns, LL.\)., M. C. 
18U-13; charfj^d'alfnirLS at the lla^-ue, 1839. 
B. Albany, 1779 ; d. ihere July 19, 1849. He 
was a lawyer by profession, and opposed, in 
Congress, 'the War of 1812. Regent of the 
N. Y. U. 1822. 

Blenker, Lewis, brijj.-gen. vols., b. 
Worms, Ilesse Darmstadt. 1812; d. at his res- 
idence in N. J., Oct. 31, 1863. Brought up by 
his father, a jeweller, he at 20 enlisted in the 
Bavarian Legion, which was raided to accom- 
pany the newly-electod King (hlio to Greece. 
He "then studied medicine at !\Iunich ; engaged 
in the wine-trade at Worms; and in 1849 be- 
came a leader of the revolutionists of that city, 
being burgomaster, and com. of the national 
guard. He fought in one or two successful en- 
gagements with the Prussians ; but the revol. 
was soon completely crushed, and he fled to 
Switzerland. Ordered, in Sept 1849, to leave 
that country, he came to the U. S., and settled 
in N. Y. City, where he was engaged in busi- 
ness until 1861. He then raised the 8th N. Y. 
Vols., and, early in July, was put at the head 
of a brigade of the 5th d'ivision, Col. Miles. At 
the first' battle of Bull Run, he covereil the re- 
treat with great steadiness, and for this service 
was made a brig.-gcn. vols., Aug. 9, 1861. He 



paign ; when he was ordered to Western Va., 
participating in the battle of Cross Keys, June 
8, 18G2. Gen. Fremont, after entering the val- 
ley of Va. in July, 1862, relieved him from 
duty ; and he was discharged from service, Mar. 
31, 1863. 

Blennerhassett, Herman, noted for his 
unfortunate connection with Aaron Burr, b. 
Hampshire, Eng., 1767; d. in the Island of 
Guernsey, 1831. U. of Dublin. He was of 
Irish descent; practised law in Dublin, and, 
being a republican in principle, emigrated to 
Amer., after marrying Adeline, grand-dau. of 
Gen. Agnew, in 1796. He settled on an island 
in the Ohio, opposite Marietta, where he had an 
elegant residence, furnished with taste and lux- 
ury. Burr was his guest in 1805, and succeeded 
in involving him in his treasonable schemes, in 
which his credulity, as well as his embarrassed 
pecuniary situation, disposed him to engage. 
He invested largely in boats, provisions, arms, 
and ammunition, left his home and friends, and 
went to Ky. Warned of Burr's real designs, 
he returned to his home, greatly disheartened; 
but, through Burr's solicitations and the per- 
suasions of his wife, he persisted. His property 
was seized and sold, and he was prosecuted as 
an accomplice of Burr, but was discharged, 
broken in mind, and bankrupt. He was sub- 
sequently a cotton-planter near Port Gibson ; 
removed to Montreal in 1819, and practised law, 
but in 1822 went to the West Indies. His wi- 
dow returned to N. Y., and preferred claims 
against the U. S., but d. in 1842, while prose- 
cuting her suit. A memoir, by Wm. H. Saf- 
ford, was pub. at Chillicothe, 12mo, 1850, and 
Cincin., 8vo, 1853. 

Bliss, Col. William Wallace Smith, 



U.S.A., h. 
Pa.sca-..„l 
1833. Sm 



Xnrthprn N. Y. 



brev. capt.aucl assist. aclj.-L^rn. iii r.i\ loi \ army 
in Fla. in 1840; brev. ma.j. iumI liJui -.,.1. for 
Palo Alto and Buena Vista, Mrxim, ami a No rc- 
ccivedagold medal and a sword Ironi his native 
State. He m. Pres. Taylor's youngest dau. 

Blissett, Francis, comedian, b. London, 
ab. 1773; d. Guernsey, Eng., 1848. He was 
the son of an eminent comic actor of Batli ; 
came with Wignell's company t.) I'hila. in 
1793, from which he withdrrw in 1^21 , h.uin^', 
by his fiither's death, come into |,os-(--i(iii of a 
competency, and retired to tin' l^U: ol (iucni- 
sey. Though a famous comedian, he was a 
confirmed livpochondriac. — IVood's RecoUcc- 
tions of the Slarje. 

Blbdget, Samuel, remarkable for enter- 
prise, b. Woburn, Ms., Apr. 1, 1724; d. Ha- 
verhill, Ms., Sept. 1, 1807. He was engaged 
in the exped. against Louisbnrg in 1745, and 
was before the Revol. a judge of C. C. P. for 
Hillsborough. Having in 1783, by a machine 
of his own invention, raised a valuable cargo 
from a ship sunk near Plymouth, he went to 
Europe to undertake similar enterprises, but 
met with discouragements in Spain and in Eng- 
land, where he proposed to raise " I'lic Ruyal 
George." On his return in 1791. he com- 
menced the manufacture of duck, and in 1793 
removed to N. H., and began the construction 
of the canal, which bears his name, around 
Amoskeag Falls. 

Blondin, M., 6.milr Gravelet (his true 
name), was b. France, ab. 1830. In 1855, he 
was engaged by Wm. Niblo to perform with 
the Ravel troupe in New York, and was subse- 
quently part proprietor of a circus. June 30, 
1859, he accomplished the wonderful feat of 
crossing the Niagara River on a tight-rope, 
and has since performed feats still more as- 
tounding. 

Bloodworth, Timothy, statesman, d. 
near Washington, N.C., Aug. 24, 1814, a. 78. 
He wa.s 30 vcars a member of the N. C. Icgisl,; 
member of the Continental Congress in 1 786-7 ; 
M. C. 1790 and 1791; U. S. senator, Ka.V 
1801, and afterward collector of tlie ])oit of 
Wilmington. He was brought n|) in poverty ; 

whechvri^ht, anil jmlithaan, I was one of the 

kindest an.l musi , h ii iivlil.- i>f men. 

Bloomfield, .I'isi ill. -t.it. ^nan and sol- 
dier, b. Woodbiidge. -\.J.; d. Burlington, 
N.J., Oct. 3, 1823. He studied law until the 
breaking-out of the War of Indepemlence ; was 
'made a capt. in Dayton's rcgt. (3d N.J.) in 
1776, and served through the war, attaining 
the rank of major. He was subsequently atty.- 
gen. of the State; was gov. in 1801-12; was 
brig.-gen. during the War of 1812-15 ; M.C. 
1817-21 ; and was chairman of a select commit- 
tee on Revol. pensions. He was a firm Repub. 
in politics, a brave soldier, and a sound legis- 
lator. 

Blount, Thomas, soldier and statesman of 
N.C, b. 1760; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 7, 
1812. Son of Jacob, member of the Provin- 
cial Assemblies of 1775-6, from Newbern ; 



BLO 



99 



brother of Wm. and Willie. He volunteered 
in the Revol. army at 16 ; became dep. paym.- 
gen. In 1780, and, with the rank of raaj., com. 
a batt. of N.C. militia at the battle of Eutaw 
Springs. He became a maj.-gen. of militia ; 
and was M. C. in 1793-9, 1805-9, and in 
1811-12. 

Blount, William, statesman, b. N. C, 
1744; d. Knoxville, Tenn., March 21, 1800. 
He was a delegate from N C. to the Old Con- 
gress in 1782, 3, 6, and 7 ; member of the assem- 
bly from Newbern in 1780 and 1784; a signer 
of the Federal Ccmstitution in 1787, and, in 
1790, was app. gov. of the Territory of Ohio. 
Chosen pres.of the convention to form the State 
of Tenn. in 1796, he was its representative in 
Congress, but was expelled in July, 1797, for 
liaving instigated the Ci'eeks and Cherokces to 
assist the British in conquering the Spanish 
territory in La. The proceedings against him 
increased his popularity in Tenn., and he was 
elected to the State senate, and chosen pros, 
of that body. 

Blount, Willie, Gov. of Tenn. from 1809 
to 1815; d. near ClarksviKr, Triin . S^|i(. 10, 
1835, a. 68. He was sco. lu h;, lim. Wiiliam 
while territorial gov. of iMno; iiiirmnds rr- 
moved to Montgomery Co., Tenn- ; ua< Mjon 
returned to the legisl.', and in lS.-i4 was in the 
convention that revised the State constitution. 

Blowers, Sa.mpson Salter, jurist, b. 
Boston, Mar. 22, 1742 ; d. Halifax, N.S., Oct. 
25, 1842. H. U. 1763. Grandson of Rev. 
Thomas B., minister of Beverly (1701-29). 
He studied law under Gov. Hutchinson. 
With Adams and Qiiincy, he was engaged as 
junior council in 1770 in the defence of the 
BrUish soldiers concerned in the " Boston Mas- 
sacre." Being a loyalist, he went to England 
in 1774, but returned in the spring of 1778 to 
his native city, and, aftera short imprisonment, 
went to Halifax, where he successfully pursued 
his profession until raised to the bench in 

1795. In 1785 was app. atty.-gen., and speak- 
er of the house of assembly; and in 1797 
chief-justice of the Supreme Court, having had 
for some years a seat in the council. In 18UI, 
ho became presiding judge, which office he re- 
signed in 1833. — Sabine. 

Blunt, Edmcnd, engineer, son of E. M , 
b. Newburyport, Ms., 23 Nov. 1799; d. Brook- 
lyn, N.Y., 2 Sept. 1866. At 17, he surveyed 
N.Y. harbor; until 1833, li,e was engaged in 
surveys of the W. Indies, Guatemala, and the 
coast of the U.S., on bis own account. From 
1832 to his death, he was 1st assist, on the U.S. 
coast survey. He introduced into the U.S. the 
^ Fresnel light, and invented the dividing engine. 
In 1855-6, hefurnished the points to determine 
the exterior line of N.Y. harbor. 

Blunt, Edmund March, nautical writer, 
b. Portsmouth, N.H., 20 June, 1770; d. Sing 
Sing, N.Y., 2 Jan., 1 862. He was a book-sell- 
er, and pub. the Newburyport Herald. In 

1796, he pub. his first "Coast Pilot," which 
is still in use, and which has been translated 
into most of the languages of Europe. He 
also pub. " Stranger's Guide to N.Y. City," 
1817, and numerous nautical books and charts. 

o <- Blunt, James G., maj.-gen. vols., b. Tren- 

' •^ /* ton, Me., 20 July, 1826. From 14 to 19 years 



of age, he was a sailor. Removing to 0., he 
grad. at the Sterling Medical Coll., Columbus, 
1849; practised in Darke Co., 0., until 1856; 
and then settled in Anderson Co., Kan., as a 
physician and farmer. He was a prominent 
leader in the free State party in 1856-7, and a 
member of the convention which formed the 
present constitution of the State. In July, 1861, 
he was made lient.-col. 3d Kan. vols. lie com. 
the cavalry of Gen, Lane's brigade, and, Apr. 
8, 1862, was app. brig.-gen., and assigned to the 
department of Kan. Oct. 22, 1862, he engaged 
a Confederate force at Maysville, near the N. W. 
corner of Arkansas, and totally routed it. Nov. 
28, 18G2, he attacked and drove Marmaduke's 
forces at Cane Hill, Ark. ; with Gen. Herron, 
defeated Hindman at Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 
and on the 27th and 28th defeated a body of 
rebels, and captured Van Buren, a fort on the 
Ark. River. In June, 1863, he was relieved 
from com. of the Kan. dep't, and took the field 
with the army of the frontier. July 16, 1863, 
he defeated Gen. Cooper at Honey Springs, 
near the Ark. River; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. 
Reside, in Leavenworth, Kan. 

Blunt, Joseph, lawyer and politician, son 
i<( F.duiiiiid M., b. Newburyport, Ms., Feb. 
1792: d. N.Y. City, June 16, 1860. He was 
first brought to notice by writing on the Mo. 
question in 1820. Soon after, he wrote for the 
A'. A. Remciu an article on the Laybacfa Cir- 
cular, which brought him into acquaintance 
with leading national men. He was long a 
leading Whig and protectionist, and was one 
of the first members of the Repub. party, and 
drew up the original resolutions of the Repub. 
State convention at Saratoga in 1854. Mr. 
Bhint declined the eommissionership to China 
offered him by Pres. Fillmore. He was district 
atty. not long before his death. He edited 
the American Annual Register, 1827-35. He 
pub. " Historical Sketch of the Formation of 
the American Confederacy," N.Y., 8vo, 1 825 ; 
" Speeches, Reviews, and Reports," 8vo, 1843 ; 
" Merchants' and Shipmasters' Assistant," 8vo, 
N. Y., 1829 and 1848. 

Boardman, George Dana, Bapti-st mis- 
sionary, b. Livermore, Me., Feb. 8, 1801 ; d. 
Burmah, Feb. 11,1831. Water. Coll. 1822. 
His father was a clergyman. He studied at 
the And. Theol. Sem.; was ord. at West Yar- 
mouth, Me., Feb. 16, 1825 ; m. Miss Sarah 
Hall, July 4, and on the 16th sailed for Cal- 
cutta, where he arrived Dec. 2. Acquiring the 
Burman language, he entered upon his labors 
at Maulmain in the latter part of May, 1827, 
and planted a mission which became the central 
point of all the Baptist missions in Burmah 
In Apr. 1 828, he established a mission at Tavoy, 
where he 800*1 afterwards baptized Ko-mah-byn, 
a Karen convert, whose labors were very snc- 
cesslill among his countrymen. In Feb. 1828, 
ho Wade a tour among the Karen villages with 
such success that he determined on a systematic 
course of itinerary labor. His exertions oc- 
casioned the loss of bis health ; and he was 
carried off by consumption. 

Boardman, Henrt Auo., D.D., clergy- 
man anil author, b. Troy, N.Y., 9 Jan. 1808. 
Y. C. 1829. Since 1833, pastor 10th Presb. 
Church, Phila. Chosen in 1853 to fill the chair 



100 



of pastoral theology at Princeton, he deelineil it. 
He has pub. " The Scriptural Doctrine of Ori- 
Kinal Sin," 1839; " Letters to Bisliop Doane 
on the 0.\for(l Tracts," 1841 ; "The l>ielatical 
Doctrine of the Apostolii a] Su . .;..ii V.\- 
amined," 1844; "ThelJili! ; 1 ilv." 

1851; "The Bible in tlir i )'i II : -." 

1853; some sermons, ami ,i .i,|i_iiiii] on 
Daniel Webster. — Oiii/ckwclc. 

Boernstein, Henry, journalist, b. Ham- 
burg, Germany, 4 Nov. 1805. His parents re- 
moved in 1813 to Lemberg, where he received 
at the U. a medical education. After serving in 
the Austrian army, he was some years con- 
nected with the stage in Vienna ; became man- 
ager of the German Opera at Paris in 1842, 
and a playwright, and came to the U. S. in Dee. 
1848. In Mar. 1850, he became pub. editor 
and proprietor of the Auzeiijer des Westeiis at 
St. Louis, one of the most influential German 
papers of the west. — Edimrd's Great West. 

Bogardus, James, inventor, b. Cat,<kill, 
N.Y., 14 Mar. 1800; apprenticed to a watch- 
maker, 1814 ; invented the Ring Flyer for 
cotton-spinning, 1828; a dry gas-meter, 
1832; an engraving machine, 1836; a 
machine for pressing glass ab. 1840, andm.iny 
other mechanical improvements. His factory 
in N.Y., constructed, in 1847, entirelv of iron, 
was thefirstcrcctedintheU. S. of that material. 
Another remarkable invention of his is the 
I)yromcter. 

Bogardus, Gen. Robert, near 50 years 
a practitioner at the N.Y. bar: d. N.Y. Citv, 
Sept. 12, 1841, a. 70. Col. 41st Inf from Jul"y 



29, 1 81. •I. 



?crt. 



)etess,b. N.Y. City; 
under the nom de 
\mens in Grisivold *s 



contrib. til i' \ , 
,,/«»«.•■ r..(^,- - 
Female Pvil.s ,•/ Ammni. 

BoggS, Charles Stcabt, rear-admiral 
U.S.N., b. Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 28, 1810. 
Nephew of Capt. James Lawrence, he entered 
the navy, Nov. 1, 1826; lieut. Sept. 6, 1837; 
was in " The Princeton " of Com. Conner's 
squadron during the Mexican war; was present 
at the siege of Vera Cruz ; com. boat exped. 
which destroyed " TheTruxton " after her sur- 
rendir to the Mexicans ; commander, Sept. 14, 
1853, and assigned by the sec. of the navy to 
the U.S. mail-steamer" Illinois," which he com. 
3 years He then became light-house insp. 
for California, Oregon, and Washington Ter- 
ritory. In 1 861 , he was ordered to the gunboat 
" Varuna " of Farragut's Gulf squadron. In 
the attack on the Mpi. forts, Apr. 18-24, ne 
destroyed 6 of the Confederate gunboats, but 
finally lost his own vessel after driving his an- 
tagonist ashore in flames. He returned to 
Wasliington as bearer of despatches ; was 
ordered to the command of the new sloop-of- 
war "Juniata ; " was promoted to the rank of 
capt. July 16, 1862; commoilore, July 25, 1866 ; 
com. steamer " Do Soto," N. Atl. sq'uad. 1867- 
8; rear-ad. n. July, 1870. 

Bohlea, Henry, brig-gen. vols., b. Ger- 
many ; killed in Va., Aug. 22, 1862. He came 
to Auier. yotmg, and settled as a liquor- 
merchant in Phila. In 1861, he became col. 
75th Pa. (German) vols., and was attached to 
Gen. Blenkcr's com. Made brig.-gen. of vols. 



Apr. 2S, 

Western Va., disting. himself at the battle of 
Cross Keys, June 8, and was specially com- 
mended for his services in the Shenandoah 
Valley under Gen. Sigcl. He covered the re- 
treat of the army of Va. across the Rappahan- 
nock, and fell while directing the movements 
of his brigade in a skirmish near that river. 
His son, who was on a visit to his native land, 
d. in Baden-Bailen on the same day with his 
father. 

Boker, Geouge Henry, dramatist and 
poet, b. Phila., 1823. N. J. Coll. 1842. He 
studied, but never practised law. After a tour 
in Europe, he returned to Phila., and, in 1847, 
pub. " The Lesson of Lite and other Poems." 
He has also written " Calaynos," a tragedy, 
1848, successfully performed in Lomlon ; 
"Anne Boleyn," " Leonor de Guzman," 
"Francesca da Rimini," "The Betrothal," 
" The Widow's Marriage," a comedy, and 
some minor poems, " War Lyrics,"' All the 
World a Mask." " Konigsmark and otlier 
Poems," and " Plays and Poem.s," 2 vols. 

Bolivar y Ponte (lio-lce'-var c pon'-ta), 
Simon, the •■libcritor" of Colombia, b. Ca- 
racas, Jnlv 24, 17S3; d. San Pedro, near 
Santa Martha, Dec. 17, 1830. Of a wealthy 
Creole family, lie was educated at Madrid and 
Paris. He returned from a second visit to 
Kurope in 1809, and, in 1810. was sent by the 
Revolatinnists on a mi'^sinn To ptifrha^c arms, 
andsoliiit tin- piMtrctiMii i.f liii- l!riti-h Covt. 
In S.'i.t. |s|l, Mnaihhi. tl.r i-i-iir-nt chief, 

of Puerto Cabello, the .siio„g,-,t liotress of' 
Venezuela. In Jan. 1813, be headed an 
exped. at Cartbagena against Venezuela, 
which in a short time left to the Spaniards 
only the fortress of Puerto Cabello. The vic- 
tories of Boves, however, soon changed the 
aspect of affairs. Bolivar who had been made 
dictator, was defeated by Boves, Aug. 8, 1814 ; 
distrust and dissension ensued among the repub- 
licans; and Bolivar returned to New Granada, 
where he was mtide com. -in-chief; hut his mili- 
tary operations were unsuccessful, and on the 
arrival of Morillo with Spanish re-enforce- 
ments, March 25, 1815, Bolivar fled to Ja- 
maica. In concert with Louis Brion, he under- 
took an exped. April 16, 1816, .against Vene- 
zuela, and by July 20, 1817, tiie Spaniards 
had evacuated the whole of the provinces. 
Nevertheless, by the end of May, 1818, he had 
lost a number of battles, and ail the provinces 
lying north of the Orinoco. The convening 
of a national Congress, and the aid of foreign- 
ers, again turned the scale. He was made pres. 
of Venezuela in Feb. 1819, and in Aug. 
entered Bogota in triumph. In June, 1821, 
he gained the victory of Carabobo. The Re- 
publics of Venezuela and New Granada hav- 
ing united, under the name of the Republic of 
Colombia, in 1821, Bolivar was elected pres. 
In 1823, he went to the assistance of the 
Peruvians, aided them in establishing their 
independence, and was rewafded with supreme 
authority, which he resigned in Jan. 1825. Ill 
1825, he was declared perpetual protector of 
Bolivia ; for which State he framed a constitu- 
tion, giving to the pres. for life irresponsible 



101 



,ll.l.-C 



powers. Tlie pu 
in question ; iind 
at a perpcliMl ili -utursliii) Pauz, the Vicc- 
Pres. ot Veiiuzuela, revolted, secretly insti- 
gated, it is said, by Bolivar, who led his body- 
guard and 1,800 Peruvians ayainst the rebels. 
When they met, he contirmed Paez in his com., 
rebuked the friends of the constitution, and 
assumed dictatorial powers, Nov. 23, 182C. 
In Dec. 1826, he was declared pres. for life of 
Peru, which had adopted the Bolivian code. 
His aim was the erection of the whole of S. 
America into one republic, with himself as its 
dictator. The Colombian troops in Peru hav- 
ing revolted. Gen. Lamar was made pres. of 
Peru, and, driving out the Colombians, waged 
a successful war a^'Miiist Colombia; and the 
Congress of OiMua, . i.iuoki ,1 by Bolivar with 
a view to raodity iIh . niivnmn.iii in favor of 
his arbitrary puwr., m Mu.h, 1S2S, came to 
naught. Paez liai m- i. m |,i i<ri| at the head 
of Venezuela, un I : . n i . i, Ij.iving broken 
out in several |il.i I; -i-nedforthe 

5th time in Jan. I ■ - .;ii accepted the 

presidency, and, \i i ' i. imtered Mara- 

caibo; bt"it, bLiii,- : , i , L'aez with a 

strongforce, heliui : i _ . ,, A|Md27, 1830. 
Bolivar is repifM ho , a. a . ...ulandan un- 
skilful general ; but h.o stiwc^o ill .■-ecuring the 
independence, and in ably organizing three 
great republics, entitle him to distinction 
among the founders of States. 

BoUan, Willi a ji, agent of Ms. in Eng. ; 
d. there in 1776. He was bred to the legal 
profession; came to Boston, ab. 1740, with Gov. 
Shirley, whose dau. he m. in 1743. He was 
conspicuous for talent and integrity. In 1745, 
when he had just received the app. of collector 
of customs for Salem and Marblehead, he was 
sent to Eug. as agent to solicit a re-imburse- 
ment of the expenses incurred in the exped. 
against Cape Breton. After 3 years' labor, he 
at last succeeded in obtaining a full repayment 
of the expenditure, £183,649. He was again 
sent to Eng. as agent, but was dismissed in 
1762. In 1769, he obtained from Alderman 
Beckford copies of 33 letters, from Govs. Ber- 
nard and Gage, calumniating the inhabitants of 
Boston, which he sent to Ms., being then in 
the employ of the council ; and this act, for 
which he was denounced in parliament by Lord 
North, restored his popularity hero. In 1775, 
he exerted himself in recommending concilia- 
tory measures to the mother-country ; and John 
Hancock declared in the house of representa- 
tives, that there was no man to whom the Col- 
onies were more indebted. He pub. " Impor- 
tance and Advantageof Cape Breton truly stat- 
ed," Lond., 1746; " Colonise Anglicanas lUns- 
trata,"' Lond., 1762 ; " Ancient Rigiits to the 
Amer. Fishery examined ami stated," Lond., 
1764 ; " Freedom of Speech and Writing upon 
Public Affairs considered," Lond., 1770; "A 
Petition to the King in Council, Jan. 26, 1774, 
intended to promote the Harmony of Great Bri- 
tain and her Colonies." This petition he of- 
fered as agent for Ms. 

Bollmaa, Ekic, M.D., memorable for his 
efforts lor the escape of Latayette from the 
Austrian prison of Olmutz, b. Hoya, Hano- 
ver, 1769; d. Jamaica, Dec. 9, 182'l. After 



studying medicine at Gottingen, he practised 
at Carlsriihe and in Paris, where he became an 
actor in the Uevol., aiding Count Narbonne to 
escape to London. In 1794, aided by Col. 
Francis Hnger, of S. C, he attempted the lib- 
eration of L.ifayctte. Tliey rescued him from 
the guard, Nov. 8, but, losing their way, were 
captured. For this attempt, he was imprisoned 
one year, and then banished. Emi^^rating to 
Amer., he applied himself to mercantile and 
scientific pursuits, especially cbimi^try and 
political economy; was implicated in Aaron 
Burr's conspiracy in 1806; returned to Europe 
in 1814, and attended the Congress of Vienna. 
He afterwards visited S. America. He wrote 
"Paragraphs on Banks," 1810; "Improved 
System of the Money Concerns of the Union," 
1816; " Strictures on the Theories of M. Ri- 

BoltOn, WlLLAM COMPTON, capt. US.N., 
b. Eng.; d. Genoa, 22 Feb. 1849. Midship- 
man, 20 June, 1806 ; lieut. 4 Jan. 1813; mas- 
ter com. 28 Mar. 1820; capt. 21 Feb. 1831. 
His orii^inal name, Wm. Bolton Finch, was 
changed by act of Congress, 14 Jan. 1833. 
He com. '"' The Vincennes " in 1829-30, and 
the Medit. squad, in 1848-9. 

Bomford, Geokge, col. of ordnance, U. 
S.A., b. N. Y., 1780 ; d. Boston, Mar. 25, 1848. 
West Point. Lieut, of engineers, 1805; was 
made capt. 23 Feb. 1808; inaj. July 6, 1812; 
inventor of bomb cannon, called " Columbi- 
ads," used in the War of 1812, afterward in- 
troduced with slight modification, in the French 
service, by Gen. Paixhan, and called " Paix- 
hanGuns;" brev. lieut.-col. Dec. 22, 1814, and 
col. of ordnance, May 30, 1832. He won dis- 
tinction in the War of 1812, his skill and in- 
ventive talent being of great use ; he being al- 
most the only one well informed in the manuf. 
of ordnance in the U.S. — Ctdlum. 

Bomford, James V., son of Col. George, 
b. N. Y. West Point, 1832. Capt. 4 Mar. 
1845; brev. maj. for gallantry in battles of 
Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847, in 
the stormiiig-party, and brev. lieut.-col. for 
Molino del Rey, 8 Sept 1847, and disting. 
at Chapultepec; maj. 6th Inf. Oct. 17, 1860, 
lieut.-col. I6th, Jan. 10, 1862 ; col 8tli Inf. 
May 18, 1864. Chief of staff to Gen. McCook, 
at the battle of Perryville, for which brev. 
col. 8 Oct. 1862.— CV/«m. 

Bonaparte, Charles Lccies Jdles 
Lauklnce, prince of Canino and Musignano, 
an eminent ornithologist, eldest son of Lucicn, 
bro. of Napoleon Bonaparte, b. Paris, May 
24, 1803 ; d. there July 30, 1857. A.M. of N.J. 
Coll. 1825. During the revol. of 1848, he was 
one of the leaders of the repub. party at Home, 
and in 1849 was vice-pres. of the constituent 
assembly. During his residence in the U.S., 
he pub. a continuation, in 4 vols., of Wilson's 
Ornithology, " Observations on the Nomencla- 
ture of Wilson's Ornithology " in the Journal 
of the Acad, of Phila., "A Synopsis of the 
Birds of the U.S. " for the " Annals of the Ly- 
ceum of N.Y.," and " A Catalogue of Birds of 
the U.S.," in the Contribuiions of the Maclu- 
rian Lyceum of Phila., besides numerous arti- 
cles on ornithology in the same journals. His 
principal work is " /conojrafia della Fauna Ital- 



BON 



102 



ica," 3 vols., fol., Rome, 1835-45. He has also 
contrib. to various si'ieniilic journals. — See 
Memoirs of, Wfilten ly himself, N.Y., 1836. 

Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon, son of 
Jerome (Napoleon's bro.) ami Elizabeth, dau. 
of Wm. Patterson, merchant of Baltimore. 
B. En{j., July 7, 1805 ; d. Baltimore, June 17, 
1870. H.U. 1826. His mother, who had m. 
Jerome on his visit to Amer. as eapt. of a fri- 
gate, in Due. 1803, and who was abandoned 
by hira on account of Napoleon's displeasure 
at the match, returned to the U.S. during his 
boyhood, and he was reared in Baltimore. Ho 
, studied, but never practised, law. Early in life, 
rv> r-jlJl ' li^ ™- Susan Maty, dau. of Benjamin Wil- 
^ V*^ '^A, liams of Roxbury, Ms. He resembled Napo- 
C leon, more than either of his own brothers did, 
*" in the shape of the head, regularity of features, 
and the dark eyes of peculiar tint which char- 
acterized the emperor. He had two sons, Je- 
rome and Charles Joseph. 

Bond, George Phillips, director of the 
Cambridge Observatory, and Phillips Prof of 
astronomy, H.U., from 1859 to his d. Feb. 17, 
1865, b. Dorchester, Ms., May 20, 1825. H.U. 
1845. Son of Wm. Cranch Bond. Memberof 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and an astron- 
omer of the highest rank. He received from 
the Royal Astron. Soc, London, a gold med- 
al for his great work on the Donati Comet. 
Author of papers on the Rings of Saturn, on 
the Orbits of Hyperion, on the Nebula of An- 
dromeda, on Stellar Photography, &c. 

Bond, Henry, M.D., physician and 
genealogist, b. Watertown, Ms., March 21, 
1790; d. Phila., May 4, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 
1813. Grandson of Col. Wm. Bond of the 
Revol. army, who d. near Ticonderoga, 31 Aug. 
1776. He studied medicine, settled first in 
Concord, N.H., and in Nov. 1819, in Phila., 
where he resided till his death. He was iJie 
author of many valuable papers on professional 
subjects, and contrib. largely to mc<lical and 
other journals ; was a member of numerous his- 
torical and other societies, and of religious and 
charitable associations, and was several years 
pres. of the Phila. Board of Health. Besides his 
high reputation as a physician, he obtained that, 
also, of being a successful and thorough gene- 
alogist. In 1855, he pub. his " Genealo^^ies 
and History of Watertown, Ms.," unrivalled 
among works of its kind. — See N. E. Hist, 
and Geneal. Reg. xiii, 174. 

Bond, SuADRACH, gov. of 111. 1818-22, 
b. Md. ; d. Kaskaskia, 111., 13 Apr. 1832. An 
early emig. to III. ; many years a disting. 
member of the territ. legisl ; deleg. to Con- 
gress, 1811-15, and, in 1815, app. receiver of 
public moneys. 

Bond, Thomas Emerson, M.D., D.D., 
Meth.-Ep. clergyman, b. Baltimore, Feb. 
1782 ; d. N.Y., March 19, 1856. Engaged in 
practice in Baltimore, he rapidly rose in the 
profession, and was called to a chair in the 
Med. Coll. of Md , which he filled until de- 
clining health obliged hira to resign. He 
united himself early with the M. E. Church, 
and filled, for many'years, the office of a local 
preacher. During what was termed the " Rad- 
ical Controversy," he edited the Itinerant, de- 
fending with much ability the polity of his sect. 



For 12 years, he conducted the Christian Advo- 
cate and ,/oarna/, its leading official organ, earn- 
ing the title of " Defender of the Church." 

Bond, William Cranch, astionumcr, b. 
Portland, Me., Sept. 9, 1789; d. Camliridge, 
Ms., Jan. 29, 1859. While an apprentice to 
his father, a watchmaker, he showed a love tor 
astronomy, and at an early age established a 
private observatory atDorrlR'^ter. In \x\'i, he 

went to Europe, and c.xcc utnl a ,. li.^-ion 

from H.U. for a couteni|il,it>^l dli-nwi! iv. In 
1838, he was app. by the U.S. (,mu. in,,,iMluct 
a series of astronomical ami luctcoiu.ugical 
observations in connection with the exploring 
exped. then fitting out. In 1839, he was app. 
superintendent of the erection of the observatory 
of H.U., of which he became director. He 
ranked among the greatest astronomers of his 
time. He pub. " Result of Astron. Observ. in 
1832-.3,"4to, Camb., 185.5. In 1842, the honor- 
ary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by 
H.U.; and he was a member of the Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences, of the Philos. Soc, and of the 
Royal Astronomical Soc. of London. 

Bonham, Milledge L. , gen. C.S.A., b. 
S.C., ab. 1815. S.C. Coll. 1834. He studied 
law ; was adm. to the bar at Columbia in 1837, 
and settled at Edgefield, C.H. Served in Mex- 
ico at the head of a batt. of S C. troops ; was 
solicitor for the Southern Circuit, from 1848 to 
1850; and was M.C. from 1856 until the with- 
drawal of the members from S.C, — Dec. 24, 
1860, after the secession of that State. App. 
maj.-gen. of the S.C. troops, and afterward 
brig.-gen in the Conled. army, and took part 
in the battles of Blackburn's Ford and Bull 
Knu. Being elected to the Conlederate Con- 
gress, he withdrew from the army ; gov. of S.C. 
1862-4, and then resumed his military position, 
which he held at the time of Lee's surrender. 

Bonner, Robert, proprietor of the N. Y. 
Ledger, b. Londonderry, Ireland, ab. 1820, of 
Scotch Presb. ancest. While a lad in the 
printing-office of the Hartford Courant, he could 
set up more type in a day than any man in the 
State. He went to N.Y. City in 1844; pur- 
chasing the Ledger, an obscure sheet, he 
brought it to the high position it now occujiies, 
by engaging Fanny Fern, Edw. Everett, II. W. 
Beecher, and other eminent writers, as contrib- 
utors. By industry and sagacity, he has ac- 
quired a large fortune, and has made the Ledger 
the foremost weekly paper in the world. 

Bonneville (bon'-vel), C. de, a French 
engineer, b. Lyons, ab. 1710 ; d. ab. 1780. He 
was a capt. of engineers, and after serving in 
Prussia, and being iiii|irisoned some time in 
the F'ortivss of Spandaii, was employed in the 
war agiiiiist the En;^ish, terminated by the 
peace of 1763. While in America, he turned 
his attention to the study of the productions of 
this part of the world, as well as the manners 
of its inhabitants, and pub., in 1771, " l>e 
I'Ame'riijue i-t des Ame'ricains," &c. Bonneville 
was the author of several other works — Nouv. 
Bio;/ Univ. Siippt. 

Bonneville, Benjamin L. E.,brev. brig.- 
gen. U S. A., b. Tenn. West Point, 1815. . 
Lieut, of artillery, Dec. 11, 18ir> ; assist, com- 
missary of subsist. Oct. 1813; capt. 14 Oct. 
1825 ; maj. 6th Inf. July 15, 1845 ; com 



103 



that iv^'t. in till' V;illev of Jlexico ; brev. lieut.- 
col. fell CnntMiM, ;uk1 Cliiirubusco, Aug. 20, 
18-t;. ill uhi'li 111 11.1^ woundeJ; lieut.-col. 4th 
Inf. -M.iv :, l-iJ, rol. 3d Inf. Feb. 3, 18.55; 
com. Ill ihu GiU c.\pcd. in June, 1857; retired 
Sept. 9, 1861 ; made brev. brig.-gen. March 13, 
1865. Author of a Journal of an E.^ped. to the 
Rocky Mountains, edited by Washington Ir- 



Bonnycastle, Charles, mathe 
U. Wuolwich, Kw^., 1792; d. at tlie U. of Va., 
(.let. 1S40. Jobn, liis father, was prof of math- 
ematics at the .Military Acad, of Woolwich, 
and was assisted by his son in the preparation 
of several elementary books on mathematical 
subjects, occasioually writing articles for the 
encyclopaedias and for periodicals. App. first 
prof, of natural philosophy in the tJ. of Va., 
he arrived in the U.S. in' Feb. 1825, and, in 
1827, he was, at his own request, transferred to 
the chair of mathematics. Author of a treatise 
on Inductive Geometry, and several memoirs 

Bonnyeastle, Sir Richard Henry, bro. 
of the preceding, b. 1791 ; d. 1848. He served 
at Flushing in 1809, in Canada in 1812-15; 
became eapt. of royal en;^ineers in 1825; was 
com. engineer in Canada West, from 1837 to 
1839 ; was knighted for services in the defence 
of Kingston, Canada, in 18.i7; was com. en- 
gineer In Newfoundland, and in 1848 was made 
lieut.-col. He is the author of " The Canadas 
in 1841," " Canada as it Was, Is, and May 
Be," &c , and " Spanish America," Loud., 2 
vols., ISIS. — Mori/an. 

Bonpland (bOn'-plon'), Aime, a French 
traveller and naturalist, b. La Rochelle, Aug. 
22,1773; d. Santa Aiia in Uruguay, 11 May, 
1858. While a medical student, lie was, for 
a short time, a surgeon in a man-of-war. At 
Paris, he became the pupil of Corvisart, and 
the friend and fellow-student of Humboldt, 
whom he accomp. in the scientific journey 
described in Humboldt's " Voyage to the 
Equinoctial Regions of the New World." 
After 5 years' absence, Bonpland presented his 
collections to the govt., and was rewarded with 
a pension. Made intendant of Malmaison, 
he devoted himself to the publication of his 
travels, but, on the death of the Empress Jose- 
phine, returned to Amer., reaching Buenos 
Ayres in 1816. Having set out on his travels 
to the Andes, he visited the old missions of 
the Jesuits in ParaL;uay, wheie he was arrested 
by the agents of the dictator Francia, in 1821, 
who detained him in the country, and forced 
him to support himself by the practice of med- 
icine in an Indian village. He was released in 
Fei). 1831, afterward m. an Indian woman, 
and retired to a plantation near Borja in 
Uruguay. His "Nova Genera et Speciex Plan- 
tarum," 12 vols., folio (Paris, 1815-29), with 
700 colored plates, is one of the finest works 
ever printed. Author, also, of " Equinoctial 
Plants of Me.xico, Cuba," &c., 2 vols., fol., 140 
plates. 

Boomer, George Boardman, brii-gen. 
vols., b. Sutton, Ms., July 26, 1832; killed at 
Vick.sburg, Mpi., May 22, 1863. Son of Uev. 
Job Borden Boomer. Settled at an early age 
at St. Louis, as a bridge-builder. He laid out 



and p.trtly built the town of Castle Rock 
on the Osage River. As col. 22d Mo. Vols., 
he was present at the surrender of Island No. 
10, and, at the battle of luka, was disting.,and 



•wounded. At the battle of Chai 



npion 



Hills, near Vicksburg, he com. the 2d bn- 
gadeof Quinby's div., McPherson's corps, with 
such conspicuous gallantry, that he was highly 
recommended for promotion. Killed in a 
charge on the fortifications of Vicksburg. 

Boone, Daniel, pioneer settler of Ky., b. 
Bucks Co., Pa., 11 Feb. 1735; d. Charettc, Mo., 
26 Sept. 1820. His parents, who were English, 
removed to the Yadkin River, N. C, where 
Boone became a skilful hunter and woodsman. 
From Alay, 1769 to Mar. 1771, he was explor- 
ing thewi'ldsof Ky., whither, in Sept. 1773, he 
led a party of settlers. In June, 1774, he con- 
ducted a 'party of surveyors to the falls of 
Ohio, and, in the campaign against the Shaw- 
nees, defended against their attacks 3 frontier 
forts. In April, 1775, he built the fort where 
Boonesborough now stands, and repulsed sev- 
eral attacks made at various times by hostile 
Indians. 7 Feb. 1778, while making salt at 
the Licking River, he was captured, and taken 
to Detroit. Adopted into an Indian family at 
Chillicothe, he escaped, June 16, on learning 
of an intended attack on Btwnesborough, 
reaching the fort, 160 miles distant, in 4 
days. In 1780. he took part in the disastrous 
battle of the Blue Licks, where he lost his 
second son, and accomp. Gen. Clarke's exped. 
against Vincennes immediately afterward. In 
1795, having been deprived of the lands he had 
settled, in consequence of an imperfect legal 
title, he indignantly shouldered his rifle, and 
plunged into the forests of Missouri. Here a 
valuable tract of land in the Fcmme Osage 
district was given him for his services, which 
he also lost, because he would not go to New 
Orleans to complete his title. He had left 
Ky. in debt, but eventually obtained a valuable 
lot of peltry, turned it into cash, went on foot 
to Ky., paid every one whatever was demanded, 
and, returning home with half a dollar, said he 
was ready to die content. Notwithstanding 
his many Indian encounters, Boone was a 



in-law, Flanders Calloway. His portrait, by 
Chester Harding, is in the State House of Ky. 
An account of his adventures, by himself, was 
pub. in Filson's Supplement to Imlay's De- 
scription of the Western Terr., 1793. His son 
Nathan L., col. U.S.A.. served in the War of 
1812; d. Springfield, Mo., Jan. 18.57, a 75. 

Boone, William Jones, D.D., Prot.-Ep. 
missionary, bishop to Shanghai, China, b. 
S.C, 1811; d. Shanghai, July 17, 1864. He 
studied law, then theology, at the sem. at Alex- 
andria, Va., and, in Jan! 1837, went as a mis- 
sionary to China. Consecrated bishop, 26 Oct. 
1844. Having a thorough knowledge of Chi- 
nese langu:ige and literature, he tr.inslated the 
prayer-book in 1846, and was selected to 
review the translation of the Bible, in which 
he dispLiyed great ability and learning. 

Booth, Edwin F., actor, son of the cele- 
brated J. B. Booth, b. on his father's farm, 
near Baltimore, Md., in Nov. 1833. He was ed- 



acated fui- 
on his star 
ingsmall | 
pea ranee a 



with his father 
■asionaily play- 
first regular ap- 
,Sept. 10,1849, 
ri 1851,011 oeca- 
dok his place, 
1 Theatre, N.Y. 
ra-e.lfur ••titi:- 



and ill IS.')? appeared as Kicliard at Burton's 
Theatre, N.Y. In Nov. 1860, when he played 
at this theatre, under its new name of the 
" Winter Garden," he achieved that high posi- 
tion on the stage which lie now holds. He 
made a professional visit to Eng. in the sum- 
mer of 1861, played at the Hayinarket, studied 
his artoneyearon the Continent, and letunie I 
to its practice in N.Y. in Sept. 1862. He has 
won high distinction in the character of Ham- 
let. In 1869, he erected on 2.3d St., N.Y., a 
magnificent theatre. His first wife, Mary 
Devlin, a danseuse, d. Dorchester, Ms, Feb. 
21, 1863. June 7, 1869, he m. Mary McVick- 
er, ii^e Runnion. 

Booth, James C, chemist, b. 1310. Prof, 
of applied chemistry in Franklin Institute; 
inciter and refiner in U.S. xMint., Phila. Has 
pnh. " Encyclopsediaof Chemistry," &.C., 18.50 ; 
" Recent Improvements in the Chemical Arts," 
1851, in the Smithsonian Reports. In both 
works, he was assisted by Campbell Morfit. 

Booth, John Wilkes, the assassin of 
President Lincoln, b. Harford Co., Md., 1839 ; 
d. April 26, 1865. Third son of the celelirat- 
ed actor. His early education was irregular, 
and deficient in moral training. In 1856, he 
went on the stage, where he was noticeable for 
beauty, grace, and physical strength, but be- 
came dissipated in his habits. From the out- 
break of the Rebellion, he was a violent seces- 
sionist, so tnii'-h sn tlint his hrother Edwin, the 
tragedian, fMiiil inn 'i'- house. He with- 
drew from ili III 1864. for the pur- 
pose, as is Mij. I ling the crime he 
afterward pcriiLiuiicil , l.uicd in an attempt to 
abduct Mr. Lincoln early in 1855, and failed 
again in the attempt to murder him on theday 
of his inauguration. Enlarging his scheme to 
includethe principal membersof the cabinet, the 
vice-prcs., and the lieut.-gen., he trained several 
accomplices, who all failed ; though Mr. Seward 
and his son were saved from death almost by 
miracle. On the evening of April 14, after 
firing the fatal shot at Mr. Lincoln, at Ford's 
Theatre, Booth leaped from the box" to the 
stage ; and, his spur catching upon the flag 
which draped the front of the President's box, 
he fell upon the stage, and fractured one of the 
bones of the leg, but, springing up, he flourished 
a knife, and shouting, " Sic semper tijninnis," 
fled by a private entrance, where one of his 
accomplices was holding a horse for him. 
With Harold, another accomplice, he rode 
near 30 miles, to the houseof Dr. Mudd in Va., 
where his broken limb was set. Mudd aided 
his escape southward ; and he crossed the Rap- 
pahannock at Swan Point, making his way 
with great dificulty to Garrett's Farm, ab. 20 



miles below Fredericksburg. Here Col. Bak- 
er, with a squad of detectives, found hiin on 
the night of April 25 ; and, refusing to sur- 
render, he was shot. 

Booth, Junius Brutus, the greatest of 
American tr.agedians, b. London, May 1, 1796 ; 
d. on the passage from N. Orleans to Cincin- 
nati, T)n: 1, 18.')-:. His father was an atty., 
lii,!ii..,l, r I liii. il .i.-oiHlaiit ,if J.jIhi Wilkes. 
.\t!' r hi; , ,; i. ::- a: m .iiiuiis, he joined a 
.ir.iiliii, . . r I .; ii|ii,raiva at Pcckham, 
S'pi. I;, 1^1 I I- I IT. i!'... Ill " Tiie Honev- 



Afte 



London, and at I In i : , i i i i 1 lir made his 
c/ebul at Covent i. i n I ' i , London, as 
Richard III. Hi.; i- ii- a f the char- 
acter was so striking, that he competed success- 
fully with the famous Edmund Kean. The 
managers of Drury Lane induced him to act 
there in the same plays with Kean ; but when, 
after a few nights, he was again announced at 
Covent Garden, his appearance was the signal 
for a serious theatrical riot, which resulted in 
driving him, for a time, from the London stage. 
July 13, 1821, he made his first appearance in 
the'U.S., at Petersburg, Va., and, Oct. 5, at the 
Park Theatre, N.Y., in his favorite character 
of Richard. From that time until the close of 
his life, he acted in nearly every theatre in the 
U.S., and in spite of his irregular habits, which 
sometimes interfered with the performance of 
his engagements, enjoyed an extraordinary 
popularity. In 1824, he bought a fiirm in Bel 
Air, 30 niiles from Baltimore, where he lived 
in a retired and frugal manner, selling his eggs 
and butter in that city. In 1825, he visited 
Eng., opened at Drury Lane as Brutus, and 
revisited it in 1836. His last appearance was 
at the St. Charles, N. Orleans, Nov. 19, 1852, 
as Mortimer and John Lump. He had just 
returned from a lucrative tour to Cal. when he 
died. His range of characters was confined 
almost exclusively to those which he had stud- 
ied in the beginning' "f his iMr.cr. In that of 
Richard, after the ■! ti, i.i K ni li<> had no 
rival. Among hi- < i: ilar person- 
ations were lagu, hii I II, I, :,, nil, Peseara, 
Lear, Shylock, Uaiiiiet. ..n.l .Su I.Jmnnd Mor- 
timer. In his peculiar sphere, — the sudden 
and nervous expression of concentrated pas- 
sion, — as also in the more quiet and subtile 
passages of hisdelineations, he exercised a won- 
deiful sway over his audience. His voice was 
singularly flexible and melodious, and suscepti- 
ble of the most exquisite pathos. He was, un- 
questionably, one of the greatest actors that 
ever lived. No animal food was permitted in 
his family, and ail animal life was sacred to 
him. He reverenced all lorms of religion and 
all temples of devotion ; never passing them 
without baring his head. Several of his chil 
dren inherited a portion of his dramatic talent; 
and one of them, Edwin, has attained an envi 
able position on the American boards. — See 
Life. Ill) his ilaiir,laei;N.Y.. IS66. 

Booth, Mrs. Mary H. C, poet, b. Ct., 
1831; d. N.Y. City, 11 Apr., 1865. She ra. 
an editor, with whom she svent to MiUvaukie, 
Wis., ab. 1850. She resided a few years in 
Zurich for the benefit of her impaired health, 
corresponding with some American papers and 



105 



BOS 



journals, and, in 18C4, pub. a vol. of poom<, 
'• Wayside Blossoms." Slie returned to N.V. 
in tliat year. 

Booth, Makt L , author and translator, b. 
Yaphauk, L.I., April 19, 1831. In 1845-6, 
she taught in her fathers' school at Williams- 
burg, L.I., but relinquished the pursuit on ac- 
count of ill health. Slie then became a con- 
trib. to various journals and magazines. She 
li IS translated inanv works from the French. 
In 1859, she pub. "A Hist, of the City of New 
York " She is at present engaged in tr.inslat- 
ing Henri Martin's " History of France." — 
Diiiickiiick. 

Borda, Jean Charles, a scientific Krcnch 
navigator, b. Dax, 4 May, 1733 ; d. Paris, 20 
Feb. 1799. He was a teacher of mathematics ; 
became a capt. in the French navy, and by his 
scientific knowledge was of great service to the 
Count H'Estaing during the Amer. war, in 
which he com. the" Solitaire "vfiih distinction. 
Made a member of the Acad, of Sciences in 
1756. In 1771, he made a voyage to Amer. 
for scientific purposes, and again in 1774, and 
at a later period, of which he pub. an account 
in 1778. He founded the School of Naval 
Architecture in France, invented nautical in- 
struments, was one of the scientific men who 
framed the French metric system, and pub. 
some treatises on hydraulics. Member of the 
French Institute. 

Borden, Slmeon, 



ivil engineer, b. Fall 
98; d. there Oct. 28, 
rerton.R.I., he studied 



J. 
1856. Brought up at Ti 
mathematics and geometry, as applied 
chanical combinations, and made himself one 
of the ablest practical mechanics of his day. 
BecoiTiing a surveyor, he made hisown survey- 
ing compass, took charge of a machine-shop in 
Fall River in 1828, and in 1830 devised and 
constructed for the State of Ms. an apparatus 
for measuring the base line of the trigonomet- 
rical survey of that State, of which he took 
charge in 1834-41. An account of it may be 
found in " The Amer. I'hil. Transactions," vol. 
ix., p. 34. He traced and marked the boundary 
lines between Ms. and R.I. ; also constructed 
several railroads, and pub. in 1851 " Formula 
for Constructing Railroads." In 1851, he sus- 
pended a telegraph-wire across the Hudson, 
irorn the Palisades to Fort Washington, upon 
masts 220 feet high. Member of the Acad, of 
Arts and Sciences, the Philos. Society, and 
other learned bodies. 

Bordley, John Beale, judge and agric. 
writer, b. Annapolis, Md., Feb. 11, 1727; d. 
Phila., Jan. 26, 1804. A lawyer by profession, 
he was prothonotary of Baltimore Co. in 
1753-66; judge of the Prov. Court in 1766, 
and of the Admiralty Court in 1767-76, and 
a commissioner to fix the boundary line be- 
tween Md. and Del. in 1768. He was one of 
the few who held seats in the Prov. councils 
of the time, who acquiesced in the Revol., and 
rejoiced in its accomplishment. Removing to 
Piiila. in 1793, he established ther.e the first 
agric. society in the U. S. Fond of husbandry, 
by his experiments upon his estate in Wye Is- 
land, in Chesapeake Bay, and by his writings, 
he was instrumental in diffusing a knowledge 
of the art. He pub. "Forsyth on Fruit-Trees, 



with Notes ; " " On Rotation of Crops," 1792 ; 
" Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural 
Affairs, with plates," 1799-1801 ; and " A View 
of the Courses of Crops in Eng. and Md.," 
1784. 

Borland, Solon, soldier and statesman, 
b. Va. ; d. in Texas, Jan. 31, 1864. Educated 
in N.C. Settled as a physician in Little Rock, 
Ark. Served in the Mexican war as maj. in 
Yell's cavid. ; made prisoner with Mnj. Gaines 
in Jan. 1847, and aide-de-camp to Gen. Worth 
in the battle of ElMoliiio, and up to the capture 
of the city of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847. U. S. 
senator from Ark. from 1849 to 1853, and 
was app. by Pres. Pierce minister to Central 
Amer. He also received from him the app. 
of gov. of the Territory of New Mexico, hut 
declined. An insult offered him in May, 1854, 
at San Juan de Nicaragua, was the principal 
causefor the bombardment of the town by Com- 
mander Hollins of the sloop-of-war "Cyane," 
July 13, 1854. He resumed practice at Little 
Rock, until the spring of 1861, when, long 
before the secession of the State, he raised a 
body of troops, and, Apr. 24, took possession 
of Fort Smith. He held the rank of brig.-gen. 
in the rebel army. 

Boscawen,' Edward, a Brit, admiral, b. 
Aug 14, 1711 ; d. Jan. 10, 1761. Capt. R.N. 
12 Mar. 1737. Having particularly disting. 
■himself at Portobello and at Carthagena, he 
was in 1744 promoted to " The Dreadnought " 
of 60 guns, in which he took " The Media." 
At the battle off Cape Finisterre in 1747, he 
signalized himself under Anson, and, being 
made a rear-admiral, was despatched in 1748, 
with a squadron, to the East Indies. Failing in 
an attempt on Pondieherry, he succeeded in 
making himself master of Madras, and, upon 
returning to Eng., took his seat at the admi- 
ralty board in 1751. In 1755, he sailed fur 
N. Amer., and, in an action with a Krcnch sqn.id- 
ron, captured two ships of the line. In 1758, 
he succeeded in reducing Louisburg and Cape 
Breton in conjunction with Gen. Amherst, who 
com. the land forces ; and in 1759, having 
then the com. in the Mediterranean, pursued 
the Toulon fleet under De la Clue through the 
Straits of Gibraltar, and, coming up with it in 
Lagos B.ay, completely defeated it, burning 
two ships, and taking three. The thanks of 
parliament, and £3,000 a year, with the rank 
of gen. of marines, was the reward of these 
services. M. P. 1743-61. 

Bostwiok, David, Presb. divine, b. New 
Milfbrd, Ct., Jan. 8, 1721 ; d. N Y. Citv, Nov. 
12, 1763. A. M. of N.J. Coll. 1756. John, his 
grandfather, came from Cheshire, Eng., to 
Stratford, Ct., ab. 1668. After teaching in an 
acad. at Newark, N.J., he was pastor of the 
church at Jamaica, L. I., from Oct. 9, 1745, to 
May, 1756, and of the Presb. church in N.Y., 
from 1756 till his death. He was a man of 
great eloquence. He pub. a sermon, " Self 
disclaimed, and Christ exalted," 1758; a 
" Life of President Davies," prefixed to his 
sermon on the "^Death of George II." 1761 ; 
and a " Vindication of Infant Baptism," repub. 
Lond., 1765. — S/mi/jue. 

Bostwick, Helen Looise (Barrow), 
poet, b. Charlestown, N.H., 1826. Dau. of Dr. 



106 



BOXJ 



Tutnam B;irrow ; removed to 0. in 183S; m. 
therein 1844; resides at Kaveiiiia, 0. Long 
a contrib. to literary journals. A vol. of her 
poems has been pub. ' 



N.Y., entitled " Buds 
;,'• — Poets and Poctr. 



Blossoms, and 
of the West. 

BOSSU, F., a French traveller, b. Bai'rneux- 
les-juifs, ab. 1725. Capt. in the navy, he was 
one of the first travellers who explored La. 
He made three journeys in this country by 
order of his government, and pub. an account 
of his discoveries, in two works, entitled 
*' Nouvenux Voyatjesaux Indies Orrlrlrntnl' ,c," ctr. 
Paris, 1768, translated into Enuli-!i l-y 1. 1'.. 
Forster, with the title of " Trav.l- thi.niiili il.at 
Part of North America formtMlvr.illi.il Limh.m- 
ana, Lond., 1771 ; and •' Nom-eanx V,i,/wi<-s 
dans VAingrique Septentrionate," Amsterdam, 
1777, 8vo. 

Botetourt, Norbonne Berkeley, Bar- 
on de, one of the last and liest of the royal 
governors of Va., b. ah. 17.34; d. Williams- 
burg, Va., Oct. 15, 1770. Son of John Svmes 
Berkeley ; was col. of the N. Gloucestershire 
militia in 1761 ; represented that shire in par- 
liament, and in 1764 was raised to the peer- 
age. Having ruined himself by gaming, he 
became, says Junius, " a cringing, bowing, 
fawning, sword-bearing courtier." In July, 
1768, he was made gov. of Va. Instructed to 
assume more dignity than was usual with 
colonial governors, he paraded the streets of 
Williamsburg with guards, a coach, and other 
insignia of vice-regal pomp. The Va. Assem- 
bly, having in 1769 passed resolutions against 
parliamentary taxation, and the sending ac- 
cused persons to Eng. for trial, was dissolved 
by him. He was deeply mortified by the wid- 
ening of the breach between Eng. and the 
Colonies, and soon after d. of disea.se aggravated 
by mental suffering. In 1774, a statue was 
erected to his memory by the Assembly. He 
was a warm friend to William and iUary Coll. 
and was extremely partial to literary men. 

Botta, Anne Charlotte (Ltnch), poet- 
ess, b. Bennington, Vt. Her father, one of the 
United Irishmen of '98, was banished for life, 
and came to Amer. Miss Lynch, who was 
educated at Albany, began early to contrib. to 
literary journals ; pub. at Providence, in 1841, 
" The R.I. Book," and soon after removed to 
N. Y. Citv. A coll. of her poems, illustrated 
by Durand, Darley, Huntington, Brown, and 
other artists, has been pub. Her prose contribs. 
to periodicals, consisting of essays, tales, and 
criticisms, are numerous. She was m. in 1855 
to Vincenzo Botta, nephew of the historian of 
America, formerly doctor of philosophy and 
divinity in the U. of Turin, member of the 
Sardinian parliament of 1849, and author of 
a work on public education, pub. under the 
patron.ige of that government ; author, also, 
of " Hand-book of Universal Literature." 

Botta, Carlo Gidseppe GncLiELMO, an 
Italian historian, b. San Giorgio Canavese, 
Piedmont, Nov. 6, 1766; d. Paris, Aug. 10, 
1837. He received a medical education at Tu- 
rin, and occupied his leisure in studying bota- 
ny, music, and literature. In 1 792, he was 
imprisoned, and put to the tortnre, on a politi- 
cal accusation, but, after 17 montlis' incarcer- 



ation, established his innocence, and was re- 
leased. He then went to France, served as a sur- 
geon in the Army of the Alps, then in that of 
Italv, and produced his first work, — apian of 

govt, fnr Lombardv. While stationed in 1796, 



M.in.l 
her u( I 
the Au 
He wei 
rank it 



lie wrote 
ion of the 
). a mem- 
nt, which 
Miinated. 
(1 to his 

of Italv. 



.\l,,i, 



<XiVIltiv,' ru„,,ni,Mn|, lur thc g.^Vt. of Picd- 

niiiiii, ami in that caijacitv piocurotl the release 
In,,,, |„ iM„i „l the i„an u Im had caused his own 
i,ii|„iM„,„n.„t and torture. He also aided in 
tin' c^lalili.^liinL'nt of a permanent fund for pub- 
lic instruction. When, in 1802, Piedmont was 
re-aiine.xed to France, he became a member of 
the administrative council, and in 1803 was the 
representative of the dept. in the deputation to 
Bonaparte. He then pub. his " Precis His- 
toriijtie de la Maison de Savoie et du Piemont." 
In 1804, he represented the dept. of the Dora in 
thelegisl. body,and thenceforth resided in Paris. 
In 1808 and '9, he was vice-pres. of the legisl. 
assemblv. On the fall of Napoleon, he retired 
to private lifc. In 1S15, he pub. -'11 Camilla 
o vcjo coiirjiiisliitn." an cjjic poem in 12 cantos. 
From 1817 to lSi-2, he was rector of the acad. 
of Rouen. His " History of Italv, from 1789 to 
1814," appeared in 1824. In 1830, he pub his 
" History of Italy, from 15.32 to 1789." His 
" History of the American Revel." was pub. 
in Paris in 1809, and was translated by G. W. 
Otis of Boston. It was long the best work on 
that suliject. 

Botsford, William, jurist, b. N. Haven, 
Ct., Apr. 1773; d. Sackville, N.B., 8 May, 
1864. Y.C. 1792. Amos, his lather, a lovalist, 
b. Newtown, Ct., 31 Jan. 1744; d. St. John, 
14 iMar. 1812 (Y. C. 1763). He was a law- 
yer, and was two years speaker of the N. S. 
assembly. The son was adin. to the l)ar in 
1795; was judge of Vice-Admiralty of N. B., 
1802-7; member of the assemblv, 1.'^I2-17; 
speaker, 1817-23 ; solicitor-gen. 18l'7-18J3, and 
was judge of the Supreme Court in 1823-46. 

BottS, John Minor, Whig politician, b. 
Dumfries, Prince Wm. Co., Va., 16 Sept. 1802; 
d. Richmond, Va., 8 Jan. 1869. He lost his 
parents at the burning of the Richmond Thea- 
tre in 1811. Adm. to the bar in 1820, he prac- 
tised 6 years, and then retired to a farm in Hen- 
rico Co. Prominent in the legisl. in 1833-9; 
M. C. 1839-43 and 1847-9; a supporter of 
Mr. Clay for the Presidency in 1844 ; afterwards 
attached himself to the Amer. party ; oppo.sed 
the repeal of the Mo. Compromise, and did his 
best to prevent the secession of Va., after which 
he retired to his farm, an object of hatred to 
his fellow-citizens. In Mar. 1862, he was taken 
at night, and kept in prison 8 weeks in solitary 
confinement. In 1866, he was prominent in 
the Southern Loyalists' Convention, and la- 
bored earnestly tor the early restoration of his 
State to the Union. After the war, he pub. 
" The Great Rebellion, its Secret History, &c." 

Boucher, Jonathan, Pr.-Ep. clergvman, 
b. Blencogo, Cumb. Co., Eng., 1738; d. Ep. 



BOU 



107 



sou 



som, 27 Apr. 1804. Hecame to Amcr. in 1754; 
was a private tutor some time ; afterward an 
Epis. clergyman at Hanover and St. Mary's 
Parisli, Va., until 1775, when, being a loyalist, 
his estates were confiscated, and lie went to 
Eng., wliere he was, until his d., vicar of Ep- 
som. He pub. in 1797 " A View of the Causes 
and Consequences of the Amer. Revol.," in 
13 discourses preached in N. A., 1763-75. Ho 
subsequently prepared a " Glossary of Provin- 
cial and Archseological Words," purchased of 
his family in 1831 for the proprietors of Web- 
ster's Dictionary. 

Boucher ( boo'-sha'), Pierre, gov. of Trois 
Kivieres, Canada, pub in 1664 an account of 
Canada, eiidiled "Hisloire Veritable ei Naturel If. 
des Mauis et Productions." He was sent to 
France to represent the temporal and spiritual 
wants of the colony, and lived nearly a cen- 
tury. 

Bouchette (boo-shSt'), Joseph, topogra- 
pher, b. Canada, 1774; d. Montreal, Apr. 9, 
1841. Son of Commo. B., who was disting. 
io the early operations of ihe war of the Revol. 
on the northern frontier. The son, in 1790, en- 
tered (he office of his uncle, Maj. Holland, sur- 
veyor-gen. of British N. A., to which office he 
succeeded in 1804. He served meanwhile in the 
prov. navy on the Lakes, and in the Roy. Cana- 
dian Vols"., until 1802. He was actively em- 
ployed in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. In 
Aug. 1814, he went to Eng. to pub. his topog. 
and geog. description of Canada, which ap- 
peared in 1816. While there, ho was app. sur- 
veyor-gen., under the treaty of Ghent, for estab- 
lishing the boundary between the British pos- 
sessions and the U. S. This labor occupied 
him during the years 1817 and 1818. During a 
second visit to Eng., he pub. "The British Do- 
minions in N. A.," 1831, the resultof ISyears' 
labor on the geography, topography, and sta- 
tistics of the country ; and " 'Topog. Diet, of 
Lower Canada," 4t6, 1832. 

Bouek, William C, statesman, b. Scho- 
harie Co., N.Y., 1786 ; d. there Apr. 19. 1859. 
He was early elected to town offices ; was app. 
shcriflf of the county, 1812; member of the 
State Assembly, 1813, '15, and '17; State sen- 
ator, 1820; canal commissioner, 1821-40; gov. 
of the State, 184-3-5; member of the Const. 
Conv. in 184G; and from 1846 to 1849 was 
assist, treasurer in N. Y. City. The last ten 
years of his life were devoted to agriculture. 

Boudinot, Ei.ias, LL.D. (Y. C. 1790), 
philanthropist, b. Phil.a., May 2, 1740; d. Bur- 
lington, N. J., Oct 24, 1821. Of Huguenot 
descent. He received a classical education, and 
studied law under Richard Stockton, whose 
sister he ra., and became eminent in his profes- 
sion. In 1776-9, he was commissary -gen. of 
prisoners, and in 1777 was elected a delegate 
to Congress, of which body he was chosen prcs. 
in 1782, and in that capacity signed the treaty 
of peace. Resuming the practice of law, he 
was M. C. 1789-95, and in 1796 succeeded Rit- 
tenhouse as director of the U. S. mint, which 
office he resigned in 1805. He devoted himself 
earnestly to tlie study of biblical literature, 
and, being possessed of an ample fortune, made 
liberal donations to various charitable and thenl. 
institutions. Ho was the first pres. of the Bi- 



ble Societv, which he assisted in creating in 
1816, and' to which he gave 810,000; was a 
member nf the Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions, to whom he gave jElOO ster- 
ling ; and was a trustee of Princeton Coll., in 
wliich he founded in 1805 the cabinet of natu- 
ral history, which cost S3,000. He was deeply 
interested in the effiirts to meliorate the con- 
dition of the Indians, to instruct the deaf and 
dumb, to educate youth lor the ministry, and 
to relieve the wants and miseries of the sick 
or suffering poor ; and his home was the seat 
of hospitality and benevolence. By his last 
will, he bequeathed his large estate principally 
to charitable uses. Dr. Boudinot pub. " The 
Age of Revelation," 1790; an Oration before 
the Society of the Cincinnati, 1793; "Second 
Advent of the Messiah," 1815 ; "Star in the 
West, or An Attempt to discover the Long-lost 
Tribes of Israel," 8vo, 1816, in which he con- 
curs with Adair in the opinion that the Indi- 
ans are the lost tribes. 

Bougainville (boo'-giln'-vel'), Louis An- 
TOINE, a French n.ivigaior, b. Paris, 11 Nov. 
1729; d. August 31, 1811. He studied for 
the bar, and was adm. a counsellor of the Par- 
liament of Paris. He paid particular attention 
to mathematics, and pub. in 1752 a work on 
the Integral Calculus. In 1753, he became 
aide-de-camp to Gen. Chevert. He then went 
to London as sec. of embassy, and was made 
fellow of the Royal Society. He afterwards 
served as aide-de-camp under the Marquis do 
Montcalm, in Canada, was sent to France in 
1758 to demand re-enforeements, and returned 
to Canada in 1759 a col. and a Knight of St. 
Louis. It was principally owing to his exer- 
tions in 1753. that 5,000 French withstood suc- 
cessfully an English army of 1 6,000 men. On 
the capture of Quebec, where ho distinguislied 
himself greatly, he returned home, and in 1760 
was aide-de-camp of Choiseul Stainvillc in Ger- 
Baany. Peace ensuing, he engaged in the naval 
service. In his voyage round the world in 
1766-9, pub. in 1771, he enriched geography 
with a great number of discoveries. He com. 
with distinction ships of the line in the Ameri- 
can war, disting. himself in all the engage- 
ments between the fleets of France and Eng. 
Ho was made commodore in 1779, and in 1780 
obtained further promotion. In the raemora- 



I'd 



ble defeat of De Grasse, " The Auguste," com. 
by Bougainville, suffered most severely, but 
maintained its station in the line to the last 
extremity, and by a judicious movement suc- 
ceeded in rescuing 8 sail of his own division, 
which he conducted safely to St. Eustace. He 
endeavored, ineffectually, to allay the disturb- 
ances at Brest in 1790, but at length retired 
from professional employment, after having 
served in the army and navy with great repu- 
tation for more than 40 years. In 1796, he was 
elected a member of the geog. section of the 
institute, and afterwards of the Bnrenit dts 
Louffitudes. He was made a senator on the cre- 
ation of tliat body, and afterwards a count of 
the empire. Commersan, who accompanied 
him in his voyaiie round the world, as botan- 
ist, gave In's name to a new genus of plants of 
the family of Nyctaginea, or night-blooming 
flowers. 



BOU 



108 



BOU 



Bouille (boo'-ya'), Francis Claude 
Amolr, Marquis de, a Fiuneh gen., b. 
Amergnc, Nov. 19, 1739 ; d. London, Nov. 14, 

ISOti. IK- c-iitcri'd L-arlv upuii a military career, 



tbc .\i:: ■ •, . , . i , , 1^ • I, M. i-U- 

statia, l\.:.i,<i, M I III i-i"|iii' r, .\i\i^, and 
Jloiit.-crrai, disiinj:. Iiimscil no less by liis mag- 
nanimitv than by his prowess. Ueturning to 
Palis alter the peace of 1783, he was app. a 
lieut.-<;eTi., and after travelling in England, 
whore he received tokens of admiration from 
the niercliants, through Holland, and a great 
part of Germany and the Cont., he was made 
chief of the province Trois-Eceches. In the 
assembly of notables, he supported the proposed 
reforms of Calcnne, and displayed bravery and 
ability in repressing the outbreak of the garri- 
sons of Mctz and Nancy, but was distrusted by 
the revolutionists. He concerted the plan for 
the escape of Louis XVI., which doubtless 
would have succeeded, but for the prohibition 
of bloodshed by the king, and which, even 
then, came so near succeeding, as to turn upon 
the slightest accidents. After enlisting under 
the banners of Conde', and sharing the dan- 
gers and fatigues of the emigrant nobility, he 
went to Eng. in 1796. There he wrote his in- 
teresting and impartial "Memoirs of the 
Revol.," London, 1797. 

Boulbon (or Raocsset-Bouleon), Gas- 
ton Raol'lx, Comte dc, a French adventurer, 
b. Avignon, 1817 ; d. near Guaymas, Aug. 12, 
1854. Alter having squandered his estate in 
Paris and Algiers, he went, in 1852, to Cal., 
induced a number of adventurers to join 
him in an c.xped. to Sonora, and took pos- 
session of the Mexican gold-mines at the point 
of the bayonet. He then raised 500 men, 
seized Arispe, the capital of Sonora, and pro- 
claimed a republic. Defeated by the Mexicans 
Jan. 4, 1853, he returned to Cal., from whence 
he planned a new invasion in April, 1854, but, 
again repulsed by the Mexicans July 13, he 
was captured, and put to death. An account 
of him was pub. in Paris in 1855. 

Bouquet, Gen. Henry, a British officer, 
b. RoUe, ^wilzerland, 1719 ; d. Pensacola, Fla., 
Feb. 1766. Entering the Dutch service, he 
was afterward in that of Sardinia, and in 1748 
was a lieut.-col. in the Swiss Guards, in the 
service of Holland. He entered the English 
army as lieut-col. in 1755; Feb. 19, 1762, col. 
60th Foot; brig.-gcn. 1765. He co-operated 
actively with Gen. Forbes, and Oct. 12, 1758, 
repulsed an attack by a large body of French 
and Indians at Loyal Hanna, which was fol- 
lowed by the capture of Fort Duquesne. Sent 
from Canada by Gen. Amherst (or the relief of 
Fort Pitt, he 'was attacked Aug. 5 and 6, 
1763, by a large Indian force, but by skill and 
bravery defeated them, and reached the fort 
with supplies four davs later. In an exped. 
against the Ohio Indians, in Oct. 1764, he 
compelled the Shawancse, Dclawares, and 
others, to make peace at Tuscarawas. An ac- 
count uf this exjied., by Win. Smith. D.D., was 
pub. ill Phila., 1765. with map and plales. 

Bourlamarque (boor'-lil-niark), M. de, 
a French gen. ; d. 1764, gov. of the Island of 



Guadalonpe. Col. of engineers ; arrived with 
Montcalm in Canada, May, 1756 ; directed the 
operations at the c.iptureof Forts Oswego and 
George, 14 Aug. 1756, in which he was wound- 
ed ; at the capture of Fort \Vm. Henry, com. 
the left colnmn, and directing the siege, and 
risked his life to save the English from massa- 
cre after the capitulation; 9 July, 1757, he 
commanded the lelt of the defences of Ticon- 
deroga against the assault of Gen. Abererom- 
bie, and was dangerously wounded ; promoted 
brig.-gen. 19 Feb. 1759 ; com. at Ticonderoga, 
which he blew up and abandoned in July, 
1759; retired to the Isle AuxNoix; disting. 
and again wounded at the battle of Sillery, 28 
Apr. 1760; returned to France after the con- 
quest of Canada; 1 Aug. 1762, he ad>lrcssed 
a memoir on Canada to the French Govern- 
ment, which see in O'Callaghan's Paris Docs. 
X. p. 1139. 

Bourne, Benjamin. LL.D., jurist, b. Bris- 
tol, R.L, Sept. 9, 1755; d. Sept. 17, 1808. 
H.U. 1775. Grandson of Ezra (chief-justice 
C. C. P. Barnstable Co ), who was grandson of 
Benj. Was an able lawyer, often a member of 
the State legisl. ; M. C.'l790-6 ; and in 1801 
was app. judge of the Circuit Court of the U.S. 

Bourne, Richard, missionary to the 
Marshpce Indians, b. Eng. ; d. Sandwich, Ms., 
ab. 1685. Acquiring the Indian language, 
he began as early as 1658 to devote himself to 
their instruction and welfare, and was ord. 
pastor of the Indian Church at Marshpee, 

Bouton, John Bell, author, b. Concord, 
N.II , Mar. 15, 1830. Dartm. Coll. 1849. He 
read law; became in 1851 associate editor of 
the Cleveland Plain Dealer ; removed to N.Y. 
City in 1857, and was one of the editors of the 
Journal of Commerce, 1857-64 ; and is engaged 
in commercial, business in that city. He pub. 
" Loved and Lost," a series of essays, 1857 ; 
" Round the Block," a novel, 1864 ; " Treasury 
of Travel and Adventure," 1865 ; andcontrib. 
most of the scientific articles to the New Am. 
Cyclop, for 1866. — ^/««m/Z>. C. 

Bouton, Rev. Nathaniel, D.D. (Dartm. 
Coll. 1851), b. Norwalk, Ct., settled over a 
Cong, church in Concord, N.H., 23 Mar. 1825. 
Y.C. 1821; And. Sem. 1824. Author of 
"Memoir of Mrs. Eliz. McFarland," 1839; 
" Hist. Discourse on the 200th Anniv. of the 
Settlement of Norwalk, Ct., 9 July, 1851;" 
" The Fathers of th ■ N.H. Ministry," a dis- 
course, 22 Aug. 1848 : '■ Hist, of Education in 
N.H." a discourse, 12 June, 1833; "History 
of Concord, N.H." 1856; "Discourse Coni- 
mem. of a 40 years' Ministry, Concord, 23 Mar. 
1865." 

Boutwell, George Sewall, LL.D. (H. 
U. 1851), statesman, b. Brookline, Ms., Jan. 28, 
1818. He worked on a farm when a boy ; was 
engaged in mercantile business 20 years; then 
studied law, and was adm. to the bar; was 7 
years in the Ms. legisl. between 1842 and '50; 
member of the Const. Conv. of Ms. in 1853; 
bank commissioner, 1849-50; gov. of Ms., 
1851-3 ; 5 years sec. of the Ms. Board of 
Education ; 6 years member of the Board 
of Overseers of" Harvard Coll. ; first commis- 
sioner of interval revenue, from July, 1862, to 



BOXJ 



109 



BO^CV 



Mar. 1863; M. C. 1053-9; sec. of the U. S. 
treasury since Mar. 1869. One of the nian- 
a<:ers of the impeachment trial of Andrew 
Johnson in 1868. A vol. of his " Speeches 
and Papers " was pnli. in 1867. Author of 
'■ Manual of U. S. Direct and Excise Tax 
System," 1863. Resides in Groton, Mass. 

Bouvier, Johm, jurist, b. Codognan, 
France, 1787 ; d. Phila., Nov 18. 18.il. Of 
a Quaker family, which emigrated to this coun- 
try in 1802. lie was employed in a bookstore 
suMie M-urs. pub. a new^pap'r, 71ir American 
7',',.. ,,' ;;, i;!,>>M,-si:,,; r, W. •■rrn Pa., 



■ place, 



Tele,;,„ph, from Apr. 1818, to July, 1820. 
He began practice in Phila. in 1823; was 
recorder of Phila., Jan. 1836; asso. judge of 
the Court of Criminal Se-^sions from Mar. 1838, 
and was learned in the law, as well as in the 
literature of several languages. He pub. a " Law 
Dictionary," 1839; an edition of " Bacon's 
Abridgment of the Law." in 1841, and " In- 
stitutes of Amerii-ui Lan." 1851. 

Bovadilla (i'"'-\:i irr yii), do?? pRAxgois 

DE, an arrogant ami inci'Tii|)i-H'nt Spanish gov. ; 
d. June 29, 15ii2. He wa> commander of the 
order of Calatrava, and in 1500 was sent to 
Saint Domingo by Ferdinand and Isabella, 
charged to examine the conduct of Columbus, 
and, if he found him guilty, to deprive him of 
command, and seize his person. He performed 
the latter part of his instructions regardless of 
the former, seized upon the authority on his 
arrival, put Columbus in irons, and sent him 
home to Spain, with an act of accusation filled 
with contemptible charges. Bovadilla was soon 
succeeded by A'icolas Ovando; and Columbus 
was restored' to liberty. The persecutor of this 
great man embarked in the Spanish fleet, to 
render an account to his country of his conduct, 
and perished in a tempest with the greater part 
of thr' vf-r'h wln-h accompanied him. 

j3ovc^ ' >, Joseph Thomas, a Span- 

i-li A -an ; d. Dec. 5, 1814. He was 

a ( a- :; I > i ■ n iuin, a Sergeant of marines ; 
atterwanls M_rvi-cl in the coast-guard, but was 
punished by imprisonment for allowing him- 
self to be bribed, and, on leaving prison, became 
a peddler. Becoming a capt. of militia in 
1810, the defeat of the royalist Cagigal, to 
whose corps be was attached, decided him to 
make war on his own account. He established 
himself at Calabozo, and wiih about 500 men, 
mostly slaves, defeated Marino, dictator of the 
eastern provinces. Thenceforward with his 
little army, swollen with vagabonds, escaped 
convicts (black and white), he commenced a 
devastating partisan warHire. His atrocities 
gave his horde the well-merited name of the 
" Infernal Division ; " and the butchery of 1 ,200 
prisoners was the commencement of a long 
series of similar barbarities on both sides. Feb. 
19, 1814, be defeated Bolivar at Saint Mateo, 
and airnin, June 14 ; Boves then advanced upon 
Valencia, raised the siege of Porto Cabello, 
driving back the imlepcndcnts : the city capi- 
tulated. To give to the articles of capitulation 
a more solemn sanction, mass was celebrated 
between the two armies ; and, at the moment 



of the elevation, the royalist gen. promised a 
faithful and strict observance of the treaty. 
Entering the city, Boves had the repub. officers 
and a number of soldiers shot. Again a con- 
queror at Antimano, Bolivar withdrew to Bar- 
celona ; and the Spaniards entered Caracas. 
Aug. 8, he gained a new success, killing or 
wounding 1,500 of the independents, ami tak- 
ing four pieces of cannon. Dec. 5, he .saw at 
Urica his last triumph, being killed by the 
thrust of a lance. — JVoiw. Bing. Unit: 

Bowden, Joiix, D.D., a PV.-Ep. iMvinc, b. 
Ireland, Jan. 1751 ; d. Ballston, N.Y., Julv31, 
1817. Col. Coll. 1770. The son of a British 
officer who served during the French war, lie 
followed bis father to Anier., and, after study- 
ing 2 years at N. J. Coll., returned with him to 
Ireland. He came to Amer a'.'ain in 1770, 
studied divinity, and returned to Eng., where 
he was ord. in 1774. In the summer of that 
year, he returned to N.Y., where he became 
assistant minister of Trinity Church. He took 
charge of the church at Norwalk, Ct., from 
Dec. 1784, until Oct. 1785, when weakness of 
the lungs induced him to take charge of the 
church at St. Croix in the West Indies. Com- 
pelled, after two years' residence, to give up 
preaching, he settled at Stratford, Ct. From 
1796 to 1805, he had cliarge of the Ep. acad. in 
Cheshire, Ct.,and from 1805 to 1817 was prof 
of moral philos. and belles lettres in Col. Coll. 
He pub. a number of controver.^al letters, 
an address to the members of the Ep. church 
in Stratford, some remarks, &c. ; AFulI-lcngih 
Portrait of Calvinism; The Essentials of Or- 
dination, and Observations on the Catholic 
Controversy. 

BOWditCh, N.ATHANIEL, LL.D. (H. U. 
1816), F.R.S., mathematician and astronomer, 
b. Salem, Mar. 26, 1773; d. Boston, Mar. 16, 
1838. The poverty of his parents occasi(mcd 
his withdrawal frorn school at the age of 10, 
and,afteran apprenticeship in a ship-chandler's 
shop until he was 21, he spent nine years in a 
seafaring life, attaining the rank of master. 
He was prcs. of a Marine-Ins. Co. in Salem, 
from 1804 to 1823, when he became actuary of 
the Ms. Hospital Life-Ins. Co. in Boston. By 
his extraordinary genius and industry, he made 
greatacquisitions in knowledge, mastered many 
languages, and did more for the reprriation ot 
his country among men of science abi'oad, than 
has been done by any other man, exccjit, per- 
haps. Dr. Franklin. " He pub. in 18'i0, while 
engaged as a supercargo, his well-known 
" Practical Navigator," still a standard work 
of great utility and value. Among bis scien- 
tific labors were numerous and important com- 
munications to the memoirs of the Amer. 
Acad., of which he was pres. ; but his fame as 
a man of science will principally rest on his 
Commentary on the M^canique Celeste of La 
Place, of which he made the first entire trans- 
lation, and which he has elucidated in a man- 
ner that commands the admiration of scienti- 
fic men. The elucidations and commentaries 
of Bowditch formed more than half the work. 
They record subsequent discoveries, and show 
the sources whence La Place derived assistance. 
He coutrib. many valuable papers to "The 
Memoirs of the Ajner. Acad.," and an article 



BO^V 



110 



on Modern Astronomy to vol. 20 " Nortli Am. 
Review." At his death, he was a memlur i>f 
the principal scientific socletiea of Ennipc 
He twice had a seat in the executive coumil of 
Ms —See Memoir, bi/ Ids son N. I. Boivdilch, 
1840. 

Bowditch, N.tTnANiEL Inger.«oll, con- 
vevancer, and historical writer, b. Salem. Jan. 
n', 1805; d. Brookline, Ms., Apr. 16, 1861. 
H.U. 1822. Eldestson of the eminent math- 
ematician. He was adm. to the Suffolk har 
In 1825, hut a few years afterward relinquished 
practice, and devoted himself to business as a 
conveyancer. He was noted for accuracy and 
thoroughness ; and a proof of his industry is 
found in the 55 folio vols, of land-titles he 
had written, containing nearly 30,000 pages, 
and also plans and maps. In Apr. 1835, he m. 
a dau. of the wealthy Ebenezer Francis, and, 
having a large income, devoted much of^ it to 
charitable objects. Under the signature uf 
" Gleiiner," he contrib. manv articles of lii^tor- 
ioal interest and value to " the Dn^l.m Tmn- 
srn'pl. Author of " A History of the M<. ( ieu- 
eral Hospital," 1851, 3 editions of " Siiftblk 
Surnames," and " Memoir of N. Bowditeh," 
1840, 

Bowdoin, J.vmes, LL.D. (U. of Edinb. 
1785), statesman, h. Boston, Aug. 8, 1727 ; d. 
Nov. 6, 1790. H.U. 1745. He was of a 
Huguenot family who landed at Falmouth, 
Me., in 1687, and in 1690 removed to Boston. 
On the day succeeding their removal, the in- 
habitants of Casco Bay were all cut off, and 
the settlement burnt, by the Indians. The 
death of his father, Sept. 4, 1747, put him in 
possession of an ample fortnne. At 24, he had 
formed an acqunintance with Franklin, who 
communicated to him his papers on electricity, 
and with whom he frequently corrcsp. He be- 
came a member of the Gen. Court in 1753, and 
senator and councillor in 1756. Prominent 
in opposing the royal gov. before the Revol., 
his writings and other services were eminently 
nscful. Such was his prominence, that Gov. 
Bernard negatived him as a councillor in 1769, 
upon which he was at once elected a represen- 
tative. Chosen delegate to Congress in 1774, 
he was prevented by illness from attending. 
Member of the cominittee of corrcsp., pres. of 
the council of govt , pres. in 1778 of the con- 
vention for forming a Constitution, and in 
1785 and 1786 was gov. of Ms.; member of the 
convention which adopted the Federal Consti- 
tution in 1788. During his administration, the 
" Shays' Rebellion " in the western counties oc- 
curred ; but it was quickly suppressed by his 
vigorous and decisive measures. His health 
was precarious, and his life a long consump- 
tive disease; but he was always vigorous in 
public affairs. One of the founders, and first 
pres., of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, from 
1780 till his death, and bequeathed to it his 
v.aUiabte library. He aided in founding the 
Ms. Humane Society, and was a benefactor of 
Har. Coll., to which he left a handsome legacy. 
He contrib. 3 pieces to the Pietas et Gratulalis, 
on the accession of George III., and was the 
author of a vol. of verses, pub. anonymously 
in Boston in 1759. 
Bowdoin, James, diplomatist, only son 



nf the prorHini, h. Sept. 22, 1752; d. Nan- 
.hnn M.i.hI, Mv. Oct. II, 1811. H. U. 1771. 

;,ri,l nnr ^ rar ill tlie'studv'of law^at the U. of 
(txlonl. Kctiirniiig to Amcr. in 1775, he suc- 
cessively filled the offices of representative, 
member of the Const. Conv. of 1789, senator 
and councillor, and in May, 1805, proceeded 
to the court of Madrid as ministcr-plenipo., 
returning home in Apr. 1808. He was a mu- 
nificent patron of Bowd. Coll., to which he 
made a donation of 6.000 acres of land, and 
more than £1,100. He pub. a translation of 
Daubenton's "Advice to Shepherds," and, 
anonymously, " Opinions Respecting the Com- 
mercial Intercourse between the U.S. and Great 
Britain." He brought home with liim from 
Paris an extensive library, philosopliicnl ap- 
paratus, and a collection of paintings; all of 
which he left at his death to Bowel. Coll., to- 
gether with the reversion of tli^' I-land uf Xau- 
sbiin, wliich had been his luvmitr rr^idcncc, 
Bowen, Kkancis, autlmr, Ik ( 'liaii.>tMwn, 



Ms.. 



opt. 



honors) 1833, Finai Is : . t,, i ai, ho was in- 
structor there in in' and politi- 
cal ccononiv, I^i : . i a visit to 

Eurojie in 1841, li.' ,-•,'. hin ,1 h iii,rlt'in Cam- 

and a v.il. of critical ossnvs on speculative phi- 
loMi|iliy, ill 1S42. He cdi'ted the iV. A. Review 
Iroin 1843 to IS.'i4, and delivered two courses 
of Lowell Lectures in 1848-9, on the application 
of metaphysical and ethical science to the evi- 
dences of religion, pub. in 1849 and in 1855. 
In the winter of 1850, he delivered a course 
of lectures on political economy before the 
Lowell Institute, and .another, in 1842, on the 
origin and development of the Eng. and 
Amcr. Constitutions. In 1853, he succeeded 
Dr. Walker as Alford Prof of natural religion, 
moral philos., and civil polity. In 1854, he 
pub. an abridgment of Stuart's Pbilos., with 
notes, and in the same year compiled and edit- 
ed "Documents of the Constitution of Eng. 
and Amcr., from MasnaCharta to the Federal 
Constitution of 1789." To Sparks's Biog., he 
contrib. lives of Phipps, Steuben, Otis, and Gen. 
Lincoln. He has written much in defence of 
the doctrines of Locke and Berkeley, and 
against those of Kant, Fichte, and Cousin. 
Since the commencement of 1858, he has deli- 
vered a course of Icmnns bcf. Linvoll liist., on 
the English metapliy-icans an^l |.liiln.,,|,lR'rs. 

Bowen, Jons S,, mii-u.n. (' S. A., b. 
Ga., 1829; d. Ravmuiid, .Mm., .lulv 1.1, Is(;3. 
West Point, 1853. Kntcrin- tlic imnumd 
rifles, he resigned. May 1, Is.Mi, ami s, nl.d in 
St. Louis as an arcliiti;ct. lie was aMj. to 
Gen. Frost at the time of the c.xpcd. to the 
border in search of Montgomery, and, when 
the Rebellion broke out, took com. of the 2d 
rcgt. of Frost's brigade. He was acting chief 
of the staff to Gen. Frost at the Camp Jackson 
affair. Disregarding his parole, he raised at 
Memphis the 1st Mo. Inf., which was unsur- 
passed in gallantry, discipline, or drill. He 
comd. a brigade in Breckeuridge's corps at 
Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was severely wound- 
ei^ He com. at the b.^ttle near^ort Gibson, 
in May, 1863, stubbornly resisting Gen. Grant's 



BOY 



advance. He was in all the subsequent battles 
around Vicksburg; was prominent in the ne- 
gotiations for its surrender, and is said to have 
died of mortification at that event. 

Bowen, Nathaniel, D.D. (H.U. 1803), 
Pr.-Hp. bishop of S.C, b. Boston, 1779 ; d. 
Au-. 25, 1839. S.C. Coll. 1796. He became 
a tutor in that institution, and, h.-iving com- 
pleted his theol. studies at Boston, was in 
1800 adm. to orders, and became, in Oct. 1802, 
assist, minister of St. Michael's Church, 
Charleston, S.C. He was rector of this church 
in 1808, and of Grace Church, N.Y.,from 1809 
to 1818, when he was elected bishop (conse- 
crated, Oct. 8, 1818), and was a second time 
rector of the parish of St. Michael's in Charles- 
ton. Two vols, of his sermons have been 



Bowen, Oliver, commodore, a Revol. 
patriot of Augusta, Ga. ; d. Providence, R.I., 
Aug. 1800, a.'^59. July 10, \77^, he seized a 
large quantity of powder at Tybee Island, 
near Savannah. In June, 1778, he was in the 
unsuccessful exped. against Wilmington. 
Member Provincial Congress of 177.'), and of 
the Council of Safety. 

Bowie, Robert, gov. of Md. in 1803-5 
and 1811-12; d. Nottingham, Jan. 8, 1818, a. 
67. He was a caiitain in the 2d batt. of the 
Md. flying camp in 1776. 

Bow-lec ( " Bi LLY Bowlegs " ), a Seminole 
chief; d. in the Seminole country, 11 Mar. 
1859. He was a terror to the settlers of 
Florida, and one of the greatest Indian warri- 
ors of this century, and had been in all the 
principal battles with the whites for over 30 
years. 

Bowles, Samuel, journalist, b. Springfield, 
Ms., 1826. Samuel, his father, established 
there the Republican, of which, since 1844, the 
son has been the sole conductor, and, by per- 
severance and industry, has placed it in the first 
rank of Amer. journals. From 1849 to I860, 
Dr. J. G. Holland (Timo. Titcomb) was assoc. 
editor. He spent the summer of 1862 in 
Europe, and in 1865 joined Speaker Colfax 
in a tour to the Pacific coast. His letters to 
the Republican, describing this journey, were 
pub. as " Across the Continent," 1865. ' " The 
Switzerl.ind of America" was pub. 1869. 

Bowles, William Augcstus, self-styled 
"General" and " Indian agent," b. Frederick Co., 
Md., 1763; d. Havana, Dec. 23, 1805. The 
son of an English schoolmaster. At the age 
of 13, he stole from home, and, joining the Bri- 
tish army at Phila., soon obtained a commis- 
sion, but at Pensacola was, for some neglect, 
dismissed the .service. Afterward entered the 
service of the Creek Indians, and m. an Indian 
woman. He instigated many of their excesses, 
for which he was rewarded by the Britisli. 
May 9, 1781, when Pensacola surrendered to 
the Spaniards, Bowles com. the Creek Indians, 
whom he had brought there to assist the Eng- 
lish. For this service, he was reinstated in the 
British army. After the war, he joined a 
company of players at N. Y. ; played at the 
Bahamas, where he also painted portraits, thus 
exhibiting the versatility of his talents. Gov. 
Dunmore app. him trading-agent for the 
Creeks ; and he established a house upon the 



Cliattahooehie, but was driven thence by 
McGillivray. He then went to England : on 
his return, his influence with the Indians, who 
had chosen him com.-in-chief, was so disastrous 
to the Spaniards, that they oflrered $6,000 for 
his apprehension. Bowles had assumed to act 
among the Indians under authority of the 
British Govt. ; but, on inquiry by the prcs., the 
ministry promptly and explicitly denied that 
they had aflFurded him countenance, assistance, 
or protection. For a long time, Bowles did 
all in his power to annoy Georgia, and prevent 
the settlement of her difficulties with the In- 
dians. He was entrapped in Feb. 1792, sent 
a prisoner to Madrid, and thence to Manilla, in 
1 795. Obtaining leave to go to Europe, he re- 
paired to the Creeks, and commenced his dep- 
redations anew, hut, being again betrayed into 
the hands of the Spaniards in 1804, he was 
confined in the Moro Castle, where he died. A 
memoir of him was pub. in London in 1791, 
in which he is called "Ambassador of the 
United Nations of Creeks and Cherokecs." 

Bowman, Samuel, D D., assist. Pr.-Ep. 
bishop of Pa., consec. at Phila., 25 Aug. 1858 ; 
d. 3 Aug. 1861. 

Boyd, John Parker, brig.-gcn. U.S.A., 
b. Newburyport, Ms., Dee. 21, 1764; d. Bos- 
ton, Oct. 4, 1830. He entered the militarv 
service of the U.S., Oct. 20, 1786. We next 
find him in India, at the head of 3 battalions, 
of 500 men each, armed and equipped at his 
own expense, at the service of the highest bid- 
der, and he at one time com. 10,000 cavalry. 
He was in the pay of Holkar, in the Pcishwa's 
service, and afterward in that of Nihnm All 
Klian._ Arriving in Madras in July, 1789, he 
was given by the Nizam the command of 
1,000 men. Having sold out for want of em- 
ployment, he went to Paris in I80S, and soon 
returned to the U.S. App. col. 4th Inf. Oct. 
7, 1808, com. a brigade, and was disting. at the 
battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811. He com. 
the detachment of 1,500 men, of Wilkinson's 
army, which fought the battle of Williamsburg, 
Nov. 11,1813, and led his brigade at the cap- 
ture of Fort George, U. C. ,-" app. brig.-gen., 
Aug. 26, 1812; app. naval ofiiccr of the port of 
Boston, March 4, 1830. He pub. " Documents 
and Facts relative to Militarv Events during 
the Late War," 1816. 

Boyd, Ltnx, a statesman of Tenn., b. 
Nashville, Nov. 22, 1800; d. Ky , Dec. 18, 
1859. His educational advantages were limit- 
ed. In 1827, he was elected to the legisl. of 
Tenn., serving 3 sessions, and in 1831 was 
re-elected. M.C. from 1835 to 1837, from 1839 
to 1847, and from 1847 to 1855; and was 
chairman of the committee on territories in 
the 31st Congress, during his last term occupy- 
ing the chair of speaker. He served one 
term as lieut.-gov. of Ky. 

Boyden, Seth, inventor, b. Foxborough, 
Ms., 17 Nov. 1788; d. Middleville, N.J., 31 
Mar. 1 870. He engaged in the leather manuf 
in Newark in 1813, invented a machine for 
splitting leather, began the manuf of patent 
leather in 1819, made the first malleable iron 
in 1826, perfected the first locomotive with 
the driving-rod outside the wheel, prodnced 
the first dagucrrotype in America, invented the 



BOY 



112 



process of making spelter, discovered the art 
of maliing Kussian sheet-iron, and patented a 
hat-body domino-machine used in all the hat 
nianufs. in the U.S. 

Boyer, Jean Piekre, pres. of Havti, b. 
Portau Prince, Feb. 2, 1776; d. Paris, July 9, 
1850. His father was a shopkeeper and tailor 
in Port an Prince, and his mother was a ne- 
gress, who had been a slave. In 1 792, he joined 
the revolted blacks, then struggling against the 
French for their independence. Joining the 
French commissioners Santhonax and Polve- 
rel, he witlulrcw with them, after the arrival 
of the Englisli, to Jacqiiemel, having previ- 
ously distin).'. hiin-flf in the defence of the 
fort "of Biroton and in other dangerous enter- 
prises. Attaching Ijimsolf while here to Ri- 
gaud, he set out with him for France. He 
took part, like many other ])ersons of color, in 
the exped. of Le Clerc against St. Domingo. 
On the death of Le CIcrc, he joined Petion's 
party, in whose service he became private sec, 
pen. of the arrondisseine)iti)f Port au Prince, and 
was finally named bv him his successor. Upon 
the ik-ath of Peiion, March -20, 1 818, Boyer was 
imnicdiatfly inst.dled in hisoffico, andnssumed 
the fnncuons of govt. On the iireaking-out of 
the revolution in the north part of the island 
in 1820, he placed himself at the head of the 
insurgents ; and, upon Christophe's death, the 
north and south parts of the island were united 
into one govt., under his administration, by the 
name of the " Republic of Hayti." He was 
vain and weak, and destitute of ability; and 
by an absurd arrangement with France, to 
whom he foolishly agreed to pay an indem- 
nity of 150,000,000 francs in five equal an- 
nual instalments, — in consideration of which 
France merely recognized the actual govt, of 
Hayti, — the agriculture, commerce, and wealth 
of Hayti, which under his govt, had gradually 
declined, became totally prostrated. Finally, 
in 1842, an insurrection took place; Boyer was 
overthrown, and took refuge in Jamaica until 
Feb. 1848, when, with his family, he settled in 
Paris. 

Boyle, John, jurist, b. Botetourt Co., Va., 
Oct. 28, 1774; d. Jan. 28, 18.34. His father 
emigrated to Ky. in 1779. John received a 
good education ; practised law at Lancaster 
from 1797 to 1803; was M C. 1803-9; app. 
gov. of Illinois territory in 1809; judge of 
the Court of Appeals, April, 1809, to April, 
1810; chief-justice, April, 1810, to Nov. 1826; 
U.S. district judge for Ky., Nov. 8, 1826, to 
his death. — Collins's Hist. Ky. 

Boylston,- Nichol.4S, a benefactor of 
Harv. Coll. ; d Boston, Aug. 18, 1771, a. 55. 
He was a merchant of singular probity, and 
at his decease bequeathed to II. U. £1,500 to 
found a pr.>fcssorship of rhetoric and oratory, 
in which John Quincy Adams was installed as 
first pvoC. June 12, 1806- 

Boylston, Zabdiel, F.R.S., a physician, 
eminent as the first to inoculate for the small- 
pox in America, b. Brookline, 1680 ; d. Boston, 
March 1, 1766. After receiving a good educa- 
tion, he studied medicine under his father and 
Dr. John Cutler, and in a few years acquired 
a reputation and a fortune. He al.^o acquired 
distinction as a naturalist, sparing no labor 



nor expense in obtaining rare plants, animals, 
and insects, many of which, then unknown in 
Europe, he at diflFerent times transmitted to 
Eng. Upon the re-appearance of the small- 
pox in Boston in 1721, Cotton Mather called 
the attention of the physicians to an account of 
the practice of inoculation at the East, in a 
vol. of the Trans, of the Philos. Society. Boyl- 
ston was so impressed with its utility, that he 
immedi.ately inoculated his own son and two 
servants, with complete success. He enlarged 
his practice, but met with great opposiiic 
from the p'.iysicians, who were unanimous 



their 



opit 



agan 



it, from his fellow-citi- 



md the selectmen of the town, who passed 
an ordinance prohibiting it. He persevered 
in the practice, however, encouraged and justi- 
fied by the clergy ; and, of 286 persons inocu- 
lated in 1 721 aiid '22, only 6 died. He enjoyed 
the satisfaction of seeing inoculation in general 
use in N.E. for some time before it became 
common in Enu-. In 1725, he visited Eng., 
and W.1S elected" Fellow of the Royal Socioiy. 
In addition to his communications to that body, 
he pub. a paper on inoculation, Boston, 1721, 
and an hist, account of the sniallpo.x inocula- 
tion in N. Eng. and London, 1726. 

Boynton, Edward C, brcv. mnj. U.S.A., 
b. Vt. Wc.-t Point, I84G. Entering the 2d 
Art. lie s.rvnl in iho Mcxii-nn war, and was 
hiTv. Ciipt. 20 Aug. 1847, for Conircras and for 
Churulju^co, where he was severely wounded. 
Assist, prof, of cliem., mineral., and geol. at 
West Point, 1848-55; served against the 
Seminole Indians in 1855-6, and resigned 16 
Feb. 1856. Prof, of chem., niin., and geol., 
U. of Mpi., 1856-61 ; capt. 11th U. S. Inf. 23 
Sept. 1861 ; adj. and quarterm. at West Point 
to 30 Sept. 1865; brev. m.aj. 13 M.ir. 1865; 
transf. to 29th Inf. 21 Sept. 1866. Author 
of " History of West Point and the U. S. 
Milit. Acad.," 1863 ; " Hist. U. S. Navy." — 
Ciilhim. 

Bozman, John Leeds, lawyer, poet, and 
historian, b. Talbot Co., Md., Aug. 25, 1757 ; 
d. there Apr. 23, 1823. U. of Pa. 1783. His 
family was among the earliest settlers in that 
place. He completed his legal studies at the 
Middle Temple in London. After considerable 
))ractice, having for several years acted as dep. 
atty.-gen. of the State, he abandoned the law 
for'literature. His chief work is " The History 
of Maryland to the Restoration in 1660," pub. 
in 1836 under the auspices of the General As- 
sembly of that State. He was a contributor 
to the Portfolio, and pub. an " Essay upon 
Colonization in Africa," in 1822. He wrote au 
" Historical and Philos. Sketch of the Prime 
Causes of the Revol. War," in which he praised 
Washington, and condemned Franklin ; but it 
was suppres.sed. 

Brace, Charles Loring, clergvmau and 
author, b. Litchfield, Ct., 1826. Y. C. 1846. 
After a few months of school-teaching, he 
studied theology, completing his preparation 
for the ministry nt the Union Theol. Sem. of 
N.Y., and has since been a preacher without 
any settled charge. In 1850, he made a pedes- 
trian journey in Great Britain and Ireland, also 
visiting the Rhine, Iklnium. and Paris, an ac- 
count of which, entitled " Walks and Talks of 



BR.^ 



113 



an American Farmer in England," was after- 
ward puh. In 1851, he was tried as a spy in 
Hungary, but was soon set at liberty through 
the efforts of C. J. MeCurdy, charrj^ d'affaires. 
Returning to the U. S., he became interested 
in the benevolent labors of. Rev. Mr. Pease 
among the most degraded class in N. Y., and 
was subsequently chiefly instrumental in the 
formation of the Children's Aid Society, of 
which he is sec. and principal agent. In"l8.i2, 
he pub. " Hungary in 1851," " Home Life in 
Germany, 1853; "in 1857, " Norsefolk," a 
description of the religious, social, and political 
condition of Sweden and Norway ; " Races of 
the Old World," 1863; "Tlie'New West," 
1869, and" Short Sermons for Newsboys." 

Bracken, Rev. Jons, minister, and prof, 
of humanities (1773-1818), and pres. of Wm. 
and Mary Coll. in 1S13 ; d. Williamsburg, Va., 
15 July, 1S18. 

Brackenridge, Henry M., jurist and 
diplomatist, son of Hugh Henry, b. Pittsburg, 
Pa., May 11, 17S6; d. there 18 Jan. 1871. 
At the age of 20, being adm. to the bar, he 
began practice in Somerset, Md. He descended 
the Mpi. in 1811, and soon received the app. of 
de,>. atty.-gen. for the Territory of Orleans, af- 
terwards Louisiana. Made dist. judge at 23. 
During the War of 1812, he furnished impor- 
tant information to the govt., and afterwards 
wrote a history of the war, which was translated 
into French and Italian. He joined with Clay 
in advocating the acknowledgment of the inde- 
pendence of the South Amer. republics. Be- 
sides other productions, his pamphlet, under 
the signature of an "American," addressed to 
Pres. Monroe, was repub. in Eng. and France, 
and, being supposed to express the views of the 
Amer. Govt., was replied to by the Duke of San 
Carlos, the Spanish minister. He was one of 
the commissioners to the South Amer. republics 
in 1817-19, and, on his return, pub. his " Voy- 
age to South Amer." In 1821, he went to 
Fla. with Gen. Jackson, aided him in forming 
his government; was made alcadle of Pensa- 
cola, and in May was app. judge of the western 
district, in which office he remained 10 years. 
Removing to Pittsburg in 18-33, he became an 
active politician, and in 1841 was named acom- 
missioner under the treaty with Mexico. His 
political writings were numerous. Ho pub. an 
account of Louisiana in 1812, and, in 18-34, 
the first vol. of his " Recollections of Persons 
and Places in the West." In 1347, he pub. a 
series of letters in favor of the Mexican war. 
His eulogy on Jefferson and Adams, delivered 
at Pensacola in Aug. 1826, was highly praised 
by Wirt. In 1859, he pub. a " History of the 
Western Insurrection, in vindication of his 
father. Author also of a " Journal of a Voy- 
age up the Missouri River," Pittsburg, 1314. 
— Dwjckinck. 

Brackenridge, Hugh Hexrt, author 
and judge, b. near Campbclton. ScotlanI, 
1748 ; d. Carlisle, Pa., June 25, 1816. N. J 
Coll. 1771. At the age of 5, he came with his 
f.ither to Pa., and supported himself, while ac- 
quiring his education, by farming and teach- 
ing. He became a tutor at Princeton ; was 
master of an acad. in Md., when the Revol. 



war broke out ; removed to Phil 






ho 



was a conspicuous writer and speaker, and, 
having studied divinity, became a chaplain in 
the army. Relinquishing the pulpit for the 
bar, he edited for a time the U. 6. Ufa^mine 
at Phila. In 1781, he settled at Pittsburg, 
soon rose to the head of the harof that section ; 
was sent in 1786 to the Icgisl. to obtain the 
establishment of the county of Alleghany; was 
made a judge in 1789 ; and, from 1799"till his 
death, was judge of the State Supreme Court. 
The part he took in the " Whiskey Insurrec- 
tion" made him prominent. He appeared to 
side with the insurgents in order to keep them 
within the limit-i of reason and law, and even- 
tually to reconcile them, without bloodshed, to 
the govt. He vindicated his course in his " In- 
cidents of the Insurrection in Western Pa. in 
1794," 8vo, Phila., 1795. Brackenridge de- 
serves to be better known through his writings. 
He had wit, humor, and sound judgment. His ^ 

judicial decisions were celebrated for their in- _^ /> cj J!^ 

tegrity and independence. In politics, he was a lA --^^ f^ ^.'^ 
supporter of Jefferson. He pub. a poem on the ^(^/Ja. yfe<*-^ 
" Rising Glory of America," 1774; " Eulogiura i.c.-ff .if^fit 
of the Brave who fell in i he Contest with Great J'' f^^*^ 
Britain, delivered at Phila., 4 July, 1779 ; "(j//^^,.,,/-;*. y 
"Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures of,f f^tl 'J /? 17 >* 
Cupt. Farrago," 1796, an admirable satire,-^ J"^*^ A.-/->». 
" Oration, July 4, 1793 ; " " Gazette Publica- c^j^U. ^ 
tions Collected," 1806. J- 

Brackett, Albert G., brev. col. U.S.A., r^ il . 
b. N.Y. l.st lieut. 4th Indiana Vols., June, r' "' 
1847, and at the battle of Hnamatlan, siege of '-';■■ 
Puebla and Atlixco, in Mexico ; capt. 2rt U.S. Jk^ 
cav, Mar. 1855; disting. in actions with Ca- ,, 

manche Indians ; com. cavalry at Bull Run, 
Va. ; col. 9th III. cav., Aug. 18'61 ; engaged at 
Waddell's Farm and Cache' Bayou, and wound- 
ed at Stewart's Plantation ; ra'aj. 1st U.S. cav., 
July, 1S62; com. cav. brigade W. Tenn. ; en- 
gaged in the attack on Jlemphis and Charles- 
ton R.R. ; asst. insp.-gen. of cav., dept. of 
Cumberland, 1864 ; engaged at the siege of 
and battles in front of Atlanta, Ga., and battle 
of Nashville, Tenn. ; lieut.-col. 2d U.S. cav., 
June, 1 868 ; brev. maj. for Arkansas cimpaign ; 
brev. lieut.-col. for Atlanta campaign ; brev. 
col. for gallant and merit, services in the war. 
Author of " Gen. Lane's Brigade in Central 
Mexico," 1848 ; " Hist. U.S. Cavalry," 1865. 
— HeHnj. 

Brackett, Anthout, a soldier, and early 
settler at Caseo.now Portland, Me.; killed by Iii- 
dians,Sept.2I.1689. Sonof Anthony of Green- 
land, N.H. He was at Casco as early as 1662, 
and had a farm of 400 acres. Captured by the 
Indians, Aug. 11, 1676, he escaped in Nov., re- 
turned to Casco after the peace, April 12, 1678; 
received the com. of Fort Loyall in 1682, and 
in 1688 held the com. of the three forts erected 
by Andros. His second wife, m. in 1679, was 
S"usann,ih Drake of Hampton. 

Brackett, Edwin E., sculptor, b. Vassalbo- 
rough, .Me., Oct. 1, 1819. Began modelling in 
1833, and has made many portrait busts, among 
them Harri-on, Allston, R. H. Dana, sen., 
W. C. Bryant, Longfellow, Choate, Sumner, 
John Brown, Garrison, Wendell Phillips, aYid 
Gen. Butler. His group of " The Shipwrecked 
Mother," is at Mount Auburn. His brother, 
Walter M., b. Unity, Me., 14 June, 1823, has 



114 



BRA. 



made the paii 



veil 



specialty, and 
- Tuchnnan. 



Braekett, Josiha, M.I)., pinsidan, b. 

Gm-nland, N.H., 5 May 173.'i ; d. July 17,1802. 
II. U. 1752. He studied tlieology, and became a 
preacher, hut afievwanls ntudied medicine, and 
c.^tahii^lied himself at Portsmouth, N,H. He 
beiincathcd SI, 500 towards the professorship 
of natural history in Harv. Coll. He was 
also a founder and henefactorof theN.H. Med- 
ical Society, of which he was prcs. from 1793 
to 1799. His wife, Hannah Whipple of Kit- 
tery, d. Apr. 23, 1805, a. 70, bequeathin'; also 
to that society $500. Dr. Braekett was a zeal- 
ous patriot, a member of the committee of 
safety, and, during the Revol., was app. judge 
of the Maritime Court of N.H. — Thachtr. 

Bradbury, Theofhilus, jurist, b New- 
burv, Ms., Nov. 13, 1739 ; d. there Sept. 6, 
1803. H.U. 1757. A descendant of Thomas 
of Salisbury. After keeping the grammar 
school at Falmouth, Me., he practised law there 
from May, 1761, until 1779, and afterward in 
his native town, with success; filled several 
local offices ; was a representative and senator 
in the Ms. legisl.; M. C. 1795-7, and was 
(1797-1803) a judge of the Supreme Court of 
Ms. Member of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences. 

Bradbury, Thomas of Salisbury, d. 
there Mar. 16, 1695; b. pr. Wicken, Eng.,"l610. 
He was in N.E. in 1634 ; was made freeman. 
May 13, 1640 ; became first clerk of the writs at 
Salisbury, Dec. 10, 1641 ; was clerk of Norfolk 
Co. from Apr. 24, 1649, to Feb. 4, 16S0; several 
years dep. to the Gen. Court; was frequently 
a commissioner to settle boundary disputes; 
was capt. of a military co., and an asso. judge 
for Norfolk Co., 1659 and 1675-7. 

Bradbury, Willia.m B., music-tcaeher 
and composer, b. York, Me., 1816 ; d. Mont- 
clair, N.J., Jan. 7, 1868. From his parents, 
both of whom were excellent singers, he inher- 
ited his musical taste, and, before he was 14, 
had mastered every instrument that came in 
his way. In 1830, he moved to Boston, where 
he was an organist, and in 1836 began teach- 
ing in New York, where he attained notoriety 
and popularity by his concerts. In 1847, he 
went to Leipsie, where he received instruction 
from the best masters. In 1854, he began in 
New York the manufacture of pianos, in which 
he was very successful. He was the author of 
" The Golden Chain," " Golden Shower," 
" Golden Censer," and " Fresh Laurels." He 
did much to elevate the standard of musical 
taste in the U.S. With the aid of the com- 
poser Hastings, he produced " The Shawm," 
" The Jubilee," " The Key Note," and " The 
Temple Choir," all of which were deservedly 
popular. 

Braddock, Edward, a British gen., d. 
July 13, 1755. Son of Maj.-Gen. B. He en- 
tered the army as ensign in the Coldstream 
Guards, Oct. 11, 1710; fought aduel with Col. 
Waller, with sword and pistol. May 26, 1718; 
became a capt. Feb. 10, 1736, served in Flan- 
ders ; became second major of his regt. in 1743; 
was present at Fontenoy, May 11, 1745 ; was 
made lieut.-col. Nov. 21, 1745, brig.-gen. Apr. 
23, 1746 ; served again in Flanders in 1747-8; 



col. 14th Foot, 1753; maj.-gen. March, 1754, 
and, Sept. 24, com.-in-chief of his Majesty's 
forces in America. He sailed from Eng. Dec. 
21, 1754. He arrived in Va. in Feb. 1755, and 
conducted in person an exped. against Fort Du- 
quesnc, nowPitt^urg. The delays occasioned 
by the necessity of opening new roads deter- 
mined him to advance with 1,200 men, leaving 
the heavy baggage m the rear. He reached 
the Monongahela, July 8, and on the following 
morning, expecting to invest the fort that day, 
made the necessary dispositions. Despising 
his foes, with whose wily tactics lie was wholly 
unacquainted, he di.<regarded the counsel oi' 
Washington, his aide upon that occasion, to 
place the provincial companies in front for the 
purpose of scouring the woods, and discover- 
ing any ambuscade which might be found for 
him. His van, led by Lieut.-Col. (afterwards 
Gen.) Gage, was suddenly attacked when ab. 
7 iniics from the fort, by an invisible enemy 
concealed in the high grass. The whole army 
was thrown into confusion; and Braddock, who 
exerted himself bravely to rc-furm his troops, 
who were constant I i : i i;ii^ nn li the close and 
murderous fire t' ^ ^rr exposed, 

after having 3 Imr- ~ , i ; Imn, received 

a mortal wound. .\)l li- m .mil officers ex- 
cept Washington, upon whom the duty of 
bringing ofl^ the shattered remnant of the army 
devolved, were either killed or wounded ; and 
the troops fled precipitately to the camp of Col. 
Dunbar, near 50 miles distant, where Brad- 
dock, who was brought off the ground in a 
tumbrel, expired of his wounds. His private 
character was that of a heartless, broken-down 
gambler and spendthrift. 

Bradford, Alden, LL. D. (Bowd. Coll. 

1803), author, b. Duxburv, Ms., Nov. 19, 1765 ; 
d. Boston, Oct. 26, 1843. H.U. 1786. Son 
of Col. Gamaliel, and a lineal descendant of 
Gov. Win. Bradford. He was a tutor at Har- 
vard in 1791-3 ; pastor of the Cong. Church 
at Wisc.asset, Me., 1793-1801 ; was for a time 
clerk of the Supreme Court of Ms., and a 
bookseller in Boston, and was sec. of State 
ill 1812-24. Edited the Boston Gmette, 1826. 
He pub. a " History of Ms. from 1764 to 1820," 
3 vols.; "Euloiivon Washington," " Oration," 
1804; "on the 'Death of Gen. Knox." 1806 ; 
"Life of C. Strong," 1820, of "Jonathan 
Mayhew," 1838; a vol. of "N.E. Biography," 
1842; an account of Wiscasset and Duxbury 
in Hist. Colls.; " N. E. Chronology, 1497- 
1800," Bost., 1843; a number of sermons; 
" History of the Federal Government," 1843, 
and a vol. of Ms. State papers. 

Bradford, Alex. Warfield, LL.D., 
jurist, b. Albany, 1815; d. N.Y. City, 5 Nov. 
1867. Columh. Coll. Sun of J.M. Bradford, 
D.D. Acquired high reputation for knowledge 
of civil law. Surrogate of N.Y. City and Co., 
1848-51. He pub. 4 vols, of " Reports of Sur- 
rogate's Cases ; " six of " Bradford's Reports ; " 
edited a work on " American Antiquities," 
1841, and, with Dr. Anthon, edited Tke Protest- 
tmt Churchman. Latterly one of the commis- 
sioners to codify the laws of the State. He 
pub. in 1863 a semi-centennial address to the 
Albany Acad., and, in 1846, a discourse before 
the N.'Y. Hist. Soc. in 1845. 



BRA. 



115 



Bradford, Andrew Sowles, printer, b. 
PLila,, 16S6 ; d. Nov. 23, 1742. Son of Wm. 
Bradlord, first printer of Pliila., from whom he 
learned the art in N.Y. He was the only 
printer in Pa. from 1712 to 1723. He pub. the 
American Weekly AJercun/, the first newspaper 
in Phila., Dec. 22, 1719 ■ whs Franklin's first 
employer on his arrival there in 172f ; in 1732 
was postmaster ; in 173.T kept a bookstore at 
the sign of the Bible, in Second St., and in 
1738 removed to No. 8, South Front St., occu- 
pied as a printing-house in 1810, by his de- 
scendant, Thomas Bradford, pub. of the True 
American. In 1741, he pub. a periodical, the 

Bradford, Gam.\liel, col. in the Revol. 
army, b. Duxbury, Ms., Sept. 2, 1731 ; d. there 
Jan. 9, 1807. He was a descendant of Gov. B. 
Gamaliel, his father, judge of the C.C.P. of 
Plymouth, and a councillor under Govs. 
Bernard and Hutchinson, d. Apr. 24, 1778, a. 
73. He served in the French war as a captain 
of militia; rose to the rank of major, and, dur- 
ing the Rcvol., com. the 14th Mass. Continental 
Rcjjt. After the war, he was a representative 

Bradford, THO.itAS, son of Col. Wm., 
printer, editor, and publisher, b. Phila., May 4, 
1745; d. there May 7, 1838. Leaving the 
Coll. of Phila. in 1762, he entered his father's 
printing-house, and was his partner, and associ- 
ate editor of the Peimsyhania Journal, which, 
in 1 801 , became the True American. An active 
opponent of the Stamp Act, and other arbitrary 
measures of the British Government, he be- 
came, in 1775, capt. of a military company in 
Phila., and subsequently he was commissary 
gen. to the Pa. division, and printer to Con- 
gress. One of the founders of the Philos. Soc. 
His son Thomas, LL.D., lawyer and philan- 
thropist, b. Phila., Sept. 11, 17S1 ; d. there 
Oct. 2.-), 1851. 

Bradford, William, 2d gov. of Plymouth 
Colony, and one of "The Mayflower" Pil- 
grims, b. Ansterfield, Yorkshire, Eng., in Mar. 
1588; d.May9, 1657. Possessedofagood patri- 
mony, he yetearly in life.connccted himselfwith 
the Dissenters, and, at the ageof 17, wasoneof 
a company which made an attempt to seek in 
Holland that toleration due to its enlightened 
commercial policy ; but, being betrayed by the 
master of the vessel, they were thrown into 
prison at Boston, Lincolnshire After another 
unsuccessful attempt, he at length joined his 
brethren at Amsterdam, learned the art of silk- 
dyeing, and, coming into possession of his prop- 
erty at the age of 21, engaged unsuccessfully 
in commerce. He entered zealously into the 
plan of removing to America the congregation 
of Mr. Robinson's church at Leyden; sailed in 
the first ship, and, on its arrival in the harbor 
of Cape Cod, was one of the foremost in 
selecting a site for the colony. Before this 
was accomplished, his wife fell into the set, and 
was drowned. Upon the death of Gov. Carver, 
April 5, 1621, Mr. Bradford was elected to fill 
the place. Among the first of his acts was the 
cultivation of friendly relations with the Indian 
sachem Massasoit, who, in return for his good 
oflSces, disclosed a dangerous conspiracy then 
forming among the Indians for the purpose of 



totally extirpating the English. He was anna- 
ally rechosen gov. as long as he lived, ex<:ept- 
ing in the years 1633, 1634, '6, '8, and 1644, 
when he declined an election. He wrote a 
history of Plymouth Colony from 1602 to 1647. 
On the retreat of the British army in 1775, the 
MS. was carried away from the library of the 
Old South Church, Boston, and, after having 
been lost 80 years, was recovered, and was 
pub. by the Ms. Hist. Soc. in 1856. A frag- 
ment of his Letter Book, found in a grocer's 
shop at Halifax, has also been printed by the 
same society, accompanied by a descriptive and 
historical account of N.R. in verse. 

Bradford, Major William, second son 
of Gov. B.. b. June 17, 1624; d. Feb. 20 ,1704. 
He resided in what is now Kingston, Ms. He 
com. the Plymouth troops in King Philip's 
War, and was wounded in the Narraganset 
Fort fight, Dec. 19, 1675, at E.ist Kingston, 
R.I. 

Bradford, William, the first printer in 
Pa., h. Leicester, Eng., 1659; d. New York, 
May 23, 1752. Being a Quaker, he emigrated 
in 1682, and landed on the spot where Phila. 
was afterwards built. He learned his trade in 
London. In 1686, he printed an almanac. In 
1692, he was imprisoned for libel ; the writings 
of George Keith, which he printed, having 
caused a quarrel among the Quakers. On his 
.trial, Bradford maintained, that" the jury are 
judges in law, as well as the matter of fact." 
He was not convicted, but, having incurred the 
dis]ileasure of the dominant party in Phila., re- 
moved to New York in 1693. In that year, he 
printed the lawsof the Colony. Oct. 16,1725, 
he began the first newspaper in New York, the 
N. Y. Gazette. In 1728, he established a paper- 
mill at Elizabethtown, N.J. for more than 
50 years, he was printer to the govt, of N. Y., 
and, for 30 year.s, the only one in the province. 
His son Andrew was a printer in I'hila. 

Bradford, William, physician, lawyer, 
and legislator, b. PIvmpton, Ms., Nov. 4, 
1729 ; d. Bristol, R.I.,July 6, 180-(. He was 
a descendant of Gov. Bradford, received agood 
education, and studied medicine under Dr. 
Ezekiel Hersey of Hingham. After a few years' 
practice at Warren, R.I., he removed toBris- 
tol, where he erected an elegant seat on Mount 
Hope. He afterward studied and practised 
law, attaining high rank in his profession. He 
was a leading member of the committee of 
corresp., and took a decided part in the con- 
troversy with Great Britain. During the can- 
nonade of Bristol, Oct. 7, 1775, Gov. Bradford 
went on board " The Rose," 5n behalf of the 
inhabitants, and treated with Capt. Wallace 
for the cessation of the bombardment. He was 
a U.S. senator from 1793 to 1797, and was 
dep. gov., and .speaker of the house of assembly. 
His eldest son, Maj. Wm. Bradford, aide to 
Gen. Charles Lee, of the Revol. army, b. Bris- 
tol, Sept. 17, 1752; d. Nov. 1811. H. U. 
1773. 

Bradford, Col. William, printer and 
Revol. soldier, h. N.Y., 1719 ; d. Phila., Sept. 
25, 1791. Grandson of the first printer of 
Phila., and became a partner of his uncle An- 
drew, who had adopted him; but the connection 
was dissolved on account of a love-affair. Ii\ 



116 



SRA. 



1741, he vi^itc<l Eng., returning the next year 
with books antl printing-material, and in Dec. 

1742, he pub. tlie first numherof the Pennsi/l- 
vania Jniinial, which was continued until the 
close of the century ; when his son Thomas, 
who was his business-partner, changed its name 
to tlie True American. Besides liis business of 
printing, he opened in 1754 the Loudon Coffee 
House, and in 1762, in connection with Mr. 
Kydd, a marine-insurance office. lie oppo.sed 
the Stamp Act, ai..!, Iiaving long held a com- 
mis-^ion in the I'a. militia, wlifn tlio Revol. 
war began, scrvL-d as a mnj. and col. at Tren- 
ton, at Princeton where he was wounded, and 
at Fort Mifflin. He left the army with shat- 
tered health, and ruined fortune. Franklin 
said of him," His writing was spirited, his press 
correct, and his sword active." 

Bradford, VVillii.a.m, lawyer, b. Phila., 
Sept. 14, 1755; d. Aug. 2.3, 1795. N.J. Coll. 
1772. .Son of Col. \Vm. Studied law under 
Edward Shippen ; adra. to the bar of the Su- 
preme Court iu 1779; app. atty.-gen. of Pa. 
in Aug. 1780 ; made a judge of the Supreme 
Court of Pa , Aug. 22, 1791, and attv.-gcn. of 
the U. S., Jan. 28, 1794. In Aug.'l794, he 
was one of the commissioners to confer with 
the insurgents of Western Pa. Ho was a raaj. 
of brigade under Gen. Uoberdeau in 1776, wiis 
acapt'in Hampton's regt., and from Apr. 1777, 
to Apr. 1779, was dep. raustcr-master-gen., 
with the rank of lieut.-col. He was material- 
ly assisted in obtaining a valuable practice at 
the bar, and in various other ways, by his elder 
brother Thomas. In 1793, he" pul). " An In- 
quiry how far the Punishment of Death is Ne- 
cessary in Pa," and ■^■k l"d in effecting be- 
neficent modiii '- I 1 •!• iMiial code of that 

day. Some 111 ' iilctTorts, in im- 

itation of thr i' "■ .: . i I .Micnstone, were 
pub. in the I'lul.i.i. :,,:„. i Ma./nzine. 

Bradford, William, b. N. Bedford, Ms., 
of Quaker parentage, has painted truthfully 
many of the coast-scenes of N.E. Unsuccess- 
ful as a merchant in Fairhaven, Ms., he studied 
the coast of N. E., Nova Scotia, and Labrador. 
Among his best pictures are " The Coast of 
Labrador," " The Islapd of Grand Menan," 
"Fishing-Boats Getting under Way," " Sud- 
den Squall in the Bay of Fiindy," " Shipwreck 
off Nantucket," " Boarding the Sloop," &e. 
— Tiickerman. 

Bradish, Lother. LL.D. (Wms. Coll.), 
statesman, b. CuTnmington,Ms.,Sept. 15, 178.3; 
d. Newport, R.I., Aug. 30, 1863. Wms. Coll. 
1 804. He studied law, made a tour in Europe, 
and in 1820 was engaged in procuring infor- 
mation fur the govt, respecting the commerce 
of the Levant prior to establishing diplomatic 
relations with the Porte. He returned to N.Y. 
in 1826, settled in Franklin Co., where he was 
a large land-owner ; was a member of the as- 
.■iemblv in 1827-30 and 1835-8; lieut.-gov. 
1829^3 ; and assist. U.S. treas. at N.Y., dur- 
ing Fillmore's administration. He latterly 
occupied himself with educational, charitable, 
and reformatory projects, and at his death was 
pres. of the N. Y. Hist. Society and the Amer. 
Bilile Society. 

Bradlee, Caleb Datts, pastor of the 
Allen-st., Church, Cambridge (Dec. U, 1S54- 



Dec. 11, 1857), and of the Church of the 
Redeemer at Boston, since Apr. 6, 1864, b. 
Boston, 24 Feb. 1831. H. U. 1852. He has 
pub. several occasional sermons, — one on the 
death of Pres. Lincoln ; has contrib. to the 
N. E. /list, and G.:m,tl. R., ,,.-<!>,■. and to vari- 
ous periodicals and ncw^jiaprr^ ; .iiiil has been 
recording and corrc-]...n liir.- - r. ..f the N. E. 
Hist, and Gen, Soc, and is a number of many 
other historical and liter.iry societies. 

Bradley, Stephen liow, LL.D. (Dartm. 
Coll. 1805). statesman, b. Wallingford, Ct., 
Oct. 20, 1754; d. Walpole, N. H., Dec. 16, 
1830. Y. C. 1775. He studied law under 
Judge Reeve, and was adm. to practise in May, 
1779. Hecom. a companycalled the Cheshire 
Vols, early in the Revol. war, and was the 
aide of Gen, Wooster when that officer fell at 
Danhurv. Removing to Vt, in 1779, ho was a 
friend of Ethan Allen ; pub. " Vermont's Ap- 
peal," 1779; was active iu organizing the State, 
and was its senator in Congress in 1791-5 and 
1801-13, He was a man of eminent ability, 
but of eccentric habits. 

Bradley, William Czar, LL.D. (Vt. U. 
1851), lawver, son of S. R., b. Westminster, 
Vt,, Mar. '23, 1782; d there Mar. 3, 1S67. 
Y, C. 1817. Adin, to the bar in 1802; State 
attv. for Winilliam Co,, 1804-11 ; member of 
thelegisl. 1806-7 and 18,30, and of the coun- 
cil, 1812; U. C. 1813-15, 1S17-22, 1823-7; 
agent of the U.S. under the treaty of Ghent, 
and memberid' the State Const. C'onv. in 1857. 

Bradley, vvulliam H , M. D., poet, b. 

Hartford, Ct., July 24, 1802; d. Cuba, 1825. 
Educated a physician. He pub. " Giuseppiuo," 
1822, and many fugitive ])ieces. Son of Dr. 
Wra. Bradley, afterward a resident of Phila. 

Bradstreet, Anne, jjoit, b. Northampton, 
Eug., 1612; d, Sept. 16, 1672. She was the 
dau. of Gov. Thomas Dudley, and m. Simon 
Bradstreet, afterwards gov. of Ms., with whom 
she came to N. E. in 1630. Her porms, dedi- 
cated in verse to her father, and entitled " The 
Tenth Muse bit-U- -;>rnnL' m]. in Amer., or Sev- 
eral Poems e. :: ' ! " .1. I ;i, It \';lll,-tyof Wit 

and Lear , >; \> : : ii.'wre pub. at 

London, IGm ■ m .:ii|ilete edition, ])iib. 

at Boston iu IbT.i (.ilier ii.r deaiii), contains 
her best piece, entitled " Conicmplations." A 
reprint of this apiicarcd in 1758, Her works, 
including poetry and |irose, were pub. at 
Charlestown in 1867, edited by John Harvard 
Ellis. 

Bradstreet, John, maj.-gen., b. 1711 ; d. 
N.Y. City, 25 Sept, 1774, lii the exped. against 
Louisburg in 1745, he was lieut.-col, of Pep- 
perell's (York, Me.) regt., and eontrib. lai-^ ly 
to its success by his zeal, activity, and judg- 
ment, and by " iiis particular knowledge m die 
circumstances of this place." Jlade a capt. in 
a regular regt., called Pepperell's, 5 Sept. 1745, 
and app., 16 Sept. 1746, to the sinecure place 
of lieut.-gov. of St. John's, Newfoundland. 
Ordered by Bniddock to Osweno in 1755, and 
made adj.-gen. to Gov. Shirley. In 1756, he 
was again ordered to conduct supplies to Os- 
wego, and on his return, July 3, was attacked 
by a strong party of the enemy, which he de- 
feated ; app. to a company in the 60th (Roy. 
Amer.) regt. in Mar. 1757, and, 27 Dec., was 



BRA. 



117 



BRA. 



made lieut.-col. and dcp. Q.M. gen In 1758, 
he took part in the unsuccessful attack on 
Ticonderoga ; was made Q.M. gen., rank of 
col., in Amer., 20 An;;., and, 97 An;:'., (viptnrcd 

was pub. in London in IT'ii 11 ■ ihc.mhi., 
Anilierst in his cxpod. jL;:iiii-t '1 iiinnkri'L;-! 
and Crown Point; was made cul. in I'Vli 17Gi, 
maj.-gen. 25 May, 1772. In 176+. he com. 
an exped. against tlie Western Indians, with 
whom he negotiated a peace at Detroit, Sept. 
7. He had two daughter-. Mirtlia and Aga- 
tha, by his wife Marv, ^vlln hn I In- lirr first 
husb. (Maj. John BradMn , , i. ; i,/,,!! ih, who 
became the wife of Pcttr i.iiins, ami Samuel, 
maj. 40th Foot. 

Bradstreet, Simon, gov. of Ms., b. Hor- 
hling, Lincolnshire, Eng., March, 1603; d. 
Salem, Ms., March 27, 1B97. His father. Rev. 
Simon Bradstreet, was a ntinconformist minis- 
ter. Bred in rln; rrhi;h,us Ijinily of the Earl 
of Lincoln, aftei >Melyiiu "iie year at Eman- 
uel Coll., Canilirid^ ■, lie became steward to 
the Countess of Warwick. Having m. Anne, 
dan. of Tliomas Dudley, he was persuaded 
to engage in the settlement of Ms., was chosen 
assist.-judge of aconrt about to be established 
there, and arrived in Salem in the summer of 
1630. He took part in the proceedings of the 
first court held in Charlestown, Aug! 23; be- 
came agent and sec. of Ms., and commissioner 
of the United Colonies. In 1631, he was 
among the (bunders of Cambridge. He was 
among the first settlers of Andover, and resid- 
ed also at Ipswich, Salem, and Boston. In 
1653, he, with his colleagues, vigorously and 
successfully opposed making war on the Dutch 
in N.Y., and on the Indians ; though it was 
strongly urged by all the commissioners of the 
other Colonies. In 1662. he was sent to Eng. 
to congratulate Charles II. on his restoration, 
and to act as agent for the Colony. He was 
assistant from 1630 to 1679.; gov. from 1679 
to 1686, when the charter was annulled. He 
strenuously opposed the arbitrary measures of 
Andros, and alter his overthrow in May, 1689, 
was again gov. until May, 1692, when, at the 
a. of 89, he became first councill. He was in 
service in the govt. 62 years, except during the 
brief administrations o'f Dudley and Andros. 
He was a popular magistrate ; a man of great 
aael' le ■■ : 'a.i ..iiimsed to 
> lie- the 

Nestorof N.E. He a.lM i : u ler of 

the charter of Ms. to ( iinl., Il.winlv dis- 
trusting the ability of the Cnionists to resist. 

Bradstreet, Simos, minister of Charles- 
town, Ms., Irom 26 Oct. 1698 to his d., 31 
Dec. I74I ; b. New London, Ct., 7 Mar. 1671. 
H.U. 1693. Son of Rev. Simon of N. L., 
(1638-83), and grandson of Gov. Simon. He 
ranked high as a preacher and a scholar. His 
son SiMox, minister of the second Cong. 
Church, Marblchead, and a disting. linguist, 
d. Marblchead, 5 Oct. 1771, a. 62. Ord. 4 
Jan. 1738. H.U. 1728. 

Brady, Hugh, maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. North- 
umberland Co., Pa., in July, 1768; d. Detroit, 
April 15,1851. He was a bro. or nephew of 
Capt. Samuel Brady, a celebrated Indian scout 
and fighter, b. Shippensburg, 1758. Ensign, 



March 7, 1792, and served in Wayne's Indian 
campaign. He left the service, but re-entered 
it in 1808; Jnlv 6, 1812, was app. col. 22d 

rcL-t. ; enl 5,1 Tnf, I'ilfi ; brevet brig.-gcn. July 

-.\ii_ .1,1, .iini ,\,,- niiuiele.l in tlie two latter 
cu-.iyeuieiit,,. .Sialieiiicd at Detroit during the 
patriot disturbances in Canada, he contrib. 
greatly to the preservation of peace on the 



here April 9, 1815; d. 
'Feb. 9, 1869. His father, Tlios. S. Bnidv, a 

to which he was iidm. in IS'i.'i, and wlieie he 
early attained reputation. His i;,rie wa- ( linii- 
nal cases, in nearly all of wliieh l.n ;:(i yars 
he was engaged; and he won cspeend ili-iinetam 
in the celebrated Forrest divorce case, and by 
his defence of Daniel K. Sickles in 1859. A 
State-rights man and a Democ. before the Re- 
bellion, when that crisis came, he was a zealous 
supporter of Mr. Lincoln's administration, but 
woidd never take any political office, though 
often urged to do so. During the civil w.ar, he 
made many s|.ceches on national questions. 
Neat ilh ,e., .if I lie war, he was one of a com- 
nii. ' into the administration of 

t.li' ! ' iiiif. inidcr Gens. Butler and 

IJaiik- II.' HI- an amiable and social man, 
of much literary culture and taste, and had 
been a contrib. to the old Knlckerhodcer Mcuj- 
azine. One of the best of his pieces, "A Christ- 
mas Dream," was put in a vol. as an illustrated 
holiday present. 

Bragg, Braxton, gen. C.S.A , h. Warren 
Co., N.Cab. 1815. West Point, 1837. Enter- 
ing the 3d Art., he served against the Semi- 
nole Indians, 1839-43; brcv. capt. for gal. 
conduct in defence of Fort Brown, May 9, 
1846 ; capt. 8 Jime, 1846 ; brev. major for gal- 
lantry at Monterey, Jlex., Sept. 23, is46 ; brev. 
lieut.-col. tor Buena \i i.i, I rli i'.;, 1S47; maj. 
1st cav., March ■■>, I I Jan. 3, 

1856, and lived on In- ■ mtation at 

Thibodeaux, La., uni: ! ,i Made a 

brig.-gen. in the Souih i I neb, 1861, 

and took com. of the i i ; i nola des- 
tined to reduce Fort r 1 , 11.. 1862, 
he was made maj.-giML, iini oi.in, ,] mjoin the 
army of the Mpi. He bure an important part 
in the battle of Shiloh, where he com. the 2d 
corps. ; was promoted to gen. in place of Gen. 
A. S. Johnston, killed in that battle, and in 
May succeeded Beauregard in com. of that 
dept. In Aug., he left Chattanooga, success- 
fully turned Buell's left flank, and, passing 
through East Tenn., entered Ky. at the head 
of a large army. Buell leaving his posts in 
Ala , marching on a much shorter line, reached 
Louisville before him, and compelled Bragg to 
retire after the battle of Perryville, Oct. 9, with 
the force nnder Gen. McCook. He carried 
away a vast amount of supplies and a large 
number of recruits from Ky. He was removed 
from his com., and placed under arrest in Rich- 
mond, but was soon restored, and took com. 
of the army opposed to Rosecrans, Nov. 1862. 
At the battle of Murfreesboro', Dec. 31, 1862, 
alter a partial success, he was forced to retire. 



118 



BRA. 



Sept. 19, 1863, he defeated Rosecrans atChiek- 
amauga; Nov. 25, 1863, he was decisively de- 
feated' by Gen. Grant at Mission. Ridge. Re- 
lieved from com. ah. 2 Dec. 1863. He led a 
small force fiom N.C. to Ga. in the autumn of 
1864. 

Bragg, Thomas, politician, b. Warrenton, 
N.C, Nov. 9, 1810. Chiefly educated at the 
Middletown, Ct., Milit. Aead. ; began to prac- 
tise law in 1831 ; member of the N.C. Assem- 
bly, 1842 ; gov. of N.C. 1855-9 ; U.S. senator 
1859 to July, 1861, when he was expelled, hav- 
ing previously taken part in the Rebellion. — 
Lanman. 

Brainerd, David, missionary to the Indi- 
ans, b. Haddam, Ot., April 20, 1718; d. North- 
ampton, Oct. 9, 1747. He was remarkable at 
an early age for a serious turn of mind. He 
entered' Y. Coll. in 1739, and was disting. for 
application and general correctness of con- 
duct, but was expelled in 1742 for some trivial 
offence. Licensed to preach in July, 1742. 
His strong desire to preach the gospel among 
the heathens was at length gratified by an 
app. from the Society for Propagating Chris- 
tian Knowledge, as missionary to the Indians. 
In 1743, he commenced his labors at Kauna- 
muk, an Indian village situated between Stock- 
bridge and Albany. On the removal of the 
Kaunamuks the next year to Stockbridge, he 
turned his attention to the Delaware Indians. 
Ord. in June, 1744, by the presbytery at New- 
ark, N.J., he took up his habitation near the 
forks of the Delaware, in Pa., where he resided 
for a year, and made two visits to the Indians 
on the Susquehanna River. His exertions, 
however, were unattended with much success, 
until he went to the Indians at Crosweeksung 
in N.J. A complete reformation in the lives 
of the savages took place within a year, and 
nearly 100 were baptized. In 1747, he went to 
Northampton, Ms., and passed tliere, in the 
family of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, the 
residue of his days, Brainerd was a man of 
vigorous intellect and quick discernment. Gift- 
ed with a powerful eloquence, a strong memo- 
ry, and with an intimate knowledge of human 
nature, he was eminently qualiKed for the 
business of instruction. His biography was 
written by Pres. Edwards. A new edition, to- 
gether with his journals, " Mirabilia Dei apud 
Indicos," and " Grace Displayed," was pub. in 
1822. John, his brother, also a missionary, b. 
Haddam, Ct.,28 Feb. 1720; d. Deerfield, Ms., 
March21, 1781. Y.C. 1746. He succeeded to 
his brother's mission in 1748 ; resided in New- 
ark, N.J., in 1755 ; was some time at Mt. Holly, 
and officiated to churches around Egg Harbor, 
in 1760-77, but went to Deerfield in 1777. — 
See Life of, by Rev. Thomas Brainerd, 186.i. 

Brainerd, John Gardiner Calkins, 
poet, b. New London, Ct., Oct. 21, 1796; d. 
there Sept. 26, 1828. Y.C. 1815. He was the 
son of Judge Jeremiah G., who d. Jan. 7, 
1830, a. 69. Educated for the bar, inadequate 
success in that vocation led him to assume in 
1822 the editorial charge of the Ct. Mirror at 
Hartford ; but the ravages of consumption 
obliged him, about n year before his death, to 
return to New London. A vol. of his poems 
was pub. in N.Y., 1825; an enlarged cd. in 



1832, entitled "Literary Remains," and a 3d 
ed. (Hartford, I84-J) edited by J. G. Whittier. 

Brainerd, Thomas, D.D., Presb. clcrgv- 
man, h. Central N.Y., June 17, 1804 ; d. Scraii- 
ton. Pa., Aug. 22, 1866. Ord. Oct. 7, 1831. 
Descended from Daniel Brainerd the Puritan. 
He at first studied law, but soon entered the 
And. Theol. Sem.. sruilnd aft.rward under 
Dr. Patterson of Tl. :.i :mJ iv,,„,v,-d to Cin- 
cinnati, where he ;i ,1' I ,1.111 Beccher; 
edited the C/imJ/d,, ;.' ,' ',u. Journal, 
and Youths' Mai/tizi..., l;.jj-b, .mJ Assisted on 
the Preshi/teriwi Qaartedij Rtvicw. From 1837 
to his death, he had charge of the Old Pine- 
street Church, Phila. Author of " The Life 
of John Brainerd." — 5ee Memoir, by M. Brai- 
nerd, 8vo, Phila. 

Branch, John, sec. of the U. S. N., b. 
Halifax, N.C., Nov. 4,1782 ; d. Edgefield, N.C, 
Jan. 4, 1863. U.of N.C. 1801. Hestudiedand 
practised law ; became a judge of the Superior 
Court ; was a member of the State senate from 
1811 to 1817; gov. of the State in 1817-20; 
again a State senator in 1822; a U.S. senator 
from 1823 to 1829; sec. of the navv under 
Pres. Jackson from 1829 to 1831 ; M.C. 1831- 
3; again a State senator in 1834; in 1835, a 
member of the State Con.st Conv.; and, in 
1854-5, gov. of Fhi. 'I'nr — /jr:,„a„. 

Branch, Lawui.n. i: nnuiEX, gen. 
C.S.A., b. Halifax Co., N.C, iii IS-JO ; killed 
in battle at Antietam, Sept. 17, 18G2. N.J. 
Coll. 1838. Son of the preceding. He stud- 
ied law, settled at Raleigh, and was M C from 
1855 to 1861, supporting the measures of the 
Democ. party. Alter the secession of N.C, 
May 21, he entered its military service, and 
was made brig.-gen. in Nov. 1861. He com. 
at Newbern when it was captured by Gen. 
Burnside, and subsequently took part in sev- 
eral of the battles in that State and on the pe- 
ninsula. 

Brandt, Joseph (Thatandanega), a 
Mohawk chief, b. ah. 1742; d. at his seat at 
the head of Lake Ontario, U.C, 24 Nov. 1807. 
He is said to have taken an active part in the 
Niagara campaign of 1759, under Sir Wm. 
Johnson, who, in 1761, sent him to Dr. Wlice- 
loek's Indian school at Hanover, where he 
translated portions of the New Testament 
into the Mohawk language In 1763, he was 
in the war against Pontine. He was, at the 
breaking-out of the Revol. war, sec. to Guy 
Johnson, superintendent of the Indians, whom 
he excited to take arms against the Colonists. 
Returning from a visit to Eng. in 1775-6, he 
was employed by the British in predatory ex- 
cursions against the Colonists in connection 
with the savage Tory refugee, Col. John Butler; 
served under St. Legcr at the investment of 
Fort Stanwix ; was a leader in the severe battle 
of Oriskany, 6 Aug. 1777, and, though not 
present at the Wyoming Massacre, was in that 
at Cherry Valley, and in July, 1779, led the 
band that destroyed Minisink, and defeated the 
party of Col. Tusten. He held a col's, com- 
mission from the king, and, after the war, pre- 
vailed on the various tribes to make a perma- 
nent treaty of peace. In 1 786, he again visit- 
ed Eng., where he was received with distinc- 
tion, and collected funds for the erection of 



SRA. 



BRE 



the first church built in Upper Canada, and was 
afterward employed by (jov. Carleton in tlie 
public service. He opposed the lonfederation 
of the Indians, which led to the uxped. of 
Wayne in 1793, and did his utmost to preserve 
peace between the Indians and the U.S. He 
translated the Gospel of St. Mark into the 
Mohawk languaije, and did much for the wel- 
fare of his people. His soa John, an officer 
in the British service in the War of 1SI2, d. 
Biantfjrd in Sept. 1832, a. 36. A dau. m. 
\Y. J. Krr of Niagara in 1824. — A'ee Life 
of Bran It, h^ IK. L. Stotie. 

Brannan, John Milto;!, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. ]).C.,ab. 1820. West Point, 1841. 
Entering the 1st Art., he became 1st lieut. 
Mar. 3, 1847 ; disting. himself at Cerro Gordo ; 
won the brev. of capt. for gallantry at Con- 
ireras and Churubusco ; was severely wounded 
at the Belen Gate of Mexico, Sept. 13, 1847 ; 
capt. 1st. Art. Nov. 4, 1834; and brig.-gen. 
Vols. Sept. 28, 1861, and served in the dep. 
of the South, having for a time com. of South- 
ern Florida. Transferred to S.C, he com., 
Oct. 22, 1862, a reconnoissance from Hilton 
Head to the Broad River and its tributaries, and 
had an engagement with a Confed. Ibrce, which 
he drove across the Focotaligo River, with 
severe loss on both sides. He com. a division 
in McCook's corps at Chickamauga, 20 Sept. 
1863; was chief of art. dcpt., Cumberland, 
1863-5; brev. col. for Chickamauga; maj. 1st 
Art. Aug. 1, 1863; in the battle of Mission- 
ary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1863; in the battles 
and operations ending in the capture of At- 
lanta, 2 Sept. 1864, for which brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865; and brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A. for merit, services in the field during 
the Rebellion. — Culium. 

Branuan, Willlim Penn, artist and 
poet of Cincinnati, b. 22 Mar. 1825 ; d. there 
9 Aug. 1866. Autlior of the " Harp of a 
Thousand Strings;" wrote under the pseudo- 
nyme of " Vandyke Brown," and produced 
some paintings of decided merit. — See Poets 
and Poetri/ of the West. 

Brattlej William, F.R.S., lawyer, preach- 
er, physician, soldier, and legislator, b. Cam- 
bridge, iMs., ab. 1702; d. Halifax, N S., Oct. 
1776. H.U. 1722. Son of Wm., minister of 
Cambrid-e (b 22 Nov. 1662; d. 15 Feb. 1717. 
H.U. 1680. C3rd. 25 Mar. 1696). Author of 
a compendium of logic. The son was long a 
member of the legisl. and of the council ; 
practised physic extensively ; was capt. of the 
Art. Co., 1733, and a maj.-gen. of militia; a 
benefactor of H. U. ; member of the Stamp 
Act Congress in 1765; and, being a loyalist, 
loft Boston with the British troops in Mar. 
1776. 

Bravo (bra'vo), Nicolas, a Mexican gen., 
b. Chilpanzingo, ab. 1792; d. there Apr. 22, 
1854. Leonardo his father, a patriot, b. near 
San Luis Potosi, 1766; d. of prison-fever, in 
the hands of the Spaniards in the ciiy of 
Mexico in 1812. Attached to the party of in- 
dependence from the outset, he placed himself, 
after the death of Hidalgo in 1812, under 
Morelos, and contrib. powerfully to the suc- 
cess of the Republican cause by his victory 
over the Spanish gen. Mnsitu. lu 1817, he 



was taken by the viceroy Apodaca, 
spared his life only at the urgent soli( ' 
of many prominent royalists. He ' 
at the general amnesty, March, 1820. He op- 
posed Iturbide in 1 822 ; and the provisional govt, 
which succeeded was confided in 1823 to Bra- 
vo, Vittoria, and Negretie. Feb. 2, 1824, Vit- 
toria obtained the presidency, and Bravo the 
vice-presilency ; Dee. 23, 1827, he put him- 
self at the head of a Revol. movement, but was 
ea.sily defeated by Gen. Guerrero ; Bravo and 
other officers who were taken, after passing 5 
months in prison, being banished to Guate- 
mala. Recalled in 1829 by the overthrow of 
Guerrero, he was sent against him, and ob- 
tained his revenge on that chieftain, whom he 
took with arms in his hands, and who was 
shot Feb. 14, 1831. At the close of 1833, 
Bravo was again at the head of a small body 
of insurgents, and was beaten in the year fol- 
lowing by Vittoria. In July, 1839, as pres. of 
the council, he was charged with the supreme 
administration of the govt, during an inter- 
im of a week, and again, from Oct. 26, 1842, 
till March, 1843, during Santa Aiia's absence 
as dictator at the head of the army, and 
for the last time from July 29 to Aug. 4, 1846, 
when he was deposed by a Revol. During 
the war with the U.S., he took part in the 
battle of Cerro Gordo. Bravo was one of the 
most upright, honorable, and disting. men 
Mexico has produced. — N. B. G. 

Braxton, Carter, signer of the Decla- 
ration of Independence, b. Newington, Va., 
Sept. 10, 1736; d. Oct. 10, 1797. Wm. and 
Mary Coll. 1756. His father was a wealthy 
planter, and his mother the dau. of Robert 
Carter, at one time pres. of the council. In 
1760, he returned from a residence of some 
years in Eng., and in 1765 disting. himself 
in the Va. li. of burgesses, in support of Pat- 
rick Henry's celebrated Stamp Act resolu- 
tions, and in the subsequent assemblies which 
were dissolved by the gov. He was a member 
of the Va. convention of 1769, and of that of 
Williamsburg in 1774; was an active mem- 
ber of the last house of burgesses convened 
under royal authority in Va., and was a mem- 
ber of the. committee to whom was referred the 
difficulty between it and Gov. Dunmore. In 
1775, he was a member of the convention which 
met at Richmond to devise measures for the 
public good, and was, Dec. 15, app. successor 
to Peyton Randolph in Congress. He did not 
remain long in that body, but served in the 
Va. legisl. till 1786 ; from 1786 to 1791 was a 
member of the State council, and also from 
1794 to 1797. He inherited several planta- 
tions ; but the close of his life was imbittered 
by pecuniary embarrassment, and the entire 
wreck of his fortune. He was a man of talent, 
of sound judgment, and remarkable prudence 
and forethought. In 1776, he pub. at Phila. 
" An Address to the Convention of Va. on the 
Subject of Govt." 

Brearly, David, jurist; d. Trenton, N.J., 
16 Aug. 1790, a. 44. Lieut-col. in the Revol. 
army, and a cool and brave officer. Member 
of the State and Federal Const. Convs., and 9 
years chief-justice of N.J. — Alden's Epitaphs. 

Breathitt, John, gov. Ky., 1832^, b. near 



^■^O-. /•» 



NVw Loiulon, Va., Sept. 9, 1786; il. Frank- 
fort, Ky., Feb. 21, 1834. His father settletl in 
Logan Co. in 1800. John was a surveyor 
and school-teacher, and, acquiring some prop- 
erty, studied law ; adin. to the bar in Feb. 
isio ; was several years thereafter in the iegisl.; 
was lieut-gov. in 1828-32. He was a warm 
supporter of Jaclison for the Presidency. — 
Cullins's Hist, of Ky. 

Bl-ebeuf, JKAN de (1593-1G49), was one 
of the c':uii(.--t missionaries sent to Canada, 
whither, in 1025, he accompanied Champlain, 
and esial.li>h«l liim,elf amon;,- the Hurons. 
Uiirin;; a residence among them of 3 years, ho 
acquired their language, gained tlieir confi- 
dence, and exercised a paternal influence 
ovei them. He fell a victim to the implacable 
hatred which existed betweevi the Hurons and 
Iroquois. In 16+9, in a combat where the 
Hurons, unexpectedly attacked, had the disad- 
vantage, Brebeuf fell into the hands of the 
Iroquois, who put him t^i di aili wiih ilir hi'.'lit- 
ful torments which they ii-uail> inllnr mi ilir.r 
prisoners of war. Atthccndul Ins" \'m\. !-■■." 
Champlain has printed the " ratu.lunin innjiiit 
dans la Lanrjue cles Hurons," by father Brebeuf. 
This is the first known specimen of the idiom 
of the savages of Canada, Paris, 1652. 

Breek, Daxiel, LL.D., jurist, son of Kev. 
Daniel (1748-1845), b. Topsfield, Ms., Feb. 12, 
17SS. D.C. 1812. He studied law, and re- 
moving to Richmond, Ky., in 1814, commenced 
practice there. Judge of a county court ; 
from 1824 to 1829, he was a member of the 
State legisl. ; from 1835 to 1843, he was pres. 
of the branch bank of Ky. at Richmond ; 
in 1843, he was app. judge of the Supreme 
Court of Ky., and was M.C. from 1849 to 1851. 
LL. D. of Transyl. U. in 1843. — Z-ok/huh. 

Breek, Robebt, minister of Springfield, 
Ms., from July 26, 1736, to his d., Apr. 23, 1784, 
b. July 25, 1713. H.U. 1730. SonofRobert, 
minister of Marlborough, 1704-31. His settle- 
ment gave rise to much controversy as to his 
religious views. He was a man of great learn- 
ing, and a close reasoner. He pub. a century 
sermon on the burning of the town by the In- 
dians, Oct. 16, 1675. — Sprofjue. 

Breek, Samdel, son of Kev. Daniel, b. 
Boston, 17 July, 1771 ; d. Phila., 1 Sept. 1862. 
At the Roy. Milit. Coll. of Loreze in 1783-7. 
His family moved to Pa. in 1792. He was 
many years in the Pa. legisl. and in the Phila. 
city govt. ; M.C. 1823-5 ; member of the Pa. 
Hist. Soc. He pub. historical sketch of Con- 
tinental paper-money, 1843, and some histori- 
cal addresses. 

Breekinridge, Gen. James, lawyer and 
politician, b. near Fincastle, Botetourt Co., 
Va., March 7, 1763 ; d. there Aug. 1846. W. 
and M. Coll. 1785. He was a Revol. soldier, 
serving in Col. Preston's rifle regt., under 
Greene, in 1781 ; was adm. to the bar in 1787, 
and became a successful lawyer; a prominent 
leader of the old Federal party in the gen. as- 
sembly of the State, and M.C. 1809-17. He 
was an active and efficient friend of that great 
improvement by which Va. proposed to con- 
nect the waters of the Chesapeake with those 
of the Ohio, and a zealous co-laborer with Mr. 
Jetferson in founding the U. of Va. 



Breekinridge, John, U S. atty.-gen. in 
1805, author and advocate of the celebrated 
" Resolutions of 1798-9 " in the Va. legifl., b. 
Va. 1760; d. Lexington, Ky., Dec. 17, 1806. 
Emigrating to Ky., he was chosen U.S. sen- 
ator m 1801, and introduced, in 1802, a resolu- 
tion for the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, 
establishing several new tribunals. In the de- 
bate which followed, Mr. Breckenridgedisting. 
himself by his eloquent speeches. He also took 
an active part in the discussion relative to the 
free navigation of the Mpi. A vol. of his 
speeches was pub. 

Breekinridge, John, D.D. (Un. Coll. 
1835), b. Cabell's Dale, Ky., 4 July, 1797 ; d. 
near Lexington, Ky., 4 Aug. 1841. N.J. Coll. 
1818. Son of the preceding. Licensed to 
I r. ,i. Ii Ml I ~:Jj : chaplain to Congress in 1822- 
:i , |M 11 "I I i'lLsb. church at Lexington, 10 
S. |,' 1 ■ _ ; I ^ji,, .luring which time he estah- 
lisln c| ihi ir, ' ;;( Luniinary, a religious news- 
jiapcr. In 1S26-31, he was colleague with Dr. 
Ijlendy at Baltimore; sec. and gen.-agent of 
the Presb. Board of Education at Phila. ill 
1831-6; prof, of theology at the Princeton 
Sem. in 1836-8 ; sec. and gen. agent of the 
Board of Foreign Missions, 1838-40, and at 
the time of his d. pres. elect of Oglethorpe U., 
Ga. In 1836-8, he was settled at N. Orleans. 
He was an able controversialist ; and his discus- 
sion with Bishop Hughes of N.Y. was pub. 
with the title, " Roman-Catholic Controversy." 
He was an eloquent preacher and an able 
polemic writer. Pres. of the African Coloni- 
zation Soc. — SiwayitP. 

Breekinridge, John Cabell, vice.-pres. 
of the U.S., b. near Lexington, Ky., Jan. 21, 
1821. Grandson of Senator John B. Centre 
Coll., Ky. He studied law at the Transyl. 
Institute, and was adm. to the bar at Lexing- 
ton. After residing at Burliii'jt'>n, To., tnr a 
time, he returned to Lexington - i. r. i . i,.,,- 
tised his profession with sum 1 i . i as 

a major during the Mex. war,,, I ;, , ,h_ „iia- 
self as the counsel of Gen. I'limw during the 
famous court-martial. On his return, he was 
elected to the State legisl, and was M.C. from 
1851 to 1855. The mission to Spain was ten- 
dered him by Pres. Pierce, but was declined. 
He became V.P. in March, 1857. One of his 
first public performances was the delivery of a 
eulogy on Henry Clay. He entered the senate 
in 1861 as successor of J. J. Crittenden. Can- 
didate of the Southern Democ. for Pres. in 
1860, and defeated ; expelled from the senate, 
Dec. 4, 1861 ; madeamaj -gen. C.S.A., 5 Aug. 
1862; he com. the reserve at Shiloh, Apr. 6, 
1862; com. the force which attacked Baton 
Rouge, La., Aug. 5, 1862, and was repulsed ; 
com. a division in Polk's lo ps at Miiiliocs- 
boro', Dec. 31,1862; at Clii. 1, ,i,. ,,,_ i, Xnv. 
25, 1863; defeated Sigclntaii ^ , , . \ ,, . 
May 13, 1864; then joined I , . mmI 

was at the battle of Coal Ilai ii i , iuih ,i i -i,-( ; 
com. a corps under Early in the ^lR•nanuoah 
Valley, when defeated bv Gen. Sheridan, Sept. 
1864; defeated Gen. Gil'lem inE. Tenn., Nov. 
12 ; was in the battle near Nashville, Dec. 15, 
and in Jan.-Apr. 1865, was sec. of war at Rich- 
mond ; was in Europe after Lee's surrender, 
1865-8. 



BRK 



Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson, 
D. D., LL. D., Presl). divine, b. at GiiMI's 
Dale, Ky., Mar. 8, 18U0. Uii. Coll. 1819. He 
practised law from 1823 to 1831, and was, 
meanwhile, several times in the K_v. legisl. 
From 1832 to 1845, lie was pastor of the First 
I'resb. Church, Baltimore, and noted for his 
eloquence. Pres. of Jetf. Coll., Pa., from 1845 
to 1847, when he returned to Ky. ; assumed 
the pastorate of the First Presb. Charch in 
Le.\in^'ton, and became superintendent of pub- 
lic instruction for the State. He resigned 
these stations in 1853, having been elected 
prof of theology in the newly-established sera, 
at Danville, Ky., an office which he continues 
to hold. While in Baltimore, he edited the 
Literal!/ ami Religious Mafjazine and the Spirit 
(if the 19//i Ceiitiiri/; and his discussions with 
the Catholics evinced great knowledge of 
cburch-liisti.iy ami thcolo-y. He is the princi- 
pal :iiii!i-r '.:' till' riiniiiMiii -, Ihi.il system ofKy. 
In li;' .11 ■. . ■ ■!■ <j{ the day, he 

0|i|i"-- i!i ■ ' 'II I " ■ I (11 I- side, and ear- 
nest I \ -ii|i|"n ii .1 ill.' I nil. I'l r. Ill ring the civil 
war. lie puli 2 vols, ui I m K in Europe" 

in 1838, and besides a ij I - : 'I tracts, 

essays, and letters, in I -^ : "' ": iiurtant 

work on "Theologv i.l.| (:i\. i\ ulrred." 

LL.D. of .Jeff. Coll." 1847; II. U. 18132; D.D. 
of Cn. Coll. 1839. D. Danville, Ky. Dee. 27, '71. 

Breese, S.^mdei, L., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
N.Y., 1794; d. Mt. Airey, Penn., Dee. 17, 
1870. Midshipm. Sept. 10, 1810 ; lieut. Apr. 
27, 1816; commander, Dec. 22, 1835; capt. 
Sept. 8, 1841 ; rear-adm. July 16, 1862. He was 
present at the battle of Lake Champlain, Sept. 
11,1814; com. frigate " Cumberland," Medit. 
squad., 1845; was present at the capture of 
Tuspan and Tabasco, Mexico, and at the cap- 
ture of Vera Cruz, 1847 ; com. Mediterranean 
fleet, 1856-8; com. N.Y. n ivy-yard, 1859-61. 

Breese, Sidney, senator and jurist, b. 
Whiiesboro", Oneida Co., N.Y., July 15, 1800. 
Un. Coll. 1818. He removed to 111., and in 
1821 wasadm. to the bar; became assist, sec. 
of State, and was State atty. from 1822 to 1827, 
when he was app. U. S. atty. for 111. In 1829, 
he pub. a vol. of Decisions of the Supreme 
Court, the first octavo vol. pub. in the State ; 
served as a lieut.-col. of vols, in the Black 
Hawk War; in 1835 was elected a circuit 
judge ; was U. S. senator in 1843-9, and wu'? 
chairm.in of the coin, on public lands, and a 
regent of the Smithsonian Inst., during Polk's 
administration. In 1850, he was speaker of 
the 111. legisl. ; was one of the originators of 
the 111. Central R.R. ; in 1855, he was again 
placed upon the Circuit Court bench of which 
he was made chief judge. — Lanman. 

Bremer, Frederika, a Swedish novelist, 
b. near Abo, Finland, 17 Aug. 1801 ; d. Arsta, 
near Stockholm, 31 Dec. 1865. She was care- 
fullyeducatcd by her parents, who were wealthy, 
and taught an acad. at Stockholm. " The 
Neighbors," her first work, app. in 1824. Her 
visit to the U. S. in 1849-51 is recorded in 
her " Homes in the New World." She after- 
ward pub. an account of her travels in Swit- 
zerland, Italy, and the Holy Land. — See her 
Life, Letters, and Posthumous Works, by her Sis- 
ter Charlotte, 18G8. 



Brenton, Jahleel, post-capt. British nn- 
vy, b. Oct. 22, 1729 ; d. Edinburgh, Jan. 1802. 
Wm., the first Pilgrim, was gov. of R. I. His 
son Jahleel, 2d, coll. of the customs in N.E. 
under Wm. III., d. 1732; and his son Jahleel, 
3d, wliii seems to have been a great land- 
holder (b. Aug. 15, li;9I), m. the dan. of Saml. 
Cranston, gov. of R. I. By this lady he had 
7 daughters and 8 sons, one of whom. Jahleel, 
4th, m. Henrietta Cowley (of the Cowleys of 
Worcestershire), who bore him a large family. 
In his youth, he entered the navy, but had 
attained only the rank of lieut., and was living 
quietly on the patrimonial estate in R. X., when 
the Revol. began. He was a man of high char- 
acter and respectable talents : efforts were 
made to enlist him on the patriot side. He 
was offered high rank in their navy, but re- 
fused, and at last escaped to a British cruiser 
off the coast, sacrificing all but a small frag- 
ment of a liberal fortune. He served with rep- 
utation, rose to be a post capt., and brought up 
three sons to the same prof. His son Sir Jah- 
leel, rear-adm. of the Blue, b. R. 1 , 1770, d. 
Elford, Eng., Apr. 3, 1844. He first served 
in 1781, in " The Queen," commanded by his 
father. His second son, Edward Pelham, 
author of "The Naval History of Great Bri- 
tain," d. a post capt. in London, 1839. 

Brenton, William, gov. of R. I., d. New- 
port, 1674. The family, who were persons of 
wealth and consideration in Hammersmith, 
Eng., emig. to Amer. in the reign of Charles I. 
He was a representative of Boston for several 
years, dating from 1635 ; lieut.-gov. of R. I. 
before 1660, and in 1663; pres. of R I. be- 
tween 1660 and 1 601, and gov. under the char- f 
ter, from 1666 to 1669. ' ' 

Brevard, Dr. Ephraim, a Revol. patriot ( f 1 1 ' 
of N.C.tauthor of the Mecklenburg Declara- ) J^i 
tion of Independeneey d. at Charlotte, N.C., \ ^^^ ' 
near the close of thffwar. N.J. Coll. 1768.-' < / 
He was one of the " seven sons " of his wid- ,' 
owed mother, who were in the army. Studied 
medicine, and settled as a physician in Char- 
lotte, N C. In May, 1775, he was clerk of the 
convention held in Charlotte, Mecklenburg Co., 
and, as one of the committee to prepare resolu- 
tions, produced the famous document by which 
they anticifiated by more than a year the Dec- 
laration by Congress. When the British invad- 
ed the Southern States, Dr. Brevard entered 
the Continental army as a surgeon, and was 
taken prisoner at Charleston, in May, 1780. 
Broken by disease, when set at liberty he re- 
turned to Charlotte, where he soon after died. 
— Lossing. 

'BvevjQT, Col. Jonathan, Revol. officer of 
Waltham, Ms., b. Framingham, 3 Feb. 1726; 
d. there 6 Jan. 1784. He had been an officer 
in the French war, and, at Bunker's Hill, com. 
a regt., behaved with spirit, and was wounded. 
In May, 1775, he proposed to the Prov. Con- 
gress an exped. to Quebec by way of the 
Kennebec and Cbaudiere ; thanked by the 
Prov. Cong, for giving up his regt. to Col. 
Whitcomb, and app. barrack-master, 16 Nov. 
1776. 

Brewer, Col. Samuel, b. Framingham, 
Ms.; d. after 1781. Bro. of Col. Jonathan 
Brewer; adj. gen. of the troops at Eoxbnry, 



BRK 



122 



under Gen. Thomas, in the spring of 1775 ; 
wounded at Bunker's Hill; autl-.orized to 
raise a regt. for service at Ticonderoga in Aug. 
1776 ; col. 12th Ms. Continental regt. 1777-8; 
cashiered 1778. 

Brewerton, Henry, LL.D. (Dick Coll. 
1847), brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. K.Y. West 
Point, 1819. Entering theengineer corps, he 
became col. 22 Apr. 1864; brev brig. -gen. 13 
Mar. 1865, retired 7 Mar. 1867; supt. engr. 
of the defences of Baltimore harbor, and of 
Del. River and Bay, 1861-5, and of N.Y. har- 
bor defences, 1865-7. — Culium. 

Brewster, Charles Warre:*, editor and 
author, b. Portsmouth, N.H., 13 Sept. 1802 ; 
d. there 3 Aug. 1868. He received a commoji 
school education, was an apprentice in the of- 
fice of the PorLsmoulh Journal, with which he 
was connected over half a century, and was 
43 years its proprietor. He was in 1846-7 a 
member of the State legisl. and in 1850 a 
member of the last Const. Conv. Author of 
" Fifty Years in a Printing-Office," " Ram- 
bles about Portsmouth," 2 series, 1859-1870. 

Brewster» William, a Pilgrim of Ply- 
mouth, elder and only teacher for some years, 
b. Scrooby, Eng., in 1566; d. Plymouth, Ms., 
April 16, 1644. After an education at Cam- 
bridge U., he entered the service of William 
Davison, ambassador of Queen Elizabeth, in 
Holliuul, between whom and himself a strong 
attachment subsisted. Through Davison's in- 
fluence, he was made postmaster of Scrooby. 
Turning his attention to religious subjects, he 
withdrew from the Established Church, and es- 
tablished with others a separate society. This 
new church met on the Lord's Day, at Mr. 
Brewster's house, as long as they could assem- 
ble without interruption. Endeavoring by 
flight to avoid their persecutors, Mr. Brewster, 
and Mr. Bradford and others, were seized 
in 1607, just as they were going to Holland, 
and imprisoned at Boston in Lincolnshire. 
Mr. Brewster, having most property, was the 
greatest sufferer, and, obtaining with much dif- 
ficulty and expense his liberty, he first assisted 
the poor of the society to emigrate, and then 
followed them to Holland. His means being 
exhausted, he opened a school at Leyden for 
teaching the English language. By the assist- 
ance of some friends, he also procured a print- 
ing-press, and pub. several books against the 
hierarchy, but could not obtain a license for 
their pub. in Eng. Such was his reputation in 
the church at Leyden, that he was chosen a 
ruling elder, and accomp. its members who 
emig. to N. E. in 1620. The church at Ply- 
mouth being for several years destitute of a 
minister, Mr. Brewster, who was respected for 
his character and venerable age, frequently 
officiated as a preacher, though he could never 
be persuaded to administer the sacraments. — 
See Life and Times of Win. Brewster, by A. 
isleele, 1857. 

Brickett, James, physician and Revol. pa- 
triot, b. 1737 ; d. Haverhill, Ms , 9 Dec. 1818. 
He practised physic successfully many years in 
Haverhill ; was a surgeon in the army at Ti- 
conderoga in 1 759-60 ; became lieut.-col. of 
Frye's Essex regt. 20 May, 1775, and was en- 
gaged and wounded at Bunker's Hill, 17 June; 



was app. brig -gen. of the forces to be sent 
to Canada, 11 July, 1776 ; com. the escort of 
Burt'oyne's captive soldiers from Saratoga to 
Cambridge, Ms., in Oct. 1111. — Chases Hist., 
Haverhill. 

Bridge, Horatio, b. Augusta, Me., Apr. 
8, 1806. Bowd. Coll. 1825. Son of Judge 
James. Studied law, and opened an office at 
Augusta; entered the navy as paymaster in 
1838 ; chief of the bureau of clothing and pro- 
vision, 1845-68. Author of "Journal of an 
African Cruiser." 

Bridgman, Laura, a blind deaf-mute, b. 
Hanover, N.H., Dec. 21, 1829. At the age of 
2 years, a severe illness deprived her of sight 
and hearing, and consequently of speech; while 
the si nse of smell was also destroyed, and that 
of taste much impaired. She gradually recov- 
ered her health ; but none of her senses were 
restored. At the age of 8, she became an in- 
mate of the Perkins Inst, for the Blind, in Bos- 
ton, under the care of Dr. S. G. Howe.where she 
was taught the names and qualities of objects, 
and how to write. Subsequently acquired the 
rudiments of arithmetic; took fessons on the 
piano, in which she became tpiite skilful ; and 
acquired a practical knowledge of needlework 
and of some household duties. She manifests 
in a remarkable degree that maidenly coyness 
and reserve which have been so often regarded 
as the result of education. She is still an in- 
mate of the Perkins Asylum. — Appleton's New 
Amor. Cycl. 

BriggS, Charles Frederick, author and 
journalist, b. Nantucket. Removing to N.Y. 
City early in life, he has since resided there. 
In 1845, in conjunction with Edg.<ir A. Poe, he 
edited the Broadwai/ Journal, a weekly ; also 
edited Putnam's Majazine from 18.53 to 1856, 
in connection with G. W. Curtis and Parke 
Godwin, and has since been one of the editors 
of the New-York Times. He was also connect- 
ed with the ^yemn^ il/;nw. He pub in 1839 
" The Adventures of Harry Franco," a novel ; 
"Story of the Telegraph," 1858; in 1844, 
" Thc'Haunted Merchant," and in 1847," The 
Trippings of Tom Pepper." He is a vigorous 
and caustic writer. Some of his poetical 
pieces have appeared in Putnam's Monthly, and 
others in a choice vol. of selections, — '"Sea- 
weeds from the Shores of Nantucket." — 
Duqckinck. 

BriggS, George Nixon, LL.D. (Wms. 
Coll. 1844), gov. of Ms., b. Adams, Ms., April 
13, 1796 ; d. Pittsfield, Sept. 12, 1851. A.M. 
of H.U. 1828. His father served under Stark 
at Bennington. He learned the trade of a 
hatter ; studied law ; was adm. to the bar in 
Oct. 1818; practised successively in Adams, 
Lanesborough, and Pittsfield, and in 1827, in 
the defence of a Stockbridge Indian tried at 
Lenox for murder, established his reputation 
as one of the ablest criminal lawyers of the 
State. Register of deeds from 1824 to 1831; 
M.C. 1831-43 ; gov. of Ms. 1844-51 ; judge of 
C. C. P. in 1851-6. He was a member of the 
State Const. Conv. of 1853. In 1861, he was 
one of a committee to adjust the differences 
between the U.S. and New Grenada ; but his 
death, from the accidental discharge of a gun, 
prevented his entering upon that duty. A 



BRI 



123 



1 advocate of temperance ; pres. of the 
Temperance Union, of the Ms. S. S. Utiion, the 
Baptist Missionary Union, and the Tract So- 
ciety at Boston. A biograpliy by Rev. Win. 
C. Richards appeared in 18B6. His son. Col. 
Henry ShawBiuggs, com. 10th Ms. Vols. ; 
made hrig.-gen. 17 July, 1862 ; woiindod at 
Fair Oaks ; b. 1 Aug. 1824. VVras. Coll. 1844. 
A lawyer by profession. 

Brigham, Amariah, M.D., physician, 
and superintendent of asylums for tlie insane, 
b. New Marlboro', Ms., Dec. 26, 1798 ; d. Sept. 
8,1849. Left an orphan at 1 1, and at 17 he com- 
menced the study of medicine, supporting him- 
self by teaching school during winters. Com- 
mencing practice in 1821, he resided success- 
ively in Enfield and Greenfield, Ms., and in 
Hartford, Ct., and spent a year (1828-9) in 
European travel and study. In 18.37, he deliv- 
ered a coui-se of lectures before the Coll. of 
Physicians and Surgeons, N.Y. He was su- 
perintendent ot the Insane Asylum at Hartford, 
1840-2, and at the State Lunatic Asylum, Uti- 
ca, N.Y.,from 184.3 till his death. He deliv- 
ered lectures on ili,' nv.n nt of the insane, 

prepared ropm ■ l^lled, in 1844, a 

Journal of lii> I II , i- in 1832 a small 

work on " A-i,i!i < ':i ■!> i, si>on after, a trea- 
tise on " Mental Cultivation and Excitement ; " 
in 1836, "The Infiuence of Religion upon the 
Health and Physical Welfare of Mankind ; " 
in 1840, " The Anatomy, Physiology, and Pa- 
thology of the Brain ; " in 1849, a small vol. 
of aphorisms and maxims for the use of those 
who had been under his care, with the title of 
"The Asvlum Souvenir." — See Memoir^ hu 
E. K. Hmt, in (j-rossS Med. Biorj. 

Brigham, Paul, d. Norwich, Vt., June 
16, 1824, a. 79. Four years a capt. in the 
Revol. army ; high sheriff of Windsor Co., 
Vt., 5 years; maj.-gen. of militia; 5 years 
chief-justice County Court; and 22 years 
lieut.-g.)v. of Vt. 

Bright, Jesse D.,U. S. senator (1845-62), 
b. Norwich, Chenango Co., N.Y., Dec. 18, 
1812. Removing to Ind., he received an aca- 
demic education, and studied and practised 
law. He was circuit judge of Ind. ; State 
senator, U. S. marshal, lieut.-gov. of the State, 
and pres. of the U. S. senate during several 
sessions In 1857, the Demoe. members of the 
State legisl. re-elected him to the senate in a 
manner which was denounced as fraudulent and 
unconstitutional by his Republican opponents; 
and his seat was contested. He continued a 
senator until Feb. 1862, when, on a charge of 
disloyalty, — the principal proof of which was, 
that in March, 1861, he wrote a letter to Hon. 
Jefferson Davis, pres of the Confed States, 
" recommending to him a person desirous of 
furnishing arms," — he was expelled by a vote 
of 32 to 14. 

Bright, Jonathan Brown, merchant of 
N. Y. Citv, b. Waltha 
pub. in 18'58 "The 
represented in America 

of Henry Bright, jun., who settled at Water- 
town, Ms., ab. 1630." — Daijckinck. 

Brignoli, Sig. Pasqualino, long an es- 
tablished and favorite tenor on the Amer. ope- 
ratic stage, b. Milan, 1832. At 15, he produced 



tham, Ms., Apr. 23, 1800; 
Brights ofttliffolk, Eng., 
erica by thT'Descendants 



an opera in his native city. Disgusted with the 
rendering of its finest aria by Cartalani, he 
rushed on the stage in his street-dress, and 
sang the role to the delight of all. — Brown's 
Amer. Slm/e. 

Brinley, Francis, b. Boston, Nov. 10, 
1800. H. U. 1818. Adm. to the Suffolk bar 
in 1821. Member of the council of Boston 



M. 



and 



tion of imprisonment for debt, and of a well- 
regulated militia system, and was thrice chosen 
capt. of the Ancient and Hon. Art. Co. Author 
of a life of his bro.-in-law, William T. Porier, 
1860, and con trib. to .ff«n('s Merch. Ma;;, and 
the Ajnerican .twist. His articles on Dower 
are cited by Chancellor Kent in his Commen- 
taries. Also a frequent contrib. to the press, 
and a successful lecturer. He pub. in 1830 an 
Address before the Franklin Debating Society 
of Boston. — Diiycklnck. 

Brion (bre-ijn), Peter Lonis, adm. of Co- 
lombia, b. Caracas, July 6, 1782; d. Sept. 20, 
1821. He studied navigation in the U.S. After 
the death of his father, who bequeathed him a 
large fortune, he returned to his country, 
bought a vessel, and made several voyages, and 
settled at Caracas in 1804, where he estab- 
lished a mercantile house. He took an active 
part in the events of 1809 and 1810; volunteered 
his services in 1811 to the Republic of Caracas, 
and was app. capt. of a frigate. At his own 
expense, he fitted out a fleet, and attacked the 
Spanish forces at the Island of Marguerite, 
where he gained a signal victory. Brion dis- 
ting. himself at the conquest of Guiana, and 
also at Santa Marta and Carthagena, and was 
in 1816 the active coadjutor of Bolivar. He 
is reproached for his partiality, if not bar- 
barity, in the affair of Gen. Piar. It is, how- 
ever, the only stain on his character. 

Brisbane, Abbott H., engineer, b. S. C. 
West Point, 1825. In 3d Art. 1825-8. Col. 
S. C. Vols, against the Seminole Indians, 
1835-6, and in the skirmish of Tomoka, 10 
Mar 1836. Railroad engineer in S. C. and 
Ga., 1836-48; prof, of belles Icttres and ethics, 
S. C. Milit. Acad., 1848-53; planter near 
Charleston, S. C, since 1853. Author of 
" Ralphton, or the Young Carolinian of 1776," 
a political romance. — CuUum. 

Brissot (bre'-so') de Ouarville, Jean 

PIerre, French author and revolutionist, b. 
Ouarville, 14 Jan., 1754 ; guillotined, Paris, 30 
Oct. 1793. Abandoning the law for literature, 
he in 1780 pub. his "Theory of Criminal 
Laws," and was in 1784 thrown into the Bas- 
tile for his writings. He afterwards visited 
Geneva and Eng., and, on his return to France, 
established at Paris a society for the abolition 
of negro slavery. In 1788, he travelled in 
America, and pub. an account of his journey 
in 1791. He then established at Paris the 
French Patriot, a revol. journal ; became in 
July, 1789, a member of the Paris municipal- 
ity,' and was a member of the National As- 
se'mbly, and a leader of the Girondists. Ac- 
cused ' by Robespierre, and brought before the 



BRI 



124 



vcvol. triliunal, he was speedily put out of the 
w;iy. He was a great admirer of the Ameri- 
cans, assumed the habits of the Quakers, and 
introduced the fashion of wearing the hair with- 
out powder. Among his many writings are an 
" Examination of the Travels of Chastellux in 
Aniuriua," " The Commerce of America with 
Kuropf," 8vo, Lond., 1793, and "Letters on 
the Historv of England " 

Bristed, Charle> Asm.k, anthm-.h. N.Y., 
1820. Y. C. 1839. .Sen Ml l.'.v .Inim Bris- 
tod. He spent 5 ye;u>. at Caiiil.iMl^e, Eng., 
anil took his degree at Tnniiy Cull, in 1845. 
At liotli universitie.s he gained frequent prizes 
fur cias-iial attainments. Returning home, he 
m., in 1.^47, the dau. of Henry Brevoort. He 
has latterly resided in Paris and in Baden-Ba- 
den. His corresp. with the N. Y. Spirit of the 
Times records the matters of art, literature, the 
drama, and the social aspect of the times pass- 
ing under his eye; and an article in Fntser, of 
July, 1855, treats of the relation of the English 
press to the U. S. Author of many lively pa- 
pers in Fraser's and other magazines, of editions 
of some of the classics, and of " Five Years in 
an linglish University," pub. in 1852. One of 
llie original trustees of the As!or Library. — 
Dmjckmck. 

Bristed, John, Pr.-Ep. clergyman and au- 
thor, \>. Dorsetshire, Eng., in 1778; d. Bristol, 
ILL, iVh. 23, 1855. After studying the clas- 
sics at Winchester Coll., and medicine at Ed- 
inluugh, he turned his attention to the study 
of the law, and, arriving at New Yo.k in 1806, 
practised law there manyyears with distinction. 
(_)nl. in 1828, when he became assist, to Bishop 
Gn^Hul'l, til, 11 re, lor of St. Michael's at Bris- 
tol. IM, 111 IS2.I, tlie bishop removed to Ms., 
and \\a- -lurnM.il by Mr. Bristed in the ree- 
tor^hiii ut St. Mirhael's, which he resigned in 
1843. He m., in 1820, a dau. of John Jacob 
Astor. Author of "Resources of the U. S.," 
1818; "The Adviser, or the Moral and Lit- 
erary Tribunal," 4 vols., 1802; " A Pedestrian 
Tour through Part of the Highlands of Scot- 
land in 1801 ; " a coll. of" Critical and Philo.':. 
Essays," 1804; "The Society of Friends Ex- 
amined," 1805; and, in 1806, "Edward and 
Anna." In 1807, he conducted the Monlhli/ 
n.-.iister : in 1809, he pub. in N. Y. " Hints on 
the National Bankruptcy of Britain ; " in 1811, 
" The Resources of the British Empire." In 
1814, he delivered an oration on "The Utility 
of Literary Establishments," 

Bristol, John Bontan, landscaiie-painter, 
b. Hillsdale, N.Y., Mar. 14, 1824. His early 
life was a struggle without aid, instruction, or 
sympathy. In 1859, he visited Fla., and in 
1862 settled in N. Y. City. Among his pic- 
tures are, " Afternoon on the St John's," "Au- 
tumn Afternoon near Bolton, Lake George," 
"Mansfield Mountain at .Sunrise," and "An 
Afternoon in Haying Time." — Tuckerman. 

Brock, Sir Isaac, a British maj.-gen., b. 
Guernsev, Oct. 6, 1769 ; killed at the battle of 
Queenstbwn, Canada, Oct. 13, 1812. Enter- 
ing the army as ensign in 1783, he had seen 
service in Holland, and in the attack on Copen- 
hagen in 1801, when, Oct. 9, 1811, with the 
rank of maj.-gen., he was app pres. and ad- 
miuistrator of the govt, of Upper Canada. 



vhile 



He took prompt measures to place tlic province 
in a condition to meet the impending conflict 
with the U. S. ; captured the armv of Gen. 
Hull at Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812, and, " '■ 
rallying his troops on the field of Qii 
fell pierced by 3 balls. A monument marks 
the spot where he fell. 

Broekenborough, William, judge, b. 
July 10. 1778; d. Kirhmond, Va., Dec. 10, 
1838. RciavM.niativr nf Essex Co. in legisl. ; 
afterward c-niiii, illnr ; jinl^r Gen. Court, 1809- 
1834; jud^tc ..I tlir ( uiiri of Appt-als, 1834-8. 

Broderiek, David Culbreth, politician, 
b. Washington, D.C., Dec. 1818; killed in a 
duel with Judge Terry in Cal., Sept. 21, 1859. 
His father, a native of Ireland, and a stone- 
cutter, removed to N.Y. during his early youth, 
and ab. 1837, with his mother and only bro. 
d. there. Acquiring great political influence 
in N.Y. City, while engineer in the fire dept., 
he was a candidate for Congress in 1846. In 
1849, be was in Cal. ; was in the senate of that 
State in 1850; pres. of that body in 1851 ; 
again State senator in 1S52, and in 1856 was 
sent to the U. S. senate. He was eminent as 
a debater, opposed the admission of Kansas as 
a slave State under the Lecompton Constitution, 
and separated from the Democ. party on the 
question of slavery in 1858. ^cuwV^ ? 

Brodhead, Gen. David, b. Va., 1736 ; 
d. Milford, Pa., Nov. 15, 1809. He raised a 
company of riflemen in 1775, who served in 
the battle of Long Island ; app. col. 8ih Pa. regt. 
In Apr. 1778, he led an exped. against the 
Indians. In the spring of 1 781 , he led another 
exped. against the Muskingum Indians, which 
was successful. He made two important 
treaties with the Indians, — one of them, July 
22, 1779, with the Cherokees. He received 
the thanks of Congress, and was many years 
survevor-uen. of Pa. — Dellass. 

Brodhead, Jacob, D.D., b. Ulster Co., 
N.Y., Mav 14, 1782 ; d. Springfield, Ms., Juno 
fi. 1855. Un. Coll. 1801. His ancestor, Capt. 
Daniel of Yorkshire, was an oflicer in the exped. 
under Col. Nicolls against New Netherland 
in 1664, and settled in Esopus or Kingston, 
N.Y., in 1665. Tutor in Un. Coll. in 1802; 
pastor of the Ref Dutch Church at Rhinebeck 
from 1804 till 1809, when he settled in N.Y. 
as one of the pastors of the Collegiate Church. 
He established the First Dutch Church in 
Phila., whither he went in 1813; returned to 
N.Y. in 1826, and took charge of the church 
in Broome St. until 1837, when he removed to 
Saugerties, and became pastor of the church 
at Flatbush. He removed to Brooklyn, 1841, 
and was the minister of the Central Ref.-Prot. 
Dutch Church, until he relinquished his pastoral 
service tlicre in 1847. 

Brodhead, John C, 44 vears minister 
of the M. E. Church, and M. 0. from N.H., 
1829-33; d. Newmarket, N.H., Apr. 7, 1838, 
a. 67. ^ 

Brodheflft John Rojietn, son of Rev. 
Jacob, politicran and historian, b. Phila., Jan. 
2, I814.-+Rutg. Coll. 1831. Adm.to thebarin 
1835; practised 2 years in N.Y., then devoted 
himself to the stiuly of American history. 
Attached lo the U. S. legation at the Hague 
in 1839, he was app. by the legisl. of N.Y. its 



V. 






BRO 



125 



agent to procure and transcribe ori^'inal docu- 
ments concerning the history of the State. 
He spent 3 years in the archives of Holland, 
Eng., and France, obtained more than 5,000 
separate papers, 16 voN. t'nim nolh\nd, 47 

IVom Eng., 17 from rn\in. , . i , i- tbe 

reports of home and culiiin i n, : : , and 
returned to N.Y. with t!ii^ :. i :,._:-; ;.i tlie 
summer of 1844. All tljc^c' .1>.h umciiu ucre 
pub. by act of the legisl. They make 1 1 quarto 
vols., anil were edited by E. B. O'Callaghan. 
From 1846 to 1849, he was sec. of legation to 
Mr. Banrn.if nt r,..n^1..n, and from 18.j3 to 1857 
was iiinil Hi : * \ V. He is at work upon 
a hisliii . ;. , the first vol. of wliiL-h 

was put. .1,1 1^,, ,1. „cond in 1871. In the 
spring ol i SjO, iio w.io a|)p. consul-gen. to Japan, 
hut did not accept. He delivered an address 
before the N.Y. Hist. Soc, 1844, and on the 
commenial history of N.Y., before the Mer- 
cantile Lilirarv Assoc, at the opening of Clin- 
ton H;dl, .June 8, liai. ~ Duycldnck. 

Broglio (brog'le'), Ci.AUDE Victor 
Marie de, son of the Marshal de Broglie, b. 
Paris in 1757; guillotined, June 27, 1794. 2d 
col. of the regt. d'aimis at the age of 23. He 
volunteered his services in the cause of Amer. 
Independence ; was transferred to the regt. 
Suintomje under Custine, and served until the 
capture of Yorktown. On his return to France 
he became col. of the regt. Bourbonnais. Elected 
dep. to the States-gen., he espoused the pojjular 
cause, voting for the admissibility of all citizens 
to office. As sec. of the assembly in 1790, he 
labored to organize the military force. Pres. 
of the National Assembly, Aug. 14, he, on the 
31st, requested a com. in iliearmy, and was made 
marshal de camp in the Army of the Rhine. 
His conduct Was praised until Aug. 10, 1792, 
when, not wishing to recognize the decree sus- 
pending the king from his rights, he resigned ; 
was soon afterwards arrested, brought before 
the Revol. tribunal, and was condemned to 
death. — Nouv. Biog. Gen. 

Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Verb, an 
English adm., b. Sept. 9, 1776 ; d. Jan. 2, 
1841. He entered the navy in 1792, and he- 
came a post captain in 1801. He is chiefly 
known by his capture in " The Shannon " of 
the Amer. frigate " Chesapeake " in June, 
181.3, — a victory that was exceedingly agree- 
able to his countrymen, who had begun to be 
seriously alarmed at the repeated successes of 
the little Amer. navy. He was raised at once 
to the dignity of a baronet. In this action, he 
received so severe a wound as to incapacitate 
him from service ; and he retired on half-ijay. 

Bromfleld, John, merchant, b. Ncwbury- 
port, April U, 1779; d. Boston, Dec. 8, 1849. 
He was the last representative in Amer. of the 
male line of a family disting. for more than a 
century, among the citizens of Boston, for in- 
tegrity and benevolence. Edward, his ances- 
tor, came to Boston in 1675. He acquired a 
fortune as European agent for Anq^k mercan- 
tile houses, then by the Canton ^Ride, and 
afterwards by investments of his capital in 
Boston, where he resided during the latter part 
of his life. In 1845, he gave to the Boston 
Athenseum $25,000, and at his death he left 
munificent bequests to several charitable insti- 



tutions. — .See Reminiscences of J. B., Sa/cm, 

Bronson, Greene Carrier, LL.D., 
(Un. Coll. 1848), lawyer and politician, b. 
Oneida Co., N.Y", 1789; d. Saratoga, Sept. 3, 
1863. He acquired high repute as a lawyer in 
Utica ; became surrogate of the Co. in April, 
1819; member of the assembly, 1822; atty.- 
gen. 1829 to Jan. 1836; then a puisne judge 
of the Superior Court, chief-justice Su|)rerae 
Court, 1845, and a judge of the Court of Ap- 
ds, 1847. He afterward practised law in 
Y. City, lost most of his property by specu- 



port 



18.53-4, 



&^ 

lation, was collector of tha 

and Corp. counsel from Dec. 1859 to Jan. 18 

He stood high as a lawyer, and was a leader 

of the " Hard Shell " Democ. 

Bronson, Isaac H., jurist, b. Rutland, 
N.Y., 16 Oct. 1802; d. Pilatka, Fla , 13 Aug. 
1855. Adm. to the bar in 1822, and became 
disting.; sent to Congress in 1837, but re- 
signed on account of ill health; U. S. Terr, 
judge of Fla., 1S3S-45, and, from that time to 
his d., U.S Dist. judge for the State. 

Brooke, Fran-cis J, jurist, b. Smithfield, 
Va., Aug. 27, 1763; d. March 3, 1851. In 
1780, he was app. a lieut. in Harrison's regt., 
his twin bro. John obtaining a like commis- 
sion in the same regt., and served under La- 
fayette and Oreene. On returning to Va., he 
studied medicine one year with his elder bro. 
Lawrence, then studied law, and in 1788 was 
adm. to the bar. He practised in the Coun- 
ties of Monongahela and Harrison ; was app. 
Commonwealth's atty. in the Dist. Court, and 
afterward practised in Essex Co., an<l in tha 
Northern Neck. In 1794-5, he represented 
Essex Co. in the H. of Delegates. In 1796, 
removed to Federieksburg ; in 1800, was elect- 
ed to the senate, and in 1804, while its speak- 
er, was elected a judge of the General Court. 
In 1811, he was elected judge of the Court of 
Appeals, of which he was pres. 8 years. In 
1831, he was re-elected ajudgeof the same court, 
of which he was a member at the period of 
his death. Frascis J., son of the preceding, 
joined the army in 1822, was made adj. Apr. 
1833 ; 1st lieut."Mav, 1835 ; fell, Dec. 25, 1837, 
in the battle of Okeechobee, Fla. 

Brooke, George Mercer, brev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A., bro. of F. J., b. Va.; d. San An- 
tonio, Texas, Mar. 9, 1851. He entered the 
army. May 3, 1808, as 1st lieut. 5th Inf ; was 
mad"e capt. Mav 1, 1810; maj. 23d Inf in 
1814 ; licut.-col."4th Inf., Mar. 1, 1819, and in 
July, 1831, col. 5th Inf. His first brev., that of 
lieut.-col., Aug. 15, 1814, was for" gallant con- 
duct in the detence of Fort Erie ; " his second, 
that of col. Sept. 17, 1814, was for " disting. 
services in the sortie from Fort Erie." He was 
made a brev. brig.-gen. Sept. 17, 1824, and 
was brev, maj.-gen. May 30, 1848. 

Brooks, Charles, Unitarian clergvman 
and author, b. Mcdford, Ms., 30 Oct. '1795. 
H.U. 1816. Descended from Thos. of Water- 
town, 1631. He ofliciatcd for a short time as 
a reader in the Pr.-Ep. Church ; was pastor of 
the 3d Cong. Church, Hingham, 17 Jan. 
1821-1839; chosen prof, of nat. hist, in the 
U. of N.Y. in 1838 ; sailed in Nov. 1839 for 
Europe, where he passed 4 years in the study 



BRO 



BRO 



, - /) « clergyman and autlior, b. Salem, Ms., 

i,v^i^iair^ ^'^^.y 1813. H.U. 18.'52. He commenced ] 

• . .. ... at Nohant in the summer of 1835, an 



of the animal kingdom, and on his return pub. 
a large vol. on ornithology. Failure of eye- 
sight compelled him shortly after to resign his 
professorship. He strongly advocated the Prus- 
sian system of education, and the establish- 
ment of normal schools, and has labored in 
behalf of peace, temperance, and African 
colonization. Besides contribs. to periodicals, 
pamphlets, sermons, &c., he has pub. " History 
of Medford," 1855, " Family R-ayer-Book," 
" Daily Monitor," 10 vols, of biography, a 
paper on the sanitary survey of the State, and 
a report on the tornado in Middlesex Co. in 
Aug. 1851. 
Brooks, Chakles Timothy, Unitarian 
b. Salem, Ms., June 21), 
preaching 
and settled, 
^fl^Mf. if'-^ June 4, 1837, in Newport, R.I. In I85I, he 
' ' pub. at Newport a pamphlet, " The Contro- 

versy touching the Old Stone Mill." In 1853, 
he made a voyage to India for his health. Be- 
sides his translations from the minor German 
poets, he is the author of numerous occasional 
verses, a series of Festival, New Year, and An- 
niversary Addresses. He is an accomplished 
German scholar, and has pub. a translation 
of Schiller's " William Tell," 1838 ; a vol. of 
miscellaneous poems from the German in the 
series of " Specimens of Foreign Standard 
Literature ; " a translation of Schiller's " Hom- 
age to the Arts," 1847, &c. ; " German Lyrics," 
1853, " Songs of the Field and Flood," and an 
admirable translation of Goethe's " Faust," 
1857. In 1863, he pub. a transl. from the Ger- 
man, of " The Life, Opinions, Actions, and 
Fate of Hieronimus Jobs ; " " Titan," by Jean 
Paul Richter, in 1865, "Hesperus," a compan- 
ion romance; " Aquidnec," and other poems, 
1 848. — Dui/ckinck. 

Brooks, Col. David, a Revol. soldier, b. 
1756 ; d. at his house in Duchess Co., N.Y., 
Aug. 30, 1838. Lieut, in the Pa. line in 1776 ; 
captured at Fort Washington, Nov. 16, 1776 ; 
exchanged 1778, and promoted to assist, 
clothier-gen., in which responsible post ho 
secured the friendship of Washington. After 
the war, he settled in Duchess (^o., N.Y. ; was 6 
years a member of the assembly ; representative 
in Congress from May to July, 1797 ; a com- 
missioner for making the first treaty with the 
Seneca Indians, and subsequently, for 16 years, 
first judge of Duchess Co. He was an oflScer 
of the customs at the time of his death. 

Brooks, Eleazer, Revol. soldier, b. Con- 
cord, Ms., 1726; d. Lincoln, Ms., 9 Nov. 1806. 
Without any schooling, he acquired by read- 
ing and observation a fund of information, and 
even a knowledge of civil and political law. 
He rose from acapt. of militia, in 1773, to the 
rank of brig.-gen ; disting. himself greatly at 
White Plains, where he com. a regt. ; chosen to 
the Gen. Court in 1774; he was afterwards a 
member of the senate and of the council, with- 
drawing from public life in 1801. 

Brooks, Erasths, journalist, b. Portland, 
Me., Jan. 31, 1815. At 8 years of age, he was 
sent to Boston ; was employed in a grocery- 
store, and attended an evening school. He 
subsequently became a printer, and pub. the 
Yankee, at Wiscasset, Me. He studied at 



Brown U., then taught a grammar school at 
Haverhill, Ms., and edited the Hiivnhill Ga- 
xetle. In 1836, he became the Washington 
corresp. of the N. Y. Daiti) Advertiser, uni sev- 
eral N. England papers. Acquiring an interest 
in the jV. Y. Express, just established by his 
brother James, in 1836, he continued from that 
time one of its editors and proprietors. He 
travelled extensively in Europe in 1843, was in 
the N.Y. Senate in 1853 and in 1855, and 
in the summer of 1856 was the candidate for 
the Araer. party for gov. of the State, and 
afterward joined the Democ. party. While a 
member of the senate, he had a controversy 
with Archbishop Hughes of N.Y., in relation 
to the title to church-property in real estate. 

Brooks, Horace, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Boston. West Point, 1835. Son of Maria 
Brooks, poetess. Entering the 2d Art., he was 
brev, 1st lieut. for gallantry in the war against 
Florida Indians, Dec. 31,1835; assist, prof, 
mathematics at West Point, Nov. 18.'i6 to Aug. 
1839; capt. 18 June, 1846; brev. major for 
Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; 
■brev. lieut.-col. for Molino del Key, Sept. 8, 
1847 ; com. 2d artillery, and disting. at Cha- 
pultepecand San Cosrae Gate; raaj. 2d Art. 
Apr. 28, 1861; lieut.-col. Oct. 26, 1861; col. 
4th Art., Aug. I, 1863 ; brev. brig.-gen. 13 
Mar. 1865, for merit, services during the Re- 
bellion, in which he served in defence of Wash- 
ington, Fort Pickens, Fla., Apr -Oct. 1861, and 
Ft. Jefferson, Fla., U61-2.—Cnllum. 

Brooks, James, jonrnalist, b. Portland, 
Me., Nov. 10, 1810. /x Waterville Coll. 1831. 
Losing his fivther in 1314, he had to struggle 
with poverty. At 16, he taught school, was 
afterwards at the head of the Latin school in 
Portland, then travelled through the Southern 
States, and among the Creek and Cherokee 
Indians, and corresp. with various journals. 
He afterwards became the corresp. at Washing- 
ton of several papers, and originated the sys- 
tem of regular Washington correspondences. 
A member of the Me. legisl. in 1835, he intro- 
duced the first proposition for a railroad from 
Portland to Montreal and Quebec. The same 
year he visited Europe, travelling on foot over 
a great part of the Continent and the British 
Isles, and wrote a series of interesting letters 
to the Portland Advertiser. In 1836, he estab- 
lished the N.Y. Express, which has attained a 
large circulation. He was a member of the 
Assembly in 1847, and of Congress from 1849 
to 1853 and from 1865 to 1871, taking an active 
part, particularly in matters relating to trade 
and commerce. He took part in favor of the 
"compromise measures" in 1850, became a 
prominent advocate of and identified with the 
fortunes of the American party, and, since the 
Rebellion, a prominent Democrat. Delegate to 
the State Const. Conv. of 1867. 

Brooks, James Gordon, poet, b. Claver- 
ack, N.Y., Sept. 3, 1801 ; d. Albany, Feb. 20, 
1841. UiAEoU. 1819. Son of David Brooks, 
a Revol. oWer. He studied law, and removed 
in 1823 to New York, where he edited the Mi- 
nerva, a literary journal, ami afterward the Lite- 
larji Gazette, the Atheneeum, the ^forninr^ Courier, 
andcontrib. to the Commercial Advertiser under 
the signature of " Florio." In 1828, he ra. Mary 



<,t.4L..o.'»j 



127 



BRO 



Eliziiheth Aiken of Poughkeepsie, who had 
written under the sifrnature of " Norma," and 
in 1829 pub. " The Rivals of Este, and other 
I'oems," bv James G. and Mary E. Brooks. 
They removed to Winchester, Va., in 1830, 
and in 1838 to Albany. 

Brooks, John, M.D, LL.D, soldier and 
statesman, U. Medford, Ms., May 31, 1752 ; d. 
March 1, 1825. Brou2:ht up on the f;inn of 
his father, Capt. Caleb Brooks, he received a 
common school education, and at the a;je of 14 
was indented as an apprentice to Dr. Simon 
Tufts for 7 years. The celebrated Count Rum- 
ford was a fellow-stndent ; and their intimacy 
was continued by corresp. until the death of 
the count. He commenced the practice of 
physic at Readinjr, where he com. a company 
of ininute-men. with whom, April 19, 1775, he 
did good service at the battle of Lexinffton. 
App. maj. in Bridsres's regrt , and active in in- 
trenching Breed's Hill on the ni;;htof June 16, 
but was not in the battle of the 17:h. On the 
re-organization of the army in Feb. 1776, he 
was made major of Col. Charles Webb's (19th) 
rest., which assisted in fortifying Dorchester 
Heights, and accompanied it to Long Island. 
Being a good tactician and disciplinarian, his 
command was disting. throughout the war for 
gallant conduct in battle, and regularity in re- 
treat. In the battle of White Plains, his regt. 
was the last to quit the field, which it did with 
the steadiness of veterans, and received tiie dis- 
ting. acknowledgments of Washington. Early 
in 1777, he was promoted to lieut.-col. of the 
8th Ms. regt., principally recruited by himself 
On the death of Col. Aldcn, in Nov. 1778, 
Brooks was made col. of his regt. (7th M-^.). 
In Aug. 1777, he accompanied Arnold's com. 
against St. Leger, who, with a body of Cana- 
dians, Indians, and Tories, besieged Fort Stan- 
wix. To Brooks belongs the credit of the suc- 
cessful stratagem of sending one Cnyler to 
spread exaggerated reports of Arnold's forces to 
alarm and put them to flight. At the battle 
of Saratoga, Oct. 7. 1777, he led on his regt. 
with fearless intrepidity, turning the right of 
the enemy ; stormed their intrenchments. enter- 
ing them, sword in hand, at the head of his 
men, and put to rout the veteran German 
troops that defended them. After the app. of 
Steuben as insp.-gen. early in 1778, Brooks was 
associated with him in the arduous duty of 
introducing a uniform system of exercise and 
manoeuvres. In the battle of Monmouth, he 
was acting adj. -sen. After the war, ho resumed 
the practice of medicine in Medford. He 
was for many years mnj.-gen. of the militia of 
his county, and. as a member of the legisl., ac- 
tively supported the measures for suppressing 
Shays' Rebellion. He was a delegate to the 
State convention for the adoption of the Fed- 
eral Constitution, which he zealously advocat- 
ed. App. by Washington marshal of his 
district, and inspector of the revenue in Dec. 
1795; successively a State senator and coun- 
cillor ; during the War of 1812-15, adj.-gen. of 
the State; and its gov. from 1816 to 1823, 
when he retired to private life. He received 
from H. U. in 1816 the degrees of M.D. and 
LL.D. Ho was pres. of the Ms. Med. Society 
from 1817 to his death; of the Cincinnati from 



1787, and of the Ms. Bible .Socii-ty. He had 
two sons. Col. Alexander Scammell, an offi- 
cer of the U.S. army, and Lieut. John of the 
navy, who was killed in the battle on Lake 
Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. 

Brooks, Maria (Gowen), poetess, named 
by Southey " Maria del Occidente," b. Medford, 
Ms., ab. 1795; d. Matanzas, Nov. 11, 1845. 
Her father, whom she lost while young, was 
an educated man, and had possessed con ider- 
able property, but lost it just before his death. 
Mr. Brooks, a Boston merchant, provided for 
her education, and on its completion m. her. 
At this period, she first evinced poetic talent, 
but pub. nothing until 1820; when " Judith, 
Esther, and other Poems," appeared. On the 
death of her husband in 1823, she removed to 
Cuba, where she finished her principal work, 
"Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven," the first 
canto of which was pub. at Boston in 1825. 
In 1830, she visited Paris and London, where 



her ' 



rk was nub. in 1833. In 



passage m 



" The Doctor," Mr. Southey terms Mrs. Brooks 
" the most impassioned and most imaginative 
of all poetesses." In 1843, she pub. privately 
" Idomen, or the vale of Yurauri." Her " Ode 
to the Departed " was written in 1843. Her 
son, Horace Brooks, is a col. in the army. 

Brooks, Nathan Covinoton, LL.D. 
(Em. Coll., Ga., 1859). Poet and teacher, b. 
Cecil Co., Md., Aug. 12, I819f St. John's Coll. 
He became a teacher at the age of 18; was 
elected principal of the Baltimore High School 
in 1839. and in 1848 organized the Bait. 
Female Coll., of which he is pres. Mr. Brooks 
ranks high as a writer of occasional poetry : 
among the best of his pieces are " Shelley's 
Obsequies," and "The Fall of Superstition." 
He has also produced one of the best histories 
of the Mexican war that has yet appeared. 
Author of a series of Latin and Greek text- 
books, of which the Virgil has received high 
praise. He has contrib. to diflTerent European 
periodicals, and won the prize oflTeied by the 
Soulhern Churchman for the best poem, "over 
such competitors as Mrs. Sigourney, George 
W. Bethune, and N. P. Wilis. 

Brooks, Peti;r Chardon, merchant, b. 
N. Yarmouth, Me., 6 Jan. 1767 ; d. Boston, 1 
Jan. 1849. Rev. Edward, his fiither, returned 
to Medford, where he d. 1781. The son worked 
on a farm, received a common school education ; 
and, establishing himself in Boston, his talent 
and integrity soon insured success. Engaging 
in the business of marine insurance, he acquired 
great wealth and was some years pres. of the 
N. E. Ins. Co. Member of both branches of 
the State legisl., of the exec, council, and of 
the first city coumil of Boston, and a delegate 
to the Const. Conv. in 1820. He m. the dau. 
of Judge Nathl. Gorham, and had, for sons-in- 
law, Edw.ard Everett, Rev. N. L. Frothingham, 
and Charles Francis Adams. 

Brooks, Rev. Philups, an eloquent 
Prot.-Epis.cleri:vman, b. Boston, 13 Dec. 1835. 
H. U. 1855. Studied at the Theol. Sem at 
Alexandria, Va. ; was ord. 1859, and became 
pastor of the Church of the Advent, Phila. ; 
in 1862. of the Holy Trinity; and, in 1870, of 
Trinity Church, Boston. 

Brooks, Preston S., lawyer and M. C. 



BRO 



128 



in 1853-7, b. EJgefield District, S.C, Auj;. 4, 
1819; d. Wasliington, D.C., Jan. 27, 1857. 
S.C. Coll. 1839. AJin. to the bar in 1843, 
and was a State representative in 1844. He 
was a capt. in the Palmetto Regt. during 
most of the Mex. war. May 22, 1856, he 
made a most violent personal assault upon 
Charles Sumner in the U. S. senate-chamber, 
which event caused great excitement tlirough- 
ont the Country. The attack was caused by 
words uttered in debate by Senator Sumner 
against Senator Butler, who was Mr. Brooks's 
relative. A committee of the house reported, 
June 2, in favor of his expulsion : this was 
lost, 121 to 95, not two-thirds. After this 
occun-ence, he resigned his seat in the house, 
and was re-elected by his constituents. — Lan- 



Brooks, William T. H., brig.-gen. vols., 
b. O., ah. 1815 ; d. lluntsviUe, Ala., 19 July, 
1870. West Point, 1841. Entering the 3d 
Inf , he became 1st lieut. in Sept. 1846 ; brcv. 
capt. for gallantry at Monterey; assist, adj. - 
gen. to Gen. Twiggs in the Valley of Mexico ; 
bicv. maj. for ContrerasandChuruhusco; capt. 
Nov. 10, 1851 ; disting. in battle with Indians 
in New Mex., Oct. 10, 1858; maj. 18th Inf., 
Mar. 12, 1862, and brig.-gen. U.S. vols., Sept. 
28, 1861. He serveil in the Army of the 
Potomac, in the corps of Gen. Franklin ; took 
part in the battles before Richmond ; and at 
Antietam led his brigade in the division of Gen. 
AV. F. Smith, and was wounded ; com. a divis- 
ion in Sedgwick's corps at Chancellorsville, 
and in July, 1864, was temporarily in com. of 
the 10th army corps, in operations before 
Richmond ; in actions of Swift's Creek, Mav 
9-10, 1864; Drury's Bluff, May 16-29; Cold 
Harbor, June 2-12 ; siege of Petersburg, and 
resigned 14 Jnly, 1864. — Cidlum. 

Broom, J.vcob, statesman, delegate to the 
convention which tianied the Federal Consti- 
tution ; d. Phila., Apr. 1810, a. 58. He filled 
many offices of honor and trust in Del. J.^mes 
M., Princeton Coll. 1794; M. C. 1805-7, from 
Del.; d. 1850. 

Broome, John, merchant, member of the 
N.Y. Const. Conv. of 1777 ; lieut.-gov. of N.Y., 
1804; d. Aug. 8, 1810, a. 72. He was many 
years at the head of various commercial, 
charitable, and religious institutions. 

Brough, JOHJT, gov. of Ohio, 1 864-5, b. 
Marietta, O., Sept. 17, 1811; d. Cleveland, 
Aug. 29, 1865. He began life as a printer, 
and entered the 0. Universitv. In 1831, he pub. 
at Marietta the Washincjion Coimti/ Republican, a 
Democ. paper. In 18.33, with his bro. Charles 
II., he bought the Lancaslpr Eagle, which took 
high rank as a Democ. journal. Clerk of the 0. 
senate in 1835-8 ; then a member of the IcgisI ; 
auditor, 1839-45. In 1846, he opened a law- 
office in Cincinnati, and with his bro. managed 
the Inquirer, and took liigb rank as a political 
orator. Retiring from active political life in 
1848, he became pres. of the Madison and 
Indianapolis Railway, and, in 1853, of the 
Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Road. Hav- 
ing, in 1863, made a speech declaring slavery 
destroyed by the act of rebellion, and earnest- 
ly appealing to all patriots, of whatever pre- 
vious predilections, to unite in support of the 



govt., he was nominated for gov. and elected 
by the heaviest majority ever given in the 
S"tate. 

Brougham, John, an Irish actor and 
playwright, b. Dublin, May 9, 1814. He was 
mtended for the medical profession ; but, dis- 
appointed in the hope of a govt, clerkship in 
London, he gave lessons in drawing for a time, 
and in July, 1830, became an actor in the 
Olympic Theatre. He appeared with great 
success at the Haymarkct in June, 1832, as 
Looney McTwolter in " The Review ; " became 
a favorite in light comedy, and Irishmen, ooea- 
sionally writing farces and minor dramas. In 
1842, he came to Amcr., appeared at the Park 
in " The Irish Lion," and has since jiciformcd 
in almost cvcrv princii}al thfntn^ in the T'-iinn. 
He built the Lvcnim (Wal'.' : V V in 
1850, bntrclinr|iiishcdit in 1 I i : , : .1 

the Bowery in 1856-7, an. 1 ii,. .1 l.i,^. in 
1860-5. He is a very popiilnr aciui ; saul.ur 
of various comedies, dramas, and extravagan- 
zas ; and has also snccessfully adajjted pieces 
from the novels of Dickens and Bulwer. He 
has pub. " A Basket of Chips," 2 vols., and 
" The Bunsby Papers." 

Broughton, Capt. William Robeut, 
an English circumnavigator,!). Gloucestershire, 
1762; d. Mar. 12, 1821. He went to sea in 
Dec. 1774, and, in the sloop "Falcon," arrived 
at Boston 3 days before the Lexington battle, 
and participated in the attack on Bunker's Hill. 
He was soon after made jirisoner in an attempt 
to bring off a schooner which had been driven 
ashore at Cape Ann; was exchanged, Dec. 
1776, and served on the station itntil 1778. He 
was actively engaged under Sir Ed. Iliighos 
ill the E. Indies; in 1790, accompnnied Vnn- 
couver in his voyage of discovery ; aji]). coni- 
mander, Oct. 1793 ; made a second voyage in 
1796 of 4 years' duration, and assisted in the 
capture of Java in 1811. Vancouver gave the 
name of Broughton's Archipelago to some 
islands in the Pacific in about 50 degrees N. 
latitude. He pub. " Voyage of Discovery 
to the N. Pacific Ocean," 1894. — 5ec Ann. 
Obihiar;/, 1821. 

Broughton, Col. Thomas, gov. of S.C. 
from 1735 to hisd., 1738 ; was a cnuncillor nnd 
collector of the customs in 1708; afterward 
lieut.-gov. ; succeeded Gov. R. Johnson, M;iy 3, 
1735. — Olmixon's Carolina. 

Brown, Aaron Vail, postmaster-gen. of 
the U. S., b. Brunswick Co., Va., Aug. 15, 
1795; d. Washington, D. C, Mar. 8, 1859. 
Chapel Hill U. 1814. In 1815, he removed 
to Tenn., where he was for many years a 
law-partner with James K. Polk. Member 
of the Tenn. legisl. 1821-32 ; M. C. from 
1839 to 1845; gov. of Tenn. in 1845, and 
was made in 1857, by Pres. Buchanan, post- 
master-gen. A delegate to the Southern con- 
vention at Nashville, in 1850, and wrote 
life report known as the " Tennessee Plat- 
form." He was also a member of the conven- 
tion of the Democ. party at Baltimore, in 1852, 
to which he reported the platform adopted by 
them. Among the measures of his administra- 
tion was the establishment of a new and short- 
er communication to California by Tehuante 
pec, and another across the continent by the 



way of Salt Lake. His speeches were pub. at 
Nashville in 1854. 

Brown, Albert G., statesman, b. Chester 
District, S.C., May 31, 1813. Removing with 
his parents to Mpi. while a child, he was app. 
a brig.-gen in the State militia when only 19. 
He adopted the law as a profession ; was a 
memberof the State Ir-fjisl. from 1835 to 1839, 
and was M (V fV<.m M|.i in I'-in-l. He was 
also a Jul ■ .'•: ■' I ' , ,i; ^ pri-ior Court in 
1841-;; : . i . ; 1 I : im1S48; again 

M. C. I) l-t- I- i -1 : ,n,.l u U. S. senator 

from 1S.j4 lu l,^.jo; ri-ili't-cuil lor six years, 
commencing Mar. 4, 1859, but resigned in 1861 
to join the Rebellion. He was an unflinching 
champion of the views of the Democracy of 
the South. A vol. of his speeches wjs pub. 
in 1859. 

Brown, Andrew, editor, b. in the north 
of Ireland, ah. 1744 ; d. Phila., Feb. 4, 1797. 
Educated at Trin. Coll., Dublin, he came to 
Amer. in 1773 as an officer in the British ser- 
vice, and settled in Ms. He fought on the 
patriot side at Lexington and Bunker's Hill; 
was made muster-master-gen. in 1777, and 
sei-ved under Gates and Greene, with the rank 
of maj. After the peace, he established an acad. 
for young ladies, first at Lancaster, Pa., and 
afterward at Phila. He relinquished this occu- 
pation, for which his irritable temper unfitted 
him, and, in 1788, established the Federal Ga- 
zette, the title of wliicli was, in 1793, changed 
tothcr'",.' ■/■, (,•,'/,-. This was the clian- 
nel tin I ■! I I I :ii\ uf the friends of the 

Fedcr.ii I I : ! iressed the public. He 

was tlir ir I .'.:.' I I,! Illy reported the debates 
inCoii:M'-^. Ill il iiihwascaused by injuries 
receivrd whilr Imiilr-^ly endeavoring to save 
his wife iiiid :i rhililirii from the fire which 
destroyed liis t^tal.li-limcnt on the night of 
Jan. 27, 1797. His son Andrew, until 1802, 
carried on the Gazette, but, taking the English 
side in politics, became unpopular, and left for 
Eng., where he d. 7 Dec. 1847, a 73. 

Brown (Blackwell), Antoinette L., 
Cong, minister, b. Henrietta, Monroe Co., N.Y., 
May 20, 1825. After attending an acad., she 
continued her studies at Oherlin, until 1849. 
Her coll. vacations were spent in teaching, or 
in extra study of Hebrew and Greek. It was 
customary for the students at Oberlin to receive 
a license to preach ; and, before the completion 
of their studies, they would begin the practice 
of speaking in the neighboring pulpits; and 
she frequently preached at Henrietta, 0., and 
in other places, during the remainder of her 
term of study. She subsequently preached, 
and occasionally lectured on literary topics, 
temperance, and the abolition of slavery. At 
the Woman's Rights Convention at Worcester, 
1850, Miss Brown was one of the speakers, 
and has been a prominent advocate of the cause. 
From 18.53 to the summer of 1854, she was 
settled over a Cong, church in South Butler, 
Wayne Co., N.Y., when ill health and doctri- 
nal doubts interrupted the connection. She 
subsequently lectured on reformatory subjects, 
and investigated the character and causes of 
vice in N.Y. City, with special reference to its 
bearing upon woman. In 1855, she pub. in a 
N.Y. journal a number of sketches from life, 



under the general title of " Shadows of our 
Social System." In Jan. 1856, she m. Saral. 
C. Blackwell, whose bro. had m her friend 
Lucy Stone. 

Brown, B nn\T7, s-nt =man, I Lexing- 
ton, Ky., Mr\ . I- J 1 I " I'. 1845; 
Y.C.1847. (,i : - , . : , :.,! I,, ::, lirowu 
of Ky. Sctilm :i - ;, i i , , - n - ■ ! .m-, Mo.; 
member of the Mate i- ■ : i i I . s ; assist- 
ed in establishing the .1/ r.:l, and 
edited it in 1854-9; a : i ! , i I l,v him 
in the lo-isl. in 1S57 wa'. imi uiiii mnvement 
in behalf of freedom in that .State. Early in 
1861, he raised a regt., which assisted in the 
capture of Camp Jack.son. He subsequently 
com. a brigade of militia during an invasion 
of the State. He was foremost in organizing 
the movements which resulted in the ordinance 
of freedom in Mo. in 1864. U.S. senator 
1863-7 ; gov. Mo. 1871. 

Brown, Bartholomew, musical compos- 
er, b. Sterling, Ms., Sept. 8, 1772; d. Boston, 
Apr. 14, 1854. 11.11.1799. He was a lawyer 
at Sterling and E. Bridgewater, and, with 
Judge Mitchell, edited about 20 years "The 
Bridgewater Coll. of Church Music," which 
contains many pieces of his composition. He. 
wrote the calendars in " The Farmer's Alma- 
nac " for 59 years. 

Brown, Chad, minister of Providence, 
R.I., ancestor of many disting. citizens of R.I. ; 
d. 1665. He fled thi'ther, from persecution in 
Ms., in 1636 ; became a memberof the Baptist 
Church founded by Roger Williams in 1639, 
and in 1642 was associated with Wm. Wicken- 
den ill the pastoral care. In 1792, the town 
of Providence voted a monument to his mem- 
ory. 

Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, 
b. Phila., Jan. 17, 1771 ; d. Feb. 22, 1810. He 
was of Quaker lineage, Ins ancestors having 
emigrated with Wm. Penn. His middle name 
was derived from his uncle, the " skilful con- 
veyancer " and " great scrivener," of whom 
Franklin writes in his Autobiograjjliy. His 
attachment to books while a child was remark- 
able, and after receiving a liberal eilncation, 
under Proud the historian, he had, at the age 
of 16, already formed plans of extensive lite- 
rary works. He was apprenticed to Alexander 
Wilco.x, an eminent lawyer, but occupied him- 
self with literary, instead of legal studies. He 
became intimate with a literary club in N.Y., 
— to which city ho removed in Sept. 1796, — 
which increased his devotion to letters, and 
his eagerness to be conspicuous as a writer. 
In 1798 appeared his first novel, " Wioland,"a 
powerful and original romance, and in 1799, 
" Osmond ; or. The Secret Witness." At this 
time, he had begun no less than five novels, 
two of which, " Arthur Mervyn " and " Edgar 
Huntly," were soon pub. In "Arthur Mervyn," 
the ravages of the yellow-fever, which the au- 
thor had witnessed in N Y. and Phila., are 
painted with terrific truth. In Apr. 1799, he 
pub. the first number of the Monlhli/ Ma;), and 
American Review, continued until the end of the 
year 18U0. In 1800, ho pub. the 2d part of 
"Arthur Mervyn;" in 1801, "Clara Howard," 
and "Jane Talbot" in 1804. In Nov. 1804, 
he ra. Elizabeth, dau. of Dr W. Linn of NY. 



BRO 



130 



In 1803, having returned to Phila., lie began 
the Literary Marjazinc and American liegister, 
in which he persevered 5 years. In 1806, he 
commenced a semi-annual American Rerjister, 
5 vols, of which he lived to complete. In 1809, 
discovering that his lungs were seriously af- 
fected, he consented to travel for the recovery 
of his health. The remedy, however, was ap- 
plied too late. In Nov., after an excursion 
into N. J. and N.Y., he betook himself to his 
chamber, as he thought, for a few days ; but 
his conlinement terminated only with his life. 
Mr. Brown was a man of romantic temper, 
benevolent heart, pregnant invention, exten- 
sive attainments, and great industry, llis nov- 
els abound both with excellences and faults, 
and bear a chnrarter of originality. He is 
said to have been the first in Amer., who ven- 
tured to pursue literature as a profession. He 
also pub. "An Address to the Govt, of the 
U. S. on the Cession of Louisiana to the 
French, and the Late Breach of Treaty bv 
the Spaniards" (1803), " The British Treaty,"" 
and " An Address to the Congress of the U.S. 
on the Utility and Justice of Restrictions on 
Foreign Commerce," &c., 1809. 

Browne, Charles F. (Artemus Ward), 
humorist, b. Waterford, Me., ab. 1834 ; d. 
Southampton, Eng., Mar. 6, 1867. He began 
the printer's trade, as a compositor on the 
Skowhegan Clarion, and afterward worked on 
the Carpet Bar;, a comic weekly in Boston, 
which contained his first literary efforts. Con- 
necting himself with the Cleveland Plaindealer, 
he began his series of "Artemus Ward's Say- 
ings," which gained for him the reputation of 
being a clever and original humorous writer. 
While editing Vanity Fair, in N.Y., he com- 
menced his humorous lectures, " The Babes in 
the Wood," " Sixty Minutes in Africa," &c. 
These were also very successful. After a visit 
to Cal. and Utah in 1862, he gave comic lec- 
tures on Mormonism, with panoramic accomp., 
which were the best of their kind over attempt- 
ed, and constantly drew crowded houses. In 
1866, he visited Eng., and was exceedingly 
popular, but broke down completely in health, 
and was about to return home when overtaken 
by death. His papers were coll. and pub., en- 
titled " Artemus Ward, his Book," " Arte- 
mus Ward, his Travels," " Artemus Ward 
in London." 

Brown, Clark, Pr.-Ep. minister of Wil- 
liam and Mary Parish, Md.; d. there Jiin. 12, 
1817. He had been a Cong, minister in Ma- 
ehias, Me., in 1795-7, and at Brimfield in 
1798-1803. A vol. of his sermons was pub. 
after his death. 

Brown, David, a converted Cherokee ; d. 
Creek Path, IMpi., Sept. 14, 1829. He was ed- 
ucated, with his sister Catharine, at the school 
of Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury in the Cherokee ter- 
ritory, and at Cornwall, fct., and engaged with 
her in educating and Christianizing their na- 
tive tribe. He was a preacher and interpreter, 
and also acted as sec. of the Indian Govt. His 
letters and reports show cultivation and intel- 
ligence. Catharine, who was first among all 
her tribe in wealth, rank, and personal beautv, 
baptized in Jan. 1818 ; d. July 18, 1823, a. 23. 

Brown, David Paul, lawyer, b. Phila., 



1795, gained distinction as a ple.idcr in crimi- 
nal cases. Author of " The Forum ; or. Forty 
Years* Full Practice at the Phila. Bar," 2 vols., 
1856. 

Brown, Ethan Allen, jurist and states- 
man, b. IXarien, Ct., Julv 4, 1776 ; d. Indian- 
apolis, Feb. 24, 1852. Roger, his father, d. 
1816, a. 82. He was educated by an Irish 
scholar, and acquired a critical knowledge of 
languages. He read law in the office of Alex. 
Hamilton; was adm. to the bar in 1802 ; emi- 
grated to the West, with his cousin, Capt. John 
Brown, and in 1804 settled at Cincinnati, ac- 
quiring an extensive practice. He was a jtulge 
of the Supreme Courtof O. from Feb. 10,1810, 
to 1818; gov. 1818-22; U.S. senator, 1822-5; 
canal commissioner, 182.5-30; U. S. minister 
to Brazil, from M.iy26, 1830, to Apr. II, 1834; 
commissiorer of the gen. land office, from July 
24, 1835, to Oct. 31, 1836; and member of 
the Inil. legisl. in 1842, having removed to 
Rising Sun, Ind , Nov. 1, 1836. — ^. T. Good- 
man's Memoir. 

Brown, George L., landscape-painter, b. 
Boston, 1814. His tastes led him to study 
wood-engraving ; but his desire to be a painter 
occasioned a visit to Antwerp ; and, during a 
residence atFlorence(1840-6), he painted many 
excellent pictures, among others a moonlight 
view of Venice, of rare merit. His special 
merit is a siLsceptibility to the language of at- 
mosphere and skies. In 1860, after a i2-years' 
res. at Rome, he returned to the U. S., and re- 
sides in Boston. His " Crown of New Eng- 
land," the highest of the White Mountains, was 
purchased by the Prince of Wales. He has 
executed several American landscapes, views of 
Niagara, the White Mountains, and the N. E. 
and Southern coasts. Among his best pictures 
are "The Bay of New York," "Monte Pel- 
legrino," " Capri, and Italian Sea-coast," 
"Home," " Lake of Lucerne," " View of Na- 
ples," "Florence by Sunset," "TheCampagna 
of Rome," and "Lake of Como." — Tiicker- 



1, GooLD, grammarian, b. Provi- 
dence, R.I., Mar. 7, 1791 ; d. Lynn, Ms., Mar. 
31,1857. Of Quaker parentage. He was edu- 
cated in the schools and academies of his na- 
tive State, and at 19 began his vocation of 
teacher. He first taught a district school in 
R. I. ; then a Friends' boarding-school in 
Duchess Co., N.Y., in 1811 ; removed to New 
York in 1813, where, for over 20 years, he con- 
ducted an acad. He pub. " Institutes of Eng- 
lish Grammar," 1823 ; " First Lines of English 
Grammar," 1 823 ; and "A Grammar of English 
Grammars," 1851. He had, at the time of his 
death, just concluded the revision of the latter 
work. — Duyckinck. 

Brown, Harvet, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., 
b. Roxbury, N.J., 1795. West Point, 1818. 
Entering the art., he became 1st lieut. 4th Art., 
23 Aug. 1821 ; capt. 10 Apr. 1835; maj. 2d 
Art., 9 Jan. 1851; lieut.-col.4th, 28 Apr. 1861 : 
col. 5th, May 14, 1861 ; brig.-gen.vols., 28 Sept. 
1861 ; dcclitied ; retired 1 Aug. 1863. He won 
the brevets of maj., 21 Nov. 1836, for "gal- 
l.antry " and "general efficiency " in the Flori- 
da war; lieut. -col. for Contreras, 20 Aug., and 
col. for the Gate of Belen, City of Mexico, 



BRO 



131 



13 Sept. 1847 ; being also engaged at Mon- 
terey, Vera Cruz, ami Ccrro Gordo ; was en- 
gaged in repulse of rebel attack on Santa Rosa 
Island, Fla., 9 Oct. 1861 ; and brev brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., 23 Nov. I86I, for gallantry in the en- 
gagement between Fort Pickens and the rebel 
batteries, Nov. 22-23 ; and 2 Aug. 1866, brev. 
raaj.-gen. U. S. A. for services in suppressing 
riots of July 12-16, 1863, in N. Y. City — 
Cdlum. 

Brown, Henrt Kirke, sculptor, b. Ley- 
den, Ms., 1814. At IS he. wi-nt to Boston to 
study ]«'rirait-|i niiiiii; l-iii ntnu-d his atten- 
tion to srHlptiii ■ ; •■ .'.ill moans to visit 

Italy, he 1h.v.,,u .1 ; ,.,, ; .;j;iiwr in 111. In 

1842, he siiLcculta 1.1 ,^^ui:i^ lu Italy, where 
he passed 4 years in suuly Kcturning, he fixed 
his residence in Brooklyn, N.Y., applied him- 
self to the casting of bronze, and is said to have 
produced the first bronze statue ever cast in this 
country. He has produced in marble, " Hope," 
" The Angel of Retribution," " The Indian 
and Panther," " The Pleiades," " The Four 
Seasons; " and in bronze, a statue of De Witt 
Clinton, the colossal statue of Washington in 
Union Square, New York. 

Brown, Jacob, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. 
Bucks Co., Pa., May 9, 1775 ; d. Washington, 
Feb. 24, 18:i8. Of Quaker ancestry. He taught 
school at Crosswiek.s N.J., from the age of 18 
to 21, and passed the next two years in survey- 
ing public lands in Ohio. In 1798, he opened 
a school in N. Y. City, studied law, ami wrote 
poliiical articles for the press; but his aciive 
temperament led liira to purchase land on the 
borders of Ontario and the River St. Lawrence, 
wliere he established himself, and erected the 
first building within 30 miles of the lake. A 
flourishing settlement soon sprang up ; he be- 
came county judge, col. of militia in 1809, 
brig.-gen. 1810, and in 1812 was app. to com. 
the frontier from Oswego to Lake St. Francis, 
200 miles. Oct. 4, he repulsed the attack of a 
superior British force upon Ogdensburg, his 
headquarters. He was offered the com. of a 
U. S. regt., but declined. At the request of 
Col. Backus, he took com. at Sackett's Harbor 
in season to defeat an attack by superior num- 
bers. May 29, 1813. App. brig.-gen. U. S. A., 
July 19, 1813, maj.-gen. Jan. 24, 1814, and 
placed in com. of the northern division of the 
army at French Mills. Krom this period, suc- 
cess attended our operations in Canada. He 
took possession of Fort Erie; gained a victory 
over Gen. Riall on the plains of Chippewa, Ju- 
ly a, 1814 ; over a superior force under Lieut.- 
Gen.Drummond in the battle of Niagara Falls, 
July 25, 1814, where he received two severe 
wounds; and in llio sortie from Fort Erie over 
the same officer, Sept. 17, 1814, thus raising 
the siege. He received the thanks of Congress, 
I?ov. 3, 1814, and a gold medal emblematical of 
those tnumphs. At the close of the war, he 
was retained in command of the northern divis- 
ion of the array, and was made gen, in chief 
Mar. 10, 1821.— A^a(. Port. Galleri,; Gardiner. 

Brown, James, lawyer and statesman, b. 
near Staunton, Va., Sept. 11, 17C6; d. Phil.i., 
April 7, 1835. Wm. and Mary Coll. He 
studied law, and, emigrating to Ky., rose to 
1 at the bar. In 1791, he com. a com- 



pany in an exped. against the Indians, and in 
1792 became see. to Gov. Shelby. Soon after 
the cession of La., he emigrated thitlier ; aided 
Livingston in compiling the Louisiana code, 
and became sec. of the territory; U. S. atty. 
for La.; U. S. senator in 1812-17 and 1819-24; 
and was U. S. minister to France in 1824-9. 
His bro. ,Iohn was U. S. senator from Ky. 

Brown, John, statesman of Ky., brother 
of James, b. Staunton, Va., Sept. 12, 1757; d. 
Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 29, 1837. His father, 
John, 44 years pastor of a Presb. church in 
Rockbridge, d. 1803, a. 75. John left N. J. 
Coll. to join the Revol. army ; subsequently 
completed his education at Wm. and Mary 
Coll.; went to Ky. in 1782; practised law; 
was a member of the Va. legisl. from Ky. dist. ; 
member of the Old Congress, 1787-8; M. C. 
1789-93 ; and U. S. senator, 1793 to 1805. He 
was active in the Indian warfare of his day, in 
the admission of Ky. into the Union, ancl the 
securing for the West the navigation of the 
Mississippi. — CoUim's Hist. Ki/. 

Brown, John, a philanthropic merchant, 
b. Providence, R.I., Jan. 27, 1736; d. there 
Sept. 20, 1 803. One of 4 brothers, — Obadiah, 
Nicholas, John, and Moses, — partners in a mer- 
cantile firm disting. for enterprise and public 
spirit. He led the party, which, on the night 
of June 17, 1772, destroyed the British sloop- 
of-war "Gaspe" in Narragansett Bay, and 
was sent in irons to Boston on suspicion of 
having been concerned in that affair, but was 
released through the efforts of his brother 
Moses. Anticipating the war, he instructed his 
captains to freight their vessels on their return- 
voyages with powder, and furnished the army 
at Cambridge with a supply, when it had not 
4 rounds to a man. He was a member of 
Congress in 1799-1801, a great projector of 
works of public utility, and a munificent patron 
of Brown U., of which he was for 20 years 
treasurer. Chosen delegate to the Continental 
Congress in 1784, but did not take his seat. 

Brown, John, Revol. patriot, b. Sandis- 
field, Ms., Oct. 19, 1744 ; killed by the Indians, 
Oct. 19, 178U, while marching to relieve Schuy- 
ler, in the Mohawk- Valley campaign.' Y.C. 
1761. He was king's atty. at Caughnawaga, 
N.Y., afterwards practised law in Pittsfield, 
Ms., and was an active patriot. In 1774, and 
again in 1775, he entered Canada in disguise, 
and endeavored to secure the co-operation of 
the inhabitants with the other Colonies in the 
Revol. He was a delegate to the Prov. Con- 
gress in 1775; aided Allen in the capture of 
Ticonderoga, and, Sept. 24, took Fort Chambly. 
In the attack on Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775, maj. 
Brown co-operated, by making a false attack 
upon the walls to the south of St. John's Gate. 
He was with Montgomery when he fell, and 
was, on his recommendation, made lieut.-col. 
Aug. 1, 1776, with rank and pay from Nov. 
1775 ; Sept. 18, 1777, early in the morning, he 
surprised the outposts of Ticonderoga, set free 
100 Amer. prisoners, captured 4 companies of 
regulars, a quantity of stores and cannon, and 
destroyed a large quantity of boats, and an 
armed sloop. He left the service on account of 
his detestation of Arnold, whose treachery he 
predicted, but continued to act with the mi- 



BRO 



132 



litia of Berkshire. Member of the legisl. in 
1778. 

Brown, Capt. John of Ossawattomie, a 
distini,'. clianipion of liberty, b. Torrington, 
Ct., 9 May, 1800; hung at fcharlestown^ Va., 
2 Dec. 1859. In a letter to a relative, dated 
from his prison, 19 Nov. 1859, he says, "I 
sup])Ose I am the first of our mutual kindred, 
since the landing of Peter Bj^own of The May- 
flower,' that has either been sentenced to im- 
prisonment or to the gallows. Our grandfather, 
Capt. John Brown, fell in 1776, and he, too, 
might have perished on the scaffold, had cir- 
cumstances been but very little different. I 
should be 60 years old were I to live till May 
9, 1860. I have enjoyed much of life as it is, 
and have been remarkably prosperous; having 
early learned to regard the welfare and pros- 
perity of others as my own. I have not as yet 
been driven to the use of glasses, but can see 
to read and write quite comfortably, and I have 
generally enjoyed remarkably good health." 
His father removed to Ohio in 1805. In 1815- 
20, he worked at the trade of a tanner and cur- 
lier In 1820, he in. \i.A'r.\,y \. ■<-':. He re- 
moved, in 1846, to S|! I ■' hewasa 
dealer in wool; afin i Kirope on 
business; emig. in Is't'. lo Iv- ^ wli rr he took 
an active part in the contest with the pro.<lavery 
party. A devoutmemberof the Cong. Church, 
and a man of strict moral character, possessed 
of unflinching courage, and intense earnest- 
ness, he was specially adapted to the work he 
was to do. As early as 1839, he conceived the 
idea of becoming a liberator of the Southern 
slaves. In Aug. 1856, he defeated at Ossawat- 
tomie a band of Missouri invaders ten times 
more numerous than his own force. In May, 
1859, he called a secret convention of the 
friends of freedom, which met at Chatham, 
Canada, organized an invasion of Va. to liber- 
ate the slaves, and adopted a constitution. In 
July, he rented a farm-house about 6 miles from 
Harper's Ferry, and collected there a su))ply 
of pikes, guns, &c. On the night of 16 Oct. 
18'>9, with about 20 men, he surprised Harper's 
Ferry, seized the arsenal and armory, and took 
40 prisoners. Attacked by the Va. militia, on 
the 17th, after two of his sons, and nearly all 
of his men, bad been killed, and he himself had 
been wounded in several places, he was cap- 
tured. " Enemies and friends," says Redpath, 
" were equally amazed at the carriage and say- 
ings of the wounded warrior." He was tried 
in Nov., and met death with serene composure. 
He was twice married, and had 20 children. — 
Si'e IJf\ hy Reilpalh, 1860; Life and Letters, bt/ 
A'. I).' 1IV66, 1861. 

Brown, John Newton, D. D., Baptist 
clergyman and author, b. New London, Ct., 
June 29, 1803; d. Germantown, Pa., May 15, 
1868. Ho grad. at what is now Madison U., 
Hamilton, N.Y., with the highest honors in 
1823 ; preached one yearin Buffiilo, afterwards 
at the 1st Bapt. Church, Providence, in Maiden, 
Ms, and in Exeter, N.H. He edited "The 
Encyclopffidiaof Religious Knowledge" (1835), 
n-pub, in Eng. From 1838 to 1 845, he was prof, 
of tlieol. and eccl. history in the New Hampton 
Theol. Institution, N.H, but was obliijed by 
ill health to go South. From 1845 to 1849, he 



was pastor of a church at Lexington, Va., and 
was subsequently editorial sec. of the Amer. 



for this society the works of Bunyan and Ful- 
ler, and " Fleetwood's Life of Christ." The 
Baptist articles of laith, called the "N.H. Con- 
fession," were prepared by him, and revised in 
1852. He also wrote verse ; one of his best ef- 
forts being a translation of the Dies Iras, 
" Emily, and other Poems," he pub. 1840. 

Brown, John Sullivan, author, b. Moul- 
tonborough, Sept. 5, 1825. Dartm. Coll. 1848. 
Solicitor of patents at Washington, D.C., since 
Apr. 1851. Has 7 patents of his own, and 30 
or 40 improvements of other inventions ; has 
pub. " A Catalogue of all Patents prior to 
1867," "Hives, and the Managing of Bees," 
and the Pen and Lever, devoted 'to mechanism 
and inventions. — Alumni of D.C. 

Brown, John \V., author, b. Schenectady, 
N.Y., Aug. 21, 1814; d. Malta, Apr. 9, 1849. 
Un. Coll. 1832. After completing his studies 
at the General Theol. Sem., he settled as a 
Pr.-Ep. minister at Astoria, N.Y., July 3, 1836; 
conducted the Astoria Female Institute in 
1838-45; became in 1845 editor of the Prot- 
estant Churchman ; was the author of the 
" Christmas Bells, a Tale of Holy Tide," 1842, 
and other poems, and of several religious tales 
in prose. 

Brown, Mason, LL.D. (Trans. U.), jurist 
and legal writer, b. Pliila., 10 Nov., 1799; d. 
Frankfort, Ky., 27 Jan. 1867. Y.C. 1820. He 
studied in the office of J. J. Crittenden and in 
the Lexington Law School ; practised at 
Frankfort; became the partner of Charles S. 
Morebead, with whom he coiii|iilcd " Murehead 
and Brown's Digest ; " was nianv years judije 
of the Circuit Court of his dist.", and tec. of 
State, 1855-9. Father of Senator B. Gratz 
Brown, and of Brig.-Gen. J. M. Brown. Son 
of Sen. John Brown of Kv. by a sister of 
John M. Mason, D. D. — Y. C. Ght. Record, 
237. 

Brown, Matthew, D.D. (N.J Coll. 1823), 
LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1835; Jeff. Coll. 1845), 
educator, b. Northumb. Co., Pa., 1776; d. 
Pittsburg, Pa., 29 July, 1853. Dick. Coll. 
1794. Licensed to preach by the Presb. of 
Carlisle, 3 Oct. 1799; some time pastor at 
Canonsburg, Pa. First pies, of Wash. Coll., 
Pa., 1806-16, and pres. of Jeff. Coll. Pa., 
1822-45. Besides addresses and sermons, 
he pub. "Memoir of Rev. 0. Jennings, D.D,," 
1832, and" Life of Rev John McMillan, D.D." 
— Sjirar/w;. 

Brown, Moses, capt. U.S.N. ; d. New- 
buryport, Jan. 1, 1804, a. 62. In the Revol. 
war, he com. several of the largest privateers 
of N.E. ; was engaged in many severe battles ; 
disting. himself particularly in one with a ship 
of superior force, and was a zealous, brave, and 
successful officer. On the establishment of 
thoU..''- iiivv, t!i>' 7ii<'i( Iiaiits of Newburyport 
builtaslii|i >'}■ -u'l-ri i'.iHjii for the govt., the 
com. of will, li h:i~ ^nni to Capt. Brown, who 
was comniissioiied capt. Sept. 15, 1798. While 
he com. " The Merrimack," he was as enterpris- 
ing: and successful as formerly. 

Brown, Nicholas, merchant, b. Provi- 



BRO 



133 



dence, R.I., April 4, 1769; d. ihere Sept. 27, 
1841. R.I. Coll. 1786. He descended from 
Chad Brown, one of the early colonists with 
Roger Williams, and was the son of Nicholas, 
(one of the4 brothers), who d. May 29, 1791, a. 
61. In 1791, he founded the mercantile house 
of Brown & Ives, one of the most successful 
in the country. For many years, he was a 
member of the R.I. legisl. He was one of the 
most munificent patrons of R.I. Coll. which, 
in 1804, changed its name to Brown Univ. 
In 1823, he built a second coll. edifice, entirely 
at his own expense, and gave, in all, nearly 
SIOO.OOO to that institution. He gave nearly 
S10,000 to the Providence Alhenoeum, liberally 
aided in the building of churches and the en- 
dowment of colleges and academies, and be- 
queathed S30,000 for an insane asylum, to be 
established at Providence. His son, John 
Carter Brown, has also been a munificent 
patron of B. U. — See Hunt's Lives of Amer. 
Merclmnls. 

Brown, Pateick, M.D., b. Mavo Co , 
Ireland, ab. 1720; d. 1790. Author of" Civil 
and Nat. Hist, of Jamaica," 17.i6. 

Brown, Ph<ebe Hinsdale, poetess, b. 
Canaan, N. i'., 1783 ; d. Oct. 10, 1861, at Henry, 
Dl., at the house of her dau., Mrs. Elijah Smith. 
She m. Timothy H. Brown. One of her sons 
is a missionary at Japan. Some of her lyrics 
are in Cleveland's " Lyra Sacra Americana." 

Brown, Col. Richard, a Cherokee Indian ; 
d. Tenn., Jan. 26, 1818, a. 45. He led the 
Cherokees in every battle of the Creek war, 
under Gen. Jackson, whose personal friendship 
he enjoyed, and was severely wounded at the 
battle o"f the Horse Shoe. "At the time of 
his death, he was one of the Cherokee delega- 
tion to Washington respecting a treaty. 

Brown, Gen. Robert, b. Northampton 
Co., Pa., 1745 ; d. there Feb. 26, 1823. App. 
at the beginning of the Revol. an ofScer in 
the Pa. "Flying Camp," he was made prison- 
er on Long Island, and being permitted to 
work at his trade, that of a blacksmith, dis- 
tributed the proceeds of his wages among his 
fellow-prisoncTs. He was made a brig. -gen. of 
the State militia, filled several civil stations, 
was a member of the State senate for some 
time ; M.C. from 1798 to 1815. — Ropers. 

Brown, Samuel, M.D., phvsician, b. 
Augusta Co., Va., Feb. 1769'! d. 'Ala., Jan. 
12, 1830. Dick. Coll. 1789. He studied medi- 
cine under Dr. Rush, in Phila., and took the 
degree of M.D. at Aberdeen. He practised 
a while near what is now Washington City ; 
settled in Lexington, Ky., in 1797 ; in 1806. in 
New Orleans ; at Natchez, where he ra. Miss 
Catharine Percy, in 1808, after whose death, 
he settled on a plantation near Huntsville, 
Ala. Prof, of medicine in Transylv. U. in 
1819-25. He was extensively engaged in prac- 
tice ; suggested tM process now in general 
use for clarifying gmseng, and for the applica- 
tion of steam to the distillation of spirits ; 
was a member of the Philos. Society and 
a contrib. to its " Transactions," vol. vi., and 
also to the N.Y. Med. Reims. With his dis- 
ting. brothers, John and James Brown of Ky., 
and Henry Clay, he endeavored in 1799 to 
carry a project for the emancipation of the 



slaves, but did not succeed. Author of a trea- 
tise on vellow-fever, 1800. — Memoir by La 
Roche, in 'Gross's Med. Biog. 

Brown, Samuel Oilman, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1853), educator, h \ Yniii: inh. Me., 
Jan. 4,1813. Dartni. ( -'I 1 :l: \ii.l.Theol. 
Sem. 1837. Son ut I i , i : ..I D.C., 

1815-20). He was | :;:n -i ,, iiji school 

at Ellington, Ct. ; travelied in l-.urope in 
1838-40; was prof, of oratory and belles let- 
tres at D.C., 1840-63, and "of intell. phil. 
and polit. econ. in 1863-7; ord. a Cong, 
preacher at Woodstock, Vt., Oct. 6, 1852; 
pres. of Hamilton Coll., Clinton, N.Y., since 
1866. He has pub. addresses, and contribs. to 
reviews, " Hist. Discourse before the Alumni of 
D.C., 21 July, 1869," being its 100th anniver- 
sary ; also " The Life of Hon. Rufus Choate," 
"Biography of Self-Taught Men," 1847 ; and 
has written 10 courses of lectures, one on 
" The Earlier Eng. Literature," the other on 
" British Orators," delivered before the Lowell 
Institute, Boston, in 1859, and elsewhere. 

Brown, Samuel R., author, d. at Cherry 
42. He was a vol. 
id afterwards edited, 
until 1815, a newspaper called the Patriot, at 
Cayuga, N.Y. He pub. " A View of the Cam- 
paigns of the North-western Armv," 1814; 
"History of the War of 1812," in "two vols.; 
"Western Gazetteer; or. Emigrant's Direc- 
tory." 1817. 

Brown, Solyman, M.D., b. Litclifield, 
Ct.,Nov. 17, 1790. Y.C. 1812. Ord. a Cong, 
minister in 1814; preached and taught school 
until 1822; when he removed to N.Y., where 
he preached Swedenborgianism. Since 1832, 
he has practised dentistry in that city. He 
pub. in 1818 an essay on Amer. poetry, to- 
gether with some miscellanies ; "Dentologia," 
a poem on the diseases of the teeth, 1833; 
and, in 1838, " Dental Hygeia," a poem on the 
general laws of health. He has contrib. to 
the N. Y. Mirror, and been co-editor of the 
Journal of Dental Science. — Everest's Poets of 

Brown, Thom AS, capt. U.S. navy, b. Del. ; 
d. Phila., Nov. 28, 1828. Midshipman, Apr. 
27, 1801 ; lieut. March 21, 1807; master, March 
1, 1815; capt. March 3, 1825. 

Brown, William, an early naval com- 
mander of the Revol. ; d. Boston, Nov. 29, 
1809, a. 77. 

Brown, WiLLiAM,adm. of Buenos Ayres.b. 
Ireland, ab. 1779; d. He came to Baltimore 
in 1793, and was employed in the mercantile 
marine until 1796, when he was impressed by a 
British man-of-war. In 1814, being at Buenos 
Ayres, in the com. of an Eng. merchant-ship, 
during the War of Independence, he was in- 
duced to enter the naval service of that coun- 
try. Receiving the command of its flotilla, he 
engaged in April, 1814 some Spanish vessels off 
the island of Martin Garcia. In the ensuing 
May, a more decisive engagement took place 
off Montevideo, in which 4 of the enemy's ves- 
sels were taken or destroyed, and the rest dis- 
persed, causing the speedy capture of Monte- 
video. Brown was made adm., and, his services 
not being required, he planned an exped. 
against the Spaniards in the Pacific Ocean, and 



BRO 



134 



BRO 



Wfts for some time successful, making many rich 
prizes. After having greatly annoyej the 
Spanish commerce in the Pacific, he "was re- 
turning with a rich booty, when he was cap- 
tured by a British ship-of-war, caiTied into 
Antigua, and condemned upon frivolous and 
unreasonable allegations. Owing to this un- 
just proceeding. Brown lived at Buenos Ayres 



need. 






the 
This event 
notice, and gave 
ig no small share 



Brown, William Hill, poet; d. Mur- 
freesborough, N.C., where he was studying law, 
Sept. 2, 1793, a. 27. He wrote a" tragedy 
founded on the death of Andre, and a comedy. 
His " Ira and Isabella " was pub. in 1807. 

Browne, Col. Thomas, loyalist officer of 
the Revol., of Augusta, Ua. ; d. St. Vincent's, 
Aug. 3, 1825. In 1775, he fled, but was 
brought back by the Whigs, tried, tarred and 
feathered, and drawn 3 miles in a cart exposed 
to the populace. Removing to Fla., he made, 
at the head of a small force, predatory incur- 
sions to the banks of the Savannah. Joined 
in 1778 by about 300 Tories from the interior, 
heorg.inized the" King's Rangers," uniformed, 
and com. them as lieut.-col. In 1779, at the 
head of 400 mounted men, he made a forced 
march to Augusta, and, after being wounded 
and twice defeated by Cols. Twiggs and Few, 
established there a military post, and was re- 
enforced. In Sept. 1780, Col. Clarke besieged 
him ; but the talent and skill of Browne, who 
was himself shot through both thighs, enabled 
him to hold out 4 days, and until relieved by 
Col. Cruger. His barbarity to Col. Clarke's 
wounded, whom he hung, covers biin with in- 
famy. Again besieged in April, 1781, by 
Pickens and Lee, he was forced to surrender 
in June. Such was the hatred his cruelties 
had inspired, that he was obliged to be specially 
and strongly guarded until delivered at Savan- 
nah, or he would have been torn limb from 
limb. After be was exchanged, he served at 
Savannah. In May, 1782, he marched out with 
a considerable force, but was completely rout- 
ed by Wayne. His estates, boih in Ga. and 
S.C.I having been confiscated, he retired to 
the Bahamas at the peace, whence, in 1786, he 
wrote an elaborate and able reply to Ramsay's 
comments on his conduct during the war, ad- 
dressed to the historian himself. In 1809, he 
was a petitioner in Kng. for a grant of crown- 
lands, and received 6,000 acres in the Island of 
St. Vincent. It has been stated, that in 1812, 
he was convicted in London of forgery, which 
seems unlikely. For his services, he had been 
made col. com. of his Majesty's late rcgt. of 
S.C. or Queen's Rangers, and also superinten- 
dent of Indian affairs in the southern dist. of 
N. A. - Sabi„e. 

Browne, Johs Ross, traveller and author, 
b. 1817. In his 18th year, he descended the 
Mississippi and Ohio, from Louisville to New 
Orleans. In 1846, after visiting a great part 
of the world, he pub. " Etchings of a Whaling- 
Cruise, with Notes of a Sojourn on the Island 
of Zanzibar." He has been in California and 
the Holy Land, and was app. minister to China 



in 1868. Author, also, of " An Amer. Family 
in Germany," " Adventures in the Apache 
Country," " Land of Thor," " Crusoe's Island, 
with Sketches of California and Washoe," and 
" Yusef, Travels in the East." 

Browne, William, loyalist of Salem, 
Ms., b. Feb. 27, 1737 ; d. Eng., Feb. 13, 1802. 
H.U. 1755. Grandson of Gov. Burnet. He 
was many years a representative of Salem ; 
one of the 17 rescinders in 1768 ; a col. of the 
Essex Co. militia ; a judge of the Superior 
Court, 1773-4, and was banished in 1778; and 
his immense landed estates were confiscated. 
Gov. of Bermuda in 1781-90. — Suhine. 

Brownell, Thomas Chukoii, D.D. 
LL.D., Prot.-Ep. bishop of Ct.. b. Westford, 
Ms., Oct. 19, 1779 ; d. Hartford, Jan. 13, 1865. 
Un. Coll. 1804. In tbU institution, ho held, in 
turn, the situations of tut^r, prof, of logic and 
belles lettres, lectureron chemistry, and prof, of 
rhetoric and chemistry, until, in Apr. 1816, be 
took orders in the church ; and became an as- 
sist, minister in Trin. church, N.Y., in the 
summer of 1818. He was consec. bishop of 
Ct., Oct. 27, 1819, and, removing to Hartford, 
was chosen first pres. of Trin. Coll., which 
took its rise under his auspices in 1824. He 
was chiefly instrumental in the liberal endow- 
ments of its professorships, and in procuring 
important additions to the general fund. He 
resigned the pres. in 1831. He became presid- 
ing bi,shop in 1 852. He pub. "A Bible Class and 
Family Expositor to the Study of the New 
Testament," and "A Commentary on the Book 
of Common Prayer." In 1839-40, he prepared 
5 vols., entitled'" Religion of the Heart and 
Life." He is also the author of several impor- 
tant charges to his clergy, and various sermons 
on special occasions, and has contrib. in other 
ways to the current literature of the day. 

Browning, Ortille H., lawyer and poli- / 
tician, b. Harrison Co., Ky., ab. 1810. f. While ^•' 
a clerk in the office of the clerk of Bracken 
Co., he went through a course of classical study 
at Augusta Coll., studied law, was adm. to the 
bar iu 1831, and settled in Quincv, 111. He 
served through the Black Hawk war in 1832 ; 
member of the III. senate in 1836-40 ; of the 
lower house in 1841-3, and, in conjunction with 
his friend Abraham Lincoln, was mainly in- 
strumental in forming the Repub. party of III. 
at the Blooinington conventiim. Delegate to 
the Chicago convention of 1860, and a warm 
supporter of the govt, during the Rebellion; 
U.S. senator in 1861-3 to fill the vacancy oo- j^ 
casioned by the death of Mr. Douglas ; an rs 
active member of the Union exec, commit- * 
tee, June, 1866; and sec. of the interior in j^- 
1866-8 ; and from March, 1868 to March, 1869, -^ 
also performed the duties of U.S. atty.-gen. ^ 

Brownlow, William Gannaway, cler- ^ 
gyman and politician, b. Wythe Co., Va., Aug. - 
29, 1805.^ He was left an 'orphan at 11, and,"c 
by hard labor as a carpenter, obtained a fair 
education. Entering the Methodist ministry 
in 1826, he was an itinerant preacher for 10 
years. While travelling in S.C , he took part 
in the nullification controversy, opposing the 
project, and pub. a pamphlet in his own vindi- 
cation, on account of the strong opposition 
excited against him. In 1828, he advocated iu 



^^\ l',li 



135 



BRTT 



Tcnn. the election of J. Q. Adams to the Pres- 
idency. Ab. 1S37, he became editor of the 
Kuoxvilte Whig, a political newspaper of wide 
circulation, and obtained the sobriquet of the 
" Hj^hting parson." In 1858, in apnblic debate 
at Phila., with Kev. A. Pryne, on slavery, after- 
ward pub. in a vol. entitleil " Ouijht American 
Slavery to be perpetuated ! " Mr. Brownlow 
maintained the affirmative. From tlie begin- 
ning' of the secession movement in 1860, he 
boldly maintained in his paper the principle 
of adherence to the Union as the best safe- 
guard of Southern institutions. This course 
subjected him to ranch per.sccution after the 
secession of Tcnn. Oct 24, 1861, he published 
the last number of the \Vhl(j, and, after remain- 
ing some time concealed, was induced, by a 
promise of passports, to report to the com.-gen. 
at Knoxville, where he was arrested Dee. 6, 
and thrown into jail. March 3, 1862, he was 
released, and escorted to the Union lines at 
Nashville. He afterward made a tour of the 
Northern States, delivering speeches in the 
principal cities; was joined by his family, who 
had also been expelled from Knoxville ; and 
pub. " Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and De- 
clineof Secession, with a Narrative of Personal 
Adventures among the KebL-Is," l2mo, 1862. 
He returned to Nashville alter its capture by 
the Uniuii forces, and was gov. of Tcnn. in 
1865-9 ; U.S. senator since 1869. Among his 
other writings are "The Iron Wheel E.xamined, 
and its False Spokes Extracted" (12mo, 
Nashville), a reply to attacks on the Methodist 
Cliurch, 1856. 

Brownson, Nath.\n', stat»sman, d. Lib- 
erty Co., Ga., Nov. 1796. Y.C. 1761. He 
was a physician of Liberty Co., and an early 
supporter of the rights of his country ; member 
of the Prov. Cong, of 1775; was some time a 
surgeon in the army; wasspeakerof the legisl. 
of 1781, by which body he was chosen gov. of 
Ga. ; member of the Cont. Cong, of 1776 and 
1778 ; speaker of the Ga. H. of representatives 
in 1788; i)res. of the senate in 1789-91, and 
member of the convention that framed the State 
Constitution in 1789.— Ga. Hist. Colls. 213. 

Brownson, Orestes Augustds, LL D., 
author, b. Stockbridire, Vt., Sept. 16, 1803. 
He became in 1825 a Universalis! minister, and 
preached in various places in Vt. and N.Y., 
writing forand editing various religious peri- 
odicals. Making the acquaintance of Robert 
Owen, he was attracted by schemes of social 
reform, and in 1828 was piominent in the 
formation of a workinirraen's partv in N.Y. 
The wiitings of Dr. Charming led him, in 
1832, to become pastor of a Unitarian church. 
In IS-Itt, he oiu-auized in Boston the Society 
for Christian Union and Progress, of which he 
had charge till he ceased preaching in 1843. 
On removing to Boston, he pub. his " Xew 
Views of Christianity, Society, and the 
Church." He established the iJosioH Qnarleiiii 
Review in 1838, and was almost its sole writer 
during the 5 years of its continuance, and 
contrib. largely to it during the first'ycar after 
it was merged into the Democ. Review of N.Y. 
In 1840, he pub. "Charles Elvvood, or the In- 
fidel Converted," which passed through several 
editions in Eng. Ho entered the Roman com- 



munion in 1844, and has since labored stren- 
uously for the doctrines of that church. The 
later pubs, of Mr. Brownson are, " The Spirit- 
Rapper," 1854 ; and " The Convert, or Leavei 
from my Experience," 1857. Since 1844, he 
has supported, almostsingle-handed, Browiison's 
Qnarterly Review, devoted e.speeially to the 
defence of Catholic doctrines, but also discusses 
questions of politics and literature. Trans- 
lations of several of his works have been pub. 
and favorably received in Europe. — Appleton. 

Bruce, Andre^t, lieut.-col. 5th Foot, a 
British officer, who served at Lexington, 
Bunker's Hill, &c. ; d. Eng., Feb. 5, 1792. 

Bruce, Archibald, M.D. (U. of Edinb. 
180U), phvsician, h. N. Y., Feb. 1777; d. there 
Feb. 22, 1818. Col. Coll. 1795. His father, 
Wdliam Bruce, the head of the medical dept. 
of the British army at N. Y., upon being ordered 
to the West Indies, specially directed that hia 
son should not be brought up to the med. pro- 
fession. However, from the medical lectures 
of Nicholas Romayne, the teachings of Dr. 
Hosack, and attendance on the courses of 
meilical instruction of Col. Coll., he attained 
a knowledge of the science. He went to Europe 
in 1798, and in a tour of two years in France, 
Switzerland, and Italy, collected a minera- 
logical cabinet of great value. Ho ra. in 
London, and, in the summer of 1803, re- 
turned to N.Y. Citv, and commenced practice. 
From 1807 until 1811, he was prof, of materia 
m..]i ,i:ril inhirnilogy in the Coll. of Phy- 
si. i ' ^ . n<. Having, in connection 

ui; I; I; I ! ill hers, afterward constituted 

aiiii! 1 ii' li Mrulty, he delivered lectures 

on his tavonio stuiiies. In 1810, he edited a 
vol. of a Journal of American Mineralogij, 
which, as well as his discovery of the hydrate 
of magnesia at Hoboken, contrib. materially 
to extend his fame. Member of many learned 
associations in this country and Europe. — 
rU-her. 

Bruce, Sir Frederick, an English di- 
plomatist, bro. of the Earl of Elgin, d. 'Boston, 
Ms., Sept. 1867. App. ambassador to the 
U.S. early in 1865. 

Bruce, Geiiuge, an eminent tvpe-founder, 
b.i: Uiriiij'i, S. ., rland, June 26, 1781 ; d.N.Y., 
.J i II I ame to the U.S. in June, 

K'.ii -, I'll I'd to a printer in Phila. ; 

alt. 1 v. I i in: i . Albany, and thence to N.Y., 
where, in 1S03, he was foreman, and a con- 
tributor to the Dail)! Advrrtiser. In 1806, with 
his bro. David, he opened a book-printing- 
office. In 1812, David went to Eng., and 
brought back with him the secret of stereotyp- 
ing. In 1816, they sold out their jirinting- 
business, and began that of type-founding, into 
which George introduced many valuable im- 
provements. In connection with his nephew, 
David Bruce, jun., he invented the only type- 
casting machine which has stood the test of 
experience, and is now in general use. He 
was many years pres. of the Mechanics' In- 
stitute, ami ail arrive member of several literary 

Bruen, MvTTiUAS.ministeroftheBleccker- 
st. Church, N. Y. (14 June, 1825-1829), b 
Newark, N.J., Apr. 11,1793; d. N.Y., Sept. 
6, 1829. Col. Coll. 1812. He travelled in 



BRTJ 



136 



Europe with his preceptor, Dr. Mason, in 1816 ; 
was ord. in London in 1819, and preached six 
months in the Amer: chapel, Paris. In 1822, 
he became a missionary in N.Y. He was active 
in missionary, reliijious, and educational work. 
Author of " Slcetclies of Italy." — See Life and 
Character of , N.Y., 1831. 

Bruyas, Rev. Jacques, of Lyons, mis- 
sionary, arrived at Quebec, Aug. 3, 1666; 
became chief of the Iroquois Missions in 1671, 
and was superior of his order in 1693-1700. 
In 1700, he was instrumental in malcingapeace 
with the Five Nations, which lasted over 50 
years. In Aug. 1701, he attended the grand 
ratification of this treaty. He wrote several 
works in the Mohawk tongue. His Dictionary, 
Catechism, and " Racines Amieres " are still 
exUm. — O'Callaghan. 

Bryan, GeOkge, judge, b. Dublin, Ire- 
land, 1731 ; d. Phila., Jan. 27, 1791. Hecame 
to Amer. in early life ; was engaged some years 
in commercial pursuits in Phila. ; was a mem- 
ber of the State Assembly, and, in 1765, was a 
member of the Stamp-act Congress, in which, 
and in the subsequent struggle, he took an 
active part. Vice-pres. of the supreme exec, 
council of Pa., from the period of the Declar.a- 
tion of Independence, he was, in May, 1778, 
adv.anced to the presidency; and in 1779 he 
was elected to the legisl., when he projected and 
procured the passage of an act for the gradual 
abolition of slavery. App. a judge of the 
State Supreme Court in 1780, he remained in 
that position until his death. In 1784, he was 
elected one of the council of censors. He 
strenuously opposed the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution. He was an impartial and incor- 
ruptible judge. 

Bryant, William Collen, poet .and jour- 
nalist, b. Cummington, Ms., Nov. ', 1794. His 
father Peter, a physician, superintended the 
education of his children. Young Bryant com- 
municated verses to the county gazette before 
he was 10; and his "Embargo," a political 
satire, and " The Spanish Revolution," were 
pub. in his 1 4th year, and again in 1809. At 
18, be wrote "Thanatopsis," first pub. in the 
North Amrr. Review in 1817. After 2 years' 
study at Wms. Coll., he studied law; was adm. 
to the bar in 1815; commenced practice in 
Plainfield, andafterward removed to Great Bar- 
rington ; but, though he rose to distinction in 
the courts, his tastes inclined him to literature. 
He wrote several prose articles for the North 
American; in 1821 delivered before the Phi 
Beta Kappa Society of H. U. a poem on the 
" Ages ; " and a vol. containing several of his 
poems, pub. at Cambridge, at oncestamped him 
as a genuine poet. He removed to New York 
in 1825 ; edited the N. Y. Reviezo, soon after 
merged into the U. S. Review, and in 1826 
connected himself with the Evenimj Post. This 
he subsequently, upon obtaining its exclusive 
control, changed from a Federal to a Democ. 
print, favoring free trade. From 1827 to 1830, 
with Sands and Verplanck, he edited the " Tal- 
isman," an annual, and contrib. "Medficld " and 
the "Skeleton Cave" to the " Tales of the 
Glauber Spa." In 1832. a complete edition of 
his poems appeared in N. Y. ; and Irving, then 
in Eng., caused it to be reprinted there with a 



laudatory preface, securing him a European 
reputation. Having associated \Vm. Leggett 
with himself in the management of the Post, he 
visited Europe in 1834, and travelled there ex- 
tensively. He went again in 1845, and in a 
third visit, in 1849, extended his journey to 
Egypt and Syria. His letters written to the 
Post during these journeys were pub., with the 
title of " Letters of a Traveller," soon after 
his last return. Ab. 1845, he purchased an an- 
cient mansion near the village of Roslyn, on 
Long Island, where he has since resided. In 
1848, he delivered a funeral-oration on Thos. 
Cole, the great landscape-painter; and in 1852 
a discourse on the life and writings of James 
Fenimore Cooper He made another journey 
tnKnnipci in 1S.=)7 and '8. described in a series 
of 1,'irri-^ to thr r,r,uiu>i fost, pub. lu 1859 as 
■■l.nrri-, fiM,,, S|,;iiii and Dtlier Countries." 
Apr. :;. I^r„i, 1„- lirhvciv,! at the Acad, of Mu- 
sir, N. v., an a.Mrc^s uu Washington Irving. 
A new vol. of verses, entitled " Thirty Poems," 
appeared in 1864. His brother John How- 
ard, also a poet, b. July 22, 1S07, first came 
into notice in 1826 by the publication of " My 
Native Land." He went to III. in 1831 ; has 
been a representative in the legisl., and pub. a 
coll. of his poems in N. Y. in 1855. 

Bryson, Andrew, capt. U. S. N., b. New 
York, Julv 25, 1822. Midshipman, Dec. 21, 
1837; lieu't.Aug.SO, 1851 ;coin.July 16, 1862; 
capt. July 25, 1866. He com. steamer " Chip- 
pewa " on special service, 1862-3 ; com. iron- 
clad " Lehigh," S. A. B. squadron, at the re- 
duction of Fort Macon, and in all the princi- 
pal actions in which the iron-cladswere eng.aged 
offCharleston, from Sept. 1 863, to Apr. 5, 1864, 
and wounded slightly by fragment of a shell; 
com. iron-clad "Essex," Mississippi squadron, 
1864-5. — Bamersli/. 

Buchanan, FRANitLiN, an officer of the 
Confed. navy, b. Baltimore, Md., ab. 1800. 
Entering the U. S. navy as midshipm. Jan. 28, 
1815, he became lieut. Jan. 13, 1825 ; master- 
com. Sept. 8, 1841; first supt. of the naval 
acad. 1845-7; capt. Sept. 14, 1855. Apr. 19, 
1861, he sent in his resignation; but, finding 
that Md. did not secede, he petitioned to be re- 
stored ; was refused; entered the Confederate 
service, and superintended the fitting-out of 
the frigate " Merrimack." He com. her in the 
attack on the U. S. fleet in Hampton Roads, 
and was so severely wounded as to be obliged 
to relinquish his com. He was in com. when 
Gen. Wool occupied Norfolk, and blew up his 
ship to save her from capture. M^ide a rear- 
adm., he com. the iron-clad " Tennessee" in 
Mobile Bay, Aug. 1864, where he was defeated 
by Adm. Farragut, and taken prisoner. 

Buchanan, Isaac, member of the Cana- 
dian parliament, and pres. of the bo.ard of 
trade of Hamilton, b. Glasgow, N.B., 1810. 
He was liberally educated ; became a leading 
merchant and politician ; was active in sup- 
pressing the rebellion in 1837; was elected to 
parliament from Toronto in 1841, and has been 
many years a mpmber, anil at one time pres., of 
the exec, council of Quebec. Author of " The 
Relations of the Industry of Canada with the 
Mother-Country and the U. S." 

Buchanan, James, British consul at N.Y.; 



137 



BUG 



d. at Elmwood, near Montreal, Oct. 1851, a. 80. 
While a resident of N. Y., he wrote and pub. 
" Sketches of the History, Manners, and Cus- 
toms of the N. Amer. Indians," 2 vols., 12mo, 
1824, repub. in Lond. the same year, a work 
of merit. — N. E. H. and Geneul. Reg., vi., 101. 
Buchanan, James, ISth Pres. of the 
U. S., b. Franklin Co., Pa,, 2.3 Apr. 1791 ; d. 
Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pa., 1 June, 1868. 
Dick. Coll. 1809. His father came from Ire- 
land in 1783 : his mother, Elizabeth Spear, was 
the dau. of a farmer. Adm. to the bar in 1812, 
he practised at Lancaster with such success, 
that, at the age of 40, he retired with a compe- 
tency. Beginning as a Federalist, he was an 
M. C. in 1821-31, and supported Jackson for 
the Presidency in 1828 ; minister to Russia in 
1832-4 ; U. S. senator, 1834-45 ; sec. of State, 
under Pres. Polk, in 1845-9, opposing the 
Wilmot Proviso and the antislavery move- 
ment ; and U. S. minister to Eng. in 1853-6. 
In 1856, he was the Democ. candidate for Pres., 
and was elected, receiving 174 electoral votes 
to 129 for Fremont (Republican), and Fill- 
more (American). In Congress, he favored a 
tariff merely for revenue, and, as chairman of 
the judiciary committee of the honsc, conducted 
with ability the prosecution of Judge Peck of 
Me. in 1829-30. As minister to Russia, he 
concluded a commercial treaty, seeming to us 
important privileges in the Baltic and Black 
Seas. In the senate, where he was regarded as 
a leader of the Democracy, he urged Congress 
to declare that it had no power to legislate on 
the subject of slavery, and advocated the an- 
nexation of Texas. As one of the 3 members 
of the Ostend Conference in 1854, he declared, 
that, if Cuba could not he purchased, we should 
be justified in wrestingit from Spain. His cab- 
inet was composed |)rini-ipally of disunionists 
and i!i' II ni ,.!- In i he first year of his ad- 
raini- :: I 1 I ^: ,'itement was produced by 

an all' : > i Ii slavery in Kansas. In 
his iih -. J' I )> . I V.7, he urged that Kansas 
be adni. with the Lccompton Constitution, 



St message, 
Dec. 1860, Buchanan caston the Northern peo- 
ple the blame for the disruption of the Union, 
then imminent, and declared that the Constitu- 
tion did not delegate to Congress or to the Ex- 
ecutive power to coerce or to prevent the seces- 
sion of a State. Dec. 12, 1860, Cass resigned 
the State secretaryship, because the Pres. de- 
clined to re-enforce Fort Snmter. Most of the 
slave States seceded in the winter of 1860-61 ; 
and nearly all the forts, arsenals, and custom- 
houses within their limits, were seized by the 
insurgents, the movements of the disunionists 
to found and fortify a Southern confederacy be- 
ing fixcilitated by the outgoing administration. 
He withdrew to private life Mar. 3, 1861. Au- 
thor of " Mr. Buchanan's Administration," 
1866. 

Buchanan, Robert Christie, brev. maj.- 
gen. U.SA., b. Md. West Point, 18.30. Lieut, 
of inf., 1830; adj. 18.35-8; served in Seminole 
war, 1836-7; capt. 1 Nov. 1838; brev. maj. 
" for gallant and disting. service in battles of 
R. de la Palma and Palo Alto," Aug. 1846 ; 
lieut.-col. com. batt. Md. vols, in Mex. war, 



Sept. 1846, to May, 1847 ; acting maj. and dis- 
ting. in battle of Churubusco ; brev. lieut.-col. 
for El Molino del Rey, July, 1848 ; acting insp.- 
gen. to Gen. Butler in 1848; maj. 4th Inf., 
Feb. 3, 1855 ; com. and disting. in several con- 
flicts with Indians near Rogue River, Oregon, 
in 1856 ; lieut.-col. Sept. 9, 1861 ; col. 1st Inf., 
Feb. 8, 1864 ; brig.-gen. U.S. vols., 29 Nov. 
1862; was in the battles and sieges of the 
peninsular camp.; battles of Manassas, Antie- 
tam, and Fredericksburg ; brev. brig.-gen. U. 
S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for Malvern Hill; brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., for Manassas and Fredericks- 
burg. — Culliim. 

Buckingham, James Silk, traveller and 
author, b. Eng., 1784 ; d. London, June 30, 
1855. He made tours in various parts of Eu- 
rope and N. America, the published accounts 
of which make many vols. ; 9 of them are 
upon Araer. He visited the U.S., and lectured 
on temperance and slavery in most of the 
cities of the Union. M. P. 1832-7. 

Buckingham, Joseph Tinker, editor, 
b. Windham, Ct., Dec. 21, 1779; d. Cam- 
bridge, Ms., Apr. 11, 1861. His father, Nehe- 
miah Tinker, a Revol. soldier^ d. in 1783, leav- 
ing his family destitute. Joseph worked on a 
farm ; entered a printing-office at 16 ; came to 
Boston in Feb. 1800, and in 1804 had his name 
changed by act of the legisl. He began to pub. 
the Poljjanthos in 1805, the Ordeal, a weekly 
of 16 pages, 8vo, in ,Tan. 1809, the N.E. Gal- 
axi/, in conjunction with S. L. Knapp, in Oct. 
1817, and in Mar. 1824, the Boston Courier, 
as the special and avowed advocate of the 
Amer. svstem. He retired from the Courier in 
June, 18'48. From 1831 to 1834, in connection 
with his son, he pub. the jV. E. Magazine. He 
was several times elected to the legisl., and was 
a member of the State senate in 1847-8, and 
1850-1. He is the author of " Specimens of 
Newspaper Literature," &c., 2 vols., 1850; 
"Personal Memoirs and Recollections," 2 vols., 
1852; "Annals of the Ms. Char. Mechanics' 
Assoc," 1853. He was pres. of the Ms. Char- 
itable Assoc., of the Bunker Hill Monument 
Assoc, and of the Middlesex Agric. Society. 

Buckingham, William Alfred, LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1866), gov. of Ct., 1858-66, b. Lebanon, , ^J, , e, 
Ct., May 28, 1804.. His ancestor was Rev. <X 1*^ H, 1S^ 
Thos. of Saybrook. He engaged in business 
in Norwich, in 1825, and became a successful 
merchant and carpet manuf. His patriotism 
and efficiency during the Rebellion were of 
great service to the national cause. U.S. sen- 
ator since 1 869. He gave 825,000 to the Theol. 
School of X.Q. — See U. B. Stowe's Men of 
our Time. 

Buckminster, Joseph, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 
180.3), mini^r.T ,.f Portsmouth, N.H., b. Rut- 
lanil, M,,(iri 14, 1751;d.June 10, 1812. 
Y.I' I,. I, .'.I li' was a tutor from 1774 to 
177^. l,;ii.:i,- . I :, lis tor came early to Boston, 
and il. iiiuukliiic, 16j6. He became attached, 
whilcatNew Haven, to a ladyof reputation and 
celebrity, whose history is the basis of Miss 
Foster's story, " The Coquette." Ord. in Jan. 
1779, pastor of the North Church ; but after a 
ministry of 33 years, his health becoming 
greatly impaired, he left home June 2, 1812, 
accompanied by his wife and two friends, but 



(1. a few days after. He pub. some sermons, 
and a slion sketch of Dr. Mackintosh. Eliza 
B. Loe, his (Uiu., pub. " Memoirs of the Rev. 
Josepli Buckrainster, D.D.," 18.")1. — Spra/jiie. 
Buckminster, Joseph Stevens, a cele- 
brated preacher and seliolar, b. Portsmouth, 
N.H., May 26, 1784; d. June 9, 1812. H.U. 
1800. Son of Rev. Joseph. He devoted him- 
self for 4 years to theology and general litera- 
ture. An' assist, in Exeter Acad, after leaving 
coll., he was one of the teachers of Daniel 
Webster. TTi Oct. 1804, ho preached in Bos- 
ton for the first time, and accepted, in 1805, an 
invitation from the Br.ittle-st. society there. 



idered 



necessary 



nated one of tiie first pnrclv literary periodicals 
of this country. In 1809, he delivered before 
the Phi Beta Kappa Society of H. U. an ad- 
dress on " The Dangers and Duties of Men of 
Letters." He maintained by his sermons the 
highest rank among po])ular preachers, and 
was a contrib. to the periodicals of the day. 
The Greek Testament of Griesbach was edited 
by him in 1808. In 1811, he was app. the first 
lecturer on biblical criticism at H. U. ; and, 
while busily preparing for the execution of 
this office, a violent fit of epilepsy at once de- 
stroyed his intellect, and gave a shock to his 
frame, which he survived but a few days. In 
1808, he pub. a collection of hymns for "the use 
of his society. A vol. of his sermons was pub., 
with a memoir of his life and character, by S. 
C. Thatcher in 1814. He was a member of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of the 
Ms. Hist. Society. 

Buckminster, Col. William, Revol. 
officer, b. Franiingham, Dec. 15, 1736 ; d. June 
22, 1786. He removed toBarre in 1757 ; com. 
the minute-men in 1774 ; was lieut.-col. of 
Brewer's rcgt. at Bunker's Hill, and received 
there a wound which crippled him for life. 

Buekner, Simos Bolivab, gen. C.S.A., 

b. Ky., ab 1824. West Point, 1844. En- 
tering the 2d Inf., he was from Aug. 1845, 
to May, 1846, assist, prof, of ethics at West 
Point ; brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry at Contre- 
ras and Churubusco, where he was wounded ; 
capt. for gallantry at Molino del Rey ; assist. 
instructor inf. tactics at West Point, Aug. 1848, 
and resigned Mar. 25, 1855. He then prac- 
tised law, and became the most prominent of 
the Knights of the Golden Circle in Ky. Af- 
ter the civil war broke out, he was made 
com. of the State guard of Ky., and adj.-gen. 
of the State. Sept. 12, 1861, he issued from 
Russclville an address to the people of Ky., 
calling on them to take up arms against the 
usurpation of Abraham Lincohi ; after which 
he removed to Bowling Green. After the cap- 
ture of Fort Henry, he evacuated Bowling 
Green. Com. a brigade at Fort Donelson, in 
the battles of Feb. 13, 14, and 15, and, after the 
escape of Pillow and Floyd, surrendered the 
fort, Feb. 16, to Gen. Grant, with 16,000 pris- 
oners and vast stores. He was imprisoned 
at Fort Warren, Boston, until exchanged iu 



Aug. 1862. He subsequently com. the 1st 
division of Gen. Hardee's corps in liragg's 
army in Tenn. Later he was made a maj.-gen., 
assigned to the 3d grand div., and was in the 
battles of Murfreesborough and Chickamauga, 
and surrendered with Kirby Smith's army to 
Gen. Canby, at N. Orleans, May 26, 1865. 

Buell, Abel, an ingenious mechanic, b. 
KiUingworth, Ct., ab. 1750; d. N. Haven, Ct., 
ab. 1825. In his youth, he was apprenticed to 
a gold and silver smith, and at the age of 20 
was detected and punished for an ingenious 
alteration of a colony note. His next exploit 
was the construction of a lapidary machine, be- 
lieved to be the first used in this country. Re- 
moving to N. Haven ab. 1770, he was employed 
by Bernard Romans, who was constructing his 
map of N. Anicr., to survey the coast of Pcn- 
sarula, and afterwards to engrave the map, 
which was pub. during the Revol. He next 
established a type-foundry, and, for his various 
services to the public, was restored by the Icgisl. 
to his civil rights. After the war, be was em- 
ployed by the State in coining coppers; for 
which he made all the apparatus. He then vis- 
ited Eng., where he gained some knowledge of 
the machinery used in the manuf. of cloth, and, 
on his return, erected a cotton-factory in N. 
Haven, — one of the first in the country. 

Buell, Don Carlos, maj.-gen. vols., b. 
near Marietta, O., Mar. 23, 1818. West Point, 
1841. Entering the 3d Inf., he became 1st lieut. 
June, 1846, and won the brevets of captain at 
Monterey, and major at Contreras and Churu- 
busco, where he was severely wounded. Lieut.- 
col. May 11, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. Mavl7, 
1861. In Nov., he superseded Gen. W. T. Sher- 
man in the dept. of the Cuiiilierlaiid, m liich was 
re-organized as that of the (jliio. Maj..i;on. of 
vols. March 21, 1862, and on the same day his 
dist. was incorporated with that of the Mpi., 
Gen. Halleck. He arrived with a part of a di- 
vision on the battle-field of Shiloh, near the 
close of the first day's .iction, Apr. 6, in time 
to succor the hard-pressed army of Gen. Grant ; 
3 of his divisions arriving the next day, the 
Confederates were driven to their intrench- 
ments at Corinth. June 12, he took com. of 
the dist. of Ohio. In July and Aug., Bragg's 
army advanced into Ky., capturing a number 
of Buell's posts, compelling the abandonment 
of Lexington and Frankfort, and the remov- 
al of the State archives to Louisville, which city 
was threatened, as well as Cincinnati. At mid- 
night of Sept. 24, Buell's retreating army en- 
tered Louisville amid great excitement, as it 
was feared that Bragg would reach there first. 
Sept. 30, by order from Washington, Buell 
turned over his com. to Gen. Thomas, but was 
restored the same day, and, Oct. 1, began to 
pursue the Confederates. On the 8th, a severe 
but indecisive battle was fought with them at 
Perryville by a portion of Buell's army. On 
the 24th, he was ordered to transfer his com. to 
Gen. Rosecrans. A court of inquiry to inves- 
tigate his operations made a report, which has 
never been pub. Resigned 1 June, 1864. Pres. 
Green River, Ky., Iron Works, since 1865. 

Buell, Jesse, agriculturist, b. Coventry, 
Ct., Jan. 4, 1778 ; d. Danbury, Oct. 6, 1839. 
Originally a printer, he removed to Albany in 



139 



1- in IP35, hcwa 



11. pi 



cess. He was ul'iun a ]iirii]li,T of the Statu 
assembly ; at uuc time a niagisliate ; was VVlii;^ 
candidate for j^ov. in 1836, and, at the time of 
his deatli, was a regent of the U. In 1834, he 
established the Cultivator, whicli has probably 
exerted a greater influence among agricultu- 
rists, and bL'cn the means of effecting more im- 
provement in husbandry, than any other simi- 
lar journal in the U. S. He delivered numer- 
ous addresses, pub. the " Farmer's Instructor," 
in 10 vols., and the "Farmer's Companion," 
1839. Member of many Amer. and foreign 
horticultural and agricultural societies. 

Buffum, Edward Goold, journalist and 
author, b. K. I. ; d. Paris, France, Dec. 24, 
1867. Son of Arnold Buffum, the well-known 
philanthropist. In early life, he became a writer 
for the New -York Herald, but in 1S46 joined 
Col. Stevenson's N. Y. regt., and aceomp. it to 
Cal. as a lieut. Being there at the time of the 
discovery of gold, ho was actively engaged in 
exiil.iriiiMii, (,(' i!ir State, and subsequently 
pall, i.ii , I : i i:id valuable work, thetirst 
of it- :. I I : ill-mines of Cal. He was 

a Iniii; Mil r,h:.M 111 chief of the Alta Califor- 
nium; and in tlie State legisl., of which he was 
a member from San Francisco, dis])layed great 
ability as a debater. He wrote a history of Col. 
Stevenson's regt., graphically describing life in 
Cal. in its early days. At the time of his death, 
he had for 8 years been the Paris corresp. of 
the N. Y. Herald. He possessed extensive ac- 
quirements, and was a frequent contrib. to the 
leading magazines of Europe and America. 

Buford, CoL. AiiK.\ii.v.M, Revol. officer of 
Va. ; d. Scutt Co., Ky., June 29, 1833. Made 
col. of Morgan's llth Va. regt.. May 16, 1778. 
May 29, 1780, his com. was surprised and mas- 
sacred by Col. Tarleton at Waxhaw Creek. 

Buford, Joiix, maj.-gen. U. S. vols., b. 
Ky., 1825; d. Washington, D. C, Dec. 16, 
1863. West Point, 1848. Entering the 1st 
Dragoons, he became capt. Mar. 9, 1859 ; 
served in the Utah exped. ; became insp.-gen., 
rank of major, Nov. 12, 1861 ; was attached to 
the staff of Gen. Pope in the Army of Va., 
June 26, 1862 ; brig.-gen. July 27, 1862 ; com. 
a.brigade of cavalry under Gen. Hooker, and 
early in Aug. 1862, was so severely wounded 
near the Kappahannock River, that he was re- 
ported dead. He served on McClellan's sUiff 
at the battle of Antietam. Assigned to the 
com. of the reserve cavalry brigade, he was con- 
spicuous in many engagements, and began the 
attack at Gettysburg before the arrival of Rey- 
nolds. He was Gen. Burnside's chief of caval- 
ry, and was one of the best officers in that 
branch of the service. Ho had been assigned 
to the com. of the Army of the Cumberland 
just before his death. Gen. N. B. Buford was 
hi< half-bro. ■ 

Buford, Napoleon Bonaparte, brev. 
maj. gen. vols., half-bro. of Gen John. b. Wood- 
ford Co., Ky., Jan. 13, 1807. West Point, 
1827. Entering the 3d Art., he was employed 
in various surveys ; obtained leave in 1831 to 
enter the Law School ofH.U. In 1833, he 
was assist, prof, of nat. philos. at West Point. 



ngagcd in the pub- 
lic ini|iruvciiicnts ot liv. until 1S42. In 1S43, 
he rrinovc.l to liock Island, III , where he was 
a merchant, an ironfoundcr, and banker. Col. 
27th 111. Vols., Aug. 1861, he com the troops 
that aceomp. the gunboat flotilla to Colum- 
bus and Island No. Ten ; captured Union 
City, March 30, 1862, and became brig.-gen. 
vols., April 15, 1862 ; in the battle of Corinth, 
Oct. 3-4, 1862, and siege of Vicksburg, Feb. 
1863; brcv. maj.-gen. vols., 13 Mar. 1865; 
special U.S. com. Indian affairs in 1867. 

Bulflneh, Charles, architect, b. Aug. 8, 
1763 ; d. Boston, April 15, 1844. H.U. 1781. 
Son of Dr. Thus. He acquired by travel in 
Europe a cultivated taste, and a knowledge of 
architectural science. 'The primitive condi- 
tion of this country had occasioned a total neg- 
lect of art ; and, on his return from Europe in 
1786, he devoted himself to architecture as a 
profession. He drew the plan for the State 
House and City Hall in Boston, and for the 
Capitol at Washington. He was a member of 
the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of 
the Mass. llortic. Society. 

Bulflneh, Stephen Greenleaf, D.D., 
clergyman and author, b. Boston, June 18, 
1809; d. Cambridge, Oct. 12, 1870. Col. Coll. 
D.C. 1826. At the age of 9, he was taken by 
his father, Charles, architect of the Capitol, to 
Washington. After studying at the Camb. 
Div. School, he was from 1830 to 1837 a Uni- 
tarian clergyman at Augusta, Ga. He next 
kept school, and preached at Pittsburg, Pa., 
and was similarly engaged at Washington, 
D.C, for 6 years. In 1845, he was settled at 
Nashua, N.H., and in 1852 removed to Boston. 
He pub., " Contemplations of the Saviour," 
1832; a vol of poems, Charleston, S.C., 1834; 
"The Holy Land," 1834; " Lays of the Gos- 
pel," 1835; a devotional vol., "Communion 
Thoughts," 1852 ; " The Harp and the Cross," 
1857, with several sermons, and contributions 
to the magazines. He was a contrib. to the 
coll. of Unitarian hymns in use by that de- 
nomination. — Duijckinck. 

Bulflneh, Thomas, author, b. Boston, 
July 15, 1796 ; d. there May 27, 1867. H.U. 
1814. He was in mercantile business until 
1 837 ; and during the rest of his life was a clerk 
ill the Boston Rlerchant's Bank. He pub. in 
1855 " The Age of Fable; " " Age of Chivalry," 
1858; "Legends of Charlemagne," "Poetry 
of the Age of Fable," " Oregon and Eldorado, 
or Romance of the Rivers," " Hebrew Lyrical 
History," 1853, and "The Boy Inventor," 
1860. 

Bulkley, Peter, first minister of Con- 
cord, Ms., b. Odell, ISedfordshire, Eng., Jan. 
31, 1583 ; d. Concord, Mar. 9, 1659. He was 
educated at Cambridge U., and succeeded to the 
living of his father. Dr. Edward, retaining it 
21 years. Removed by Laud for nonconform- 
ity, he came to Cambridge in 1635, and in 
1636, with a few companions, founded Con- 
cord, Ms., where he afterward resided. Author 
of some Latin poems contained in Cotton 
Mather's " History of N.E.," and also of the 
"Gospel Covenant Opened," London, 1646; 
and an elegy on Rev. Thos. Hooker. He 
was as remarkable for benevolence and kind 



140 



BTj^r 



dealing, as for strict virtue. Edward his son 
succeeded him in the pastoral charge at Con- 
cord. 

Bull, Henkt, one of the original purchasers 
and scttlcr'i of Aquidneck, now R.I., b. South 
Widrs in li'iiia ; .1 1G93. After a short resi- 
dcniT ii. M-.. »l.ithcr he had emigrated, he 
joiiii-d hiiiiM 11 with 17 Others, who purchased 
land and scitlcd at Xewport in 1638. He was 
gov. of the new colony in 1685, and again in 
1689. 

Bull, Ole Bornemann, Norwegian violin- 
ist, b. Bergen, 1810. He studied under Spohr; 
went to Paris, where he was so destitute as to 
be on the point of committina suicide, wlienhe 
was relieved by a lady of rank. Brilliantly 
successful in the European capitals, he came 
in 18+.') to America. Ho bought 120,000 acres 
of land in Pa., where he founded a Swedish 
colonv, to which he gave the name of Oleona. 

Bull, William, M.I)., physician, b. 1714; 
d. London, July 4, 1791. S(m of Wm. Bull, 
lient.-gov. of S. C. (1738-43), 
speaker of the assembly, sun of 
one of the early settler- "f '' n 



18.52, he preached at Troy. He then visited 
Europe, and, after his return, resumed his pas- 
torate over the United Presbyterians. He was 
an able preacher and instructor, and prepared a 
very complete series of classical text-books, 
which are extensively used ; among them are, 
" Practical Lessons in English Grammar and 
Composition ; " " Principles of English Gram- 
mar," 1 834 ; " Introduction to Analytical Eng- 
lish Grammar ; " " Analytical and Practical 
En-lish Grammar," 1850; "Progressive Ex- 
ercises in Analysis and P.arsing;" "Latin 

" Csesar," " < ■' e - " ■" ' •■ ' ■ • , ' ■■. i-h 



Bull, 



veyor-gen. 






pupil of Bocrhaave, be i: : : 

sis before the U. of L< . i' n, eni '..i- ^|:i 4 

by his-fellow student. Van .^wicicn, as the 
learned Dr. Bull. After his return to America, 
he was in 1751 a member of the council; in 
1763 speaker of the house of representatives, 
and in 17G4 lieut.-gov. of S.C, which office, 
with that of com.-in-chief, he helil many years. 
Faithful to the crown in 1776, when the 
British troops left S.C. in 1782, he aecomp. 
them to Eng. 

Bullard, Henkt Adams, jurist, b. Groton, 
Ms., Sc|)t. 9, 1788; d. New Orleans, Apr. 17, 
IS.-d. 11. U. I«07. The .son of a minister of 
Pe|)iiie-i'i; II leMi'iei'.l \.v\, :iiel became 



who 

New 



they were defeated in the spring of 1812, at 
San Antonio, and, after suflfering severe hard- 
ships, he reached Natchitoches, and opened a 
law-office there. He was raised to the bench 
of the Dist. Court in 1822, was M.C. in 1831- 
4; judge of the Supreme Court of La., from 
1834 to 1846, with the exception of a few 
months in 1839, when he acted assec. of State. 
Removing to New Orleans, he was in 1847 
app. prof, of civil law in the law school of 
La., and delivered two courses of lectures. In 
1850, he was chosen to the legisl., and was 
M.C. in 1850-1. His most elaborate speech 
was on the tariff-hill, in 1832. 

Bullions, Peter, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1837), 
clergyman and educator, b. Moss Side, near 
Perth, Scotland, Dec. 1791 ; d. Troy, N.Y., Feb. 
13, 1864. In his youth, he worked on his father's 
farm, and attended ^school ; spent three years 
at th(! U. ot Edinhnrgh ; studied theology four 

y -, Mi-t. 1111:11 • liiinself by teaching during 

vaeiL ii~ed to preach by the pres- 

liM 1 : I -!i. in June, 1817, and then 

mam..!. a;el lai.ie to the U.S. In March, 
1818, he was ord. pastor at Argylc, N.Y., and, 
from Nov. 1824 until 1843, was prof, of lan- 
guages at the Albany Acad. From 1832 to 



nymes ; 

mar," 

Ale 



ik-11 



Bullitt, Alexander Scott, statesman of 
Kv., b. Prince William Co., Va., 1761 ; d. 
Jefferson Co., Ky., April 13, 1816. Nephew 
of Capt. Thomas, an early explorer of Ky., 
and dep. adj.-gen. in Va. in 1776 ; founder 
of Louisville, Ky. ; served under Washington 
mi til. fi.iiii'' I . and was at Braddock's defeat. 
II I '' I It. was judge of the Supreme 

I : !:. death in 1790. The son em- 

I ' ,: 1 : , iv, la 1784; m. the dau. of Col. Wm. 
( hiisti.in in IJs.i ; was a delegate to the Const. 
Conv. of 1792 ; pres. of the Ky. scnaie until 
1799, when he was pres. of the conveniii.n to 
amend the State Constitution ; licut.-uov. in 
1800-4 ; again in the legisl. until 1808. — Col- 
lins. 

Bullock, Alex. Hamilton, LL.D. (H. 
U. 1866), gov. of iNIs. 18GG-9, b. Puivalston, 
Ms., March 2, 1810. Aiali cr; 1.:,, AI„,,to 
the bar, 1841 ; menil. 1 "■ I ' I -i> ;, 's, 

'61-2; mayor of W.a 1 . - : . ..„. 

ator, 1849 ; com. nf in nl'. ■ a^i , 1 -a ; ; ■ i,[ _■,■ <,(' 
insolv. 1856-8. He has pub. several aildies.scs 
and speeches. 

Bullock, ARoniBALD, Revol. patriot of 
Ga., b. Charleston, S.C; d. Feb. 1777. He 
was a delegate from Ga. to the Congress at 
Phila. in 1775, and June 20, 1776, was chosen 
pres. of the Exec. Council of Ga., the first posi- 
tion in the State, which post he filled until the 
formation of the State Constitution, Feb. 5, 
1777. His son William B., lawyer, mayor of 
Savannah in 1809, and U.S. senator in 1813, 
d. Sav. 6 Mar. 1852, a. 76. 

Bullock, William, pub. " Virginia Impar- 
tially Examined," Lond., 1849. 

Bumstead, Freeman Josiah, M.D. 
(1851), physician and author, b. Boston, Apr. 

21, 1826. Wilis ('nil. lst7. Ur Mlaliad at 

Paris in l.s.-.-. aial ilaai ~eii|,.l ,11 |a,anre in 
New-York r,,v II,. «,, ^,^,l> -i„ae,,n 



to i 



the 



geons, N.Y., and is now prof of venereal dis- 
eases there. He pub. a translation of Ricord's 
Notes to Hunter on Venereal, 1854 ; "Pa- 
thology and Treatment of Venereal Diseases," 
1861, and a translation of Cullerier's Icono- 
graphie des Maladies Ven., 1867. 

Bunch, Samuel, col., b. 1786; d. Granger 



BUR 



Co., Tcnn., Sept. 5, lS-19. He com. a regt. of 
Tenn. mounted gunmen, in 1813, under Jack- 
son, and was disting. in the attack on the 
Creek Indians at Hillibeetown, Nov. 18, 1813; 
M.C. 1833-7. 

Buncombe, Col. Kichaed, Revol. offi- 
cer, b. St. Kitts, W.I.; d. PiiiUt., 1777, from 
wounds at the battle of Brandywine. Edu- 
cated in Eng., he inherited a large estate; re- 
moved in 1776 to Tyrrell Co., N.C. ; was an 
active patriot, and raised and com. the 5th N. 
C. regt. A county of N. C. perpetuates his 
name. 

Burbank, Sidney, hrev. brig.-gen. U.S. 
A., son of Lieut.-Col. Sullivan, b. Ms. West 
Point, ISJg. Entering the 1st Inf., he served 
in the Black Hawk an.l -■.minn'- In-l-ni wars ; 
capt. 8Nov. 1839; niai. -' I I >' 1> < . I S.iS ; 
lieut.-col. 13th Inf., 11 M ■ : ! - i M Inf., 

16 Sept. 1862 ; com. linji -n, n -in the 

Rappahannock campaign, an.l m banks of 
Chanccllorsvillo and Gci.ysburg, for which he 
was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 iMar. 1865. — 
Cullum. 

Burbeck, Gen. Henry, Revol. officer, b. 
Boston, June 8, 1 754 ; d. New London, Oct. 2, 
1848. His father was an ofticer at Castle Wil- 
liam. In 1776, he was made a lieut.; capt. of art. 
Sept. \i, Mil, and continued in active service 
until the close of the war, when he received the 
brev. of major. He participated in the battles 
of Br;indywine and Germantown, as 



thet 
For^r 



Inilinii 
Wavnr 
col, 'Ma 



well as in 
id sufferings of Valley 
P' rils of the memorable 

.1., and was present at 
1' nth. In 1786, he again 

!i the rank of capt., and 

I l.jr several years in the 
. -trrn border, under Gen. 

art. Nov. 4, 1791 ; lieut.- 
3i. art. Apr. 1, 1802; and 

■" etired 1815.— 



brev. brig.-gen. Sept 
Geneal. ReijAii., 101; 

Burden, IIknkt, inventor, b. Dumblane, 
Scotland, 20 Apr iT'jl: a I'imv, N.Y., 19 Jan. 
1871. _ Bron^li: i . ■ i , iMmt's farm, his 
inventive facn 1 1 . 1 . )n a thresliing- 

machine. Aft. r ,i iln iiuli ■ iirse of scientific 
study at Edinburgli, he c;unc, in 1819, to the 
U. S.; made an improved plough; in 1820 in- 
vented the first cultivator used in America; 



patented 
spikr. in 
mnki" 
hook- 1, 
road. Ill 
Iron and 
greatly enlarged, 






iight-iron 

l.nc for 



!<■ :r- ni Ml' i!ic Troy 
. Tlicse works he 
s finally sole propri- 
was much interested in ocean navi- 
gation. 

Burges, Tristam, LL.D., orator and ju- 
rist, b. Rochester, Ms., Feb. 26, 1770 ; d. Prov- 
idence, R.I., Oct, 13, 1853. B. U. 1796. Like 
his father, he was both a farmer and a cooper, 
and, ili<ir:li lii I i:l\ education was limitctl, ho 
sou^lii : , with avidity. IJe taught 

Bchonl I , I I, j ; was in 1799 admitted to 

the 1 : . I I . n ; I i n i 1 he head of the profession, 
and became a leader of the Fedei-al party ; in 
181 1 entered the State legisl.; became chief-jus- 
tice of (he Supreme Coui-t of R.I. in 1815, and 



was soon after app. prof, of oratory and belles 
lettres in B. U., retiring in 1825. M. C. 1825- 
35. His speeches, and his famous passage- 
at-arms with John Randolph, showed that he 
was able to contend successfully with the ablest 
debaters in Congress. His style was ornate and 
peculiar, rich in classical and scriptural illus- 
tration. He was an acute logician, and un- 
equalled in sarcasm. A Memoir, with selections 
from his speeches and occasional writings, by 
Henrj^ L. Bowen, was pub. in 1835, and an- 
other in 1869. He pub. " Battle of Lake Erie, 
with Notices of Com. Elliot's Conduct," 1839. 

Burgess, 'Ebenezer, D.D., Cong, clergy- 
man, b. Warcham, Ms., 1 Apr. 1790; d. Ded- 
ham, Ms., 5 Dec, 1870. B.U. 1809. He was 
tutor at B.U., and afterwards a prof, in Vt. U. 
One of the founders of the colony of Liberia in 
1817. Studied theology at Andover and Prince- 
ton, and was ord. pastor at Dedham in Mar. 
1821. Author of " The Dedham Pulpit," 1 846, 
and "The Burgess Genealogy," 1865. 

Burgess, George, D.D., Prot.-Ep. bishop 
of Me., b. Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1809; 
d. on the passage home from the West Indies, 
Apr. 23, 1866. B. U. 1826. Son of Judge 
Thomas Burgess. He was a tutor in B. U., 
afterwards ti-avelled in Europe, and studied two 
years in the Universities of Giittingen, Bonn, 
and Berlin. He was rector of Christ Church, 
Hartford, from 1834 to 1847, when he was 
consec. bishop of Maine (Oct. 31 ), and became 
at the same time rector of Christ Church, Gar- 
diner. His death was very sudden. He had 
been establishing an Episcopal mission in 
Hayti, and was on his way ii-om Migroam to 
Port Au Prince, when he was seized with pa- 
ralysis, and died instantly. He pub. two aca- 
demic poems, a metrical version of some of the 
Psalms, 1840, "Pages from the Ecclesiastical 
History of New England," a curious treatise 
on death, entitled " The Last Enemy, Con- 
quering and Conquered," 1851, a vol. of " Ser- 
mons oil the Christinn Life," and a discourse 
in lv-,t I- i.ite il, ^.r . Tli.t. Society. His 
st\l i I 11 '. . I ijur. In the house 
of li , ! 1 : liiinninent position 

as til I ..'■[■ r lit i!i ■ iiiMu i.iie church party. — 
Sff Mnnoir, lu, his hrn., J!u: Ahx. Durness. 

Burgoyne, John, a British gen. and 
dramatist, b. 1730; d. Lond., 4 Aug. 1792. 
Natural son of Lord Bingley, he was liberally 
educated, entered the army at an eai-ly age, and 
m. clandestinely a dau. of the Earl of Derby, 
who subsequently helped him to rise in his 



profess: 
defence of I '' 
and at Villi 
terprise. Ji 
and, June ^.'i 
battle of Bur 



he force sent for the 
;ind at Alcantara 
red skill and en- 



of the 

ijord .Stanley, which 



was pub. in the newspapers of the day. Gen. 
Lee, his old comrade in Portugal, h.aving 
opened a corresp. with him, vindicating the 
Americans, ] In: e ne r ;.:: 1 1 , and proposed an 
interview, wli ' n I not take place. 

He returiiei' I i: P i :7r., concerted with 

the ministry n i ' m ;.t in- iumpaign of 1777, 
and was made a lieiit.-gen, A large force was 
to proceed toward Albany from Canada hy 
way of the Lakes ; while another large body 



BXJR 



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advanced up the Hudson in order to cut off 
communication between the northern and 
southern Colonies, in tlie expectation, that each 
being left to itself would be subdued with little 
trouble. Arriving in Canada earlj; in 1777, he 
issued a proclamation in June, inviting the 
Indians to his standard, and captured Ticon- 
deroga, with all its artillery and stores, July 6 ; 
but the natural difficulties of the country, the 
inclemency of the weather, and the scarcity of 
provisions, retarded his advance, and enabled 
the Americans, under Gen. Gates, to concen- 
trate a superior force in his front. A battle was 
fought at Stillwater, 19 Sept., and another at 
Freeman's Farm, 7 Oct.; and 16 Oct. 1777, he 
was compelled to capitulate at Saratoga with 
his whole army. Returning to Eng. in May, 
1778, he in vain solicited a court-martial, 
but ably vindicated himself in parliament, 
and, joining the opposition, was in 1779 dis- 
missed the service. On the change of ministry 
in 1782, he was restored to his rank, and app. 
com.-in-chief in Ireland. In 1780, he pub. a 
narrative of his expcd. and the proceedings at 
his trial before a committee of parliament. As 
a dramatist, he is best known by his comedy of 
" The Heiress," and " The Lord of the Manor," 
a comic opera. His plays and poems were 
coll. and pub. in two vols., 1808. Burgoyne's 
" Orderly Book," edited by E. B. O'Callaghan, 
was pub. by Munsell, Albany, 1860. 

Burke, -Edanus, jurist, b. GalwaT, Ire- 
land, 1743 ; d. Charleston, S.C, Mar. 30", 1802. 
Educated at St. Omer's for a priest, h? visited 
the West Indies, came thence to S. C, and 
was a vol. in the struggle for independence. 
A lawyer by profession, he was in 1778 app. a 
judge of the State Supreme Court ; served 
again in the army in 1780-82 ; resumed his seat 
on the bench; M.C. 1789-91 ; was many years 
in the State legisl., and a short time before his 
death became chancellor of S.C. He zealously 
opposed the establishment of the Society of the 
Cincinnati ; against the aristocratic features of 
which he wrote a famous pamphlet, subse- 
quently translated by Mirabeau, and used by 
him with great effect during the French Revol. 
He opposed the Federal Constitution, fearing 
consolidated power. Judge Burke was emi- 
nent for wit and eccentricity. 

Burke, Edmund, statesman and orator, b. 
Dublin, 1 J.in. 1730; d. 9 July, 1797. The 
son of a prominent Dublin attorney. He grad. 
at Trinity Coll. 1748; studied law; pub. in 
1756 his "Vindication of Natural Society," 
and the essay on " The Sublime and Beauti- 
ful ; " in 1757, "An Account of the European 
Settlements in America," and, in 1758-9, es- 
tablished with Dodsley The Annual Reqisler. 
In 176 1 -5, he was the friend and adviser of \Vm. 
Gerard Hamilton, sec. to the lord-lieut. of Ire- 
land, nnd in 1765-6 was sec. to the prime-min- 
ister, Bockingham, and entered parliament 14 
Jan. 1766. He took an active part in the dis- 
cussion of American questions, and proved 
himself an able and eloquent speaker. His 
thorough acquaintance with American affairs 
was rewarded, in Nov. 1771, bv the app. of 
agent for the Colony of N.Y. April 19, 1774, 
he made a speech on American taxation, con- 
sidered by many as the greatest effort (f ora- 



tory ever heard in the House of Commons. 
His speech of Mar. 22, 1775, recommending 
conciliatory measures towards the Colonics, 
also excited general admiration. Returned 
from Bristol in 1774, he lost popularity in that 
city in 1780, hy advocating the claims of the 
Koman Catholics, and opposing the iiolicy of 
repressing the trade of Ireland, and was after- 
ward the representative of Malton. During 
Rockingham's brief administration in 1782, 
Burke was a privy conneillor and paymaster 
of the forces, a place he also hold under the 
"Coalition" ministry in 1783. He took a 

Srominent part in the affairs of India, and, in 
an. 1786, began the prosecution of Warren 
Hastings. His speech on the opening of Hast- 
ings's trial, 10 Feb. 1788, was worthy of the oc- 
casion and of his great reputation. Though 
the impeachment of Hastings was not carried, 
the herculean labors of Burke in behalf of 
India were not fruitless. In Nov. 1790, he 
pub. his great work in opposition to the French 
Revolution, entitled " Reflection^ on the Rev- 
olution in France." il.ay 6, 1791. an open 
rupture took place between Burke and Fox, 
who accused him of abandoning the principles 
of his party. Burke vindicated himself in his 
"Appeal from the New to the Old Wliigs." In 
1796, he wrote his " Letter to a Noble Lord," 
one of the most successful and popular of all 
the productions of his pen. As a statesman, 
a thinker, or an orator, he was without an 
equal. — See Lives of Darke, bij Prior, Bisset, 
iIcr„r,„icL; Crol;/, and P. Burke. 

Burke, Edjicxd, lawyer, b. Westminster, 
Vt., Jan. 23, 1S09 ; admitted to the bar in 
1829; removed to N. H. in 1833, and estab- 
lished, and for many years edited, in Sullivan 
Co., the N. H. Arpun. M.C. 1839-45 ; U. S. 
comr. of patents, 1845-50. He pub. a pam- 
phlet, "The Protective System Considered," 
1846. 

Burke, John Dolt, historian, b. Ireland; 
killed in a duel with Felix Coquebert in conse- 
quence of a political dispute, April II, 1808. 
Trin. Coll., Dublin. He emigrated to Ameri- 
ca in 1796, conducted a daily paper for a short 
time at Boston (1796-7), and afterwards at 
N.Y., where he was arrested under the sedition 
law. He afterwards removed to Petersburg, Va., 
where he practised law, and wrote his history. 
He was made the master of ceremonies at the 
Boston Theatre; pub. " Bunker's Hill," a tra- 
gedy ; " Bethlem Gabor," an historical drama, 
1803; an oration delivered March 4, 1808; 
" History of the Late War in Ireland," Phila., 
Svo, 1799 ; and a history of Virginia from its 
first settlement to 1804, in 3 vols., of which an 
additional vol. was pub. in 1816, the joint pro- 
duction of Messrs. Jones and Girardin. A 
Memoir of Burke, by C. Campbell, was pub. 
1868. 

Burke, Thomas, Revol. patriot, and gov. 
of N.C., b. Ireland, ab. 1747 ; d. Hillsborou-h, 
Dec. 2, 1783. Son of Ulick Burke of Gal- 
way. He left Ireland ab. 1764, and resided 
some years in Accomac Co., Va., engaged in the 
study and practice of medicine. He next stu- 
died 1.1W, and removed to Norfolk, and in 1774 
to Hillsborough, N.C. Of a bold and impetu- 
ous temper, a ready writer and speaker, he 



BXJR 



143 



became one of the leading spirits in theRevoI. 
contest. His writings in opposition to the 
Stamp Act drew hira into notice ; and he had a 
large share in the formation of the constitution 
of N.C. Member of the Prov. Congress at 
Halifax in 1776, and a volunteer at the battle 
of Brandjwine. He was an eflScient and active 
member of Congress from Dec. 1776, until his 
election as gov. in the early part of 1781. In 
Sept. of that year, he was surprised and seized 
by the Tories.and retained at James Island.S.C, 
as a prisoner on parole. Obnoxious to the To- 
ries from his previous course, he was in daily 



apprch( 



1 of assat 



escape 



which, 



; endeavored unsuccessfully to obtain 
an exchange, or a parole to some other State, 
he effected his escape in the niglit of Jan. 16, 
17S2, after an imprisonment of 4 months. 
Regularly exchanged soon after, he was at lib- 
erty to return home, and resumed hisgovt.; but, 
at the next ensuing session of the legisl., he 
voluntarily retired from public life. 

Burke, Capt. William, of Boston, app., 
in Nov. 1775, to com. one of the first 4 vessels 
of the American navy ; d. Western Ms., May 
24, 1787, a. 40. 

Burleigh, William Henry, poet, b. 
Woodstock, Ct., Feb. 2, 1812; d. Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 18 Mar. 1871. Rinaldo, his father, a 
popuhir and successful teacher (Y. Coll. 1803), 
died Plainfield, Ct., 10 Feb. 186.3, a. 89. 
Bred on a fiirra, at 16 he became apprentice to 
a clothier, then to a village printer, afterwards 
labored in various places as a journeyman 
printer, and finally as editor. He had charge 
of the Liicrarij Journal at Schenectadv, the 
Christian Witness at Pittsburg, the Cliarta- 
Oak at Hartford, and the Wnshinf/lon Banner, 
in which papers, and in others, be produced 
many short poems, a coll. of which was pub. 
in 1840. Mr. Burleigh also took an active 
part in various religious and social movements, 
and was well known as a lecturer upon anti- 
slavery. Celia M. Burleigh, his widow, is 
known as a graceful writer and an eloquent 
lecturer. His mother was descended from Gov. 
Bradford. Charles C., George S., and Lucien 
Burleigh, all disting. as writers or speakers, are 
hia brothers. 

Burlingame, Anson, LL.D., statesman 
and diplomatist, b. New Berlin. Chenango Co., 
N.Y., Nov. 14, 1822; d. St Petersburg, Feb. 
2.3, 1870. H. U. 1846. His youth was spent 
on the Western frontiers, surveying and par- 
ticipating In the making of Indian treaties far 
beyond the confines of civilization. He laid 
the foundation of his education at the Branch 
U. of Michigan. Studied law. and practised in 
Boston ; was a member of the State senate in 
1852; a member of the convention for revis- 
ing the State constitution in 1833; M.C. from 
Boston, 1856-61; minister to Austria, 1861, and 
subsequently to China, 1861-7. From 1867 
until his death, he was in the employ of the 
Chinese Govt., negotiating treaties with foreign 
powers. He was an eloquent and effective po- 
litical speaker. 

Burnaby, Andkew, an English divine, b. 
1732 at Asfordby, Lecelstershire ; d. Mar. 9, 
1812. He came to America soon after the 
year 1757, and in 1776 pub. " Travels through 



the Middle Settlements of North America, in 
1759-60." In 1786, he was preferred to the 
archdeaconry of Leicester. He also wrote a 
vol. of serm"ons, and a journal of a tour to 
Corsica in 1766, 8vo. 

Burnap, George W., D.D. (1849), Uni- 
tarian clergyman and author, b. Merrimack, 
N.H., Nov. 30, 1802; d. Phila., Sept. 8, 1859. 
H.U. 1824. Son of Rev. Jacob Burnap, ord. 
pastor In Baltimore, Apr. 23, 1828. Forcible 
and impressive In the pulpit, he was character- 
ized also by his sturdy integrity and inde- 
pendent frankness. Among his pubs, are 
"Lectures to Young Men," 1840; "On the 
History of Christianitv," 1842; "On the 
Sphere and Duty of Woman," 1S40; "Life 
of Lemuel Culvert" in "Sparks's Am. Biog.," 
1844 ; " Popular Objections to Unitarian 
Christianity considered and answered," 1848 ; 
"Expository Lectures on the Bible," 1845; 
"Lectnrcs on the Doctrines of Controversy 
between Unitarians and Other Denominations 
of Christians," 1835; a vol. of "Miscella- 
nies," and a " Biography of Henry A. Ingalls," 
1845; in 1850, 20 di-scourses " On the Recti- 
tude of Human Nature," and, in 1855, " Chris- 
tianity, its Essence and Evidence," the most 
compendious statement of the biblical theology 
of the author's school of Unitarianism ; and 
occasional addresses and discourses. 

Burnet, Jacob, LL.D., jurist, son of Dr. 
W. B., b. Newark, N.J., Feb. 22, 1770; d. 
Cincinnati, April 27, 1853. N.J. Coll. 1791. 
He studied law in the office of Judge Boudinot, 
and was adm. to the bar in 1796. He then re- 
moved to Cincinnati, where he became disting. 
In 1799, he was app. to the legisl. council of 
the territory, continuing until the formation 
of a State govt. In 1812, ho was a member 
of the State legisl., was a judge of the Su- 
preme Court of Ohio in 1821-8, and in 1828- 
31, U.S. senator. He was soon after chosen by 
the legisl. of Ky. a commis. to adjust some ter- 
ritorial disputes with Va. ; took a leading part 
in the establishment of the Lancastrian Acad, 
of Cin., and of the Cin. Coll., of which he was 
the first pres. ; w.ts active in re-organizing the 
Med. Coll. of Ohio, over which be several years 
presided. A delegate to the Ilanisburg con- 
vention in 1839, he was mainly instrumental 
in securing the nomination of Harrison to the 
Presidency. He was the first pres. of the Col- 
onization Soc. of Cin., also of the Astron. 
Society, and at the instance of Lafayette, the 
friend of his father and of his bro. Maj. Bur- 
net, was elected a member of the French Acad, 
of Sciences. His efforts in 1821 to alleviate 
the distress felt by the purchasers of Western 
lands, on account of indebtedness to govt. 
which they were wholly unable to pay, result- 
ed In an act of Congress granting relief to the 
entire West, raisin,' then from a state of de- 
pression, which, had it been continued, must 
have produced distressing results. In 1847. he 
pub. a vol., entitled " Notes on the Early Set- 
tlement of the Northern Territory." — Lan- 
man. 

Burnett, David G., b. Newark, N.J., 
April 4, 1789; d. Galveston, Texas, Dec. 5, 
1870. He entered a countinjj-house in N.Y.; 
joined Gen. Miranda's cxped. m 1806; in 1817, 



BTJR 



BUR 



became a merchant in Natcbitoclies, La., after- 
ward studied law in Cincinnati ; emig. to Texas 
in 1 826 ; was a member of the San Felipe Con- 
vention in 1 833 ; app. judge of the municipality 
of Austin in 1834, and, when Santa Ana as- 
sumed dictatorial powers in 1836, became pres. 
ad interim of the incipient republic. He was 
afterward chosen vice-prcs., and liyed in re- 
tirement, near the battle-ticld of San Jacinto. 
Chosen U. S. senator from Texas after the 
Kebellion, Congress refused to admit him. 

Burnett, Waldo Irving, M.D. (1849), 
naturalist and microscopist, b. Southborough, 
Ms., July 12, 1828; d. Boston, July 1, 1854. 
He early began the study of entomology; 
studied medicine under his father, who was a 
physician; and visited Enn.;»\ Pnring the 
last 5 years of his lifr, :^i' ■■ '■'•'■■ "H rin:^ from 
consumption, he acci 11 1 1 ,! i ; , i ,i ^liare of 
intellectual labor, thi i. ..i; .■; \. ,h,h maybe 
found in various sciLiiiiiR i.i_riudaiils. His 
principal work was the I'rize Essay on " The 
Cell, Its Physiology, Pathology, and Philos- 
ophy." He was last engaged in translating 
from the German the " Comparative Anatomy 
of Sicl}old and Stannius." 

Burnett, William, a colonial gov., b. at 
the Hague, Mar. 1 688 ; d. Boston, Sept. 7, 1 729. 
Son of Bishop Burnett, he had for a godfather 
William of Orange. Involved pecuniarily by 
the " South Sea " speculation, be accepted the 
govts, of N. Y. and N. J. to retrieve liis for- 
tunes. He had previously been a comptroller 
of the customs. An-iving in N. Y. 19 Sept. 
1720, his administration was popular until the 
passage of an act prohibiting the sale to the 
French of goods proper to the Indian trade. 
Some of his decrees as chancellor also gave dis- 
satisfaction ; and, on the accession of George II., 
he was transferred to the govts, of Ms. and N.H. 
He arrived in Boston in July, 1 728, and at once 
became unpopular by insisting upon a fixed 
salary. He was majestic in stature, frank in 
manner, possessed a ready wit, and shone in con- 
versation. He pub. astron. observations in the 
Trans, of the Koy. Soc., and in 1 724 an essay 
on Scripture prophecies. 

Burnett, William, phvsician and patriot, 
b. Elizabeth, N.J., Dec. 13,"l730; d. Newark, 
N.J., Oct. 7, 1791. N.J. Coll. 1749. He held 
at different times various offices in the State 
govt.; was a member of Congress in 1780-81, 
and was chief physician and surgeon in an im- 
portant section of the army during the Revol. 
war. He suffered much in property by the dep- 
redations of the enemy, who carried off his 
large and valuable library. He was a skilful 



Aldm. 

Burnham, Hiram, brig.-gen. vols., b. Me.; 
killed at Chaffin's Farm, Sept. 29, 1864. He 
entered the service as col. 6th Me. regt., be- 
haved gallantly through the peninsular cam- 
paign, at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettys- 
burg ; btig.-gen. April, 1 864. Conspicuous in 
all the campaign from the Wilderness to Peters- 
burg. He com. a brigade in Stannard's div. 
18th corps. 

Burns, William W. brev. bris.-gen. U. 
S. A., b. O., ab. 1827. West Point, 1847. En- 



tering the 5th Inf , he became 1 st lieut. Aug. 
12, 1850, and in Jan. 1859, relinquished rank 
in the line, being made a capt. in the subsistence 
dept. Maj. and com. subsistence, 3 Aug. 1 861 ; 
brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 28, 1861; served in the 
Army of the Potomac; was wounded in one 
of the battles before Richmond, and Nov. 2, 
1 862, took com. of a div. in the army corps of 
Gen. Wilcox; participated in the battle of 
Fredericksburg; maj .-gen. vols. 29 Mar. 1862; 
resigned March 20, 1863; brev. lieut.-col. 
U.S.A. 29 June, 1862, for Savage Station; 
brev. col. 30 Jime, 1862, for Glendale, and brev. 
brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, ser- 
vices in the Rebellion. — Cullum. 

Burnside, Ambrose Everett, maj.-gen. 
vols., b. Liberty, Ind., May 23, 1824.,^ West ■ 
Point, 1847. His grandparents came from 
Scotland near the close of the last century, and 
settled in S.C. Entering the 3d Art., he 
marched in Patterson's column to the city of 
Mexico, and was in 1849 ordered to New ftlex., 
where, in charge of a squadron of cavalry, he 
highly disting. himself in a conflict with the 
Apaches. In 1850-51, he was quartermaster 
to the Mexican boundary commission. Dec. 
1851, became 1st lieut. He went to R.I. ; re- 
signed in 1853, and built an establishment for 
the manuf. of his breech-loading rifle, which he 
invented when on duty in Mex. This proving 
unprotitalile, he removed to Chicago, and be- 
came cashier in the land office of the 111. Central 
Railroad. He soon became treasurer, and 
transferred his office to N.Y. City, where he 
resided in 1861. Col. 1st R.L Vols. At the 
battle of Bull Run, July 21, he com. a brigade 
in Hamilton's div., and was highly commended 
by Gen. McDowell for bravery and coolness. 
Made brig.-gen. vols., Aug. 6, 1861, he assisted 
Gen. McClellan in organizing the army. In- 
trusted with an exped. for the capture of 
Roanoke Island, he left Hampton Roads in 
Jan. 1862, with 10,000 men, convoyed by a fleet 
under Flag-officer Goldsborough. Feb. 8, the 
island was taken by a combined attack; 2,000 
of the enemy being captured. For this victory, 
the legisl. of R.I. voted him a sword ; and 
Mar. 18, he was made maj.-gen. of vols. Mar. 
14, he captured Newbern, and Beaufort and 
Fort Macon soon afterward. On McCIellan's 
retreat to the James River, July, 1862, Burn- 
side was ordered to re-enforce him witli the 
greater part of his army. Occupying Fred- 
ericksburg, the defeat of Gen. Pope compelled 
him to fall back toward Washington. When 
the Confederates invaded Md., his com. was 
largely increased, and, with Gen. McClellan, he 
pushed forward to meet them, defeating them 
at South Mountain, Sept. 14. At the battle 
of Antietam, Sept. 17, he com. the left wing, 
and was highly disting. Assigned to the 9th 
army corps, he occupied Leuttsville, Va , Oct. 
26. Ab. the same time, he was placed in com. 
of one of the 3 grand armies into which the 
Army of the Potomac was divided. Nov. 7, 
he superseded McClellan in com. of the Army 
of the Potom.ae, and Dec. 13, was defeated by 
the Confederates under Lee at Fredericksburg. 
Relieved of the com., Jan. 28, 1863, assumed 
com. of the dept. of the Ohio, Apr. 26 ; re- 
pulsed Longstreet's attack on Knoxville, Nov. 



BXJR 



145 



28, 1S63, and took com. of the 9tli corps in the 
following Apr., participating in the campaigns 
around Kichmond and Petersburg until Lee's 
surrender. Gov. of R. I., 1866-71. 

Burnyeat, John, one of the earliest 
preachers of the Society of Friends, b. Crab- 
treebcck, Cumberland, 1631 ; d. Dublin, July 
11, 1690. He travelled in Eng. and Ireland, 
and in 1672 came with George Fox to Amcr. 
His " Memorials " describe the condition of 
Md., and the other Colonies through which lie 
passed from N. Eng. to N.C. He was a zeal- 
ous advocate of his creed, and suffered much 
persecution. 

Burr, A.4BON, pres. of N.J. Coll., b. Fair- 
field, Ct., Jan. 4, 1716 ; d. Sept. 24, 1757. Y.C. 
17.3.1. Of German extraction Ib^ «-:,-^ a de- 
scendant of John, an carl} • ■"' i - ' - jli'.'ld, 

Ms., and of Rev. Jonaili m m i, i - i Dor- 
chester, who d. Aug. 9, IG 1 1 ' i ; I I'rcs- 
bytery of East Jersey, Hct j i: : 1 i 17.!.3, 
he was invited to take ,' . . ; I'lob. 
church at Newark, N.J. I ,i; i imed 

in 1748 to the pres. of III'- lii. .mw.i m was 
instrumental in founding, in 1 ;.)4, In; iuconip. 
Mr. Whitefield to Boston. Mr. Burr. pub. 
" The Supreme Deity of our Lord Jesus 
Christ Maintained ; " also a Fast-day sermon, 
Jan. I, 1755; "The Watchman's Answer to 
the Question, What of the Night ? " a sermon, 

1756, and a funeral sermon on Gov. Belcher, 

1757. He prepared a Latin grammar, pnb. 
in N.Y. in 1752, used in the college of N. J., 
and known as " The Newark Grammar." 
The eulogium on his death, by William Liv- 
ingston, celebrates his virtues with animated 
panegyric. He was pre-eminent in force and 
elegance of mind, in learning, eloquence, and 
excellence as a preacher. Inl7.'j2, hem. adau. 
of Jonathan Edwards. 

Burr, Aaros, vice-pres. of the U.S., b. 
Newark, N.J., Feb. 6, 17.'i6 ; d. Staten Island, 
Sept. 14, 1836. N.J. Coll. 1772. Son of 
Pres. Burr, and grandson of Pres. Edwards. 
In 1775, he joined the army at Cambridge; 
accomp. Arnold as a private in his exped. 
against Quebec ; acted as aide to Gen. Mont- 
gomery in the assault on that stronghol I, en- 
ilcavoring to bring off his body when he fell 
at his side ; acted as brigade-major to Arnold, 
and on his return, in May, 1776, joined the 
military family of Washington with the rank 
of maj. Dissatisfied with this position, he 
quitted it in 6 weeks to become an aide to Gen. 
Putnam, participating in the defence of N.Y. 
In July, 1777,hebecamealieut.-col.inMalcom'3 
rcgt ,'and was disting. at Monmouth, where 
he com. a brigade in Stirling's division. Dur- 
ing the winter of 1778-9, he was stationed in 
Westchester Co., N.Y., and com. for a short 
timeat West Point, but resigned from ill health. 
Mar. 10, 1779. Burr belonged to the Lee and 
Gates faction, and always affected to despise 
the military talents of Washington. He began 
to practise law at Alb.any in Apr. 1782, but 
removed to N.Y. in 1783. Ho was a qjember 
of the N Y. legisl. in 1784 and 1793 ; was app. 
atty.-gen. of the State, Sept. 27, 1789 ; com- 
missioner on Revol. claims in 1791, and from 
1791 to 1797 was a conspicuous Democ. leader 
in the U. S. senate. At the ne.xt presidential 
10 



elcrtinn, .TftTcTson an.l nun- li;id each 73\-otes; 
and till- riM.i.i' w . >i. . 1 I .1 '.V I 'ongress.on the 
36ili lullnt, r, f . ■ .[ , ,-,on (or pres. and 
Burr. Iurx„v j.;, . ,1:, 1., 1 804, he mortally 
wounded in u dud Ak;...i.i.hr Hamilton, long 
his professional rival and political opponent. 
He soon after undertook his mad enterprise in 
the western territories of the U. S., for which 
he was apprelii'mlpil and tried at Richmond, on 
a chaiL- of in.;,„Mi. in Aug. 1807, and, after a 
lono tiKil. ;ii .|'iiio il. To escape further legal 
rLqiuMiioii, .uhI to avoid nimicrous creditors, 
he wt'ut to Loiiduii in 1808, and lived some 



pov 



thor 



nd in Paris, 



endeavoring, unsuccosstiilly, to prornro means 
to carry out his Mexican ]]roj«t. It was sup- 
posed that he intended establishing an empire 
in Mexico, which should embrace some of the 
South-western States of the Union. He re- 
turned to N.Y. in 1812, and practised law, but 
lived in obscurity and poverty. By his first 
wife, the widow of Gen. Augustine Pievost, 
he had a dau., who m. Mr. Allston of S. C. 
At the age of 78, he m. his second wife, a Mrs. 
Jurael. Burr was small in stature, had a 
remarkably brilliant eye, and a striking ap- 
pearance. He possessed disting. talents, but 
manifested a lamentable want of principle both 
in public and private life. He was charitable, 
and-l>enevolent to the poor. A memoir of his 
life and times was pub. by James Parton, 
N.Y., 1857. Another, by M. L. Davis, 2 vols., 
1836-7. 

Burrell, Jonathan, a Revol. officer, b. 
1753; d. Goshen, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1834. In 
1776, he joined the northern army under 
Schuyler. His talents soon procured "him the 
app. of assist. paym.,and,at thecloseofthe war, 
a place in the commission for settling the ac- 
counts of the commissary and quarterm. depts. 
He was afterward assist, postraastcr.-gen. ; 
cashier of the U. S Branch Bank of N.Y., nnd 
one of the managers of the N.Y. State lotteries 
at a time when public confidence in them had 
been shaken. His ability, industry, and in- 
tegrity were of a high order. 

Burrill, Alexander M., legal writer, d. 
Kearney, N.J., Feb. 7. 1869, a. 62. Col. Coll. 
1824, with highest honors of the class. He 
studied several years in the ofiice of Chancellor 
Kent, and was remarkable for his scholarly 
precision and discrimination in the use of lan- 
guage. Author of" Circumstantial Evidence," 
" As--ignments," "Practice," and a "Law 
Dictionary." He also aided in compiling 
" Worcester's Dictionary." 

Burrill, Ja.mes, LL.D., lawyer and states- 
man, b. Providence, R.I., April 25, 1772; d. 
Washington, Dec. 25, 1820. B.U. 178S. Adm. 
to practise law in Sept. 1791, his superior 
talents soon gave him the first rank at the bar. 
He was atty.-gen. of R.t. from 1797 to 1813, 
when the decline of his health caused his retire- 
ment from the bar. Member of the legisl. in 
1813, speaker in 1814, chief-justice of the Su- 
preme Court in 1816, U.S. senator, 1817-20. 
He bore a disting. part in the U.S. senate, espe- 
cially in the debate on the Mo. Compromise, 
to which he was inflexibly opposed. He was 
dignified in character and eminent in scholar- 
ship. 



BXTR 



146 



BUR 



Burrington, George, gov. of N.C., 1723- 
4 and 1730-4: was app. because his father 
had been active in support of the govt, at the 
accession of George I. He withdrew from the 
Colonv in 1734, to avoid prosecution, and evade 
justice, and was found murdered one morning 
in St. James's Park, Lond. - mihamson sN. C. 

Burritt, Elihc "the learned black- 
smiih " reformer, b. New Britain, Ct., Uec. », 
1811 ' Tlie son of a shoemaker, he was edu- 
cated at a common school, and at 16 was ap- 
prenii.:ea to a blacksniitli. Desirous of read- 



benefit of tiio library of the Anti<iuariaii bou- 
ety, and, while still plying his trade, became 
acquainted with the principal aiicient "5^ mo'l- 
ern languages. In 1S44, he edited at Worces- 

,lr The Chn.in: ( „ ; ,. a paper advocating 

S^he^'Lcaruellfl^iiive^jB^ll^^^i:^ 
wh^e Set was "to employ all legitimate 
means for the abolition of war througl.oat the 
world; " and was proprietor and editor of the 
Peace Advocate, and pub. a periodical tract, 
the Bond of Brotherhood. He took a promi- 
nent part iii all the European peace congresses, 
returning to America in 1 853. The promotion 
of temperance, cheap ocean-postage, and the 
abolition of American slavery, have been ob- 
jects of his exertions. He has been for some 
years U.S. consul at Birmingham. His prin- 
cipal publications are, " Sparks from the An- 
vil "1848 " Miscellaneous Writings, 18dO, 
and " Thoughts and Things at Home and 
Abroad " Boston, 1854. 

Burroughs, Chakles, D.D., Prot^-bp. 

clergyman, b. Boston, 27 Dec. l.S. ; '{■ iy't''- 
mouth, N.H.,5 Mar. 1868. nU,?'^^';;:; ■ 
Driest, 1812, and rector of St. .John s (..nuicn, 
Portsm., nearly 50 years. Nearly 30 years pres. 
NH Asylum for the Insane; of the Portsm. 
AtheniEnm nearly 40 years, and of the Gen. 
Theol. Library of Boston, from its origi- 
nation until his death. Author of " Me™oirs 
of Horace B. Morse," 1829, " The Poetry of 
Religion and other Poems," 1851. 

Burroughs, Geokge minister o Salem , 
executed for witchcraft, 19 Aug. IfJ^' Jl."' 
1670 In 1676, he was settled at Falmouth 
now Portland), Me. ; 25 Nov. 1680, he was 
oi-d. at Salem, but, in consequence of a dispute 
with some of his people, resigned in 1685, and 
returned to Falmouth. On the destruction of 
this place by the Indians, in 1690, he is said to 
hi ve returned to Salem. Examined for witch- 
craft, and imprisoned at Boston May 8, he was 
brought to trial, 3 Aug. for havmg by his 
" wicked arts, tortured, afflicted P'hod e^ 
suraed wasted, and tormented Mary Walcott, 
and al for having performed feats of extraor- 
dhiary strength." On the strength of these 
charges, made by professed witches, or those 
who were victims of their influence, he was 

'^"Burroughs, Stephen, adventurer, b, 
Han?ve^°N!l , 'l765 ; d. Three Rivers, Cana 



da, 28 Jan. 1840. Son of a Cong, clergyman, 
and reputed " the worst boy in town At 
14 he joined the army, but soon deserted. He 
left Dartm. Coll. clandestinely, became succes- 
sively privateersraan, ship's physician, and 
school niaster, and finally a preacher. Under the 
name of Davis, he was a Cong, pastor in i el- 
ham Ms. ; was afterward imprisoned in Spring- 
field 'for passing counterfeit money ; set fire to 
his jail and was removed to Castle Island, 
Boston harbor. After his release, he again 
connected himself with a gang of counterfeiters, 
in Canada, but afterward became an exem- 
pl irv'( Uithdlic, and educated the sons of wealthy 
(II," I'll 1113. He was remarkable throughout 
1,,- tan/er for charitable deeds. He pub. 2 
vuls. of Autobiography. „„ , „ , 

Burrows, William, U.S.N., b. Kender- 
ton, near Phila., Oct. 6, 1785; d. Sept. 5 
1813 Son of col. W. Ward Burrows, com. of 
US marines- midsliipin. 10 Nov. 1799, and 
.^n-'viM iimlrr I'rcl.lo i.i the Tripolitan war ; 
H ,,, M Livli I'l l-nT' aiiii. tutlie sloop-of-war 
'.V,„;.n,nM-' l,r.a:l.Milr.M„l'urtsmouth,andon 
Smuliv Sept a IM-l, fell in with the British 
brig " Bo.xer " off Portland, and, after an action 
of 45 minutes, captured her, her com. BIythe 
being killed. Burrows was mortally wounded 
at the first fire. For his gallantry. Congress 
voted a gold medal to his nearest male rela- 

"'surt, William A., surveyor, b. Worces- 
ter Ms , 13 June, 1792; d. 18 Aug. 1858. 
He received a good education ; was some years 
an engineer in Erie Co., N.Y. ; settled near 
Detro't, Mich., in 1824; served several terms 
in the Terr. Connctl ; became U.Sdep. sur- 
veyor, and in 1840-7 surveyed Northern Mich. 
He originated the idiea of the solar compass, 
introduced important improvements in geol. 
surveying; received in 1851, from the London 
Industrial E.Khib., a prize medal tor his com- 
pass, and in 1856 patented an equatorial scx- 
but d. before bringing it to pcrteetion. 



tant, OUl 11. ui;iui>^ ui...t,...o •- .- r 

He had been a judge of the Mich. Ci 

Court, and member of the legisl. for several 
terms, and was a prime mover in the construc- 
tion of the Saute Ste. Mane Canal. 

Burton, Asa, D.D. Middleb Col . 1804), 
div1\ie b Preston, now Griswold, Ct., Aug. 25, 
1752;'d. Thelford, Vt.,May 1,1836. Dartm. 
Coll. 1777. Old. at Thetford, Jan. 19, 1779, 
over a church of 16 members, he continued his 
pastorate more than half a century. He pub- 
lished several sermons and discourses and 
" Essays on Some of the First Principles of 
Metaphysics, Etliics.and Theology, 8vo 1824. 
A memoir has been pub. by Thomas Adams. 
— Spraque. .. „ 

Burton, Henry S brev. brig.-gen. U.S. 
A b N Y 1818 ; d. Fort Adams, R.I.. 
Anrir4 1869. West Point, 1839. He served 
in the art. in the Seminole war ; was an in- 
structor at West Point, in 1843-6 ; and, as 
liput-col. N.Y. vols., disting. himself by Ins 
'deTnce of La Paz in Lower Cal. in Nov. 1847 ; 
maj. May 14, 1861 ; lieut-col. July 25, 1863 
col 5th Art. Aug. 11,1863; brev. brig.-gen. 
March 13, 1865, for services at the captuie of 

^"^Burton, IIutchins G , a politician of 



BTJS 



N. C, b. Granville Co.; d. Apr. 21, 1836. 
After studying law, he settled in Meeklenburjr, 
which, in 1810, he represented in the House of 
Commons. Atty.-gen. of the State, 1811-16 ; 
removed to Halifax Co. in 1816, again becom- 
ing a member of the House ; was M. C. 1819- 
24, and gov. 1824-7. 

Burton, Napier Christie, a British 
gen., " an American bv birth ; " d. Eng., Jan. 
1835, a. "6. He entered the service in Aug. 
1773, as ensign 22d ; w.ns made capt. Sept. 
1779. During the winter of 1779-80. he served 
in the Jerseys ; in actions of Elizabethtown and 
Springfield in 1780; in Aug. went to Ports- 
mouth, Va., and thence to S. C ; engaged in 
the affairs of the Catawba and Yadkin, in the 
battles of Guilford and Cross Creek, and was 
taken prisoner at Yorktown ; lieut.-col. in 
1789; served in Flanders; app. lieut.-gov. Up- 
per Canada in 1799 ; lieut.-gen. Jan. 1, 1805; 
gen. June 4, 1814; M. P. for Beverley, 1796- 
1806. — PItiUpart. 

Burton, Maj.-Gen. Ralph; d. 1768. 
lieut.-col. 48th Foot, Oct. 14, 1754, and wound- 
ed at Braddock's defeat ; com. the 3d brigade in 
the e.\ped. against Louisburg in 1758; was 
wounded at the capture of Quebec ; com. the 
reserve at the Plains of Abraham ; was made 
lieut.-gov. of Quebec, brig. -gen. in 1 760, and 
maj.-gen. July 10, 1762. In Gen. Murray's 
operations at the reduction of Montreal, he 
com. the 1st brigade. — O'Callar/han. 

Burton, Col. Robert, Revol. officer, b. 
1747, Mecklenburg Co., Va. ; d. Granville Co., 
N. C., 1825. He was a planter, and moved to 
Granville ab. 1775. Member of the Old Con- 
gress, 1787-8. Commissioner on boundary line 
between N. and S. Carolina and Ga., in 1801. 

Burton, Warren, author and clergyman, 
b. Wilton, N. H., Nov. 13, 1800 ; d. Salem, 
Ms., June 6, 1866. H. U. 1821. His grand- 
father was one of the first settlers of Wilton, a 
soldier in the French war, and an officer of 
the Revol. war. He studied at the Cambridge 
Theol. School, was ord. 5 Mar. 1828, at East 
Cambridge, Ms., but, after a brief ministry, 
devoted himself to objects of reform, still con- 
tinuing to preach occasionally. He was a min- 
ister at large in Boston, from 1844 to 1848. 
Chaplain of the Worcester prison in 1849, to 
the State senate in 1852, to the house in 
1858 and 1860, and to the State convention in 
1853. He labored to promote true culture, to 
raise the condition of schools, ancf especially 
to secure universal attention to the sphere of 
home education, by lectures, meetings for dis- 
cussion, and through the newspaper press. 
His publications are, " Cheering Views of Man 
and Providence ; " " Uncle Sam's Recommen- 
dationsofPhrenology," 1842 ; "District School 
as it was ; " " Helps to Education in the Homes 
of our Country," 1863 ; " Scenery Showing, 
or Word-Paintings of the Beautiful, Pictur- 
esque, and Grand in Nature ; " " My Religious 
Experience at my Native Home," 1829 ; " Es- 
say on the Divine Agency in the Matefial Uni- 
verse," besides articles in annuals and periodi- 
cals. 

Burton, William Evans, comedian and 
author, b. London, Sept. 1802; d. N. Y., Feb. 
10, 1860. Intended for the church, he received 



a classical education, but, at the age of 1 8, took 
charge of bis father's printing-office, and edited 
a monthly magazine. After acting several 
years on the Norwich circuit, he appeared with 
success at the Haymarket in 1832. He wrote 
several dramatic pieces, one of which, " Ellen 
Wareham," was played at 5 theatres in Lon- 
don on the same evening. He made his dibut 
at the Arch-st. Theatre, Phila., as " Dr. 011a- 
pod," Sept. 3, 1834, appearing first in N.Y. at a 
complimentary benefit to Woodworth, in 1839. 
He was the lessee of theatres in the chief At- 
lantic cities, residing principally in Phila. and 
N.Y. In Phila., he built the " National," and 
started in 1837 the Gentlemen's Magazine. He 
was proprietor of the Opera House, NY., when 
burnedin 1841. In 1847, he purchased Palmo's 
Opera House, in Chambers Street, where he 
managed dramatic performances with popular 
favor 10 years. In 1856, he purchased the Met- 
ropolitan Theatre on Broadway, to which his 
name was attached. The part of " Toodles " 
was one of his specialties. He was very success- 
ful as a manager and performer, and was unri- 
valled in a wide range of eccentric and comic 
parts. An excellent Shaksperian scholar, he 
possessed a very full Shaksperian library. He 
edited for several years the Lilerari/ Souvenir, 
and compiled in 1858 a " Cyclopsedia of Wit 
and Humor," 2 vols, royal 8vo. He was a man 
of unsullied integrity and great generosity. 

Bush, Maj. George, Revol. officer of Del. ; 
d. ab. 1794. His bro. Maj. Lewis fell at the 
battle of Brandywine, Sept. U, 1777. Wil- 
liam S. BnsH, lieut. of marines, nephew of 
George and Lewis, killed in the action between 
the frigates " Constitution " and " Guerriere," 
Aug. 19, 1812. 

Bush, Ret. George, an eminent Sweden- 
borgian divine and author, b. Norwich, Vt., 
June 12, 1796; d. Rochester, N.Y., Sept. 19, 
1859. Dartm. Coll. 1818. He studied theol- 
ogy at the Princeton Sem., made a brief mis- 
sionary tour in Indiana, and was pastor of a 
Presb. church in Indianapolis, from 1824 to 
1829. Elected in 1831 prof, of Hebrew and 
Oriental literature in the U. of N.Y., he first 
became known as an author by his popular 
" Life of Mohammed," 1832. He afterwards 
pub, " Scriptural Illustrations," " Treatise on 
the Millennium," 1833 ; " New Church Miscel- 
lanies," 1 855 ; " Priesthood and Clergy un- 
ktiown to Christianity," 1857 ; " Hebrew Gratn- 
mar," 1835 ; in 1840 commenced a series of Bible 
commentaries in 7 vols.; " Anastasis," 1844, 
and edited the Sierophant, a monthly mag., in 
1844. In his work on mesmerisiri, 1847, he 
deems it a confirmation of the truth of Sweden- 
borg's revelations. He was a man of simple 
manners, genial and kind. Embracing the doc- 
trines of Swedenborg, he became pastor of the 
New Jerusalem Church, N.Y., in 1845, and be- 
came editor of the New Church Re/iositori/, to 
develop and maintain the principles of that 
philosopher. He finally became a Spiritualist. 
A vol. of Memoirs of Bush, hy W. M. Fernald, 
appeared in 1860. 

Bushnell, David, inventor, b. Saybrook, 
Ct., ab. 1754; d. Warrenton, Ga., 1824. Y.C. 
1775. During the Revol., he turned his mind 
to the invention of a machine for blowing up 



BITS 



148 



vessels : he maile one ca]ialile of conveyin;^ an 
operator, with I (JO lbs. of powder, wliicli was 
trieii in vain on " Tlie Eaijle," a British G4 i,'un- 
ship lyinpc in N.Y. harlior. An aeconnt of 
this machine is fonnd in Sillinian's Journal for 
1820 Bushnell prepared a large number of 
machines in kep:s to be floated by the tide upon 
the British vessels lying in the river at Phila., 
the result of which attempt oecjisioned the bal- 
lad of the " Battle of the Ke^'S," by Hopkin- 
son. He became a capt. in the army, and af- 
ter the war went to France. Returning, he 
was several years at the head of one of the 
most respectable schools of Ga , and later set- 
tled at Warren ton, as a practitioner of physic, 
where he was known as Dr. Bush. 

Bushnell, Hor.\ce, D.D. (Wesl. U. 
1842), Cong, divine and author, b. Litchfield, 
Ct., 1802. "Y.C. 1827. At one time literary 
ed. of the N. Y. .Jiwmnl of Commerce, then a 
teacher in ili' \ : 'i .\' il : tuiMr at Yale 
in 1829-,?!. r. \i i I-::, pi-tor of the 

North Colli; 1 i^ :'-hI, Ct.; an elo- 

quent prearhcr. mhl 1 .:,.: iij. pliilos. essayist. 
In 1837, hedeliven.i ai .\ llixii n I'lii I'i.ta 
Kappa oration on tho ■' I'l iii.iplr, of X,\ii(iii:il 
Greatness." He also jmli. " ( 'lui-tiaii Xm- 
ture," 1847; " God in Cliii-r." I-^l'.i. and 
a defence of it, entitled " Christian TheoloLry," 
in 1851 ; " Sermons for the New life," 1858 ; 
" Nature and the Supernatural," 1853 ; " Work 
and Play," 1864 ; " Christ and his Salvation," 
1864; "'The Vicarious Sacrifice," 1865, and 
" WoiTian's Suffrage, the Keforin against Na- 
ture." Also a contrib. to theiV^. Enijlander unA 
other periodicals. 

Bushyhead, Jesse, chief -justice of the 
ChcroUocs ; d. at the mission in the Cherokee 
nation. West, July 17, 1844. He was a self- 
made man, acquired great distinction among 
his tribe, and tilled with fidelity many public 
trusts. 

Bussey, Benjamin, a benefactor of H.U., 
b. Canton, IMs., March 1, 1757; d. Roxbury, 
Jan. 13, 1842. At 18, he enlisted as a soldier 
in the Revol. army, and was at the capture of 
Burgoyne. At age of 22, he m., commenced 
business as a silversmith in Dedliam, with a 
capital of $10, and in 1782 removed to Bos- 
ton ; where, engaging in foreign commerce, he 
acquired a fortune. Me left a widow, one 
grandchild, and some great grandchildren. On 
the death of the last survivor, the whole of this 
estate, estimated at 8350,000, will pass to Har- 
vard University, one half to endow a Farm 
School, for instruction in practical agricul- 
ture, &c., the other half to be devoted to the 
support of the law and divinity schools. 

Bustamente (boos-ta-miin'-ta), Anasta- 
sis, pi-es. of M xico, b. in Guadalajara, 1782; 
d. St. Miguel de Allende. 1851. At 21, he re- 
ceived the iliploma of M.D., began practice in 
San Luis Potosi, and was family physician to 
Calleja, viceroy of Mexico. On the 'breaking- 
out of the revol. of 1810, he fought in behalf 
of the Spanish Govt. ; but the cruelty of Cal- 
leja made him a patriot. When, Feb. 24, 
1821, Iturhide pronounced against the Span- 
ish Govt., Bustamente was one of the first to 
sustain him. Iturhide made him gen. of div., 
and com. of the interior provinces, which office 



he held till called totbe vice-pres.of the republic, 
Dec. .31, 1829. He took part against Guerrero, 
and in Dec. 1830, Santa Ana having headed a 



draza, lir ■■ '■ ^in 

after OVi-lll \ll li\- S;i:i!.l .\li:i, w'l-i l,:iii).!li>d 

him. He visited France, but, on the outbreak 
of Texas in 1836, returned to Mexico; in 
1837-41 was again pres., excepting a short 
interval in 1839, but was again overthrown 
and banished by Santa Aiia. He fled to Eu- 
rope, resided some time in Genoa, but, on the 
fall of Santa Ana in 1845, again returned to 
Mexico, and served his country in many offices 
till his death. Under his administration, the 
republic prospered. 

Bustamente, don Caklos Maria de, 
Mexican arcli;i;olo-ist. b. Mexico, ab. 1790. 

Author..! •■>M(,.''ral M.nr.||-n,, 1 !„.<),, v;,, .a 

Countrv," I 1 , ) ; , i: I : . M,M, 



its A: 



Wst. 



1826. 



Butler, Andrew Pickens, U.S. 
from 1846 to his d., Edgefield dist., S.C, 25 
May, 1857 ; b. there 18 Nov. 1796. S.C. Coll. 
1817. Son of Gen. Win., a gallant Revol. 
soldier of Va. Adni. to tlir liar in 1818, and 



attn 



■ of the 



1833, 



l.«3 



46; chairman of the senate jn liciaiy cdtn., 
he m.ade an elaborate speech "u ri]Mii nn- the 
fugitive slave law, and was ci.n-ii.Minas on 
the Kansas and other important iiuL>tions ; his 
last speech being a reply to Mr. Sumner, and a 
defence of S.C. 

Butler, Benjamin F., a politician and law- 
yer of N.Y., b. Kinderhook, Dec. 15, 1795 ; d. 
"Paris, France, Nov. 8, 1858. He was a lineal 
descendant of Oliver Cromwell on his moth- ^ 
cr's side. Ho studied law with Martin Van 
Buren, and, on his adm. to the bar in 1817, be- 
came his partner, and was dist.-atty. of Al- 
bany in 1821-5. He served in the State 
assemblv, and, with .John Diier and J. C. 
S,,„„^r.," vr-y].,..] f|,.. .-it.tw.. of NJ.Y. He was 

r^:i"'- : ■■' [■■!■ I . ! ■ . II ' ! -■;|— i),alsoact- 

r , . I : ' - , ' I, : : , . , \|:„rh, 1837; 

r,> .11-1 -::ll., i.., : ,■ o.., ■:. :,, A, A. Of N.Y. 

It-.J.— 41. 11- U tl il- ll.oii-.. ■ ■■■/"liarrniint 

of the Xrl.la^k.l i.lll, ioin..| I , i: ■ I,! . , :inil 

voted for l-"lrin..!it. K'-mi., . : :mii, 

he also ]>crlonnrd tllr dllli. . . .l |:| m. .|,:ii |,n,t'. 

of law in the U. of N.Y., whiuli insiiiuiion lie 
was instrumental in estalilisliing. — ^ee Life 
and Opinions of, by ]V. L. Mnrkemif. 

Butler, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer and 
politician, b. Deerfield, N.H., Nov. 5, 1818. 
Waterville Coll., Me., 1838. Zephaniah, his 
grandfather, was a Revol. officer. He studied 
law at Lowell, Ms. ; was adm. to the bar in 
1841, and practised law in Ms. until April, 
1861, with high rciputation, especially in crim- 
inal cases. He became identified with the 
Democ. party, was active in politics ; was a 



149 



member of the Mass. legisl. in 1853, and of 
the State senate in 1859-60, of the Const. 
Conv. of 1853, and in 1S60 was a delegate to 
the Democ. pres. convention at Charleston, and 
afterward at Baltimore, in which ho supported 
the nomination of Breckinridge. As brig.- 
gen. of Ms. militia, April 17, 1351, he marched 
with the Ms. 8th regt. to Annapolis, brought 
out the frigate " Constitution," and was placed 
in com. of the dept. of Annapolis, including 
the city of Baltimore; made maj.-gen. of 
vols. May 16, and transferred to the com. of 
Fortress Monroe, and the dept. of Eastern Va. 
■To some slaves who came to the fort for protec- 
tion, Butler applied the famous ph 
traband of war." Aug. 22, lie pioc 
an exped. against Fori s IIiii i, ,i;i 
the coast of N.C., whirl, : :: ■ , r, 
then organized an ex|ii i. 

New Orleans; left B.i, I ;. j- 

on the surrender uf l\.,t Si I'hM, 
Jackson to FlaL:-iirhirr I';iira^iii, .\ 



cd with 
"ark on 
I. He 

II. v. of 



took 



He 



was removed in .Nov. 18132. In the latter 
part of 1863, he obtained com. of the dept. of 
Va. and N.C. He operated on the south side 
of the James River against Richmond, in- 
trenching himself at City Point and Bermuda 
Hundred, 5 May, 1864. Ho was attacked on 
the 16th near Drury's Bluff, and forced back to 
his intrenchments, so that he could not take 
the offensive. He com. the land force in the 
unsuccessful exped. against Fort Fisher in 
Dec. 1864. M.C. 1866-71 ; one of the mana- 
gers of the impeachment of Pres. Johnson, 
1868. — &e Parton's Butler in New Orleans; 
Grei'lei/'s Ainer. Conflict. 

Butler, Caleb, b. Pelham, N.H., Sept. 
13, 1776 ; d. Groton, Ms., Oct. 7, 1854. Dartm. 
Coll. 1800. Studied law in Groton, and was 
the principal instructor of the Gi'oton Acad, 
for U years. He pub. a Masonic oration, 
1816 ; " Facts, &c., as to Affairs in Groton," 
1827 ; " Review reviewed," 1850, " History of 
Groton," 1848. 

Butler, EzEA, statesman, d. Waterbury, 
Vt., July 19. 1838, a. 76. In Sept. 1786, he 
came from Weathersfield, Vt., and settled in 
Waterbury. He was of the Jeffersonian school 
in polities ; was 11 years a member of the as- 
sembly; 15 3'ears of ihe council ; first jud;,'e of 
Chittenden Co. Court, 1803-6; chief-justice, 
1806-11; ch.-jus. of JefTerson Co., 1814-25; 
M.C. 181.3-15"; member of the Vt. Const. Conv. 
1822; gov. ofVt. 1826-8. He was 53 years 
in the public service, beside the town offices he 
held at home. — Dfjninij's Vt. Officers. 

Butler, Col. John, a Tory leader of the 
Revol., b. Ct. ; d. Niagara, 1794. Before 
the war, he was in official connection with the 
Johnsons, and com. a militia regt. in Tryon 
Co., N.Y. In 1776, he organized a band of 
marauders, who dressed and painted like In- 
dians, but who were chiefiy American traitors 
and vagabonds in disguise. He was active in 
the predatory warfare which so long disturbed 
Tryon Co. ; was at the battle of Uriskany in 
Aug. 1777; com. the 1,100 men who desolated 
Wyoming in July, 1778; was among those 
who opposed Sullivan's exped. to the Indian 



country in 1779, and accomp. Sir John John- 
son's raid on the Schoharie and Mohawk set- 
tlements in 1780. After the war, he went to 
Canada, and was richly rewarded by the Bri- 
tish Govt., succeeding, in part, to the agency of 
Indian affairs, long held bv the Johnsons ; and, 
ab. 1794, had a salary of £500 per annum, and 
a military pension of £200 more. His son 
Walter, a major in the British service, killed 
in battle in 1781, was a man of ferocious and 
brutal character. 

Butler, Mann, author of a " History of 
Kentucky;" d. in Nov. 1835, in consequence 
of a r.iilroad accident in Mo. Heeraig. to Ky. 
in 1805, and pub. his liistory at Louisville in 
1834. 

Butler, Gen. Percival, 4th of the Butler 
bros., b. Pa., 1760; d. Port William, Ky., 
Sept. U, 1821. The'bros. Richard, William, 
Thomas, Percival, and Edward, all served witii 
dist. in the Revol., and the succeeding Indian 
wars. Capt. in the Revol. army. He was 
Morgan's second in com. at Saratoga, and 
com. in the conflict with Col. Simcoe at Spen- 
cer's Ordinary, June 25, 1781, and served at 
the siege of Yorktown. After the war, he 
removed to Jessamine Co., Ky., and was adju- 
tant-gen. in the War of 1812. 

Butler, Pierce, senator, b. Ireland, 1744; 
d. Phila., Feb. 15, 1822. He was of the family 
of the Dukes of Ormond; was made a lieut. 
46th regt. Aug. 18, 1761 ; capt. 29th in July, 
1762 ; major in April, 1766, and was stationed 
in Boston, but resigned before the Revol., and 
settled in S.C. He was a member of the Old 
Congress in 1787 from S.C; in 1788 of the 
convention which framed the Federal Constitu- 
tion, and was a senator from S.C. in 1789-96 
and 1802-4. Director in the U.S. Bank. His 
wife,dau. of Col. Middleton of Charleston, S.C, 
whom be m. in 1768, d. 1790. 

Butler, CoL. Pierce M., soldier and 
statesman, b. Edgefield dist., S.C, April 11, 
1798; killed Aug. 20, 1847, in battle of Churu- 
husco, Mexico. Son of Gen. Wm. Butler, and 
bro. of Senator A. P. Butler. Lieut. 4th Inf., 
Aug. 13, 1819; capt. Dec. 1825; resigned Oct. 
1, 1829; became cashier and subsequently 
pres. of the State Bank at Columbia; lieut.- 
col. of Goodwin's mounted vols, in Fla. war, 
Feb. 17, 1836; gov. of S.C. 1836-8; U.S. 
agent for the Cherokees west of the Mpi. ; re- 
moved by Mr. Polk, who app. him to treat with 
the Comanche Indians ; made col. of the 
Palmetto regt. in the Mexican war. Dee. 22, 
1846, in com. of which he was disting. and 
twice wounded. 

Butler, Richard, nftjor-gen., b. Ireland ; 
killed Nov. 4, 1791. He came to Amer. before 
1760; was made lieut.-eol. Pa. line at the begin- 
ning of the war, in the spring of 1777 was 
lieut.-col. of Morgan's rifle corps, and disting. 
himself on many occasions. While with Lafay- 
etta's detachment near Williamsburg, Va., June 
26, 1781, he attacked Col. Simeoe's rangers, 
gaining the advantage. He held the rank of col. 
9th Pa. regt. at the close of the war ; was agent 
for Indian affairs in 0., ab. 1787, and in the 
exped. of St. Clair against the Indians in 1791, 
com. theright wing, with the rank of maj.-gen.; 
attacked early in the morning of Nov. 4, he 



150 



repeatedly charged the enemy, but received 
several severe wounds, and finally was toma- 
hawked and scalped. 

Butler, Col. Thomas, 3d of the Butler 
bros., b. Pa., 1754; d. N. Orleans, Sept. 7, 
1805. In 1776, while studying law with judge 
Wilson of Phila., he joined the army, soon ob- 
tained a company; was in almost every action 
in the Middle States during the Revol., and 
was wounded. At the Brandy wine, Sept. 11, 
1777, he received the thanks of Washington on 
the field for intrepidity in rallying a retreating 
detachment. At Monmouth, he received the 
thanks of Wayne, for defending a defile in the 
face of a heavy fire, while Col. Richard But- 
ler's regt. withdrew. After the war, he retired 
to a farm, but in 1791 was made major, com. 
a batt. from Carlisle in Gibson's regt., under 
St. Clair, at whose defeat, Nov. 4, he was twice 
wounded. His leg had been broken by a ball. 
His elder bro. Richard was killed, and he was 
with difficulty removed by his surviving bro. 
Edward. Maj. 4th sub legion, April 11,1792; 
lieut.-col. com. July 1, 1794 ; col. 2d Inf., Apr. 
1802. William, second of the bros., lieut.-col. 
4th Pa. regt. Revo!, army, made an exped. in 
Oct. 1778, into the Indian settlements at Una- 
dilla and Anaguaga, which were destroyed. 
An acL-ount of this exped. was pub. 

Butler, William, lieut.-col. 38th British 
regt. at Bunker's Hill battle ; d. Bristol, Eng., 
in July, 1796. 

Butler, Gen. William, Revol. soldier and 
politician, b. Prince William Co., Va., 1759; 
d. Columbia, S.C, Nov. 15, 1821. Son of 
James Butler, who, while com. a party of 
Whigs, was captured and afterward murdered 
by the notorious Cunningham. Grad. atS.C. 
Coll. as a student of medicine. He became a 
lieut. in Lincoln's army in 1779 ; was engaged 
at Stono, and served in the famous corps of 
Pulaski until the death of the latter. Butler 
next joined Gen. Pickens, subsequently served 
with Gen. Lee, under Greene, at the siege of 
Ninety-Six, and was detached on several sepa- 
rate services requiring celerity, courage, and 
vigilance. He at length rose to a command of 
mounted rangers, and took part in many affairs 
with the Tories. He was soon after the war 
made a brig.-gen., and, in 1796, major-gen. of 
militia. M.C. 1801-11. He was a member 
of the convention of 1787 to consider the adop- 
tion of the Federal Constitution, and, with Gen. 
Sumter and others, voted against it. He was 
subsequently a member of the conven tion which 
passed the present constitution of S.C. ; was 
for some time a member of the Icgisl. ; sheriff 
in 1794, and at one tfme served as a magistrate. 
In the War of 1812, he com. the S.C. troops for 
State defence. Father of Senator A. P. Butler 
and Pierce M. Butler. He was large and 
handsome in person, a bold rider, and had a 
great passion for horses. 

Butler, William Allen, lawyer and 
poet,, b. Albany, N.Y., 1825. U. of N.Y. 
1843. He studied law in the oflSce of his 
father. Hon. B. F. Butler, travelled in Europe 
from 1846 to 1848, and has since been actively 
engaged in the practice of law in N.Y. City. 
He pub. in 1846 a poem, entitled "The Fu- 
ture ; " has contrib. many papers in prose and 



verse to the Democratic Bfvieiv, to the Art 
Union Bulletin, The Cities of Art and the Rnh, 
Artists, and to the Literanj World, Out-ot-the- 
Waji Places in Europe, a few pleasant sketclies 
of travel, and several humorous pajjers in 
prose and verse, entitled Tlie Colonel's Club. In 
1856, he pub. " Barnum's Parnassus," a vol. 
similar to the " Rejected Addresses ; " in 1857, 
the poem of " Nothing to Wear ; " a new 
poem, entitled "Two Millions," in 1858, and 
" Martin Van Buren, Lawyer, Statesman, and 
Man," \S&2. — Du;ickinck. 

Butler, Gen. William Orl.\ndo, soldier 
and politician, b. Jessamine Co., Ky., 1793. 
Son of Gen. Percival Butler. He was'libenilly 
educated, and designed for the bar ; licut. 2d 
Inf., Sept. 28, 1812 ; wounded and made pris- 
oner at the River Raisin ; afterward served with 
distinction under Jackson, at New Orleans, and 
was brev. major, Dec. 23, 181 4 ; aide to Jack- 
son, rank of lieut.-col., in 1816-17. He pr.ac- 
tised law in Ky. for the next 25 years ; M.C. 
1839-43; Democ. candidate for gov. of Ky. in 
1844, and also an unsuccessful candidate for 
vice-pres. in 1848. Mademaj.-gen. of vols, for 
the Mexican war, June 29, 1846; disting. and 
wounded in the battle of Monterey, Sept. 
21, 1846, for which he was presented by Con- 
gress with a sword ; succeeded Gen. Scott in 
com. of the army in the Valley of Mexico, in 
Feb. 1848. App. gov. of Nebr. Terr, by Pres. 
Pierce, declined. Author of some fugitive 
poems of merit, among which "The Boatman's 
Horn " attained popularity. Member of the 
peace congress in 1861. 

Butler, Col. Zebhlon, Revol. officer, b. 
Lyme, Ct., 1731 ; d. Wilkesbarre, Pa.,28July, 
1795. He served in the French war and in the 
exped. to Havana, and rose to lie a capt. in 
1761. In 1769, he settled at Wyoming, Pa. ; 
lieut.-col. Ct. line, serving in N.J.. in 1777-8; 
col. 13 Mar. 1778 ; and 3 July, 1778 com. the 
weak garrison at Wyoming at the time of the 
massacre, which he was unable to prevent. He 
aecomp. Sullivan in his Indian exped. in 1779, 
and served with distinction throughout the 
war. — Miner's Wyominrf. 

Butterfleld, Daniel, maj.-gen. vols., b. 
Oneida Co., N.Y., Oct. 1831 . Un. Coll. 1849. 
He was a merchant in N.Y. City, and col. 12th 
regt. N.Y. militia when the civil war broke 
out. Accompanying his regt. to Washington in 
July, he joined Gen. Patterson on the Upper 
Potomac, and com. a brigade. Lieut.-col. 12th 
U.S. Inf., May 14, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 7, 
1861, ami assigned to the army corps of Fitz- 
John Porter, in which he made the campaign 
of the peninsula. He took part in the great 
battles under Pope and McClcllan in Aug. and 
Sept. 1862, and, near the close of Oct., took 
command of Morell's division. Maj.-gen. 
Nov. 29, 1862; col. 5th Inf., July 1, 1863 ; com. 
5th corps at battle of Fredericksburg, Va. ; 
chief of staff. Army of the Potomac, at Chan- 
cellorsville and at Gettysburg, where he was 
wounded ; ordered to re-enforce Rosecrans' 
Army of the Cumberland, Oct. 1863 ; chief of 
staff to Hooker at Lookout Mountain, Mission 
Ridge, Ringgold, and Pea Vine Creek, Ga. ; 
com" a division of 20th corps at battles of Buz- 
zard's Roost, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope 



BUT 



151 



Church, Kenesaw, and Lost Mountain, Ga., 
and brev. bri;;. and maj. gen. for gallant and 
merit, conduct Author of " Camp and Out- 
po.st Duty," 1862. 

Sutton, Sir Thomas, nn oarly English 
navigator and explorer of till' X i; rn;i,t()fN. 
Araer. He sailed in IGIJ «nii •_■ v. ,.>',,•• Tlie 
Resolution" and " The Dim mvli v ; " i^issed 
through Hudson's Straits, and was ilie lirst to 
reach land on the western coast of the bay, in 
lat. 62°, and named it Carey's Swan's Nest. A 
river was first named by him Nelson's, after the 
master of his ship. He wintered there, and 
during the next summer explored and named 
several places on the coast of Hudson's Bay, 
and, advancing to lat. 65°, became convinced of 
the possibility of the north-west passage. He 
was knighted" for his services. 

ButtriCk, Col. John, one of the leaders 
of the Concord militia on the memorable 19th 
of April, 1775; d. Concord, May 16, 1791, 
a. 60. 

Byfleld, Nathaniel, judge, b. Long Bit- 
ten, Sussex, Eng., 1653 ; d. Boston, June 6, 
1733. Richard his father was one of the 
Westminster Assembly divines ; his mother, a 
sister of Bishop Ju.xon. He arrived in Boston 
in 1674, became an eminent merchant, and one 
of the 4 proprietors and principal settler of the 
town of Bristol, R.I. He returned to Boston 
in 1724 ; was speaker of the H. of representa- 
tives ; 38 years judge of flie C. C. P. tor Bris- 
tol Co., of Suffolk Co., 1730-32; was many 
years member of the council, and judge of the 
vice-admiralty in 1704-15 and in 1729. He 
pub. an account of the late Revolution in N. 
England, in 1689. — .:l//e«. 

Byles, Mather, D.D., Cong, clergyman, 
and wit, b. Boston, March 26, 1706; d. there 
July 5, 178S. H. U. 1725. Ord. over the 
church in Hollis Street, Dec. 20, 1733. He was 
disting. among his contemporaries for literary 
taste and for solid learning. He received fiora 
the U. of Aberdeen, in 1765, the degree of 
D.D. The correspondent of Pope and Swift, 
he himself pub. a vol. of miscellaneous poems 
in 1736. His reputation, however, rests upon 
his wit, cheerful flow of spirits, and conversa- 
tion. He had, however, just claims to regard 
as a pulpit orator; and his pub. sermons evince 
a fine imagination, great skill and com. of lan- 



guage ( 



nbined with terseness of expression. 



maintained his loyalty during the troubled 
ante-revol. period in Boston. In Aug. 1776, 
at the age of 70, his connection with his parish 
was on this account dissolved. The next year, 
he was denounced in town-meeting as an ene- 
my to the country, tried, and condemned to 
imprisonment in a guard-ship, and to subse- 
quent exile. This sentence was afterwards 
commuted. A sentinel was placed before his 
door, but was afterwards withdrawn, and finally 
replaced. Released soon after, he alluded to 
these changes of treatment, saying that " he 
had been guarded, regarded, and disregarded." 
His two daughters lived unmarried to a great 
age, and to the last were stanch lovalists. The 
last survivor d. Boston, 1837. His son Math- 
er, D.D., formerly a Cong, clergyman in New 
London, Ct., became an Episcopalian in 1768, 
was several years rector of Christ Church, Bos- 



ton, left that place with the Tories, and d. 
rector of a church in St. John's, March 12, 
1814. He was a man of learning and abilitv, 
ar.d received from Oxford the honorary degree 
of D.D. H.U. 1751. B.Jan. 12, 1735. 

Byrd, Col. William, a disting. Virginian, 
b. Westover, March 28, 1674; d. Aug. 26, 1744. 
Born to an ample fortune, and liberally edu- 
cated, having been called to the bar in the 
Middle Temple, Lond., he became the patron 
of science and literature in Va. He stu<lied in 
the Low Countries, visited the court of France, 
and became a fellow of the Roy. Society. He 
was long receiver-gen. of the revenue in Va., was 
thrice agent of the Colony in Eng., and, being 
37 years a member, finally became pies, of the 
council of the Colony, 'in 1728, he was one 
of the commissioners for running the bounda- 
ry line between N. C. and Va.,- and, on his 
return, caused his notes of the journey to be 
copied. In 1841, " The Westover Manuscripts" 
were pub. by Edmund Ruffin. They contain 
sketches of old Virginia travel, a "Progress to 
the Mines" in 1732, and a "Journey to the 
Land of Eden," in 17.33. In 1733, he laid out 
the cities of Richmond and Petersburg, Va. 
He wrote for the " Philos. Transactions " an 
account of a negro-boy dappled with white 
spots. His son, I'ol. William, com. a regt. 
at Fort Cumberiand, in Aug. 1758, and was a 
member of the council in 1775, but d. soon 
afterwards. 

Byrne, Andrew, D.D., R. C. bishop of 
Little Rock, Ark., consec. March 10, 1844 ; d. 
1862. 

Byron, John, navigator, b. Newstead 
Abbey, 8 Nov. 1 723, d. 1 786. Son of Wm., 
4th Lord Byron, and grandfather of the poet. 
He entered the navy at an early age, and was 
a midshipman in "The Wager," in Anson's 

S. Si L i,\ I , 111 1740, of which he pub. an 

iiit' 1 >i iiive." Made capt. 30 Dec., 

17 1 I I i:;.); sent with a fleet to de- 

niihi-:, ;li I'll :i;i. iiioiis of Louisburg in 1760. 
PlacL'd in com, of an exped. to the South 
Sea, he circumnavigated the globe, 21 June, 
1764-May, 1760, an account of which is in 
Hawksworth's Coll. of Voyages. Com. in 
chief at Newfoundland, 1769. Com. in the 
West Indies during the Amer. war, and 6 July, 

1779, fought a severe battle with D'Estaing oflF 
Granada, and was promoted to vice-adm. 

Cabell, Col. Samuel Jordan, a Revol. 
officer ; d. Nelson Co., Va,, Sept. 4, 1818, a. 61. 
Eldest son of Wm. C. of Union Hill. He left 
Wm. and Mary Coll. at the beginning of the 
war, rose to the rank of lieut.-col. in the Cont. 
army, and at the fall of Charleston, May 12, 

1780, he became a prisoner until the close 
of the war. He was many years a member of 
the assembly, a member of the Va. convention 
to ratify the Federal Constitution, and M.C. 
in 1795-1803. 

Cabell, Col. William, statesman, of 
Union Hill, Va., b. March, 1730; died early in 
1798. Wm., his father, formerly a surgeon in 
the British navy, came to Va. in 17:iO, and 
settled on James River, where he d. in 1774. 
The son received a good education, was long a 
member of the House of Burgesses ; county 
lieut. ; member of all the conventions before 



CAJB 



152 



CAB 



that of May, 1776, in which he was one of the 
committee to draft a declaration of rights and 
a plan of government. He was a member of 
the committee of safety ; charged with the 
civil and military control of the colony ; a mem- 
ber of the State senate from Amherst district, 
and was subsequently a member of the house 
of delegates and of the convention to ratify the 
Federal Constitution. His brothers Joseph, 
John, and Nicholas, were all active patriots. — 
Griijsbi/. 

Cabell, William H., son of Nicholas, and 
nephew of \Vm., gov. of Va., 1805-S ; d. Rich- 
mond, Jan. 17, 1853. He was pres. of the 
Court of Appeals after being gov., and 50 years 
in public life. 

Cabeza de Vaea (kaba'-tha da va'-Ua), 
Alvak Nunez, a Spaniard, who explored the 
River La Plata in 1540. 

Cabot, George, statesman, b. Salem, Dec. 
3, 1752; d. Boston, April 18, 1823. After pass- 
ing two years at H. U., he went to sea for a 
short time, and then engaged in the mercantile 
profession, in which ho was very eminent and 
successful. Before he was 26, he opposed, in 
the Prov. Congress of Ms., the attempt to es- 
tablish a maximum price for the sale of pro- 
visions ; thus early manifesting his correct views 
of political economy. Member of the State 
Const. Conv.. and also of that which ratified 
the Coubtituiion of the U. S. U. S. senator in 
1791-6, becoraingone of the confidential friends 
i»f Washington and Hamilton, to the latter of 
whom he was an able coadjutor in the forma- 
tion of his financial system. He received, 
May 3, 1798, the app. of sec. of the navy, 
which he declined; was in 1808 a member of 
the council of Ms. ; in 1814 a delegate to the 
convention which met at Hartford, and was 
pres. of that body. He was a leader of the 
Federal party, and exercised great influence 
upon public opinion. 

Cabot (kab'-ut), John, discoverer of the 
North-American continent. March 23, 1476, 
denization was granted him in Venice, after the 
usual residence of 1 5 years. In 1495, he resided 
at Bristol, with his wife, a Venetian, and 3 
sons, and as early as 1491 had sent from that 
city an exped. in search of " Brazil and the 
Seven Cities." Mar. 5, 1496, John and his 3 
sons obtained a patent from Henry VII., au- 
thorizing them to search for islands, provinces, 
or regions in the eastern, western, or northern 
seas, and to occupy the territories that might be 
found, with an exclusive right to their com- 
merce, on paying the king a fifth of all profits. 
Accompanied by his son Sebastian, he sailed 
in May, 1497, in a single vessel, 700 leagues 
west, and June 24, 1497, saw the land, which 
he reported to have been a part of a continent. 
A letter of that year states that he sailed 300 
leagues along the coast, landed, and planted on 
the soil the banners of England and Venice. He 
reached Bristol in Aug., and was favorably re- 
ceived by the king, who granted him special au- 
thority to impress 6 English ships, and to enlist 
volunteers, Feb. 3, 1498. Of his subsequentca- 
reer nothing is known. — See the Venetim Ar- 
chives; the Patent granted him 1496; the License 
1498 ; a Letter, dated Aug. 23, 1497, /rom Lorenzo 
Pasqualigo, a merchant at London, to his brothers 



at Venice ; and the Legend on the map of Sebastian 
Cabot cited in Ilakliii/t. 

Cabot, Sebastian, discoverer of the coast- 
line of the U. S. as far south as the Chesa- 
peake, b. ah. 1472 ; d. ab. 1557. Son of the 
preceding. At the age of 17, Sebastian had 
acquired skill in mathematics, and had made 
several voyages. In May, 1497, pursuant to 
letters-patent obtaMKcl from Ih'nry VII., Julm 
and Sebastian sailed t.j tin' we^t, iliMnvLiinn', 
in June, Newfoundland, whici] ilnv .xplinril as 
far as latitude 67°. lu .May, U'JS.'wiili 2 .^Inps, 
and a large company of vols., from Bristol, he 
sailed in search of a short north-western passage 
to China and Japan. He reached the main- 
land of N. A., landed in several places, and saw 
natives clad in the skins of beasts, and making 
use of copper. The discoveries of the Cabots 
were so little valued, that the family sutfered 
the patent granting them the exclusive privi- 
le.ge of trade to be lost. In 1512, he went to 
Spain by invitation of King Ferdinand, until 
whose death, in 1516, he cnjovrd lionur and 
emolument. In the reign of Henry VIII,, he 
procured another ship for discovery, and in 
1517 attempted a southern passage to the East 
Indies, in which he failed. He then visited 
Spain, where he was well treated, and app, pi- 
lot-major by Charles V. He soon after received 
from a company of merchants the command of 
an exped, to tlie Spice Islands, through the 
recently-discovered Straits of Magellan. In 
April, 1525, he accordingly sailed from Cadiz 
to the Canaries and Cape de Verde Islands ; 
and failing, from the opposition of his crew, in 
his plan of reaching the Spice Islands, he pro- 
ceeded to the River La Plata, where he discov- 
ered St. Salvador, and erected a fort. He af- 
terwardsjvisited the great River Paraguay, and 
endeavored for some time to form an establish- 
ment on the Amer. coast; but, disappointed in 
the expected aid from Spain, he returned home, 
where he met with an unfavorable reception. 
Ho returned to England near the close of 1 548. 
A pension was settled upon him by Edward 
VI., as grand pilot of England, and he was 
thenceforward consulted on all questions of 
navigation; and in 1552, being gov. of the 
company of raerchant-adventnrors, he drew up 
instructions, and procured a lironso, fur an ex- 
ped. to discover a northern passa.ije to the East 
Indies. He first noticed the variation of the 
compass ; and, besides the ordinances preserved 
in Hakluyt, he pub. a large map of the world, 
and " Navagazione nelle parte Septentrionale," 
He was also gov. of the Russian company, 
and was very active in their affairs. The best 
work on Sebastian Cabot is the Memoir by 
Richard Biddle, 8vo, 1831. 

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de, the princi- 
pal discoverer of Brazil, b Portugal ; d. ab. 
1526. King Emanuel having fitted out an ex- 
ped. to Calicut of 13 ships, Cabral was app. 
, com. in chief. After passing the Canaries, he 
took a westerly course, resulting in the discov- 
ery of Brazil, of which, Apr. 24, 1500, betook 
possession in the name of his king. He then 
sailed for India, losing half his fleet in a tem- 
pest, landed at Calicut, and succeeded, after 
negotiating with the Indian princes, in estab- 
lishing a factory there. 



CAJD 



153 



Cadwalader (cailwol'-a-dcr), Georgk, 

raaj.-gen. vols., son of Gen. Thomas, grandson 
of Gen. John, b. Phila. He studied and prac- 
tised law in Phila., and, on the breaking-out of 
the Mexican wai', was app. brig.-gen. March 3, 
1847. Disting. at El Molino, he was brev. 
maj.gen. for gallantry at Chapultepec. In 
1861, he was app. by the gov. of Pa. maj.-gcn. 
of State vols. ; had coin, at Baltimore in May, 
and was second in com. in the force which 
moved on Winchester, under Gen. Patterson, in 
June. Apr. 25, 1862, he wa-s app. maj.-gen. 
of vols. One of the commission to revise the 
military laws and regulations, Dec. 17, 1862. 
His " Services in the Mexican Campaign of 
1847" was pub. Phila., Svo, 1848. 

Cadwalader, John, gen., son of Dr. 
Thomas, b. Phila., 1743; d. Shrewsbury, Pa., 
Feb. 10, 1786. He was a member of the Pa. 
convention in 1775; an active member of the 
committee of safety, and com., in Phila., " The 
Silk Stocking Company," of which nearly all 
the members were app. to commissions in the 
army. He was afterward made col. of oneof the 



city battalions; was pr 
was intrusted with the com. of the Pa. militia, 
and co-operated in the attack on the Hessians at 
Trenton. He took part in the l)attle of Prince- 
ton, Jan. 3, 1777. He acted with his com. as 
a vol. at Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- 
mouth. In the autumn of 1777, at the request 
of Washington, he assisted in organizing the 
militia of the eastern shore of Md. After the 
disgrace of Gen. Conway, he was called to ac- 
count by Cadwalader for some offensive re- 
marks in reference to Washington. In the duel 
which followed, Conway was severely wounded. 
After the war, Gen. Cadwalader removed to 
Md., and was a member of the legisl. His 
dan. Fanny, in 1800, m. D. M. Erskine, after- 
wards Baron Erskine. His grandson. Gen. 
George Cadwalader, disting. himself in the 
Mexican war. He pub. a reply to Gen J. 
Reed's " Remarks," 1783. 

Cadwalader, Col. Lambert, M. C. 
1789-91 and 1793-5, b. Trenton, N.J., 1741; 
d. there S^pt. 13, 1823. He com a Pa. regt. in 
the Revol. ; assisted in the defence of Fort 
Washington, Nov. 16, 1776; was taken prison- 
er at its capture, and retired to his estates, near 
Trenton. Member of the Old Congress, 
1784-7. 

Cady, Albemahle, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
h. N.H. West Point, 1829. Entering the 
6th Inf., he became capt. 7 Julv, 1838 ; major, 
27 Jan. 1853 ; lieut.-col 7th Inf., 6 June, 1861 ; 
col. 8th Inf., 20 Oct. 1863; retired, 18 May, 
1864 ; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. He served 
ill the Florida war, 1838-42; in the Mexican 
war, 1846-8; was at the siege of Vera Cruz, 
battles of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, and Mo- 
lino del Rey, where he was wounded, and brev. 
mnj. 8 Sept. 1847 ; and in the Sioux exped. 
was engaged in action of Blue Water, Dak., 
3 Sept. 1855. — Cullum. 

Cahill, Rev. Daniel William, D.D., an 
Irish priest, chemist, astronomer, and pnlpit 
orator, h. Queen's Co., Ireland, 1802 ; d. Bos- 
ton, Oct. 27, 1864. Studied at Carlow Coll., 
and at Maynooth, where he was ord. Prof, of 
nat. hist, in Carlow Coll. Author of several 



pamphlets, and former editor of the Dublin 
Te/e,/mph. 

CaineS, George, reporter of the Supreme 
Court of N.Y. ; d. Catskill, N.Y., July 10, 
1825, a. 54. He pub. "Lex Hfercatoria Ameri- 
cana," 1802; "Ca.^osin the Court of Errors," 
2 vols., 1805-7; " Forms of the X.Y. Supreme 
Court," 1808; " Summarv of the Practice in 
the N.Y. Sup. Court," 180.^; •■Ca.-.rs in the 
Court for the Trial i.f lin|ir:irhni< nts," &c. 
180.5-7,2 vols., Svo; -N-V. Sn|i, ( t Re- 
ports," 180.3-5, 3 vols., ^\-. Jl . i|., l-.._'. 

Caldas, Francisco Jo-c uu, naturalist, 
b. Popayan, N. Granada, 1770; executed by 
order of Morilloin 1816. By his own exertions, 
he acquired the rudiments of astronomy, 
botany, and medicine, and constructed a ba- 
rometer and sextant, unaided even by books. 
He accompanied for a time the Spani-sh explor- 
er, J. C. Mutis. Subsequently he explored 
the Andes, and the Magdalen River, and in 
1804 measured the height of Chimborazo and 
Tunguragua. After having been nominated 
director of the observatory at Santa Fe de 
Bogota, he began to edit, in 1807, the " Semi- 
nana de la Naeva Granada." He was employed 
by the Congress of New Granada to complete 
the flora of Bogota, when the disturbed state 
of public affairs interrupted the work ; and 
himself and colleague, Don Losano, were put 
to death. 

Caldas, Pereika de Souza Antonia, 
a Brazilian poet, b. Rio de Janeiro, 1762; d. 
1814. He studied at Coimbra, but, on being 
consigned to a convent by the Inquisition, took 
holy orders. His wr'tings were pub. in Paris, 
1821, entitled " Poesias sagradas e jirofanas," 
with a commentary by Gen. Stockier. A new 
edition of his poetical works, exclusive of his 
translations, was brought out in 1836. 

Calderon de la Barea (Frances In- 

glis), b. Scotland ; m. in 1838 to Don Calderon 
de la Barca, Spanish minister to the U.S., and 
subsequently to Mex. ; pub. " Life in Mexico," 
with a preface by Wm. H. Prescott the his- 
torian, in 1843. 

CaldiCOtt, Thomas Ford, D.D., Baptist 
clergyman and author, b. Buckby, Eng., 1803; 
d. Toronto, Canada, July 9, 1869. He emi- 
grated to Canada in 1824 ; removed to Hamil- 
ton, N.Y''., in 1831, and preached successively 
there, at Lockport, at Boston, and at Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 26 years, writing much for the periodical 
press during the time. From 1860 till his 
death, he was pastor of the Bond-st. Church, 
Toronto. A thorough scholar, an able writer, 
and an eloquent preacher. 

Caldwell, Charles, M.D., physician and 
author, b. Caswell Co., N.C., May 14, 1772; 
d. Louisville, Ky., July 9, 1853. The son of 
an Irish oiBccr. He first taught school in N.C. ; 
went to Phila. in 1792 ; studied and practised 
medicine there ; and, during the yellow-fever 
of 1793, particularly disting. himself. He was 
surgeon of a brigade during the " Whiskey 
Insurrection." In 1810, he filled the chair of 
natural history in the U. of Pa. ; was prof, of 
materia medica in Transyl. U. in 1818-37; 
and in 1837-10 in the Louisville Med. School. 
He translated Blumenbach's " Elements of 
Physiology" in 1795; pub. " Malaria," Svo, 



154 



iMif-nU' 



N.Y., 1831 ; " Unity of the Human Race," 
8vo, 1830; editeil the PorfJhVio in 1814; 
edited " Cullen's Practice of Physic " in 1816, 
and in 1819 pub. his "Life of Gen. Greene." 
In 1855, his Autobiography appeared. He pub. 
" Memoirs of Horace Holley," 1828 ; and " The 
Royal Foundlings," a Persian tale; "Medical 
and Phys. Memoirs," &c., 1801; "Medical 
Theses," &c., 1805 ; and wrote over 200 pieces 
in various departments of literature and science. 
He wrote much upon phrenology. A bio- 
graphical sketch was read by Dr. B. H. Coates 
before the Amer. Phil. Soc. 

Caldwell, Charles Henbt Beomedge, 
capt. U.S.N., b. Hingham, Ms., June 11, 1823. 
Midshipra. Feb. 27, 1838 ; lieut. Sept. 4, 1852 ; 
com. July 16, 1862; capt. Dec. 12, 1867. 
With a detachment from " The Vandalia," he 
defeated a tribe of cannibals at Wega, one of 
the Fejee Islands, and burned their town, Oct. 
11, 1858; com. steamer "Itasca," West Gulf 
block, squad, at the battle of New Orleans ; at 
Grand Gulf, Mpi. River, June 10, 1862 ; com. 
ironclad "Essex," Mpi. squadron, 1862-3; 
Port Hudson, from March to July, 1863, in 
com. of " Essex," and mortar flotilla; com. 
steamer " Glauc-us," N. A. B. squad., 1863-4; 
steamer "R. R. Cuyler," N. A. B. squad., 
1864-5, and present at surrender of Wilming- 
ton. — Hamerslu. 

Caldwell, David, D.D. (U. of N.C. 
1810), b. Lancaster Co., Pa., Mar. 22, 1725; 
d. Aug. 25, 1824. N.J.Coll. 1761. He was a 
house-carpenter until his 25th year; was li- 
censed to preach in 1763; ord. July 6, 1765, 
and installed pastor of Buffalo and Alamance, 
jilaiiuiLir N.C. He also opened a classical 
school, which he continued nearly 50 years, and 
became a skilful and successful physician. 
Member of the convention which met at Hali- 
fax, Nov. 12, 1776, and of the convention to 
ratify the Federal Constitution. He retired 
from the ministry in 1820. — See Life, bi/ E. 
W. CaruAers, D.D., 1842. 

Caldwell, Howard H., poet, b. New- 
bury, S.C, Sept. 20, 1831. S.C. Coll. 1851. 
Adm. to the bar, 1855; has since practised at 
Columbia. In 1853, he pub. "Oliatta and 
other poems." He has contrib. frequently to 
the periodicals of the South; and a new vol. of 
his poems was pub. 1858. 

Caldwell, James, Presb. minister and 
Revol. patriot, b. of Scotch parents, Charlotte 
Co., Va., Apr. 1734; d. Elizabethtown Point, 
N.J., 24 Nov. 1781. N.J. Coll. 1759. Ord. 
over the 1st Church at Elizabethtown, Mar. 
1762. Eloquent and energetic in arousing a 
Revol. spirit in the people, he served in the 
war as chaplain, and afterward as commissary 
to the N.J. troops ; was the special object of 
the hatred of the loyalists, and was obliged to 
remove his family to Connecticut Farms for 
safety. During the frequent incursions of the 
enemy, the bell of his church always sounded 
the alarm, and raised the country. His church 
was burned ; his wife, Hannah Ogden, whom he 
had m. in 1763, was deliberately shot at and 
killed, 6 June, 1780, then her house fired and 
burnt down ; and he himself was shot by a sen- 
tinel who had been bribed to do the deed. A 
marble monumental Burlington was dedicated 



to their memory on the 64th anniversary of his 
death. His son, Johx E. of N.Y., was taken 
to France, and educated by Lafayette. He was 
a disting. philanthropist, edited the Christian 
Herald, and founded the Bible Society. — 
Spraqtie. 

Caildwell, Gen. John, lieut.-gov. of Ky., 
1804 ; b. Prince Edw. Co., Va. D. Frank- 
fort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1804. He went to Ky. in 
1781 ; served in the conflicts with the Indians ; 
became a maj.-gcn of militia ; member of the 
State conventions of 1787-8, and of the State 
senate, 1792-3. 

Caldwell, Joseph, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1816), b. Leamington, N.J., April 21, 1773 ; d. 
Chapel Hill, N.C, Jan. 24, 1835. N.J. Coll. 
1791. At school, he displayed a taste for math- 
ematics, and that diligence and energy which 
characterized his subsequent career. He stu- 
died for the ministry, taught school, and in 
1796 was chosen presiding prof, of the infant 
U. of N.C, also performing the duties of math- 
ematical prof Licensed to preach 22 Sept. 
1796. In 1804, a presidency was created, to 
which he was chosen, and which he held until 
the period of his death. Upon his election to 
the presidency, he vacated the mathematical 
chair for that of moral philosophy. In 1824, 
he visited Europe in order to direct in person 
the construction of a philosophical apparatus, 
and to select books for the library. To him 
N.C. is indebted for various internal improve- 
ments of his suggesting, as well as to his ser- 
vices in the cause of education. He pub. in 
1822 a treatise on geometry, and " Letters of 
Carlton," 1825. — Sprague. 

Caldwell, Samuel, gen., maj. of Ky. 
" levies of 1791 ; " disting. in Wilkinson's e.x- 
ped. against the Indians on the Wabash in 
Aug. 1791 ; lieut.-col. com. Ky. Vols. 1812, 
and in Clay's brigade under Gen. Harrison in 
1813; brig. Ky. Vols. Aug. 1813, and com. a 
brigade in battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813. 
— Gardner, 

Calef (or Calfe), Robert, merchant of 
Boston, famous for his opposition to the witch- 
craft persecution of. 1692 ; d. ab. 1723. 2d 
son of Robert of Roxbury, who d. Apr. 13, 
1719. Such was the prevalence of the belief 
which he so powerfully attacked, that, un- 
ai)le to pub. his defence in Boston, it was print- 
ed in London in 1700. Its title, " More Won- 
ders of the Invisible World," was suggested 
by Cotton Mather's " Wonders of the Invisi- 
ble World ; " and its plain facts and common- 
sense arguments contrib., notwithstanding the 
learned and powerful were its opponents, most 
essentially to a change of public opinion. Dr. 
Increase Mather, prcs. of H. C, ordered the 
wicked book to be burnt in the coll. yard. The 
members of the Old North Church pub. a de- 
fence of their pastoi-s, the Mathers, entitled' 
"Remarks upon a Scandalous Book," &c., 
with the motto, " Truth will come off Conquer- 
or." The complete triumph of Calef turned 
the satire upon them ; judges and jurors con- 
fessed their errors ; and the people were aston- 
ished, and ashamed of their own follies. Jus- 
tice was, however, withheld from him in his 
day ; and traces of his unpopularity are discov- 
erable in several proceedings of the town. A 



155 



C-AJL 



new edition of his work was printed at Salem 
in 1796. 

Calhoun, John Caldwell, LL.D., states- 
man, b. Abbeville District, S.C.,18 Mar. 1782; 
d. Washington, D.C., 31 Mar. 1850. Y. C. 
1804, with the first honors. Patrick, his fa- 
ther, a native of Ireland, com. a company for 
frontier defence, and was for 30 years, and 
until his d. in 1796, a member of the legisl. 
His mother, Martha Caldwell, was of Scotch- 
Irish descent. From his boyhood, he was 
grave, thoughtful, ardent, and persevering. 
He studied law at Litchfield, began practice in 
his native district in 1807, took high rank in 
his profession, and, with a lucrative practice, 
entered early upon the political arena. He 
was in the State legisl. in 1808-10; M.C. 
1811-17, and influential in procuring the dec- 
laration of war with England in 1812 ; sec. of 
war in Monroe's cabinet, 16 Dee. 1817-Mar. 
1825 ; vice-pres. of the U.S.,' 182.5-31 ; U.S. 
senator, 1831 and 1845-50; sec.of State 1844- 
5. As presiding ofl^cer of the senate, he was 
punctual, methodical, and accurate. The pe- 
culiar doctrine of this eminent man, which he 
honestly entertained and earnestly advocated, 
was, that the Constitution was a mere treaty, 
from the conditions of which any State might 
separate herself if desirable to the inhabitants, — 
the doctrine of " State Rights," as it is called. 
Calhoun's influence in his own State was so 
great, that his ultra views of the tariff, nullifi- 
cation, and slavery, controlled the opinions of 
the majority of his constituents. His collected 
writings and speeches, edited bvR. K. Cralle, 
■with a biography, were pub. in 6 vols., 8vo. 
His son, Maj. Patrick, U.S.A., d. Pendleton, 
S.C., 1 June, 1858, a. 37. Another son, Col. 
William Lowndes, a planter, d. Abbeville 
Dist., 19 Sept. 1858, a. 28. 

Calhoun, John Ewing, lawyer and sen- 
ator, b. 1749; d. Pendleton District, S.C., 
Nov. 26, 1802. N.J. Coll. 1774. While very 
young, he lost his father, but was taken by his 
Uncle Patrick, who provided him with an ex- 
cellent education. He studied law, became 
disting. in the profession, was many years in 
the legisl. of S.C, and w.is a US. senator in 
1801-2. He was on the committee to report a 
modification of the judiciary system of the 
U.S., and was an eloquent and independent 
man. 

Calhoun, WilCiam Barron, LL.D. 
(Amh. Coll. 1858), b. Boston, Dec. 29, 1795 ; 
d. Springfield, Ms., Nov. 8, 1865. Y. C. 1814. 
He studied law with George Bliss of Spring- 
field, and for 40 vears was prominent there. 
Member of the Ms. legisl. 1825-35; speaker, 
1834-5 ; M. C. 1835-43 ; pres. of the State 
senate, 1846-7 ; sec. of State of Ms. 1848-51 ; 
mayorof Springfield, 1859 ; and ag.iin member 
of Ms. legisl. 1861. Many years a con trib. to tbo 
SprinfifieUl Republican. John, his brother, who 
while surv.-gen. of Kansas, gained an unenvia- 
ble reputation in the attempt to force the Le- 
compton Constitution upon the people, d. Oct. 
19, 1859. 

Call, Daniel D., an eminent lawyer; d. 
Richmond, Va., May 20, 1840, a. ab. 75' Bro.- 
in-law of Judge Marshall. He pub. 6 vols, of 
"Reports of the Va. Court of Appeals," 



1790-1818, 2d ed., 1824-33, edited by Joseph 
Tate. 

Call, Maj. Richard of Va. Revol. offi 
cer; fought at Charleston, S.C, May 6, 1780; 
com. rifle corps in action with Col. Simcoe at 
" Spencer's Ordinary," Va., June 25, 1781, and 
served under Lafayette; made surv.-gen. of 
Ga, Jan. 1784. 

Call, Richard K., gen., b. Ky. ; d. Talla- 
hassee, Sept. 1862. App. from Kv. lieut. 44th 
Inf, July 15, 1814; brev. capt. Nov. 7, 1814; 
vol. aide to Gen. Jackson, .^pril, 1818, and 
acting insp.-gen. to the armrin tho field. May, 
1818; capt. July, 1818; iv-i'-n.l .May 1, 1822. 
Member legisl. counril <>i' I'la., .Vpr. 1822; 
brig.-gen. W. Fla. militia, ,Jaii. \x-2-:, ; .k-legate 
in Congress, 1823-5 ; receiver laud office, W. 
Fla. March, 1325 ; gov. of Fla. and com. of 
the army against the Seminoles, Dec. 6, 1835, to 
Dec. 6, 1836; com. in 2d and 3d battles of 
Wahoo Swamp, Nov. 18 and 21, 1836; U.S. 
gov. Fla. Terr., 1 836-Mar. 1 844 ; raaj.-gen. Fla. 
militia. July 1 to Dec, 8, 1846.— Gardner. 

Calleja (kiil-la'-ha), Don Felix del 
Ret, Count de Calderon, a Spanish gen., 
b. 1750 ; d. ab. 1821. After having been treas. 
of the council of the Indies in Auier., he com. 
in 1810 at San Luis Potosi, Mexico, when he 
was ordered to pursue the insurgent Hidalgo, 
who was advancing on the capital with a large 
native force. Easily defeating him, he carried 
Guanaxoato by assault, and Jan. 12, 1812, de- 
feated and mortally wounded him at Guadalax- 
ara. He gained other advantages, but through 
his cruelty caused the insurrection to become 
much more formidable; and, under Morelos, 
the success was balanced between the two par- 
ties. Calleja was made viceroy, 4 Mar. 1813; 
ordered Morelos, who had been made prisoner, 
to be shot, 22 Dec. 1815; was succeeded in 
his viceroyship in 181 7, and, returning to Spain, 
was made a count. In 1819, he was given the 
com. of troops destined to act against the in- 
dependents of Paraguay, but was taken pris- 
oner by Ricgo, and confined in the Isle of Leon, 
dying soon after recovering his liberty. 

Callender, James Thompson, political 
writer, b. Scotland ; d. Richmond, Va., July, 
1803. He was exiled for pub. his "Political 
Progress of Britain," Edinb., 1792. Came to 
Phila., where he pub. the " Political Register," 
3 Nov. 1794 to 3 Mar. 1795, 8vo ; " Araer. 
Annual Register for 1796," 8vo, 1797. He was 
atone time tho friend of Jeflijrson, but became 
his enemy and calumniator. The Richmond 
Recorder, which he edited some years, was 
noted for its virulent assaults upon the admin- 
istrations of Washington and John Adams. 
He was drovifned while bathing' in the James 
River. Author, also, of " The Prospect before 
us," and " Sketches of Amer. Hist.," 1798. 

Callender, John, Baptist minister of 
Newport, R,I., b. Boston; d. Jan. 26, 1748, a. 
41. H.U. 1723. He was a nephew of the Rev. 
Elisha, a Baptist minister of Boston ; was li- 
censed to preach in 1727 ; was pastor of the 
Baptist Church in Swanscy, Ms., from Aug. 
1728 to Feb. 1730, and Oct. 13, 1731 was ord. 
minister of the second Baptist church in Amer., 
formed in 1644. His centenni.il discourse in 
1738 is very valuable, and contains much of the 



CAJL. 



156 



CAJL. 



earlv history of R. I., espueially in ecclesiasti- 
cal aff.iii's :" this was reprinted in 1838, in the 
Colls. R. I. Hist. Soc, with notes by Dr. El- 
ton. He also pub. sermons on the death of 
Rev. Mr. Clapp, 1 745, and Rev. Mr. Condy, 
1739. His collections relating to the history 
of the Baptists in this country were used by 
Mr. Backus. 

Callieres (deh-kii'-lcair'). Chevalier 
Louis Hkcior, de, b. Torigny, France ; d. 
Morttreal, Ca., May 26, 1703. He' was a gallant 
military officer, and came to Canada as a mem- 
ber. if 'tli- Muiiir, il coinpiiny. App. gov. of 

Mi.i '.. ' :■! \''.-l \ir riirloscd the tOWU With 

]«;!.' 1: 1 •.•', Ii.' wriit to France to sug- 

frc.r:,|H .|.i h.rin.c..ii,|urstofN.Y.,inwhich, 
but lor Its taihuc, he would have had the chief 
com. Gov. of Canada from the death of 
Frontenac, in 1698, until his own death: his 
ability and valor made liiiu popular in the 
Colony. IL' 1m<I -rur.il lh■,:,,n:l:^lll^ ulili ilir 
Indians, bm ■!; i ■ ; '• ■ I'l' : ■■ -i' '■' : i' "i--, 
and was sir - ■ ; , \ , - , II ... I ,r.- 

ored to unii.' ,i.l ili.' Iipii.mi h ,'--■ r.i a i--i-iii,i- 
nent peace, and .to attach them to tlio French 

Calmes, Gun. Marqcis, Revol. officer; 
d. Woodlord Co., Ky., Feb. 27, 1834, a. 79. 
He was a capt. in the Revol., and was disting. 
at the battle of Monmouth. Made brig.-gen. 
Ky. Vols., Aug. 31, 1813. He served under 
Harrison, and com. a brigade at tlie battle of 
the Thames. 

Calvert, Benedict, gov. of Md., 1727-32 ; 
d. June I, 1732, on his passage toEng. Ed- 
ward Henry, bro. of Benedict, and pres. of 
the council, d. Annapolis, Apr. 24, 1730. a. 28. 
His wife was dau. of the Earl of Litchfield, 
and sister of the wife of Edward Young the 
poet. Frederick, Baron Baltimore, and last 
proprietor of Md., succeeded Charles, Lord B., 
in 17.il ; d. Naples, Sept. 30, 1771, leaving his 
property in Md. to his son Hemv Harford. 
He pub. a " Tour in the East," &c." 1767. 

Calvert, Sir George, the first baron of 
Baltimore. Founder of the province of Mary- 
land, b. Kipling, in Yorkshire, in 1582; d. 
London, Apr. 15, 1632. He was descended 
from a Flemish family. Grad. at Oxford in 
1597, and, after travelling abroad, entered the 
service of Robert Cecil, afterwards Earl of Salis- 
bury. He was knighted by James I. in 1617, 
and made clerk of the privy council, and, in 
1619, one of the sees, of State. This post he 
resigned in 1624 in consequence of having be- 
come a Roman Catholic. Notwithstanding 
this, he retained the confidence of the king, 
who in 1625 raised him to the Irish peerage of 
Baltimore. He had previously obtained a 
grant of land in the Island of Newfoundland, 
which he naujcd Avalon, where he was pre- 
vented from making a settlement by the inva- 
sions of the French. Still desirous of forming 
a settlement in Amer., whither he might retire 
with his family and friends of the same reli- 
gions principles, he in 1029 visited Va., whose 
fertility and attractions hud been highly laud- 
ed. Meeting with an unwelcome reception on 
account of his religion, he turned his attention 
to the territory north of the Potomac, and, on 
his return to Eng., obtained a grant of it from 



Charles I. ; but, dying before the patent was 
completed, it was again drawn in the name 
of his eldest son Cecil, who succeeded to his 
honors, and it passed the seals, .June 20, 1632. 



Tl.i- 



t..,-. Lunl Jial. „„..,,. «n,te M„ue political 
tracts ; and Ins speeelics i„ puriiameiit, and let- 
ters of State have also been pub. — See Life of 
Calved, hy S. F. Sireeter. 

Calvert, George Henry, author, b. Bal- 
timore, Md., Jan. 2, 1803. H. U. 1823. His 
father was of the family of the founder of Md. ; 
and his mother, a lineal descendant of the 
l.aii.tcr Rubens, was a luUive of Antwerp. Af- 



ert liarclav; iii I ■ ;.,, a in-tieal vrr.um ot 
Schiller's •' Uoii V'.ulo ; " in ls4ii, a tra-ment 
on " Arnold and An. lie," ■_' eantws uf •' Cabi- 
ro "a poem, and " C'uuiit .Iiilian." a ii a^edv ; in 
1845,aportionof thecovrevp.aal a., ,a i:,„tlie 
and Schiller, and, in 18415 an i , ^..f 

" Scenes and Thoughts in i; : I-Mj, 

"An Introduction to Soeial Sa a. a; rhe 

Gentlemen," 1S63 ; two additie.nal eantus of 
"Cabiro" in 1864; a new edition of his 
" Scenes and Thnu-hts in Euruiie," !8G5 ; and 
" Comedies," Boston, 12mo, IS.JH ; " Thoughts 
of Joseph Joubert, with a Biog. Notice." 
Since 1843, he has resided at Newport, R.I., 
of which city he was mayor in 1853, and was 
the orator at the celebration of the 40tli anni- 
versary of the battle of Lila- iai I la has 
conmb.to the N.A. Revii '^ . I ' '.' a/y, 

and other literary periodir I : - '' 

Calvert, Leonard, Ih 1 : ; d. 

June 9, 1647,_a. 41. Ili^ I ]to 

prietor, sdnt him to Amer. a ij : at of 

the colony in 1633. Alar a his 

company of 200 at Point ('oiaaiia. \ a.. l"eb. 
24, 1634, he sailed up Chesapeake Bay, Mar. 3, 
entered the Potomac a distance of 1 2 leagues, 
and anchored at an island which he named St. 
Clement's, of which he took formal jiossession. 
Having convincei I ih' laiii.a, i!, i la, a -iuns 
werepeacefid, he tii:. ■ i . i i , any, 

giving to the tow a a , --• j ,, and 

to the creek on •i\lia li li >■, i^ -i:aaa I il, ■ aanie 
of St. George. The liberal policy of security 
of property and toleration, upon which its col- 
onization was based, made a Roman-Catholic 
colony an asylum for those who were driven 
from N. E. by the persecutions there carried on 
among Protestants. He experienced much 
trouble from a settler of Kent Island, Wm. 
Clayborne,.who denied his jurisdiction, and took 
up arms against him, but wlio was ultimately 
driven out of the province. Cahcrt superin- 
tended the affiiirs of the colony until the civil 
war in Eng., when the name of a papist became 
so obnoxious, that the parliament assumed the 
govt, of the province, .and app. a new gov. At 
the restoration, Cecil Calvert recovered his right. 



157 



Cambreling, Churchii-l C, merchant 
and M.C., b. Washington, N.C., 1786; d. West 
Neck, L.I., Apr. 30, 1862. He received an 
academical education at Newbera, removed in 



1802 to N.^ . ("i 

sided, aii'l '■■!■::■ 
tile pur-r, 
extensive 1, 
N.Y. from ib-1 
com. of conimcrc 



e he subsequently re- 
I I- ;in early day in mercan- 
' -hicob Astor, travelled 

1 HewasM.C. from 
lu li :j, and chairman of the 
e, of ways and means, and of 
foreign affairs. Of his numerous reports and 
political pamphlets, that on commerce and navi- 
gation passed through several editions, and was 
repub. m London. Wliile travelling in Europe 
in 1839, he was app. minister to Russia. Mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv. in 1846. — Lan- 

Cameron, Sir Alan, a British gen. ; d. 
Fulhara, Eng., Mar. 9, 1828. He was con- 
cerned with ConnoUv in 1775 in the plan of 
arousing and combining the Indian tribes 
against the Colonists; was taken prisoner near 
Hagorstown, Md., and remained for nearly 2 
years in the common jail at Phila. In attempt- 
mg to escape from this confinement. Sir Alan 
had both his ankles shattered and broken; 
and he never perfectly recovered from the pain- 
ful effects of those "injuries. He was subse- 
quently placed upon half-pay as a prov. officer ; 
but in 1793 he raised the 79th, or Cameron 
Highlanders, at his own expense. With this 
regt. as major, and then col. comg., he served in 
the Netherlands and in the West Indies, and 
subsequently in the peninsula, where he disting. 
himself pai-ticularly at Talavera and Busaco. 
Sir Alan was app. maj.-geu. July 25, 1810; 
after the peace, K.C.B.'; and, on the 12th of 
Aug. 1819, lieut.-gen. 

Cameron, Simon, statesman, b. Lancaster 
Co., Pa., 1799. Left an orphan at 9, he learned 
the ti-ado of a printer ; worked at Harrisburg 
and at Washington, D.C., employing his leisure 
in study. In 1820, he became editor of a news- 
paper at Doylestown, Pa.; in 1822 settled in 
Harrisburg, editing a journal advocating Gen. 
Jackson's election to the Presidency, and in 
1832 was pres. of the Middletown bank of Pa. 
He became pres. of two railroad companies, 
and adj.-gen. of the State. U.S. senator in 
1845-9 and 1857-61. In that body, he voted 
for Mr. Douglas's proposition to extend the 
Mo. Compromise line to the Pacific. After the 
repeal of the Mo. Compromise in 1854, and 
the attempt to force slavery upon the people of 
Kansas, he connected himself mth the " People's 
Party" in Pa., and in 1856 voted for Frumont. 
Mr. Lincoln made him, 4 'M ir 1 ^ "1 , ~ ■•■ "'' \v:\r, 
which post he filled until .I;i!: I i I ■ ■ ' n he 
resigned, and was app. mii:i ; ■ • i l ' ! : , Init 
he soon returned to the I'.s , mn , ii:u Nnv. 8, 
1862. Belcs-ato to the Bait, convention, 1R64, 
the Phila. convention of 1866, and was again a 
U.S. senator for the term ending in 1873. Suc- 
ceeded Mr. Svimner as chairman of the com. 
on foreign affairs in Fob. 1871. His brother 
Col. James, b. Maytown, Pa., Mar. 1^ 1801 ; 
killed at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 
leading a charge of the 79th N.Y. regt. He 
began life a printer in his bro.'s office, and edited 
the Political Sentinel, 1827. 

Cammerhof, Fredekick, a Moravian 



bishop ; d. Bethlehem, Pa., Apr. 28, 1751 . He 
came to the U.S. in 1746, visited the establish- 
ment at Shomokin on the Susquehanna in 1749, 
and in 1 750 went to Onondaga to labor amongst 
the Iroquois. His was a character of much 
benevolence, and he was greatly beloved. — 
Loshel. 

Campbell, Alex., D.D., founder of the 
sect called " Campbellites," b. Antrim Co., 
Ireland, June, 1786; d. Bethany, Va., 4 Mar. 
1866. Educated at the U. of Glasgow. He 
came to the U.S. in 1800, settled in Washing- 
ton, Pa., and preached at Brush Kun in 1810. 
Originally a Presb., but in 1812 became a Bap- 
tist. With his father Thomas Campbell, he 
founded several congregations, which united 
with the Baptists, but protested against all 
creeds; and in 1827 was excluded from fel- 
lowship with the Baptist churches. In 1833, 
his followers numbered 100,000, mostly in the 
States of Va., Kv., .nnd Tenn. In 1844, he 
Mi \, !iirh he was made 



founded Bethanx 
pres. A hist' t . 
Baptist, and Mi 
in Bethany ( 1 yj 
bates," he pub. 



I I in the Christian 
. edited by him 
Lii-luding his "De- 
He was a man of 



strong intellect, fine scholarship, and great logi- 

Rc^r " ' 

2 vols., Phila., 



cal powers — Sec Memoir, bi/ Rc^rt liiihardson. 



Campbell, Sir Archibald of Invermell, 
a British maj.-gen.; d. Mar. 1791. App. capt. 
42d regt. Oct. 1758; maj. Dec. 1760 ; lieut.- 
col. 71st in 1775, and was, with a portion of his 
corps, made prisoner while entering Boston 
harbor, just after Gen. Howe had departed. 
Made a subject of retaliation for the cruel 
treatment 6f captive American officers, he yet 
displayed gentleness and humanity towards his 
foes, while conducting, aftei-ward, active opera- 
tions in the South, where he proved himself a 
brave and skilful commander. Nov. 27,1778, 
he com. an exped. against Savannah, defeated 
Gen. Robert Howe, and, Dec. 29, captured 
that city. He captured Augusta, Ga., Jan. 29, 
1779; was made col. Dec. 7, 1779 ; M.P. for 
Stirling, 1774-80 and in 1789; gov. of Madras, 
1785-89, and gov. of Jamaica in 1789-91. 

Campbell, Col. Arthur, a Western pio- 
neer, b. Augusta Co., Va., 1742; d. Yellow 
Creek, Knox Co , Ky., 1815. At the age of 
fifteen, he was taken by the Indians and made 
himself master of thnirhinguase. Escaping in 
1759, he scrveil :i .u;! i i Tni exped. to the 
Upper Lakes, ;:: : i 1 .1 by sovt with 



settled at " lli 
River; was app. 



on Holstein 
was col. of a 
s engaged in 



30 years ; and 
ral military ex 
that against the Chcrokees, in Jan. 
whom he made an important trealy. In the 
springof 1776, he was elected to the Va. assem- 
bly, and, as a member of the State Const. Conv., 
took a decided stand against an established 
church. He was for some vears county lieut. 
of Washington Co., Va. After 35 years' resi- 
dence at Holstein, he removed lo Yellow Creek. 
He m. a sister of Gen. Wm. Campbell, and 
was the father of Col. John B. 

Campbell, Charles, historinn, b. Peters- 
burg, Va., 1807. N.J. Coll. 1825. Son off 



158 



CAJ^Z 



John Wilson Campbell, a bookseller of Pe- 
tersb. Author of a Hist, of Va., 1813. Has pub. 
" The Bland Papers," 8vo, 1840 ; " History of 
Virginia," 8vo, 1869; "Memoir of John Daly 
Burke," 1868 ; " Genealogy of the Spotswood 
Family," 1868. Contrib. to the iioullicni Lit. 
Messenger from its commencement. Editor of 
"The Orderly Book " of Gen. Andrew Lewis in 
1776, 4to, 1860. 

Campbell, David, gov. of Va., 1 836-9; d. 
Abingdon, Va., March 19, 1859, a. 80. App. 
major 12th Inf., July 6, 1812 ; lieut.-col. 20th 
Inf., Mar. 12, 1813; resigned Jan. 28, 1814. 

Campbell, Doncan R., D.D., Baptist 
clergyman, b. Scotland, ab.l 797 ; d. Covington, 
Ky., Aug. 11, 1865. Graduate of a Scottish 
university ; soon after came to the U. S ; 

E reached" some years, and after a pastorate at 
ieorgetown, Ky., was pros, of Georgetown 
Coll. from 1849 until his death. 

Campbell, George Wash., statesman, b. 
Tenn., 1768; d. Nashville, Feb. 17, 1848. N.J. 
Coll. 1794. M. C. from 1803 to 1809, during 
the last two years of which period he was chair- 
man of the committee of ways and means ; 
U.S. senator, 1811-14 and 1815-18; sec. of the 
treasury from Feb. 9 to Oct. 6, 1814; envoy- 
extraor. and minister- plenipo. to Russia in 
1818-21 ; and at one time judge of the U. S. 
Dist. Court of Tenn. A commissioner in 1831 
to settle the claims on France. 

Campbell, Hcon F., commodore U. S. N; 
d. Washington, Nov. 11, 1820. App. master- 
corn. July 27, 1799; capt. Oct. 16, 1800. 

Campbell, Jacob, author of " Political 
Essays," b. R.I. 1760; d. 1788. — ^//i'6o;w. 

Campbell, James, jurist, b. Phila., 1813. 
Son of an Irish emigrant, who gave his chil- 
dren a thorough education. His persevering, 
energetic, prompt, and inquiring mind soon gave 
him a high rank among the proverbially acute 
and eloquent members of the Phila. bar ; and 
in 1841-50 he was a judge of the C. C. P.; 
atty.-gen. of the State in 1830-3; U. S. post- 
master-gen. in 1853-7. 

Campbell, Jambs Archibald, judge 
V. S. Supreme Court, 185.3-61, b. Washington, 
Ga., June 24, 1811. U. of Ga. 1826. His 
grandfatherwas an aide-de-camp to Gen. Greene. 
Adm. to the bar in Montgomery, Ala., in 1830, 
and practised with success. He opposed the 
secession of Ala. ; did all in his power to bring 
the war to a close in 1864, and in 1865 re- 
sumed practice in N. Orleans. 

Campbell, John, bookseller, and post- 
master of Boston many years, and until 1718 ; 
pub., 24 Apr. 1704, the Boston News Letter, the 
first permit, newsp. issued in N. Amer ; b. Scot- 
land, 1653; d. Boston, Mar. 1728. Some years 
justice of the peace for Suffolk Co. —Drake's 
Boston, 528, 538. 

Campbell, John, political writer, b. Edin- 
burgh, Mar. 8, 1708; d. Dec. 28, 1775. Agent 
of the British Govt, for Gu. from 1755 to hisd. 
Author of a " Concise Hist, of Span. America," 
1741 ; "Lives of the Eng. Admirals," 1744; 
"New Sugar Islands in the W. Indies," 8vo ; 
" Trade of Great Britain to America," 4to, 
1772; "Political Survey of Great Britain," 
&c. 

Campbell, John, a British gen., b. Stra- 



chur, Scotland; d. early in 1806. He entered 
the array in June, 1745, as lieut. of Loudon's 
Highlanders ; served through the Scotch rebel- 
lion ; made the campaign in Flanders in 1747 ; 
capt. 1 Oct. 1747 ; April 9, 1756, he was app. to 
the 42d Highlanders; was wounded in the at- 
tack on Ticonderoga in 1758; majorof the 17th 
Foot, July 11, 1759; lieut.-col. in the army, 
Feb. 1, 1762, and com. this regt. in the c.xpeds. 
against Martinico and Havana. May 1, 1773, 
he became lieut.-col. of the 37th Foot ; returned 
to Amer. in 1776 with his regt , at the outset 
of the Revol. ; was app. maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1779 ; 
col. of his regt. Nov. 2, 1780; and com. the 
British forces in West Fla., where, after a gal- 
lant defence, he was obliged to surrender Pen- 
sacola to the Spaniards, May 10, 1781 ; lieut.- 
gen. Sept. 28, 1 787 ; gen. in the army, Jan. 26, 
1797. 

Campbell, John B., col., b. Ky. ; d. of 
wounds reed, in the battle of Chippewa, Aug. 
28, 1814. Nephjj^' Col. Campbell of King's 
Mountain TeWo'wh. Was app. lieut.-col. 19th 
Inf., March 12, 1812 ; com. detachment against 
the Mississinewa Indians, Dec. 1812, for which 
he was brev. col. ; col. Uth Inf., Apr. 9, 1814 ; 
disting., and severely wounded in battle of 
Chippewa, July 5, 1814, where he com. the 
right wing of the army under Scott. — Gardner. 

CampbeU, John N., D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1835), Presb. clergyman, b. Phila., Jlarch 4, 
1798; d. Albany, M.arch 27, 1864. He stud- 
ied theology with Rev. Ezra Stiles; was for 
a while at the U. of Pa., and was afterward a 
teacher of languages in Hamp. Sid. Coll. In 
May, 1817, he was licensed to preach by the 
presbytery of Hanover, Va. In 1820, he was 
chaplain to Congress. After preaching in Pe- 
tersburg, Newbern, and elsewhere, he, in 1823, 
became the assist, of Dr. Balch of Georgetown, 
D.C. From 1825 to 1831, he was pastor of 
the N.Y.-ave. Church in Washington, D.C. ; 
and from 1831 to his death, he was pastor of 
the First Presb. Church at Albany. He was 
for more than 20 years one of the regents of 
the N.Y. U. He was an eloquent preacher 
and a vigorous writer. 

Campbell, John Poage, M.D , Presb. 
minister of Chillicothe, 0., b. Aug. Co., Va., 
1767; d. near Chillicothe, 4 Nov. 1814. Hamp. 
Sid. Coll. 1790. Licensed to preach in Maj-, 
1792 ; settled in Ky. in 1795. He ]Hib. " Doc- 
trine of Justification Considered." " Strictures 
on Stone's Letters," 1805; "Vindox,"in an- 
swer to " Stone's Reply," 1806. lie Uft a MS. 
Hist, of the Western country. — Sprm/ne. 

Campbell, John W., jurist, b. Augusta 
Co., Va., 23 Feb. 1782 ; d. Delaware, O , 24 
Sept. 1833. His parents removed to Ky. in 
1791, and afterward to O. He received a com. 
school education; was adm. to the bar in 1808; 
became pros. atty. Adams and Highland Coun- 
ties; member of the legisl. ; M.C. 1817-27, and 
U.S. dist. judge from 1829 to his d. — See 
Biorj. Sketch and Lit. Remains bij his widow, 8vo, 
1838. 

Campbell, Lewis D., Democ. politician, 
b. Franklin, 0., 9 Aug. 1811. He had a lim- 
ited education ; became asst. editor of the Cin- 
cinnati Gazette; studied and practised law; was 
M.C. 1849-57, and chairman of the com. on 



159 



ways and means, 1853-5; app. minister to 
Mexico in Dec. 1865; again M.C. 1871-3. 

Campbell, P., author of " Travels in N. 
Amer. in 1791-2," Edinb., 8vo, 1793. 

Campbell, Col. Richard of Va. ; killed 
at the battle of Eutaw Spring's, S.C, Sept 8, 
1781. Was commissioned capt. Feb. 19, 1776 ; 
was a lieiit.-col. at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 
and at the sie^e of Ninety-six. 

Cam.pljell, Col. Robert, Indian fighter, 
b. Va., 1755; d. near Knoxville, Tenn., Feb. 
1832. He displ.iyed great bravery in many 
conflicts with the Cherokees, and subsequently 
at the battle of King's Mountain. He was 
nearly 40 years a magistrate of Washington 
Co., Va., and in 1825 emigrated to Tenn. 

Campbell, Lord WiLn.iM, gov. of S.C. ; 
1774-5; d. Sept. 5, 1778. Youngest son of 
the 4th Duke of Argyle. Became a capt. in the 
navy, Aug. 20, 1762; M.P. in 1764; gov. of 
Nova Scotia in 1766-73. Entering upon his 
administration in June, 1775, he was active in 
fomenting insurrectionary movements favur- 
able to the crown among the border population 
and the red men. Detected in this practice, ami 
the public military stores having been secured 
by the people, he fled on board a frigate, and in 
the following year was mortally wounded on 
board " The Bristol," during the attack on Fort 
Moultrie. In May, 1763, he m. Sarah, sister of 
Ralph Izard, a leading patriot of the Revol. 

CampbeU, Gen. William, Rcvol. offi- 
cer, b. Augusta, Va., 1745; d. Sept. 1781. He 
received a liberal education. Formed by Nature 
for a soldier, and was at the battle of Point 
Pleasant, 1774 ; was app. a capt. in the first Va. 
regt. in 1775, but resigned in the latter part of 
1776, on account of the breaking-out of an In- 
dian war, which called him home. He was 
then made lieut-col. of Washington Co. mili- 
tia, and in 1778, col. With his regt., he marched 
200 miles to attack Maj. Ferguson, at King's 
Mountain, at which battle he coin. Oct. 7, 
1780; and for his disting. services on this 
occasion, the legisl. presented him with a 
sword, horse, and pistols, and named a county 
after him. His conduct at Guilford drew from 
Greene and Col. Lee flattering letters, and 
from the Va. legisl. the rank of brig.-gen. He 
joined Lafayette to oppose the invasion of 
Cornwallis, and received the com. of the light 
infantry and riflemen, but died, after a short 
but brilliant military career, just before the 
siege of Yorktown. — Va. Hist. Colls. 

Campbell, William B., soldier and pol- 
itician, b. Sumner Co., Tenn., Feb. 1, 1807 ; d. 
Lebanon, Aug. 19, 1867. He studied law; 
practised at Carthage, Tenn. in 1830; was 
elected dist-atty. 4th dist. in 1831, and be- 
came a member of the legisl. in 1835. He was 
a capt. of vols, during the Creek and Fla. 
wars; M.C. in 1837-43; col. 1st Tenn. Vols. 
• in Mexican war; com. a brigade, and was dis- 
ting. in the battle of Cerro Gordo, and at Mon- 
terey; was made judge 4th circuit of Tenn. 
soon after bis return, and was in 1851-3 gov. 
of the State ; chosen judge of the Circuit Court 
in 1857. In 1861, he canvassed his State in 
opposition to the secessionists, and June 30, 
1862, was made brig.-gen. vols., but, on account 
of feeble health, resigned 26 Jan. 1863. 



Campbell, William W., judge, gr.and- 
son of Col. Samuel ; b. Cherry Valley, N.Y., 
June 10, 1806. Un. Coll. 1827. He studied 
law with Judge Kent ; commenced practice in 
N. Y. City in 1831 ; was M. C. in 1845-7 ; 
then spent a year in Europe; app. in 1849 a 
justice of the Superior Court of N. Y. City; 
served seven years, and was subsequently elected 
a judge of the State Supreme Court. Author 
of "Annals of Tryon C'ountv, N'.Y.," 8vo, 
1831 ; new ed., revised, c;iiiiilr,i' " I'.nnl.r War- 
fare," N.Y., 1849, 12mo ; "l.ii;- n,,! Writings 
of De Witt Clinton," 1S4CI. Sv,,; •• Sk.-tches of 
Robin Hood and Capt. ICidd," I2rao, 1853; 
" Life of Mrs. Grant, Missionaiy to Persia," 
12mo, 1840. 

Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg, brig.- 
gen. U. S.A., b. Ky., ab. 1-819.. West Point, 
1839. Served in the Florida War, 1839^2; 
assist, adj.-gen. (rank of capt.) 3 Mar. 1847; 
disting. at Cerro Gordo ; brev. major for Con- 
trrra- and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847; brev. 
li.uf -r.,1. lor gallant conduct at the Belen Gate, 
Si'|,t. I.!, \si7; capt. 2d Inf. June, 1S51 ; major 
loth lilt. .Mar. 3, 1855; col. 19th Inf. May 14, 
1861, and brig.-gen. vols. March 31, 1862. He 
served in the Utah exped. under Gen. A. S. 
Johnston, and in 1859-60 com. Fort Bridger, 
Utah. When the civil war began in 1861, he 
was iuNewMi'M. ... :muI d i-]i1;i v. vI great energy 
and skill in .1. i. , ,: i : 1 1 ory against the 
confederates. 11 - i vwl in the war 

dept. at Waslniijt.n ; ...m i\,<- troops in and 
around N. Y. City at the time of the riots in July, 
1863, and resumed his post in the war dept. m 
Nov. 1863. 7 May, 1864, he was made maj .-gen. 
comg. the district embracing the depts. of the 
Mo., Ark., and the Gulf. He com. the exped. 
which captured Mobile, Apr. 12, 1865, and May 
4, received the surrender of the rebel Taylor and 
his army. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. Mar. 13, 
1865; brig.-gen. U.S.A. July 28, 1866; brev. 
brig.-gen. U.S.A. for battle of Valverde, New 
Mex.; maj.-gen. for Mobile ; Nov. 4, 1868, com- 
5th military district. 

Canfleld, Francesca Anna, poetess, b. 
Phila., 1803 ; d. 1823. Dau. of Dr. F. Pascalis, 
an Ital. physician. She was distinguished for 
her knowledge of languages, and the excellence 
of her verses, many of which are in Griswold's 
Female Poets of America, and in the periodi- 
cals of the day. — AUihone. 

Canfleld, Henry Judson, b. Ct., 1789; 
d. 1856. Y. C. 1806. Author of "Treatise 
on Sheep." Contrib. to Ohio Cultivator, Amer. 
Agriculliirist, &c. — AUihone. 

Cannon, Charles James, poet, dramatist, 
and novelist, b. N.Y., of Irish parentage, Nov. 4, 
1 800 ; d. there Nov. 9, 1 860. Among his numer- 
ous works are " Facts, Feelings, and Fancies," 
" The Poet's Quest," " Mora Carmody," " Fa- 
ther Felix ; poems, dramatic and miscellaneous ; 
dramas, including the " Oiith of Office " and 
" Tighe Lifford." He also compiled a speller 
and a series of readers. — See Bruwnson's Quar- 
terly for Oct. 1857 ; Hist. Mag. v. 30. 

Cannon, James Spencer, D.D., clergy- 
man of the D. R. Church, b. 1776; d. New 
Brunswick, N.J., July 25, 1852. Rutg. CoU. 
1811. He was for 51 years a trustee, and 
from 1826 until his death, prof, of metaphysics 



160 



CA.R 



nology," " Lectures on Pastoral Theology," 
8vo, 1853. 

Cannon, Newton, soldier and statesman, 
b. Guilford Co., N.C., ab. 1781 ; d. Nashville, 
Tenn., Sept. 29, 1841. Member State legisl. 
1811-12, and State Const. Conv. of 1834. Col. 
Tenn. Mounted Rifles, Sept. to Dec. 1813, and 
com. the left in battle of Tallahatchie, Nov. 3, 
1813 ; was M.C. from Tenn. from 1814 to 1817 
and from 1819 to 1823; was app. by Monroe 
one of two commissioners to treat with the 
Chickasaws in 1819 ; and was gov. of Tenn. 
from 183.5 to 1839. 

Cannon, William, gov. of Del., 1864-5, b. 
Bridgeville, Del., 1809 ; d. Phila., Mar. 1, 1865. 
He was some time in the State legisl.; was 
State treasurer, and member of the peace 
congress in 1861. 

Canonicus, a Nan-agansett chief, uncle of 
Miantonomoh, b. ab. 1565; d. June 4, 1647 ; 

was the fii - .. . 

of Roger 

obtained, March 24, 1638, the grant of land 
for his settlement of the future State of R.I. 
In 1622, two years after the Pilgrims landed at 
Plymouth, Canonicus sent as a challenge a 
bundle of arrows tied with a snake-skin. The 
skin was returned filled with powder and ball ; 
but the peace was unbroken. In 1632-5, 
there was a war between the Pequots and Nar- 
ragansetts, about the ownership of land lying 
between Paucatuck River and Wecapaug 
Brook. Canonicus, after losing his son, burned 
his own residence, and all his goods in it. 
Roger Williams calls him " A wise and peace- 
able prince." During his life, the Narragan- 
setts, though engaged in wars with other 
Indians, remained at peace with the whites. 
Many years after his death, however, under the 
famous King Philip, they made war on the 
English, and were exterminated. 

Capers, William, D.D. (Aug. Coll., Ky., 
1839), bishop M. E. Church, b St. Thomas's 
Parish, S.C, Jan. 26, 1790; d. Anderson, S.C, 
Jan. 29, 1855. S.C. Coll. 1808. He became a 
travelling minister in 1808. In 1821, he was 
app. missionary to the Indians in Western Ga., 
and travelled extensively throughout the State. 
He established a mission among the Creek In- 
dians on Flint River in 1822; preached in 
Charleston from 1825 to 1831, and edited the 
Wrsleifnii .lournal In 1828, he was sent to 
Enir. as the representative of his church at 
the British conference. In 1835, he was elect- 
ed prof, of the evidences of Christianity in the 
U. of S.C, and afterwards took charge of the 
Southern Christian Advocate. For several years, 
he was one of the gen. missionary secretaries, 
and in May, 1846, was elected bishop of the 
southern division, wliich, at the gen. conference 
held at N.Y. in 1844, had separated from the 
"northern on the slavery question. He was 
remarkable for urbanity, elegance of style, 



nd the < 



)r uroanity, elegance oi style, 
ical finish and force of his pulpit 



Capron, Elisha S., counsellor at law, 
author of " Hist, of California, from its Dis- 
covery to 1854," b. N.Y., 1806. _ 

CardOZO, Isaac N., journalist and politi- 



cal economist, b. Savannah, Ga., Jnne 17, 
1786 ; drowned in James River, Va., Aug. 26, 
1850. He received a plain English education 
in Charleston. S.C. In 1816, he became edi- 
tor of the Southern Patriot, a free-trade organ 
in Charleston, becoming sole proprietor in 
1823, in which year he was active in establish- 
ing the chamber of commerce. He opposed 
the tariff act of 1828, but did not adopt ex- 
treme nullification views. In 1845, he sold the 
Patriot, and soon after established the Erminrj 
Neu's, another daily, of which he was commer- 
cial editor. He was a contrib. to the Southern 
Quarterli/ Review, and other periodicals, and in 
1826 pub. "Notes on Political Economy. 

Carew, Sir Besjamin Hallowell, 
adm. R.N., b. Boston, 1760; d. Beddington 
Park, Eng., 2 Sept. 1834. Son of Benj. Hal- 
lowell, customs commissioner at Boston. En- 
tering the navy at an early age, he became a 
lieut. in Aug. 1781, capt. 1793, rear-adm. 
1811, and vice-adm. 1819, K.C.B. 1819, K. 
G.C. 1831. He was with Rodnej' in the great 
fight with DeGrasse ; com. a ship of the line 
under Hotham in the action off the Hieres 
Islands ; was a vol. on board " The Victory," 
in the battle of Cape St. Vincent; and, in com. 
of " The Swiftsure," contrib. essentially to the 
great victory of the Nile. He was with Hood 
at the reduction of St. Lucia and Tobago, and 
with Nelson in the W. Indies. He succeeded 
to the estates of the Carews on the death of a 
cousin in 1828. — 5a6/ne. 

Carey, Alice and Phcebe, two sisters, 
poets. Alice was b. Mount Hcalthv, nearCin- 
cin., 0., April, 1820; d. N.Y. City, 12 Feb. 
1871. Walter, her emigrant ancestor, settled 
at Bridgewater, Ms. Her grandfather, a 
Revol. soldier of Ct., settled after the war in 
Hamilton Co , 0. Robert her father, one of 
the first settlers of Cincin., d. 11 Feb. 1866, a. 
80. Alice first became known by a series of 
sketches in the National Era, signed " Patty 
Lee." The sisters pub. jointly in 1850 a vol. 
of poems. She pub. a vol. of prose-sketches, 
" Clovernook," in 1851, a second series in 1853, 
and a third in 1854 ; " Lyra and other Poems," 
1853; "Hagar, a Storv of To-day," 1852; 
" Married, not Mated," 1856 ; a new colleriion 
of poems, 1855; "Pictures of Country Life." 
1859; "Lyrics and Hymns," 1866; "The 
Bishop's Son," 1867; "The Lover's Diary," 
1867 ; and " Snowberries." In 1850, the sisters 
removed to N.Y. City. Phcebe, b. Clover- 
nook, 1825, like her'sister, was a frequent 
contrib. to periodicals, pub. in 1854 a vol. of 
poems and parodies, and recently, "Poems 
of Faith, Hope, and Love." D. 3l"July, 1871. 

Carey, Henhy Charles, political econo- 
mist, son of Matthew, b. Phila., Dec. 15, 
1793; was brought up a book-sellcr, becoming 
a partner in his father's firm in 1814. In 1821, 
he became the leading partner in the firm of 
Carey & Lea, the largest publishing-house in 
the country,-and in 1835 withdrew from busi- 
ness to employ his capital in industrial enter- 
prises. Long a student of political economy, 
and originally a zealous partisan of free trade, 
he eventually became a protectionist. He has 
pub. "Essay on the Rate of Wages," 1835; 
" The Principles of Political Economy," 3 



C^^JR 



161 



(JA.It 



vols., Svo, 1837-40; "The Credit System in 
France, Great Britain, and tlie US.'," 1838 ; 
" The Past, the Present, and the Future," 
1848; "The Harmony of Interests," 1850; 
" The Slave Trade, Domestic, and Foreign ; " 
" Letters on International Copyright," 1863 ; 
" Letters to tlie President on the Foreign and 
Domestic Policy of the Union," 1858; "Prin- 
ciples of Social Science," 3 vols., 8vo, 1858-9 ; 
" A Series of Letters on Polit. Economy," 
addressed to W. C. Bryant, I8G0, and another 
series addressed to Hon. Schuyler Colfax, 1865. 
For several years, he contrib. the leading pa- 
pers in the Ptourjh, the Loom, and the Anvil, 
some of which were afterwards collected in his 
" Harmony of Interests." He has also written 
niucli on other subjects in the newspapers. — 
Dm/rkmcJc. 

Carey, IVIatthew, political writer, pub- 
lisher, and philanthropist, b. Dublin, Ireland, 
28 Jan. 1760; d. Phila., 16 Sept. 1839. Ap- 
prenticed to a printer, he in 1779 wrote a 
pamphlet on the Irish Catholic question, and 
was obliged to witlidraw to France. Return- 
ing in 1780, lie pub. the Freeman's Journal, 
and, 13 Oct. 1783, began the Volanleer's Journal, 
for which he was committed to Newgate prison. 
Restored to liberty, 14 May, 1784, he came to 
Anier., landed in Phila., 15 Nov., and by the 
aidof I.iJ r. ■■!'.,-, i\lio .,iit him S400, established 
the /'- // /, 25 Jan. 1785. In a 

duel «: I ! II ' iM. 21 Jan. 1786, be re- 
ceived a \i>iiiil \\li:.li confined him to his 
house for Hi months. He was subsequently 
connected with the Columbian Marjazme and 
the Ameriean Museum, and engaged extensively 
in bookselling and publishing in connection 
witli his sons. He took an active part in chari- 
table enterprises, and every fortnight dispensed 
food and other necessaries of life to hun- 
dreds of poor widows. In 1793, he founded 
the Hibernian Society. He pub. a " History 
of the Yellow Fever of 1793 ; " " Miscellane- 
ous Trifies," 1796; " Amer. Pocket Atlas," 
1801 ; "Essavson Polit. Economy," 8vo, 1822; 
"Miscell. Essays," 1830; "The Olive 
Branch," an attempt to harmonize the Fed- 
eral and Democ. parties, 1814; " Vindiciffi 
Hibernica," 1819; and " Philosophy of Com- 
mon Sense ; " " The New Olive Branch," 1820 ; 
A zealous champion of the "protective system " 
of American industry, his writings in its favor 
number 59. He also advocated the system of 
internal improvements to which Pa. is so much 
indebted. In 183.3-4, he contrib his Auto- 
biography to the N. E. Maqazine. In 1796-8, 
he had a controversy with Wm. Cohbett, which 
he closed with " The Porcupiniad,aHudibras- 
tie Poem." 1799. 

Carillo (karel'-yo), Bkaulio, dictator of 
Costa Rica, b. Cartago, 1800; assassinated 
1845. Member of the Federal Congress of 
Central Amer., he was afterward elected gov. 
of Costa Rica, and dictator from 1838 to 1842. 
His dictatorship was advantageous to the 
country; for, while he repressed with a strong 
hand all revol. tendencies, he devoted the 
energies of a powerful mind to the promotion 
of the material interests of the State. He 
adjusted its foreign debt, builtroads and bridges, 
and, above all, introduced the culture of coffee. 



now the great staple of the country, and raised 
it from the poorest to the richest State of Central 
Amer. Ho transacted all public affairs with 
the aid of his wife only. 

Carleton, Got (Lokd Dorchester), a 
British gen., b. Strabane, Ireland, 1722 ; d. 10 
Nov. 1808. Entering the Guards at an early 
age, be became in 1748 lieut.-col. 72d regt. ; 
wasaide-de-camp to Cumberland in the German 
campaign of 1757 ; served under Amherst at 
the siege of Louisburg in 1758 ; under Wolfe, 
at Quebec, as quartermaster-gen. in 1759 ; and 
was a brig.-gen., and was wounded at the siege 
of Belleisle. Made a ..I in ili :,M,,y in Feb. 
1762, be served as qu:i I ; ' ll.ivana 

exped., and was wounili i i i .~ful as- 

sault on the Moro Ca-i'. I ir 7 hrliocame 

maj.-jni. iiuilrMl 47ili !■ ; iiii'l _",i .\11g.i774' 

goV.L:.',,. ,,| tin' I'loMnrr < .f ( ^liirl irr. JuOct. 

1775, lir attrniphM m ivtak- 'rirun.l.Toga and 
Crown Point, recently captured by the Amer- 
icans, but was defeated, and himself nariowly 
escaped capture. Reaching Quebec, hee.xerted 
himself succes.sfuUy in putting it in a state of 
defence, and, 31 Dee. 1775, repuUed the assault 
of the Americans, who lost their brave leader, 
Montgomery. Receiving re-enforcements from 
Eng., he drove the Americans from the province, 
and in a naval battle on Lake Champlain, 13 
Oct.' 1776, totally defeated the flotilla under 
Arnold. In 1777, he was superseded by Bur- 
goyne ; in 1778, was made a lieut.-gen., and in 
1781 was app. com.-in-chief in Amer., where 
he had the credit of having done all in his power 
to soften the rigors of war and to conciliate the 
people. He embarked for Eng., 25 Nov. 1783 ; 
was created Baron Dorchester, 21 Aug. 1786, 
and, from 1786 to 1796, was gov. of British 
N. Amer.; his administration being marked by 
mildness and justice. He was succeeded in his 
title and estate by his eldest son Thomas. 

Carleton, Henry, jurist, b. Va., 1785; 
d. Phila , Mar. 28, 186.3. Y.C. 1806. Origi- 
nally named Henry Carleton Coxe. Removing 
to Mpi., he established himself in N. Orleans in 
1814 ; served as a lieut. under Jackson in the 
campaign of that year ; practised law, and, with 
L. Moreau, translated of " Las Siete parlidas," 
a celebrated Spanish code, such portions as 
were in u-^e La. Made atty. of the east, district 
of La. in 1832, he was afterward judge of the 
Supreme Court, resigning in 1839. Ho visited 
Europe several times, and i>ub. in 1857 a vol. 
on " Liberty and Necessity." — Ob. Record, Y. C. 

Carleton, James Henry, brev. niaj -gen. 
U.S.A., b. Me. In Feb. 1839, during the boun- 
dary dispute with Great Britain, he was eapt. 
of a company of Maine riflemen, and. on its set- 
tlement, was made 2d lieut. 1st U.S. Dragoons. 
1st lieut. Mar. 1845, served on Gen. Wool's 
staff in Mexico; made capt. Feb. 1847, and 
brev. raaj. for gallantry at Buena Vista; Sept. 
7, 1861, made maj. 6th caval. Early in 1862, 
he raised the vols, known as the " Column 
from Cal.," and marched with them to the Rio 
Grande. He was made brig.-gen. vols. Apr. 
28, 1862, and ordered to relieve Gen. Canby in 
com. of the dept of N. Mexico ; lieut -col.'4th 
cav. July 31, 1866; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 
for merit, services in the war; col. 2d U.S. cav. 



CJ!lII 



162 



CJ^lH, 



June, 18GS. Author of a "History of the 
Battle of Buena Vista," N.Y., 1848. 

Carleton, Osgood, a teacher of mathe- 
matics and navigation ; <1. Litcliliekl, N.II., in 
J.une, 1816. A resident of Ms., he pub. valunble 
maps of that State and of the district of Mc. 
" The Amcr. Navigator," 1801 ; " The South 
Amer. Pilot," 1804; "A Map of the U.S.," 
1806, and "Practice of Arhraetic," 1810. 

Carleton, Thomas, British gen., bro. of 
Sir Guy; d. Jan. 1817, a. 85. App. ensign 
Wolfe's rcgt., 1755; capt. 1759; brev. ma]., 
1773 ; quartermast.-gen. to the army in Canada 
in Nov. 1775; lieut.-col. 19th, 1776 ; col. Nov. 
20,1782; maj.-gen. 179.3; lieut-gen., 1798; 
gen. 1803. He had seen service in Germany ; 
was wounded in the naval contest with Arnold 
on Lake Champlain in 1776, and was gov. of 
N. Brunswick in \1%3. — Philipart. 

Carlin, Thomas, gov. of 111., 1838-42, and 
a pioneer to that State in 1813, b. Ky., 1791 ; 
d. 4Fc;b. 1852. 

Carlin, William P^ ibrev.-maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Greene Co., 111., Nov. 24, 1829. 
West Point. 1850. Entering the 6th Inf., he 
took part in the Sioux exped. in March, 1855, 
under Gen. Harney, and, in the summer of 
1857, com. a company in the exped. of Col. 
Sumner against the Cheyennes, who were de- 
feated at Solomon's Fork, Ks , Aug. 29, 1857. 
Early in 1858, he joined the Utah exped. under 
Gen. A. S. Johnston; capt. March 2, 1861 ; 
Aug. 15, 1861, he took com. of the 3Sth 111. 
regt., and, Oct. 21, defeated Jeff. Thompson at 
Fredericktown, Mo. He com. the district of 
South-east Mo. till March, 1862, then com. a 
brigade under Gen. Steele in the exped. into 
Ark., and joined Pope's army in season to aid 
in the pursuit of Beauregard from Corinth. He 
disting. himself in the battle of Perry ville, Ky., 
Oct. 8, 1862, and at Knob Gap, near Nolens- 
ville, where he defeated Wharton's rebel cav- 
ali'v. His brigade bore a prominent part in the 
bat'tle of Stone River, Dec. 31, 1862, as is 
si], mi !>v ii~ 'i -csin that memorable conflict. 
II J. -^'en. 29 Nov. 1862 ; was in 

t!: I ; 11 riinpaign, battles of Cliicka- 

m 111- 1 I i. "lit .Miiuntain.and Mission. Ridge, 

Kin;.'L;ol''. lluzzard's Roost, Resacca, Kenesaw 
Mountain, siege and capture of Atlanta ; com. 
1st div. 14th corps in Sherman's march to the 
sea; brev. col. for the battle of Joncsli.no', Oa., 
Sept. 1, 1864; brev. brig.-m r;AI,ii 1 •(-,-., 
for Bentonville, and brev. nil i i lut 

and merit, services in the fill I in i i : U - 
beUlion. Maj. 16thlnf.,8 Frl.. l -^ l UMiilir- 
red to 34th Inf., 21 Sept. 1866. — Viitlnn,. 

Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5ih earl 
of, one of the 3 commissioners sent to Amer. 
in 1778 to treat with the revolfd colonists, b. 
May, 1748; d. Sept. 4, 1825. In the house of 
peers, he first disting. himself by his recom- 
mendation of conciliatory measures toward the 
American Colonies. Lord lieut. of Ireland, 
1780-2. Uncle and guardian of Lord Byron, 
and himself a poet of some merit. 

Carman, Capt., a brave seaman ; lost at 
sea on the coast of Spain in Dec. 1645. In 
Dec. 1642, he sailed from New Haven for the 
Canaries, and, near the Island of Palraa, was 
attacked by a Turkish jiirate-ship of 300 tons, 



with 200 men and 26 cannon ; he having only 
20 men and 7 cannon. The tiller of the Turk 
was disabled ; and she fell oflf, leaving 50 men 
who had boarded Carman's ship. These he 
attacked and killed, or forced overboard. He, 
with others of his men, were wounded ; but he 
lost only one man. — Savage's [VintL ii., 124, 
239. 

Carmiehael, William, diplomatist, b. 
Md. ; d. early in 1795. A man of fortune, of 
a disting. family. He was on his way to Amer. 
in July, 1776, with despatches from Arthur 
Lee, but was detained at Paris by sickness, and 
assisted Mr. Deane, our minister, in his corresp. 
and transaction of business for more than 
a year. He communicated to the king of 
Prussia, at Berlin, intelligence concerning 
Amcr. commerce; assisted the commissioners 
at Paris ; was a delegate to Congress from 
Md. in 1778-80; was sec. of legation during 
Mr. Jay's mission to Spain ; and when the lat- 
ter left Spain, in June, 1782, he remained as 
charge d'affaires, and retained that offieeab. 13 
years. In March, 1792, Wm. Short was joined 
with him in a commission to negotiate a treaty 
with Spain ; but the attempt was unsuccessful. 
His letters are in vol. i.x of Sparks's " Dipl. 
Corresp." 

Carnahan, J-oies, D.D., LL.D., pres. of 

the Coll. of N.J. from 1823 to 1854, b. Cum- 
berland Co., Pa., Nov. 15, 1775; d. Newark, 
N.J., March 2, 1859. N.J. Coll. 1800. At the 
time of his death, he was one of the trustees of 
the Coll., and pres. of the board of trustees of 
Princeton Theol. Sem. D.D. of Ham. Coll. 
1821. 

Carnes, Thomas P., jurist, b. Md. 1762; d. 
Milledgevilie, Ga., May 8, 1822. Removing to 
Ga., where he attained' high rank as a lawyer, 
he became successively solicitor-gen., atty- 
gen., and judge of the Supreme Court. M.'C. 
1793-5. 

Camoclian, John Murray, surgeon, b. 
Savannah, 1817. His father was a native of Scot- 
land, and his mother was descended from Gen. 
Putnam. After graduating in the high school 
and U. of Edinburgh, he returned to the U.S., 
and studied in the office of Dr. Valentine Mott 
of N.y. After taking his degree, he again 
visited Europe, and passed several years in at- 
tendance upon the clinical lectures of Paris, 
London, and Edinburgh. In 1847, he began 
practice in N.Y., where his skilful and original 
operations gained him distinction. In 1851, 
he was app. surgeon-in-chief of the N.Y. State 
Immigrant Hospital. In 1852, he performed the 
operation of amputating the entire lower jaw. 
In 1854, he exsectcd the entire ulna, saving the 
arm, with its functions unimpaired, and subse- 
quently, in another ca.se, successfully removed 
the entire radius. In 1856, he performed the 
startling operation of exsecting, for neuralgia, 
the entire trunk of the 2d branch of the 5th 
pair of nerves. Amputation at the hip-joint he 
h.is fiX'quently performed. In 1851, he became 
prof, of surgery in the N.Y. Med. Coll. He 
has pub. his lectures on partial amputations of 
the foot, lithotomy and lithothrity, and also a 
" Treatise on Congenital Dislocations," 1850 ; 
" Contributions to Operative Surgery," and 
has translated Sedillot's " Treatise on Operative 



C^^JB 



Medicine," and Karl Rokitansky's " Pathologi- 
cal Anatomy." 

Carpenter, Benjamin, b. Rehoboth, 1726; 
d. Unillord, Vt , Mar. 29, 182.3. He was a 
founder of Guilford in 1770, a field-officer of 
the Revol., member of the first Const. Conv. 
of Vt., member of the council, and lieut.-gov. 
in 1778, and one of the council of censors. 

Carpenter, Francis B., portrait-painter, 
b. Homer, N.Y. His portrait of David Lea- 
vitt was exhibited at the Nat. Acad, in 1852. 
Besides portraits of several ex-presidents and 
governors, he has produced "The Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation," the likenesses in which are 
excellent. His book, " Six Months in the 
White House," contains valuable personal me- 
moirs of Abraham Lincoln. — Tuckermun. 

Carpenter, George W., merchant and 
scientist, b. Germantown, Pa., July 31, 1802 ; 
d. there June 7, 1860. He was a highly-suc- 
cessful mercliant ; was treasurer of the Acad, 
of Nat. Sciences from 1823 ; had a choice 
collection of minerals; ranked high as a geolo- 
gist, and was a member of many European 
scientific societies. Author of " Ess.iys on 
Materia Medica," and " Meilieal Chest Dis- 
pensatory," and was a contrib. to the Journal 
of Medical Science. 

Carpenter, Stephen Cullen, author, b. 
Eng. ; d. 1820. Reporter of Hastings's trial. 
Came to Amer. in 1803. In 180.5, he com- 
menced in Charleston, S.C, with Bristed, the 
Monthli/ Register, Magazine, and Review of the 
'U.S. In 1809, he pub. at N.Y. 2 vols of 
"Memoirs of Jefferson," a decidedly anti-Jef- 
fersonian work. In 1810 and 11, he edited at 
Phila. the Mirror of Taste, and Dramutic Cen- 
sor, and in 1815 pub. at Phila. 2 vols, of " Se- 
lect Amer. Speeches, with Prefatory Re- 
marks," being a sequel to Dr. Chapman's " Se- 
lect Speeches." He also wrote "D. Campbell's 
Overland Journey to India," N.Y., 1809-10. — 
Dui)cf:inck. 

Carr, Dabnet, a member of the Va. house 
of burgesses; d. Charlottesville, Va., May 16, 
1773, a. 30. He moved and eloquently supported 
a resolution to app. a committee of corresp. in 
consequence of British encroachments, which 
was adopted Mar. 3, 1773. He m. a sister of 
Jefferson, by whom he is described as a man 
of sound judgment and inflexible purpose, and 
of a powerful eloquence. Dabnet his son, b. 
Apr. 1773, d. Richmond, Va., Jan. 8, 1837. 
Commenced to practise law at Albemarle; was 
chancellor of Winchester dist. from 1811 to 
1824, and judge of the Court of Appeals from 
1824 to 1837. 

Carr, Dabnet S., of Baltimore, several 
years naval officer of that port, and U. S. min- 
ister to Turkev in 1843-9; d. Charlottesville, 
Va., Mar. 24, 1854, a. 51. 

Carr, Eugene A., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Erie Co., N.Y., Mar. 20, 1830. West Point, 
1850. Entering the mounted rifles, he was for 
several years engaged in Indian warfare in 
New Mexico, Texas, and the West. In a skir- 
mish near Diablo Mountain, 10 Oct. 1854, he 
was severely wounded, and for his gallantry 
was promoted to 1st lieut. 1st cavalry. In 
1858, he was in the Utah exped. ; 11 June', 1858, 
he was made capt. 1st cav., and in 1861, he 



was made col. 3d III. vol. cavalry, and fought 
under Lyon at Wilson's Creek. At Pea Ridge, 
he com. a division, and was severely wounded. 
For his gallantry, he was made brig.-gen. vols., 
dating from Mar. 7, and assigned a command 
under Gen. Curtis, in Ark.; July 17, 1862, 
maj. 5th cavalry. He com. a division in the 
battles of Port Gibson, 1 Mav, 1863; Big 
Black, 17 May ; the assaults on Vicksburg, 19 
and 22 May; at the capture of Little Rock, 
Ark., Sept. 10, for which he was brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865; and com. the 3d 
div. of A. J. Smith's corps, and led the assault 
on Spanish Fort, the key of the defences of 
Mobile, which was captured Apr. 3, 1865. 
For this exploit, he was made brev. maj.-gen. 
13 Mar. 1865. 

Carr, Joseph B., brig.-gen. vols., b. Alba- 
ny, N.Y., ab. 1824. Apprenticed to a tobacco- 
nist at Troy, he entered the vol. militia, rose 
to be col., and, in Apr. 1861, became lieut.-col. 
2d NY. Vols. Col. in May, 1861, he was or- 
dered to Newport News. During the cam- 
paign of the Chickahominy, he was attached 
to Gen. Hooker's command, and made brig.- 
gen. Sept. 7, 1862. He com. the 4th div. Han- 
cock's corps in the Va. campaign of 1864, and 
was in the battles of the Wilderness. 

Carr, Sir Robert, British commissioner 
in N.E. ; d. Bristol, Eng., June 1, 1667. He 
was of Ithall, Northumberland Co. He was app. 
commis. by Charles II. in 1664, in conjunc- 
tion with NicoUs, Cartwright, and Maverick. 
Aug. 27, 1664, Nicolls and Carr captured New 
Amsterdam from the Dutch, and called it New 
York in honor of the duke, afterwards James 
II. Carr forced the Swedes and Dutch on 
the Delaware, into a capitulation, Oct. 1, 1664 ; 
returned to Boston in Feb. 1665, and, in con- 
junction with his co-adjutors, assumed the 
principal powers of govt. 

Carrell, George Aloysius, D.D., R. C. 
Bishop of Ky., b. Phila., June 13, 1803 ; d. 
Covington, Ky., Sept. 25, 1868. Completing 
his theol. studies at Mount St. Mary's, Em- 
mettsburg, he was ord. priest in 1829 ; spent 
several years in Phila. and Wilmington, Del.; 
became in 1837 prof in the U. of St. Louis, 
and pastor of the coll. church of St. Xavier; 
was rector of the U. in 1845-8 ; pres. of the 
Purcell Mansion Coll. and St. Xavier Church, 
Cincinnati, in 1849-53; and Nov. 1, 1853, 
was consecrated Bishop of Covington. 

Carrera (kiir-ra'-ra) Jose Miguel, Joan 
Jose, and Louis, three bros., disting. in the 
revolutions of Chili. The first of these, b. St 
Jago, Chili, was a maj. of grenadiers at the 
beginning of the troubles, and defeated the 
Spaniards on many occasions. After the bros. 
had been some time at the head of the revol. 
govt., they were taken prisoners by the Span- 
iards in 1813, and confined at Taloa, but soon 
regained their liberty, and also their power, 
which had been assumed by O'Higgins during 
their confinement. The defeat at Raucagua, 
in Oct. 1814, compelled the Carrerras to quit 
the country. Juan and Luis were again taken 
at Mendoza, and, at the instigation of Gen. San 
Martin, were executed Apr. 8, 1817. Don 
Jose was also captured after a brave resistance, 
and, after a partial trial, executed Sept. 1, 1821. 



CAB 



164 



CA.R 



Carrera, Martinez, ex-pres. of Mexico; 
d. U Apr. 1871. 

Carrera, Rafael, ruler of Gnatimala, b. 
Guatiinala Citv, 1814, of nii.xol Indian and 
r-ii .. In 1829, when 
I a drummer- 
1 at. the head 



negro blood ; d. A pi 
Morazan was pre^ , ' 
boy. In 1837, li ■ i 
of a band of in^mj- 
Feb. 1838, occupied 
with 6,000 Indians, 
their anticipated pill; 
accommodation havi 
was sent in an I'llii 
neighboring disin 
entered the capital 
the triumph of til'' 'li 
party by the def -at ot 
first as gen- 



tbe city of Guatimala, 
ivhom lie restrained from 
i<re and massacre ; but, an 
.1- tak.-ii |,hioo, Carrera 
,il r:uii>,iv to Mcta, a 
\ I ! • '.'.I, he again 
. . I I '.•' hr completed 
iii.i-aii-:,,. Ml State-rights 

(icn. Morazan. Ruling 
he was elected. Mar. 21, 



1847, pres., and Oct. 19, 1851, pres. for life. 
In Feb. 1851, with 1,500 men, he defeated tlie 
combined forces of San Saliailur and Hondu- 
ras. When first elected pres . Ill' il hi not l;ii.:>w 
how to read and write, but afirrwanl, in souie 
measure, repaired the defieicn. ics ol hn educa- 
tion. His govt, was absolute. — Men of the 
Time. 

Carrier, Thomas, of remarkable longevity, 
b. in the west of Eng. ; d. Colchester, Ct.,May 
16, 1735, a. 109. He settled in Andover, Ms., 
and in 166+ m. Martha Allen, who, Aug. 19, 
1692, fell a victim to the witchcraft delusion at 
Salem. He passed the last 20 years of his life 
at Colchester, and, shortly before his death, 
walked 6 miles to see a sick man, and visited 
his neighbors the very day before he died. 
Notwithstanding his age, his head was not 
bald, nor his hair gray. 

Carrigain, Philip, lawyer, b. Concord, 
N.H., Feb. 20, 1772 ; d. there Mar. 16, 1842. 
Dartm. Coll. 1794. His father Philip, b. 
N.Y., 1746, d. Concord, Aug. 1806, was a 
physician and surgeon of eminence in C. The 
son practised law successively at Concord, Ep- 
som, Chichester, and again at Concord ; was 
sec. of State of N. H. 4 years, and also clerk 
of the senate. He surveyed a great part of 
N.H , of which he pnb. an excellent map in 
1816. 

Carrington, Edward, lieut.-col. Revol. 
army, b. Va., Feb. 11, 1749; d. Richmond, 
Va.; Oct. 28, 1810. Commissioned lieut.-col. 
of Harrison's art. regt., Nov. 30, 1776. De- 
tached with a portion of this regt. to the South, 
he was made prisoner at Charleston. Carring- 
ton was afterward employed by Gates and by 
Greene, who made him his quartermaster-gen. 
Aided by capt. Smith of the Md. line, he ex- 
plored the River Dan, and made every prepa- 
ration for Greene to cross it with his army ; 
then joined him near the Yadkin, and was an 
active and efficient ofHecr in the memorable re- 
treat to the Dan. He com. the artillery, 
and did good service at the battle of Hobkirk's 
Hill, Apr. 24, 1781, and also at Yorktown. 
M. C. in 1785-6, and was foreman of the jury 
in Burr's trial for treason. 

Carrington, Col. Paul, statesman of the 
Revol., bro. of Col. Edward, b. Va., Feb 24, 
1733 ; d. at his seat, Charlotte Co., Va., June 
22,1818. Wm. and Mary Coll. Of English de- 
scent, his maternal grandfather and bis father 



had emigrated to Va. by way of Barbadoes, and 
were both engazedin th'eexped. of Cul. Bvrd, in 
1736, to fix theboundarv-line between Va. and 
N.C. He studied law in'the office of Col. Clem- 
ent Read, clerk of the Co. of Lunenburg, ab. 
1748 ; m. bis dan. ; commenced practice at 21, 
and soon rose to eminence. From 1765 to 1775, 
he was a member of the house of burgesses, and 
voted against the Stamp-act resolutions of Pat- 
rick Henry. He was a member of various con- 
ventions in 1775-6, and of the committee which 
reported the Declaration of Rights and the 
State Constitution, lb- tlien to,>k his seat in 
the house of ilcli-ati ., iVom wliieh he passed 
to the bench of ih.' (Inar.il Court in Mav, 
1779, and to the fonrt of .Appeals in 1789, in 
which last he remained until 1811. Member 
of the committee of safety during the whole of 
its existence, and, in the Va. convention, voted 
for the adoption of the Constitution, and was 
a member of the committee to report amend- 
ments. Three of his sons were in the army, — 
George ; Paul, who was at the battle of Guil- 
ford, a graduate of Wm. and Mary Coll., mem- 
ber of the H. of delegates at 22, afterward in 
the Va. senate, and judge of the Superior 
Conn, d. Jan. 8, 1816, a. 52; and Col. Clem- 
ent, who was severely wounded at Eutaw. — 
Gn'rjsbi/. 

Carroll, Charles, last surviving signer 
of the Declaration of Independence, b. Annap- 
olis, Sept. 20, 1737; d. Baltimore, Nov. 14, 
1832. Descended from awealthy Irish Catholic 
family, who came to Md. during the reign of 
William and Mary. He was educated at St. 
Omer's, and at a Jesuit coll. ot Rheims, and 
studied law in France, and at the Temple, Lon- 
don. Returning home in 1764, he soon became 
noted as an able political writer, and advocate 
for liberty. He inherited a vast estate, and was 
considered the richest man in the Colonies. In 

1775, he was a member of the first committee 
of observation established at Annapolis, and a 
delegate to the prov. convention. In Feb. 1 776, 
he was app. a commissioner with Franklin and 
Chase, accomp. by Rev. John Carroll, to visit 
Canada, and induce the Canadians to unite 
with the Colonies. A journal of this mission, 
with a memoir by B. Mayer, was pub. 1845. 
Returning in June, he labored assiduously in 
the convention to authorize the Md. delegates 
in Congress to join in a decl. of indep., which 
was done June 28. He was a delegate to Con- 
gress from July 4, 1776, until 1778, and an effi- 
cient member of the board of war. In the lat- 
ter part of 1776, he was one of the committee 
to draft the constitution of Md.; and in Dec. 

1776, also in 1781,1786, and 1797, was elected 
to the State senate. He was a XJ. S. senator 
in 1789-91 ; and in 1799-1801 was a commis- 
sioner to settle the boundary-line between Va. 
and Md. July 4, 1828, when he had passed the 
patriarclial age of 90, attended by one of the 
most imposing civic processions ever seen in 
the U. S., he laid the corner-stone of the Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad. In natural saga- 
city, in re6nement of taste, and in unaffijcted 
and habitual courtesy, he had few equals. His 
grand-daughter, Miss Caton, afterward Mar- 
chioness of Wellesley, d. Hampton Court Pal- 
ace, Dec. 17, 1853; 



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165 



Carroll, Daniel, cousin of Charles, b. Md.; 
d. Washington, D. C, t«4«, at a great age. 
Delegate to the Old Congress, 1780-4. He 
was a delegate from Md. to the convention 
which framed the U. S. Constitution ; M. C. 
in 1789-91, and was in the latter year app. 
commissioner for surveying the Dist. of Co- 
lumbia. His fiirm formed the site of the pres- 
ent city of Washington. 

Carroll, Daniel Lynn, D.D., Presb. cler- 
gyman, b. Favette Co., Pa., 10 May, 1797 ; d. 
Phila., Nov. 23, 1851. Jeff. Coll. 1823. Li- 
censed to preach, 6 Oct. 1826. D.D. of the U. 
of N. Y. He succeeded Dr. Beecher as the 
minister of Litchfield (1827-9) ; was in 1829- 
35, pastor in Brooklyn ; in 1835-8, prcs. of 
Hamp. Sid. Coll. ; in 1838-44, pastor in Phila.; 
and afterward sec. of the N. Y. Colonization 
Society. He pub. 2 vols, of sermons, 1846-7, 
some addresses, sermons, and tracts. — apratjue. 

Carroll, John, D.D., LL.D., cousin of 
Charles, R. C. bishop of the U. S., b. Upper 
Marlborough, Md., Jan.8, 1735; d. Bait., Dec. 
3, 1815. Educated at St. Orner's, Liege, and 
Bruges; ord. a priest in 1769, and became a 
Jesuit shortly alter. In 1 770, he accomp. Lord 
Stourton on a tour through Europe as private 
tutor, and in 1773, on his return to Bruges, ac- 
cepted a professorship in the coll. After a brief 
residence in Eng., he returned to Md. in 1775, 
and entered upon the duties of a parish priest. 
Apr. 2, 1776, by desire of Congress, he accomp. 
Dr. Franklin, Charles Carroll, and Samuel 
Chase, on a mission to Canada. In 1786, at 
the instance of Dr. Franklin, Mr. Carroll was 
app. vicar-gen., and fi.\ed his abode in Balti- 
more. In 1789, he was named first R. C. bishop 
of the U. S., and went to Eng. in the summer 
of 1790, where he was consecrated, Aug. 15. 
In the same year, he returned to Baltimore, and, 
as the seat of his episcopal see was established 
in that citv, assumed the title of Bishop of Bal- 
timore, in 1791, he founded St. Mary's Coll., 
and, in 1804, obtained a charter for Baltimore 
Coll. Devoid of intolerance, he lived in friend- 
ly communion with persons of other sects. A 
few years before his d., he was raised to the 
archiepiscopacy. 

Carroll, Samuel Sprigg, brev. mnj.gen. 
XT. S. A., b. Washington, D.C. West Point, 
1856. Entering the lOth Inf., he became capt. 
1 Nov. 1861; col. 8th Ohio Vols., 15 Dec. 
1861 ; brig.-gen. vols., 12 May, 1864 ; lieut.-col. 
21st U. S. Inf., 22 Jan. 1867. He served in 
West Va., Dec. 1861, to May, 1862; com. a 
brigade in Shields'sdivi-sion, May-Aug. 1862 ; 
engaged at Port Republic and Cedar Mountain ; 
was wounded at the Rapidan, 14 Aug. 1862; 
com. brigade 3d corps at Fredericksburg; brev. 
maj. 3 May, 1863, for Chancellorsville, and 
lieut.-col. 3 July, 1863, for Gettysburg; com. 
brigade 2d corps, and brev. col. 5 May, 1864, 
for liattle of the Wilderness; wounded, and 
brev. brig.-gen., 13 Mar. 1865, for battle of 
Spottsylvania(9-13 May, 1864); and brev. maj.- 
gen. vols., and also of U. S. A , 13 Mar. -1865, 
for gallant and merit, services during the Re- 
bellion. — Ctillum. 

Carroll, Gen. William, soldier and 
statesman, b. Pittsburg, 1783; d. Nashville, 
Tenn., Mar. 22, 1844. He was en^'aged in the 



hardware business in Pittsburg, whence, in 
1810, he went to Nashville. Tall, well-formed, 
and fond of military life, he attracted the at- 
tention of Jackson, by whom he was made 
capt. and brigaik-in^]!. in his division, Feb. 20, 
1813; col and in~p.-r,i. S, |,t, 1813, to May, 
1814. In 181.3. Iif loimlit a .hitl with Jesse, 
brotherof Col. Thos. 11. lit iit..n- Uisting. him- 
self at Euotochopco; was wihiimI. .1 ill tlu'li.iltle 

of the Horse-shoe Bend oi l,illi| -i River, 

Mar. 27, 1813; maj.-gen. ul I nui. iinlma, Nov. 
13, 1814, to May 13, 1815 ; diMin-. in the de- 
fence of New Orleans, and especially in the 
battle of Jan. 8, 1815. Gov. of fenn. in 
1821-7 and 1829-3,5. 

Carruthers, William A., novelist, b. 
Va., ab. 1800; d. ab. 1850. He was a student 
of Wash. Coll. in 1818; and in the Knicker- 
bocker Mag. for July, 1838, gives an aocountof 
a hazardous ascent of the Natural Bridge, Va. 
He pub. several works in N.Y., ab. 1834, and 
removed to Savannah, Ga., where he practised 
medicine, and wrote for the Magnolia, and other 
Southern magazines. He pub." The Cavaliers 
of Virginia," " The Kentuckians in New York, 
or the Adventures of Three Southerners," 
" The Knights of the Horse Shoe," Wetump- 
ka, Ala., 1845, and "Life of Dr. Caldwell." — 
Dui/rkiiick, 

Carson, Christopher, popularly known 
as " Kit Carson," mountaineer, trapper, and 
guide, h. Madison Co., Kv., Dec. 24, 1809; d. 
Fort Lyon, Col. Terr., May 23, 1868. While 
yet an infant, his family emigrated to Howard 
Co., Mo. He became a skilful hunter. The 
early years of his life were passed as a trapper ; 
and he was lor 8 years hunter to Bent's fort. 
Fremont engaged him as guide in his e.xplora- 
tious. In 1847, Carson was sent to Washing- 
ton, bearer of despatches, and received an app. 
as lieut. U.S. Rifles. In 1853, he drove 6,500 
sheep to Cal., a diflScult undertaking, and, on 
his return to Taos, was app. Indian agent in 
New Mexico. He was subsequently largely 
instrumental in bringing about treaties between 
the U.S. and the Indians. During the late war, 
he rendered great service to the Union, in New 
Mexico, Colorado, and the Indian Territory, 
and was a brev. brig.-gen. At its close, he re- 
sumed his duties as Indian agent. In 1868, he 
visited Washington with a deputation of the 
Red men, and made a tour of several of the 
Northern and Eastern States. Unlike many 
of his profession, he was a man of remarkable 
modesty, and was an excellent judge of the 
Indian character. 

Carter, James Gordon, educationist, b. 
Leominster, Ms.. Sept. 7, 1795 ; d. Chicago, 
July 22, 1849. H. U. 1820. He taughtschool 
at Leominster until 1830. In 1823, hecontrib. 
to the Boston Patriot a series of papers subse- 
quently pub. with the title of " Carter's Essays 
on Popular Education." In 1823, his "Letters 
to the Hon. William Prescott, on the Free 
Schools of N.E., with Remarks on the Princi- 
ples of Instruction " first developed the idea 
of a normal scliool, or seminary for teachers. 
In 1824, he edited the U.S. Review, at Boston. 
In 1830, he assisted in organizing the Amer. 
Institute of Instruction, of which he was long 
au active member and officer. His lectures be- 



fore that body in 1830-31 are valuable contri- 
butions to it's transactions. From 1833 to 
1840, he was a member of the house or senate; 
was chairman of the committee on education, 
and in 1837 drafted the bill establishing the 
board of education. Gov. Everett app. him 
the first member of the board. Author of 
Geography of Ms., of Middlesex and of Wor- 
cester Counties, 1830, and of N. H., 1831. 

Carter, Nathaniel Hazeltine, author, 
b. Concord, N.H., Sept. 17, 1787; d. Mar- 
seilles, France, Jan. 2, 1830. Dart. CoU. 1811. 
He taught school at Salisbury, N.H., and at 
Portland, Me. ; studied law ; and, from 1817 to 
1820, was prof.of languages in Dartm. Coll. In 
1820, he became editor and proprietor of the 
Albany Register, SiherwarA the N.Y. Statesman, 
a paper of Clintonian politics, and in Jan. 1822 
removed to N.Y. City. He made the tour of 
Europe in 1825-7, and, on his return, pub. 
" Letters from Europe," 2 vols., 8vo, 1827. He 
passed the winter of 1 828 in Cuba ; relinquished 
his paper in 1829, and went to France for his 
health, and while on shipboard, believing his 
end near, he wrote the lines entitled " The 
Closing Scene; or. The Burial at Sea." His 
longest poetical piece, entitled " The Pains of 
Imagination," was delivered at Dartm. Coll. 
in 1824. His " Hymn for Christmas" is pre- 
served in " Specimens of American Poetry." 

Carter, Samuel Powhatan, brig-gen. 
vols., b. Elizabethtown, Carter Co., Tenn., 
Aug. 6, 1819. He was educated at N.J. Coll., 
and, in Feb. 1840, became midshipman in the 
navy. From 1851 to 1853, he was assist, in- 
structor of inf. tactics at the naval aoad. In 
1855, he was made lieut. ; was present at the 
capture of Vera Cruz, serving on board " The 
Ohio," and also assisted in the capture of the 
Barrier forts near Canton, China, in 1856, and 
was complimented for gallantry on that occa- 
sion. He was ordered again to the Annapolis 
naval school as assist, instructor of seaman- 
ship, 1858-9. In July, 1S61, he was tempora- 
rily transferred to the war dept., for the special 
duty of organizing troops from East Tenn. 
He was app. col. 2d Tenn. Vols. ; was acting 
brigadier at the battle of Mill Spring, and was 
made brig.-gen. May 1, 1862. In Dec. 1862, 
he com. a cavalry exped. which cut the E.Tenn. 
Eailroad, destroying nearly 100 miles of the 
track, besides inflicting other damage. He 
participated in the capture of Knoxville, and 
com. in E. Tenn. in the fiill of 1863. He com. 
a div. under Gen. Schofieid in the N.C. cam- 
paign of Mar 1865. 

Cartier, Hon. George Etienne, Canadi- 
an lawyer and statesman, descended from 
Jacques, b. St. Antoine, L.C., 6 Sept. 1814. 
St. Sulpice Coll., Montreal. In 1835, he began 



practice 



Montreal ; member of the Canadi- 



parliament, 1848-61 ; prov. sec. Jan.-May, 
1856; atty.-gen. May 24, 1856; leader of the 
French Canadian conservative party; prime- 
minister, Aug. 1858-May, 1862 ; atty.-gen. for 
Lower Canada, Mar. 1864; delegate to Eng. 
on the questions of confederation and theinter- 
colonial railway in 1865, and again in 1866. 
Author of many legislative and judicial re- 
forms. 
Cartier (kar'-teea'), Jacques, a French 



navigator b. St. Malo, Dec. 31, 1494; d. ab. 
1555. The importance of having a colony 
near the Hiheries of Newfoundland induced 
Francis I., after some unsuccessful attempts, to 
send out Cartier In 1534. He sailed from St. 
Malo, Apr. 20, with 2 shipsof 60 tons, and 122 
men. May 10, he saw Bona Vista, on the Is- 
land of Newfoundland ; but, compelled by the 
ice to steer to the south, he entered a harbor at 
the distance of 5 leagues, to which he gave the 
name of St. Catharine. Entering the Straits 
of Belle Isle, he visited the greater part of the 
coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and took 
possession of the country in the name of the 
king. A bay which he discovered, was, on ac- 
count of the'sultry weather experienced in it, 
named by him de Chaleur; and he explored the 
great river afterwards called the St. Lawrence, 
returning home in Sept. A settlement having 
been determined upon, he received a more 
ample commission, was assigned 3 vessels, and 
sailed May 19, 1535. A.scending the St. Law- 
rence, he discovered an Island, which he named 
Bacchus, but which is now called Orleans, in 
the vicinity of Quebec, and continued his 
voyage as far as Hochelaga, an Indian settle- 
ment upon an island which he called Monte 
Ro>/al, now Montreal. He set sail for France 
in the following May, taking with him 10 of 
the natives, and arrived in July. In May, 
1540, as pilot, with the command of 5 ships 
under Roberval, commissioned lieut.-gov. of 
Canada, he sailed on his third expedition, and 
built a fort which he called Charlesbourg, near 
the present site of Quebec. On his way to 
France, in the spring of 1542, he stopped at 
St. John's, Newfoundland, where he met Ro- 
berval, who did not accompany him in his voy- 
age, by whom he was ordered to return to 
Canada; but choosing, rather, to pursue his 
voyau'e to France, he sailed out of the harbor 
privately in the night. After his return from 
his second voyage, he pub. (1545) "Memoirs of 
Canada." The journals of the two first jour- 
neys of Cartier are contained in the 32d vol. 
of Ramusio's Italian Collection(Venice, 1565), 
also in Lescarbot's " Histoire de la Nouvelle 
France ; " a description of his 3d journey is in 
the 3d vol. of Hakluyt's " Principal Naviga- 
tors," &c, 1600. 

Cartwright, Col. George, was one of 
the commissioners to N.E. with NicoUs, Carr, 
and Maverick, in 1664. When, on their arri- 
val at Boston, the commissioners informed 
the General Court that they should next day sit 
and hear a cause against the gov. and company, 
the court pub. " by sound of trumpet " its disap- 
probation of this proceeding, and prohibited 
all persons from abetting It. The commission- 
ers, finding that they had to deal with men of 
this stamp, soon "departed in displeasure. 
Cartwright, on his voyage to Eng. In 1665, 
was taken by the Dutch, and barely escaped 
with his life. 

Cartwright, Capt. George, author of "A 
Journal of Transactions and Events during a 
Residence of nearlv 16 Years in Labrador," 
3 vols., 1792, Newark; b. Marnham, 1739; d. 
1819. In the T-years' war, he served in Germa- 
ny, and attained the rank of capt. 

Cartwright, Major John, political re- 



CJLR 



167 



former, b. Eng., Sept. 28, 1740; d. London, 
Sept. 23, 1824. He had been an officer in the 
British army. In 1774, he attracted notice by 
advocating the freedom of the Colonies, and, in 
1775, pub. a tract, entitled "American Inde- 
pendence the Glory and Interest of Great Bri- 
tain." This publication caused a rupture be- 
tween him and his friend. Lord Howe, whose 
oflFer of a com. under him, a^'ainst the Ameri- 
cans, he had rejected. It advocated a union 
between the Colonies and the mother-country 
under separate legislatures, and placed the 
question on the foundation of natural, inherent 
right. April 2, 1777, he presented to the king 
an address, recommending peace with Amer., 
and proposing the union he had before sug- 
gested iu his letters on Amer. independence. 
In 1780, he joined with Dr. Jebb and Granville 
Sharpe in forming the " Society for Constitu- 
tional Information." His sentiments in favor 
of liberty subjected him to trial, and the pay- 
ment of a fine, June 1, 1821. He pub. several 
political tracts, and, in his "Letters on the 
Slave Trade," favored the making that traffic 
piracy. His Life and Corresp., by his niece, 
Frances D. Cartwright, contains a map of his 
discoveries and explorations in Newfoundland, 
remarks on the aborigines, corresp. with Thos. 
Jefferson, &c. 

Carvajal (kar-vij-hal'), Francis db, a 
Spanish captain, b. ab. 1464; d. 1548. He 
disting. himself at the battle of Pavia, and at 
the sack of Home in 1527; then served in 
Amer., whither avarice had led him, and con- 
tributed to the victory of Chiapas, which Vaca 
de Castro, gov. of Peru, obtained over the 
young Almagro, and, in 1542, became a major- 
gen. Ranging himself on the side of Gonzales 
Pizarro, he became the soul of his party. Made 
prisoner with him in 1548, he was condemned 
to be hung. He was then 84 years old. Car- 
vajal resembled the other conquerors of the New 
World, both in valor and cruelty. More than 
20,000 Indians whom he had enslaved are said 
to have given way under the weight of the labor 
he had heaped upon them. 

Carvallo (kar-val'-yo), MiNnEL, lawyer 
and diplomatist of Chili, b. Santiago, June, 
1808. Finishing his education in the National 
Institute in 1830, he was at once app. chief 
clerk of the congress of plenipotentaries at San- 
tiago, chief clerk of the state dept., represen- 
tative in Congress, and ckiirg€ d'affaires to tlie 
U. S. He m. at Washington, returned home 
in 1835, and became a disting. lawyer. Minis- 
ter to the U. S. in 1846. He has a profound 
knowledge of the law of nations ; is a member 
of the committee to reform the Chilian Code ; 
of the faculty of law and political science of 
the U. of Chili, and of some foreign societies. 
His printed legal opinions and arguments form 
a thick vol. 

Carver, John, first gov. of Plymouth, b. 
Eng. ; d. Plymouth, Ms., April 5, 1621. He 
had a good estate in Eng., which he spent in 
the emigration to Holland and Amer., and was 
a deacon or elder in Mr. Robinson's church. 
He had quitted his country for the sake of re- 
ligion, and had established himself at Leyden, 
when he was sent to effect a treaty with the 
Va. Company concerning territory in N. Amer. 



He obtained a patent in 1619, embarked in 
" The Mayflower," and, after a dangerous voy- 
age, landed at Plymouth, Dec 21, 1620. Pre- 
vious to their landing, on Nov. 21, the colonists 
agreed upon and subscribed a written instru- 
ment, by which they formed themselves into a 
body politic for their better order and preset^ 
vation ; and Carver was unanimously elected 
gov. He managed the affairs of the infant 
colony with prudence ; was a man of great piety, 
integrity, and firmness of mind ; and exhibited 
great address in his intercourse with the Indi- 
ans, but died soon after landing. 

Carver, Jo.vathan, traveller, b. Stillwater, 
Ct., 1732; d. London, Jan. 31, 1780. In the 
French war, he com. with reputation a company 
of provincials in the expod. against Canada. In 
1763, he undertook to explore the vast territory 
gained by Great Britain in N. Amer. He ac- 
cordingly left Boston in 1766, and having 
reached Michilimacinac, the remotest English 
post, applied to Mr. Rogers, the gov., for an 
assortment of goods, as presents for the Indians 
inhabiting the track he intended to pursue. 
Having received a part of the required supply, 
with a promise that the remainder should be 
sent after him at the Falls of St. Anthony, he 
continued his journey ; but, the remainder of 
the goods not reaching him, he was under the 
necessity of returning to Prairie du Chien. 
Hence, in the beginning of 1767, he directed 
his steps northward, with a view of finding a 
communication from the heads of the Missis- 
sippi into Lake Superior. He readied Lake 
Superior, and returned, after continuing some 
months on its northern and eastern borders, 
and exploring the bays and rivers that empty 
themselves into this large body of water. Soon 
after his arrival at Boston, in Oct. 1768, up to 
which time he had travelled near 7,000 miles, 
he set out for Eng., " to communicate the dis- 
coveries he made, and render them beneficial 
to that kingdom." On his arrival, he presented 
a petition to the king, praying for a re-imburse- 
ment of the sums he had expended ; and, after 
undergoing an examination by the board of 
trade, he received permission to publish hia 
papers. His travels were pub. in 1778. The 
profits he derived from it were, however, in- 
sufficient to relieve his necessities ; and, in the 
winter of 1779, he obtained a subsistence by 
acting as clerk in a lottery-office. Having sold 
his name to a historical comijilation, which was 
pub. in 1779, in folio, entitled " The New 
Universal Traveller," containing an accountof 
all the empires, kingdoms, and states in the 
known world, he was abandoned by those 
whose duty it was to support him. In the 
early part of 1780, he was reduced to a state 
of extreme destitution, and was carried off by 
dysentery. The (■ircumstances of his death 
were made known to the public by the benevo- 
lent Dr. Lettsom, who brought out a new edi- 
tion of his travels, for the benefit of his widow 
and children, and made such a representation 
of the author's sufferings, as finally led to the 
institution of the Literary Fund. Besides his 
" Travels," Carver wrote an excellent trea- 
tise on the cultivation of the tobacco-plant. 

Cary, Col. Archibald, patriot and states- 
man, b. Va.,ab. 1730; d. Ampthill, Sept. 1786. 



168 



He early became a member of the H. of bur- 
gesses. In 1764, he served on the committee 
which reported the address to tlie king, lords, 
and commons ; in 1773, he was one of the com- 
mittee of correspondence, and he served with 
distinction in the convention of 1776. As chair- 
man of the committee of the whole, he reported 
the resolutions instructing the Va. delegates in 
Congress to propose independence. Upon the 
organization of the State govt., he was re- 
turned to the senate, where he presided with 
great dignity and efficiency until his death. 
He was descended from Henry, Lord Hunsdon, 
and at the time of his death was heir-apparent 
of the barony. He was a man of smgular 
courage and intrepidity, short in stature, but 
possessed of great personal beauty. 

Gary, Joh.v, colored servant of Washing- 
ton, whom he accomp. in the old French war, 
at Braddock's defeat, and through the lievol. 
war ; b. Westmoreland County, Va., Aug. 
1729; d. at Washington, June 2, 1843, in his 
1 14th year. 

Gary, Lott, a Baptist preacher, originally 
a slave in Va., b. there ab. 1780; d. Monrovia, 
Nov. 10, 1828. In 1807, he joined a Baptist 
church in Richmond, Va., made rapid progress 
in learning, and soon, CKldbiting talents of a 
superior order, became a preacher, and saved a 
sum sufficient to purchase the freedom of him- 
self and family. He accomp. a colony of emi- 
grants to Liberia in 1821, the existence of 
which was mainly preserved by his etforts, in 
appreciation of which, he was in 1825 elected 
the vice-agent. While engaged with others in 
making cartridges for an e.xped. against the 
natives, who had robbed a neighboring fac- 
tory, a candle was overturned, occasioning an 
explosion, which caused the death of Carey 
and seven others. 

Gary, Col. Richard, aide-de-camp to 
Washington in the Revol., b. Charlestown, Ms., 
Jan. 13, 1747 ; d. Dec. 13, 1806. H. U. 1763. 
App. A. D. C, 21 June, 1776. 

Gary, Col. Simeon, b^ Bridgewater, Ms., 
Dec. 6, 1719; d. 1802. Capt. in the French 
war, col. in the Revol., and held many local 
ofiSces. 

Gasa Irujo de (ka-jae-roo-ho), Carlos 
Maria, Martinez, Marquis, a Spanish 
statesman, b. Cartagena, 1765; d. 1824. From 
1795 to 1808, be was minister to the U.S., 
where he m. a dau. of Gov. Thos. McKean. 
Plenipo. at the congress of Aix-la-Ohapelle 
in 1818 ; ambassador to Faris in 1821 ; minis- 
ter of foreign affairs, and pres. of the council, 
1823-4. 

Gasal de (da-ka-sal'), Manuel Ayres, a 
Portuguese geographer, who emigrated to Bra- 
zil in his youth ; made explorations there, resid- 
ing some time in Rio Janeiro, and d. in Lis- 
bon many years after the publication of his 
Historical and Geographical Description of 
Brazil, 1817. 

Gasas (dalaskii-sas), Bartholomew DE 
LAS, a philanthropic Spanish missionary, h. 
Seville, 1474; d. Madrid in 1566. In 1493, 
he, with his father, accomp. Columbus to the 
West Indies. 5 years after, he returned to 
Spain, and entered the ecclesiastical order. He 
again accomp. Columbus in his second, third. 



and fourth voyages ; was ordained on his arrival 
at St. Domingo in 1510, and, on the conquest 
of Cuba, settled there, and disting. himself by 
his humane conduct towards the oppressed na- 
tives, over whom he attained great influence. 
Besides setting at liberty those who had fallen 
to his share in the division, he interested him- 
self so much fur them, that, in 1516, he went to 
Spain to lay a statement of their case before 
King Ferdinand, whose death at that time pre- 
vented any measures for their redress. The 
regent. Cardinal Ximenes, however, app. a com- 
mission, whom Las Casas accomp. with th; title 
of " Protector of the Indians." He next ap- 
plied for a grant of an unoccupied tract in 
order to try his own plan with a new colony. 
Having obtained this, with 200 persons whom 
he had persuaded to accompany him, he landed 
at Porto Rico in 1521, but found an exped. 
advancing to ravage this very tract, and con- 
vey its inhabitaTits to Hispaniola as slaves. 
He endeavored in vain to prevent the threat- 
ened danger, and with a few adherents returned 
to Hispaniola to solicit succor. During his 
absence, the natives attacked the colonists with 
such success, that, in a short time, not a Span- 
iard remained in that part of America. In 
despair at the failure of his project. Las Casas 
retired to the Dominican Convent at St. Do- 
mingo, and assumed the habit of the order. 
While on a mission to Spain in 1542, he com- 
posed his celebrated treatise, "Brevissima Rela- 
cion de la Destruccion des Indes," in which ho 
exposed the cruelties practised by the Span 
iards. His unremitting perseverance at 
length obtained a new code of laws and regu- 
lations, by which the natives were greatly 
relieved. He returned in 1544, at the age of 
70, and for the 8th time, to Amer. as Bishop 
of Chiapa, which office he resigned upon his 
return to Spain in 1551. He met with diffi- 
culties in the administration of his bishopric, 
and, having refused the sacraments to those of 
the colonists who reduced the Indians to sla- 
very, drew upon himself not only the hostility 
of the planters, but also the disapproval of the 
church. The charge that he advised the im- 
portation of negro slaves as a substitute for In- 
dians has been completely refuted by M. Gre- 
goire, says the "Nouvelle Biographie G6\&ah." 
He composed several unpublished works, 
among which is a " General History of the 
Indies," which greatly assisted Hcrrera in his 
history. All his works display profound learn- 
ing, piety, and sound judgment. 

Gase, Augustus Ludlow, commodore 
U.S.N., b. Newburgh, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1812 ; mid- 
shipm. Apr. 1, 1828; lieut. Feb. 25, 1841; 
comm.ander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. Jan. 2, 1863 ; 
commo. Dec. 8, 1867. He served in the Bra- 
zil squad, and in the W.I., 1828-34 ; in the ex- 
ploring exped., 1838-42. During the Mexican 
war, 1846-8, he participated in the capture of 
Vera Cruz, Alvarado, and Tabasco ; after 
taking possession of Laguna, he took with 25 
men, and held for a fortnight, the town of the 
same name on the Palisada River; com. 
steamer " Caledonia," Brazil squadron and 
Paraguay exped., 1859; com. steam-frigate 
"Minnesota," 1861-2; engaged Forts Clark 
and Hatteras, Aug. 28, 29, 1861 ; took part ia 



169 



-8, 18 



/iU/^ 



?/» 



the battle of Roanoke Island, Feb. 
com. Iroquois N.A. blockad. squad. 1863. He 
had charge of the blockade of New Inlet, N.C., 
and was engaged in cutting out the steamer 
" Kate " from under the batteries at New Inlet. 
Lighthouse insp. 1867-69; chief of bureau of 
ordnance, Aug. 10, 1869. 

Casey, Gen. Levi, Revol. officer; M.C. 
180.3-7, b. S.C, 1749; d. Washington, D.C., 
Feb. 1, 1807. He com. a company, with which 
he assisted in the assault on Savannah; was 
disting. at Roclcy Mount, Hanging Rock, 
Musgrovc's, King's Mountain, Fishing Creek, 
Blackstocks, and the Cowpens, where he per- 
formed services of great importance to Mor- 
gan ; and represented the Newbury dist. in the 
State learisl. and in Congress. — Nat. Intell. 
Feb. 6, 1807. 

Casey, Silas, brev. ninj.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
'i^ii-)-.East Greenwich, R.I., July 12, 1807. West 
y/;, Point, 1826. Entering the 2d Inf., he became 
''''^capt. 1 July, 1839, disting. under Worth in Flor- 
ida war in 1837-41 ; brev. major forContreras 
and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; com. and 
severely wounded while leading stormers at 
Chupultepec ; and brev. lieut.-col. July, 1848 ; 
lieut.-col. 9th Inf., March 3, 1855 ; com. and 
disting. in operations against Indians on Puget's 
Sound, W.T., 18.i6 ; col. 4th Inf., Oct. 9, 1861 ; 
brig.-gen. vols.,Aug. 31, 1861, and charged with 
organizing and disciplining the vols, in and 
near the capital. He was afterward assigned 
a division in Gen. Keyes's corps of the Army of 
the Potomac, and, occupying with it the ex- 
treme advance before Richmond, received tlie 
first attack of the enemy at Fair Oaks, May 
31, 1862, for which he was brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A.; raaj.-gen. May 31, 1862; brev.maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, 
.services in the Rebellion. Retired July 8, 
1868. In 1867, he received the thanks of the 
R.I. legisl. for his services in the Rebellion, and 
especially for his bravery, skill, and energy at 
the battle of Fair Oaks. Author of " System 
of Infuntrv Tactics," 2 vols., 1861, and of " In- 
fantrv Tactics for Colored Troops," 1863.— 
Cul/um. 

Casilear, J. W., landscape-painter of 
New York. Engraver and designer for the 
Amer. Bank Note Co. until 1854. He spent 
2 years in Europe in 1840-2, visiting the great 
{jalleries of art. In 1857-8, he sketched in 
Switzerland and Savoy. He excels in lake 
scenes and in Alpine peaks. Among his best 
works are "Lake George," "June," "Swiss 
Lake," " The Four Seasons," and " Chocorua 
Mountain, N.H." His works evince truth, 
precision, and delicacy. He m. a N.H. lady in 
1867. 

Cass, Lewis, statesman, b. Exeter, N.H., 
9 Oct. 1782; d. Detroit, 17 June, 1866. Son 
of Jonathan, capt. in Revol. army, who d. 
Zanesville, O., 14 Aug. 1830, a. 77. At 17, 
withan academic education, he crossed the Alle- 
ghany Mountains on foot, studied law, and be- 
gan practice in Zanesville, ab. 1802. ' Member 
O. legisl. at 25 ; marshal of the State in 1807- 
13 ; col. 3d 0. regt., which, under Gen. Hull, 
invaded Canada, and surrendered at Detroit, 
Aug. 16, 1812 ; app. col. 20th Inf., Feb. 1813 ; 
brig.-gen. U.S.A., 12 Mar. 1813, and was a 



vol. aide to Harrison at the battle of the 
Thames; app. gov. of Michigan Terr., Oct. 
1813, and, as superintendent of Indian affairs, 
negotiated 19 Indian treaties. In 1819-20, he 
organized a scientific exploration of the Up- 
per Mpi. Resigning the office of gov. in 1831, 
he was app., in July, sec. of war by Pres. Jack- 
son ; was minister to France in 1836-42; 
U.S. senator, 1845-8, and, nominated by the 
Democ. convention at Baltimore to the presi- 
dency in May, 1848, received 137 electoral 
votes to 163 for Gen. Taylor, the Whig candi- 
date. Again U.S. senator, 1851-Mar. 1857, 
he voted for Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Bill 
in 1854. Sec. of State to Pres. Buchanan, 
Mar. 1857-Dcc. 1860, resigning on account of 
the pres. declining tore-enforce the garrison of 
Fort Sumter. While see. of war, the policy 
of removing the Indians to the west of the 
Mpi., which he strenuously advocated, led to 
the war wiih the Seminoles in Florida, who 
were finally subdued at the cost of much blood 
and treasure. At the close of his diplomatic 
career, he attacked the "quintuple treaty," for 
the suppression of the slave-trade. His criti- 
cisms on the Ashburton Treaty, negotiated by 
Mr. Webster, then sec. of State, produced a 
sharp controversy between the two. In his 
letter to Mr. Nicholson, in Dec. 1847, he op- 
posed the Wilmot Proviso, and questioned the 
power of Congress to exclude slavery from 
the Territories. It first enunciated the doc- 
trineof " Popular (Squatter) Sovereignty." He 
supported the compromise measures of 1850, 
and favored a compromise in the disunion 
movement that followed Mr. Lincoln's election. 
Though approving Buchanan's denial of the 
existence of any power in the Constitution to 
coerce a State, he was yet in full sympathy 
with the national cause during the Rebellion. 
Author of " France, its King, Court, and Gov- 
ernment," 1840 ; articles upon Indian affairs in 
the N. A. Review, Nos. 50 and 55, also contrib. 
to the Soiilhern Lit.Messenqer. — See Schoolaqfl, 
Life of Cass, 1848; W. L. G. Smith, Life of 
Cass, 1856. 

Cassia, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Phila., ab. 
1750; d. Charleston, S.C, Mar. 24, 1822. 
He was app. from the merchant-service a lieut. 
in the navy, Nov. 13, 1799 ; master, Apr. 2, 
1806; post capt. July 3, 1812. He com. the 
naval forces in the Delaware, for the protec- 
tion of Phila., in the War of 1812. Father 
of Com. Stephen Cassin, U.S.N. 

Cassin, John, ornithologist, b. near Ches- 
ter, Pa., Sept. 6, 1813 ; d. Jan. 10, 1869. He 
removed to Phila. in 1 834, and, excepting a few 
years of mercantile pursuit, devoted himself to 
ornithology. He contrib. descriptions of new 
species to the Proceedings and the Journal of 
the Phila. Acad, of Natural Science, and pub. 
" Birds of California and Texas," 8vo, con- 
taining descriptions and colored engravings 
of 50 species not given by Audubon ; a " Sy- 
nopsis of the Birds ofN. America," " Ornithol- 
ogy of the U.S. Exploring Exped.," " Ornithol- 
ogy of the Japan Exploring Exped.," "Orni- 
thology of Gilliss's Astronomical Exped. to 
Chili," and the chapters on rapacious and wad- 
ing Birds in " The Ornithology of the Pacific 
Railroad Explorations and Surveys." He was 



170 



of a Quaker family, several of whom have 
(listing, themselves in the naval and military 
service. Com. John Cassin was his great-un- 
cle. 

Cassin, Stephen, commodore U.S.N., h. 
Phila., Fub. 16, 1783; d. Georgetown, D.C., 
Aug. 29, 1837. Son of Capt. John Cassin. 
Entered the navy as midshipman, Feb. 21, 
1800; became a lieut. Feb. 12, 1807 ; master, 
Sept. 11, 1814; capt. Mar. 3, 1825. Served 
with distinction in the war with Tripoli ; com. 
" The Ticonderoga," in Macdonough's victory 
on Lake Champlain; was rewarded by Congress 
with a gold medal for bravery in that action, 
and was a terror to the pirates who infested 
the West Indies, and captured 4 of their ves- 
sels, Sept. 28, 29, 1822. 

Castilla (kas-tel'-ya), Ramon, pres. of 
Peru; b. Tarapaca, Aug. 31, 1797; d. Mav 
25, 1867. In 1821, Castilla, then a lieut. in the 
Spanish cavalry, joined the liberating army, 
and disting. himself. In 1834, he fought brave- 
ly against Pres. Orbegoso, when the latter be- 
trayed his country to Santa Cruz, pres. of 
Bolivia. In 1844, he overthrew the dictator 
Vivanco, for which eminent service ho was 
elected pres. in 1845. Under his administra- 
tion, negroes received equality of rights, Indi- 
ans were freed from oppressive burdens, capi- 
tal punishment was abolislied, and freedom of 
the press secured. At the close of his term, in 
1851, he was succeeded by Gen. Echenique, 
but usurped the power in 1855, and was re- 
elected pres. in Aug. 1858. In 1861, he made 
an unsuccessful attempt to anne.\ Bolivia. In 
1867, he headed an insurrection against Pres. 
Prado. Castilla was one of the last of the 
representative men who freed S. Amer. from 
Spanish rule. 

Castin (kas-teen'), Vincent, baron de, b. 
Oleron, France. Was of a noble family ; was 
well educated ; was col. of the king's body- 
guard, and of the regt. of Carignan, which he 
accomp. to Canada in 1665. Disbanded at 
the close of the war, he established a trading- 
house, at Penobscot, now Castine, in 1687, and 
m. the dau. of Madocawando, a Penobscot 
chief. During his absence in 1688, his house 
was pillaged by the English. In 1696, he, with 
Iberville, led 200 savages against Pemaquid, 
which he captured. In 1706, he assisted in the 
defence of Port Royal, and again in 1707, 
when he was wounded. He was much es- 
teemed by the Indians, and feared by the Eng- 
lish. His son, the Baron de St. Castin, who 
succeeded him in the com. of the Penobscot 
Indians, was surprised in Dec. 1721, and car- 
ried prisoner to Boston. He d. on his estate 
in France. 

Castries (kas'-tre'), Armand Nicolas 
AuGC8TiNE, Due DE, son of the Marshal de Cas- 
tries, and a col. in the Amer. war, where he 
was known .is the Count de Chnrlus, b. Apr. 
1756 ; d. 1842. Col. en second regt. Sainlom/e; 
made brig, of cavalry in 1782; received the 
brevet title of Duke de Castries in 1784. He 
was deputy to the nat. as.sembly in 1789, and 
defended the monarchy with such energy as 
occasioned a duel with Charles Laraeth. In 
1794, he raised a corps of emigrants in the pay 
of Eng., returned to France with Louis XVIII., 



and was made a peer and lieut.-gen. He waa 
gov. of Rouen when Napoleon returned from 
Elba, and made strenuous efforts in the cause 
of royalty. 

CastXO de (Ja kiis'-tro), Vaca, a Spanish 
officer, b. at Leon ; d. 1558. He was ajudge of 
the Royal Court at Valladolid, when, in 1540, 
Charles V. sent him as gov. to Peru, then dis- 
turbed by the rebellion of Almagro. In 1542, 
a battle was fought at Chupas, in which Al- 
magro was defeated and taken, and, by order 
of Castro, executed on the spot. Super- 
seded in 1544, he returned to Spain, where he 
was several years imprisoned. — Prescott's Con- 
guest of Peru. 

Caswell, Alexis, D.D. (B.U. 1841), 
LL.D. (1865), pres. of Brown U. since Feb. 
1808. B.U. 1822. Prof of languages Col. 
Coll., DC; prof, of math, and nat. philos. 
B.U., 1828-50, and of math and astron., 1850- 
64. Author of " A Memoir of John Barstow," 
1864. 



Richard, statesman and soldier, 
b. Md., Aug. 3, 1729; d. Fayetteville, N.C., 
Nov. 20, 1789. He moved toN.C. in 1746; 
was for some years employed in the public of- 
fices, and afterward studied and practised law 
successfully. He was a member of the assem- 
bly from 1754 to 1771 ; speaker of the house 
in 1770-1, and com. the right wing of Gov. 
Tryon's forces at the battle of Allamance, May 
16, 1771. Identifyinghimself with the patriots 
at the breaking-out of the Revol., he was a dele- 
gate to Congress in 1774-5; treasurer of the 
southern district of N.C., Sept. 1775 ; 3 years 
pres. of the Prov. Congress, which framed the 
State constitution in Nov. 1776, and was gov. 
of the State during the trying period of 1777-9. 
Feb. 27, 1776, he com. at the battle of Moore's 
Creek, defeating a large body of loyalists under 
Gen. McDonald, who was made prisoner, — a 
victory of great benefit to the patriot cause in 
N.C., and which earned for him the thanks of 
Congress and the app. of mnj.-gen. for the dis- 
trict of Newbern. In 1780, he led the State 
troops in the disastrous battle of Camden ; was 
chosen speaker of the senate, and controller-gen. 
in 1782; was again gov. in 1784-6; was a 
delegate to the convention which framed the 
Federal Constitution in 1787, and in 1789 was 
elected to the State senate from Dobbs Co., and 
also a member of the convention which in Nov. 
ratified the Federal Constitution. When the 
assembly met, he was chosen speaker, and 
while presiding, Nov. 5, 1789, was struck with 
paralysis. He was grand-master of Free 
Masons in N.C. ; and on his death a funeral 
oration was delivered by Francois X. Martin. 
His son William served through the Rcvol., 
and was a brig.-gen. of militia in 1781. 

Catesby, Mark, F.R.S., naturalist, b. 
Eng., 1679; d. London, Dec. 24, 1749. A 
taste for natural history, early imbibed, induced 
him in 1710, after studying the natural sciences 
in London, to make a voyage to Va., where he 
was occupied in collecting its various produc- 
tions. He returned to Eng. in 1719, with a 
rich collection of plants, but at the suggestion 
of Sir H.ins Sloane, and other eminent natu- 
ralists, re-embarked for Amer., with the pro- 
fessed purpose of describing, delineating, and 



CA.T 



171 



collecting the most curious natural objects in 
that country, arriving in May, 1722. He re- 
sided cliiefly in Carolina, whence he made 
excursions "to Ga., Fla., and the Bahama Is- 
lands, and, on his return to Eng. in 1 726, he 
prepared for publication, in two vols. foMo, 
" The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and 
the Bahama Islands," 17.31-48. In this work 
were found the first descriptions of several 
plants which are now cultivated in all Euro- 
pean gardens. The figures were etclied by 
himself, from his own paintings; and the colored 
copies were executed under his own inspection. 
Catesby was a fellow of the Roy. Society, to 
whose transactions he contrib. a paper assert- 
ing the migration of birds, on his own obser- 
vations. A phint of the tetrandrous class has 
been called, after him, Catesbca, by Gronovins. 
He wrote " Hoiim Brittanno Aimricanus." 

Cathcart, William Shaw, Earl, soldier 
and diplomatist, b. 1755; d. June 16, 1843. 
Educated at the U. of Glasgow, and designed 
for the law. Entered the army in June, 1777 ; 
came to Amer., and served with the 16th dra- 
goons, and afterward as the aide of Gen. T. S. 
Wilson and Sir Henry Clinton. He served 
gallantly at the storming of Forts Montgomery 
and Clinton, and was wounded at Brandywine 
and at Monmouth. He raised and com. the 
Caledonian Vols., subsequently known as Tar- 
leton's British Legion ; maj. 38th Foot, April 
13, 1779, and com. that regt. in the actions at 
SpringKeld and Elizabeth town, N.J., in June, 
1780; served as quartermaster-gen. until the 
arrival of Gen. Dalrymple; was present at the 
siege of Charleston, and returned to Eng. in 
Oct.; briff.-gen. in 1793, under J^ord Moira, 
and served under the Duke of York in 1794 ; 
lieut.-gen. 1801 ; com. in Hanoverin 1805 ; was 
minister to Sweden in 1807, and joined Lord 
Gambier in the exped. against Copenhagen ; 
made viscount, Nov. 3, 1807; gen. in 1813; 
minister to Russia, 1813-14, and created a Bri- 
tish peer, June 18, 1814. He was the represen- 
tative of England in the Congress of Vienna. 
In April, 1779, he ra. thedau. of Andrew Elliot 
ofN.Y. 

Cathrall, Isaac, M.D., physician, b. 
Phila., 1764; d. Feb. 22, 1819. 'He studied 
medicine under Dr. Redman, and in London, 
Edinburgh, and Paris. Returned home early in 
1793, anil during the prevalence of yellow-fever 
in that year (in which he suffered severely with 
the disease), and in 1797-9, he remained at 
his post, and even dissected those who d. of the 
disease. He pub. " Remarks on the Yellow- 
Fever," 1794; "Buchan's Domestic Medicine, 
with Notes," 1797 ; " Memoir on the Analysis 
of the Black Vomit," 1800, in vol. 5 of "the 
"Trans, of the Amcr. Philos. Society," and a 
pamphlet on the yellow-fever in conjunction 
with Dr. Currie, in 1802. He was a surgeon 
of the city almshouse from 1810 to 1816. — 
Thacher, 

Catlin, Georoe, artist, and tourist among 
the Indians, b. Wyoming Valley, Pa., ab. 1796. 
His father was a lawyer. George studied law 
in Ct., practised 2 years, and subsequently, 
though uninstructed in the art, became a 
painter in Phila. In 1832-9, he visited .some 
48 Indian tribes, painted 200 of the chiefs and 



His 



warriors. He also visited Fla. and Ark. 
letters were pub. in 2 vols.,8vo, with illu 
tions, 1841; also "North-American Portfolio 
of Hunting-Scenes," fol., 25 plates, Lond., 1844; 
" Notes of 8 Years' Travel and Resilience in 
Europe," Lond., 2 vols., 8vo, 1848; "Life 
among the Indians," " Okeepah,"Lond., 1867. 
His gallery of aboriginal portraits was exhib- 
ited ill the principal cities of America and 
Europe. 

Catron, John, jurist, b. Wythe Co., Va., 
1778; d. Nashville, Tenn., 30 May, 1865. 
With only a common school education, he 
studied in Tenn., and was adm. to the bar in 
1815. He served one campaign, under Gen. 
Jackson ; became State atty. for his circuit, and 
removing in 1818 to Nashville, where he sub- 
sequently resided, attained high rank as a 
chancery lawyer ; chosen judge of the State 
Supreme Court in Dee. 1824 ; he wa-s chief- 
justice in 1830-6, and in March. 1837, was 
madeajusticeoftheU.S. Supreme Court, where 
his great knowledge of the laws applicable to 
land-titles rendered him exceedingly useful. 
In 1860-61, he opposed secession, and was 
driven from the State, but returned in 1862. 
His State decisions are in " Yerger'sTcnn. Re- 
ports," i.-viii.; his opinions as a national judge, 
in -the later vols, of Peters, the 20 vols, of 
Howard, and the 2 vols, of Black. 

Caulkins, Frances .Manwaring, au- 
thor, b. N. London, Ct., April 26, 1795; d. 
there Feb. 3. 1869. She t,aught school in Nor- 
wich and N. London, until 1834, when she 
adopted literature as a profession, residing in 
New Haven from 1836 to 1842,_and afterward 
in N. London. She was a contrib. in prose 
and verse to the N. London papers, and wrote 
for the Amer. Tract Society ; 6 vols of " Bible 
Studies," 1854-9 ; and " Eve and Her Daugh- 
ters," 1861. She was also a contrib. to their 
American Messmr/er. Author of a " History of 
Norwich," 1845, a new and enlarged edition, 
1866, 8vo, and "History of New London," 
8vo, 1852 and I860. She was a member of 
several historical societies. 

Cavendish, Lord John, a British states- 
man. Son of the 4th Duke of Devonshire ; d. 
Dec. 19, 1796. He was one of the lords of the 
treasury under the ministry of the Marquis of 
Rockingham, and, in the Amcr. war, was a 
constant opponent of Lord North, whom he 
succeeded as chancellor of the exchequer in 
1782. 

Cavendish, Thomas, an eminent English 
navigator, b. 1564; d. 1593. He was the son 
of a gentleman who possessed a good estate 
at Trimley St. Martin, in Suffolk, which he in- 
herited; but, having impoverished himself by 
living at court, he fitted out some vessels for a 
predatory exped. against the Spanish-American 
Colonies, with a view to retrieve his affairs. 



He sailed from Plymouth with 3 small ships, 
July 21, 1586, and after having ravaged the 
western coasts of America, and taken a Spanish 
vessel of 700 tons, richly laden, he sailed across 
the South Sea, and returned bv way of the 
Cape of Good Hope to Eng., Sept. 9, 1588; 
having circumnavigated the globe in less time 



CER 



172 



CtCA. 



than any preceding adventurer. The great 
wealth, as well as fame, which he acquired 
from tliis undertaking, prompted liim to engage 
in another voyage, on which he embarlced Aug. 
26, 1591. Te'mpestuous weather, sicljness, and 
other causes, contributed to render the 
scheme unfortunate; and Cavendish himself died 
on the coast of Brazil, or on the passage home, 
from sifkness, and grief at his ill success. Au- 
thor of " Voyage to Mu.^'ellanica in 1586." 

Cerrachi (cha -rak'-kce). Giuseppe, an 
Italian sculptor, and au ardent Republican, 
guillotined tor conspiring against Napoleon, 
1802, b. ab. 1760. Came to Phila. in 1791, 
and executed a noble bust of Washington, also 
of Ale.x. Hamilton, and other eminent men. 
When Bonaparte invaded Italy in 1796, he 
made a statue of that general. In 1800, hav- 
ing formed with Arena and others a design to 
ass.assinate the first consul, he proposed to 
make another statue ; but his design was de- 
tected, 

Chabert (shil'-bair'), Joseph Bernard, 
Munpii-i ..f, a distinguished navigator, astron- 
omer III I eo-i i|ihcr, b. Toulon, Feb. 28, 
17JI •.'..., hr. 1,1805. He entered the 

na\ I I i: tl ; was an enthusiastic to- 

Iio:,'r:i!ili ■! , ;iii<l ]>: limed and executed maps of 
the shores ot M. America and the Mediterra- 
nean, especially of Greece; became in 1758 
a member of the French Academy, and, during 
the Amer. war, he disting. himself so highly, 
that, in 1781, he was made commander of a 
squadron, and vice-admiral, 1792. Driven by 
the Kevol. to England, he returned to Paris in 
1802, when Bonaparte assigned him a pen- 
sion, and, in 1804, app. him to the board of 
longitude. One of his principal works com- 
prises his observations on the American coast, 
and is entitled " Vui/ages snr les Coles de I 'Am€- 
rinue Seiiteiitrionale," Paris, 1753. 4to. — Nouo. 
Bio,,. On. 

Chalkley, Thomas, Quaker preacher, b. 
London, Mar 3, 1675 ; d. Tortola, one of the 
Friendly Islands, Sept. 4. 1741. He was pressed 
on board a man-of-war at the age of 20, but was 
dismissed, as his principles forbade him to fight. 
After finishing his apprenticeship to a trade, 
he travelled and preached in Eng. for a few 
months, and engaged in the love of the gospel 
to visit friends in Amer. Landing in Md. in 
Jan. 1698, he travelled one year, visiting N. 
Eng. and Va., and, after " several good and 
open meetings in Va.," returned to Eng. After 
a journey to Ireland, he removed permanently 
to Amer. Settling his wife in Phila., 1701, he 
occupied himself in journeys through various 
parts of the country. In 1707, heagain visited 
Barbadoes ; sailed thence for Eng , and was 
shipwrecked on the Irish coast. Upon leaving 
Ireland, he journeyed through Great Britain, 
and, after a visit to Holland and Germany, re- 
turned to Phila. His " Journal," which he 
continued to within a few days of his death, was 
pub., with a coll. of the author's writings, in 
Phila. in 1749, reprinted at N.Y. in 1808. By 
a bequest in his will, he founded the Library 
of the Friends at Phila. — Dai/rUnc/c. 

Chalmers, Geouge, historical and political 
writer, b. Fochabers, Scotland, 1742 ; d. in 
London, May 21, 1825. He was educated at 



King's Coll., Aberdeen, and at r:diuhurgh. 
In 1763, he aeconip. his uncle to Amor, for the 
purpose of giving liiin legal assistunee in the 
recovery of a large truet of hind in Mil, and 
practised his profession at lialiimc.ir, wline in 
a few years he acquired an exti n n> uml |,r.,lit- 
able business. On the bn .iLm ' mil mI the 
Revol. in 1775, he went to ICn ■ nm one ..I the 
least suffering loyalists. Xm ,, reiving eom- 
pensation for his losers, lie a|i|ilir,l himself to 
the preparation of hi. ■ I'ohiie;,] .Vnnalsof the 
Present United Colonies," |,ul,. m 1780 ; " An 
Introduction to the llistury of the Revolt of 
the Colonics ; " " Estimatoof the Comparative 
Streng^th of Great Britain during the Present 
and Four Preceding Reigns," which went 
through several editions, and was translated 
into French and German ; and " Opinions on 
Interesting Subjects of Public Law and Com- 
mercial Policy, arising from Ameiieaii In- 
dependence." In Aug. 17.'S(., Ill u.i-.ii.i, ( hirf 
clerk of the board of trade ;:, I. i , ri,, i. u 
40 years, continued to pnh. a . . :,,, 

of which the principal arc " i'!, n, ij, n ,| i ;,ij,s 
concerning Scotland," " Life of Mary, Qneen 
of Scots," and his " Caledonia," which he did 
not live to complete, but by which alone he 
will bo known to posterity. Under the iwiii de 
plume Francis Oldys of the U. of Pa., he pub. 
"Life of Thos. Paine," Lond. 8vo, 1791-2. 

Chalmers, Lionel, M.D., phvsieian, b. 
Cambleton, in the West of Scotland^ ab. 1715; 
d. 1777. A graduate of the U. of Edinburgh. 
He came to Carolina when very young, and 
practised, first in Christ Church Parish, and 
afterwards in Charleston. In 1754, he wrote 
" Useful Remarks on Opisthotonos and Te- 
tanus," which were pub. in the first vol. 
of " The Observations and Inquiries of tlie 
Medical Society of London," and in 1767, at 
Charleston, " An Essay on Fevers." Besides 
several smaller productions, he also pub. a 
valuable work illustrative of the weather and 
diseases of S. C, 2 vols., Lond., 1776. — 
Thachei: 

Chambers, Ezekiel F., LL.D. (Y. C. 

1833), jurist and statesman, b. Kent Co., Md., 
Feb. 28, 1788; d. Charlestown, Md., Jan. 30, 
1867. Wash. Coll., Md., 1805. Adm. to the 
m. bar in 1808. In the War of 1812, he did 
military duty, and subsequently became brig.- 
gen. of militia. In 1822, he was elected to the 
State senate; was a U. S. senator from 1826 
to 1835, disting. himself as an able debater; 
was chief judge of the second judicial dist. and 
of the Court of Appeals, from 1834 to 1851, 
and was an active member of the State Const. 
Conv. in 1850. In 1852, ill health compelled 
him to decline the post of sec. of the navy- 
offered him by Pres. Fillmore. 

Chambers, Georse, LL.D. (Wash.Coll., 

Pa., 1861), jurist andautbor,!). Chambersburg, 
1786; d. there. Mar. 2.5, 1866. N.J. Coll. 
1804. Grandson of the founder of his native 
town. Was adm. to the bar in 1807, his talent, 
energy, and integrity placing him in the front 
rank of his profession. He was M.C. in 1833- 
7. Member of the Pa. Const. Conv., and in 
1851 became a judge of the Pa. Supreme 
Court. He was much interested in the early 
history of his State, had pub. some of his re- 



173 



searches in liis " Tribute to the Scotch-Irish," 
and had prepared others for the Hist. Society, 
unfortunately destroyed when the rebels burned 
Chaml)ersburg. 

Chambers, John, chief-justice of N.Y., 
member of the exec, council in 1754, and a 
commissioner to the Albany Congress, June 
14, 1754 ; d. N.Y , April 10, 1705.— Allen. 

Chambers, Jons, lawyer, and gov. of 
Iowa (18-11-5), b. N.J., 1779; d. near Paris, 
Ky.. Sept. 21, 1852. At the age of 13, he went 
to Ky., and located himself in Washington, 
Mason Co., where he studied and practised law, 
soon obtaining a lucrative business. In 1813, 
he heeame a vol. aiile to Gen. Harrison, whose 
election to tlie presidency in 1840 he zeal- 
ously promoted. Mr. Chambers was frequent- 
ly a member of the Kv. legisl., and M.C. 1827- 
9 and 1835-9. 

Chamorro, Feuto, a Central Amer. 
statesman and gen., b. Guatimala, 1806, elect- 
ed supreme director or pros., 1853 ; d. 1855. 

Cham.pe, John, a brave Kevol. soldier, b. 
Loudoun Co., Va., 1752; d. Ky., ab. 1798. 
He is noted for his daring attempt to capture 
the traitor Arnold, for which duty he was 
selected by Col. Lee, of whoso legion he was 
sergt.-major. He failed in the attempt in con- 
sequence of the removal of Arnold's quarters 
on the day designated for his capture. 

Champlain (sham-plan'), S.iMDEL DE, 
founder and gov. of Quebec, b. of good fami- 
ly, in Brouago, Saintonge, ab. 1570; d. Dec. 
1635. He had acquired a high reputation as 
a skilful officer previous to his employment 
by De Chasles to make a voyage to Canada, 
whither he sailed, March 16, 1603, arriving at 
Tadoussac, May 25. In a light bateau, he 
ascended the St. Lawrence to the falls of St. 
Louis, which was the limit of Cartier's discov- 
eries in 1535 ; and, after exploring much of the 
country along the river, he sailed for France 
in Aug. On his arrival there in Sept., De 
Monts engaged him as his pilot in another voy- 
age to the New World. Sailing, March 7, 1604, 
he arrived at Acadia, May 6, and selected tor 
settlement a small island, to which De Monts 
gave the name of " St. Croix." In this voyage, 
he explored the coast as far as Cape Cod. In 
1608, he was sent on another voyage to Tadous- 
sac, accomp. by Pontgrave. In July, IOCS, he 
laid the foundation of Quebec, and subsequent- 
ly, while engaged in a hostile exped. against 
the Iruqtioi^, discovered the lake which still 
bears his name. He again sailed from France 
in April, 1610, and, in another exped. against 
the Iroquois, was wounded by an arrow, and 
soon after returned to France. App. licut- 
gov., with extensive powers, he returned to 
Amer. in 1612, where he made new discoveries, 
exploring the Ottawa River, Lakes Huron, 
and Ontario. He went home to get permis- 
sion to fortify the settlement. He returned 
withhis family, and the titleof gov.in 1620. In 
July, 1629, he was obliged to capitulate to Sir 
David Kiik, and was carried to France in an 
Engli-ili ship. In 1632, Canada, with Acadia 
and Cape Breton, being restored to France by 
treaty, the company of New France resumed 
all their rights, and app. Champlain gov. His 
zeal for the propagation of Christianity was 



very LTPat. A roll, was established at Quebec, 
in \\Iiiili till' chiMren of the savages were 
iraiiiiM in li.i'iii^ ..( civilization, and in the use 
of tin- Fnurii language. In 1603, he pub. an 
acLoiintof his tiist voyage, in 4to, and, in 1620, 
a continuation, in 8vo. In 1632, he pub. an 
edition of both these in one vol., entitled " Les 
Voyages a la Nouvelle France Occidentale, et Can- 
ada," 4to. This work comprises a history of 
New France from the first discoveries of Ver- 
razani to 1631. The best edition of his works 
is that pub in 4to, 1640. His " Voyage to the 
W. Indies and Mexico," 1599-1602', etl. by N. 
Shaw, was pub. by the Hakluyt Soc, Lond., 
1859. 

Champlin, Christopher Grant, b. 
Newport, April 12,1768; d. there March 28, 
1840. H.U. 1786. His uncle George (1738- 
1809) was a merchant of Newport, an officer 
of the Revol. ; merab. Cont. Congress, 1785- 
6. and of the convention which adopted the 
U.S. Constitution. He resided some years in 
Europe, where a part of his time was passed at 
the Coll of St. Omer's ; M.C. 1797-1801 ; U.S. 
senator, 1809-11. Many years pres. of the 
Bank of R.L 

Champlin, Stephen, commodore U.S.N., 
b. S. Kingston, R.l , Nov. 17, 1789; d. Buffa- 
lo, .Feb. 20, 1870. His father Stephen was a 
vol. in the Amer. Revol. His mother, Eliza- 
beth Perry, was an aunt of Com. Perry. At 
16, he began a seafaring life, and, at 22, com. a 
ship out of Norwich. May 22, 1812, he w.as 
app. sailing-master in the navy ; lieut. Dec. 9, 
1814; commander, June 22, 1838; capt. Aug. 
4, 1850, and commo. on retired list, July 16, 
1862. He first com. a gunboat under Perry at 
Newport ; was second in com. of " The Asp," in 
the affairs of Little York and Fort George, 
U.C. ; and, joining Perry at Lake Erie, took 
com. of " The Scorpion," in which he did good 
service at the battle of Sept. 10, 1813, captur- 
ing " The Little Belt." Of this battle, in 
which he tircil the first and last guns, he was 
tl]<' li 1 -iniiiMiL; officer. In the following 
s|i _ I r lie Tigris," and, while block- 

a^ii ''. I : \\as attacked at night by an 
ovM ■. h' ;;ijiii^ I. .ice, severely wounded, and 
made ]n i^oncr. In 1816, he com. "The Por- 
cupine," but performed little subsequent ser- 
vice on account of his wound. He was a resi 
dent of Buffalo from I SSi. — Buffalo Coml 
Adv., Feb. 2\. 

Champlin, Stephen G., brig.-gen. vols 
d. Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 29, 1864. He 
rose from the rank of major to that of brij 
gen. Nov. 29, 1862, was di-ting. in the princi- 
pal battles of 1862-3, including those of Antie- 
tam and Fredericksburg, ami was severely 
wounded at Fair Oaks. 

Champney, Benjamin, landscape-painter, 
b. N. Ipswich, N.H., Nov. 20, 1817. Came to 
Boston in 18.34, worked in Pendleton's litho- 
graphic establishment in 1837— to ; studied and 
painted at the Louvre Gallery, Paris, in 1841-5 ; 
then visited Italy with Kensett, and, revisiting 
Europe in 1847-8, painteil a panorama of the 
Rhine. Since 1853, he has passed his sum- 
mers at N. Conway, where he has a cottage and 
studio, and has painted many White Mount.ain 
views, as well as those of Switzerland, which 



CHLA. 



174 



are owned in and around Boston. In 1865-6, 
he agiiin visited Italy and Switzerland. 

Champney, James Wells, " Champ," 
painter of yen?*e pictures, b. Boston, July 16, 
18+3. Apprenticed to a wood-engraver at the 
age of 16. Enlisted for 9 months in the 45th 
Ms. Vols. In '63, after return from the war, 
designed on wood. Teacher in drawing at 
Dr. Dio Lewis's Sem., at Lexington, for two 
years. Sailed for Paris, Oct. 16, 1866 ; studied 
abroad until June 1870. Pupil of Edouard 
Frere, and of the Fine Arts School in Ant- 
werp. Settled in Boston in Oct. 1870. Has 
painted, araon^ other pieces " The Roguish 
" Sister," " Little Boy Shelling Peas," and 
" Domino-Player." 

Chanche, John J., D.D., R.C. bi-hop of 
Natciicz, consec. March 14, 1841 ; d. July 22, 

Chandler, Abiel, a philanthropic mer- 
chant, b. Concord, N.H., Feb. 26, 1777; d. 
Walpole, N.H., March 22, 1851. H.U. 1806. 
Occupied until the age of 21 in agricultural 
labors, and from 1806 to 1817 was a teacher in 
Salem and Newburyport. For many years, ho 
was engaged in business in Boston, and was 
well known as a partner in the house of Chan- 
dler, Howard, & Co., retiring in 1 845 with a for- 
tune. He bequeathed $1 ,600, and also the sur- 
plus of his estate, to the N.H. Asylum lor the 
Insane, and £50,000 to Dartm. Coll., for the es- 
tablishment of a scientific school connected 
with that institution. 

Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret, poet, 
b. Centre, near Wilmington, Del., Dec. 24, 
1807; d. Nov. 22, 1834. Dau. of Thomas 
Chandler, a Quaker farmer; was educated at 
the Friends' school in Phila., and commenced 
writing verses at an early age. Her poem, 
" The Slave-Ship," written at 18, gained a 
prize offered by the Casket, a monthly maga- 
zine. Most of her subsequent productions ap- 
peared in the Genius of Universal Emancipation, 
an antislavery periodical of Phila. In 1830, 
she removed to Mich., and settled near the vil- 
lage of Tecumseh, on the River Raisin. In 
1836, her poetical works, with a Memoir by 
Benjamin Lundy, were pub. at Phila. — Duyc- 
kind: 

Chandler, Gen. John, b. Monmouth,Ms., 
1760; d. Augusta, Me., Sept. 25,1841. Ori- 
ginally a blacksmith, by perseverance and indus- 
try, he became wealthy. Was a counsellor and 
senator from 1803 to 1805; M. C. 1805-8; 
brig.-gen. July 8, 1812 ; wounded and made 
prisoner at Stony Creek, U.C., June 6, 1813 ; 
and from 1820 to 1829, tf.S. senator from Me.; 
collector of Portland, 1829-37 ; trustee of 
Bowd. Coll., sheri8f of Kennebec Co., and 
maj.-gen. of militia. 

Chandler, Joseph B., editor, b. Kings- 
ton, Ms., 1792. He adopted the profession of 
the law ; was M.C. from Pa., 1849-55 ; and in 
1858-61 was minister to Naples. He edited 
the United-States Gazette in Phila. for many 
years, and subsequently the Pliiladelphia North 
American. He pub. a " Grammar of the Eng- 
lish Language " in 1821, and subsequently a 
large number of essays and addresses upon lit- 
erary and social topics, and congressional 
speeches. 



Chandler, Thcmas Bkadburt, d.d. 

(0.\f. U. 1766), Prot.-Epis. clergyman and con- 
troversialist, b. Woodstock, Ct., 26 Apr. 1726; 
d. Elizabethtown, N.J., 17 June, 1790. Y. C. 
1745. In 1747, he became lay-reader in St. 
John's Church, Elizabethtown, and, after being 
ord. in Eng. in 1751, was rector there till his 
death, excepting in l775-85,when, being a loy- 
alist, he was in Eng. App. bishop of Nova 
Scotia, but declined. He was a zealous defend- 
er of Episcopacy, and in 1767 pub. "An Appeal 
in Behalf of the Church of Eng. in Amcr." 
This was attacked by Dr. Chuunecy, to whom 
he replied with " The Appeal Defended," and, 
in 1771, "The Appeal Further Defended." 
Also author of " A Life of Samuel Johnson," 
pres. of King's Coll., 12mo, 1805. 

Channing, Edward Ttrrel, LL.D. 
(H.U. 1847), prof, of rhetoric in H. U. {1819- 
51), b. Newport, R.L, 12 Dec. 1790; d. Cam- 
bridge, Ms., 8 Feb. 1856. Bro. of Rev. Wil- 
liam E. Channing. He studied at H.U., but 
did not gr.iduate, and opened a law-office in 
Boston. Editor of the N. Amer. Rev. 1819- 
21, and a contrib. until his death. His style 
was vigorous and pure, his taste severe and 
critical ; and he excelled in conversation. He 
delivered the oration in Boston, 4 July, 1817. 
Author of a Memoir of William Ellery, in 
Sparks's "Amer. Biog." In 1856, a vol. of his 
lectures was pub. with a memoir, by R. H. 
Dana, jun. 

Channing, Walter, M.D. (U. of Pa.), 
phvsician, bro. of W. E. and E. T. Channing, 
b. Newport, R.L, Apr. 15, 1786. He was at 
H.U. in 1804-7. Studied medicine under Dr. 
James Jackson of Boston, and Prof. Barton 
of Phila. Afterward studied at the U. of 
Edinburgh, at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospi- 
tals, London, and began practice in Boston in 
1812. Lecturer inl812, and prof of obstetrics 
and med. jurisp. in H.U. from 1815 to 18.54; 
assist, phys. Ms. Hospital from 1821 to 1840. 
Dr. C. has been a frequent contrib. to med. 
and literary periodicals, besides pub. a vol. of 
"Miscellaneous Poems," 1851; "A Physi- 
cian's Vacation, or a Summer in Europe," 
1856; "Etherization in Childbirth," 1848; 
" Address on the Prevention of Pauperism," 
12mo, 1843; "Professional Reminiscences of 
Foreign Travel," 8vo ; "New and Old," 12 
mo, 1851 ; "Reformation of Medical Science," 
1851. He has also written many fugitive 
pieces in prose and verse. His son, William 
Ellert, (whose wife, Ellen K., sister of Mar- 
garet Fuller, d. Sept. 22, 1856. a. 36), has pub. 
"Poems," 1843, 1847, and 1849; " Vouth of 
the Poet and Painter," in "The Dial," 1844; 
" Conversations in Rome," 1847. 

Channing, William Ellert, D. D. 
(H.U. 1820), a Unitarian divine of great celeb- 
rity, b. Newport, R.I., April 7, 1 780 ; d. Ben- 
nington, Vt., Oct. 2, 1842. H.U. 1798. His 
father Wm., an eminent lawyer of Newport, d. 
Oct. 1793, a. 42 : his mother was the dau. of 
Wm. Ellery, one of the signers of the Decl. of 
Indep. The influences of the climate and 
scenery of the island where his boyhood was 
passed, had no slight influence upon the social 
and moral attributes of his mind. At the 
university, he attained the highest honors. 



CHA. 



175 



On leaving coll., he spent one year in Rieli- 
mond, Va., as a teacher in the family of David 
M. Randolph. Returning from the South in 
feeble health, in 1802, he went through a course 
of theol. study, and June I, 1803, became the 
pastor of the Federal-st. Society in Boston, 
which was extremely small at the time of his 
ordination, but soon rose from his popularity 
to be one of the first parishes in the city. A 
feeble constitution, and liability to disease, oc- 
casioned, probably, by his residence in Va., 
proved great impediments to his labors through- 
out his professional career. He made a voyage 
to Europe in 1822 for this cause, remaining 
little more than a year, and, in the autumn of 
1830, he again left the U.S., and spent the win- 
ter in St. Croix. His bodily infirmities occa- 
sioned the app. of a colleague in 1824 ; but he 
occasionally officiated in the pulpit until 1840, 
when he resigned, delivering his last public ad- 
dress 1 Aug. 1842, at Lenox, in corametnora- 
tion of the abolition of slavery in the West 
Indies. The pub. works of Dr. Channing in- 
clude a large number of religious discourses, the 
articles on Milton, Bonaparte, and Fe'nelon, 
which appeared in the Christian Examiner in 
1826-9, and a variety of tracts on temperance, 
education, slavery, and the condition of the 
laboring classes. An edition of his works has 
been pub. in 6 vols., 1846. His "Sermon on 
War," before the conv. of Cong ministers in 
1816, was widely circulated, and contrib. power- 
fully to the formation of peace societies in the 
U.S. His lectures on " Selt-Culture, " 1839, 
and on " The Elevation of the Laboring Class- 
es," 1840, had an extensive circulation, and 
were rcpub. in Eng. He was one of the earli- 
est agitators of antislavery in the U.S., but did 
not, until he delivered his address in Faneuil 
Hall in 1837, become publicly identified with 
the political movement for abolition. In 1837, 
he addressed a letter to Henry Clay, against 
the annexation of Texas, and in 1841 pub. his 
work on Slavery. Among his theol. discours- 
es, his lecture on " The Evidences of Chris- 
tianity," delivered at II.U. in 1821, is, perhaps, 
the most remarkable. He was a man of great 
independence of mind. He paid no respect to 
men on account of their wealth or office. His 
sermons on " The Paternal Character of Goil," 
on " The Loveliness of the Example of Christ," 
on "The Evidence of Christianity," and on 
" Political and Moral Integrity," are admirable. 
He spoke out in intelligible terms on conjugal 
infidelity and licentiousness. In the pulpit, his 
gravity and solemnity exceeded that of most 
preachers. His elocution was peculiar. His 
preaching and his writings were corroborated 
by a life of high moral character. During the 
Unitarian controversy. Dr. Channing was the 
acknowledged head of the liberal party, and was 
obliged, though averse to disputation, to take 
an active part. " He was unrivalled in his en- 
thusiasm for moral and progressive ideas, and 
in his high estimate of the moral capacities of 
man." Coleridge said of him, "He has the love 
of wisdom, and the wisdom of love." — .See 
" Memoirs, Coirespondence," ^c, bu his nephew. 
W. H. aanning,\U%. 

Channing, William Fr.^ncis.M.D., son 
of Wm. Ellcry, b. Boston, 1820; has pub. 



" Davis's Manual of Magnetism," 12mo, 1S41 ; 
" Notes on the Medical Application of Elec- 
tricity," 1849; "Fire-Alarm Telegraph," 1855; 
contrib. to " Silliman's Jour.," &c. One of the 
inventors of the system of fire-alarm tele- 
graphy now in general use. — Allibone. 

Channing, William Henry, clergyman, 
nephew of Wm. E., b. Boston, May 25, 1810. 
H.U. 1829; Camb. Divinity School, 1833. 
Ord. Cincinnati, May 10, 1839. His father, 
Francis Dana Channing, died when he was 
very young. He has been settled in Mead- 
ville. Pa., N.Y. City, Cincinnati, Nashua, Bos- 
ton, Rochester, and Liverpool, Eng., where he 
is pastor of the Hope-street (Unitarian)Church, 
as successor of Rev. James Martineau. He ed- 
ited the Western Messenger one year, the Pres- 
ent, the Harbinger, and the Spirit of the Age, 
and has been a contrib. to the Dial, Christian 
Examiner, and N. Amer. Review. He has writ- 
ten and pub. " The Translation of Jouffioy's 
Ethics," 2 vols., 1840 ; " Memoirs of Dr. Wm. 
E. Channing," 3 vols., 1848 ; " Life and Writ- 
ings of James H. Perkins," 2 vols. ; " Memoirs 
of Madame Ossoli(MargaretFuller)," sermons, 
reviews, and miscellanies. He has labored 
much in social reforms, and is a zealous and 
eloquent preacher. 

Chapin, Alo.vzo Bowen, D.D., clergy- 
man iind author, b. Somers, March 10, 1808; 
d. Hartford, July 9, 1858. He quitted the 
study of theology for the law ; adm. to practise 
in 1831, and established himself at Walling- 
ford. He edited the Chronicle of the Church, an 
Episcopal paper at N. Haven, 8 years, and, re- 
suming his theol. studies, was ord. in 1838 ; 
was rector of Christ Church, West Haven, 
until 1850,and of St.Luke's, Glastenbury, until 
1855, when he removed to Hartford, and edit- 
ed the Calendar. Besides numerous contribs. 
to magazines and reviews. Dr. Chapin is the 
author of "A View of the Organization and 
Order of the Primitive Church," 1850 ; "Views 
of Gospel Truth ; " " Glastenbury for 200 
Years," 1853; a " Classical Spelling-book;" 
"Puritanism not Protestantism," 1847; " In- 
aug. Discourse at Bcloit Coll., 18.50," as pres. 

Chapin, Calvin, D.D., Cong, clergvman, 
b. Springfield, Ms., Julv 22, 1763; d. Weth- 
ersfield. Mar. 17, 1851. 'Y. C. 1788. He was 
a teacher in Hartford two years ; from 1791 to 
1794 was a tutor in Y. C, and was pastor of a 
church in Wetbersfield, Ct., from 1794 to 1847. 
Dr. Chapin was an efficient member of the mis- 
sionary, Bible, and temperance societies, and 
was for 32 years rec. sec. of the A. B. C. F. M. 
During his connection with the church at 
Wetbersfield, ho was offered, and declined, the 
presidency of 2 different colleges. He pub. an 
essay recommending the substitution of water 
for wine in the Lord's supper. — Alien. 

Chapin, Edwin Hcbbell, D.D. (H. U. 
1856), an eloquent preacher, b. Union Village, 
Wash. Co., N.Y., Dec. 29, 1814. He completed 
his school-education at a sem. in Bennington, 
Vt.; commenced preaching in 1837 ; was first 
settled over a society of Unitarians and Uni- 
versalists in Richmond, Va.; removed to 
Charlestown, Ms., in 1830; thence to Boston 
in 1846, and in 1848 to New York, where he is 
still pastor of the 4th Universalist Church. Dr. 



CHA. 



Cha]]in is one of the most powerful and effec- 
tive pulpit orators of Ameriea. He has been a 
frequent speaker before lyceums and literary 
associations, and, as an advocate of temperance 
and other movements of moral reform, he ex- 
ercises a vast influence. One of his best speech- 
es is, perhaps, that before the Peace Conven- 
tion at Frankfort-on-the-Main, in 1850. He 
has pub. "Moral Aspects of City Life," 1853 ; 
"True Manliness," 1854; several vols, of ser- 
mons and religious lectures, and a few occa- 
sional discourses. His " Crown of Thorns " 
attained a wide circulation. — See Golden Aye 
of Amer. Oratory, by E. G. Parker, 1 857. 

Chapin, Stephen, D.D. (B. U. 1822), 
clergyman, b. Milford, Ms., Nov. 4, 1778; d. 
Washington, D.COct. I, 1845. H.U.1804. He 
studied theology with Dr. Emmons. Onl. pas- 
tor of the Cong. Chnrch in Hillsborou-h, N.H., 
June 19, 1805. In Nov. 1809, he took charge of 
the Cong. Church in Mt. Vernon, N.H., bnt, 
becoming a Baptist, re-signed in 1818, and was 
pastor of the Baptist Church, North Yarmouth, 
Me., from Nov. 28, 1819, until railed, in 1 S22, 
to the chair of theology in Waterville Coll., 
Me. He remained there until 1828, when he 
was made pres. of Col. Coll., Washington, 
which office he resigned in 1841. 

Chaplin, Jeremiah, D.I). (S. C. Coll. 
1819), Baptist minister, b. Rowley, Ms., 2 Jan. 
1776 ; d. Hamilton, N.Y., May, 1841. B. U. 
1799. Descended from Hugh. 3 years tutor 
in B. U. ; minister in Danvers "from 1802 
to 1818; pres. Waterville Coll., Me., 1820-32; 
afterward preached in Rowley, Willington, 
Ct., and Hamilton, N.Y. 

Chapman, Charles, an eminent crim. 
lawyer, and politician, b. Newtown, Ct., 21 
June, 1799; d. Hartford, Ct., 7 Aug. 1869. 
Son of Judge Asa. Educated at an acad. ; 
adm. to the bar in 1823 ; practised at Newton, 
1824-7 ; at N. Haven, and, from 1 832, at Hart- 
ford ; 3 times member of the legisl. ; U. S. dist. 
atty. 1841-5 ; M. C. 1851-3. A man of great 
powers of wit and sarcasm. 

Chapman, George Thomas, D. D. 
(Trans. U. 1824), Pr.-Ep. clergyman, b. Pihon, 
Devonshire, Eng., Sept. 21, 1786. Darim. 
Coll. 1804. He came to the U. S. in 1795; 
practised law in Bueksport, Me., from Dec. 
1803 to 1815 ; ord. deacon by Bishop Griswold, 
1816; priest, Jan. 6, 1818'; rector of Christ 
Church, Lexington, Kv., July 1, 1820, to July 
1, 1830; of St. Paul's Church, Portland, Me., 
1832-5 ; of Grace Church, Newark, N. J., 
1837-41 ; preached in Belleville, N.J., in 1842; 
rector of St. Stephen's Church, Pittsfield, Ms., 
1846-52; preached some months in Hanover, 
N.H. Resides in Newburyport, Ms. He pub. 
" The Ministry, Worship, and Doctrines of the 
Prot.-Epis. Church," a vol. of 20 sermons, al.so 
a vol. of 27 " Sermons to Presbyterians of all 
Sects," besides 18 other sermons, and, in 1867, 
" Sketches of the Alumni of Dartm. Coll." 

Chapman, John G., b. Charles Co., Md., 
July 5, 1798; d. Dec. 10, 1856. Educated at 
Yale, but did notgrad.,on account of his health. 
He studied law with Wm. Wirt ; practised 
some years ; between 1824 and '44 was almost 
constantly in the Md. legisl. ; M. C. 1845-9 ; 
pres. of the Const. Conv. of Md., and of the 



National Whig Conv. of Baltimore in 1856. 
He was an eloquent speaker. — Lanman. 

Chapman, John Gadset, artist, b. Alex- 
andria, Va. He studied and practised his art 
at Rome several years. Establishing himself 
in New York, be obtained ample emplovment 
by his ingenuity and taste. He has furnished 
many original designs for the illustration of 
works of taste or fancy, among them Schmidt's 
" Tales," Wliittier's " Songs of Labor," and 
Harper's Bihle. He also painted the " Bap- 
tism of Pocahontas" for one of the panels in 
the rotunda at Washington. Since 1848, he 
has resided in Rome. Among his pirtures 
are, "Israelites Spoiling' tlie EL'vptians," 
"Etruscan Girl," "A Donkoy's Iload." "The 
Last Arrow," and "Eirst Italian Milestone." 
He pub. "American Drawing-Book," N.Y., 
4to, and "The Amateur's Drawing Manual," 
4to, 1858. 

Chapman, Nathaniel, M.D., physician 
and scholar, b. near Alexandria, Va., 28 May, 
1780; d. Phila., 1 July, 1853. U. of Pa. 1801. 
His paternal ancestor, a capt. in the army, and 
a relative of Sir VV^alter Raleigh, came to Va. 
with the first colonists. Completing his stud- 
ies at London and Edinburgh, where he took bis 
degree, he began practice in Phila. in 1804. 
Prof, of materia mediea in 1813-16, and of 
practice, institutes, and clinical med., in the U. 
of Pa., from 1816 to 1850. Founder of the 
Med. Institute in 1817, he lectured there dur- 
ing the summer for nearly 25 years. He had 
charge of the city hospital during the epidem- 
ic of 1820, and was many years clinical lecturer 
in the hospital of the city almshouse. Pres. 
Amer. Philos. Society, 1846-8, and for many 
3'ears of the Phila. Med. Soe. Author of " Lec- 
tures on the Theory and Practice of Medicine," 
" Eruptive Fevers," " Thoracic Viscera," " El- 
ements of Therapeutics and Materia Mediea," 
1817, "Select Speeches, with Critical and Il- 
lustrative Remarks," 5 vols., 8vo. In 1820, he 
began, and for many years edited, the Phila. 
Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, 
and contrib. to the Portfolio under the signature 
of "Falkland." — /. B. B.ddle, in Gross's 
Amer. Med. Biog. 

Chapman, Robert Hett, D.D. (Wms. 
Coll. 1815), pres. of the U. of N. C. at Chapel 
Hill, 1812-16, b. Orange, N J . 2 Mar. 1771 ; 
d. Winchester, Va., 18 June, 1833. N.J. Coll. 
1789. Son of Rev. Jedediah of Western N.Y., 
who d. 22 May, 1813. Licensed by the Pres- 
bytery of N. Y., 2 Oct. 1793 ; pastor of Rah- 
way, N.J., 1796-1801, and of Cambridge, N.Y., 
in 1 801-12, afterwards officiating in Va., N.C., 
and Tenn. 

Charlevoix(shar-Ieb-vw!i'), Peter Fran- 
cis Xatier, a French historian and mission- 
ary, b. St. Quentin, Oct. 29, 1682 ; d. L.afleche, 
Feb. 1, 1761. He acquired reputation as a 
teacher of languages and philos. in Jesuit col- 
leges. Was for some years a missionary in 
Canada, and, on his return, had a chief share 
in the Journal de Trevoux for 24 years. In 
1720, he again visited Canada, by order of the 
French king, and passing up the St. Lawrence, 
and through the Lakes, to Michilimacinac, 
he descended through Lake Michigan and the 
Rivers III. and Mpi., to N. t)rleans. In 1722, 



177 



he returned to France bj- way of St. Domingo. 
His works are, " Journal of a Voyage from 
Kaskaskias to the Gulf of Mexico," 1721 
(French Hist. Colls, of La., vol. ii.), " His- 
loire ft Description GgiiiraU ck Japan," " His- 
toire Ge'iie'i-ale cle Parar/uay," '• Ilistoire de I 'Isle 
(le Si. Dominiqae," " Vie de Mere Marie de I 'In- 
carnation," ami a " Hisloire Gen€rah de la 
Nouvelle France," of which the latter is most 
valuable, desciibing his own experience, and 
the manners and customs of the natives, for 
which he is often quoted as good authority, 
thouL'h not free from partiality and credulity. 

Charlton, Uobert M., jiirist and author, 
b. Savannah, 19 Jan. 1S07; d. there 18 Jan. 
1854. Son of Judse Thos. B., a capt. of art. 
at the capture of Charleston, S.C, who d. Nova 
Scotia, 1847. Adm. to the bar, and elected to 
the legisl. in 1828; app. U.S. dist-alty. by 
Pres. Jackson, and at tlie age of 27 was app. 
and afterward elected judge of ihs Sup. Court 
of the eastern dist. of Ga. Twice mayor of 
Savannah, and U.S. senator in 1852-.3. He 
pub. in 1839 a vol. of poems, inclnding the 
poetical remain's of a fl.-.'c' i-.d !,-ii , •_> l , ■■] , 
1842 ; and cont; !'• v "y i .■ - i ■'• ■■. ■ 
and verse to tlir A - 'I I : 

for his finished ur.ii . .1:1 , .m h,- ^ umi^. 

Chase, Carli^.n, l>.i). (U. ui \ i. iN.i.j, 

Prot-Epis. bishop of N.H. (lonsec. 20 Oct. 
1844), b. Hopkinton, N H., Fel). 20, 1794; d. 
Claremont, N.H., J.in. 18, lS7n. P,,rtm. Coll. 
1817. Ord.de.icon, I SIS; jr - 1 --_vi ; rrrtor 
of Imnianuel Church, Brl' '.' ': \: liom 

1819 to 1844; and of Tn . : 1 . , 1 lue- 

mont, N.H. in 1844-6.3. .^-rii.r ,,.[.,,, lion 
of Bishop Onderdonck of N.V., liishop Chase 
performed for a time the episcopal duties of that 
diocese. At his death, he was a royal arch 
Mason. 

Chase, Dudi-et, statesman and jurist,,b. 
Corni.-h, N.H., Dec. .30, 1771; d. Randolph, 
Vt., Fel). 23, 1846. Dartm. Coll. 1791, where 
also his 4 bros. were educated, — Salmon, father 
of the senator ; Baruch, a lawyer ; Heber, who 
d. in 1797 ; and Philander, bishop of O. Adm. 
to the practice of law in 1793, he was State 
atty. for Orange Co. from 1803 to 181 1 ; mem- 
ber .of the Const. Conv. of 1814 and of 1822; 
for a number of years a member, and, from 
1808 to 1812, speaker, of the house of repre- 
sentatives of Vt. ; U.S. senator from 1813 to 
1817; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of 
Vt.. 1817-21, and again U.S.semitorin 1825-31. 

Chase, Iraii, D.D., theologian, b. Strat- 
ton, Vt., Oct. 5, 1793; d.Newtonville,Ms., Nov. 
1,1864. Middleb. Coll. 1814. After studying 
at Andover, he was ord. in 1817 ; labored as a 
Baptist missionary in Western Va. ; became in 
1818 prof in the theol. school at Phila., which 
was soon after transferred to Washington. 
In 1825, he was prominent in estaliliohing 
the theol. school at Newton Centre, Ms., 
of which he was prof till 1845. In 1830, he 
was instrumental in founding the Baptist mis- 
sion in France. He subsequently con.trib. to 
reviews on questions of church history and 
Christian doctrine. He pub " Life of Bun van," 
" The Design of Baptism," " The Constitu- 
tion of the Holy Apostles," " Infant Baptism 
an Invention of Man," &c. ' 



Ldciek B., M.C. from Tenn., 
;hor of a " Ilistorv of President 
inistration." B. 'Vt., 1817; d. 

PiiiL.iNDER. D.D., Prot. -Epis. 

, Ii c.iiM-!, X 11., Dec. 14,177.'); 

.,-!-• : vj. Dartm. Coll. 

.1- 111 Aquila Chase, 

uiii luiuA..:., Lug., in 1640, and 
grandson Dudley, 
e bishop, removed to a township 
No. 4 on the Ct., and founded the 



1845-9; a 
Polk's Ad: 
Dee. 1864. 

. Chase, 



settled at Newbury. 11 
father of 
above Foi 



town of Cornish. A 
his limbs prevented 1 
Ord. deacon. May 10, I 
1799, and was ibr sev- 
gaged in missionary la! 
1805, he went to N. Or] 



~. lii' '.II ' ■! I'.iriner. 

: Xuv. 10, 
■ i! . .. . ,1 iiiisly en- 
,v, ui \\\ ;u .. .X.Y. In 
aus, and took an active 
part in the organization of the Prot.-Epis. 
church in that city ; returning to the North in 
1811, and, until "1817, was rector of Christ 
Church, Hartford, Ct. Feb. 11, 1819, hewas 
eonsec. bishop of O., and in 1823 went to Eng. 
to solicit aid for Kcnyon Coll. and theol. sem. 
i'l !■•-■ iMn.-s.i, v.'i'h ^,,.,..,t *n-n-ss. Difficulties 
I ,.,.,, ,..;i, ..,.,,,,,,1 I, v clergy in regard 

i '^; ,i - t ; .''- '..<■ had collected, 

:.iii-:li I iii..;u^. 1.. I. -._!.. 4 the jurisdiction 
ui i.istliuLiM.-, Si-pt. y, 1^.)1 , removed toMich., 
and Mar. 8, 1835, being made bishop of III., 
he visited Eng. a second time in behalf of 
education in the West. In 1838, ho returned, 
with funds sufficient to lay the foundation of 
Jubilee Coll. at Robin's Nest, Peoria Co., 111. 
Bp. Chase, notwithstanding his size and cor- 
pulence, was an exceedingly active and labori- 
ous man, and, though not learned, had great 
diplomatic talents, and intuitive knowledge of 
human nature, g]-eat shreivdness, and accom- 
plished an amount of good tenfold greater than 
many incomparably his superiors in scholastic 
knowledge. He pub. in two 8vo vols. " Rera- 
iniscenets " of his life and labors; "Plea 
for the West," 1826 ; " Star of Kenvon Coll.," 
182S; - 1), ::„,,. ,.f ;c i;,.,:i Coll.," 1831. A 
scrii.!;, : 111.' thrbwn from 

hi^ r , i ,_ i lii.>liop's decease, 

and. n !• ■/. -Ill , :rr. ; , I: ■ ~,i!ik ijiiietly to rest. 

Chase, Salmdn Poktl.vxd, statesman, 
nephew ot Bishop Chase, b. Cornish, N.H., 13 
Jan. 1808. Dartm. Coll. 1828. Losing his ' 
father at tht age of 12, he found a home with 
his uncle, the bishop, who superintended his 
studies. He taught school in Washington, 
D.C., in 1827-9 ; studied law under Wm. Wirt ; 
settled in Cincinnati ab. 1830; prepared an 
edition of the statutes of O., of received author- 
ity ; and became eminent at the bar, where his 
hostility to slavery found frequent expression. 
He was in the city council in 1840, and sup- 
ported Harrison for the presidency ; took a lead- 
ing )iart in organizing the " Liberty i)arty " at 
Columbus in Dec. 1841 ; was active in its con- 
ven lions; and in that held at Cincinnati in June, 
1845, prepared an address, widely circulated, 
giving a history of slavery in the U.S., and 
arguing the necessity of political organization 
to denationalize it. The convention of the 
"Free Soil" party at Buffalo in Aug. 1848, 
called through his efforts, nominated VanBuren 
for the presidency. Chosen by the Democrats 



178 



CIIA 



of the Ohio legisl. to the U.S. senate in Feb. 

1849, he spoke against the Compromise Bill in 

1850, and separated from that party on the 
nomination of Mr. Pierce to the presidency in 
1852. In 1854, lie drafted an appeal to the 
people against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and 
in a speech, 3 Feb., elaborately exposed its 
objects. He proposed to add a clause to it, that 
" the people of the territory, through their ap- 
propriate representatives, may, if they see fit, 
prohibit the existence of slavery therein ; " 
rejected 10 to 36. He advocated the Homestead 
Bill, and the grant of aid toward the construc- 
tion of the Pacific Railroad. Gov. of 0., 185.5- 
9. Supported J. C. Fremont for the presidency 
in 1857. His decided action compelled the 
resignation, in 1857, of the State treasurer, who 
was a defaulter ; and bis prompt and judicious 
arrangements protected the credit of the State, 
and averted a large pecuniary loss. At the peace 
conference in Feb 1861, he proposed compen- 
sation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Made 
sec. of the treasury in Lincoln's cabinet. Mar. 
4, 1861. In Jan."l862, be vecommended that 
the U.S. notes be made a legal tender. He 
raised money by the issue of " greenbacks," 
which bore no interest, and by loans, which were 
taken at moderate rates, mostlv bv the people 

of the U.S. Hisfillanrul mmv'ht: .llilill,' lli.' 

Rebellion were slol i . : i , i;. - : 

those of the war d' ; \: ._ ': ■ 'i I' -i , 
1864, his friends en(lr;,VMr. .1 tn pi-.i, ;,:,■ i.h' Imu 
the nomination to tlie presidency, but without 
success. He succeeded Chief Justice Taney as 
the head of the U.S. Supreme Court, 12 Oct. 
1864. He presided over the court of impeach- 
ment (Mar. 1868) for the trial of Pres. Johnson, 
whose acquittal he favored. Uiisucessful can- 
didate for the Democ. nomination for pres. in 
July, 1868. He has contrib. to the N. A. 
Review, and to the Wcsleni Monthli/ Magazine, 
and is the author of some good verses. — iSee 
Mrs. Slowes Mm of our Time. 

Chase, Samuel, jurist and statesman, b. 
Somerset Co., Md., 17 Apr. 1741 ; d. 19 June, 
1811. Son of Rev. Thos. Chase, a native of 
Eng., by whom he was carefully educated. 
Adm. tothe bar in 1761, and settled in Annap- 
olis, where his talents, industry, intrepidity, 
imposing stature, sonorous voice, and energet- 
ic elocution raised him to distinction. In the 
colonial legisl., of which he was 20 years a 
member, he vehemently opposed the Stamp 
Act; was a member of the committee of cor- 
resp., and a delegate to Congress in 1774-9. 
He denounced Zubly of Georgia as a traitor, 
compelling him to flee the Congress, whose se- 
crets he was divulging to the enemy ; was in 
1776, with Franklin and Carrol, a commission- 
er to form a plan of union between the Colo- 
nies and Canada, and, on his return, labored 
successfully to change the sentiment of Md., 
so as to authorize him to vote, as he did, for the 
Declaration of Independence, of which he was 
one of the signers. He served with unwearied 
industry on many of the important committees 
of Congress. In 1 783, he was the agent of Md. 
in Eng., to reclaim a large sum of money in- 
trusted to the Bank of Eng., $650,000 of w"hich 
was subsequently paid over to the State. In 
1788, he was a "member of the convention to 



consider the Constitution of the U. S., which 
he did not regard as suflSciently democ. ; chief- 
justice of the Gen. Court of Md., 1791-6; 
asso.-justice U. S. Supreme Court, 27 Jan. 
1796 to his d- Warmly attached to the prin- 
ciples unl 111 asiiirs ni the administrations of 
Washiii,L,'f"ii Jill .Vhiiiis; after the change of 
adminivtnitinii in l>^ii+, he was, at the instance 
of John Randolph, inii^eached for his conduct 
in the trials of Fries and Callender, solely on 
political grounds, but was acquitted by the 
senate. He was a somewhat irascible man, 
and sometimes was overbearing as a judge, 
but was learned, able, and patriotic. 

Chase, Thomas, dep. Q. M. gen., north- 
ern department, in Revol. war; d. Boston, 
May 17, 1787. 

Chastellux (sha'-ta'-luks'), Fraxcois 
Jean, Makquis de, author and soldier, b. 
Paris, 1734 ; d. there Oct. 28, 1788. Entering 
the army at 1 5, he was col. of the regt. Gityenne 
through the war in Germany, 1754-63; be- 
came ^l/ar^cW de Camp, and in 1780 was a 
niaj.-gen. in Rochambeau's army in Amer., 
gaining the pariii iiln li I i;.K!i;|i „( Washing- 
ton. Onhisrciir i ; ' 1 r:- li" was made a 
field-marshal, anl :;i ;i : <■>' the Acad. 



war, and - • i . . ,■.■■■,.•.. : ■ i ••( inc 
princi|in! . ■ . ! : iird 

bvGcM. 1,1 ,. ■ ,-i d., ,■! I,,,,..' ,11 :■, \7S7. 

Hisd.M; ./ 1 • ;.-," 

and " /'' ! - ' ■ ■ s.>< 

Soldals,!^ ■ ', ■ 1 I ■ ' wrre 

translated l._, l),i\ . i 11 n'lr.ii; -'_. - 'I ii- yrar 
before he d. lie m. Miss IMunket, a young lady 
of Irish extraction. 

Chatham, William Pitt, Earl, orator 
and statesman, b. Westminster, 15 Nov. 1708 ; 
d. 11 May, 1778. Son of Robert Pitt, Esq., 
of Boconock, Cornwall. Studied at Eton 
and Oxford, entered parliament in 1735, and 
opposed Sir Robert Walpole with such effect, 
that the Duchess of Marlborough bequeathed 
Pitt a legacy of £10,C09. Made joint vice- 
treas. of Ireland in 1746, soon afterward treas. 



ing connected himself with the Grenville party, 
through his marriage with Hester, dau. of 
Richard Grenville. Made in 1757 sec. of State, 
he infused his own spirit and energy into the 
public service everywhere, made Eng. trium- 
phant in every quarter of the globe, and added 
Canada to her dominions. He resigned in Oct. 
1761, and received a pension of i3,000 a year. 
He advocated a conciliatory policy toward 
the Amer. Colonies, and the repeal of the Stam p 
Act. In 1766, he formed a new ministry, in 
which he took the privy seal, and was made 
Earl of Chatham, but quitted office finally in 
1768. In the house of lords, he opposed the 
coercive measures employed against Amer., in 
speeches of great ability and eloquence; but iu 
reply to a motion by the Duke of Portland, 
in Apr. 1778, urging the acknowledgment of 



179 



the independence of Amer., Chatham, who had 
just left a sick-bed, opposed it with all the ar- 
dent eloquence of his younger days. The 
Duke of Richmond having replied to this 
speech, Chalhara attempted to rise again, but 
fainted, and was borne home in a state of ex- 
haustion, from which he never recovered. He 
had a public funeral at the 
and a monument in Wo-mi 

Chaumonot 



jnal expense. 

Abbey. 

)!■ CnJnMOV- 

•ixnch Jesuit, 

1 ; d Lorette, 



b.nearChatillun -11 
near Quebec, Fell. 2l. lui;, .\lii>r robbing 
an uncle, who directed In- , .In :iiion, hi- went 
to Rome, where, under an a — umi .i rliar.ictcr, 
he became a Jesuit. Ru|nniiii- ..l his onors, 
he was, after being ord. priest, sunt, at his own 
request, as a missionary to the N. Anier. Indi- 
ans. Landing at Quebec with Father Poncet, 
in 1639, he devoted himself to the instruction 
of the Hurons and Neutrals. When the Hu- 
rons were dispersed by the Iroquois, in 1650, 
he accomp. a small party of the fugitives to 
Quebec. The next year, be formed with the 
Hurons a Christian settlement at Isle Orleans. 
In 165.5, be visited the Onondagas, but re- 
turned in 1658, and helped found the mission 
of Noire Dame de Foye, near Quebec. Soon 
after its removal to Lorette, in 169.3, which 
mission he had founded ab. the year 1670, he 
ended his long career of labor and hardship. 
He left an excellent grammar of the Huron 
tongue, pub. by the Hist. Society of Quebec, 
1835, a list of radical and derivative words, a 
catechism, and a series of instructions, all in the 
same language, and a inemoir of his own life. 
These are unpub. — Applelon's Nrw Amer.Cijclo. 

Chauney (chabn'-si), Charles, B. D., 
2d pres. of H. U., and the ancestor of all who 
bear the name in the U.S. ; b. Yardley Herts., 
Eng., 1592; d. Feb. 19, 1672. Educated at 
Westminster and Cambridge, he made the ac- 
quaintance of Archbishop Usher, and was app. 
prof, of Hebrew, and afterward of Greek, at 
Cambridge. He was a scholar at Westminster 
at the time of the gunpowder plot to blow up the 
building. In 1627, he became vicar of Ware, 
Hertfordshire. His stern Puritanism involved 
him in difficulties with the ecclesiastical au- 
thorities : he was imprisoned and fined, and 
recanted, but soon repented of his recantation. 
He therefore determined to embark for N.E., 
where he arrived a few days before the great 
earthquake, June 1, 1638. Ho was re-or- 
dained, and for 3 years remained in Plymouth, 
as assist, pastor to Mr. Raynor, and then took 
pastoral charge of the church in Scituate, Ms. 
A change in the ecclesiastical polity of Eng. 
determined him to return to his vicarage in 
Ware ; but the offer of the presidency of the 
university, which he accepted Nov. 27, 1654, 
kept him here till his death. He pub. a few 
theol. works, and a number of sermons. He 
was zealous against wearing long hair, and 
baptizing the children of non-communicants; 
a man of great industry and learning, and was 
eminent as a physician. He left 6 sons, who 
all grad. at Harvard, and became preachers. 

Chauncey, Charles, D.D. (U. of Edinb. 
1742), clergvman of Boston, great-grandson of 
Pres. C, KJan. 1,1705; d. Feb. 10, 1787. 



H.U. 1721. Ord. pastor of the 1st church in 
Boston, Oct. 25, 1727, as the colleague of Mr. 
Foxcroft. He was minister of one parish for 60 ^, 

years. Among his numerous publications are, JLJaJ<. 'V 
" A Complete View of the Ki.iM-o,,nry," being -^^ ^Ip /* 
the substance of adistni-imi witli Dr. Chand- "^'y. O^^n^G, 
lerofN.J. ; " Seasonal-'. ■ I Imn^lns un the a i/) ' v- 
State of Religion in X. lai^lnnl: • liiscourse KlA^*!^^ 
on Enthusiasm," 1742, dac.nd a-aiii-st White- ' j, J^^-,^ 
field ; " Remarks on the Bishop of LandafFs ' " ^t' 

Sermon," 1767; " Mysierv bid from Ages, /ft, (^/itlt*** 
or the Salvation of all Men," 1785 ; "The ■. , ^ 

Benevolence of the Deity," 1784; "Five Dis- p\t^i^Jflr<*'^ 
sertations on the Fall and its Consequences," , ,- 

1785. He was a warm friend of his country Li, S ' ^ 
during the Revol. struggle, was a man of great ' ' 
learning and piety, and was an active f^onivo- ^/ir^i^i^^, J-" 
versialist. — See Chauncey Memo'ls, W. C. 

Chauncey, Charles, LL. D. (Mid. Coll. 
ISll), a disting. lawyer, b. Durham, Ct., June 
11,1747; d. New Haven, April 18, 1823. Y.C. 
1779. Removing to New Haven, he was adm. 
to the bar in Nov. 1768; app. State's atty. in 
1776; and was a judge of the Superior Court 
ill 1789-93. He was 40 years a lecturer on 
jurisp.,and was pres. of the first agric. society 
of Ct., of which hewas a principal founder. His 
son Charles, LL. D. (Y. C. 1827), a leading 
lawyer of the Phila. bar, b. N. Haven, Aug. 17, 
177'7; d. Wilmington, N. J., Aug. 30, 1849. 
Y. C. 1792. He removed ab. 1798 to Phila. 

Chauncey, Isaac, capt. U. S. N., b. Black 
Rock, Ct., Feb. 20, 1772; d. Washington, Jan. 
27, 1840. Entering the merchant-service very 
young, he com. a ship at 19, and made several 
successful voyages to the E. Indies in the 
ships of J. J. Astor. On the organization of 
the navy, he was made a lieut. Sept. 17, 1798; 
was acting capt. of the frigate" Chesapeake" 
early in 1802; was highly praised for his conduct 
in several actions off Tripoli ; became master. 
May 23, 1804; anrl capt. April 24, 1806. In 
the War of 1812, he com. the naval force on 
Lake Ontario, but was unable to bring the 
British com.. Sir James Yeo, to action. April 
25, 1813, he conveyed Gen. Pike's force to York, 
which was captured, Chaunccy's gallantry being 
conspicuous. May 27, he again co-operated 
with the land-force in the capture of Fort 
George, which brought al)0ut the evacuation, by 
the British, of the whole Niagara frontier. Sept. 
27, Chauncey succeeded in getting up with Yeo, 
in York Bay. " The Pike," his flagship, was, on 
this occasion, manoeuvred and fought iii a man- 
ner ever since a theme of admiration in the 
navy. Before the whole Amer. squadron could 
get into action, the enemy bore up, Chauncey 
following. A heavy gale stopped the chase, 
and prevented the destruction of the British 
fleet. After the war, he com. in the Meditcrra- 
ne.in, and with Wm. Shaler, consul, negoti- 
ated a treaty with Algiers. Navy commiss. at 
Washington in 1820, and from 1833 until his 
death. He was a model of gallantry, energy, 
and skill ; father of Com. J. S. 

Chauncey, Com. John S., U. S. N., b. 
New York; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 11 Apr. 1871. 
Midshipman, Jan. 1, 1812; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; 
com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 14, 1855 ; comra. 
July 16, 1862; in sloop " Peacock," W.I. 



180 



squadron, in Aug. 1822 ; engaged in capturing 
7 pirate vessels and a heavily-armed pirate 
scliocmer off Biihia Honda, Cuba; assist, insp. 
of ordnance, 18:38-43; insp. of do., 1847-50; 
com. sloop " Vandalia," W. I. squadron, 1843- 
5; com. steam-sloop" Susquehanna," 1861 ; en- 
gaged forts Hatteras and Clark, as second in 
com., Aug. 29-30, 1 S61 ; in com. of blockade of 
sounds of Va. and NO., Sept. 1861 . —//.n«cr.s/f/. 

ChaunceV, I'lnn"!. \V,ii< ,,tt, capt. U. 
S. N. ; d.PeirMunLi.dri, It, Iv;:.. .Mid.. June 
28, 1804; liciil. Jan. 7. ishi; ui,i-i.a-, Marcli 
5, 1817; caj.t. Apr. 24, is_'fj. 

ChauveaU(sliu-v,/),Pn.;EKEj.O., LL.D., 
Canadian author and politician, b. Quebec, 
May 30, 1820, .Son of a merchant. Wascdii- 



tion 1 

n'url 


to the 

1-d -J! 


T,ntin Tor; 


n''»',! 


i-hich, i' 


n 178.5 
ore th 


,bad 
an a 


CCI: 


ll-^ ll 

< ■ i;. 


K' ll::ih! i... 
11- :l!^.. 


k ..I 1 


hr l,:U 
a llll 


in sch 


olars 
ilise. 


" Sc 


riiitiii 


■e I'lMMlir,-!, 


'^ l-'-I 


il <1, 


in 3 : 


short 


Essa 


vs." 


A lllllrl.ll 


A'l-r. ll 


V ( 'ntli 


m Ma 


thcr, 


with 


■poci 




. .MS , 


wa, |,. 


ll... Bo 


ston. 


1828 


. 11 


i~ H>U S \M 


II I. 




liiiistci 


■ of 


Marl 


dehc; 


ld,d. there 


May -J-. 


1, 17-'4, 


a. 8.5. 


H. 


U. ICSO. 


15. New Hi 




t,, Sc]>t 


. 22, 1 


1339 ; 


ord. 


AUL'. 


13. 1684. 










Cheever, Georo 


E B.\I!I 


!FII IJ 


i.D.,,-1 


crgv- 


man 


and 


author, b. 


Hallow 


vll, .Me 


., Ai.r 


• 17, 


1807 


. Bo« 


.■d.CoU. 182,5; And 


. Theol. 


, Scm. : 


1830. 


Ord. 


paste 


)r Howard-j 


^t. Con 


g. CIni 


reb, Salem, 


Ms., 


1832 


, While at 


Ando 




Salem, he 



tion. 11), I.' : . ., ' > 

de M,r,ns I ,,„.„„.,■■ |,..,,,i. li,. ,, n .a.ii 

inp„l„„...._.l/,„„„„. 

Chauvenet, William, LL. D., mathe- 
matician, b. Mdford, Pa., 1820; d. St. Paul, 
Minn., 13 Dec., 1870. Y. C. 1840. He was 
first employed in taking meteor, observations 
at GIrard "Coll. Obs. ; became in 1841 instr. 
in maths, at the U. S. Naval Asylum, Pbila. ; 
prof, of astron. and maths, at the Naval Acad., 
Annapolis, 1845-59; prof, of astron. and maths, 
at Wash. U., St. Louis, 18.59-62; chancellor 
of the U., 1862-9. Author of "Binomial 
Theorem and Ln-aritlmii," 1843; "Plane 
and Spherii.il 'IMjiiniinny," 1850; "New 
Method of I 'o: ' I bistances," 1850; 

"The Great I i ! . I. ior,"ful., 1855; 

"Manual of Sp!i' i an'l 1' .i. t. Astron., "2 vols.. 



II Citi- 
, a.37. 
" Nine 
Peace, 
'aine," 
settled 
OP.V in 



Cheetham, J.vmes, editor Amerk 
zeii, NY., 1798; d. there Sept. 19, 181 
He pub. "Reply to Atistides," 1804 
Letters on Burr's Defection," 1803; 
, ^ or War ? " 1 807 ; " Life of Thos. 
- itn^-/^'' 1809. Of this work, penned with 
yf jaTj^ malignity," Cheetham left a revised 

it,'/) / the library of the N. Y. Hist. Soc. H. 
■Jiet%itf ti'i^'^fx English radical, escaped from tlie Manchester 
I<0o2 ir n/,'''°''' °f 1798, had a mind largely cultivated by 
- /'^Treading, and remarkable powers of invective. 
— See Lb: Francis's Old New York. 

Cheever, Ezekiel, an eminent N. E. 
schoolmaster, b. London, Jan. 25, 1616; d. 
Boston, Aug. 21, 1708. The son of a linen- 
draper. He had a superior classical training, as 
evinced by some Latin verses and essays still 
extant in MS. Came to Boston in 1637, but 
in 1638, with Davenport and Eaton, founded 
New Haven. Chosen a deacon soon after the 
organization of a church, he occasionally ofS- 
ciated as a preacher; taught a public school 
there from 1638 till 1650, and represented the 
town in the Gen. Assembly in 1646. He was 
master of the grammar school at Ipswich 
from 1650 to 1661 ; taught the free school in 
Charlestown from 1661 to 1770, and from that 
time until his death had charge of the Boston 
Latin School. While teaching at New Haven, 
he prepared the " Accidence, a Short Introduc- 



Kcw Yorl 
contrib. n 
Bihliolhm 
" Commo 
1828 and 



Water of Lilc," 1 
Genius, and Sane 
against Slavery," 
lestial Countrv," 

Cheevoi-; i!i 

ceding, a I 



■■ Lictiircs on the Life, 
■Cowpcr," 1856; "God 
■ ; " Voyage to the Ce- 



popular I ■' iiig 

them "1-1. ,>,■'■- I '. : ■ I ■ ■ in 

theSan.lv.: i , ••:...■.■[ l.,s 

Captors," , la . \,:., !,.,, , ,,. I M, ,. ,,,;,,],, 
of Capt. I ' ' I ■ 11 ■ r . !.i- 

phyof Xailiiai 1 ( li- v-iM H , ' I ■ ai ; ■ I he 
Pulpit and the I'cw," 185S. F.e-idi's at Green 
Point, L.L 

Cheney, Harriet V., author, dan. of 
Hannah Foster, b. Ms. Has pub. " The Sun- 
day-school," written in conjunction with hcrsis- 
tef, "A Peep at the Pilgrims," 1850; "The 
Rivals of Acadia," " Sketches from the Life of 
Christ," " Confessions of an Early Martyr," 
1840. Mrs. Gushing, her sister, has pub. " Es- 
ther," a dramatic poem, and some works for 
the young. — AIUbo»e. 



CHE 



181 



Cheney, Seth, an artist celebrated for his 
mi^'oii-iirawings; d. Manchester, Ct., Sept. 10, 
18J6, a. 55. He cxcclleJ in giving a purity 
and spirituality to his pieces. John Cheney, 
his brother, excelled as an engraver of heads. 
— Even. Post, Stpl. 1 1 . 

Chesebro, Caroli.ne, authoress, b. Ca- 
nandaigua, N. Y. Her first tales and sketches 
appeared in 1848, in Gniham's Maijazine, and 
liolden's Dollar Ma^uzine. In 1851, a vol. of 
her writings was pub., entitled " Dreamland 
hyDavli-ht, a Panorama of Romance:" in 



We 



1722), 
by, Ln 



- L uf C:ol. John (II.U. 
. I I lather Leonard, ot: Bla- 
I .: . cauieoverin 1633, was 
r Ml W , and d. there 11 Dec. 
1648, a. 39. A represejitative in 1772, he was 
a capt., and disting. at ihe battle of Bunker's 
Hill ; was afterwards made col., and continued 
in the army until 1777. He was subsequently 
some time speaker of the Icgisl. of Ct., and a 
member of the council, 1788-91 and 1803; 
supervisor of tlio dist. of Ct , 1791-1801, and 
he also held for some time the office of judge 
(.1 ilir <ouiiiy court of probate. 

J> y. Chestei', Joseph Lemuel, antiquary, b. 

L^vh-^ , ^ Xuiuuli, rt.. April 3d, 1821._^He was eii- 
2 D- /j^'^^i-cil ill meicantilc pursuiis m Phila. until 
' 1852, and was a frequent conlrib. to the press, 

prineipallv under various signatures, of which 
the best known is that of "Julian Cramer." 
He then became connected with the Thila. 
press, and was some time an assist, clerk in 
the IJ. S. H. of representatives. Sirice 1858, 
he has resided in London. In 1869, he assi-t- 
cd in lorming at London " The Harleian So- 
ciety," for the pub. of inedited MSS. relating 
to genealoiiy, heraldry, &c., and was chosen a 
member of its council. In 1870, he was made 
one of the council of the Hist. Soc. of Great 
Britain, recently organized. He has pub. 
" Greenwood Cemetery and other Poems," 
1841; "A Preliminary Treatise on the Law 
of Repulsion," 1853 ; "" Educational Laws of 
Va., the Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret 
Douglas," 18.54; "John Rogers," with a 
genealogy of the family, 1861. He is a con- 
lrib. to various historical and genealogical 
journals, and is an hon. moniber of several 
learned societies in Eiig. anil America. 

Chevalier (sheh-vii ka) Michel, a 



T,l, 



Jnn. 



13, 1806; studied at th^ i .i 'i : ,: A the 

mining schools; and was : the 

dept. du Nord. Hejoinrd tii. In . i i,. ,^1 St. 
Simon, shared the pennMcs they incuird. and, 
rCler a short imprisonment, was sent by M. 
Thiers to the U.S., with the special mission of 
acquainting himself with the Amer. system of 
railroads. He arrived in N.Y. near the end 
of 1832, travelled 2 years over the U S., Mexi- 
co, and Cuba, and pub. the results in the 
Journal des Debats, and in 1836, in book-form, 



entitled. "Lettres sur I' Amgriqne da Nord." He 
entered the council of state m 1840, suc- 
ceeded RL Rosse as prof, of political economy 
at the Coll. of France, and, a few months later, 
was made chief eng of mines. In his " Uis- 
toire et Description des Voies de Coinmiinicatwn 
aux £tdls Unis," 2 vols., 1840-42, he gives a full 
account of American railroads, with a view of 
their i.,;lii, .!-•,. ,.|, ,ii .,„•!,,] i„iM. •.,,„■.,■. He 
is an , .1 \ ..'. .. I I i I s:^l was 

pOWlir.l! ■. i"ii ■ M,, - ,i •: IM I860, 

grand ofhrn- >.: :', I, .n . i I ; <ir, 1861. 
He has alsu | ." 1844; 

" La Liberie II I' i I ! i " Ques- 

tions Politiijih s . ,' ,N' " - ,1 ■•;._• ; ■■ .1/. riroAn- 
cinU and Modal,," 1SG4; " U ErpeJition da 
itcxiqne," in 1862, and " Coars d'Economie 
Politique." 

Cheveru.s(sh5v'e-rus) Jean Loots Anne 
Madeleine Lefeveede, D.D.,caidinal, arch- 
bishop of Bordeaux, b.Mayenne, 28 Jan. 17CS; 
d. Bordeaux, 19 July, 1836. Educated at the 
Coll of Louis le Grand, Paris, 1786 ; ord. priest 
in 1790; was some time a curate at Mayennu; 
came to Boston in Oct. 1796; was consec. 1st 
R.C. bishop of Boston, 1 Nov. ISln ; bishop of 
Moiitaiil.aii, 1SJ3; archbishop of Bordt'aux, 
I8_ij, ;. I I >,iii,:ial in 1835. He founded a 
chill III., , .Me. ; spent 3 months in 

sui r : I I y labors among the Indi- 

ans ..n ['.:'■ I\ii<)ir. , It, and, during the preva- 
lence oi yellow fever in Boston, manifested de- 
votion and benevolence not confined to those 
of his own creed. Learned, talented, amiable, 
and devout, ho was regarded by Protestants, 
as well as Catholics, with sincere affection and 
respect. 

Cheves, Langdon, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1824) imi-t and sr.itestnan, b. Abbeville Dist., 
SX\ ^ ■'! I :, 17 7. .; d. Columbia, S.C, June 
25, I 7 !1 I ihltn. to the bar in 1800; 
end ii 1,1 i ,1 , , I ISUS, becoming its leader ; 
was .,;;.i,-„a. ui the State; M.C. 1811-16; 
speaker duiing the 2il session of the 13th Con- 
gress ; judge of the C. C. P. 1816-19, and for 
some time pros, of the U.S Bank. He was a 
zealous supporter of the War of 1812; was 
chairman of the naval com. in 1812, and of 
that of ways and means in 1813, and made 
several eloquent speeches, and advocated the 
creation of a navy. H-v/n; i I:' f r M-iniiission- 

cr under the treaty of il' i,' some 

of its provisions. TIhhl: i i South- 

ern confederacy, he i.ii i m : i. liiiti the 
scheme of nullification in Im2. iij was a del- 
egate to the Nashville convention in 1850, and 
to the State convention in 1852. Of his lit- 
erary efforts, the he^t known is his cssayon the 
subject of lb.' T' S V, III',, .■jiu'd "S.iy." 

Chew, Hi I >ai- ,: 1., W.River, Anne 

Artnulel C" , M ' ^ ■ I7l'2; d. Jan. 20, 

1810. His;:iMi! I, nil 1,1 M. >aiiil. Chew, came 
from Cliewton, .Soiiicrsetsiiifc, in 1G7I, with 
Lord Baltimore. Samuel, bis father, phys. 
and judge, and a Quaker, d. 16 June, 1744. 
His speech to the grand jury of Newcastle, on 
the lawfu'ncss of defence, was pub. in 1741, 
and repub. in 1775. After studying law with 
Andrew Hamilton, and also in London, in 
1743 he settled on the Delaware, and in 1754 



182 



cm 



went to Pliila , wliure lie held respectivp.ly 
the offices ul iLrniilrr ( 1 7. "i.')-72), register of 
wills, attv.-urii. (K-.iL.'iir,l ill 1766), and be- 
came in 1774 cliiLljiistirc of Pa. He was 
long speaker of tliL- II. of delegates of the 3 
lower counties in Del. Claimed by both par- 
ties when the Eevol. broke out, be took, alter 
the Deel. of Indep., a decided stand a,^'ainst the 
Whigs. Refusing in 1777 to sign a parole, ho 
was sent a prisoner to Fredericksburg, Va. 
Pres. of ibe High Court of Errors and Appeals, 
1790-1806. 

Chiekering, Jesse, M.D. (1833), a sta- 
tistical writer, b. Dover, Aug. 31, 1797; d. 
West Roxbiiry, Ms., May 29, 1855. H.U. 
1818. He studied theology, and became a Uni- 
tarian preacher ; then medicine, uli;. h h. |.;,i - 
tised ab. ten years in Boston. \. I i 

to West Roxbury. Author ct I ! , 

tion of Ms. from 1765 to 18l!i, I In; ' Ini 
migration into the U.S.," 1848, and " Uepoits 
on the Census of Boston," 1851, and contrib. 
many raluable articles to magazines and peri- 
odicals. His last publication was a "Letter 
addressed to the Pres. of the U.S. on Slavery 
considered in Relation to the Constitutional 
Principles of Govt, in Great Britain and in the 
U.S.," 1855. 

Cbiekering, Jonas, philanthropist, and 
pianoforte maker, b. New Ipswich, N.H., Apr. 
5, 1793 ; d. Boston, Dec. 8, 18.53. Theson of 
a blacksmith. Alter receiving a common scliool 
education, he learned the trade of a cabinet- 
maker. In 1818, he went to Boston, and 
became a workman in John Osborne's piano- 
forte manuf., and in 1823 began business for 
himself. He latterly constructed 1,500 instru- 
ments annually, and at least one grand piano, 
worth $1 ,000, or more, every week. Just a year 
before his death, he lost, by the burning of his 
establishment, more than S200,000, but at once 
projected and completed an extensive factory 
at the south part of the city, covering a space 
of between 60 and 70,000 scjuare feet, 5 stories 
in height. He was widely known for his liber- 
ality and kindness to the poor, and those who 
have struggled for fame in their musical career. 
He had been a member of the legisl., pres. of 
the Handel and Haydn Society, and of the 
Ms. Charitable Mechanics Asso., which last 
offiee he filled at the time of his death. His 
son Thomas E. Chickeeing, col. 41st Ms. 
regt. in the civil war, b. Boston, 22 Oct. 1824 ; 
d. there 14 Feb. 1871. Succeeded his father 
in the management of the largo piano-forte 
manuf. established by him. 

Child, LvDiA Maria, philanthropist and 
author, b. Medford, Ms., Feb. U, 1802. Her 
ancestor, Richard Francis, settled in Cam- 
bridge, Ms., in 1636. Her brother, Convers 
Francis, was an eminent Unitarian divine. 
She was educated at the public schools, and 
one year in a sera, at Medford. From 1825 to 
1828, she kept a private scliool in Watertown, 
and in 1828 was m. to David Lee Child, a law- 
yer of Boston. In 1841-9, she, with her hus- 
band, edited the Antislaverij Standard in N.Y., 
where she was a member of the family of the 
Quaker philanthropist, Isaac T. Hopper. 
While there, she wrote for the Boston Cornier 
her 2 series of "Letters from N.Y ," afterward 



pub in 2 vols., 1843 and 1845. She has since 
resided at Wayland, Ms. She has pub. " IIo- 
boinok, a Tale of Early Times," 1821 ; " The 
Rebels, or Boston before the Revol.," 1822; 
"Juvenile Miscellanv," 8 vols, from 1827 to 
1835; " The FrugarHousewifc," 1829, which 
had in 1833 reached 33 editions; "Mother's 
Book," 1831 ; " The Girl's Own Book," 1831 ; 
"The History of Woman," 1832; "Biogra- 
phies of Good Wives," " Memoirs of Madame 
DcStael, Madame Roland, Madame Guyon, 
and Lady Russell; "The Coronal," 18.>3; 
"Appeal for that Class o! Am ivn- ,, lied 
Africans," 1833; the tii-~t n ;., •■.■,\k 

ever printed in Amor, in . ilio 

Oasis," an annual, 1834; ■ \:i:i ';iv< , ( '.u- 



.\uthi 



Tales, 1840; "Flowers for Children," 3 vols., 
collected from the Juvenile Miscellanv; 
" Isaac T. Hopper, a True Life," 1S.">3 ; " The 
Progress of Religions Ideas." 3 vols. 18.55; 
"Autumnal Leaves," 1857 ; "The Patriarchal 
Institution " and " The Duty of Disobedience 
to the Fugitive Slave La«V' 2. small tracts, 
1860; "The Right Way and the Safe Way," 
I860; "Looking Towards Snnscr," IBIU ; 
"The Freedman'sBooU,"18r..); ami, in 1867, 
"A Romance of the Rcpulilic." Upon the 
arrest of Capt. John Brown, she wrote to him, 
offering her services as a nurse, cnelosing it in 
one to Gov. Wise. He replied, declining her 
offer, but asking her to aid his family, which she 
did. With thislettercamc one from Gov. Wise, 
reproving her expressions of sympathy for the 
prisoner, which she answered. She was also 
the recipient of a singular epistle from Mrs. 
M. J. C. Mason, to which she replied in her 
best vein. This series of letters, pub. in pam- 
phlet form in 1860, had a circulation of 300,- 
000. Her antislavcry writings contrib. in no 
slight degree to the formation of the public 
sentiment which ultimately prevailed; but they, 
long subjected her to popular odium. 

Childs, HiiSBr Halsey, M.I)., physician, 
b. Pittslield. Ms., June 7, 1783; d. Boston, 
Mar. 22, 1868. Wms. Coll. 1802. Son of Dr. 
Timothy, an eminent physician. In Sept. 1823, 
he organized the Berkshire Med. Institute, 
which became a college in 1837, and of which 
he was prof, of the theory and practice of 
med., and pres. until 1863! He was a Jeffer- 
sonian Democ. ; represented Pittslield in the 
legisl. of 1816 and 1827 ; in the Const. Conv. 
of 1820; State senator in 1837, and was lieut.- 
gov. of Ms. in 1843. Ho was a man of strict 
integrity and great benevolence. 

Childs, 'Thomas, brig.-gen. U. S. A., h. 
Pittsficld, Ms., 1796 ; d. Tampa Bav, Fla., 8 
Oct. 1853. Son of Dr. Timo., and gr.-son of 
Col. James Easton. West Point, 1814. Enter- 
ing the art., he was disting. at Niagara anil Fort 
Erie; became capt. 1 Oct. 1826 ; brev. maj. for 
gallantry at Fort Drane, Fla., 21 Aug. 1836 ; 
brev. lieut.-col. for gallantry in the Fla. war, 
1840-2 ; brev. col. for Palo Alto and Resaca, 
9 May, 1846 ; com. the storming party at Mon- 
terey"; joined Gen. Scott before Vera Cruz ; 
maj. 1st Art., 16 Feb. 1847 ; disting. at Cerro 



183 



ctti 



Gordo; brev. brij-gcn. for defence of Puebia, 
12 Oct. 1847; mi it. {,'ov. of Jiilapa, Apr. 1847, 
and of Piicbla, An;;. 1847. He joined to un- 
daunted bravery great professional skill. 

ChildS, Timothy, M.D. (H. U. 1811), 
physician and patriot, b. Deerfield, Ms., Feb. 
1748; d. Feb. 25, 1821. Entering H. U. in 
1764, he was obliged from poverty to leave 
there in 1767, and, retnrning to " Deerfield, 
studied physic, and in 1771 removed to practise 
in Pittstield. An ardent patriot, be was com- 
missioned in a company of minute-men, with 
which he marched to Boston in Apr. 1 775, and 
was soon after app. surgeon of Col. Patterson's 
regt., with which he went to N. Y., and in the 
exped. to Montreal. In 1777. he left the ar- 
my, and resumed practice at Pittsfield, where 
he continued till his death. In 1792, and for 
several years after, he was a representative, and 
also a senator in the General Court, and was 
a member of the exec, council. He was a warm 
supporter of the Kepublican, or Democratic 
party. — Tliaclier. 

Chipman, D.4siel, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1848), lawyer, b. Salisbury, Ct., Oct. 22, 1765 ; 
d. Ripton, Vt., Apr. 23, 1850. Dartra. Coll. 
1788. In 1775, his father removed to Tinmouth. 
Daniel labored on a farm until 1783. After 
studying law with his bro. Nathaniel, nt Kut- 
land, Vt., he commenced practice there, but in 
1794 removed to Middlebury. He became dis- 
ting. in his prof , and also in literature; was 
madeamemberofthe Amer. Acad., 1812 ; prof, 
of law in Mid. Coll. from 1806 to 1816. He rep- 
resented Rutland in the State Const. Conv. of 
1793, and was often a member of the State 
legist, between 1794 and 1803, when he was 
elected a member of the council, and from 1809 
to 1815, and again in 1818 and '21 ; speaker 
in 1813-14; M. C. 1815-17; member of the 
Const. Convs. of 1816 and 1850. Besides these 
duties and distinctions, he was the first reporter 
of the Supreme Court of Vt. ; pub. a valuable 
treatise on the Law of Contracts, and a vol. of 
Reports of the Supreme Court, 8vo, 1835 ; a bi- 
ography of his bro. Nathaniel Chipman, and 
also of "Col. Seth Warner and Gen. Thos. Chit- 
tenden, 1849. He was the youngest of 7 bros., 
all highly distinguished men. 

Chipman, N.xthaniel, LL.D. (Dartm. 
Coll.) jurist, I). Salisbury, Ct., Nov. 15, 1752; 
d. Tinmouth, Vt , Feb."l5, 1843. Yale Coll. 
1777. Bro. of Daniel. Lieut, in the Revol. 
army in the spring of 1777, and participated in 
the battles of Monmouth and White Plains. 
He studied law, was adm. to the bar in JIarch, 
1779, and removed to Tinmouth, Vt. He im- 
mediately took a high stand at the bar ; was a 
member of the State legist, in 1784-5; a judge 
of the Supreme Court of Vt. in 1786, and chief- 
justice in 1789. In that year, he was one of 
the commissioners on behalf of Vt. to adjust 
differences with N. Y., and in 1791 to nego- 
tiate the admission of Vt. into the Union, "in 
1791, he was app. bv Washinston judge of the 
U. S. Dist. Court of Vt., which he resigned in 
1793; in Oct. 1796 was again chosen chief- 
justice of the Supreme Court, and at the same 
time was .ipp. one of a committee to revise the 
statutes, the duties of which were almost wholly 
performed by him. He was U. S. senator from 



1797 to 1803 ; from 1806 to 1811 was a repre- 
sentative to the State legisl. ; in 1813, he was 
one of the council of censors ; in 181.3-15 was 
once more chief-justice of the Supreme Court ; 
and was prof of law in Mid. Coll. from 1816 
until his death. Judge Chipman enjoyed high 
reputation as a jurist and a lawyer, and pos- 
sessed, also, considerable literary and scientific 
attainments. He pub. in 1793 " Sketches of 
the Principles of Govt.," and a small vol. of 
" Reports and Dissertations." In 1826, he re- 
vised the laws of Vt. His bro. Daniel pub. a 
memoir of his life. 

Chipman, Wakd, LL.D., chief-justice of 
N. Brunswick, b. St. John, N.B., July 10, 1787 ; 
d. St. John, 26 Dec. 1851. H.U. 1804. Son of 
Judge Ward Chipman, a loyalist. He held, 
successively, the offices of advocate-gen. and 
clerk of the circuits, recorder of St. John, 
solicitor-gen., puisne judge of the Supreme 
Court (.Mar. 18, 1825), and Sept. 29, 1834, was 
app. chief-justice. He had also been a speaker 
of the assembly, and pres. of the legisl. coun- 
cil, and w.is a liberal benefactor of churches 
and schools. 

Chittenden, Martin, gov. of Vt. (1813- 
15), son of Gov. Thomas, h. Salisbury, Ct., 
Mar. 12, 1769 ; d. Williston, Vt..Sept. 5,1841. 
Dartm. Coll. 1789. In May, 1776, the family 
removed to Williston, Vt., but, during the same 
year, took up their abode in the south part of 
the State, where they remained until the close 
of th" "-ir ( ivvin..' to feeble health, he devoted 
hiiri- ' ' . ' ' ■■ ' r-'iits. of whirii lie was ex- 

Orr,| 1 •: i :' ,1 rir|,n, i,l P j i i f trildcn Co. 

W.>. ,; ,u. lii'. r .,i ilirojnvcnti..ii th;U adopted 
the U. ,S. C,jii,iiM\iM; was in 1790 elected 
county clerk and representative, to which sta- 
tion he was re-elected for 6 successive years, and 
also at occasional subsequent intervals. He was 
judge of the Co. Court in 1793-5 ; chief-judge 
in 1796-1803; and was M. C. from 1803 to 1813, 
and judge of probate in 1821-2. He was gov. 
during the war with Eng., and refused to com- 
ply with the requisition of Gen. Macomb for the 
State militia. This act was severely commented 
upon by his political opponents, and prevented 
his re-election. At the age of 33, he attained 
the rank of maj -gen. of militia. 

Chittenden, Thomas, first gov. of Vt., 
b. East Guilford, Ct , Jan. 6. 17.30; d. Willis- 
ton, Vt., Aug. 24, 1797. With a scanty edu- 
cation, at the age of 20, he m., and removed to 
Salisbury, where he commanded a regt. ; was 
many years representative, and justice of the 
peace, but in May, 1774, emig. to the N.H. 
grants, as Vt. was then called, and settled at 
Williston, on Onion River. During the con- 
troversy with N.Y., and the war of the Revo!., 
he was assiduously engaged in the councils 
of his State, to which he rendered groat ser- 
vice ; was a member of the convention, which, 
Jan. 16, 1777, declared Vt. an independent 
State ; and was app. one of the com. to 
communicate to Congress the proceedings of 
the inha''itants, and to solicit admission into 
the Confederacy. He was a leading mem- 
ber of the convention at Windsor, July 2, 
1777, which framed the first constitution of 
Vt. ; and pres. of the council of safety, 
which was vested with all the powers of 



184 



govt., executive, le-islativc, ami jii.Ucial. 


Choule?!, 


A memoir of him, with a history of th- con- 


r]. 1 ' V 111 Ml :i 






was pub. in IS49, In- Dnnicl Chipman. Un- 




der th" r„n.ii,nfi"n" r.t:.l.li<heJ in 1778, ho 




w;i^ .'. . •. 1 ■■■V ..' ••, ^Mic, and, with the 


Bristol. >. 


OX'-:. 1 i 1 : I; 1 that office until 


ho was •-' . 


hi, .' 1 : ; : 1 .".^ition in which 


Honk, \ .1 



Choate, Kufus, LL D. (Y.C. 1844), an 
eminent lawyer and orator, b. Essex, Ms., 1 
Oct. 1799; d. Halifax, N.S., 1.3 July, 1859. 
Dartm. Coll. 1819. Tutor in D.O. one year; 
he then studied at the Canib. Law School", and 
in the office of Wm Wirt, at WashMT.;ton, 
DC. : he-an practice at Daiivcrs in I 824, and, 
in I=-ll ..111 i\ -l li, r!..v,„i, v,'i 1 ■ li- ",-aincd 



ISy^-t ; U.S. senator, as siicc 
Webster, Feb. 1841-Aug. 1345. He spoke ably 
on the McLcod case, the Fiscal Bank Bill, 
Oregon, the Smithsonian Institution (of which 
he was a rcjient), and in opposition to the an- 
nexation of Texas. In 185.3, he was ntty.- 
gen. of Ms. and a member of the Const. 
Conv. After the ilcath of ^r^. Webster, he 
was the ackin.i:. L. .1 11:11.: i' . Ms. bar. 
In 1838, iiii|..ii .1 . :' li .11. I lii^ retire- 

ment from Jill ' liled for 

Europe, bm | ■- ..1. ; i . . : ': m Hali- 

fax, where he died. T . 1 .. 11 11 I'lj 1:1 
person, he had a fn. 1 1 



His 






overlookinsone in an opponent, his powers as a 
lawyer wei'e seen to the greatest advantage in 
the unpremeditated discussion of the law points 
that incidentally arose. RcKUS, his son, an 
officer in the 2d Ms. Vols., d. Dorchester, 
Ms., 15 Jan. 1866, a. 32. — See his Works, with 
Memoir bij S. G. Brown, 1862; (lolden Affe 
0/ American Orator//, b// E. G. Parkfr, 1857. 

Choisi de (deii shwa'-ze'), a French gen. 
of brifiade, of disting. merit, in the army of 
Rochambeau ; com. the force which invested 
Gloucester, Ya.., Oct. 3, 1780, att.acked and de- 
feated Tarleton's Legion, and aided in the cap- 
tnre of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va. 



,. I':..ii, i:..nr Boston, 
:■ .. ii.iilinNew- 
- . ; •. :i.,..l of boys, 
Illy iia.ililiLd. At the 
tlie pastoral charge of 
port. He was also a 
h. to the press, and 
■l.ristinn Missions," a 
rNrnr-inn to Hmopo 



lS,-)5. edition of .Xriil's " Ili.Morv of the Tin iiaiis," 
urnal, 1843; a coiitiniKitioii of" Hiuton's "History 
,and, of the U.S.," edited an edition of Foster's 
g for " Statesmen of the Commonwealth of Eng- 
eared land," 1846; James's "Church-Member's 
Guide," and " Young American Abroad, or Va- 
Europe," describing 



tour with several of his pupils. He dclii 
excellent anniversary addresses ; was muc 
terested in agricultural and political 
and was a warm partisan and personal friend 
of Mr. Webster. Of low stature, in person 
the beau ideal of a bon vivant, his knowledge 
of the world, humor, and vivacity, made him a 
was most agreeable companion, in addition to 

latnr which, he was exceedingly benevolent. 

n in Chouteau (shoo'-to'), AuGUSTE and 
Mr. PiERHE, two brothers, founders of the city of 
St. Louis, b. N. Orleans ; d. (the first) Feb. 24, 
1829, a. 80, and Pierre, July 9, 1849, a. 90. They 
joined the exped. of Laclede in Aug. 17G3, to 
establish the fur-trade in the region west of 
the Mpi. Auguste, the elder, was in com. of 
a boat. In the following winter, they selected 
a point 61 miles above St. Genevieve, on the 
we-stern bank of the Mpi., for their principal 
post, and named this St. Louis. Auguste was 
in charge of the party that commenced opera- 
tions hen- Feb. 15, "1704. The brothers be- 



lERRE, son of the last 11 
?89; d. 8 Sept. 1865. W: 
lant in the fur-ti,iile in St 
ember or the lira.l if m. ■ 



Chl-istian, Col. AVili.i..vm, b. Bril;clcv 
Co., Va., 17.3-J; d. Jime, 1782. Emigrating 
with his fiimily to Pa., he served against 
Pontiac; wasacapt. in Forbes's exped. against 
Fort Duquesne in 1758, and was efficient in 
Dunmore's campaign against the Sciotos. 
He was an intimate friend of Washington. 



CUR 



185 



Settled at Bradclock's Ford on tlie Youglii- 
ogeny in 1768, and raised and com. a regt. dur- 
ing the Revol. In 1782, he reluctantly accepted 
the com. of an exped. to ravage the Wvandotto 
and Moravian Indian townson theMuskingum ; 
was taken prisoner, and put to death with ex- 
cruciating tortures. 

Christie, Gen. Gabkiei, ; d. Montreal, 
Nov. 1798. Capt. 48th Foot, Nov. 13, 1754, 
and was in com. at Albany in the summer of 

1 757. He served at the siege of Loiiisliurg in 

1758, was app. maj. Apr. 7, 1759 ; d.ii.-m.-gcn. 
in Amcr., Aug. 14, and entered Canada with 
theBiitif.li army in 1760. He became brevet 
lieut.-eol. Jan. 27. 1702; liLUt.-col. GOth rov. 
Americans D.v, -4, ITC'*. Sr|M, IS, 1775, lie was 
change! n. thr lir- !,;i; ; aj-i,, -|ii;uti'rmast.- 
gen. ill c, ,11. 1. 11. ,\ ■ I... inrv. ml. .\,,r. 



gen. Jan. 1, 1798. C ii i i |.i . .ji h tor of 

Isle Aiix Nois in the I!!^-: : K, :i little 
north of Lake Champlaiii Mvaids 

sold to the crown ; and ut -« \ i i. -^ i^iii.n ies in 
the vieiiiity of the ishmd. 

Christie, John, col. U.S.A., son of James, 
b. N.Y. Citv, 1786; d. Fort George, U.C, 
Jiilv 22, 1S1.3. Col. Coll. 1806. He studied 
law; was app. lieut. of inf. May 3, 1808; 
capt. Feb. 18119; lieut.-col I3ih Inf., Mar. 12, 
1812; wounded at Queensiown, Oct. 13, 
1812, where he com. the regular troops. He 
dis])layed here the courage and skill of a 
veteran, but was compelled, after an heroic 
struggle, to surrender to an overwhclminsr 
force. Insp -gen.. Mar. 18, 1813 ; col. 23d Inf., 
Mar. 12, 1813. 

Christie, Robert, M.P.P., a Canadian 
historian, b. Nova Scotia, 1788; d. Queliec, 
Oct. 13, 1856. Author of "History of L. 
Canada," 6 vols., 12mo. He was at various 
time? a contrib. to the Quebec Gazette and to 
the Qtitbec Mercury. 

Christophe (kres'tSf), Hknri, king of 
Hajti, b. Oct. 6, 1767, in the Island of Granada, 
or "of St. Christopher; d. Oct. 8, 1820, by his 
own hand. One account states that he was, at 
the age of 12, taken to St. Domingo, sold as a 
slave, and employed as a cook : others relate, 
that after serving in the Amer. war, and i-eceiv- 
ing a wound at the siege of Savannah, he went 
to St. DomiuL'O, and wn^ <Miir'''vvd <in tlio 
plantation of Limonadf, lii i • •- ■ "i uvor- 
seer his characteristic fi'v. i , . , , rum- 

mcncement of the trouble ^ in. -i. j-i i I lil.hks, 
he took a decided part in la\..r ul iii.k|.iii.l. ace, 
and signalized himself by his energy, boldness, 
and activity in many bloody engageineuts. 
Toussaint made him a hrig.-gen., and employed 
him to suppress an insurrection. This was 
speedily accomplished ; and Christophe was 
made gov. of the province of the nortli. He 
com. at tiie cape in 1802, when Leclcrc arrived 
with a French armydestined for the subjugation 
of the negroes. Dessalinesand Christophe were 
declared oiillaws. Their he'oiccfiForts,-aided by 
the climate, left, at the close of 1805, no vesiige 
of a French force in Hayti. Christophe was 
gen. -in-chief during the brief administration of 
Dessalines.andwas app., in Feb. 1807, pres. for 
life. The popularity of Petion in the south. 



however, led to the or.-r, 


ii^itlnn. nt the same 


time, of a republic at 1' 


; 1' • under 


that officer; but the .n 


,n i.ueddid 


not prevent Cbristi. ph. 


|:i,iieiou3 


mea.suresfortliecstaM, : , 


::: .■ . 1. and the 


promotion and encoin,;. i 


, • industry 


of his people. Having 


, ;.■ repub- 


lican forms, he was, M.u : 


-, 1-M , ■iaimed 


king of Ilayti bv the nan 


lie .It Ueun I., and 



lowing 



the cape, June 2, l.sl2. Fol- 
ple of Napuleun still further, 
n the " Code Napoleon " the 
" Ciideilenri," which had themcritof judicious 
adaptation to the situation of H.iyti. A sus- 
])ensiou of hostilities between Petion and him- 
self took place in 1814. They broke out afresh 
upon the death of Petion in 1818 ; and an in- 
surrection, begun by the army, soon extended 
itself in all directions. Christophe, whose 
deposition was deinamlcd, and who was confined 
by illness in In- loiiin..! iilneeof Sans Souci, 
perceiving hi- , .: . rate, and resolved 

not to graiin : i : !.y becoming their 

prisoner, shot Iniu li. Hi- el, lest son was mas- 
sacred ; but his widow and daughter were pro- 
tected by Boyer, who enabled them to withdraw 
to Europe with a competent fortune. 

Christy, William, lawyer, b. George- 
townj Ky., Dec. 6, 1791. He began pr.actice 
in 1811. Served under Harrison in the War 
of 1812. and was afterward a merchant in N. 
Orleans. Resuming practice, he pub. in 1826 
a "Digest of the Decisions of the Sup. Court 
of La." During the Harrison presidential 
campaign in 1840, he was a ready and fre- 
quent speaker in behalf of his old friend. 

Chronicle, Maj. William, an officer of 
the Revol., b. S.C, 1755 ; killed at the battle 
of King's Mountain, N.C., Oct. 7, 1780. He 
belonged to the S.C. contingent, furnished in 
1779, after the defeat at Savann.ah. In 1780, 
he became maj., and fell while gallantly leading 
his men in the attack on Maj. Ferguson. A 
monument was erected to his memory upon the 
battle-field. 

Church, Albert E., LL.D. (Y.C. 1852), 
mathematician, b. Salisbury, Ct. West Point 
(1st in class), 1828. Son of Judge Samuel. 
Entering the 3d Art., he became 1st lieut. 13 
Jan. I8:i6 ; assist, prof of math.. West Point, 
Oct. 1833 ; prof, since 13 Mar. 1838 ; A.M. of 
Wash. Coll., Ct., and N. J. Coll. 1837 ; mem- 
ber of several scientific asso. Author of Ele- 
ments of Diff. and Integ. Calculus," 1842; 
improved ed., 1851; "Elements of Analyt. 
Geom.," 1851; "Elements of Descriptive 
Geoni.," &c., 1865. — Cullnm. 

Church, CoL. Benjamin, disting. in the 
early Indian wars of N. E., b. Plymouth, Ms., 
1639 ; d. Little Compton, where he had settled 
in 1674, Jan. 17, 1718. Hewas engaged in 
several severe skirmishes in King Philip's war, 
one of which was in a swamp near Bridge- 
water; and in Aug. 1676, com. the party by 
which Philip was killed. Com.-in-chief of an 
exped. against the Eastern Indians in 1689, ha 
ascended the Kennebec, and rescued Casco for 
a time. He made 4 other expeds. against the 
Indians in Me., doing much injury to the 
French and Indians on the Kennebec, Penob- 
scot, and Passamaquoddy Rivers. Under his di- 



186 



CIK 



rection, and from his minutes, his 
wrote a " History of Philip's Wa 
edition, with notes by H. M. Dext 



old a-.' 
from 1 1 
Little I 



lescntation of the Falls ever painted. Mr. 
Cluueh lias for some years been a resident of 
N. Y. Ilis " Heart of the Andes," " Cotopaxi," 
'The leebergs," and "Rainy Season in the 
Tiopies," are amon;; his best efforts. 
Church, Samuel, LL.D._(T 



rpt. 



11. I. govt. 



Church, Bi: 



grcat- 

, U. I., 

II. U. 



... In 1774, 
;n parodies of 
nself in favor 



Xn;;;"24:n3l'rii^^t:"''M 

1754. He studied inedieiiie m Lomlon, aim, 
after his return to Boston, hceamo eminent as 
a sur-eon. Ah. 1768, lie builtan elegant man- 
sion at llavnham, wliere he is said to have led 
an extravagant and licentious life. The pecii- 
niarv embarrassment resulting from this is 
supposed to have led to his defection from the 
cause of his country. For several years pre- 
cedin"- the Uevol., he was a conspicuous and 
leading Whig. He was a representative, a 
member of the Prov. Congress of '774, and 
physician-gen. to the patriot-army 
Church was found to have w 
popular songs, composed by 
of liberty, for the Tory journals. In bept. 1.75; 
an intercepted letter in characters, to Maj 
Cain in Boston, which had passed through 
the hands of a woman who was kept by 
Church was deciphered; and the woman hnal- 
ly confessed that Church was its author. Oct. 
3, 1775, he was convicted by a court-martial, 
of which Washington was pres., " of holi" 
a criminal corresp. with the enemy, 
imprisoned at Cambridge. Ho was expelleU 
from the house, notwithstanding a brilliant and 
in-enious defence, and by order of Congress was 
confined in jail at Norwich, Ct., and debarred 
the use of pen, ink, and paper. Released in 
May 1776 on account of failing health, he 
sailed for the W. Indies, and was never after- 
ward heard from. His family was pensioned 
by the crown. He was an elegant ' 



Coll. 
Ct., Feb. 1785; d. 
. Y.C. 1803. He 
ntled in his native town, of 
iviiieh he was a re[iresentative and senator 
(1818-31); 11 years judge of probate ; judge 
f the Superior Court in 18:!3, and ,n 1847-54 
Miiel justice. He removed to Litchfield in 
is-i,-,. lie ])ub. an address at the Salisbury 
Cenfnnial Jnliilce, 1841. 

Churchill, Sylvester, brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Woodstock, Vt , Aug. 2, 1783 ; d. Wash- 
ington Dec 7, 1862. Educated in the schools 
of''his 'native place, he pub. in Windsor, in 
180S, a weekly Democ. newspaper. The Ver- 



App. 



Mar. 
company raised 



ooet, and the best of the contributors to the 
Tietas et Gratnlalh. Ho wrote " The Choice, 
a poem ; "The Times," 1760, a satire on tlie 
Stamp Act and its abettors; an elegy on Dr. 
Mayhew, 1766, on Whitefield, 1770 ;" Address 
to a Provincial Bashaw, by a Son of Liberty, 
1769 ; " Oration, Mar. 5, 1773." An account 
of his examination and defence is in Ms. Hist. 
Colls, vol. i. , ^ 

Church, Frederic Edwin, landscape- 
painter, b. Hartford, Ct., M.ay, 1826. A pupil 
of Thos. Cole, he was first brought into notice 
by his view of East Rock, near New Hivvcn. 
Subsequent representations of Amcr. scenery, 
increasing his reputation, he went in 1853 to S. 
Amer. His views of the great mountain-chains 
of New Granada were among the first seen 
here ; and they attracted great attention at the 
exhibition of the N.Y. Acad, of Design. In 
857, he made a second vis^it, and also painted 



3, of 
In li ;; , .11; I 111 u'ood serviceou liurlington 
llnjii, ir, |M.,i. 11114- Macdonough's fleet dur- 
iii'r;,,, iiiuak, while undergoing repairs. Asst. 
iiisp.-"-en. Aug. 29, 1813; ordnance oHScer 
undei°Gen. Wade Hampton, serving as such 
through the war. Ho was in the attack on 
La Cole Mill ; was subsequently on the staff of 
Gen. Izard, and was acting adj.-gen. to Gen. 
Macomb, at Plattsburg; maj. 3d Art., Apr. 6 
1835; acting insp.-gen. in Creek Nation and 
in Florida, from July, 1836, to 1841 ; insp.-gen. 
June 25, 1841 ; bre^. brig.-gen. Feb. 23, 1847, 
" for gallant and meritorious conduct in battle 
of Buena Vista." Retired Oct. 1861. His 
and wa's eldestson, Capt. Wm. H. Churchill, d. at Point 
e"peled Isabel in 1847. West Point, 1840 
iant and Churchman, John, Quaker preacher, b. 
Nottingham, Pa,, June 4, 1705 ; d, there July 
24, 1775. He entered on the ministry in 1 73.3 ; 
travelled and preached in N.E. in 1742; in 
N.Y. in 1743, and again in 1774; in Kng., 
Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Holland in 
1750^, and, in 1775, visited the Eastern shore 
of Md. He was an able preacher and an ex- 
emplary man. An account of jiis labors and 
experiences was pub., Lond., 1780. — toll, of 
Quaker Memoriuh. . 

Churchman, John, a Quaker, disting. 
for his researches after the cause of the varia- 
tion of the ma-netie needle, b. Md. ; d. on the 
passage from Europe, July 24, 1805. He pub., 
besides several philos. tracts, a usehil variation- 
chart of the globe, magnetic atlas and explana- 
tion Phihi., 1790; was a member of the Rus- 
sian' Imperial Acad., and was presented by it 
with a set of its Transactions. 

Churruca y Elorza de (dachoor-roo- 

kii e a-loi-'-lhii), C. Damian, an able Spanish 
naval officer, b. Guipuzcoa, 1761 ; killed at the 
battle of Trafalgar, 1805. Sent with the 
cxped. to survey the Straits of Magellan, his 
valuable " Diary of the Exploration of Terra 
del Fuego," was pub. in 1793. He com. an 
ploring ( 



pa„...u ..p.„....,..cped.totheGulfofMexicoinl791 
rraVge'view of Niagara Falls, which greatly from which resulted numerous charts of the 

tZ^:^J:^J^lXi%^^^^^ !S^P^r^;^^.Iadies;residedmany 



187 



years in Peru. Author of " CroJu'ca dd Peru " 
(1553), commended by Prescott. — See Con- 
quest of Peru. 

Cilley, Gi!N. Joseph, Revol. officer, b. Not- 
tingham, N.H., 1734 ; d. there Aug. 1799. His 
father was one ot the first settlers of N. in 1727. 
With little education, he became a solf-tau^'ht 
lawyer. In ]3ec. 1774, he, with other patriots, 
dismantled the fort at Portsmouth, and re- 
moved the cannon. Immediately after the bat- 
tle of Lexington, he led 100 vols, to Boston ; 
became a major in Poor's regt. in May, 1775; 
lieut.-col. Nov. 8, 1776, and col. IstN.H. regt., 
Feb. 22, 1777. He com. his regt. at Ticonde- 
roga in July, 1777 ; was conspicuous for brav- 
ery at Beniis Heights in Sept. ; was at the 
storming of Stony Point, at the battle of Mon- 
mouth, and in Sullivan's exped. against the 
Indians in 1779, serving to the end of the war. 
Maj.-gen. of militia, June 22, 1786, and held 
various offices. 

Cist, CH.4RLES, editor and author; d. Cin- 
cin., 6 Sept. 1868. Editor of " Cists's Adver- 
tiser," Cin., 1844-53, and of 3 vols, of Annals of 
Cincinnati, 1841, '51, and '59, and Cincinnati 
Miscellany, 8vo. 

Cist, Lewis J., poet, son of Charles, b. 
Harmony, Pa., 20 Nov. 1818. Removed wlien 
a child to Cincinnati, and in 1852 to St. Louis, 
where he has long been a bank-officer. From 
his contribs. to the " Hesperian," his father's 
" Advcitiscr," and other papers, he collected 
and pub. in 1845 a vol. of "Trifles in Verse." 
— See Ports and Poetrij of the West. 

Claflin, WiLLi.\M, LL.D.(Wesl. U. 1868), 
gov. of Ms., 1869-71, b. Milford, 6 Mar. 1818. 
Many years engaged in the shoe and leather 
business, Boston. Member Ms. legisl. 1849- 
52; senator, 1860; pres. senate, 1861, and lieut.- 
gov. 1866-9. 

Claggett, John Thomas. D.D., first Ep. 
bishop of Md., b. Oct. 2, 1742, at White's 
Landing, Md.; d. Aug. 2, 1816. N.J. Coll. 
1764; D.D. 1787. Son of a clergyman ; adm. 
to priest's orders by the bishop of Lond., Oct. 1 1 , 
1767. He took charge of All Saints' parish, 
Calvert Co., Md., until the Revol., and after- 
wards of St. James's parish, Anne Arundel Co., 
preaching alternately in both. In 1791, he 
removed to his large paternal estate at Croom 
in Prince George's Co. After the organiza- 
tion of the church in the diocese of Md., Dr. 
Claggett was elected its first bishop, and was 
consec. Sept. 17, 1792. 

Claiborne, Ferdinand Leigh, gen., b. 
Sussex Co., Va., 1772; d. 1815. Bro. of Win. 
C.C. App. ensign of inf , Feb. 1793 ; capt. Oct. 
1799 ; brig.-gen. mihtia Mpi. Terr., Feb. 1811; 
col. Mpi. vols. 1812-13; brig.-gen. vols. 1813 ; 
com. in engagement with Creek Indians at the 
" Holy Ground," Dec. 1813 ; legisl 



cillor Mpi. Terr., 1815. Hesettled in the Mil 
sissippi Territory, 



eratii 



iofi 



presi 



ided over the delib- 



Claiborne, John F. H., journalist and 
author, b. Natchez, Mpi. Educated a» a lawyer 
in Va. ; member Mpi. legisl. 3 sessions; M C. 
1835-8 ; editor Natchez Fair Trader ami Louisi- 
ana Courier, and afterward of an agric. paper 
in N. Orleans; app. U.S. timber agent for La. 
and Mpi. by Pres. Pierce ; author of " Life of 



Gen. Sam. Dale," 1860 ; " Life of Gen. Quit- 
man," 2 vols. l2mo.— Hist. Ma^j. iii. 352. 

Claiborne, Nathaniel Herbert, poli- 
tician, of the same family as the above, and 
bro. of Gov. Wm. C. C, b. Franklin Co., Va., 
1777; d.on his plantation there, Aug. 15, 1859. 
He was the son of Wm. Claiborne and Mary 
Leigh; was many years a disting. member of 
both branches of the Va. legisl., where he was 
a reformer of extravagance and abuses of the 
govt. ; was afterward a member of the exec, 
council, and was a M.C. from 1825 to 1837. 
Author of "Notes on the War in the South," 
Richmond, 12rao, 1819. 

Claiborne, William Charlks Cole, 
statesman, b. Va., 1773; d. N. Orleans, Nov. 
23, 1817. Bred a lawyer, he settleil in Tenn., 
where he soon received the app. of territorial 
judge ; assisted in framing a State constitution 
in 1796, and was M.C. from 1797 to 1801. He 
w.as app., by Jefferson, gov. of Mpi. in 1802; 
was a commissioner with Gen. Wilkinson to 
take possession of La. on its purcliiise from the 
French, and, on the establishment of the new 
govt, in 1804, was app. gov , to which position 
he was elected bythe people from 1812 to 1816. 
Elected to the lis. senate in the latter year, 
he was (jrevented by sickness from taking his 
seat: Of the same family as the above were, 
1st, Col. Thomas of Brunswick, Va., M.C. 
1793-9, 1801-5; 2d, bis son. Dr. JoH:f, M.C. 
from 1805 to his death, Oct. 9, 1808; 3d, 
Thomas of Nashville, Tenn., M.C. 1817-19; 
4th, Nathaniel H. of Va. — Lanman. 

Clap. Nathaniel, minister of Newport, 
R.I., b. Jan. 20, 1669; d. Newport, Oct. 30, 
1745. H.C. 1690. Grandson of deacon 
Nicholas, a settler of Dorchester in 1036. He 
began to preach in Newport in 1695; was ord. 
Nov. 3, 1720, and preached there until his 
death. Whitefield and Bishop Berkeley both 
speak of his appearance as most venerable. He 
was a man of great earnestness, goodness, and 
charity. He pub. " Advice to Children," 1691, 
and a sermon on some extraordinary dispensa- 
tions, 1715. 

Clap, Capt. Roger, one of the first settlers 
of Dorchester, b. Sallom, Devonshire, Eng., 
Apr. 6, 1609 ; d. Boston, Feb. 2, 1691. Emi- 
grating to Ms. in 1630, with Warham, Maver- 
ick, and others, he began a plantation at Dor- 
chester. He sustained several military and 
civil offices ; was a representative from 1652 to 
1666, and capt. of Castle William from Aug. 
1665, till his removal to Boston in 1686. Being 
a man of remarkable piety, he officiated as chap- 
lain at the castle. His manuscript memoirs — 
a most touching memorial of the New-England 
worthies, prepared for the benefit of his chil- 
dren, to whom he gives excellent advice — were 
first pub. by Rev. Thos. Prince in 1731, and 
have licen 5 times reprinted, the last time by 
the Dorchester Hist. Soc.— Hist, of Dorchester. 

Clap, Thomas, divine and scholar, b. Scit- 
uate, Ms., June 26, 1703; d. N. Haven, Jan. 7, 
1767. H. U. 1722. He was educated by Dr. 
McSparran, the R. I. missionary ; was minis- 
ter of Windham, Ct., 1726-39, and pres of Y. 
C. 1739-66. He was one of the most learned 
men of his time in N. E.; constructed the first 
orrery in America, and was eminent as a math- 



188 



:,.;■. :uil ri IMI il phlloSO- 

^ ; I ■ . ill': .1 ■- iiiun, rose 
II., 'inplishcd 

, ,,, ,:,.i:,i:^:r... industry 
. He wrote a " History of 
" An AhriUffment of the 
s of the N. E. Churches," 



I lion ofColleses," 

n.>nof MorafVir- 

" Letter to Mr. 

larks on Graham's 



Clapp, Asa, merchant, h. Mansfield. Ms., 
Marcli 15, 17G2; d. Portland, May 17, 1848. 
The son of a respectahle firmer. He was a vol. 
in Sullivan's cxped. tu R. I. in 177S, and served 
as an officer of a jirivateer until the close of the 
Kevol., when he obtained the com. of a ship. 
He was at St. Dominu'O durinsr the negro 
insurrection, and rendered miiuh service to 
the distressed inhabitants. Quitting the .sea in 
1796, he established himself in business in Port- 
land, and became one of the wealthiest and 
nin-i <l,-:in J iiH 1. Iiintsof Me. HewasaState 
ciiiiii I .' ite to the convention for 

fnim, :itutionof Me. in Oct. 1819, 

anil ,ri. I ,1 y .11- ,L representative in the State 
legisl. He was noted for benevolence and 
rectitude. A memoir, by J. A. Lowell, is in 
"Lives of American Merchants." — Portland 
Advertiser, ilntj 18. 

Clapp, ReV. Theodore, Unitarian clersy- 
man, b. Kasthampton, Ms., March 29, 1792 ; 
d. Louisville, Ky., Apr. 17, 18B6. Y. C. ISU. 
He studied theolo^'v at Andover in 1818-19, 
and in 1822 became pastor of the First Presb. 
Church in N. Orleans. In 18.-U, he adopted 
Unitarian views, and dissolved his connection 
with the Presb. Chiircli, hut rDnaine.l pastor 
of nearly the same con r. _ r .i i :; I « lore, or- 
ganized under the n mi - i : , i , n li of the 
Messiah. He resided m N. < ' ; ii.nsh20 

fatal and wide-spreailiii^ e|ji.l-iii.>, including 
yellow-fever and cholera, anil, by his laborious 
devotion to all classes, earned the esteem and 
affection alike of his own parishioners and of 
the whole body of Protestant and Catholic in- 
habitants. In 'l847, he travelled in Kurope; re- 
signed his pastorate from ill health in 1857, 
and in 1858 pnb. a vol. of " AutoWoiraphical 
Sketches and Recollecrion-^ ..f n ■?5-Ye:,iV Res. 
in N. Orleans ; " in 1 S'l'i ■ l- ' \'i ws," &c. 
An instance of the e-.li , i : i\i^lield, 

even l)y his bitterest n ummi , ,... - i- lound in 
the fact, that, for ni.iiiv \L,ii-, tl.e u.se of a 
large church in N. Orleans was given him by 
its owner, Judah Touro, a wealthy Jew, free 



of I 



Clapp, William Warland, Jun., jour- 
nalist, b. Boston, 11 Apr. 1826, succeeded his 
father, in 18+7, as editor of the Bofton Sat. 
EmiliH) Cazelle. After the death of C. 0. Ro- 
gers, he became a proprietor of the Boston Jour- 
nal. Author of a " History of the Boston 
Stiitre." 

Clark, Abraham, signer of the Decl. of 
Indep., b. Elizabcthtown, N.J., 15 Feb. 1726 ; 
d. Rahway, Sept. 15, 1794. Bred a farmer, he 
taught hiiiiself a knowletL'C of mathematics and 
of the law ; held the ofiBces of high sheriff and 



clerk of the assembly, and, from his h; 
giving legal advice gratuitously, was 
"the poor man's counsellor." Active 
Revol. movement, he was on the coir 
of public safety; w;i-, \\i;Ii r-.v In. uni 
a delegate to Coiiir i 11.17 

til the adoption ot ili T i i .. i i . a 
a member of the e i : ;ri n ' m i i 

1786. and of that which fi..ih. I ! - 
in 1787. Member of the Si:u. . i: 

M. C. 1789-94. Two of Li- 
the army, were at one time i'lin i; ■•', il 
sey prison-ship ; and the sufferings of t 
them were such that Congress ortiered a 
ation. His zeal, public spirit, and p 
made hiin one of the most useful men 



Clarke, Sir Alured, a British field-mar- 
shal, b. 1745; d Sept. 16, 18.32. He entered 

the arinv in 1755: became mai. Nov. 1771; 

•inat .,,,■, :;[, r,.or, i::: , m.c -oi. Mav.nsi; 

11, ' - ' ' \' r :.-n. isno; 

11. '■ r,: ' , ; ■! II. ■. , ^ .■ I liiti^h forces 
in s,i>,i.in.,:, nn::l ,!,...r v,i:': i .i.val, 11 Julv, 
1782, and gaiiieil the good will uf the Ameri- 
cans by his courtesy and by the protection of 
property at the evacuation. Gov. of Jamaica ; 
gov. of Quebec, 1792-3 ; com. at the capture 
of the Cape of Good Hope in 1794; com. -in- 
chief of Madras, 1795-7; gov.-gen of India, 
Sept. 1797-A;ir. 1808; and com.-in-chief of the 
forces in India, May, 1798-1801. 

Clark, Alvak, portrait-painter, and maker 
of telescopes, b. Ashfield, Ms., March 8, 1804. 
A farmer's boy, at 22 he became acalico-engrav- 
er at Lowell. In 1836, he became a suceess- 



W\ 



the "Procecilings of the l!o\ \- : ly 

of Lond.," contains a list ol <i ' Mr. 

Clark, with telescopes of his o« ii in.uinr.icMire. 
He is also the inventor of a duiihle eyepiece, 
an ingenious and valuable method of measur- 
ing small celestial arcs from 3' to 60'. Jan. 3, 
1863, the French Imperial Acad, of Sciences 
awarded him the La Lande prize for his dis- 
covery of the new star near Sirius with the 
great reflecting- telescope made by him. A.M. 
of Amh. and N. J Pnlletres. 

Clark, I'vvi- Wv-^ATT.D.D., Methodist 
clergvmaii.il mi I'n M unl of Mt. Desert. Me., 
Feb. 25, isl.i; ,1. ( in- m , 23 May, 1871. Wesl. 
U. 1836. HeprchUamer AmeniaSem.,N.Y., 
7 vears. For 9 veur.s, he filled important sta- 
tions, 4 of them in N. Y. City. In 1852, he 
was elected editor of books anil of the Ladies' 
Reposilori/, at the Western Book Concern, Cin- 
cinnati, O. He presided over 42 annual con- 
ferences. F.lccted pres. of Lawrence U. 1852, 
and in 1853 of Ind. Asbury U. Elected bishop 
in 1864. In 1849, he received from his alma 
mater the degree of D.D. He |iiib. an algebra 
in 1843; was a frequent contributor to the 
Methodist Qunrterli/ Rn-ieio ; pnli. a " Treatise 
on Mental Discipline," 1848; "Fireside Read- 
ings," 5 vols.; "Life and Times of Bishop 
Hcdding," 1854; "Man Immortal," 1864; 
" Sermons," 1868. 27 vols, have been edited 



189 



by him, and pub. by the Book Concern. He 
has also been actively engaLred as a preacher. — 
Alumni Rec. Wed. (I. 

Clark, Danikl, lawyer and senator, b. 
Stratham, N.H., Oct. 29,'l809. Dartm. Coll. 
18.34. He began practice at Epping in Sept. 
1837, and in Manchester in 1839; member 
N.H. legisl. 1842-3, '46, and 1854-5; U.S. 
senator, 1857-66, and pres. pro tem. 1864-5; 
judge U.S. District Court since 1866. 

Clarke, Rev. Dorus, D.O., b. Northamp. 
Ms., Jan. -2, 1797. Wms. Coll. 1817. Some 
time pastor 4th ^.m;, P'l , S;|,i ingfidd, Ms. 
Author of" L:' in: . V . ,1 : i'.i.plein Man- 
ufacturing Vill.U' lit I'lvs from the Es- 
critoire of a RiiM I 1,1:. I, IMU. "Ortho- 
dox Congregation:ili-ni ^ 1^71. Several vears 
editor N. E. Puritan and the Christian times 
in Boston, and of the V/iristian Parlor Mag. 
in N.Y. 

Clarke, Gev. Elwah, b. N.C. ; d. Wilkes 
Co., Ga., Doc. 15, 1799. He removed to Ga. 
in 1774 ; became a capt. in 1776, and di.sting. 
himself in engagements both with Indians and 
British on the frontiers of Ga. App. a coi. of 
militia, and subsequently a brig.-gen., he de- 
feated the British at Musgrove's Mill and Black- 
stocks, and contrih. greatly to the riaptnre of 
Augusta in June, 1 7&I . At the battle of Long 
Cane, he was severely wounded, and, on his 
recovery, joined the com. of Gen. Pickens. 
He afterward fought many battles, and made 
several treaties, with the Creek Indians. He 
was accused, in 1794, of a design to establish an 
independent govt, in the Creek nation, where 
he had settled in violation of law. 

Clarke, George, gov. of N.Y. from March, 
1736 to 1743 ; d. Chester, Eng.. 1763. Of an 
ancient family in Somersetshire, he was bred to 
the law. and assumud the administration as 
senior counsellor on the death of Gov. Cosby. 
His administration, like that of his predecessor, 
was agitated by contention with the assembly. 

Clark, George H., poet, b. Northamp- 
ton, Ms, 1809. Inn-merchant at Hartford, 
Ct., and besides contributing poems to news- 
papers and magazines, has pub. " Now and 
Then," and " The News," poems of ab. 1,000 
lines, and " Under Tow of a Trade Wind 
Surf," a coll. of sentimental and humorous 
pieces. — Dui/rkinclc. 

Clarke, George Rogers, gen., b. Albe- 
marle Co., Va., Nov. 19, 1752 ; d. near Louis- 
ville, Ky., Fl-I>. 13, 1818. Originally a land- 
surveyor, he com. a company in Dunmore's 
army'in 1774. In 1775, he went to Ky., and 
took com. of the armed settlers. In the spring 
of 1778, Maj Clarke was intrusted by Gov. 
Henry of Va. with the com. of an pxpod. 
against the British fort at Kn^kii-^l;!! wliirh he 

surprised and captured. 11- -m '■ 1, :i'-n, in 

reducing other posts in th 11 i I n^ 

that at Vincennes, whii-h \' : I into 

a county, under the juri- , in 1 \ 'i I 
named Illinois. Promnti 1 '■ : 

authorities, he applied liim 

the pacification of the In^Lm 1,1.., A ■ 

thus engaged, he learned tli.u. Uuv. lI.iuuUuii 
of Detroit had captured Viucennes, and that 
further blows were to be struck against Amer. 
posts. Anticipating the enemy, Col. Clarke 



commenced his march against Vincennes, 
Feb. 7, 1779, with 1 75 men, traversing a wilder- 
ness and the drowned lands of Illinois, suffering 
every privation from wet, cold, and hunger. 
The'phice was besieged on the morning of the 
19th, and was surrendered the next day. He 
intercepted a convoy of goods worth 810,000, 
and built Fort Jefferson on the west bank of the 
Mpi. In retaliation for the inroads of the 
British and Indians into Ky.,in June, 1780, he 
led a force against the Shiiwnees on the Great 
Miami, defeating them, with heavy loss, at 
Pickawa. DuringArnold's invasion, Clarke took 
a temporary com. under Baron Steuben. He 
aftertvards succeeded in raising a considerable 
force for an exped. against Detroit, and was 
made a brigadier ; but the progress of Cornwal- 
lis, and the poverty of the country, restricted 
the frontiersmen to the defensive. In Sept. 
1782, Gen. Clarke, at the head of more than 
1 ,000 mounted riflemen, assembled at the mouth 
of the Linking, invaded the Indian towns on 
the Scioto, burned five of their villages, and 
laid waste their plantations, producing a salu- 
tary etfoct, and so awing tlie savages, that no 
formidable Indian war-party ever after invaded 
Ky. In 1786, Clarke com. an exped. of 1,000 
men against the Indians on the Wabash. It 
was a' failure. His great services to his coun- 
try were passed over, and he d. in poverty and 
obscurity. " A Sketch of his Campaign in 
III. in i778-9," by H. Pirtle, was pub. 8vo, 
Cincinnati, 1869. 

Clark, Gen. Isaac, d. Castleton, Vt., Jan. 
31, 1822, a. 73. Member of the Const. Conv., 
and many years chief-jndge of the Vt. Co. 
Court, a soldier of the Revol., and col. 11th 
U.S. Inf, Mar. 12, 1812. Com. a successful 
exped. against Massequoi, L. Canada, Oct. 12, 
1813. 

Clark, J. Henry, M.D., phvsician and 
author, b. Livingston, N.J., June 23, 1814 ; d. 
Montclair, N.J.,^ March 6, 1869. U. of N.Y. 
1841. He studied medicine in N.Y. and Eu- 
rope, and settled in practice at Newark, ab. 
1846, gaining a high reputation. He wassome 
years pre-i. of the Essex Co. Med. Society. 
Author of " Sight and Hearing," 1856 ; " Med. 
Topography of Newark and its Vicinity," 1861. 

Clark, Col. James, b. July 1730; d. Leb- 
anon, Ct., Dec. 29, 1826. Descended from 
Daniel, an early settler of Windsor, Ct. A 



capt. 



regt., and dii 



ker's Hill ; made lieut.-col of Huntington's regt. 
Nov. 4, 1775. and was disting. at Harlem 
Heights and White Plains. 

Clark, James, gov. Ky., 1836-9, b. near 
the Peaks of Otter, Bedford Co., Va., 1779 ; d. 
Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 27, 1839. His father 
having moved to Clark Co., Ky., James prac- 
tised law in Winchester in 1797 ; was several 
times a member of the State legisl., was judgtf 
of the Court of Appeals, 1810-12; M.C. 1813- 
II? nnl 1«25-31 ; judge of the Circuit Court, 
1 ■ ! " - I in 1 member of the State senate, and 
I '.III S.!2. — Collins' s Hist. Ky. 

Cl.u'ku, James, journalist and politician, 
I.. \V,,,i,iurLhmd Co., Pa. ; d. near Burlington, 
luwa, July 28, 1850, a. 38. He went to St. 
Louis in 1838, then to Beloit, Wis., where he 
was territorial printer, and in 1837 to Barling- 



CL^ 



190 



CIxA. 



ton, Iowa, where he conducted the Territorial, 
now State Gazette, until the winter of 1839-40 
when he was app. sec. of the Terr. ; rcsmnea 
the conduct of that paper from 1843 to 184S; 
was Kov. of the Terr, in 1846, and again edited 
the Oazellr, from the fall of 1848, till his death 
Clarke, James Freem.in, D.D. (H.U. 
18631 clcp'vman, li. Hanover, N.H., April 4, 
1810. H. U. 1829 ; Camh. Div. School, 1833. 
, ' , . I'astor of the Unitarian Church at Lonisvil e, 
' t < ' Ky., from 1833 to 1840, of the Church of the 
Disciples, Boston, from 1841 to 1850, and from 
18.'J3 to the present time. He edited the Western 
Me.'^snwer at Louisville, 1836-9; translated De 
Wette's" Theodore," 2 vols., 18«; 1''";,',' V*« 
and Military Servieesof Gen Wm. Hull," 1848 ; 
" Eleven Weeks in Europe, 1851; bhnstian 
Doctrine of For-ivencss," 1852 ; "Service- 
Book and Hymn-Book for the Church of tlie Uis- 
ciples" 1844,1856; "Memoirs of the Mar- 
chioness D'Ossoli," 1852: " Christian Doctrine 
of Prayer," 1854 and 1856 ; " Ten Great Ke- 
ligions," 1 



cessive years dep. gov. of the Colony. In his 
will, he'left his farm for cliaritable purposes, 
theiucomeof it only to be expended; and it 
has since produced annually about $200. — 
Duyrldnik. , „ 

Clarke, Johk,D.D. (U. „f Kdinl..). Cong, 
minister, b. Portsmouth, N 11 , Ai-nl 13, 1755 ; 
d. April 2,1798. II. U 177 1 H; h^rame a 
tcacher.and wasord. past.ir ot ilir hnst Chu>-cli, 
as cuUea.'ue with Dr. Chmiiieey, .July 8, 1778, 
He pub.'a tract, entitled "An Answer to the 
Question, Whv are you a Cliii^tiaii 1" 1797 
and " A letter "to a Student at Coll.," 1 .96. A 
vol. of his sermons w^s pub. in 1799, and 
" Discourses to Young Persons " in 1804. 

Clarke, John, gov. of Del., 1816-17; d. 
Smvrna. Del., Aug. 1821. 

Clarke, Gen. John, gov. of Ga., 1819-23, 
b. 1766 ; d. West Fla., Oct. 15, 1832. At 16, 
he was app. licut., then capt.. of militia. He 
foufht iiiuler his fuller. Gen. Eliiali Clarke, in 
.i,,,'i).., ,,1 .u-niv ■ :ir III.' -I ■ ' ■ "I' .\'i-ii^ta; and, 
greatly 



also occasional sermons, 
pSems, articles in reviews, &c. In 1864, he 
delivered a tercentenary discourse on bhak- 
speare in Boston. Dr. Clarke has ever 
been devoted to practical reforms, to the im- 
provement of the forms of worship and fellow- 
ship, and was long engaged in the antislavery 
movement. The worship of the Church of 
the Disciples combines the features of re- 
sponses on the part of the congregation, as in 
the English Church, the extempore prayer ot 
the Concregationalists, and the silent prayer 
of the Friends. His treatises on prayer and 
forgiveness have attracted much attention. 

Clarke, John, a founder of R.I., b. Bed- 
fordsh. Eng., Oct. 8, 1609; d. Newport, April 

20,1676. He was a physician in Loud., came 

Ms. soon after its settlement, but espousing ^vo, Lond.,^1847.^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^.^^^ ^^__ 



gen. of Ihc StiUe uiiluui. -Vl .i c iln-al period 
in the War of 1812, ho was app. by the gov. to 
the com. of the forces destined to defend the sea- 
coast of Ga. 

Clarke, John A., D.D., Pr.Ep. clergy- 
man and author, b. Pittsficld, Ms., May_ 6, 

1801 ; d. Nov. 27, 1 

drew's Church, Phil 

early brrani'' n v"]'! 

He-pul.. ■ ■ •' ; 

Thou SI- 

"The V 1 1^'- 

Wav,"aiul- A Wi.lk 

of the Old World" was pub. 



23. He 

Awake, 

hy the 
Jlimpses 
imoir of 



the a 



ithor, by the Rev. S. H. Tyng, in 2 vols 



iiuse of Anne Hutchinson, and publicly 
,in", with Roger Williams, full license for 
rHiVr'ious' belief, was obliged to flee from the 
Colony. Welcomed by Roger Williams, the 
fn.ritives formed themselves into an organiza- 
tioli. March 7, 1637-8, and obtained from the 
Indians Aquidneek, which they named the Isle 
of Rhodes, or Rhode Islanil. Th 
bean at Focasset, in 1638 ; and Mr. Clarke, 
wlu) commenced preaching, founded at New- 
port in 1644, and became- pastor of, the second 
Baptist Church in Amer. In 1649, he was 
treiis. of the Colony. Visiting his friends in 
Lynn, while preaching there, July 24, 16Dl,he 
was arrested, was taken before the court, and 
was condemned, for what were adjudged false 
teachings, to pay a fine of .£20, or be publicly 
whipped. He proposed ad' 
obliged to pay his fine, and was ordered to leave 
the Colony. ' He was sent to Eng., with Roger 
Williams, in 1651 , as an agent of the Colony of 



the ( 



Ky., April 17, 1802. Removing to Mo., he 
was clerk of Howard Co. Court, 1824-34 ; com. 
a mounted regt. in Black Hawk war ; niaj.- 
gen. of militia, 1848; member of legisl. 18jO- 
51 • as gen. of militia, expelled the Mormons 
from Mo. : M.C. from 1857, until expelled in 
settlement July, 1861. . r r„^;„,v. 

Clark, Rev. Jonas, minister of Lexing- 
ton, and Revol. patriot, b. Newton, Ms., Dec. 
■'5 1730; d. Lexington, Nov. 15, 1805. H.U. 
1752. Ord. successor of Mr. Hancock nt Lex- 



ngion. Nov. 5, 17 
faithful minister. Il>»,i- - 
and saw his peojilr -hi.t <1 ■ ■ . uu 

the 19th of April, 177.'). 1 1 n mj i ii^> ." .nun- 
self and parishioners religiously u isirvcd the 
but was anniversary of this event. He pub. se>mons, 
and "Narrative of the Lexington Battle, 

'' Clark, Lab AN, DD. (Wesl. U. 1853), 
Methodist clergvman, b. Haverhill, N.H.,July 
19, 1778; d. Middletown, Ct., Nov. 28, 1868. 
He received an academical education at Brad- 
ford Vt. ; began to preach in 1800 ; joined the 
N Y. Conference in 1801, and for 50 years was 
a successful and able preacher in N.\ ., N. E 

inin,^ it till his death, and was for 3 sue- where he fixed his residence in 1851. 



.:.!., and there pub., in 1652, " 111 News 
NewEngland; or, a Narrative of New England s 
Persecution." Remaining 12 years m Eng., 
he succeeded in obtaining a revocation of 
Coddington's commission as gov., and finally 
procured a second charter for the Colony, which 



CLuA. 



191 



CLA 



Clark, Lonis Gatlord, editor, b. Otisco, 
N.V. 1810. He ana his twin-biotlier Willis 
were rliicfly educated by their father, a Revol. 
soldier, and a man of reading and observation. 
In 1834, Louis became editor of the Knicker- 
bocker Matjazine. His eontribs., called " The 
Editor's Table," and " Gossip with Readers 
and Correspondents," display humor, pathos, 
culture, and geniality. In" 18.52, "Kniek- 
Knacks from an Editor's Table," selected 
from the mag.azine, appeared in an 8vo vol. He 
had previously pub. a selection of pa|icrs by Ir- 

Ske°dK ■" "l • '^ ■-'-' •' • : /i • ' "\"i'' -^ 
tribs.io I:, .■, , : , , . I ■ [ '••• ivi I . ,:.,, ' , 
Gallrry," ,,i,, :,•,,: ^.l «:';, ti.'ir ,.,i:, ,,:,-, .m,.| 
consi<[inL; wiioiiy ot their iiri-inal coiuniH. 
The design wiis to ])urcha3e a cottage residence 
for Mr. Clark at Piermont on the Hudson, 
where be has lived many years. 

Clarke, McDos.^ld, poet, b, N.London, 
Ct., Juno 18, 1798; d. N.V., Mar. 5, 1842. 



NY. Ci 



of 



was a I i (lit at the fashionable 

Grar-c ( I! iMcms were liumorous, 

sentiiiH ! I , I : : I'liant, and have a vein 
of tCTil : ,^ all their grotesqueness 

and ill' i r i i v contain manv touches 

of dcllc „,,.i u:il,ility. They" are now 

rare, tli'itijh .r\, III i inc^s pub. ; some of their 
titles beirm-, " A Review of the Eve of Eter- 
nity, and other Poems," 1820; "The Elixir 
of "Moonshine," by the Mad Poet, 1822; " The 
Gossip," 1825; "Poetic Sketches," 182.5; 
" The Belles of Broadway;" "Death in Dis- 
guise," a temperance poem, 183.3; "Poems," 
1836. His last effusion, "A Cross and a 
Coronet," was pub. 1841 Appleton's Ci/clop. 

Clarke, Newman S , brev. brig.-gcn. 
U.S.A. ; d. San Francisco, Oct. 16, 1860. App. 
from Vt. ensign 11th Inf., Mar. 12, I8I2; adj. 
1813; brig.-maj. to Gen. Ripley, 1814; brev. 
capt. " for gallantry in the battle of Niagara," 
July 25, 1814; capt. Oct. 1814; brev. m.aj. 
July 25, 1824; maj. 2d Inf., July 21, IS.W; 
liout.-col. 8th Inf., July 7, 18';8 ; col. 6ih Inf., 
June 29, 1846 ; com. brig, in Mexico in 1847 ; 
brev. brig -gen. " for siege of Vera Cruz," Mar. 
29, 1847.— 6Wrf;,er. 

Clark, RuFus Wheelwright, D.D. (U. 
of N.Y. 1862), Presh. minister, b. Newbury- 
port, Ms., 1813. Y.C. 1838. Rector of the 
North Church, Portsmouth, nntil Dec. 1851 ; 
of the Maverick Church, E. Boston, from Dee. 
1851 to 1856 ; now of the D. R. Church, Al- 
bany. Has pub. " Heaven and its Scriptural 
Emblems ; " " Memoir of Rev. John E. Em- 
erson," 1851; "Lectures to Young Men," 
"Review of Prof. Stuart on Slavery," 1850; 
"Romanism in America," 1859; -"Life- 
Scenes of the Messiah; " also pamphlets, ser- 
mons, &c., and eontribs. to various journals. 

Clarke, Samdel (1599-1 682), pastor in 
Saint Bennet Fink, Lond., pub. " A True and 
Faithful Account of the Four Cliiefest Plan- 



tations of the English in Anieri< 1," Lond., 
folio, 1670; also a niimli. I- m th I works.; 
" New Description of ili ■ \\ 1. 1 i. 1 .--'.i, fol. 

Clark, Samuel A., i;|.i- nniii 1- 1, b. New- 
buryport, Ms. Has puli. '■ Mciii..ir of Rev. 
Albert VV. Dav," prefaced to Dav's Sermons, 
8vo, 1846; "'History of St. John's Church, 
Elizabethtown, N.J." ( 1 703-1 857 ), Phila., 1 857, 
12mo. 

Clark, Sheldon, benefactor of Yale Coll., 
b. Oxford, Ct., Jan. 31, 1785 ; d. there Apr. 
10, 1840. He studied under the direction of 
1',.-^ D-viJit, and herainc a farmer. He 
ii 1 ! I 1^2,'!, :i |inif. of moral pbilos. and 
p Mill I- at V.C, ; iifiriwards established 
J - ii . ii^iiili lunil; liiiic_'ht for the coll. a 
supcnur telescope, and bequeathed to it the 
residue of his property, $15,000. 

Clark, THOM.4S. author of a " Naval Hist, 
of the U.S.," 2 vols., 1813-14, and " Sketches 
of the Naval Hist, of the U.S.," 1813; app. 
from Pa. licut. of art., Apr. 1813 ; assist, topog. 
ennrr., rank of capt., 1 Apr. 1813; disbanded, 
June, \S\5. — Gunlner. 

Clark, Thomas March, D.D. (Trin. Coll. 
ISJl), LUD. (Cantab. 1867), bishop of R.I., 
b. Newbiiryport, Ms., July, 1812. Y.C. 1831. 
Ord. 18.16 ; cousec. Piovidence, Dec. 16, 1854. 
ITa. i>i|-. "T,. .•:i:ip, ,.ii t-|- r..iiiitiun of 

Cllal ■■ I .' ■ r.r: . . - illive of 

Stre.i . ■ ^i'l M :■- -- I-. i-r," "An 

EtH-h-:ii \lni; lr\ ,■■ '■ !.,ii:', Di^.i ," 1855. 

Clarke, Gen. \ViLLi.\M.cx|iloicr.andgov. 
of La. Terr. 1813-20, b. Va., Aug. 1, 1770; d. 
St. Louis, Sept. 1, 1838. In 1784, he removed 
to where Louisville now stands, where his bro. 
George Rogers had built a fort. He served in 
campaigns against the Indians, was adj. and 
quartermaster in 1793, resigned in 1796. App. 
lieut. of art. in 1803, and joined with Meri- 
wether Lewis in the north-western expl. exped. 
which left St. Louis in Mar. 1804, returned in 
the fall of 1806, and kept the journal of the 
cxped., afterwards pub. He was then made In- 
dian agent, and afterward brig.-gen. of Upper 
La. App. supt. of Indian affairs in May, 
1822, he made treaties with many tribes. 
Four of his bros. were disting. in the Revol. 
One fell in the struggle, another was killed by 
the Indians on the Wabash. Well acquainted 
with Indian character and habits, he was ever 
considerate in his treatment of them. 

Clark, WiLLLS Gatlord, miscell. writer, 
bro. of Louis, b. Otisco, N.Y., 1810 ; d. Phila., 
June 12, 1841. He gave early indications of 
literary talent ; established a weekly journal at 
Phila. in 18-30, which was soon abandoned ; be- 
came co-editor with Dr. Brantley of the Colum- 
liian Star, a religious and literary weekly; and 
was subsequentlv, until his d., editor and pro- 
prietor of the P/i//a. Gazette. In Sept. 1833, 
he recited his longest poem, " The Spirit of 
Life "before the Franklin Soc. of B.U. In 
1844, a vol. of his literary remains, including 
" Ollapodiana," poems, and magazine articles, 
was pub. A complete ed. of his poems was pub. 
in 1847, under the supervision of his bro. He 
was a frequent contrib. to the annuals and 
magazines, particularly the N. Y. Knickerbocker, 
in which appeared the original, racy, and fan- 
ciful papers, entitled "Ollapodiana." 



CZjA. 



192 



ex, A. 



Clarkson, Col Mathew, a disting. Re- 
vol. officer; d N.Y. City, April 22,1825, a. 66. 
His great-granilfathcr, M^itliew, 13 years sec. 
of the province, d. in tlie autunin of 170S, the 
year of the great sickness. He was aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Gates in the battle of Stillwater, 
and, while carrying an order in front of the 
lines, was severely wounded in the neck. He 
had previously been aide to Arnold, and was 
wounded at Fort Edward, in July, 1777. In 
his later years, he was vice-pres. of the Am. 
Bible Societv. 

Clary, Albert G., capt. U.S.N., b. Ms., 
May 8, 1815. Midsbipm. May 8, 18.32; lient. 
Apr. 11, 1845 ; com. July 16, l'862; capt. Nov. 
21,1866. Attached to the sloop "Preble," 
present at Tuspan and Tabasco, during the 
Mexican war; comg. steamer "Anacostia." 
Potomac flotilla in engagement at Acquia 
Creek, May 31 and June 1, 1861 ; battle of 
Port Koval, Nov. 7, 1861 ; com. steamer " Mt. 
Vernon," N.A.B. squad., 1862; steamer " Ti- 
oaa." \V.I. squad., 1863; steamsloop " Daco- 
tah," N A.B. squad., 1864; steamsloop " Semi- 
nole," W. Gulf squad., \S6i-5. — Bamersli/. 

Clason, ISA vc Stakr, author and actor, 
b. New York, 1789 ; d. Lond., 1834. The son 
of a wealthy merchant. He possessed brilliant 
•natural part-i. He received a good education, 
and inherited a fortune, which he soon dissipat- 
ed ; and he supported himself as a writer, teacher 
of oluciitlon. and actor. He appeared at the 



ponn-.r: 

memory ( 



M . In 1826, lie pub. 

, , Xew York." He 
I : ling lines to the 
\ : I'.inmett. Having 
11, .il adventurer, and 
being redunl , | ., , : scaled up, in com- 
pany with lii in: •! --, tip- room in which 
they lodged, lighted a fiie of charcoal, and died 
bv its fumes. 

Claviere (kla'veair'), Etienne, st.ites- 
man and financier, b. Geneva, 1735 ; d Dec.8, 
1701. He was forced from political reasons to 
einitrrate to France. Displayin.g great zeal in 
the revol. in France, he was app. minister of 
finance in Mar. 1792, but, on the fall of the Gi- 
rondists, was imprisoned, and committed sui- 
cide. He accomp. Brissot in his tour in the 
U.S. in 1783, and pub., in conjunction with 
him, " De la France el dea iStats C/nis," transl. 
and pub. in Lond , 1788. 

Clavigero (kla-ve-ha'-ro), Fraxoisco Sa- 
VERio, a Mexican historian, h. Vera Cruz, 
Mexico, ab. 1720 ; d. Cesena, Italy, Oct. 1793. 
Educated as an ecclesiastic, and resided nearly 
40 years in the provinces of New Spain, where 
he acquired the languages of the Mexicans and 
other indigenous nations, collected many of 
their traditions, and studied their historical 
paintings and other monuments of antiquity. 
After the suppression of the order of Jesuits, 
of which he was a member (1767), he retired to 
Osena. The fruit of his researches was a" His- 
tory of Mexico," written in Italian, an Eng- 
lish translation of which was pub. in 2 vols.. 



4to, 1787. This work affords much information 
relative to the natural and civil history, anti- 
quities, and religion of Mexico. 

Claxton, Alexander, commodore U.S.N., 
b. Md., ab. 1790; d. March 7, 1841, at Tal- 
cahuana. Chili, while in com. of the squad- 
ron in the Pacific Ocean. Entering the navy 
in June, 1806, he was promoted to a lieut. Jan. 
8, 1813, and served in the sloop-of-war 
" Wasp," in her action with "The Frolic," Oct. 
18, 1812. Master com. March 28, 1820; capt. 
Feb. 22, 1831. His son, Col.F. S. Claxton, 
invented the mitrailleur, or canister-battery, 
recently introduced in France. His brother 
Thomas, midshipm. U.S.N., Dec 17, 1810, 
mortally wounded at the battle of Lake Eric, 
Sept. 10, 1813 ; d. early in Oct. . 

Clay, CAssins Marcellus, politician, son 
of Gen. Green Clay, b. Madison Co., Kv., Oct. 
19,1810. Y.C. 1832. He practised law; was 
a memlier of tlic Kv. legist, in 1835, '37, and '40, 
and of thenat. Whig conv. of 1840 at Harris- 
burg. The improved jury system, and the 
common school system, of Ky., are principally 
due to his efforts nil!' in i'- I :i-l. He de- 
nounced the sclii lit ill \atiou of 
Texas; stumped ili "■ , ^ : ~ in favor 
of Henry Clay, Whij i i. n ! ■■ l.r the Prcs. 
in 1844, and June 3, 1845, issued, in Lexing- 
ton, Ky., the first number of the Tnip Ameri- 
can, a weekly antislavery paper. In Aug., his 
press was seized by a mob ; and it was afterward 

111' I i I I' innati, and pub. in Lexington. 

1 : II 1 I I moved in 1840,and afterward 

ill I '.ipt. in the Mcx. war, and 

Mil i |i!,-i:iir at Encarn.acion, 23 Jan. 1847. 
Hi; aided in nominating Taylor to the presi- 
dency in 1848 ; called a convention of emanci 
pationists at Frankfort in 1849 ; separ.ated from 
the Whii.' partv in ISjO, and, as an antislavery 
candidate |..r 'i<iv , i.i i, .■ i n n :v :),iioo votes. 
App. miij 1 r -- P ,1 1862 ; re- 

signed, .\l 1 1! 1 1- to Russia, 

1852-9. .\ vii.-ii !r- .; 'i- n I in.,lbv Horace 

Greeley, was pub. in Svo, 1848. 

Clay, Clement Comer, jurist and states- 
man, b. Halifax Co, Va., Dec. 17, 1789; d. 
Huntsville, Ala., Sept. 9, 1866. U. of East 
Tenn. His father, Wm. Clay, a Revol. soldier, 
after the war settled in Granger Co., Tenn., 
where he d. Aug. 4, 1841. He was adm. to the 
bar in 1809, and in 1811 removed to Hunts, 
ville, Ala. During the Creek war (IS13), he 
saw some service as a soldier. In 1S17, he was 
elected to the territoi ial council of Ala. ; in 
1819, he was chosen one of the judges of the 
Circuit Court; in 1820 was chosen chief-justice, 
and resigned in 1823. In 1828, be was elected 
to the State legisl., and was made speaker; 
M C. 1829-35; conspicuous as an advocate 
and defender of the leading measures of Jack- 
son's administration ; gov. of Ala. in 1836 and 
1837, and U.S. senator from 1837 to 1842, and 
a supporter of Van Buren's administration. 
His son, C. C, jun., was U.S. senator from Ala. 
-f- Clay,CLEMENT Comer, jun., son of the pre- 
ceding;, also U.S. senator from Ala., b. Madi- 
son Co., 1819. He grad. from the law dept. 
of the U. of Va. in 1839; was adm. to the 
bar in 1840; was elected to the legisl in 1842 
and 1344 ; judge of the county court, 1846-8 ; 



193 



CL.A. 



took his seat in the U.S. senate in Dee. 1854, 
and was reelected for 6 years, from March 4, 
1859. In Dec. 1857, he pronounced a brief but 
eloquent oration on the occasion of the death 
of Senator Butler of S.C. In the spring of 
1858, he delivered a speech in favor of the ad- 
mission of Kansas under the Leconipton con- 
stitution. He also spoke in favor of a bill re- 
pealing the bounty on vessels engaged in the 
Newfoundland fisheries. He left his post in 
Feb. 1861, to take part in the slaveholders' Re- 
bellion, as a senator in the Confcd. congress. 
After the surrender of Lee, he took refuge in 
Canada. 

Clay, Edward W., caricaturist, b. Phila., 
1792; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 31, 1857. Ho was a 
relative of Henry Clay; had a liberal educa- 
tion ; served as a midshipman under Perry, 
then turned his attention to the law, and, 
though very young, was at once app. prothon- 
otary of Phila. His artistic tastes, however, 
led him to Europe, and he studied the old mas- 
ters fur 3 years. On his return to Phila., he 
sketched " Tlie Rats Leaving the Palling 
House," on the dissolution of Jackson's catti- 
nel. This brought him into notice, and, for 
more than 20 years, he was a noted caricatur- 
ist. Failure of eyesight caused him to accept 
the offices of clerk of the Chancery Court, and 
of the Orphan's Court, Del., which he held lor 
several years. 

Clay, Gkeen, gen., b. Powhatan Co., Va., 
Aug. U, 1757; d. Oct. 31, 1326. He emi- 
grated to Ky. before he was 20 ; became a dep. 
surveyor; afterwards a surveyor on his own 
account, and, by locating lands, laid the foun- 
dation of a fortune. ' He was a representative 
of the Ky. dist. in the Va. legisl. ; was a mem- 
ber of the Va. convention which ratified the 
Federal Constitution in 1789, and was a leader 
of the convention which formed the Ky. consti- 
tution in 1799. He served for a long time in 
both branches of the State legisl., and was 
speaker of the senate. App. brig.-gen. March 
29, 181.3, he led 3,000 Ky. vols, to the relief of 
Fort Meigs, and forced the enemy to withdraw. 
Gen. Harrison left him in com. of Fort Meigs, 
which he skilfully defended from the attack of 
a large force of British and Indians under Gen. 
Proctor and Tecumseh. 

Clay, Henry, orator and statesman, b. 
Hanuvir Co., Va., Apr. 12, 1777; d. Washing- 
ton, D.C, June 29, 1852. His father, a Baptist 
minister, d. when Henry was 5 years old. He 
was taught the rudiments of education in a 
log-cabin schoolhouse ; labored on a farm, and, 
at 15, entered the offi>^'e of the clerk of the 
Chancery Court ; adm. to the bar in Nov. 1797, 
he opened an office in Lexington, Ky. ; soon 
acquired extensive practice, and gained repute 
in criminal cases. He was elected to the legisl. 
in 1803 and in 1807-8, and was speaker in 
1808; U.S. senator, 1806-7 and 1809-10; 
M.C. and speaker, 1811-14; a commissioner 
to Ghent, to treat for peace, in 1814 and 1815 ; 
again M.C. 181.5-21 and 1823-5, and 5 .times 
re-elected speaker; sec. of State, 1825-9, and 
again senator, 1831-42. He was an unsuccess- 
ful candidate for Pres. in opposition to Jack- 
son in 1832, and again in 1844, when defeated 
by Polk, the Deinoc. nominee. Thjugh de- 



feated, he was long the most popni.ir man in 
the U.S. He was in the senate for the last 
time in 1849-52, and took a leading part in the 
compromise measures of 1850. Mr. Clay re- 
ceived from Madison the successive offers of the 
mission to Russia, and a place in the cabinet, 
and, from Monroe.a cabinet office and the mis- 
sion to Eng., all of which he declined. In Con- 
gress, his eloquence roused the country for the 
War of 1812 with Eng.; contrib. to secure the 
recognition of S.Amer. Independence, to inau- 
gurate a system of internal improvements, and 
the protection of Amer. industry. He advocated 
a thorough Amer. policy, to the exclusion of 
European influence on this continent. Some 
of his most eloquent speeches were said to iiave 
been made to Kv. jiuii-i in criminal cases, be- 
fore he had pa- > 1 In- _ n \, u-. Ho fought a 
duel with Iluiii , I ;■ ,11 in 1808, and 
subsequently i. . : i ..;i I .iiliilph, who had 
attacked the ;ulmiiii_;;.a:i-,i uf J. Q. Adams. 
He was interested in the Colonization Society, 
and was for a time its pres. His Life and Let- 
ters were pub., and also his Speeches, by Calvin 
Colton, 1846-57. His widow, Lucretia Hart, d. 
Louisville, Apr. 6, 1864, a. 83. TiioM.\s Hart 
Clay, his son, min. to Nicaragua during 
Lincoln's administ., and afterwards to Hon- 
duras, d. Lexington, Ky., Mar. 18, 1871, a. 
68. 

Clay, Henry, lieut.-col., b. Ky., April 10, 
1811; killed, Feb. 2-3, 1847, at the battle of 
Buena Vista. Transylv. U. 1828 ; West Point, 
1831. Son of Hon. H. Clay. He applied him- 
self to the study of the common and civil law; 
twice represented his native county of Fayette 
in the general assembly, 1835-7. He became 
lieut.-col. of McKee's i-egt. Ky. Vols, in the 
Jlcxiean war, June 9, 1846, and extra aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Taylor Oct; 5, 1846. / 

Clay, James B.f^l.C. 1857-9, son of Hen- t'-C^' 
ry, b. VVasliingtoiC D. C, Nov. 9, 1817; d. 
Montreal, Jan. 26, 1864. Transylv. U. At 15, 
he went to Boston, spent two years in a count- 
ing-house ; then settled upon a farm near St. 
Louis ; at 21, removed to Ky. ; was engaged two 
years in manufactures. He then stmiied at the 
Lexington Law School, and practised as the 
partner of his father until 1849, when he was 
app. chargi d'affaires to Lisbon. A change in 
the administration soon brought him home. 
He resided again at Mo. from 1851 to 18.53, 
when he became the proprietor of Ashland. 
He was also a member of the peace conven- 
tion of 1861 ; but, fraternizing with the Rebel- 
lion, he died in involuntary exile, and, it is 
said, through his own excesses. 

Clay, Col Joseph ; d. Savannah, Ga., 
Jan. 1805. He was a member of the Revol. 
committee of 1774-5; member of the Cont. 
Cong. 1778-80, and judge of the Dist. Court 
of Ga. 1 796-1 SUI. Pay m. -gen. of the Southern 
dcpt. in the Revol. — "Go. Uisl. Colls. 

Clay, Ret. Joseph, lawyer and clergyman, 
son of the preceding, b. Savannah, Ga., Aug. 
16, 1764 ; d. Boston, Jan. 11, 1811. N.J. Coll. 
1784. He studied law, rose to the highest em- 
inence in his profession; was a leading mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv., and was U. S. 
dist. judge of Ga.. 1796-1801. In 1802, he 
entered the Baptist ministry. Ord. Sav., 



194 



CLE 



1804 ; installed collcan 
Boston, Aug. 19, 18U7 : 
ited Savannah, bnt reti: 

Clayborne, Will 

thority to .1 >■■,■. ; ;!■ i 
or any |..ii : ■ : 

1631, Kiim I " '-■ ' '- 
make diotuvciie^, aihi 1 
trading-|iu»t on ICmt, 
Bay, near Annapoh-. 
more, lie took rolir.i i 
of Va. ; and hU r,Mi 
seized bv thr .M'l. imiiIh 



111 Dr. Stillman, 


ral lii^t 


. Nov. 1808; vis- 


Tiansi, 


u ISo.ston, 1810. 


also Ml 


Ill oarlv Va. colo- 


Groiiuv 


•-.v.of Va..a,.- 


count o 


1 ■ . -:i|H-ak,-Bay, 


ill 1739- 



tltll 



ances ; and, in Kj'.^, iln- l.in- s.mitIv repri- 
manded Lord Baliini'.iv |,ii- lia\iiiL:, in viola- 
tion of his royal i-oiniii.inl-, oii^i.d ( 'l,\ Im.i ur 
from his rightful |iii"rs>i..n.N on Kmi l^l.ind. 
and slain several persons inlialntin;; tlieiv. Nl-v- 
crtheless, in 1639, the comniissioncis of plan- 
tations decided in favor of Lord Baltimore. In 
1645, taking advantage of the civil war in Eng., 
at the head of a body of armed insurgents, he 
expelled Leonard Calvert, dep.-gov., and seized 
upon the govt. In 1646, Calvert was re-insta^ 
ed ; but Clayborne escaped with impunity. In 
1651, he was app. a commissioner to reduce 
Va. to obedience to the Commonwealth of 
Eng. Bennet and Clayborne, in " The Gui- 
nea," frigate, rcdnocd Md. also to obedience ; the 
former wa. <„.„],: ■^,.^■.. aihl (■•la^^o,■„,.. ^,r. of 
State. Altrr ill- i.-:>M,. , !.-■ um. .|i|..-i-.'Jrd 

in the olli ■■ ..t -.<. l|.. u,,- : ■ ,,i-. m[iI,u 

conrt-marti il lliai imd ihr pn-on.-i, i;i I la- 
con's rebellion. Ik lived in N-u- ]v>nt (..., 
and d. at an advanced age. lli~ 'ir,r n.i.ints, 
now nnnicrous, spell the ii.nii ( l.nl.Mi n. 

Clayton, Augostin Smuh, iiiiist, h. 

Fredericksburg, Va., Nov. 27, 178 i ; d. Athens, 
Ga., June 21, 1839. U. of Ga. 1804, and sub- 
sequently a tutor there. He practised law with 
eminent success; served in the State legisl., 
which, in 1810, app. him tocomjiile the statutes 
of Ga. from 1800 ; was judge of the Superior 
Court of the western circuit, from 1819 to 1825, 
and from 1823 tb 1831, when he was superseded 
for maintaiiiing,in opposition to the policy of the 
State, the right of the Cherokee Indians to dig 
gold on their lands; M. C. 1831-5, and a prom- 
inent opponent of the tariff and the U. S. Bank. 
He was a proficient in the classics, and in high 
esteem as an able writer. He acquired some 
distinction as a politician, and is said to have 
written the political pamphlet called " Crock- 
ett's Life of Van Buren.'* He pub. "Laws of 
Georgia, 1800-10," Angusta, 4to, 1812. 

Clayton, John, botanist, b. Fulham, Eng., 
1686; d. Va., Dec. 15, 1773. Ab. 1706, he 
emigrated to Va., where his father was atty.- 
gen., and resided near Williamsburg. Edu- 
cated a physician, he was an indefatigable bot- 
anist; passed a long life in exploring and de- 
scribing the plants of his country, and is sup- 
posed to have enlarged the botanical catalogue 
as much as any man who ever lived. 15 years 
clerk of Gloucester Co. J. Clayton's letter to 
the Roy. Soc., May 12, 1688, giving an ac- 
count of several observables in Va., is in Force's 
Tracts, vol., III. His essays oa the natu- 



of Va. were pub. in the " Phil. 
IS " Ml tlir liny. Soc. of Lond. He 
inl ^|.<riuiriib of the flora of Va. to 
hIiu, \miIi LinniBus, pub. an ac- 
jonioii ol them at Leyden, 2 parts, 
Alter the death of Gronovius, the 
remainder were described in a 3d part by his 
son, in 1762, who gave Clayton's name to a 
genus of plants. 

Clayton, John Middleton, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1846), statesman and jurist, b. Sussex Co., 
Del., July 24, 1796; d. Dover, Del., Nov. 9, 
1856. Y. C. IKI.-. lb- -.vns l,iv,| t,, th.'bar, 
having studir.l :,• •': ■ 1 ;■ i ' i I, i ■ ^ li.,ol ; 
commenced ]ir.i<i . , : liiied 

eminence in In^ i i : i IJ ... m I S24 

cicrteil to the S.:,ir \.-,^, , I ,-ii,s. ,|,iriitly 

srr. ,.r Slair; li,,ii, l-_;i ,., I>;7 u:i. i:. S. 

U. S. >,'i,',u.r'liu,'„ IMi'i., I '-V!i.'»!,i'ii'i'i'e' be- 
came U. S. ser, ol MaK uinLr IVv 'I'.wlor, 
wdiieh position Iil- uri'nph'.l iinill ih.' iI.miIi of 
Taylor in Julv, l^.^ll. II ■ wa- a Ihir^l time 
U. S. senator, irom .Mar. ls,-,l, iiiiiil Ins drath, 
and vindicated with marked ability the princi- 
ples of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, winch lie 
negotiated in 1850. Ho was an active and in- 
fluential member of the convemI(_Mi to revise 
the State consliiml-n in H'^I I:, il, ■ V. S. 
senate, he deli vr I ! i iii ; l mmis 

debate on Fooli- i . m i ,,i , . .nil lor 

him a place aiiimrj tn' iininu .rs of 

the body. He also made an iin|ircs>ivc argu- 
ment in favor of paying the claims lor French 
spoliations. One of his most remarkable 
speeches was on Pres. Pierce's veto of the ai t 

Clayton, Josiil-.a, pb ii lates- 

maii, d. Deb, Aug. 17'Js. n ; , •; . ] ..irdi- 
cine many years." Diiiin: i ,■ i . ,iv of 
Peruvian bark in the lb i , . , ! ircss- 
fully substituted for it in bi ; ; ; , i i, .tare 

of poplar and the root of tb : i ■ arly 

equal parts, and half the ijuintiiy ni ih.' mirrior 
bark of the white-oak. He was pres. of Del. 
from 1789 to 1793; gov. 1793-6, and U.S. 
senator, 1798. 

Clayton, Powell, gov. Ark. 1866-71 ; 
U.S. senator for the term 1871-7. Before the 
war, he was a lawyer in Leavenworth, Kan. 
Early in 1861, made col. 1st Kan. cav. ; brig.- 
gen. 1804: Mav C. lSfi3. he com. an exped. 
from 11^ I -I I, ,\:!. , I- lb- WInir Kn. i ;.. I,reak 



ful CNp-l. I ■ biiM' l;,:,„, A:L , n M.irch, 

1864. inflicting severe loss on the enemy. 

Clayton, Thomas, senator and jurist of 
Del., b. 1778; d. Newcastle, Del., Aug. 21, 
1854. M. C. 1813 to 1817; US. senator, 
from 1823 to 1826, and from 1837 to 1847 ; Mr. 
Clayton also served at diflferent times in the 
State legisl. as well as in the offices of chief- 
justice of C. C. P. and of the Superior Court. 
He was opposed to the Mexican war. 

Cleaveland, Col. Benj., Revol. soldier; 
d. Wilkes Co., Ga. Before the war, he moved 
from Culpeper Co., Va., to Wilkes Co., N.C. 
App., in 1775, ensign 2d N.C. regt. ; fought 
at Guilford, also in many actions against the 
Tories, and was one of the leaders and heroes 



CLE 



195 



of Kins's Mountain. He was afterward sur- 
veyor of Wilkes Co. An impediment in his 
speech prevented his attaining political dis- 
tinction. His son John was capt. of dragoons 
at the battle of Camden. 

Cleaveland, Elisha Lord, D.D., Cong. 
clergyman, b. TopsKekl, Ms., 25 Apr. 1806; 
d. N." Haven, Ct., 16 Feb. 1866. Bowd. Coll. 
1829; And. Scm. 1832. Oril. 24 July, 18.33, 
over the Third Conj. Church, N. Haven. He 

5ub. some oeeas. sermons. Grandson of Rev. 
ohn of Ipswii-h, sun of Dr. Nehemiah of 
Topsfield, 17G0-26 Feb. 1837. 

Cleaveland, Joiix, minister of Ipswich, 
Ms., from 1747 to his d., Apr. 22, 1799, b. 
Canterbury, Ct., A])r. 22, 1722. Y.C. 1745. 
Descended from Moses .if Wu'ini n, AT,, He 
first ministered toaScpai.i- ^ Imol 

Street, Boston, but deelin r inr. 

Chaplain in Cul. B:,-hM ', ,. ,: I .,,.,, i>n.-a 



ind 



the aim . ! i : :: , :iiidin Ct. and 

N.Y. in : nv. He bad a 

contnivri 1 A : 'I hi \;.:sir\\. v.liich brought 
out several ponderous pamphlets. He was an 
energetic and successful preacher. He pub. a 
" Narrative of the Work of God at Chebaceo in 
1763-4," an essay in difenro of the atonement, 
and a treatise on iiiCant biiiti-m, 1784. 

Cleaveland, Vm:,.,,-.. M.D., LL.D., 

mineralogist, li. i;<ni|.v, .M- . .Ian. 15, 1780; 
d. Brunswick, Jle , <K-u i:., Isr.s. H.U. 1799. 
Son of a surgeon in the Kcvol. army. He 
taught school at Haverhill and York, Me. ; was 
tutor of mathematics at H.U. in 1803-5 ; prof, 
of mathematics and nat. philos in Bowd. Coll., 
Me., 1805-28, and prof of chemistry, mineral- 
ogy, and nat. philos. there from 1828 to 1855. 
In the science of mineralogy,' he had no eqnal 
in America; and his proficiency procured him 
the honors of Amer. and forei:,'n literary and 
scientitic institutions. The mineralogical col- 
lections of the coll. were made very complete 
by his zealous and laborious explorations of 
the surrounding country. He aided the med. 
school at Bouil. Cull, 'in 1820, and was con- 
nected with it as a lecturer on chemistry, dean, 
and librarian. lie pub. " Elements of Mine- 
ralogy and Geology," 1816, an enlarged 
edition iu 1822, and a still larger one in 1856, 
pronounced the most useful work on the subject 
in the English language. He m. Martha Bush 
of Cambridge, Ms. 

Cleaveland, Capt. Stephen of the Revol. 
navy, b. E. Haddam, Ct., 1740; d. Salem, 
1801. He wont to sea at 14 ; was taken by a 
British press-gang in Boston in 1756, and 
kept in service till 1763. Soon after the Decl. 
of Indep., he was commissioned by Congress 
capt. in the navy, and brought from Bordeaux 
valuable munitions of war. His son, Ricn.iED 
Jaffrey of Salem, has pub. his " Voyages 
and Commercial Enterprises," 2 vols. From 
1829 to 1834, he was U.S. vice-consul at 
Havana. — Allen. 

Cleburne, Patrick R., gen. C. S»A., b. 
near Quecnstown, Ireland, Mar. 17, 1828; 
killed at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 
30, 1864. At the age of 22, after 3 years' ser- 
vice as a private in the British army, he came 
to the U.S., settled at Helena, Ark.,' and stud- 



ied law. He was in successful practice when 
the war broke out ; enlisted as a private, but 
was soon promoted to col. In Mar. 1862, he was 
made a hrig.-gen., and at Shiloli com. the 2d 

brigade of thi^ :iil rnrp-, heiii- sprrially eom- 
mcn,lolf;,rv:,lnvaiHl:,l,ill(v. I Ir wa, wounded 
at tia' liattlv ..r Pairvvill,.. Ala, -■,;,. Dec. 

1802, raai. a ,lui-aal , if t Ii.' , , . I , t »la_'atMur- 
flVC-l. .■ .' alal I ■;, . :,,|M1 li: _,; , ,! aa, himself 

in .:•'.'. ' : : I , M, , ,, ,. ijjdge, 



forlii~n-i aar.,i l.inaaMaM (.i|i. .\ I .iMiirsljoro , 
he covered the retreat ot Hood s (ieteaied armv, 
and at Franklin he com. a corps wh.n killed. 
He was very popular with both officers and 
men ; was skilful and daring in action, and 
possessed a commanding presence, being over 
6 fart in hci-ht. 

Clemens, Jeremiah, lawyer and politi- 
cian, h. Ilunt.^ville, Ala., Dec. 28, 1814; d. 
there May 21, 1865. U. of Ala. 1833. He 
studied law at Transyl. U., Ky., and was adm. 
to the bar in 1834 In 1838, he was app. U.S. 
atty. for the northern dist. of Ala ; was elected 
to the State Icgisl. in 1839-41, and '43, '44; in 
1842, he raised a company of vols., and went 
to Texas. Having volunteered for the Mexi- 
can war, he was app. maj. 13th Inf, Mar. 3, 
1847; lieut.-col. 9th Inf., July 16, 1847; col. 
Apr. 1848. In 1848, he was app. gov. of the 



In 1855, though previously a Democrat, be 
publicly advocated the principles of the Amer. 
party. Member of the Ala. convention which 
voted the State out of the Union, but protested 
against its action. He afterwards held office 
under the Confederacy, but, in 1864, advocated 
the ro-eliction of Lincoln. He was eminent 
at the bar and in debate. He -pub. "Bernard 
Lile," 1856; "Mustang Gray," 1857, — a 
story of the times of Aaron Burr and Alex. 
Hamilton; and "Tobias Wilson," 1865.— 
Lanmau. 

Clemens, Samuel Langiiorne, " Mark 
Twain," humorist, b. Florida, Mnnroe Co., 
Mo., 30 Nov. 1835. Entered journalism in 
Virginia, Nevada, in 1862; continued in it 3 
vears there, 3 vcars in San Francisco, and one 
in Bnffalo. Author of " The Jumping Frog, 
and other Sketches," 12mo, 18G7; "The In- 
nocents Abroad," 8vo, 1869, of which 100,000 
copies have been sold in two years. Contrib. 
of humorous sketcbc? to " The Galaxy," 
1870-1. 

Clerc, Laurent, a deaf-mute, one of the 
founders and teachers of the Asvlum for the 
Deaf and Dumb at Hartford, Ct.,'b. La Balme, 
near Lyons, France, Dec. 26, 1 785 ; d. Hart- 
ford, Jtily 18, 1869. His fitther was msiyor of 
the commune 34 years. When ab. a year old, 
Laurent fell into the fire, was badly burned, 
and lost the sense of smell and hearing. 
Taken to Paris at the ago of 12, to the Abbe 
Sicard, under whose skilful instructions he 
made rapid proficiency; in 1805 was app. 
tutor, and, in 1806, a teacher. While on a 
visit to Eng. in 1815, he made the acquaint- 
ance of Dr. Gallaudet, who persuaded him to 
come to this country to lay the foundation of 
deaf-mute instruction. They arrived in N.Y., 



CLE 



196 



en 



Alls- I SI 6, opened tlie asylum at Hartford, 
April 15, 1S17; aiul niucli of its success is 
Joulitlcss due to his patient and earnest laliors. 
He retired on a i)ension in 1858. His eldest 
son is an Episcopal clergyman of high repute 
at St. Louis. 

Cleveland, Aaron, poet and clergyman, 
h. Haddam, Ct , Feb. 3, 1744; d. Sept. 21, 
1815. Aaron, liis father, a missionary of the 
Society for tlic rro])ai;ation of the Gospel, 
dving'when the son was liut 1.3 years of a<.'e, 
the latter had little idt.catiou. "He was for 
many years a hatter in Norwich and in Guil- 
ford, Ct., and was an active member of the 
legisl. At the age of 19, he produced a de- 
scriptive poem of some merit, " The Philoso- 
pher and Boy," "Family PJoml," a l.inli~qu.' 
poem; soon after, lire mn' a rimir. mini-tri ; 
pub. a poem on slavery in Mmk vn-^r in 177.'., 
and also wrote some ,s;\tiii.al po.'nn ai.';iin^t 
the Jeffcrsonians. Ho preached in lioyalton, 
Vt., and in N. Haven, but was never settled. 
His Memoir, by his frrandson Arthur Cleveland 
Coxe, with extracts from his poems, is in " The 
Poets of Ct." Rev. Chakles Cleveland, 
missionary among the poor of Boston, is a 

Cleveland, Charles Dextek, LL.D. 
(U. of N.Y. 1866), author and scholar, b. 
Salem, Ms., Dec. 3, 1802; d. Pbila., Aug. 18, 
1869. Dartm. Coll. 1827. Son of" Rev. 
Charles of Boston. Originally in a counting- 
house ; prof, of Latin and Greek, Dick. Coll., 
1830-2; of Latin language and literature, U. 
of N.Y., in 1832-4, and, from Oct. 1834 till bis 
health failed, tauglit a young ladies' scho.il in 
Phila. ; U.S. consul at Cardiff, Wales, in 1 861-7. 
He is best known by his Compendiums of Eng- 
lish, American, and classical literature, but has 
written a large number of school text-books. 
Also " Address of the Liberty Party of Pa. 
to the People of the State," 1844; "Hymns 
for Schools," 1850; and, in 1853, an ed. of 
Milton's poetical works, with a complete in- 
dex ; "Lyra Sacra Americana," 1868; "The 
Moral Characters of Theophrastus," 1827 ; 
"Epitome of Grecian Antiquities," 1828, en- 
larged in 1831. — Aluimii of D.O. 

Cleveland, Chalncey F., LL.D., lawyer 
and statesman, b. Hampton, Ct., 1799. 'He 
received a common school education, studied 
law, was adm. to the' biir in 1819 ; was in the 
legisl. in 1826-9, '32, '5, '6, '8, '47, '8, and 
twice elected speaker; State atty. in 1832; 
gov. of Ct. in 1842 and 1843, and M.C. from 
1849 to 1 853 ; member of peace congress, 
Mar. \S6} . — Larimm. 

Cleveland, Henry Russell, writer of 
Boston; d. St. Loui.s, Mo., June 12, 1843, a. 34. 
H.U. 1827. Son of Richard Jaffrey. He 
edited an approved edition of " Sallust," con- 
trib. to Sparks's " Amer. Biog." a " Life of 
Henry Hudson," also many pieces, of much 
excellence, both of style and thought, to our pe- 
riodical literature, and pnb. a little vol. on 
classical studies in 1834. He also pub. "Ad- 
dress before the Harvard JIusical Assoc," 1840, 
8vo, " Letter to Daniel Webster on the Causes 
of the Destruction of the Steamer Lexing- 
ton," 1840; contrib. to the iV. A. Rm. and the 
N. E. Mag. A selection of his writings, with 



a Memoir bv G S. Hillard, was pub. Boston, 
1844. 

Clevenger, Shobal L. Vail, sculptor, b. 
Middletown, O., 1812; d. at sea, Sept. 28, 
1843. In his youth, he was a stoneciutrr in 
Cincinnati, ami attracted atrrnti'ni liv tlir fig- 
ure of an an-cl, which he caiv.,! ,,n"a i-inb. 
Removing to Boston, he cxecuir,! l,n-ts,,r Web- 
ster, Everett, Allston, Clay, Vaii Burcn, and 
others. He afterwards executed similar works 
in Italy. 

CliflTord, John D. ; d. Lexington, Ky., 
May 8, 1^2ii, a. 42. lie formed a valuable 
cabinet of iiitmal lii-tmy, and pub. essays on 
the antiniiiths i.t tln' western country in the 
\V,;ln;,l; r, ir, 1M.,,--J(,. 

Clifford, .I'.iiN- Ilr.Nin-, LL.D., gov. of 
AI-. lvvu+, 1.. l'i,,vi,lriuT. R.I., 10, Ian. 1809. 
I'.nnMi r. l'^L'7, LI, 1). 1,S49. Lawyer in N. 
i'.dl..nl; mrnili. Ms. lr,.,sl. 1S35 ; atty'. -gen. of 
Ms.,184',l-,V5andK«54-S. Pres. Ms. senate, 1862. 

Clifford, Nathan, jurist, b. Rumncv, , ^ , 
Grafton Co., N.ll., Aug. 18, 1803., He stud- d-l^ 
ieil at the Haverhill Acad, and at the llamp- / ' 
ton Literary Inst; studied law, and, after being J, 5 I H 
adm. to the bar, removed to Me. in 1827. ' 

From l.«30 to 1834, he was a member, and two 
years speaker, of the Smtr h^i,!. ; was attv.- 
gen.of Jb'. fn.iii 1 - :i i-, I- :^ \\ C. from r839 
to 1843 ; r S aiiv III I iM Mar. 1847, 

when he w.,, ,i,,:, , :, r t.i Mexico, 

and was miI,--]:i ii: i n ^ ■ . ■ . iliat Repub- 
lic. On In, innii, to liu' V s , ],. .,.,t|,.,l as a 

Pres. Burh.inan :in 'a — h- in,n,.r ..t tlic U.S. 
Supreme Cuart Anilii.i ,,1 1' S. Ciixaiit Court 
Reports, 2 vols., 8vo,, 1869. — /.anmoH. 

Clifton, William, poet, b. Phila., 1772 ; d. 
Dec. 1799. He was the son of a wealthy 
Quaker mechanic, anil early displnycil a taste 

strictly in ; ^ m m 1 lii inriijlcs of his 



Lilood 



vessel inr.i|. M im;> '1 I, mi Im- active business, 
and enalilcil him to devote himself to the lite- 
rary pursuits so much to his tasie. Clifton was 
member of an association called the Anchor 
Club, combinins social objects with that of 
"producing a di-p"- nun m ili- imiIiHc mind 
towards war with 1 \\ w.-a iimtiih., 

in prose and vei>c. i ■ i n ■ n ;-, i , nnd ..tlicr 
fugitive puljlication , .-..iri-in;; his |,rn in 
satires in support of Jay's treaty and the 
administration of Washington, the longest of 
which was entitled " The Group : " another of 
.similar tenor, "A Rhtitisody on the Times." 

left untiir ' in !i he pcr„',nities with 

much S|iiii: nn.; !. ■ 11 -~ tlic nenias of false 
philosopliy then |iic;;ilciit in France, in the 
character nf the will h ("liimcra. Probably the 
best of bis prniliKtnitis i, the epistle to Gifford, 

of Gifford's poems. One of his best papers 
was a pretended French MS. in prose and 
verse, describing a descent of Talleyrand into 
hell. He became also accomplished in music, 
drawing, and field-sports, and relinquished the 
Quaker dress. A collection of his poems was 
pub. in New York in 1800. 



Clinch, UuNCAx L., brij. -gen. U. S. A., 
b. N.C. ; (1. Macon, Ga., Nov. 27, 1849, a. 51. 
App. n first lifut. 3il Inf., July 1, 18(18, cixpt. 
1810, lieut.-col. in Any. 1813, col. 1819, and in 
1829 was biev. a brig.-gcn. When the Semi- 
nole war brolce out in Florida, in 1835, Gen. 
Clincli was in com. of that dist. ; and in its 
earlier events he acted a conspicuous part. In 
the battle of Onitblecooebe, Dec. 31, 1835, he 
displayed the most intrepid courinte. He re- 
sinned his commission in Sept. 1836, and from 
1843 to 1845 was M.C. from Ga. His dau. m. 
Gen Robert Anderson. 

Clingman, Tiio.mas L., lawyer and poli- 
tician, b. Uuntsville, Surrey Co., N.C. U. of 
N.C. 1832. lie studied law, but was elected to 
the H. of commons just as he was ab. to com- 
mence pr.icticf. On his ruiircment from the 
leyisl. in 1830, he removed to Ashville in Bun- 
combe Co., wlierc be still resides. He was 
soon after elected to the State senate, was M.C. 
from 1843 to 1858, witli the exception of one 
term, and, in Nov. 1858, was app. a U.S. sena- 
tor. He has made contribs to the sciences of 
geology and mineralogy, and brought to light 
manv facts connected with the mountains of 
N.C.", one of the highest peaks of which now 
bears bis name. While a memlxx of Congress, 
he shared in almfi>t all ini|ioii;int debates, and 
acquitted himM-ll \vi:li aluliiy as chairman of 
the committee till Im, i^u irLnhnm. Originally 
a Whig, he afieruar.N uiiitr,! himself with the 
Democ. p.trty. Exiiclled from the senate in 
July, 18G1, he took part in the Rebellion as a 
col. — Lanman. 

Clinton, Col. Charles, soldier and judge, 
b. Longford Co., Irclaml, 1690; d. Ulster, now 
Orange Co., N.Y., Nov. 19, I 773. His grand- 
father, Wm., an officer in the army of Charles 
I., settled in Ireland. In May, 1729, wiih a 
number oT irlativcs ami Irirml^. he chartered a 

ship to r..nvr\ hi- |.arls In I'liil.i.; but the Cap- 

to death, L'itlKT Miih a Mriv h, aiM|iiire their 
property, or dvfr eiiii^riciiin, hiii.li-d them 
at Cape Cod, ad.r niMniu a ].,<-.■ mho of 
money as a conunulaiiMii Uj: ilinr h\e^, .Many 
of the passengers died, auiuug them a foii atid 
dau. of Mr. Clinton. In the s|aing of 1731, 
he removed to the county of Ulster, N.Y., 
where he formed a flourishing settlement, ab. CO 
miles from the city of N.Y., and 8 miles from 
tlie Hudson River. Mr. Clinton pursued the 
occupation of a farmer and surveyor. He was 
soon app. a justice <•( the peace, countv judge, 
and lieut.-col. of the militia of Uls'ter Co. 
March 24, 1758, he was app. a lieut.-col. in 
PeLancey's regt., in which he served under 
Col. Bradstreet at the siege and capture of 
Fort Frontcnae. Of four sons, Alexander 
(N.J. Coll. 1750) was a physician, Charles 
was a surgeon in the army which took Ha- 
vana (d. Apr. 1791 ), James was maj.-gen., and 
George vicc-prcs. of the U.S. — liur/ers. 

Clinton, DeWitt, statesman,' b. Little 
Britain, Orange Co., N.Y., 2 Mar. 1769; d. 
Albany, 11 Feb. 1838. Col. Coll. 1786. Son 
of Gen. James and Mary DeWitt. Adm. to 
the bar in 1788, but practised very little. Pri- 
vate sec. to his uncle. Gov. George Clinton, 
1790-5, and a leading champion, through the 



pre.ss, of his administration, and a Repnb. in 
politics. Member of the legisl. in 1797, and in 
1798-1802 of the State seii.ate, and a leader of 
the Democ. party ; U.S. senator, 1802-3, and 
made a powertui speech on the navigation of 
the Mpi., and opposed a war with Spain ; 
mayor of N.Y. City, 180.3-7, 1809-10, and 
181 1-14, and, by his wise and efficient adminis- 
tration, contrib. much to the inosp. ritv of the 
city. The Historical Sonny aihl ih.' .\cad.of 
Fine Arts were establishnl iiaihi In, auspices. 
Oflfered the embassy t.. Ka-. liy .Mr. Adams, 
he declined ; was a iticmlier of the State sen- 
ate in 1805-11, and lieut.-gov. in 1811-13. 
Clinton was the political rival of Aaron Burr, 
and, alter his di.sgrace, of Daniel D. Tompkins, 
who excelled him in gaining ]iopnlar favor. 
Opposed to the War of 1812, he was the peace 
candidate for the presidency in 1812, receiving 
89 electoral votes, but was defeated by James 
Madison. He was the first pros, of tiie Lite- 
rary and Philos. Soc., founded ab. 1814; ini- 
tiated the construction of the Erie Canal in 
1815, and was,in 1816, canal commissioner, and 
pres. of the board, which post he also held in 
1823-4; gov. of NY. in 1817-22 and in 1824- 
7. The opening of the Erie Canal was cele- 
brated with great pomp in Oct. 1825, when 
Clinton was conveyed in a barge on a trium- 
phal progress from Lake Erie to N.Y. City. 
He was pre-eminent for comprehensive views, 
and his liberal patronage of learning and of 
schools. In 1811, he delivered an elaborate 
discourse on the Iroquois, before the N.Y. Hist. 
Soc., and, in 1814, an introductory discourse 
before the Lit. and Philos. Soc, in whose Trans- 
actions appeared in \><-/^ 111, ■ l.ihis on the 

Natural History and In: i i i I; .s of the 

State of N.Y."— ,SVr/,. , / i f/mton, 
1840; W.W.Camphjr, L ! -/ i.v,„.'.,«, 1849 ; 
D. Uomck's Lifi of Ciinton: 1829. 

Clinton, Admiral George, gov. of N.Y. 
Sept. 1743-Oct. 1753; d. gov. of Newfound- 
land, 10 July, 1761. Y'oungest son of Francis, 
sixth Earl of Lincoln. App. commodore and 
gov. of Newfoundland, 1732. Subsequently 
app. gov. of N.Y., his want of skill in civil af- 
fairs peculiarly exposed him to the tumults and 
commotions of colonial govt. In his contro- 
versies with the assembly, Cohlen, afterwards 
lieut.-gov., was his champion with the pen ; his 
chief opponent being Horsemander. Clinton 
afterwards became gov. of Greenwich hospital ; 
in 1745 became vice-adm. of the Red, and adm. 
of the fleet in 1757. 

Clinton, George, soldier and statesman, 
son of Col. Charles, b Ulster, N.Y., July 26, 
1739; d. Washington, April 20, 1812. After 
returning from a cruise in a privateer, he ac- 
comp. his bro. James in the expcd. against 
Fort Frontcnae, as a lieut. He subsequently 
studied law under Wm. Smith ; settled in his 
native county, where Gov. George Clinton gave 
him a clerkship ; practised law with repute, and, 
as a member of the assembly, opposed the ar- 
bitrary measures of the British ministers. He 
took his place in Congress, May 15, 1775, and 
voted for independence ; but the invasion of 
N.Y.. calling him to her defence, prevented his 
signing the instrument. In 1776, he was a 
dep. to the N.Y. Prov. Congress, which framed 



198 



the first State constitution. Active in defend- 
ing the State as a gen. of militia, he was app. 
bri-.-KCn. by Con-ress, March 23, 1777. He 
defended tlie posts at the liii^iilands, and proved 
his hei-oism by the brave defence of forts Mont- 
gomep-y and Clinton, when attacked by Sir H. 
Clinton, Oct. 6, 1777. Chosen first gov. of 
the State, April 20, 1777, he was re-elected 
nntil 1795, exhibiting great energy, and ren- 
dering important services throughout the war, 
both in his civil and military capacity. In 
June, 1788, he presided over the convention to 
ratifv the Federal Constitiiiio,,, th,- adnpii,,n ..f 



M.llii 



decided 



in I 792. W: 


i^hiii'.:t(i)i wai rc-cli'rtrd prrs., L'liii. 


tun li ;■. ' 


< . i rlrrtoral votes for the vicc- 


pr>-i.| 


11 to the legist in 1800, he 




1 l-<il-4, and vice-pres. of the 


U.S. ill l-> 


1-1.' His easting-vote negatived 


the renuwa 


1 of tlie U. S. Banit charter in 


1811. 





Clinton, Sir Henry, an English gen., and 
com.-in-chicf of the British forces in Amer., b. 
1738 ; d. Dec. 2.3, 1795. Grandson of Francis, 
sixth Earl of Lincoln, and son of George, gov. 
of N.Y. After-receiving a liberal education, he 
entered the army ; served for some time in Han- 
over, and on th.' Ci'iinniTU .luring the 7-yoarj' 

gen., and <li>iiiii,'. liiiiK^rlf iluiing the early part 
of the Amer. war. He participated in the bat- 
tle of Bunker's Hill, leading the re-enforcement, 
and after having assisted at the unsuccessful 
attack on Charleston, S.C., entered N.York, 
after the defeat of the Americans on Long Is- 
land, and took the command. He attacked 
and carried Forts Clinton and Montgomery in 
Oct. 1777, and May 11, 1777, was made Knight 
of the Bath. In Jan. 1778, he succeedeil 
Howe in the chief com., and arrived on the 8th 
of May at Phila., whence, on tlie approach of 
Washington, about the middle of June, in 
obedience to previous orders from Eng., lie 
commenced his retreat to N.Y. At Monmouth 
Court House, he engageil and compelled the 
Amer. to retreat with considerable loss. In 
1779, he became col. of the 7th or "King's Own " 
regt., and in the course of the year undertook 
an exped. against N.J., where his troops be- 
haved with great barbarity. He also, in con- 
junction with Gen. Prevost, who com. in East 
Florida, concerted and carried into cflfect an 
invasion of Ga., and captured Savannah, invest- 
ing Charleston, S.C, in Jan. 1780. It sur- 
rendered on the 11th of the following May. 
He shortly afterwards, through the medium of 
Andre, endeavored, unsuccessfully, to obtain 
possession of West Point, esteemed the Giliral- 
tar of America. After having made an inef- 
fectual attempt to succor Cornwallis, who was 
compelled to capitulate, he commenced prep- 
arations, in 1782, to attack the French settle- 
ments in the Antilles, but was superseded in his 
com. before he could carry the jjrojcct into ef- 
fect. On his return to Kng., June 12, 1782, a 
pamphlet war took place between him and 
Cornwallis, as to the surrender of the latter, 
the entire blame of which each party attributed 
to the other. He subsequently obtained the 
governorship of Limerick, and, in 1793, that of 



Gibraltar, in possession of which he died. He 
was for some time a member of parl't. Clin- 
ton is justly chargeable with the barbarities ex- 
ercised Inhis troops in N.J., as admitted even 
hy the British historian Stc.liiian, hiiiiMlf an 
officer in the army in Amcri. a. In 17:^;. he 
pub. " A Narrative of his Colli mt in .\iipr,," 
8vo ; "Observations on Earl ('Drnwalii^'s An- 
swer to the Narrative," 8vo, 1783 ; " Letter to 
the Commissioners," 8vo, 1784. 

Clinton, Jamks, brig.-gen. Revol. army, 
b. ()iaiii^ero..N.Y.,Aug.9, 1736; d. Dee. 22, 
IMJ II ■ «a. iliird son of Col. Charl.'s, who 
: II !i an excellent education ; but 

I. J ;i lation was for a military life. 

.\| ;> 'V 1 , iv. Sir Charles Hardy an ensign in 
the 2d 'regt. of Ulster Co. militia, he became 
its lieut.-col. before the commencement of the 
Revol. During the war of 1756, between the 
English and French, he particularly disting. 
himself at the capture of Fort Frontenac, wlicre 
he was a capt. under Bradsireet, rendering 
essential service by capturing a sloop-of-war on 
Lake Ontario, whicli impeded the operations 
of the army. The confidence reposed in his 
character may be estimated by his a)>p. as capt.- 
commandant of four regts. levied for the pro- 
tection of the western frontiers of Ulster and 
( iraiiLT'' <''innii' s. — a position of great resjion- 
mIhIiiv ami ilaii-cr. After the French war, he 
?ii. .Maiy !>■ Witt. At the commencement of 
the Uevul., lie was app. (June 30, 1775) col. 
of the 3il N.Y. reL,'t., and in the same year ac- 
conip. Montgomerv to Quebec. Aiip. a brig.- 
gen. An-. 9, 1776, he com. Fort Clinton when 
it was alt:i"-'i'l, in ' • -t 1777, by Sir Henry 
Clinton. Mi i I i ilcfence by about 600 
militia au.i •' I : i>li troops. Fort Clin- 

ton, as wr!! - I ; ! . I (imerv, of which his 
bro. Gcnr_ , ^ . -. i .run in-chief, was 
carried in < , , i ' •.■ : iv.-; the last 



exped. of Gcu. .Suluvau a-ami-t the Indians, 
by way of the Mohawk. Alter an engagement, 
in which the Indians were defeated with great 
loss at Newtown, now Elmira, all resistance 
upon their part ceaseii ; their settlements were 
destroyed ; and they fled to the British fortress 
of Niagara. Gen. Clinton, during a great 
part of the war, was stationed at Albany. He 
was present at the siege of Yorktown. Ho 
was a commissioner to adjust the boundary- 
line between N.Y. and Pa.; member of the 
legisl. and of the convention which adopted 
the present Constitution of the U.S., and a 
senator. 

Clitz, Henrt B., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. Son of Capt. John, 2d U.S. Inf 
West Point, 1845. Entcrin- the Ttli Iiir, he 
served with distinction in niu-i ol ilif liairlis 
of the Mex. war ; brev. 1st liui t a ( i i m ( ;,m- 
do, 18 Apr. 1847 ; capt. 3d Inf., C. Dvr. ls,-,S; 
served in defence of Ft. Pickens, Fla., Apr.- 
June, 1861 ; maj. 12th luf, 14 May, 1S61 ; 
wounded at siege of Yorktown, Va. ; woumlcd, 
and made prisoner, at thebattleof Gaincs'sMill, 
Va., 27 June, 1862, and brev. lieut.-col. ; com. 
cadets, and instr. tactics, 23 Oct. 1862, to 4 
July, 1864; lieut.-col. 6th Inf , 4 Nov. 1863; 
brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and dist. 



199 



services in the fieKl. 13 Mar. 1865, Col. 10th. 
Xiif. 22 Feb. 1869.— Cullum. 

Glitz, John M. B., capt. U. S. N, b. N.Y., 
Dec. 1, 1820. Miilshipman, Auij. 12, 1837; 
lieut. Apr. 6, 1851 ; com. July 16, 1862; capt. 
July 25, 1866. Attached to bomb lirig " Hecbi " 
at capture of Vein Cruz and Tuspan, 1847; 
com. steamer " Penobscot," \.A. block, squad., 
1863 ; steam-sloop" Juniata," East Gulf squad., 
1863 ; steamer " Osceola," N. A. block squad., 
186-1-5, in both attacks on Fort Fisher; com. 
"Pawnee," S. A. squad., 1868-9. — Hamerslij. 

Clowes, Rev. Timothy, LL.D. : d. Hemp- 
stead, L.I., June 16, 18+7, a. 60. Col. Coll. 
18U8. In 1821, he was principal of Erasmus 
Hall. In 1 823, he was chosen pres. of Wash- 
ington Cull., Md., and rector of the church in 
Chestertown and St. Paul's, Kent Co. From 
1828 to the fall of 1832, lie presided over the 
Clinton Liberal Institute, Oneida Co. He 
expelled as a mathematician. 

Cluseret (klu'-zeb-ia'), GusTAVE Paul, 
bri^.-gen. vols., b. Paris, France, June 13, 1823. 
He received a good education. Entering the 
military school of St. Cyr in 1841, in 1843 ho 
became sub.-lieut. in a regt. com. by his father. 
For4 years, he taught fortification, topography, 
tactics, and strategy. During the revol. of 
June, he com. a column in the Rue St. Jacques 
under Gen. Dumesne, and was wounded. In 
July, he was made a chevalier of the Legion 
of Honor. He was retired from active service 
in Jan. 1849, and soon after put on half-pay 
by Pres. Louis Napoleon on account of his re- 
publican opinions. He then opened a painter's 
studio, but, after 2 years, ivtiiriied to the service 
as lioui. Ill' . ' ■■■ .■ . .J ■ ' ri Algeria. Here 
he pain ■ I i , i .: i- , and was en- 

gaged III ; : I . ; ': ' ijVo Hisloriijue 

c/ GV., ;,,/_'' ,1 -'. /M',, I..' Ill 1854, hewas 
ordered to the Crimea, where he was twice 
wounded, and was promoted to capt. at the 
Maiuelon Vert. He returned to Francein 1856; 
joined the exped against the Kabyles in 1857 ; 
on the outbreak in Italy, joined the staff of 
Garibaldi, with the rank of major in the Italian 
army ; and was soon afterward placed in com. 
of the French legion. Wounded at thesiegeof 
Capua, he received, two davs after, the brev. 
of col. (Nov. 1, 1860). He' arrived at Wash- 
ington in Jan. 1862 ; was app. aide-de-camp to 
Gen. McTI. •11:111, wiih rank nf col., and was 
soon iiti.r 1-1 -li. I 1 . 1 . 1. I .. in.int, who placed 
him in I II i i ; . . i jniiril. He was 

intliclii: ,->.:.-,. .:,,_, I l,>i ; iMinburg, and 
Cros5 Kt-,c.^, .luil, 1..1 III, j;..ll.iiitiy in the latter 
battle, was made brig.-geu. of vols. Oct. 14. 
Resigned, iWar. 2, 18C3. A leader of the Paris 
Communists in the spring of 1871, and minis, 
of war. 

Clymer, George, signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, b. Phila., 1739 ; d. Mor- 
risville, Bucks Co., Pa., Jan. 23, 1813. His 
father emigrated from Bristol, Eng., to Pbila., 
and left him an orphan at the age of 7. His 
maternal uncle, Wm. Coleman, educated him, 
took him in to biscounting-roora, and eventually 
left him the bulk of his fortune. At the tea- 
meeting in Pbila., Oct. 16, 1773, hewas app. 
chairman of the committee to request the tci- 
agents to resign. He was also a member of 



the council of safety. July 20, 1775, hewas 
app. joint treasurer of the State with Michael 
Hillegas, and converted all his specie into 
Continental currency, besides subscribing lib- 
erally to the loan. July 20, 1776, ho was 
delegated to Congress. Sept. 1776, he was 
sent with Stockton to confer with Washington 
on the affairs of tlicarmv; and when, in Dec, 

Culler- -. II ill. 1 III i; i': ir. Clymer wasone 

of i! Ill , : III I'hila. to guard 

thcpi I A _ I lirtod toCongress 

ini;;: 111- iim-. a ,-,„„-, .|->vdbytheBritish 
after tlie battle of LSran.lywine. Dee. 7, 1778, 
he was a commissioner to treat with the Indians 
at Fort Pitt; in 1780 was a third time elected 
to Congress ; in Nov. 1780 was deputed, with 
John Nixon, to organize the B.ank of North 
America, and in 1782 wasas.soc. with Rutledge 
in his mission to the Southern States. Re- 
moving to Princeton at the close of the war, 
he was in 1784 elected to the Pa. legisl., where 
he aided in modifying the criminal code. He 
was a member of the convention that framed 
the Federal Cmi-titiitiun, and in Nov. 1788 was 
elected to the III-: I s Imh-icvs. In 1791, he 
was app. colli i , , , na spirits, which, 

in Pa., led til I -. Resigning tbis 

officc.he w,i-. :i M - I- I'ukens and Haw- 
kiu-.:i:i|i III _ It. a treaty with the Creeks 
anil I i-uinmated June 29, 1796, 

wh-ii ... 1 1 -nil public affairs. Besides 

otlitr III :i: ii i- :■ indebted to him were the Pa. 
Agncultmal .Society, of which he was vice- 
pres., the Acad, of' Fine Arts, and the Pa. 
Bank, of both which he was pres. 

Cobb, David, Revol. soldier and legislator, 
b. Attleborougb.Ms., 14Sept. 1748; d. 17 Apr. 
1830. H. U. 1766. Many years a practising 
physician ; sec. of the Bristol Co. convention 
of 1 774, and member of the Prov. Congress iu 
1775. Lieut.-col. of H Jackson's regt. in 
1777-8, serving in N. J. and R. I., and several 
years a member of Washington's milit. family. 
Afterwards maj.-gen. of militia; judge of C. C. 
P. : M. C. 1793-5 ; member of the Ms. senate 
and house, and some time pres. and speaker ; 
member of the exec, council, and lient.-gov. 
1809. While a resident of Me. (1796-1820), 
he was chief-justice of C. C- P., maj.-gen. 10th 
milit. div., and, during the War of 1812, was on 
the board of milit. defence. 

Cobb, lb. 

of tin- Mil 

Afti 1 I. _ : .|iinnticeshipto aprinter, ho 

en^.i_ 1::. i ., Ill Perry, Houston Co., till, 

in Is^r, liu u.i.. .iiiia. to the bar. In 1830, he 
was a State senator ; soon after established the 
Cherokee Gazette. In 1845, he pub. a work on 
legal forms, and soon after compiled the (jenal 
code of the State. He has written much for 
the press, and is the author of a curious work 
on the African race. 

Cobb, Howell, statcsm.an, b. Cherry Hill, 
Jefferson Co., Ga., Sept. 7, 1815 ; d. N. Y. Citv, 
Oct. 9, 1868. Franklin Coll., Athens, 18.3'4. 
Adm. to the bar in 1836; solicitor-gen. of the 
western circuit of Ga. in 1837-41, and built 
up an extensive and lucrative practice ; M. C. 
1843-51 ; speaker of the 31st Congress; gov. 
of Ga., 1851-3; again M. C. 1856-7 ; sec. of 
the treasury under Buchanan, 1857-60. Zeal- 



200 



COB 



ous in the secession movement, he was a dele- 
gate to the Montgomery Congress, and chosen 
its pres. Feb. 4, 1861. Made a brig., and then 
a maj.-gen., but did not di^ti^u'• hiuLself in the 

field. At the close ..I i1m ":n. I |,p„sed all 

the measures for ri-ri HI Ii ( 'uiigress, 

he disting. himself U\ ii ■ ■ v with the 

rules of the ho.use, hi^ i.i.i :i^ .i 'hliiitcr, his 
vehement professions cit love lor the Union, and 
his equally earnest advocacy of State rights. 
His iMiperionsness, and his bold championship 
of shivuiy, made him the leader of the South- 
ern party in the house. He demanded the ex- 
tension of shivery into Cal. and New Mexico, 
and advocated the compromise measures of 
1850. — Sec Memorial Vol., ed. hy Sand. Boykln, 
P/iiln.. 1869. 

Cobb, Joseph Beckuam, politician and 
autlior, son of Thos. W., b. Oglethorpe Co., 
Ga., Apr. 11, 1819; d. Columbus Ga., Sept. 
15, 18.)8. Educated at Wilmington, N.C.,and 
at Fr.uiklin Coll., Ga. He removed in 1838 to 
NoxuKce Co., Mpi. In 1851, he was elected by 
the Whigs to the State convention ; was sub- 
sequently, for some years, a member nf tin; 
State senate, and in 1853 an "American " can- 
didate for Congress. Authorof'The Cicul ," 
a novel, 1848; "Sketches," 8vo, 1851 ; and 
" Leisure Hours," 1858; and a contrib. to Pe- 
terson's Nalinual Man. and to the Amer. Beo. 

Cobb, Nathaniel R., a philanthropic mer- 
chant of Boston, b. Fahnouth, Me., Nov. 3, 
1798 ; d. Boston, 22 May, 1834. 

Cobb, SvLVANUS, D'.D., Universalist min- 
ister, b. Norway, Me., July, 1799; d. E. Bos- 
ton, Oct. 31, 1866. In 1828, he was settled at 
Maiden and Waltham, Ms.; was the author 
of a " Commentary on the New Testament," 
" Compend of Divinity," " Discussions," and 
some other works, and edited the Christian 
Freeman more than 20 years. His son Stl- 
VANDS, b. Waterville, Me., 1823, is a popular 
writer of novelettes. He was editor and pub. 
of a paper calleil Thf Urrluihit,' : edited the New- 
Enqhind ll'w, -, - . ., j,, an.l was a principal 
cotitrib. to ', I •null. Flag of our 

C/mon, and III .\ ) / - He pub. " The 
Autobio^. or Ul,. b;, !\.uius Cobb," with a 
memoir, in 1867. 

Cobb, Capt. Thomas, b. Buckindiam Co., 
Va.; d. Columbia Co., Ga., Oct. 1832, a. 110. 
He took a patriotic part in the Revol. strug- 
gle; was often associated in the councils of 
the times ; held offices under the State govt, 
until his removal to Ga., ab. 1783, and effi- 
ciently managed his plantation for 80 or 90 
years. — N. E. Mag., iii., 520. 

Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer, b. Jefferson 
Co., Ga., 1820; killed at the battle of Freder- 
icksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862 U. of Ga. 1841. 
Bro. of Howell. Adm. to the bar, he was re- 
porier of the Supreme Court of Ga. from 1849 
to 1857. In 1851, he pub. a new digest of the 
laws of Ga., and in 1858 an " Inquiry into 
the Laws of Negro Slavery." He was a trus- 
tee of the university, was active in the cause 
of education in Ga., and had a high reputation 
and large practice as a lawyer. An able and 
eloquent member of the Confederate Congress, 
in which ho served as chairman of military 
affairs ; afterward a gen. in the rebel army. 



Cobb, Thomas W., statesman, b. Colum- 
bia Co., Ga., 1784 ; d. Greenesborough, Feb. 1, 
1830. After studying law in the office of Wm. 
H. Crawford, he settled at Lexington, Ga.,and 
disting himself at the bar. M. C. from 1817 
to 1821 and 1823-4 ; U. S. senator from 1824 
to 1828 ; judge of the Superior Court from 
1828 till his d. He wrote excellent poliiical 
essays, and was an eloquent and argumenta- 
tive debater, prominent in the discussion in 
1819 of the Mo. question. 

Cobbett, Tho.mas, clergyman and author, 
b. Nowburv, Eng., 1608 ; d. Ipswich, Ms., 
Nov. 5, 16S'5. He studied at Oxford, but left 
on account of the plague, and became a pupil 
of Dr. Twiss. Persecuted for nonconformity, 
he came to Ms. in 1637 with Davenport, and 
was colleague to his old frienil, Mr. Whiting 
of Lynn, until, in 1656, he boi-ame |)astor of 
the First Church in Ipswich, where he remained 
till his death. During his ministry, there was 
a powerful and extensive revival in that town. 
He was remarkable for the lixqueney of his 
prayers, and his assurance of their efficacy. 
Ill' pull, in HU5 a work on infant baptism; 
■■ riir Civil Magistrate's Power in Matters of 

IMiji'.n. Ir.ilv debated," &c., 1653; "A 

PiM. tiral Hi-iourse of Prayer," 8vo, 1654; 
" On the Honor due from Children to their 
Parents," 1656, "Narrative of New Eng- 
land's Deliverances" (in N.E. H. and G. Reg., 
vol. vii.). 

Cobbett, William, political writer, b. 
Farnham, Surrey, Eng., 9 Mar. 1762; d. 17 
June, 1835. He was a farmer's son, and was 
self-educated. After a clerkship of some 
months to an atty. in London, he, ab. 1784, 
enlisted in the army, in which, by good conduct, 
he rose to the grade of sergt -in.ij. After 5 
years' service in Nova Scotia, he returned to 
Eng. in 1791, obtained his discharge, m., and 
in 1792 settled as a bookseller in Phila. There 
he issued Petn- Porcupine's Gazette, a Federalist 
paper, assailing with great piiwer. and eoarse- 

Revol.;'pub." his " Observaiiuns." an.l mher 
political tracts, and was fineil f.'i.uon La a libel 
on Dr. Rush. Returning to Eng. in lb;i,i;>, he 
began a daily paper called Tlie Porrupinr, hut 
in 1802 established his famous Politirnl Regis- 
ler, at first a Tory paper, afterward in opposi- 
tion to Pitt and the 'Tories, and discontinued 
in 1835. For his libels or satires on members 
of the govt., he was several times heavily 
fined, and in 1810 was imprisoned for two 
years. The passage of the famous " Six Act 
Bill " caused him to emig. again to the US. ; 
and his Registers -were dated from Long Island, 
from 1817to his return in Dec. 1819, on which 
occasion he took to Eng. the bones of Thos. 
Paine. Again tried for libel in 1831, he de- 
fended himself with such ability, that he was 
acquitted. After two unsuccessful attempts to 
enter parliament for Oldham, he was returned 
in 1832, and again in 1834. Besides his politi- 
cal writings, he was the author of many use- 
ful and popular hooks. He was master of a 
vigorous Saxon-English style, unrivalled for 
sarcasm and common sense; and possessed 
great powers of observation and descrintion. 
Among his works are " Advice to Young 



201 



coc 



Men," " Cottage Economy," " Grammars of 
the English and French Languages," " A Year's 
Resklence in America," " History of the Refor- 
mation," "Rural Rides," " Emigrant's Guide," 
20 vols, of " Parliamentary Debates," " Letters 
on the Late War between Eng. and the U.S.," 
1815, and "Pride of Brittania Humbled," 
1815; "Life of Andrew Jackson," 1834; 
"Life of Peter Porcupine," 1796; "Porcu- 
pine's Works," 12 vols., 8vo, 1801. — See Life 
of Cobbctt, Pltila., 1831 ; UaziiU's Misc. 
iVorh, vol. V. 

Cobbs, Nicholas Hamner, D.I)., Pr.-Ep. 
bishop of Ala., b. Medford Co., Va., Feb. 1 796 ; 
d. Jan. 11, 1861. He tauglit a classical school 
some years; was ord. deacon in 182+ ; jiriest 
in 1825; then labored 14 vi;ii< in his naiive 
counly, aii.l 4 years in I\nrsliin-, \':i.; ihen 
took charge of "St. Paul's (Jliiinli, ('in.iiinati, 
O.; and Wiis consec. bijho|i, Oct. M, 1844, at 
Phila. 

Cochrane, Sir Alex. Fobester Inglis, 
an Eng. adm. (1758-1832). Disting. in the 
wars with Amer. and France, especially for an 
unequal combat with five French vessels in 
Chesapeake Bay. Com. the British fleet on 
the Amer. station in the War of 1812-15, and 
assisted the land-forces in the attack on N. 
Orleans. Made adm. of the Blue in 1819. 

Coehran, James, inventor of the art of 
makiri- cut nails, b. 1763^ Batavia, Genesee 
Co., N.Y. ; d. Dec. 31, 1846. He was a brass- 
founder; and to his shop, while he lived in 
Phila., Franklin paid frequent visits. In ad- 
dition to the above invention, he claimed to 
have manuf. the first cents in this country. 

Cochran, John, M. D., i)liysician and 
surgeon-gen. of the Revol. army, b. Chester 
Co., Pa., Sept. 1, 1730; d. Palatine, Mont- 
gomcrv ('(1 , Apr. 0.1807. Educated at the 
scho.^ln; III I < I, I- .\llison,audhadfinished 
his ni > in the war with France 

brok " ,; I , I . - 111 tiring the army as sur- 
geon's mii-. Ii ■ .|iii[ir(l the service at the close 
of the WAV, with the character of an able and 
experienced practitioner, and, settling in Alba- 
ny, m. Gertrude, sister of Gen. Schuyler. He 
soon removed to New Brunswick, N.J., and, 
late in 1776, offered his services as a vol in the 
hospital dcpt. At the warm recommendation 
of Washington, he was app. Apr. 10, 1777, 
physician and surgeon-gen. in the middle dcpt., 
and in Oct. 1781, Congress app. him director- 
gen, of the hospitals of the U.S. His experi- 
ence in the British service enabled him to 
make great improvements in the hospitals. 
Soon alter the peace, he removed his family to 
N.Y., and, on the adoption of the Federal Con- 
stitution, Washington made him comniis. of 
loans for N.Y. — Tliaclier. 

Cochrane, John, brig.-gen vols., b. Pala- 
tine, Montgomery Co., N.Y., Aug. 27, 1813. 
Ham. Coll. 1831. Adm to the bar, he prac- 
tised law some years in the Valley of the Mo- 
hawk ; removed to N.Y. City in 1846 ; became 
a leader of that branch of the Democ. party 
popularly called " Barnburners," and, during 
the adm"inistration of Prcs. Pierce (1853-7), 
was survcvor of the port of NY. M.C. from 
1856 to 1862. Mar. 1861, he visited Richmond 
to confer with the Union members of the Va. 



convention, and in Aug. took the field as col. 
1st US. (vol.) Chasseurs, which he com. at 
Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, and other battles of 
the Chickahominy campaign. Brig.-gen. of 
vols. 17 July, 1862, he was assigned a brigade 
in Couch's division of the Potomac Army. He 
was with the reserve at the battle of Antietara, 
and afterward pursued the retreating enemy. 
Resigned Feb. 25, 1863. Nominated in 1864 
vice-pres. on the ticket with Fremont. Atty.- 
gen. N.Y., 1865. 

Cock, Thomas, M.D., physician and med- 
ical author, b. Glen Cove, L. I., 1802 ; d. N.Y., 
June 14, 1869. He studied in the office of Dr. 
Seenian, with whom he was afterward partner. 
During the yeilow-lcvcr epidemic of 1822, he 
was indetaligahle in his efforts to overcome 
the disease, as also during the cholera of 1832. 
He had been pres. of the Acad, of Medicine 
ofN.Y., prof, and subsequently pres., of the 
Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, and was 
many years attending and consulting physiciaa 
of tlie N.Y. hospital. Long an active member, 
and at his death vice-pres., of the American 
Bible Society. 

Cockburn (ko'-bum). Sir George, an 
English adm., b. Lond., 1771 ; d. Aug. 1853. 
He entered the navy in 1783, became a post- 
captain in 1795, and, after disting. himself on 
many occasions, became, in 1812, a rear-ad m. 
In the early part of 1813, he com. " The Marl- 
borough " 74, on the N. Amer. station, and suc- 
cessfully attacked various towns, and reposito- 
ries of stores, on the banks of the rivers at the 
head of Chesapeake Bay. June 26, 1813, he 
assisted in taking the camp and fortified works 
at Hampton. In the following month, he ob 
tained possession of two islands in N.C., and 
captured two small vessels of war. In the be- 
ginning of Aug. 1814, he accomp. the exped. 
which succeeded in taking the city of Wash- 
ington, and which iiad, it is said, been suggest- 
ed by himself to the commanders, Gen. Ross 
and Adm. Cochrane. Ho was employed in the 
unsuccessful attempt on Balliniorc, in Sept. 
1814. In Jan. 1815, he was made a KB ; on 
the 12th of Aug. 1819, a viceadm., and on the 
5th of April, 1821, maj.-gen. of marines. 

Cocke, John, gen.,b. Brunswick, Nottaway 
Co., Va., 1772; d. Granger Co., Tenn., Feb. 
16, 1854. Wm. his father participated in the 
civil, legislative, and military service of Va. ; 
removed to Tenn., and became a gen. of mili- 
tia; State legist. 1813; judge Circuit Court ; 
U S. senator, 1796-7 and 1799-1805 ; app. in 
1814 agent for the Chickasaw Indians. In 
early life John emigrated to Tenn., adopted 
the profession of the law, became a member of 
the first legisl. iu 1796, was speaker of the 



house for 



ny years, was subsequ 



1819 to 1S27. He was maj.-gen. Tenn. vols., 
Sept. 25, 1813, in service against the Creeks. 
Col. Tenn. regt. Nov. 14, under Gtn. Jackson, 
at New Orleans. — Gardner. 

Cocke, John H., brig.-gen. War of 1812 ; 
d. at his residence, Fluvanna Co., Va., July 1, 
1866, a. 85. 

Cocke, Philip St. George, gen. C.S.A. 
b. Virginia, 1808; shot himself at his resi- 
dence in Powhatan Co., Va., Dec. 26, 1861. 



202 



West Point, 1832. Entnius tli>' i.l art., he 
was adj. in 1833-4; re>i,jii..l. A;.!;!, Kii. iind 
was miulu a brig.-gcn. ('Muh-I, m m . r;nlv in 
1861, ami tO(ik part in ihr lir-i \unir ..C ISiill 
Eun, com. the 5tli brigade. Afier a rampal^in 
of 8 monlhs, he returned to his home shattered 
both in inlnd and body, ami in a paroxysm of 
insanity put an end to his life. President Va. 
Agric. Soe. 1853-6. Author of " Plantation 
and Farm Instruction," 1852. 

Codazzi (Ico-dat'-sce), AoosTiNO, an Ital- 
ian engineer, b. near I'errara, 1792. He made 

sever.ii . :[iii|i:u jn, ler Napoleon, and after- 

wanl^ -; ,j I ii if as an engineer in S. 

Aniiiii I In: the Columbian service as 

lieut.-r.l. ni ;ii I , lie uas employed in making 
charts, and in preparing plans of defence. In 
1831-40, he prepared charts of Venezuela, and 
was rewarded with the rank of col. In 1838- 
9, he explored the interior of Guiana, pene- 
trated nearly to the sources of the Orinoco; 
and the valuable results of bis labors, "Oeo- 
graphia de Venezuela," appeared in Paris in 
1841,aecomp. by an extensive chart of Venezu- 
ela Codazzi afterwards established a German 
colony in Venezuela. In 1848, he was em- 
ployed by the govt, of New Granada upon a 
topographical survey. 

Codding, Ichahod, Presb. clergyman, and 
an eloquent antislavery lecturer, b. Bristol, 
N.Y., 1811 ; d. Baraboo, Wis., 17 Jnne, 1866. 
He studied at Middleb. Coll., lectured for the 
Amer. Antislavery Society in 1837-42 ; entered 
the ministry, and was successively pastor at 
Princeton, Loekport. Joliet, Baraboo, and 
Bloomington, III. His addresses were marked 
by great eloquence and fervor. 

Coddington, William, founder of R.I., 
b. Lincolnshire, Eng., 1601 ; d. Nov. 1, 1678. 
In 1630, he came in "The Arabella" to Salem, 
a magistrate of Ms., app. by the crown. Por 
some years, he was a merchant in Boston. In 
1636, when Winthrop succeeded Vane as gov., 
Coddington's name was dropped from the roll ; 
but the freemen, on the following day, sent him 
and Vane as deputies to the court. He defend- 
ed Anne Hutchinson against Winthrop and 
his party, and opposed, though unsuccessfully, 
the proceedings against Wheelwright, but 
finally, with 18 others, removed, Apr. 26, 1638, 
to the Island of Aquidneck, now R.I. Cod- 
dington was elected judge, with a council of 
3 elders, who were enjoined by a vote of the 
freemen to be " guided by God's laws." Mar. 
12, 1640, Coddington was elected gov.; contin- 
ued 7 years in office, until a charter was ob- 
tained, and the island incorporated with the 
Providence plantations. Having made a voy- 
age to Eng. in 1651, he returned with a com- 
mission as gov. of Aquidneck Island, bnt he 
soon resigned. He was again gov. in 1674-5. 
After his settlement in U.I., he adopted the 
tenets of the Quakers. He was earnest for 
liberty of conscience. Au;hor of "A Demon- 
stration of True Love unto you the Rulers of 
the Colonv of Ms.," 4to, 1674. 

Codman, .loiix, D.D. (H. U. 1840), min- 
ister 2d t'h., Dorchester, from Dec. 7, 1808, to 
liis d., Dee. 23, 1847 ; b. Boston, Aug. 3, 1782. 
H.U. 1802. Son of John, a Boston merchant. 
Ue studied at Cambridge and at Edinburgh, 



and preached in the SwaI!ow-st. Church, 
Lond., in 1808. He was a benefactor of the 
Iheol. seminaries of Princeton and Andover. 
A Memoir by Dr. Allen, with 6 sermons, was 
pub., 8vo, 1853; sermons on various occa- 
sions, 1834; narrative of a visit to Eng., 1836, 
and many separate sermons. — Allen. 

Coffee, John, gen., b. Nottaway Co., Va., 
1772; d. near Florence, Ala., July 7, 1833. 
In 1804, hoeng.iged in business with Andrew 
Jackson, near Nashville, Tenn., but in 1807 
resumed his old occupation of surveying. 
ICviT liir ^t|■|.llL; |nT-.c)ii;il IVieiid of Jackson, he 
s: -■.,>! I i 1,1111 111 III, ,,ili .ly with tlie Ben tons in 
S.|.i 1 i; (ill ni I'liin. vols, under Jack- 
son, I) 11 , isij ti. y\|ir. isl,!; brig.-gen. Tenn. 
mounted gunmen, Sept. 24, 1813; com. de- 
tachment engaged with Creek Indians at Tal- 
lahatchie, Nov. 3, 1813; badly wonndcd in 
battle under Gen. Jackson, with Creek Indians 
at Emuefau, Jan. 22, 1814 ; in attack on Pen- 
sacola, Nov. 1814; disting. in defence of N. 
Orleans in battles of Dec. 23, 1814, and Jan. 8, 
1815; in service to June, 1815. US. survey- 
or of public lands, March, 1817. His son An- 
drew J. served as extra aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Taylor at Buena Vista, and was brev. lieut.- 
col. for his gallant and meritorious conduct, 
Feb. 23, 1847. 

Coffin, Chakles.D.D. (Wms.Coll. 1808), 
Presb. clergvman, b. Newbnryport, Ms., Aug. 
15, 1775; (i. Greenville, E. Tenn., June 12, 
1853. II.U. 1793. Son of Dr. Charles. Li- 
censed to ])reach by the Essex Middle Assoc., 
May 14, 1799. Pres. of Greenville Coll , Tenn., 
1810-27, and of Knoxville Coll. 1827-33. He 
passed the last 50 years of his life in Tenn. — 
Spraqne. 

Coffin, Slit Isaac, a British ndm., b. Bos- 
ton, 16 May, 1759; d. Cheltenham, Eng., 23 
July, 1839. Son of Nathaniel, collector of the 
customs, and a loyalist, by Elizabeth, dau. of 
Henry Barnes of Boston. Educated in the 
Boston schools ; entered the British navy in 
1773; became a lieut. in 1778; was actively em- 
ployed on the Amer. coast; was made com- 
mander in July, 1781; acted as signal-officer to 
Adm. Arljuthnot in the action off Cape Henry, 
16 March, 1781, and served as a vol. in the 
action between Rodney and DeGrasse in 1782. 
Post-capt. 1790; rear-adm. of the Blue, 23 
Apr. 1804; baronet, i;i Mnv, IPiU ; vice-adm. 
April, 1808; June 4, I'll, aim nf the Blue, 
and, on the death of ( , ni. l \ , nl,,,. of the 
White. M. P. 18K\ 1.1,4 amiiii ,11 1S.'6. He 
ever retained a strun- reuaid lui his native 
land, and in 1826, while visiting Nantucket, 
where many of his kindred resided, authorized 
the purchase of a building for the " Coffin 
School," for the support of which he after- 
wards invested a fund of £2,500. 

Coffin, John, a British gen., bro. of Sir 
Isaac, b. Boston, 1751 ; d. St. John's Co., N. 
Brunswick, 12 May, 1838. Jle accomp. the 
British troops in the action at Bunker's Hill; 
rose to the rank of capt. of the N.Y. vols. ; 
disting. himself at the siege of S.ivannab, the 
battle of Hobkirk's Hill, the action of Cross 
Creek, near Charleston, S.C, and especially at 
the battle of Eutaw, 8 Sept. 1781, where he 
exacted even the admiration of Greene in his 



COF 



203 



despatches to Congress, and was at once maile 
major of the King's Amer. regt. At the close 
of the war, lie settled in N. Brunswick ; became 
a col. in the army in 1797; miij -gen. 1803; 
lieut.-gen. 1809; gen. 1819. In 1783, he was 
wounded in a duel with Col. Campbell ; mem- 
ber of the N. B. Assembly, chii f magistrate of 



ng's County, 



aember of the council, 
ng to private lite in 1 828. His wife Ann, 
dau. of Will. Mathews of S. C, d. Bath, in 
Apr. 1839, a. 76. 

Coffin, Josa0.4., genealogist and antiqua- 
ry, b. Newbury, M-i., Oct. 12, 1792; d. there 
June 24, 186-1. Dartin. Coll. 1817. Many 
years a teacher. He pub. "The History of 
Ancient Newbury," 8vo, 18+5, genealogies 
of the Woodman, Little, and Toppan families, 
besides many articles in periodicals. Ho was 
the schoolmaster of the poet Whittier. 

Coffin, Nathaniel, M.D., physician, b. 
Portland, Me., May 3, 1744 ; d. there Oct. 18, 
1826. He studied under his father Nathaniel, 
who was a physician, and at Guy's and St. 
Thomas's Hospitals, Lond., under Hunter, 
Akenside, and McK'-nzie; and commenced 
practice at the age of 21. At the death of his 
father, in 1766, he succeeded to an extensive 
practice, and in 1769 m. the dau. of Isaac Fos- 
ter of Charlestown. When Capf. Mowatt, in 
1775, prepared to destroy the town, then called 
Falmouth, Dr. Coffin, with two others, went 
on board his shij), and endeavored fruitlessly 
to avert the impending storm. As an ojiera- 
tive surgeon, ho ranked high. The hon. dcg. 
of M.D. was conferred on liira by Bowd. Coll., 



swick. He was I 



pres. 



of the Me. 



Med. Society, and for many years discharged 
the duties of hospital surgeon for marine pa- 
tients in his dist. — Tliacker, 

Coffin, lioi'.ERT .S., printer and poet, b. 
Bruiisuh. .\1.., irC; d. Rowley, Ms., May 
7, lS-'7 II : . iruticcd to a printer in 

Newlni; , : \\U father had reuioved; 

W.1S a ~.i . j; iluii I,- t!ij War of 1812, and once 
a prisoner on board an English frigate, and sub- 
sequently worked on newspapers in Boston, 
N.Y"., and Phila., publishing occasional verses. 
His poems were coll. in a vol. entitled " The 
Oriental Harp, Poems of the Boston Bard," 
Boston, 1825. His Lite, written by himself, 
was pub., 12mo. 1825. 

Coffin, SirThomas Astox, bart. (19 Mav, 
1804), loyalist, b. Boston, Mar. 31, 1754; d. 
London, May 31, 1310. H.U. 1772. Son of 
Wm. of Boston, and cousin of Adm. Sir Isaac. 
At one period of the Revol., he was private 
sec. to Sir Guy Carleton. He was afterward 
commiss.-gen in the British army, and in 1804, 
sec. and comptroller of accounts of Lower 
Canada. — .VfiWne. 

Coffin, Timothy Gardnek, lawyer, b. Nan- 
tucket, Ms., Nov. 1,1788; d. New Bedford, 
Sept. 19, 1854. BU. 1813. He early en- 
gaged in a seafaring life, hut, receiving severe 
injuries from a fall, turned his attention to the 
1.1W. Adm. in 1816 to practise at the "Bristol 
bar, he obtained the foremost rank in the pro- 
fession, trying his intellectual strength .against 
such opponents as Webster and Choate. As 
a Ills;' jirius lawyer, he had few equals. 

Coggeshall, C.apt. George of Ct., b. 



1 784. Pub. " Voyages to Various Parts of the 
World, 1799-1841," 2 vols., 8vo, 1S51-2; 
"History of Amer. Privateers," 8vo; "Reli- 
gions and Miscellaneous Poetry." lie com. 
two privateers in the War of 1812-15. 

Cogswell, Key. Jonathax, D.D. (U. of 
N.Y. 1836), b. 3 Sept. 1782 ; d. N. Brunswick, 
N.J., 1 Aug. 1864. H.U. 1806. Tutor at 
Bowd. Coll. ; prof, of eccl. hist., Theol. Inst, 
of Ct. at East Windsor, 1834-44 ; afterward a 
resident of N.B. Author of n sermon delivered 
24 An-. 1S19, belure the Yoik Co. Assoc, 

Ainvi.M.v: -'F.i-'.^.-nr-. .-■:ii s,<-o," 12 

O.'i, i • :■ , . 1,^ . ■■ ■■ , li r !'. 1,1. 1842; 



"lli-!>ir'.A '! Ih'.»'i.i.'i ," Ijiih., l^'i'-: "Calvary 
and Sinai," 8vo, 1852; also discourses, &c. — 
Aliibone. 

Cogswell, Joseph Green, LL.D. (H.IT. , , 

1863), scholar, b. Ipswich, Ms., Sept. 27, 1786. d. ■'m t<', I*/ 
H. U. 1806.,^ Proceeding to the East Indies in 
a merchant-ship, on his return, he studied law 
with Fisher Ames, and in 1814 was a tutor at 
Cambridge. In 1816, he went to Europe, 
studied at Gottingen and other German uni- 
versities, and travelled on the Continent. From 
1820 to 1823, he was librarian, and prof, of 
mineralogy and geology, at Cambridge, when, 
with George Bancroft, he founded tiie Round 
Hill School at Northampton, which he carried 
on for five years. He afterwards had charge 
of a similar establishment in Raleigh, N.C., 
but before 1839 settled in N.Y. City, edited the 
N.Y. Review, and assisted John Jacob Astor 
in arranging the plans for the great library 
which he endowed. He several times visited 
the pill :|,il lii.iirirs and cities of Europe, 
coll' ' I : 1 it. He presented to it his 

own ' 1,1 I tl coll., one of the largest 

anil fill -1 i 1 ill iinitry. Many years supt. 

of the Asior Lil.iary. With Mr. Andrew Rit- 
chie, he purchased in Germany, and presented 
to H.U., a cabinet of ab. 5,000 minerals, and 
gave to the Botanic Garden at Cambridge 
nearly 4,000 choice specimens of dried plants 
of Central Europe. He has been a contrib. to 
B:achwooil's Mag., Monthlii Ani/iolof}/, and tlio 
IV. A. Review. A resident of Cambridge until 
his death, 26 Nov. 1871. 

Cogswell, Mason Fitch, M.D., physi- 
cian, b. Canterbury, Ct., 1761 ; d. Hartford, 
Dec. 1830. Y.C. 1780. Son of Rev. James. 
He assisted his bro., Dr. James, a surgeon in 
the army; established himself in Hartford in 
1789, and took high rank, especially as a sur- 
geon. He was particularly successful in opera- 
tions forthe cataract, and, in Nov. 1803, was the 
first in this country to secure the carotid artery 
by a ligature. He was chiefly instrumental in 
founding the asylum for the deaf and dumb, 
and was a friend and supporter of the Retreat 
for the Insane at Hartford, and was 10 years 
pres. of the State Med. Soc. His son, of tho 
same name, also an eminent physician, b. 
Hartford, Ct., 10 Nov. 1809; d. Albany, 21 
Jan. 1865. M. D., Coll. of Phys. and Surg. 
1832. — Williams A fed. Biog. 

Cogswell, Nathaniel, son of Thomas, b. 
Haverhill, Ms., Jan. 19, 1773; d. Rapids of 
Red River, La., Aug. 1813. Dartm. Coll. 
1794. He began to practise law at Gilmanton, 



20-4 



1805; removed to Newbury port in 1808, and 
afterwaid was a gen. iu the Spanish Patriot 

Cogswell, TuoMAS, soldier and jurist, b. 
Haveihili, Ms., Aug. 4, 1746; d Gilmanton, 
Sept. 3, 1810. He was a capt. in Gcrrish's 
regt. at Bunker's Hill ; niaj. of Vose's regt., 
; lieut.-col. l.-)th Ms. re-t., Nov. 



Feb. 
2G, 1 

tliii- 



Sft 



W; 



12. .M , 

Badger 



Ruth, dau. of Urn. Josqjl 
manton. — ///.s-(. Gilnmnton. 

Cogswell, William, D D. (Wins. Coll. 
18-33), ilergvinan and author, b. Atkinson, 
N. H., June 5, 1787; d. Gilmanton, N. H, 
Apr. IS, IS.W. Dartm. Coll. 1811. The son 
of a ph\>iciun of Atkinson. From Apr. 26, 
1815, to Dee. 15, 1829, he was pastor of the 
South Church in Dedham ; was in 1829 app. 
gen. agent of the Amer. Education Society, its 



1832; pn 



of hist. 
1841, and in 1844 was elected 
pres. of the Gilinantni, I l,r,l s n, , ;inil prof, 
of thcoIoL'V. Dr. (■.._ I Idrs dis- 

courses, " A .Manual oi I ., li>vniion," 

"Christian Pliilautlirn,„.t, ' ■ Ih ..;. Class- 
Book," "Letters to Young Men |iivparing for 
the Ministry," " Occasional Sermons," " Re- 
ports of the Amer. Education Society," and 
" Reports of the Northern Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences." He edited the N. II. Repository, the 
N.E. H. and G. Reglsler, for 1847, and the 
Amer. Qiiaiterli/ Rei/ister. Member of many 
literary societies. — Alumni Dartm. Coll. 

Coit, Thomas Winthrop, D D.(Co1. Coll. 
18.34), LL.D. (Trin. Coll. 1853), b. N. London, 
Ct., June 28, 1803. Y. C. 1821. Pres. 
Transvl. U. Prof Trinity Coll. 1849. Has 
pub. " Thcol. Common])lace Book," 1832-57 ; 
" Remarks on Norton's Statement of Reasons," 
8vo, 1S33; "Paragraph" Bible, 1834; 
" Townsend's Chronol. Bible," 2 vols., 8vo, 
1837-8; "Puritanism," 12mo, 1844. Con- 
trib. to Church Revieui, Churchman, &c. — 
Allihone. 

Coke, Thomas, D.D., LL.D., one of the 
first bishops of the M.E. Church, b. Brecon, 
S. Wales, Sept. 9, 1747 ; d. at sea, May 2, 1814. 
He was educated at O.xford, and at 23 became 
inavor of bis native town, hnt tni.k nrdfrs, and 
obtained a curacy at I'^r',. ,:.,„ \1 iLmg the 
acquaintance of \Vi-l., ,i:: , , ,.:iicdthe 
Methodists ; became i.i I : . .,, : . :\u: Lond. 
dist.,and pres.of the In ,!, cu.ilcivnc.j lu 1782. 
Ord. by Wesley as lli^bop of the church in 
Ainer., he arrived in N. Y. in 1 784, and, on Dec. 
27, ord. Asburv a bishop, and joint supt. of the 
church in Amer. Thi'v nrnco.-dcd to-cther to 



! ditte 



1792-3. 11 
in 1803. ,' 



I, 1790, and 
Amer. was 
sley, he was 



chosen sec. ol lii^ 1.h-ii~ 
conjunction with Jlr. Moore ami Dr. White- 
head, pub. in 1792 a Life of Wesley. In a 
voyage to Amer. in 1797, the vessel ho was in 



was taken by a privateer, and he was most cru- 
elly treated, being plundered of every tiling' but 
his hooks. He completed his Commentarv on 
the Bible in 1807. In 1803, he established a 
mission in Gibraltar. From this time until 
1808, he was engaged in travelling to various 
parts in aid of the missionary cause. Through 
his influence, a mission was established in 1811, 
at Slrrra Leone, and missionaries sent out. De- 
I'liiiiiiing in 1813 10 establish a mission at 
I . \ In. such was his zeal, that, when the con- 
Invme hesitated on account of the expense, 
he furnished the money from his own private 
purse. The missionaries embarked Dec. 30 ; 
and, after having been out 4 months, be was 
found dead in his cabin. Besides his Commen- 
tary, he wrote " A History of the W. Indies," 
" History of the Bible," " Six Letters in De- 
fenceof iho Doctrine of Justification by Faith," 
"Four Discourses on the Duties of a Minis- 
ter," "Preacher's Manual," 12mo. He ren- 
dered valuable assistance to Wesley in procur- 
ing what was called the deed of declaration, 
providing for the settlement,.of the Methodist 
Chapels in the connection, and restricted the 
conference to 100 of the preachers, and their 
successors, forever. — See Memoir by Samuel 
Drew, 1853. 

Colborne, Sir John, Lord Seatos, a 
British gen., b. 1779 ; d. 1863. He entered 
the army an ensign, in 1794; served in Hol- 
land, Egypt, and Italy ; was in the battle of 
Maida in 1806; was military sec. to Sir John 
Moore, and fought at Corunna; served un- 
der Wellington in Spain and at Waterloo. 
He received several orders of knighthood for 
his brilliant services; became lient.-gov. of 
Guernsey; maj.-gen. in 1825; lieut-gen. 
1838; gen. 1854, and in 1860 field-marshal. In 
1829, he became lieut. gov. of U. Canada. lie 
found a strong relinin |>uit\ . \\ Imi li h iirmlv 
repressed. In 183.'), !).■ suii ,: -. d 

arecall,butaslie was all in. i.. : , ;«, 

wasapp com.-in-cliici nf tlnlii'^ m (nii la. 
Ho returned to Quebec, and took cffi. lent and 
prompt measures to check the rebellion then 
)ireparing, and, on its breaking-out, took the 
field in person, in several cnja.icments. and 
completely routed and disroiiiiir. .1 \\y.- m^nr- 
gents. He was twice tempoi I _ : .if 

British N. Amer., and rendc. ' .: : ■ ls 

to that country. In 1839, he rLiui in il to i:n,' , 
where his great services were requited with the 
barony of Seaton, the post of privy -counc-illor, 
and a pension of £2,000 per annum. He was 
afterward com. in Ireland. — Mor;an. 

Colburn, Warren, matliematirian, b. 
Dedham, Ms., Mar. 1, 1793; d. Lowell, Sept. 
15, 18.33. H. U. 1820. The son of poor 
parents, he worked iu factories, hut studied 
inatht'niatics, and acquired the trade of a 
iiiar!iiiii>t. Heopened a select school in Boston 
in 1S2I, and pub. " First Lessons in Intellectual 
Ariihnietic." It had an extraordinary sale of 
more than 2,000,000, and has been translated 
into most of the languages of Europe, and into 
several of the languages of Asia. In April, 
1823, he was app. supt. of the Boston Manuf. 
Co. at Waltham, and, Aug. 1824, of the Mer- 
rimack Co. of Lowell. Many important im- 
provements in the machinery of our manuf. 



205 



COT^ 



establishments are the fruits of his scientific 
researches and ingenuity. In 1825, he delivered 
a course of lectures on the natural history of 
animals, followed, in subsequent years, with 
lectures on light, the eye, the seasons, electricity, 
hydraulics, astronomy, &c. His "Sequel" 
was pub. in 1824; his " Algebra," 1828. Mem- 
ber of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Colburn, Zerau, mathemaiical prodigv, 
b. Cabot, Vt., 1 Sept. 1804 ; d. Norwich, Vt., 
2 Mar. 18.39. At 8, he be^an to show his pre- 
cocity in computation, and was exhibited by 
his father in Vt., N.H., and Ms., visiting 
Boston in Nov. 1810, where the boy excited 
great interest, as well as at the South, and in 
Eng., where ho went in May, 1812. The Earl 
of Bristol placed him at school ; but his father 
took him out in 1819. He studied, unsuccess- 
fully, for the stage ; then taught school ; re- 
turned to the U.S. on the death of his lather 
in 1824 ; was ord. in the Mctli. Church in 1825, 
and labored as an itinerant, until, in 1835, 
app. prof, of languages ami literature in the 
infant U. at Norwich. He lost his wonderful 
talent some time before leaving Eng. Among 
his mental operations was giving the number 
or seconds from the commencement of the 
Christ. Era, tlie square root of 106,929 (given 
before the number could be written down), and 
the cube root of 268,336,125, given with equal 
facility and promptness. Through practice, he 
increased his powers of computation. His 
processes did not diflFer from those in ordinary 
use, excepting in finding the square root of 
large numbers, for which he had invented a 
method. — See Colburn's AiUobiofj., 1833. 

Colburn, Zbrah, engineer, b. Saratoga, 
N.Y., 1832 ; d. by his own hand, 4 May, 1870, 
in a country town in Ms. He was named for 
his uncle, "the celebrated arithmetician. In 
his boyhood, he worked on a farm. At 15, he 
entered the Lowell machine-shop, Boston, and 
afterwards became supt. of the locomotive 
works of Mr. Souther, and of those at Patter- 
son, N.J. Heconnected himself with the Rail- 
road Journal; pub. the Railroad Advoaite in 
N.Y. in 1854-5 ; and in 1858, with Mr. Holley, 
visited, and made a valuable report on, the rail- 
ways of Europe, which was pub. with many 
illustrations. For some years, he edited the 
London Engineer, and, from 1866 until a few 
weeks before his death, pub. there his scientific 
journal, Engineerinq. lie received medals from 
the Institution of Civil Engineers for his papers 
on " Iron Bridges," and on " Amer. Locomo- 
tives and Rolling Stock," and was a first-rate 
authority on these subjects, and on general 
mechanical engineering. Overwork and irregu- 
larity caused him to become partially insane. 
He came to the U.S. in April, avoided all his 
old friends, and, straying aw.iy, committed 
suicide. Ho pub. " Tlie Locomo'tive Engine," 
Boston, 1851. 

Golden , Cvd w a lladeb, physician , au thor, 
and politician, b. Dunse, Scotland, Feb. 17, 
1688; d. at his seat on Long Island, Sept. 28, 
1776. U. of Edinburgh, 1705. Son of Rev. 
Alex. Golden. He devoted himself to medicine 
and mathematics, in which he made great pro- 
ficiency. Emigrating to Pa. in 1708, he prac- 
tised physic a few years, and in 1715 returned 



to Eng., where he acquired considerable repu- 
tation by a work on " Animal Secretions." 
After visiting Scotland, hocanie again to Amer. 
in 1716; settled a second time in Pa , but, 
in 1718, removed to N.Y. at the request of Gov. 
Hunter. The next year, he was app. the first 
surveyor-gen. of the Colony, and also master 
in chancery. In 1720, he obtained a seat in 
the king's council under Gov. Burnet. Ab. 
1755, he took up his residence on a tract of 
land about 9 miles from Newburgh, on the 
Hudson, for which he had received a patent, 
and whore he was exposed to the attacks of the 
Indians. Succeeding to the presidency of the 
council, he administered the govt, in 1760. In 
1761, he was app. lieut.-gov. of N.Y., which 
station he occupied during the remainder of 
his life ; being repeatedly placed at the head 
of nff.iirs by the absence or death of several 
govs. During one of-these periods, the paper 
intended for distribution in N. Y., under the 
Stamp Act, arrived, and was put under his 
care in Fort George. The populace burned 
him in effigy, and destroyed his carriage in his 
sight. After the return o'f Gov. Tryou in 1775, 
he retired to a seat on Long Island. Besides 
some medical treatises, ho is the author of a 
" History of the Five Indian Nations of 
Canada," 1727, 3d ed., Lond., 1755. Coldcn 
took a great interest in the study of botany, 
and first introduced the Linntean system in 
America a few months after its publication in 
Europe. His description of 300 or 400 Amer. 
plants was printed in the Acta Upsaliensa. 
From 1710 to 1776, he corresp actively with 
the leading scientific men of Europe and Amer. 
Among his MS. are " Observations on Smith's 
Hist, or N.Y'." He was a man of great learn- 
ing and superior talents. 

Colden, CadwalladerD.wid, lawyer, b. 
Spring Hill, Flushing, Apr. 4, 17G9 ; d. Jersey 
City, Feb. 7, 1834. Son of David, who excelled 
in mathematics and nat. philos., and grandson 
of Cadwallader. His education, begun in the 
town of Jamaica, L.I., was completed in Lon- 
don. Returning to the U.S. in 1785, he stud- 
ied law ; commenced practice in N.Y'. in 1791, 
and in 1793 removed to Poughkoepsie, where 
he became district atty., and, in a few years, 
stood at the head of his profession as a com- 
mercial lawyer. In 1 812, he was col. of a regt. 
of vols. In 1818, he was elected to the as- 
sembly, and the same year was mayor of 
N.Y. City. M.C. 1821-3, and in 1824-7 a 
member of the State senate. He was, in con- 
nection with DoWitt Clinton, among thcearliest 
and most efficient promoters of the system of 
internal improvements. Upon the completion 
of the Erie Canal, he pub. a memoir of the 
subject. He also wrote, in 1817, " TheLifeof 
Robert Fulton," of whom he was an early and 
intimate friend. Public education, and the 
reformation of juvenile offenders, were also 
subjects to which he devoted much attention. 
For many years, he was one of the govs, of 
the N.Y. Hospital. 

Cole, Joseph Foxceoft, landscape and 
figure painter of Boston, b. Jay, Me., 9 Nov. 
1837. Was a pupil of Lambinet and Charles 
Jacque, Paris; has painted a large picture 
owned by the Union Club, " The Ram and 



COL 



206 



COL 



Ewe," "New -England Farm," and "The 
Shepherdess." 

Cole, Samuel ; d. Chelsea, Ms., Bee. 3, 
18.)1. Author of a valuable work on " Fruits 
and Fruit-Trces," and other agric. works, and 
editor of the N. E. Farmer. 

Cole, Thomas, a celebrated painter, b. 
Boltou-lc-Moor, Lancashire, Eng., Feb. 1, 1801 ; 
d. Catskill, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1847. His parents, 
who had lived here previous to his birth, re- 
turned to Araer. in 1819, and settled in Phila., 
where Thomas applied himself to wood-en- 
graving, amusing his leisure-hours with a 
flute ; having a passionate fondness for music. 
In Jan. 1820, he went to St. Eustatia to recruit 
his health ; and, on his return in May, he joined 
his father in Steubenville, 0., where he began 
portrait-painting, ki Feb. 1822, he left home 
as an itinerant portrait-painter, but, not meet- 
ing much success, turned his attention to 
landscape-painting. He returned in Nov. 182-3 
to Phila., and met with encouragement. In 
the spring of 1825, he removed to N.Y., where 
his family were then established. The scenery 
of the Hudson calli-d out all his arti.stic en- 
thusiasm ; ami. dii'in- a viMt to the Catskills 
in the autumn, lir pmuiril several landscapes, 
which were rxliil,iu-a ..ii hi, return to the city. 
This was the turaiu--point in his career. For 
the next 4 years, commissions flowed in from 
all quarters. In 1829, he visited Eng., remain- 
ing about 2 years ; then Paris, and thence to 
Italy, returning to N.Y. in Oct. 1832. He 
finallv took up his residence at Catskill, N.Y. 
His two great works are, " The Course of Em- 
pire " and " The Voyage of Life ; " the former 
consisting of 5, and the latter, of 4 pictures, — 
" Childhood," " Youth," " Manhood," and 
" Old Age." A second visit to Europe in 1841, 
to enable him still further to porftct himself by 
studying the great iiKi-b r-, ir.nli.l in a sequel 
to "The Voyage of I. i i m absence 

of less than two ycai-, ll'painted, 

among other works, " lur ( i>.- lu ili./ Wilder- 
ness," "L'Allegro," and " il Penseroso," 
" Home in the Woods," " The Hunter's 
Return," " The Mountain Ford," &.c. In 1835, 
he composed a dramatic poem, " The Spirits 
of the Wilderness," still unpublished. In early 
life, he wrote for the Phila. Saturdai/ Eveniiir; 
Post " a tale called " Emma Moreton ; " anil 
some of his sketches of travel have been pub. 
in the Literari/ World. A memoir of his life 
has been pub. by Rev. L. L. Noble, 12mo, 1855. 
Coleman, John, D.D., Episc. clergyman, 
b. Baltimore, 1803. Editor of " Faher's Dif- 
ficulties of Romanism," with Introd. Essay, 
Phila., 1840 ; of " The Episc. Manual," by Dr. 
Wilnier, 1841. Contrib. to various religious 
journals. Editor of the Banner of the Cross, 
Phila-, with Rev. F. Ogilby. —Alilbone. 

Coleman, Lvman, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1847), 
b. Middleficid, Ms., 14 June, 1796. Y. C. 
1817. 3 years principal of the Latin School, 
Hartford; tutor at Yale, 1820-5; pastor of a 
church at Belchertown, Ms., 7 years ; principal 
of the Burr Sem., Vt., 5 years; principal of 
the English depart, at Andover; studied and 
travelletl a year in Germany ; prof, of German 
in N. J. Coll. ; prof, of Latin and Greek in 
Laf. Coll. Has pub. " Antiquities of the Chris- 



tian Church," trans, from the German, N. Y., 
1 846 ; "The Apostolical and Primitive Church," 
12mo; "Hist. Geog. of the Bilile," Phila., 
1850; "Ancient Christianity," 8vo, Phila., 
1852; "Hist. Te.xt-Book and Atlas of Bibli- 
cal Geog.," 8vo, Phila., 1854, new ed., revised, 
1859. — ^IZ/iioHf. 

Coleman, Otho M., inventor, b. Barnsta- 
ble, Ms., Jan. 23, 1817; d. S:,nuo-:i, N.Y., 
Apr. 5, 1845. Of German ;i-hl li, !,-li |,;n- 
entage. At the age of 16, li- , i;-d- 

ford; was relieved fromextn; , ilie 

sale of his invention of the .iiiii.;;i,i;uii i.ijy- 
minstrel and singing-bird fur JSUU ; removed 
to Saratoga in 1842, and invented the ..'Eolian 
attachment to the piano-forte, for which he re- 
ceived SIOO.OOO here, and S10,000 in Eng., 
whence he returned in Jan. 1845. 

Coleman, William, journalist, b. Boston, 
Fob. 14, 1766; d. New York, Julv 13, 1829. 
Ih'.v-s, .,!„.-:,'. "I fo-f!,.. Iv,r, :,n.| mI: I 7»4 .M,m. 



, and 



a partner of Aaron Burr in lii 
law; afterwards, until 180it, h- \\ 
of the Supreme Court of N- Y,,ai.,l 
of l\viEvrnii,, Po<l. a Iradhm Kr. 
from 1801 tn lii,,l..au.l -nl,- r.limrt 
He was an al.le, li.ni.-,t, trarb-,. 
warm Fcdei-.-.list- — J/-/-/. h,i,\-, i ',/./. 

Coles, EuwAiiU, slatesiuau, b. Albemarle 
Co., Va., Dee. 15, 17S6; d. Phila., July 7, 
1868. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1807. In 1810-16, 
he was private sec. to Pros. Madison, who sent 
him to Russia on a diplomatic mission in 1817. 
Returning in 1818, he soon alter removed to 
Illinois, taking with him his slaves, whom he 
liberated. He was gov. of III. from 1823 to 
1826; a resident of Phila. subsequent to 18.33. 
He read before the Pa. Hist. Sucietv, June 9, 
1856, "A History of the Ordinance of 1787," 
pub. 8vo, Phila. 

Coles, Isaac A-, col. V. S. A., b. Albem. 
Co., Va., Feb. 15, 1780; d. Charlottesville, Va., 
Jnlv 21, 1841. Capt. li'jht dra;;oons, Jan. 16, 
1809; maj. 12th Inf., Mar. 20, 1812 ; col. Mar. 
12, 1813; dish. June, 1815. He was sec. to 
Pres. Jefferson 4 years; member of the Va. 
legisl. 

Cofles, CoL. Thomas, h. Eng., Dec. 4, 
1752; .1. Ti -M 1. -!■■-, M, r, i ;, mm. Capt. in 
C. Greenr :i : i; i ,. ,:; .\,,iil, 1779; 
became ai : ■■■:'' • ' I. ■ , i ", and after- 
wards a ni'.,,^, > aianilii I < Ikaior of the 

port of ProvidcuLC many years, and was re- 
moved by Pres. Jackson. — Walker Family, 
159. 

Colesworthy, Daniel Clement, h. Port- 
land, Me., July 14, 1810. Descended from an 
old Boston family, one of whom was a member 
of the famous " Tea-Party." He became a 
printer ; pnb. and edited the Portland Trilnine 
in 1840-4, and since 1850 has been a book- 
seller in Boston. He has pub. " Sab.-School 
Hymns," 1833; "Advice to an Apprentice," 
1836 ; " Opening Buds," 1838 ; " Touch at the 
Times," 1840; "Chronicles of Casco Bay," 
1350 ; " Group of Children, and other Poems," 
1865, &c. 



207 



H A^Jc «i5 Colfax, SciiurLER, vice-pres. U.S., b. N. Y. 
^ City, Mar. 23, 182.3.^Grand^on of Gin. Wm. 

„- Q'^..^ oftiicRovol .com. of vvasliiniTton's Life Guard, 

"•^ J*^' ...l.„ .1 IJ l.^- XT T ,0..?. .ooo A 



ho (I. Pompton, N.J., 7 Supt. 1838. A mer- 
,^ j((f- el 
' ' *^ his widowed mother, to Ind., where he studied 



chant's clerk for 3 years ; iu 1838 removed, with 



law. In 1845, he established the Sttint Josfph 
Valle)/ Rci/ister, an able Whii; paper, at South 
Bend, which he continued until 18.')3. Mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv. in 1850, and op- 
posed the clause prohibiting free colored men 
from settling in that State; delegate and sec. 
of the Whig nutionul loiivontiuiis of 1S4S and 



Lincoln. He was the most po[iiiljr prisiilmg 
officer of tlio house since Henry Clay. — .Se 
Lives of Colfax, by Moore and ilarlin ; Grant 
and Colf.ix,'b,/ C. A. Phelps. 

Coliioun, Edmund K., capt. U. S. N., b. 
Pa.,JMav6, 1821. MiUshipm. Apr. 1, 1839; 
licat. 18G1; com. Nov. 17, 1862; capt. 1869. 
During the Mexican war, he served at the at- 
tack on Alvarado and at Tabasco, but left the 
navy, June 27, 1853. Com. steamer " Hunch- 
back," N. A. B. squad., at Roanoke Island, 
Feb. 7-8, 1362; capture of Newbern, March 
14, 1862; engagements on the Blackwater 
River, Oct. 1862; com. steamer " Ladona," 
1863, monitor " Weeliawken," S.A. B. squad., 
in the different actions with the Charleston 
forts, July to Sept. 1863 ; com. monitor 
"Saugus,'' N. A. squad., 1864-5; engaged 
Howlctt's battery on James River, June 21 and 
Dec. 5, 1864; in both attacks on Fort Fisher; 
now (1870) commands iron-clad "Dictator," 
N. A squad. — Uaiiiersli/. 

CoIIamer, J.ycob, LL.D. (U. of Vt. I849; 

D. C. 1857), jurist and senator, b. Trov, N.Y., 
1792; d. Woodstock, Vt., 9 Nov. 1865! U. of 
Vt. 1810. His father removed to Burlington, 
Vt., where Jacob pursued his studies vvithout 
any other pecuniary means than his own indus- 
try supplied. He served asasubaltern in 1812, 
in the war with Eng. ; was adm. to the bar in 
1813 ; practised in the Counties of Orange and 
Windsor.with marked ability and success, until 
1833; was several years a member of the legisl.; 
judge of the Sup. Court of Vt. in 1833-42 ; 
M. C. 1843-9; U. S. postmaster-gen. 1849- 
20 July, 1850 ; again judge Sup. Court of Vr., 
from 8 Nov. 1850, to Oct. 1854; and was U.S. 
senator from Mar. 1855, to his death. He was 
a logical reasoner, and a man of icmarkable 
industry. 

Colies, Christopher, philosopher, b. Ire- 
land, ab. 1738; d. New York, 1821. Left an 
orphan at an early age, he was educated by t'o- 
cocke, afterward I3ishop of Ossory, upon whose 
death, in 1765, he left Ireland." and in 1772 
lectured in Pbila., upon pneumatics. The next 
year, he delivered in New York a series of lec- 
tures on inland lock-navigation. In "April, 
1774, he proposed to build a reservoir for N. Y. 
City. In 1775, he lectured on gunnery, and 
was employed as instructor to the artillery 
dept. of the army, until the arrival of Baron 



pr.>|>, 
on (_'. 
first s 



Steuben in 1777. Colles was the first to sug- 
gest canals and improvements to connect Lake 
Ontario with the Hudson, and surveyed the 
Mohawk River as far as Wood Creek. The 
results of his labors were pub. by Samuel Lou- 
don in 1785. In 1808, Colles pub. a pamphlet 
on inland navigable communications. He next 
made a tour through Pa. and N. Y. ; and in 
1789 pub. a h.iuk of roads tlirongh N.Y. In 
1796, ir-.ii!. 1 ,1, N V, (')n,au 1 ii, ■ in, f. band- 
box- I _ ;_ ill: i-c traps, 
Pni-- I ' ; I. I ■ ; l,y these 
and v:i: Mill- ,,-i|. I :;-,:•;. ,11 ,„• ,■ :,,'i !|,. Iiarcly 
maintained Imii-I: lli- clirnihil -kill pro- 
cured him UTi :iii;i 111 ir,i ill' ^|ir, liir j^ravity 
of importeil lh|ih.i ^, iiii.l lie ;i!>.. inmlr proof- 
glasses. FiiM.i, , il ijli ],is liinid John 

I'iiiiiinl, Il ' !■ . I- I ii- i|.|i, of sujit. of the 
2\r:t'l I \ M lirnevolent ; and 

hi I '111 to his adopted 

conn::; I' _ :■ \\,iri.| I 812, he was the 

iriiinl :ir:i 11. Lint of the telegraph erected 
Ir (.'linion. He is said to have built the 
.iin-en-ine iu Amer. — Appleion's Neio 
Amrr. C/cl. 

Colleton, J.VMES, colonial gov. of S. C. 
from 1686 to 1690. He was a bro. of one of 
the proprietors ; was app. landgrave, and en- 
dowed- with vast landed possessions. Assum- 
ing the govt, when disputes were rife concern- 
ing tenures of land and quit-rents, he procured 
alierations in the fundamental laws in 1687; 
declared martial law during a rebellion of the 
people, and was impeached by the assembly, 
and banished from the province. 

Colliar, Sir George, a British adm. ; d 
6 Apr. 1795. Made capt. R.N., 12 July, 1762 ; 
commo. in N.Amer., 1779; adm. 1793. He cap- 
tured " The Hancock," Capt. Manly, in Apr. 
1777; in Jlay, 1779, he destroyed the princi- 
pal towns in tlio r'h'-:ipcake;ravaged the coasts 
of \':i III If' ' iMving several armed ves- 
sels; I I 1 .i|. tare of Stony Point, on 
the III! : . ,. ,h Km ; July 5, took"part in the 
plnnaci.iij; i..N.i.Lil. io N. Haven, and then 
sailed to the Penobscot, where he captured and 
destroyed the fleet of Com. Saltonstall. He 
was knighted for his services in Amer. Col- 
lier's Journal in "The Rainbow," 1776-9, was 
pub. by Ithiel Town, N.Y., 1835. 

Collier, Henry Watkixs, jurist, b. Lu- 
nenburg Co., Va., Jan. 17, 1801 ; d. Bailey's 
Springs, Ala., Aug. 28, 1853. Educated in 
Abbeville Dist., S.C. ; went to Ala. in 1818; 
ailm. to the bar in 1821 ; began practice at 
Huntsville, and, in 1823, removed to Tuscaloo- 
sa; judge of the Circuit Court of that dist. 
1827-37; chief-justice of Ala. in 1837-49; gov. 
1849-53. 

Collins, Charles, D.D. (Dick. Coll., Pa., 
1851), b. N. Yarmouth, Me., Apr. 17, 1813. 
Wesleyan U. 1837. Pres. of the Emory and 
Henrv Coll., Va., 1838-52, and of Dickinson 
Coll., Pa., from 1852 to 1860, of the State 
Female Coll., Tenn., 1860-6. Author of 
" Methodism and Calvinism Compared." Con- 
trib. to Methodist journals of the U.S. 

Collins, Isaac, printer and bookseller, b. 
Del., Feb. 16, 1746: d. Burlington, N.J., Mar. 
21, 1817 Charles, his father, was an emig. 
from Bristol, Eng. Isaac learned the trade of 



COL 



printer, 



t 21 went to Phila., and in 
ton, N.J., having been app. 
priiitur to Gior:,'L' III. He removed to Tren- 
ton in 177S, and pub. the first quarto Family 
Bible in the U.S. In 1796, he removed his 
family and business to N.Y., but returned to 
Burlington in 1808. He was some years one 
of the govs, of the N.Y. Hospital. Several of 
his sons became prominent booksellers and 
publishers in N.Y. — See Memoir of Isaac Col- 
lins, 1848. 

Collins, John, gov. of R.I., 1786-9, mem- 
ber of the Cont. Con-rcss from 1778 to 1783 ; 
d. Newport, R I.. March, 1795, a. 78. M. C. 
1789. lie was first assist, in 1776, and in Apr. 
1778, a commissioner to settle the accounts of 
R.I. will) Conijress. 

Collins, John, gov. of Del., 1820, to his 
d., Apr. 15, 1822, at Wilmington. 

Collins, Napoleon, commo. U. S. N., b. 
Pa., Mav 4, 1814. Midshipman, Jan. 2, 1834; 
lieut. Nov. 6, 1846; com. July 16, 1862; capt. 
July 25, 1866; commo., Jan. 1871. Attached 
to sloop " Decatur," and present at Tuspan and 
Tabasco, Mexican war; comg. steamer "Ana- 
costia," Potomac flotilla, in engagements at 
Acqnia Creek, May 31 and June 1, 1861 ; 
comg. gunboat " Unadilla " at biUtle of Port 
Royal, Nov. 7, 1861, and in various expeds. on 
the coasts of S.C, Ga., and Fla., 1861-2 ; 
comg. steamer "Octarora," W.I. squad , 1863 ; 
steamer " Wachusett," special service, 1863-4. 
Oct. 7, 1864, he seized the rebel steamer " Flor- 
ida," in the harbor of Baliia, Brazil. — Ham- 

CoUina, Thomas, gov. Del., 1786-9, b. 
1732; d. near Duck Creek, Kent Co., Del., 29 
Mar. 1789. High sheriff of Kent Co. ; 4 years 
a member of the council ; brig.-gen. of militia, 
1776-83 ; member of the assembly, and chief- 
justice of C.C.P. 

Collins, Zaccheus, philanthropist, b. 
Phila., Aug. 26, 1764; d. there June 12, 1831. 
Member of the Society of Friends ; an ardent 
promoter of the advancement of the natural 
sciences, and was an officer or member of many 
philosophical, humane, and religious societies. 

CoUot, A. G , b. France, 1796; settled in 
the US. Pub. " Complete Study oT French," 
6 vols ; " French and English Dictionary," 
8vo, Phila., 1853. — AUihone. 

CoUot, Gen. Victor, pub. a map of De- 
troit in 1796, also "Voyage dans le Nord de 
I'Am&iqtie en 1796," an English trans, of 
which was pub. in 1826. 

CoUyer, Rev. Robert, pastor of Unity 
Church. Chicago, since Feb. 1859 ; b. Keighlv, 
York.-liirc, Eng., 8 Dec. 1823. His youth was 
p.isscil in a factory and at the forge; but all his 
leisure was devoted to study. In 1847, he 
joined the Methodists, emigrated to the U.S. in 
May, 1850, and was a blacksmith and preacher 
at Shoemakcrstown, Pa. ; but in Jan., having 
embraced Unitarian views, he was brought up 
for heresy, and the conference refused to renew 
his license to preach. He is a simple, earnest, 
and eloquent preacher, a worker in all needed 
reforms, and a successful lecturer. Author of 
a Life of A. H. Conant, 1868. 

Colman, Benjamin, D.D. (U. of Glasg. 
1731), clergyman, b. Boston, 19 Oct. 1673; d. 



there 29 Aug. 1747. H. U. 1692. Son of 
Wra., who came from Lond. ab. 1671. He 
began to preaoh in Medford in 1693, embarked 
for Eng. in July, 1695, but was captured by a 
privateer, n!vl ki'jit =Mni" time piis. in 1' ranee ; 

friendslii|. .. ! ; i < , nny, llcw, :Uhl ..tiuT 

em. diviii.-, , i, ,,,i ;,,i,,'' h, Hu-hju m 1G99, 

became ii.i^uji ui liio Ijraitk'-st. Clunxli, uliero 
he preached on the last Sunday of iiis life. 
This church was formed in o]ip. to the Cam- 
bridge platform ; and the other Boston elmrch- 
es long refused to hold communion with it. 
Chosen pies, of H.U. in 1724, but declined. 
A benefactor of Harv.and Yale Colleges ; was 
employed by the Gen. Court in important 
affairs; and was much esteemed as a pulpit 
orator. A coll. of his sermons was pub. in 
3 vols., 1 707-22. Author, also, of some poems, 
and a tract in favor of inoculation for the 
small-pox, 1721. His " Life" was pub. in 1749, 
bv Kev. E. Turell, who m. his dau —N.E. H. 
and a. Reg. iii. 110. 

Colman, Henrv, agric. writer and clergy- 
man, b. Boston, Sept. 12, 1785; d. Islington, 
Eng., Aug. 14, 1849. Dartm. Coll. 1805. 
From 1807 to 1820, he was a Cong, minister 
at Hingham, Ms., where he also taught school ; 
was a teacher in Boston in 1820-5, and, from 
Feb. 1825 to Dee. 1831, h.ad charge of a Uni- 
tarian church in Salem, when he left, in ill 
health. Engaging in agriculture at Deerfield, 
Ms., he was cniplovcd bv the State, from 1836 
to 1842, to investigate its agric. condition and 
resources. In 1842, he visited Europe, in the 
employ of the Ms. Agric. Soc., for a similar 
purpose, and puli. in 2 vols., 8vo, " ICuropcan 
A:.;ric. and Rural Economv," and " Agric. and 
Huial Eroi.oray of FraniG, Bcl;;iinn, Holland, 
and Suiizeiland," Svo, ISJS, tire risult of 6 

SilkCultui.;'IMo.,,TMl'l;r|„,|-|s',,„i;,r.\-rir. 
of Ms.," H;--'I: ■■ L-itrr, m, ];,i:o|, an Life 
and Manner^," -2 vol-.. 1SI9, and li vnls of ser- 
mons. Visiting Eng again for his health in 
1849, he d. soon after his arrival. 

Colman, Samuel, landscape-painter, b. 
Portland, Me., 1832. Son of .Samciel, book- 
seller and publisher of N.Y . an.] a - . Ir i|, r in 
engravings and pictures; li.t i ml; 

other fine pictures, "Rock III I . i i.il.e 

George" "Street Scene in S iH ' ■ ('.-n.vav 
Vallev," '■ llarl.or ol .Srvilla," and " Bni-cs on 
the Hudson." ■Ilill of ihe Alhambra," and 
"Tower ol il,r (,i,aM.i." His first picture 
was exhil) at tin' .\iail. in 1830. lie went 
abroad in 1860. studied and sketched in Anda- 
lusia and in Paris, and was made a member 
of the Acad, of Design in 1862. He is one of 
the most poetical of Amer. painters. 

Colquitt, Walter T., Democ. politician, 
b. Halifax Co., Va., Dec. 27, 1799; d. Macon, 
Ga., May 7, 1855. Adm. to the bar in 1820 ; 
brig.-gen. of militia at the age of 21 ; in Dec. 
1826, app. a dist. judge; re-app. in 1829; a 
member of the State senate in 1834 and 1837 ; 
M.C. 1839-43; U.S. senator, 184.3-9. He sup- 
ported the Polk administration in the contro- 
versy relative to Oregon, and, throughout the 
Mexican war, was prominent in oppo. to the 
Wilmot Proviso, and was one of the most 



earnest speakers in the Nashville convention in 
IS50, in defence of the " lights " of the South. 
He had also been a Methodist preacher, and, 
even during the turmoil of a most exciting po- 
litical career, was in the habit of officiating at 
the Methodist churches. He took an active 

public affitirs, a 

i and Bar of Cc 
Colt, Samuel, inventor, b. Hartford Ct., 
July 19, 1814; d. there Jan. 10, 1862. In July, 
1829, he ran away from home, and shipped, 
as a boy before-tlie-mast, on an East-India 
voyage. After his return, under the assumed 
name of Dr. Coult, be lectured on chemistry 
in the U.S. and Canada. The proceeds of 
these earnings were devoted to the prosecution 
of bis invention of the revolver, the first model 
of which, in 1829, was of wood. In 1835, when 
only 21, be took out his first patent for revolv- 
ing fire-arms, securing patents in Eng. and 
France ; and a company was formed at fatter- 
son, N.J., which suspended in 1842. In 1837, 
during the Florida war, Colt's revolvers were 
first successfully used. During the Mexican 
war, a demand sprung up ; and Mr. Colt com- 
menced their manuf. at Hartford. The extraor- 
dinary emigration to Cal., and afterward to 
Australia, greatly increased the demand ; and 
he erected an armory of Portland stone, with a 
capacity for the manuf. of 1,000 per day. A 
part of the establishment is devoted to the 
manuf. of machinery for making these fire- 
arms elsewhere, -which has already supplied a 
large portion of the machinery for the armory 
at Enfield, Eng., and the whole of that for the 
Russian Govt, armory at Tula. Various im- 
provements were patented alter the Mexican 
war; and it was adopted by the U.S. Govt, 
as a regular weapon for the army. The Cri- 
mean and Indian campaigns suggested still 
further improvements in its construction, also 
secured by patent, rendering the arm compar- 
atively perfect, and of superior efficiency. From 
almost all the govts, of Europe, he received 
orders of merit, medals, diplomas, and other 
tokens of their appreciation of his great inven- 
tion. Mr. Colt also invented a submarine 
battery of great power and efficacy, and was 
one of the inventors of the submarine tclcg. 
cable ; having laid, and operated with perfect 
success, in 1843, such a cable from Coney Island 
,nnd Fire Island to the city of NY., and from 
the Merchants' Exchange to the mouth of the 
harbor. He acquired an immense fortune. 

Colton, Calvin, LL.D. (Hob. Coll. 1832), 
clergyman and author, b. Longmeadow, JIs., 
1789 ; d. Savannah, Ga., March 13, 1857. Y.C. 
1812. Settled over the Presb. church at 
Batavia, N.Y., 1815 ; he subsequently entered 
(he ministry of the Pr.-Ep. church, but relin- 
quished preaching in 1S26 from failure of 
his voice. After a long tour through the U.S., 
be went to Eng. in 1831, as corresp. of the 
N.Y. Obseraer. In 1848, he wrote on political 
economy, of which science he was choson prof. 
in Triu. Coll., Hartford, in 1852. From- 1842 
to 1844, ho edited the True Wlii'/ in Washing- 
ton. He pub. in Eng. " A Manual for Emi- 
grants to Ainer.," and the " History and Char- 
acter of Amcr. Revivals of Heligion," 1832; 
" The Americans, by an Amer. in London," 
U 



1833; 
Lakes,' 
" Protestant Jes 
Sedition," and ' 
Contrasted," 18; 
Eng.," 1839; " 
"Amer. Jacobin 
Term," 1840; ' 
184.3-4; "Life 



Cottager," "A Tour of the 
.'hurch and State in Amer.," 
litism," 1836; "Abolition a 
' Abolition and Colonization 
i8 ; "A Voice from. Amer. to 
The Crisis of the Country," 
ism," and "One Presidential 
"Junius," a series of tracts, 
id Time of Henry Clav," 
1846; "Four Years in Great Britain," 18.35; 
" Thoughts on the Religious State of the 
Couiitiv," " The Genius and Mission of the Ep. 
Church in the US," I >.•-? : " The Rights of La- 
bor," 1844 ;"■ 1 'n I : I ! niv of the U.S.," 
8vo, 1848; "I'll ' -r Henry Clay," 

8vo, 1835; " I.ai .~. - ii ,.,i:-„r the Life of 
Henry Clay," bvu, l^.iO ; ' t'j)eeches of Henry 
Clay,'" 2 vols., 8vo, 1857. 

Colton, George Hooker, author, b. 
Westfoid, N.Y., Oct. 27, 1818; d. NY. City, 
Dec. 1, 1847. Y.C. 1840. SonofCalvin. lie 
immediately after grad. engaged as a teacher 
in Hartford, where he wrote the poem of " Te- 
eumseh ; or. The West 30 Years Since," pub. 
1842. He (ielivered a course of lectures on the 
Amer. Indians in 1842-3, and a poem before 
the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Y. C, 1844, and 
in 1845 started the American Why Review in 
N.Y., which he conducted till his death. — Dui/c- 

Colton, Walter, author, bro. of Calvin, 
b. Rutland, Vt., Mav 9, 1797 ; d. Phila., Jan. 
22,1851. Y.C. 1822. After teaching school, 
and studying theology at Andovcr, he became, 
in 1825, prof, of moral philos. and belles-let- 
tres at Middletown Acad., Ct. In 1828, he 
was editing a Whig paper in Washington, but, 
becoming a favorite with Pres. Jackson, was 
app. chaplain in the navy. In 1831, he sailed 
to the W.Indies in "The Vineennes;" in 
1832-5 in " The Constellation," to the Mediter- 
ranean, and in 1838 was assigned to Phila., 
where, in 1841-2,he was principal editor of the 
North American, and pub. a pamphlet, entitled 
" The Bible in the Public Schools." July 28, 
1846, he was made by Com. Stockton alcalde 
of Monterey, Cal., also officiating there as 
judge of admiralty during the Mexican war, 
and established the first newspaper in Cal. 
He returned to Phila. in 1849. Among his 
works are " Ship and Shore," 1835 ; " Con- 
stantinople and Athens," 1836 ; " Deck and 
Port," 1850; "Three Years in California," 
1830 ; " Land and Sea," 1851 ; " The Sea and 
the Sailor," " Notes on France and Italy," and 
other literary remains, with a meinoir by 
Rev. H. T. Cheever, 12nio, 1851. 

Columbus, Baistholomew, a younger 
bro, to Christopher, b. Genoa, ab. 1436; d. 1514. 
He displayed great ingenuity in drawing 
spheres and sea-charts at Lisbon in 1470. Ab. 
1486, he visited the Cape of Good Hope, prob- 
ably with Barthelemi Diaz. Queen Isabella 
sent him, in com. of 3 store-ships, to the new 
colony of Hispaniola, where Christopher re- 
ceived him with joy, and app. him adelantado, 
or lieut.-gov. of the Indies. In this position, 
he showed great bravery and decision. The 
Spanish monarchs confirmed his title, and gave 
him the lordship of the small Island of Mona, 
near St. Domingo, with 200 Indians as his 



210 



personal liody-guaril. Bartholomew shared the 
honors and ikin;;ers of his brother's discoveries; 
hrcame vi-rv wxahhy, and was tlie founder of 
the town of St. Domingo. 

Columbus, CEritisTOPiiER, discoverer of 
Anjerica, b. at Cogcrio, 20 miles west of Genoa, 
all. U.-J.t: d. Valladnlid, Spain, JIaV20, 1506. 
lie was the eMest sn„ „r I) enieo" Colombo, 



the expedition of finding gold, and May 30, 
149S, sailed on his yd voyage with 6 ships. He 
discovered the mouth of the Orinoco, then re- 
visited Hispaniula to recruit his enfeebled 
health, and a^'ain beeaine ill' \ I iiii t nialiee 

from Spain to inquire into i!: ,: ( 'o- 

Inmbus and his bro. in eb:ii!i i I . ■ i into 

Spain. The officers of tl ;. ■ ;i .- to 

liberate him from his fetter.-, !. ,, , i nlly, 

"I will wear them as a m. Ill , . .; .ruV 

tudc of princes." The imlu-i ,: -i . ].! -~rd 



i.bles 



Azores, and the Pnin; :ii - ■ - n: ii- ni Al- 

rica. While at Li-li-i,, ', , , ! :,, ,l,,ii. ,,f 
Bartolomeo di P.iIl i. ., , . ,. ,,::_■. Ii.ilim 
navigator. In 1477, li. lu.i.U' ci \.j'..,-'- m Hi- 
N. VV., 100 leagues beyond Ireland, iiiM I, it 
73°. Columbus had by this time matiin d bis 
views; namely, that the earth was s|ibriir,il, 
that Asia extended to the parallel iiuw 
known as 180° E. from Greenwich, that a navi- 
gable ocean only intervened, and that not more 
than J of the earth's circumference separated 
Europe and Asia. He applied for aid in find- 
ing this western route to India, fir,>t to the re- 
public of Genoa, and, subsequently, to either 
Alfonso v., or John II. of Portugnl. The lat- 
ter referred it to hi; mn-irM, v.'m reported 
against it. Hopelrs, . ' ; ; !' -rtngal, he 

set out, in 1484, witli ' : - li lor Spain. 

Stopping at a conveni m ,,i 1 i,i,, i., beg some 
bread for bis boy, he luqiiinU the ineiidshipof 
the superior, Juan Perez de Marehena, with 
whom he remained till the spring of 1486. 
While awaiting the result of his application to 
Ferdinand and Isabella, Cohimbus served in 
the war against the Moors of Granada. Re- 
ceiving an unfavorable repiv in 1491, he next 
applied to Charles VIII. of France. Finally, 
with the aid of the S| :ui; 'i .... i 'jus 3 small 
ships were fitted out , i' nleil, Aug. 

3, 1492. At 2 o'rl ■ ' ) I ; ibiv, Oct. 

12, 1492, after haviii.; 1.-. n , 1 .In -, it sea, "The 
Pinta" fired a gun, the signal lor land. This 
land he took possession of in the name of the 
crown of Castile, and named the Island San 
Salvador. He also discovered others of the 
W.I. Islands, and built on the Bay of Caracola 
a fort with the timbers of " The Santa Maria," 
and, leaving in it 39 men, sailed, Jan. 4, 1493, 
forSpain; taking with him several ofthe natives. 
He was well received by the king and queen, 
confirmed in all the dignities previously be- 
stowed, and given the command of 17 ships 
and 1,500 men to prosecute the discovery. 
With this fleet, he sailed from Cadiz, Sept. 25, 
1493; discovered the Windward Islands, Ja- 
maica, and Porto Kico, and founded a colony 
in Hispaniola, of which he left his brother Bar- 
tholomew lieut.-gov., and reached Cadiz June 
II, 1496. He succeeded in clearing himself 
of the charges and clamor raised against him 
bj the adventurers who had accomp. him in 



to repair to, except an inn, and often with 
nothing to pay for bis sustenance," the dis- 
coverer of the New World died. The tomb over 
his remains bears this inscription, " To Castile 
and Leon, a new world gave Colon. " His re- 
mains, taken in 1536 to St. Domingo, were, 
in 1796, conveyed with great pomp to the 
Cathedral of Havana, where tbry now repose. 
His son Diego snel \\\r kin_' in the high 
council of the Iielns, ami, nruvering the 
viceroyalty of llis|Miiiiil:i, in. M niu, niece of 
the Duke of Alva. Tlnii '! ■ -i, I.ris, 
became Duke of Verauim, M , : ! .la- 
maica. — .See Life, and Iv'//" 

Colver, KiiV. N.^th.vmi l, I'll, i;,i|itist 

clergyman, h. Orwell, Vt., May, 17.14 ; .1. Chi- 
cago,' Sept. 25, 1870. He had a limited edu- 
cation, was a vol. in the War of ISI2, and 
was by trade a tanner. He began his ministry 
at Union Villag6, N.Y., in 18,36, and was set- 
tled successively in Boston (1843), Detroit, 
Cincinnati, and Chicago (1860). He was emi- 
nent as an antimason and an abolitionist, was 
an able preacher, and had ^iivat pmvi r with 
the masses. After the war. be I'Mind d, and 
put in successful operation at Ki. IjiiMml, the 
"Colver Institute," for edueatinL; y.mn- men 
of color for the ministrv. Author of three 
lectuies on Odd Fellowship, 1844. 

Colvilie, Alesandeb. lord, made an 
adin. ill 1762, and com. in N. Amer. ; retook 
Newfoundland; d. 1779. 

Colvoeoresses, George M., capt. 
U.S.N., b. Greece. App. from Vt. niidshipm. 
Feb. 21, 1832; com. July 1, 1861 ; capt. and re- 
tired, 1867. Attached to Wilkes's expl. exped. 
1838-42; as 1st lient., participated in capture 
of the harrier forts. Canton, China ; com. store- 
ship "Supply," 1861-3, and captured "The 
Stephen Hart," loaded with arms and am- 
munition for the rebels; com. "Saratoga," 
S.A.B. squad., 1864, and received thanks of 
the adm. and of the navy dept. for merit, ser- 



COL 



211 



\ 



COJiT 



vices ; com sloop " St. Mary's," Pacific squad., 
186.")-f). — llamersh/. 

Colwell, Stephen, author, b. Brooke 
Co., Va., .Mar, 2.'), 18110. Jeff. Coll., Pa., 1319. 
Adm. to the bar in Va , 1821 ; practised some 
time in Pittsburg, but has been many years an 
iron-mcrcbant in Pliila. Auilior of " New 
Themes lor the Protestant Clergy," &c., 
1S.")1 ; "Politics for Amer. Christians," lSri-2 ; 
" Religious Instruction in Public Schools," &c., 
1854 ; " The Ways and Means of Commercial 
Payment," &c,, 1858 ; and a number of pam- 
phlets on politics, banking, and polit. economy. 
Dieil rbila. 15 Jan. 1871.— A'/i'tone. 

Combe, George, a Scottish phrenolojist, 
b. near Edinburgh, Oct. 21, 1788; d. Moor 
Park, Surrey, Eng., Aug. 14, 1858. He was 
bred to the legal profession, but in 1816, with 
his bro. Andrew, devoted himself to the propa- 
gation of the science of phrenology as writer 
and lecturer. In 1838-40, accomp. by his 
wife, he visited the U.S., and delivered 158 
lectures in various parts of the country. He 
pub,' many works on phrenoIo2:y and educa- 
tion, and also " Notes on the U.S. of Ameri- 
ca," 3 vols., 1841. 
.J.'' Combs, Leslie, lawyer and politician, b. 

Ky., 1794., His father, a Virginian, was a 
Revol. officer, and a hunter of Ky. Leslie, 
the youngest of 12 children, joined the army 
in 1812 ; was disting. for energy and bravery ; 
com. a company of scouts ; was wounded near 
Fort Meigs, and narrowly escaped death. He 
afterward practised law, took part in politics 
as a personal friend and supporter of Henry 
Clay, and was a fluent, eloquent, and effective 
speaker. In 1836, he raised a rcgt. for the 
south-western frontier at the time of the revol. 
in Texas. A gen. of militia, and resides in 
Lexington, Ky. 

Comegys, Coknelius G., M.D., b. Del. 
Prof of Institutes of Medicine in Miami 
Coll., 0. Author of " A History of Medi- 
cine," 8vo, Cincin., 1856. 

Comer, Thoshs, actor and musician, b. 
Bath, Kng., Dec. 19, 1790; d. Boston, July 
27, 1S62. He played at Covent Garden and 
Drury Lane; came to this country in 1827, 
and was successively musical director at the 
Tremont Theatre, Museum, and Boston Thea- 
tre. He excelled in eccentric parts and in 
Irish personations, and was skilled in musi- 
cal composition. 

Comly, John, a Friend, author of some 
popular school text-books, b. Pa. ; d. Rvberrv, 
Pa., Aug. 17, 1850, a. 76. — See Journal of the 
Life and Rellipous Labors of John Comly of Ry- 
berry, pub. by his children, 8vo, Phila., 1853. 

Comonfort, Ygnacio, pres. of Mexico, 
1855-8, b. Puebla, March 12, 1812; murdered 
Nov. 13, 1863. He entered the Jesuit Coll. in 
1826, became a capt. of cav. in 1832, and es- 
poused the liberal cause. In 1 834, he was made 
prefect and military gov. of the dist. of Tlapa ; 
in 1842, he was elected to Congress, and re- 
elected in 1846. In the revol. of Aug. 1846, 
Comonfort took a conspicuous part. App. 3d 
alcalde of the capital, and afterward prefect 
of Western Mexico, he relinquished these posi- 
tions to engage in the war with the U.S., at 
the close of which he was summoned to the 



Congress of Queretaro. He was then chosen 
senator of Puebla, and served until 1851. In 
1852-3, he represented in Congress the newly, 
created State of Guerrero, and acted as custoiii- 
house director of Acapulco and other places, 
until Santa Aiia's return, when he was dismiss- 
ed from office. He now joined Alvarez, raised 
the standard of revol., proclaimed the plan 
of Ayuila, March 11, 1854, visited N.Y., and 
raised funds there to carry on the war, finally 
compelling Santa Ana, in 1855, to abdicate. 
Alvarez resigned (he supreme power to Comon- 
fort, Dec. 1 1 . 1 s'> 1 Hi^ Qonn met withstreiiuous 
opposition ['■'■") I' -■ ' '. ! j\, the army, and the 
large boily m! , i i aiive party. An in- 
surrection III, i ,.: :^r liio capital, resulting, 
after a bluw.lv .sn u^-^L, in the elevation of 
Juarez; and Cumonlort, in Feb. 1858, came to 
the U.S. He soon went to France, but, on the 
first movement of the French fur the invasion 
of Mexico, returned thither, and offered his 
services to Juarez, who made him com. in 
chief. He was murdered by banditti while on 
his way to San Luis Potosi. 

Comstoek, Adam, a Revol. officer; d. 
Saratoga Co., N.Y., Apr. 10, 1819, a. 79. 
Formed by nature fur a soldier, he early en- 
gaL'ed in the Revol. conflict, and was lieut.-col. 
of Lippits's R.I. Regt. Enjoying the confi- 
dence of Washington, he was soon ])romoted 
to a colonelcy ; was the "officer of the day" 
at the victory of Red Bank, and alternately 
com. with Col. Saml. Smith in the gallant af- 
fair of Mud Fort. After the war, he settled ia 
Saratoga, N.Y. ; filled various judicial offices, 
serving near 20 years in the legisl. and the 
council. 

Comstoek, Andrew, M.D., prof, of elo- 
cution, and lecturer on oratory, b. N.Y., 1795. 
Author of a "New System of Phonetics," 
" Phonetic Speaker," "Testament," "Reader," 
" Hisloria Sacra." and " Homer's Iliad," " El- 
ocution," 16ih cd., 1854. 

Comstoek, John Lee, physician and au- 
thor, b. East Lyme, Ct., 1789; d. Hartford, 
Ct., Nov. 21, 1858. He was self-educated; wasa 
surgeon in thearmyduring the Warof 1812-15, 
and afterwards resided in Hartford. He pre- 
pared for the use of schools, text-books on chem- 
istry, natural history, botany, physical geogra- 
phy, physiology, and mineralogy ; a " History 
of Gold" and Silver;" " History of the Greek 
Revolution," 1829; and "Cabinet of Curiosi- 
ties." His "Natural Philosophy" became a 
standard book ; and its sale, which was not con- 
fined to this country, reached nearly a million 
copies. He possessed great mechanical skill, 
constructed most of his apparatus himself, 
and, being a skilful draughtsm.an, made the 
drawings for most of the illustrations of his 
works. 

Conant, Hannah O'Brien Chaplin, dau. 
of Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, b. Danvers, Ms., 
1812 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1865 ; m. 
Dr. T. J. Conant in 1832. In 1838, she began 
editing the Mother's Monthly Journal, and was 
a constant contrib. to the periodical press. By 
her knowledge of Oriental languages, she ren- 
dered great service to her husbantl in the prep- 
aration of the new version of the Scriptures. 
Author of a number of works, original and 



coisr 



212 



CON 



translated, among them, "Lea; or, The Bap- 
tism in Jordan," by Strauss, 1844 ; translations 
(if Neander's Commentaries on the Epistles of 
John and James, and the Epistle of Paul to the 
Philiprii.ns IS:-,o-V2: ,!„. "Karn-r M:in," a 

bior'. -I . ■-'' -■' II- ,i".i 1 - - -, . ■■ I '<, pillar 

HiMor. ..I , i: : I : , ■■ IS56; 

and 111. ,\ ,■. ;,;,.,.i,, I I „ „ , ls:,7, a 

translaiiou hun, ili.- l.trniaii, ■ i Im History 
oftheEngli»li Bible," 1859. 

Conant, Roger, an early settler in Ms., b. 
Budleigh, Devonshire, Enir., April, 159.3; d. 
Beverly, Ms., Nov. 19, 1679. lie came to 
Plymouth in 1623; removed to Nantasket in 
I6-25, and thence, in the autumn, to Cape Ann, 
charged hv the adventurers in En?, with the 
care of tli";it ^rttlfment. He fouiid.d Salem, 
where, in Ii'rjr,, ]„■ lunlt tlie lirM I -r. lie 



He organized the tirst I'm i ■ ;. .■ 'i ■ i i ■■ 
Ann. In 1640, his smh i; , ; : , 

first-born child in Saloui, i-r, nr.i i n,,. 

town a firant of 40 acres ot land. — Sfe N'ltire 
of Conant, by J. B. Felt, in Geneal. Heg., ii., 233, 
329. 

Conant, Thomas J., D.D., Orientalist and 
biblical scholar, b. Brandon, Vt., Dec. 13, 
1802. Midd. Coll. 1823. After a brief tutor- 
ship at Col. Coll., D.C., he was made prof, of 
lanRuatres in "Wat. Coll.. Me., which he resigned 
inlS.',r T;!!--:! ii- was made prof of bibli- 
cal lit' i . I I i^m in thetheol. sem. at 
Haniii: I - 1 I ill 1850, he assumed a 
similai- liiii I Ml i;." hr-tcr Sem., which he re- 
signed all. 1859. While prof, at Hamilton, he 
visited Europe, spending 2 years at Hallo and 
Berlin. He has been long en.gaged in the prep- 
aration of an iinpr.ivcd popular ver.^-iou of the 

ten wl.i r '.1 -1 r,,,,v "11 the 

"Gesnm;-'. II. Mv.,v (,,:„,',,„,,,■,■" li,.' nii'b. a 
version (.1 the " Book of J,.l> " in 1S57. 

Coneanen, Luke, 0. P., first R. C. bishop 
of N. Y. ; eonsec. Apr. 24, 1808; d. 1810. 

Concha, Jose, M.^rquis de la HabaSa, 
capt.-gen. of Cuba, b. Buenos Ayres, 1800. 
Took part in the struggle in S A., and against 
Don Carlos; was app. lieut -gen. in 1839, and 
was capt.-gen. of the Basque provinces from 
1843 to 1846. Placed at the bead of the Span- 
ish cavalry, he was capt.-gen. of Cuba from 
1849 to 1852, when he was removed, after the 
attempt of Lopez, and replaced by Canedo. 
Joining bis bro. in opposing the govt., he was 
banished from Spain in June, 1854. After the 
rcvol. of July, 1854, he was re-app. capt.-gen. 
of Cuba, and, with the exception of a short pe- 
riod in 1856, held the office until Dec. 1858. 
Minister of war, 1863; pres. Spanish senate, 
1864 ; app. nominal prime-minister by the 
queen ju*t after the revol. broke out in Spain 
in Sept. 1868. 

Condamine, Charles Makie de la, 
a French mathematician and geographer, b. 
Paris, Jan. 28, 1701 ; d. there Feb. 4, 1774. 
Educated at the U. of Paris, he abandoned the 
military career, in whiih he was disting., and, 
joining an exploring exped., visited Troas, Cy- 



prus, Jerusalem, and Constantinople. In 1735, 
the Acad, of Sciences sent him to Peru to 
measure an arc of the meridian. He returned 
to France in 1743, and prepared accounts of the 
voyage, travels, and labors of the commission. 
His " Voyage up the Amazon," and " Travels 
in S.America,' appeared in 1745, and "The 
Figure of the Earth," in 1749. In 1748, he 
was made a fellow of the Roy. Soc. of Lond., 
and in 1 760 a member of the Acad, of Sciences 
in Paris. 

Condiet, Joira, senator, b. 1755; d. Or- 
ange, N.J., May 4, 1834. He was a soldier and 
surgeon in the Revol. army; was several years 
a member of the N.J. legisl.; M. C. from 1799 
to 1803 and 1819-20; and U. S. senator from 
I SOI to \^\-. — Lanman. 

Condiet, Lewis, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1794), 
]i..liii.iaii, h. Morristown, N.J., Mar. 1773 ; d. 
ili'iv Miiv L'6. 1862. He was high-sheriflF of 
M 11^ '■... before 1800; member of the State 

'<■•'' 1805 to 1 810, officiating as speaker 

: ii- : one of the commissioners for set- 
I 111- ih. Ii.nnularv between N. Y. and K. J. ; 
and M. C. in 1811-17 and 1821-33. 

Condiet, Silas, member of the State le- 
gisl, M. C. 1831-3, member of theState Const. 
Conv. of 1844, many years pres. of the Newark 
Banking Co. b. N. J., 1777 ; d. Newark, N.J., 
Nov. 29, 1861. N.J. Coll. 1795. Silas, his 
father, was a delegate to the Old Congress in 
1781-4. 

Condie, D. Francis, M.D. (U. of Pa. 
1818), b. Phila., May 12, 1796. Has pub. 
"An Abridgment of Thomas's Practice," 1817 ; 
" Course of Examination for Jled. Students," 
1824 ; "-Catechism of Health," 1831 ; " Trea- 
tise on Epidemic Cholera," in conjunction 
with Dr. John Bell, 1832 ; " Diseases of Chil- 
dren," 4tb ed., 8vo, 1854. Editor of Church- 
ill's " Diseases of Women." Contrib. to 
" CyclopsEdia of Practical Medicine," Phila., 
1834, and to numerous medical journals. — 
AUihone, 

Condorcanqui, Joseph Gabkiel, an 
American Spaniard, who, having been ill-treat- 
ed by a magistrate of Lima, attempted the re- 
dress of his own grievances, and the oppres- 
sions of the Indians, by exciting an insurrec- 
tion in 1780. He was an artful and intrepid 
man, and, to conciliate the Indians, assumed the 
name of the Inca Tupac-Amaru, professing a 
design to restore the ancient dynasty of Peru, 
— a project which had been 'entertained by 
Raleigh. His plan was at first successful ; 
and, after a contest of 3 years, he was hailed inca 
of Peru. Having become obnoxious to the 
Spanish settlers, troops were sent against him ; 
and, the efTorts of the Indians proving too fee- 
ble and desultory, he was deserted by his fol- 
lowers, taken, and cruelly put to "death. — 
Uumboldt. 

Cone, Spencer Hocghton, D.D. (B.U. 
1842), a Baptist clergyman, b. Princeton, N.J., 
Apr. 30, 1785; d. N.Y., Aug. 28, 1855. At 
the age of 14, he was obliged to leave N. J. 
Coll., and assist, by teaching, in the support of 
his widowed mother and family. Becoming 
an actor, he played 7 years with great success, 
principally in Phila. Abandoning the stage 
in Dec. 1812, he connected himself with the 



213 



Baltimore American, and afterwards with the 
Baltimore Whiff. He was present, in com. of a 
company of vols, from Baltimore, at Bladens- 
burg and Fort McHenry, and afterwards be- 
came a clerk in the treasury dept. at Washing- 
ton. Ord. a Baptist minister in 181.5, he be- 
came, a few weeks afterwards, chaplain to 
Congress; was pastor of the Baptist Church 
in Alexandria, D. C, from 1816 until May 
1823; of the Oliver-st. Church, N.Y. City, for 
1 8 Tears ; and of the First Baptist Church, from 
1841 until his death. In 18.36-49, Dr. Cone 
was pres. of the Bible Society. He was one 
of the most popular pulpit orators in the U.S. 
He was a leading member of the Baptist gen- 
eral Convention of the U.S. till he became its 
pres. in 18.32 ; was foremost in directing the 
measures of the Societies of Home and Foreign 
Missions ; and was one of the authors of a tract 
in 1850, calling for a new translation of the 
Bible more definitely in accordance with Bap- 
tist views. — See Memoir, by his Sons, N. i'.,l 856. 

Conkling, Alfred, jurist, b. E. Hamp- 
ton, N.Y., Oct. 12, 1789., Un. Coll. 1810. 
Adm. to the bar in 1812 ; dist.-atty. for Mont- 
gomery Co., two or three years ; M.C. 1821-3 ; 
settled' in Albany ; app. U.S. dist. judge of 
the northern dist. of N.Y. ; minister to Mexi- 
co in 1852, and, on his return, settled at Gene- 
see, N.Y. Author of " Conkling's Treatise," 
" Conkling's Admiraltv," 1857 ; "The Pow- 
ers of the Executive Dc-"|Kiitniontsof the U.S.," 
1867; "Yoimu i m n- M nuial." Two of 
his sons are ni' i!i ( , _ . -s. 

Conkling, IJ'^ .. r and senator, 

son of Alfred, h. .\..!jau_\ ,1 ::i?. Jieceived agood 
education, and adopted the prufession of law ; 
settled in Uticain 1846, of which place he 
was mayor in 1858 ; app. dist.-attv. of Oneida 
Co. in 1849; M. C. 1859-63; U". S. senator, 
since 1867. Disting. as a debater. 

Conner, David, commo. U.S.N., b. Har- 
risburg. Pa, 1792; d. Phila, Mar. 20, 1856. 
Heentercd a counting-house in Phila. in 1806, 
and, in a voyage to the W, Indies, developed 
an inclination for the sea. Midshipman, Jan. 
16, 1809, and, as acting lieut., took part in the 
action between " The Hornet " and " Peacock," 
Feb. 24, 1813. Charged with the duty of re- 
moving the prisoners, Lieut. Conner was among 
the last to leave the sinking vessel. July 24, 
1813, he became a lieut., and remained in " The 
Hornet" under Capt. Biddle. In the action 
with " The Penguin," Mar. 2.3, 1815, he was 
dangerously wounded, and, for his gallantry, 
was presented with a medal by Congress ; and 
the legisl. of Pa. unanimously voted him a 
sword. Mar. 3, 1825, he was promoted to the 
rank of com., and Mar. 3, 1835, to that of capt. 
Com. the squadron on thcW. India station, just 
before the commencement of hostilities with 
Mexico, he was much commended by govt, for 
the manner in which he performed his duties. 
He established an efficientblockade of the Mex- 
ican ports on the gulf. Nov. 14, 1846, the port 
of Tampieo was captured. Mar. 9, 1S47, he di- 
rected the landing of the army of Gen. Scott, 
at Vera Cruz, but was soon after compelled, by 
the failure of his health, to return home. 

Conner, Samuel Shepard, h. N.H. ; d. 
Covington, Ky., 17 Dec. 1820. Y. C. 1806. 



App. maj. 21st Inf., Mar. 12, 1812; aide-do- 
camp to Gen. Dearborn, 1813; lieut. -col. 13th 
Inf., Mar. 1813 to July 1814 ; M. C. from 
Ms., 1815-17; surveyor-gen. in 0., 1819. — 

Conolly, JoHS, physician and adventurer, 
b. Lancaster Co., Pa. He resided at Pittsburg, 
and was a business corresp. of Washington's, 
who pronounced him, " A very sensible, intelli- 
gent man." He was seized and imprisoned, 
while at the head of an armed party, in 1 774, 
by the authorities of Pa., with whom he had 
a bitter controversy respecting land at the 
Falls of the Ohio, granted him by Lord Dun- 
more. In 1775, he was authorized by Dun- 
more to raise and com. a rcgt. of loyalists and 
Indians, tu hu ralird the " Loj'al Foresters." 
While on hi. uay to ex. rute this design, he 
was taken, ami hiM |.ri-oiier till near the end 
of the war. Ali. ITss, he and other disaffect- 
ed persons held conferences at Detroit, with 
prominent citizens of the West, as to the seiz- 
ure of N. Orleans, and the forcible control of 
the navigation of the Mpi. The attention of 
Wasliington was attracted to the subject; and 
measures were taken to counteract the plot. — 
Sahi.w. 

Connolly, Johs, R. C. bishop of N.Y., 
consec. Nov. 16, I8I4 ; d. N.Y. Feb. 6, 1825. 

Connor, Henry W., M. C. 1821-41, b. 
Prince George Co., Va., Aug. 1793 ; d. N.C, 
Jan. 15, 1866. U. of S. C. 1812. Aide to Gen. 
Graham in the Creek war of 1814; member 
of the assemblv in 1848. 

Conover, 'Thomas A., com. U. S. N.. h. 
N.J., 1794 ; d. S. Amboy, N.J., Sept. 24, 1864. 
Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; lient. Mar. 5, 1817 ; 
com. Feb. 28, 1838; capt. Oct. 2, 1848. His 
first cruise was in " The Essex," Cora. Porter. 
He was in Macdonough's fleet in the victory 
on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. Com. the 
African squadron in 1857-9, and was made 
commo. on the retired list, July 16, 1862. 

Conrad, Charles M., statesman, b. Win- 
chester, Va., ab. 1804. While an infant, he 
was taken by his father to Mpi., and thence to 
La., where he has since resided. Adm. to the 
N. 0. bar in 1 828 ; served some years in the 
State legisl. ; U.S. senator in 1842-3 ; member 
of the State Const. Conv. in 1844 ; M.C. from 
1849 to Aug. 18.50; sec. of war under Pres. 
Fillmore from Aug. 15, 1850, to Mar. 7, 1853 ; 
served as a brig.-gen. in the rebel army ; mem- 
ber Confed. Congress, 1862-4. 

Conrad, Robert T., lawyer, politician, 
and man of letters, b. Phila., June 10, 1810; 
d. there June 27, 1858. Son of John, publisher 
and bookseller of Phila. Educated for the bar, 
his tastes led him to literature. Before he was 
21, he wrote a ira- ■]•:. (",„„„/■,,, ami in 1832 
pub. the /''/ ' / , VI. which 

was merged ,: / ' .Vhandon- 

ing this oeelipe) ai ll>ilu ,,i a' aiia in 1 S.34, he 
returned to the law; hecanie reeuriler of the 
Northern Liberties, and, in 1838, judge of the 
criminal sessions for the city and county of 
Phila. When the latter court was dissolved, he 
resumed the pen, edited Graham's ilagazine, and 
became asso. editor of the North American. 
Upon the consolidation of the districts with the 
city, he was elected mayor by the Whig and 



214 



American parties. In 1856, he was app. to the 
bench of the Quarter Sessions, serving in that 
capacity till the fall of 1857. In literature, he 
is best known by the tragedy of " Aylmere," 
purchased by Mr. Forrest, and in which that 
actor sustains the part of " Jack Cade." In 
1852, Judge Conrad pub. a vol. entitled 
" Aylmere and Other Poems," the principal 
of which are " The Sons of the Wilderness," 
and a series of sonnets on the Lord's Prayer. 
Judge C. was also celebrated as a popular 
political speaker. 

Conrad, Timothy Abbott, naturalist, 
b. N.J., 1803. Member Imperial Soc. of Nat. 
Hi.st. of Moscow. Hai pub. " Fossil Shells of 
the Tcrtiarv Formations of the U.S.," 18.32; 
"X.xv I . ii W,r. I Slu'llsof the U.S.,"1836; 
".Mh - ■ ill-.- U.S. ,"1838; "Paleon- 

to!iiL;\ i !i ! ' ilrstine lOxji." in./o?(r. ^rarf. 
yul. S J\,.: : ..I ■ The Pai-ific R. K. Survey 
inCal.," 1S.)1; of " Tin' Mrx. l!>.un.l:ir_v Suv- 
vev," lS54,and in " N.Y Stiiir .\iin, Kcport," 
1840; "Monographv of llir I'li^.i.ulac of the 
U-S." 1836; N.Y. ( ;r..;.-J.:i| l;-]iuit, l,S37, 
and "New Fn-.l, Wat.-,- ShlK ,i„.l I'n.Mis of 
the U.S." ill SJ'.u,,,,-, ./..,:■ —.!//,',,.„., 

Contee, 1!i,-n.i.vmin, hd, riut-Kpis. 

clergyman; d. Charles Co., .Mil, Nov. 3, l^lj, 
a. 60. An officer in the 3d Md. l)atr. in 1776 ; 
a delegate to the Old Congress, 1787-8 ; MC. 
1789-91; chief judge of the County Tes- 
tamentary Court. 

Converse, Charles Crozat (Karl 
Redcn, E. C. Kevons, and C. 0. Nevers, iioms 
lie plum,,); b. Warren, Ms, 1834; grad. in 
music, Leipsic, 1857, a.vl in law, 1 «'•.!. Author 

of "Spring and Holi l- " a i i, 1855; 

" New Method for thi' I ; 1 ■ '.Musi- 

cal Bouquet," 1850; ,i ..luaa, ila' 126th 
Psalm, 1860; "Sweet .Sia^er.' 1863; 
" Church Singer," 1863 ; " Sayings of Sages," 
\S63. — Alliboiie. 

Conway, Thomas, Count de, gen. in 
the Revol army, b. Ireland, Feb. 27, 1733; 
d. ab. 1800. Taken to France when 6 years 
old, he was educated there, attained the rank 
of col. and thedecoration of St. Louis ; and in 
1777, on the recommendation of Silas Deane, 
came to the U.S.; made brig.-gcn. May 13, 
1777, and led his brigade at Brandywine and 
Gerniantown; maj.-gen. and insp.-gen.. Dee. 
13, 1777; resigned, 1778. Conway was one 
of the most active of the sectet enemies of 
Washington, and endeavored to elevate Gates 
to the supreme com , — a conspiracy known as 
the " Conway Cabal." His course made him 
unpopular ; and, much to his surprise, his res- 
ignation was accepted. In a duel with Gen. 
Cadwallader, July 4, 1778, receiving what he 
supposed a fatal wound, he wrote a letter of 
apology to Washington, containing the ex- 
pression, " You are, in my eyes, the great and 
good man." He recovered, returned to France, 
and in 1784 was marshal-decamp, and app. 
gov. of Pondieherry and all the French settle- 
ments in Hindostan. He desired, in 1788, to 
assist the Republican party in the Dutch set- 
tlements, but was prevented by the Marquis 
Cornwallis. When the French revol. broke 
out, he was obliged to fly ; and his life was 
saved only by the energetic efforts of the British 



n. a dau. of Baron de Copley, 
— See Ross's Life, of ,Corn- 



authorities. He 
marshal-de-camp. 

Conway, William, actor, b. London; d. 
1828. Educated for the bar, his first appear- 
ance on the stage was at the Haymarket. He 
terminated a 3-years' engagement in 1816; 
starred till 1821, and, after an engagement 



the Haymarket, came to America 



1823. 



After visiting the Western and Southei 
early in 1828 he took passage for Savannah) 
andj off Charleston bar, threw himself into tho 
sea, and was drowned. He possessed a cul- 
tivated mind, and in Coriolanus was excelled 
by Kemble alone. 

Conwell, Henrt, D.D., R.C. bishop of 
Phila., consec. Lond., Eng., 1820; d. Phila., 
Apr. 22, 1842, a. 91. 

Cony, Samuel, gov. of Me., 1864-7, h. 
Augusta, Mo., 27 Feb. 1811 ; d. there Sept. 5, 
1870. B. U. 1829. Son of Gen. Samuel; 
grandson of Dr. Daniel. He began the prac- 
tice of law in 1832; member Me. legisl. 1835 
and 1 SG2 ; member council, 1839; judge of 
ina.liai.', 1840-7; State treas. 1850-5; mayor 
of .Va-inta, 18.54. 

Cooke, Elisha, father and son, eminent 
politiLians of Ms. I. A phvsician, b. Bos- 
ton, Sept. 16, 1637; d. May 31, 1715. II.U. 
1657. An assist, under the old govt., he was 
in 1689 the agent of Ms. in Eng. for the res- 
toration of her charter. He opposed the ac- 
ceptance of the new charter in 1691, and was 
in the exec, council from 1694 to 1703. He 
was for 40 years in places of public trust. 
II. An orator and politician, b. Boston, Dec. 
20, 1678; d. Aug. 24, 1737. II.U. 1697. He 
was a representative to the Gen. Court, from 
1713 to 1734 ; was a member of tho council in 
1717, and a popular opponent of Gov. Shute. 
Rechosen in 1718, he was negatived by the 
gov., as al.so for the speaker's chair in 1720. 
Agent for Ms. in Eng. in 1723 ; member of the 
coimcil soon after his return in May, 1726; in 
1730, ju^tice of C. C. P. Suflfolk Co. He was 
long the leader of the popular party, and pub. 
some political tracts. 

Cooke, George Frederick, actor, b. 
Eng., 17 Apr. 1756; d. N.Y. City, 26 Sept. 
1812. A printer's a])prenlice. His fondness for 
the stage led him early into that career; he be- 
came a star at the provinci.il theatres ; was 3 
years in Dublin, and, in (_)ct. 181)0, appeared 
at Covcnt Garden as Richard III., taking his 
place in the first rank of actors. He was also 
celebrated in Macbeth. lago, Shylock, Sir Pcr- 
tinax Macsycophant, c&c., and was ihe rival of 
John Kemble. Oct. 21, 1810, be ajip. as l{ich- 
ard at a N.Y. theatre. He attracted large au- 
diences there, and in Phila , Bait., and other 
cities, but, by his capricious and contemptuous 
eonduct,disgusted everybody, and finally, by his 
habitual intemperance and debauched habits, 
destroyed his constitution, and hastened his 
death. — See Cooke's Life, bii [Vm. Dunlap, 
1812, and his novel, " Thirty Years Ayo," pub. 
1836. 

Cook, Henry F., brig.-ge'n. C. S. A., b. 
Mpi.; killed at Bristow Station, Va., Oct. 14, 
1863. In the Mex. war he was 1st lieut. in Jeff. 
Davis's regt. ; was disting. and wounded at 



215 



iipany C at Biicna Vista ; 
uiiiv in 1861, and rose by 



Montercv; com. 
joinoil tiieConfr 
surccsjive stops to hi i^'.-^cri. in 18b3. 

Cook, .lAMiiS, an illustnous Knglish navi- 
gator, b. Marton in Yorkshire, Oct. 27, 1728; 
•d. Feb. 14, 1779. Owing to the poverty of his 
parents, his cdncation was limited. He en- 
tered the merchant-service; in 175.5, embarked 
in " The Kagle," man of-war, obtained tlie 
notice of the capt., and was May 15, 1759, app. 
master of " The Murray," in which he joined 
the fleet en<;a^ed in the'siege of Quebec. Em- 
ployed to tako till- souiidiivjs of the fit. Law- 



ih -h 



well ; 
the 1 
vices 
face ■ 



, of 



: I . i '. uroundiand, he, 

in 171. J, ; , - I ii„ Lilly in 1763, he 

went uiit, uitli Ci|.t. ijicivto, lo Newfound- 
land, as surveyor of its coasts, and in tlie fol- 
lowinn^ year accomp. Sir Hugh Pallisscr to 
Labrador and Newfoundland, as marine survey- 
or. Lieut, in 1768, he was app. to the com. 
of " The Endeavor," in whicli he sailed to 
Otaheite, accomp. by Mr. Banks and Dr. So- 
Innder to observe the transit of Venus in 1769. 
This object accomplished. Cook proceeded 
upon his voyage of discovery, and, after en- 
connteringm'any difficulties, '"' The Endeavor" 
arrived in Enir. on the 11th of June, 1771; 
and, on tlie 29th of Aug., Cook was made a 
capt. in the navy. After another voyage, com- 
menced the following year, in which many 
valuable discoveries were made, and which 
lasted 3 years, lie was promoted to the rank of 
post-captain, Aug. 9, 1775. In 1776, he re- 
ceivc.1 the Copleian gold medal from the Uoy. 
Soc. His tbiid and last cxped. had for its ob- 
ject to determine whether a maritime communi- 
cation existed between the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans in the arctic regions of the globe. 
Unhappily, while touching at Owhyhee, Cook 
was murdered by the natives. A medal in 
commemoration of him was struck by order of 
the Roy. Society. 

Cooke, Jay, financier, b. Sandusky, C, 
Aug. 10, 1821. Francis Cooke, the emig. ances- 
tor, came over in " The Mayfiower." Eleuthe- 
ros,liis father,a prominent iawver, and M.C. of 
Ohio, d. Dec. 28, 1864. Jav w'ent in 1838 to 
Piiila., entered the banking-house of E. W. 
Clark & Co., in which he became at 21 a part- 
ner; retired in 1858, and in 1861 established 
the firm of Jay Cooke & Co. By his energy 
and businesscapaeity, Mr. Cooke succeeded in 
popularizing the govt, loans, and thereby con- 
tributed inatcrinlly to the success o( the Union 
arms. Now (1871), of the banking firm of 
Cooke. MeCiiUoch, & Co., London. 

Cook, John, brig.-gen. vols., b. Belleville, 
III., June 12, 1825. Left an orphan with a 
large fortune at an early age, he entered the 
coll. at Jacksonville, but was not a graduate, 
and in 1855 was mayor of Springfield, Made 
col. 1st III. vols. April, 1861 ; and for gallantry 
at the capture of Fort Donelson, where he 
com. a brigade, was made brig.-gen. March 
22, 1862. 

Cooke, John Esten, novelist, son of J. K. 



Cooke, b. Winchester, Va., Nov. 3, 1830. His 
family removed to Richmond in 1839, where 
he commenced the practice of law in 1851. 
He served in the Coiifed. army, first as a pri- 
vate of art., and afterward on the staff' of 
Stewart and other generals, throughout the 
war. He wrote a Life of Stonewall Jackson, 
which appeared in New York, as the work of 
John M. Daniel. Since the war, he has writ, 
ten nii.rli lor the XY. ]VurlJ. Author of 
"Faiihix," and " Mohan," "Hilt to Hilt," 
"Uainiiir ami Kapler," " Out of the Foam," 

Comedians," and"' Tli.. V.,i 
In 1855, he pub. " E.la , .,, i 

in 'l858, "Henry St. .I.il.n, 



Virginia 
ll'erson." 
II Come- 
rs," and 
n." He 
IJlerarji 
her peri- 
, among 



Messenger, Harpas' M 

odicals. He has aIm. 

them a tribute to Dr. E. K. K 

Cooke, John H., brig.-gen. in the War of 
1812; d. Richmond, Va., June, 1866, a. 86. 
He was a successful farmer and vigorous agri- 

Cooke, J'liiN P., composer and musician, 
b. nir,t-r, Knu., 1S20; ,1. X.V. City, 4 Nov. 
18i;."). Kis lailar was a iiiuMciaii and actor. 
After leading the orchestra of the Adelphi, the 
Strand, and Astley's London, he came in 1850 
to N.Y. as leader at Burton's Theatre. He 
composed and arranged the music for the 
Winter's Tale, Midsummer Night's Dream, and 
other Shaksperian plays ; also for the Sea of 
Ice, and furnished many other compositions 
of merit. 

Cooke, Joseph Platt, delegate to the 
Old Congress, 1784-8, b. Ct., 1730 ; d. Danbu- 
ry, Ct., 1816. Y.C. 1750. 
" Cooke, Nicholas, gov. of R.I., b. Provi- 
dence, Feb. 3, 1717 ; d. Sept. 14, 1782. Dep. 
gov. from May to Oct. 1775; gov. of R.I. 
from Oct. 1775 until May, 1 778. " He merited 
and won the approbation of his fellow-citizens, 
and was honored with the friendship and con- 
fidence of Washington:" such is the inscrip- 
tion upon his monument in Providence bury- 
ing-ground. 

Cooke, Parsons, D.D., Cong, clerjvman 
and writer, b. Hadley, Ms., Feb. 18, 1800; d. 
Lynn, Ms.. Feb. 12, 1864. Wms. Coll. 1822. 
He studied theology. June 26, 1826, he was 
ord. pastor of a newly-organized church in 
Ware, Ms. ; removed to Portsmouth in 1836, 
and, a few months after, became pastor of the 
First Church at Lynn, remaining there until he 
died. In 1840, he edited the N. E. Puritan, 
and subsequently the Boston Recorder. An 
active controversialist, he pub. in 1829 a ser- 
mon on " The Exclusiveness of Unitarian- 
ism," and was constantly in controversy with 
the new-school Calvinisric Congrogationalists, 
or other religious denominations. 

Cooke, Phillip Pendleton, poet, son 
of J. K. Cooke, b. Martinsburg, Va., Oet. 26, 
1816; d. Jan. 20, 18.50. N. J. Coll. 1834. 
Adm. to the bar in 1837. He pub. several 
poems in the Knickerbocker Magazine, contrib. 
to the Southern Lit. Messenger, and in 1847 
pub. "Froissart Ballads, and Other Poems." 
At the time of his death, he was publishing 



coo 



216 



coo 



serially " The Chevalier Merlin," an historical 
prose poem. His best pieces are the short 
Ivrics," Florence Vane," " To My Daughter 
Lily," and " Rosa Lee." The first of them has 
been translated into many languages, and 
taken as a theme for music by celebrated com- 
posers. — AppJfton's New Amer. Cyd. 

Cooke, Philip St. George, l)rev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Berkeley Co., Va., 1809. West 
Point, 1827. Adj. 6th Inf. at battle of the 
Bad Axe; capt. May 31, 1835; lieut.-col. 
com. butt, c.f vols, in Hex. war, 18«-7, in 
C;il.: ^■.^A 21 Hi.i - .liiFc-l,. 1S47; l.irv. lirut - 



1S4: 



col. 



Army, pai'lii'iilnily i)i tlie siege of Vorktown, 
and battles of Williamsburg, Gaines's Mill, and 
Glendale. Author of "Scenes and Adven- 
tures in the Army," Phila., 1856. — Culluin. 

Cook, RussELD S., Cong, clergyman, b. 
N. Marlboro', Ms., March 6, 1811 ; d. Pleasant 
Valley, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1864. He studied at 
the Auburn Theol. Sem., and was settled over 
the eluireh at Lanesboro', Ms., in 1836-8. 
Losing his voice, he connected himself with 
the Tract Socictv, of which he was a sec. 
from 1839 to 1856. Devoting himself to the 
system of American colportage, he was instru- 
mental in placing religious reading in almost 
every dwelling in the land, still further aiding 
*he objects of the society by estal>lishing the 
American Messcnrjer in 18'43. Visiting Europe 
in 1853 and in 1856, he succeeded m estab- 
lishing the colporter enterprise in Scotland. — 
Applelon's Ann. Ci/clop., 1864. 

Cook, Thomas, R.C. bishop of Three 
Rivers, Canada, from 1852 ; d. Montreal, 30 
Apr. 1870, a. 78. 

Cook, W. H., M.D., b. N.Y. City, 1832. 
Prof, therap. in Phys. Med. Coll., O. Au- 
thor of "Treatise on Dysentery," 1855; 
" Principles and Practice of Physio. Med. 
Surgery," Cincin., 8vo, 1857. 

Cookman, George G., Moth, preacher, b. 
Kingston-upon-HuU, Eng., 1800; lost at sea 
March, 1841, in the steamer "President." In 
1821, he came to the U.S. on business, but 
obtained a license to preach ; went to Phila. in 
1825, and, at the ensuing session of thp Phila. 
conference, was adm. into the travelling con- 
nection. In 1833, he was transferred to the 
Bait, conference, and was twice chaplain to 
Congress. His preaching was nervous and 
elegant, and attracted large crowds. A vol. of 
his speeches was pub. 18mo, by the Meth. 
B.C. 

Cooley, Dr. Abiel a., inventor of fric- 
tion-matches; d. Hartford, Ct.,Aug. 18,1858, 
a. 76. He was also the inventor of one of the 



; power-pn 



well as of 1 



genious shingle-machine, and was the fir: 
apply the cam-movement to pumps. 
Cooley, James Ewisg, b. Ms., I 



Pub. " The American in Egypt," &c., in 1839- 
40, 8vo, N.Y., 1842. 

Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. Attica, N.T., 

6 Jan. 1824. Removed to Mich, in 1843; was 
adm. to the bar at Adrian in 1846, where he, 
settled permanently in 1848. In 1857, he was 
app. to compile the statutes of Mich., which 
were pub. in 2 vols. Reporter of the Supreme 
Court, 1858-64, and pub. 8 vols, of reports ; 
Jay prof, of law in Mich. U. since 1850, and, 
since 1864, a justice of the Supreme Court. 
He has also pub. a " Digest of Mich. Re- 
].niis," 1866, and a "Treatise on Constitu- 
ti'MKil Limitations of the Legis. Power of the 
Stills-." IS68. — Lanman. 

Coolidge, Carlos, LL.D. (Mid. Coll. 
1849), gov. of Vt, 1849-51, b. Windsor, Vt., 
1792; d. there Aug. 15, 1866. Mid. Coll. 
1811. He practised law in Windsor .52 years; 
was State atty. for the Co. in 1831-6 ; repre- 
sentative, 1834-7 and 1839-42; speaker in 
1836 and 1839-42; and senator, is:,:,-:. 

Coombe, Thomas, D.l). (Dul,. U. ITsi), 
I'r.-Ep. divine and loyalist, b. Phila., 1747 : d. 
London, 15 Aug. 1822. Phila. Coll. 1766. 
Ord. by the bishop of London in 1769. App. 
chaplain to the Marquis of Rockingham in 
1771 ; app. assist, min. of Christ Church, Phila., 
in 1772, but was removed f.,1 In^ 1,1.111; 
went to Eng. in 1779 ; lieraiu .,,,,: nn- 

dinary to the king in 1794 ; I 1 ' : i - 

terbury in 1800, and, in isn^, 1 ,[,,r ,,, ^t. 
Michael's Queenhithe. Many year.s minister 
of Curzon-st. Chapel, an impressive speaker, 
and a disting. scholar. He pub. sermons, and 
" The Peasant of Auburn," a poem, 1783. — 
Geiils' Mcy., 1822. 

Cooper, Benjamin, commo. U.S.N., b. 
N. J. ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., June 1, 1850, a. 57. 
He entered the service, Jan. 16, 1809, and 

'■Til,' ll,„n„t," in ih,>a,!i,>n with "The Pea- 
co.-k." l-'rl,. :;4, isl:',. I,i,-ut. Dec. 9, 1814; 
maMer, Apr. -24, ls_>s ; rapt. 28 Fcl). 1838. 

Cooper, Geough; H., capt. U.S.N., b. 
N.Y., July 27, 1821. Midshipm. Aug. 14, 1837 ; 
lieut. May 8, 1851 ; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. 
Dec. 2, 1867. He served in the Florida war 
in 1837, and in the Mexican war, 1846-7; 
present at Tabasco, Alvarado, and Tuspan ; 
com. supply steamer "Massachusetts," 1862; 
steamer " Mercedita," S A.B. squad., 1863 ; was 

7 weeks in com. of monitor "Sangamon, "inside 
of Charleston Roads, on picket-duty, constant- 
ly shelling Fort Sumter and the batteries on 
Sullivan's Island ; stationed at Stono Inlet, 
S.C., co-operating with the army, and fre- 
quently engaged; com. steamer "Sonoma," 
S.A.B. squad., 1863-4; steamer " Glaucus," 
E.G.B. squad., 1864-5 ; steamer " Winooskie," 
special service, 1866-7. 

Cooper, James, brig.-gen. vols., b. Fred- 
erick Co., Md., Mav 8, 1810 ; d. Columbus, O., 
Mar. 28, 1863. Wash. Coll., Pa., 1831. He 
studied law with Thaddeus Stevens; was adm. 
to the bar in 1834 ; was M.C. in 1839-43, and 
a leading advocate of the tariff of 1842 ; mem- 
ber of the State legisl. in 1843-6 and 1847, 
when he was speaker, introducing and carrying 
through, after a violent struggle, measures to 
relieve the credit of the State, then on the verge 



coo 



217 



coo 



of permanent repudiation ; travelled in Europe 
in 1847 ; was made atty.-gen.'in 1848, and U.S. 
senator from 1849 to 1855. In politics, he 
was a Whig. Authorized in 1861 to raise a 
brigade of loyal Marylanders, he was app. 
brig.-gen. May 11, 1861, and served in Va. un- 
der Fremont. 

Cooper, James B., commander U.S.N., b. 
Bucks Co., Pa., Mar. 6, 1753; d. Haddonfield, 
N.J., Feb. 5, 1854. He was a capt. in Lee's 
Legion in the Kevol. War ; was at Stony Point 
and Paulus Hook, Guilford Court House, and 
Eutaw Springs ; was a sailing-master in the 
navy in the War of 1812, and served through 
the war; lieut. Apr. 22, 1822; commander, 
Sept. 8, 1841. 

Cooper, James Fenimoke, novelist, b. 
Burlington, N. J., 15 Sept. 1789; d. Coopers- 
town, N.Y., 14 Sept. 1851. Son of Judge 
Wra. He studied at Yale, but did not grad- 
uate, and in 1811, after G years' service in the 
navy, jn. a Miss De Lanccy, and settled at 
Mamaroneck, N.Y. His first work, " Precau- 
tion," pub. anonymously in 1821, was followed 
by " TheSpy," "'The Pioneer," 1823, and "The 
Leather-stocking Tales," which gave him great 
popularity. This was increased by his sea- 
novels, "Tlie Pilot," " Red Kover," " Water 
Witch," " Two Admirals," " Wing and 
Wing," &c., and by " The Bravo," " Heidcn-, 
maur," and " Headsman," pub. during a visit 
to Europe, in 1826-33. Alter his return, lie 
pub. " Letter to his Countrymen," " Home- 
ward Bound,'' and " Home as Found," which 
somewhat lessened his popularity. Besides oth- 
er works of fiction, he wrote a " History of the 
U.S. Navy," 2 vols., 8vo ; " Battle of Lake 
Erie," 1843 ; " Livesof Amer. Naval Officers," 
2 vols., 12mo; 6 vols, of " Gleanings in Eu- 
rope," " Sketches of Switzerland," and a com- 
edy performed at Burton's Theatre, N.Y., in 
1850. The latter part of his life was irabittered 
by quarrels and lawsuits with the editorial fra- 
ternity. His later productions were unworthy 
the high fame which Mr. Cooper justly de- 
served and enjoyed. 

Cooper, MVLES, LL.D. (Oxf. U. 1768), 
scholar and clergyman, b. Eng., 1735; d. 
Edinburgh, May I, 17S5. Oxford U. 1760. 
Afterward a Fellowof Queen's Coll. In 1761, 
he pub. at Oxford, by subscription, a vol. of 
poems. In 1762, he came to Amer., on the 
nomination of Archbishop Seeker, as assist. 
of Dr. Samuel Johnson, pres. of Col. Coll., 
whom he succeeded in that office. May, 1763. 
In 1771, he visited Eng. ; and on his return to 
N.Y., on the breaking-out of the Revol., 
Cooper was active on the Tory side, and is 
said to have had a hand in the tract, " A 
Friendly Address to all Reasonable Ameri- 
cans," &c., which one of his pupils, young Alex. 
Hamilton, answered with signal ability. Be- 
coming exceedingly obnoxious to the Whigs, 
in Apr. 1775 he and his friends received a sig- 
nificant hint from a pub. letter, signed " Three 
Millions," to fly for their lives. On the night 
of May 10, after destroying the guns on the bat- 
tery, the mob proceeded to expel him from the 
coll. He escaped on board an English ship 
of war, in which he sailed to Eng. A poem 
commemorating this event was pub. by him 



in tlie Gents' Maij. for July, 1776. Dee. 13. 
1776, he preached a sermon before the U. of 
Oxford, " On the Causes of the Present Rebel- 
lion in Amer.," which gave rise to much con- 
troversy between the Whig and Tory parties 
of the day. He was, until hisdeccase, oneof the 
ministers of the English Chapel in Edinburgh. 
He was a man of taste and learning; advocated, 
in an "Address to the Episcopalians of Va.," 
the app. of bishops for the Colonies. He pub. in 
1774 "The Amer. Querist."— PuycKnc/k. 

Cooper, Petee, a benevolent and enter- 
prising manuf, b. N. Y. City, Feb. 12, 1791. 
His maternal grandfather, John Campbell, was 
mayor of N. Y., and dep. quarterm.-gen. dur- 
ing the Revol. war. His father, also a Revol. 
officer, established a hat manuf., in which Peter 
assisted him. He afterward learned coaeh- 
making, the manuf of cabinet-ware, then the 
grocery business, and finally engaged in the 
manuf of glue and isinglass, about 1828. In 
1830, ho erected extensive iron-works at Can- 
ton, near Baltimore. He next erected a roll- 
ing and wire mill in the city of N. Y., in which 
he first successfully applied anthracite to the 
paddling of iron. In 1845, he removed the 
machinery to Trenton, N.J., where he erected 
the largest rolling-mill then in the U. S. for 
the manuf. of railroad-iron, and there first 
rolled wrought-iron beams for fire-proof build- 
ings. At Baltimore, he built the first locomo- 
tive-engine on this continent. Pres. of the 
N. y., Newfoundland and London Teleg. Co. ; 
pres. of the Amer. Teleg. Co., and of the N. A. 
Teleg. Assoc. He has sei-ved in both branches 
of the N. Y. common council, and was a prom- 
inent advocate of the construction of the Cro- 
tou aqueduct. In pursuance of his great object, 
the education and elevation of the industrial 
classes, the " Union for the Advancement of 
Science and Art" commonly called the Cooper 
Institute, has been established in N. Y., at the 
intersection of 3d and 4th Avenues, at a cost 
of over S500,000, devoted, with all its rents and 
profits, to the instruction and elevation of the 
working-classes of N. Y. It includes a school 
of design for females, evening courses of in- 
struction for mechanics and apprentices in the 
application of the sciences to the business of 
life, a free reading-room, galleries of art, and 
collections of modern inventions, and a poly- 
technic school. 

Cooper, Samuel, D.D. (U. of Edinburgh, 
1767), an eminent divine and patriot, b. Bos- 
ton, Mar. 28, 1725; d. Dec. 29, 1783. H. U. 
1743. Son of the Rev. William. At the age 
of 20, he commenced preaching in the Brattle- 
st. Church, where he was ord. colleague with 
Dr. Colman, May 21, 1746, continuing his min- 
istry until his death. He took an early and 
decided part in the politics of his time. In 
1754, he wrote the " Crisis," in opposition to 
the "Excise Act" then in contemplation. 
From the time of the Stamp Act, some of the best 
political pieces in the Boston Gazette were from 
his pen. The letters of Gov. Hutchinson were 
sent him by Dr. Franklin, with an injunction 
not to allow their publication. He placed them 
in the hands of a friend, whose disregard of 
the prohibition, though a breach of private con- 
fidence involving serious consequences, was a 



218 



great public benefit. Dr. Cooper was a mem- 
ber of sevcnil religious and literary societies, 
and was the first vice-pros, of the Amer. Acad, 
of Arts and Sciences, lie was remarkable in 
prayer, in the taste and elc^'ance of his ser- 
mons, and as a critic, and was the esteemed 
corri'sp. of many disting. Europeans. 

Cooper, Gen. Samdel, jun., b. N. Y., ab. 
1796. West Point, 181.'). Aide-de-camp to 
Gen. Macomb from May, 1828, to 1836; capt. 
11 June, 1836 ; assist, adj.-gen. July 7, 1838; 
chief of staff to Col. Worth in Florida war, 
1841-2, and in ac-lioii,>l I M,,l,,iL.,l,a, 19 Apr. 
1842 ; lirev. ((.L " lot i : , irliict in 

the war with M''xi'i.," V ■ i-; :tiij.-gen. 

of the army, July I.}, l-<-J: .v,i:„ ,[ M,,reh 7, 

standing; first in its list of generals. Bro.-in- 
law of J. M. Mason of Va., formerly U. S. 
senator. Author of "Conei.se System of In- 
struction for the Militia and Vols, of U. S.," 
Phila., 1836.— .Cu«u»i. 

Cooper, SOS.4IJ Fenimoee, b. 1815, eld- 
est dau of tlie novelist, and author of " Rural 
Hours," 1850; "Ithymeand Reason of Coun- 
try Lite," I854-; an annotated edition of an 
English work, the "Journal of a Naturalist," 
1852 ; and, in 1858, a beautiful little tribute to 
the character of Washington, given in aid of 
the fund for the pun base of Mt. Vernon. She 
has also coiitrib. to various popular periodi- 
cals. 

Cooper, Thomas, M.D., LL.D., natural 
philoso|dier, politician, and author, b. London, 
Oct. 22, 1759; d. Columbia, S.C, May 11, 
1839. Educated at O.xford, he afterward stud- 
ied law and medicine; was adm. to the bar, 
and travelled a circuit for a few years, and, 
with Watt the inventor, was sent by the Dcmoc. 
clubs of Eng. to those of France, where he 
sided with the Girondists. Called to account 
for this by Mr. Burke in the house of com- 
mons. Cooper replied with a violent pamphlet. 
While in France, he had learned to make chlo- 
rine from common salt; and he became a 
bleacher and calico-printer in Manchester, but 
was unsuccessful. In 1795, he established him- 
self as a lawyer in Ph., whither his friend Priest- 
ley had also emigrated. Uniting himself with 
the Democrats, he violently attacked Pres. Ad- 
ams in a newspaper in 1799; was tried for 
libel, and sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment 
and a fine of $400. He became a land com- 
missioner in 1806, and overcame the ditficulties 
with the Ct. claimants in Luzerne Co., but, 
being made judge, became obno.^ions to mem- 
bers of his own parly, and was removed in 1811, 
on a charge of arbitrary conduct. He was an 
efficient supporter of the administrations of Jef- 
ferson. JUiJison, and Monroe. He successively 
occupied the chair of chemistry in Diek. Coll., 
in tlie U. of Pa., and in Col. Coll., S. C, be- 
coming jjres. of the latter in 1820, discharging 
also the duties of prof, of chemistry and politi- 
cal economy. On his retirement in 1834, he 
was app. to revise the State statutes, 4 vols, of 
which ho had completed when he died. He 
possessed great versatility and extensive knowl- 
edge, displaying, as a lecturer, great erudition, 
and was an admirable talker. In philosophy, 
he was a materialist, and in religion a free- 



thinker. In the nullification contest, he was an 
ultra State-rights'* man. He pub. " Informa- 
tion Concerning America," Loud., 1794; a 
collection of political essays, reprinted from a 
Phila. newspaper in 1800; a translation of the 
"Institutes of Justinian," 1812; a work on 
" Med. Jurisprudence," 1819 ; 2 of the 5 vols, 
of " Emporium of Arts and Sciences," Phila., 
1812-14; "Lectures on the Elements of Polit. 
Economv," Charleston, 1 820 ; " Letters on the 
Slave Trade," 1787; " Tracts, Ethical, Theo- 
logical, and Political," 1790; "The Bankrupt 
Law of America compared with that of Eug.," 
Phila., 8vo, 1801; "Account of the Trial of 
Thomas Cooper of Northumberland," 1800; 
"Introd. Lecture at Carlisle Coll.," 1812; 
" Observations on the Writings of Priestley ; " 
two Essavs, " Foundation of Civil Govt.," and 
"On the' Constitution of the U. S.," 1826; 
an 1 many vigorous polit. pamphlets. 

Cooper, TuoMAS Apthorpe, actor, b. 
Lond., 1776; d. Bristol, Pa., Apr. 21, 1849. 
He received a good education ; became the 
ward of Holcroft and Wm. Godwin on the death 
of his father, and at 17 made his d&ut upon 
the stage in Stephen Kemble's company at Edin- 
burgh. In 1795, he appeared with success at 
Covent Garden, as Hamlet and Macbeth, and 
Dec. 9, 1796, made his delmt in Phila., with 
.Wignell's company, as Hamlet. Ho soon ob- 
tained a considerable reputation as a tragedian, 
and in 1802 returneil to Eng., where, for 
nearly 3 years, he was one of the chief actors 
on the London boards. Returning to the U.S. 
in Nov. 1804, he soon after became a lessee of 
the N.Y. theatre. In 1810, he again visited 
Eng. He continued on the stage until late in 
life. App. military storekeeper at Frankford, 
Pa., in 1841, by Pres. Tyler, whose son m. 
Cooper's dau. He was some years insp. to the 
N.Y and Phila. custom-houses. He was 6 feet 
in height, and possessed a remarkably fine per- 
son. 

Cooper, William, clergyman, b. Boston, 
1094; d. there Dec. 13, 1743. H.U. 1712. 
Ord.23 May, 1716, colleague pastorwith Mr. 
Colraan of Brattle Street, Boston, where ha 
preached till his death. In 1737, he was 
chosen pres. of H.U., but declined the trust. 
He excelled in prayer, and was an eminent 
preacher, having a pleasing voice and an im- 
pressive elocution. Author of " Predestiiuuion 
Explained and Vindicated," 1740, rcpub. in 
1804, and a number of sermons. William 
his son, 49 years town-clerk of Boston, and an 
eminent patriot of the Revol., d. Boston, Nov. 
28, 1809, a. 89. 

Coote, Sir Eyre, a British- gen. ; d. Dec. 
10, 1823, a. 66. Nephew of the celebrated Sir 
Evre Coote. Ensi-n 37th regt. Apr. 15, 1774; 
lieut. July, 1776; capt. Aug. 10, 1 778 ; mnj. 47ih, 
Feb. 20, 1783; col. Jan. 21, 1796; m.tj -gen. 
1798; lieut.-gen. 1805; gen. Juno, 1814. He 
served at the battle of Brooklyn, L.I., at the 
reduction of Fort W.ashington, and in the 
expeds. to R.I. and the Chesapeake, the battles 
of Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and 
the attack on Mud Island. He was present 
at the siege of Charleston, the campaign in Va., 
and was taken at Yorktown. He served under 
Gen. Grey in the W. Indies in 1793-5; was 



219 



COR 



severely wounded in the Ostend exped. in 1798, 
and served under Abercrombie in Efjypt. On 
his return to Eng., he received thanks of p;ir- 
liaraent, the order of the Bath, and afterward 
the Turkish order of the Crcseunt. Lieut.- 
gov. of Jamaica, 1803-8. Publicly disgraced, 
and deprived of all rank, in consequence of an 
abominable act committed in one of the chari- 
table institutions of En-land. — Pldllpart, &c. 

Cope, Thomas Pvm, merchant, b. Lan- 
caster Co., Pa., Aug. 26, 17C8; d. Phila., Nov. 
22, 1854. Son of Caleb, a Quaker of Lancas- 
ter, Pa., who protected Andre from a mob, 
while a prisoner in 1775. Said to be maternal- 
ly descended from John Pym. He entered a 
counting-house in Phila. in 1786; began on 
his own account in 1790, importing his own 
goods; established in 1821 tjje first line of 
packets between Phila. and Liverpool, and ac- 
quired great wealth. He was active in allevi- 
ating the small-pox sufferers in 1797 ; was a 
a racmbsr of the city council ab. 1800 ; an effi- 
cient member of the committee for introducing 
water into the city ; served in the State Icgisl. 
in 1807, and in the State Const. Conv. ; was 
pres. of tire Board of Trade and the Mercantile 
Library Co., and was an executor of Girard's 
will, and a trustee of the bank, and subse- 
quently a director of the Girard Coll. He was 
also an efficient worker in completing the Ches- 
apeake and Del. Canal, and in securing the 
construction of tlie Pa. Railroad. Edwaisu D. 
Cope, naturalist, author of " The Origin of 
Genera," " Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia 
of N.A.," " Our Own Birds of the U.S.," &c., 
is a grandson of Thos. P., and son of Alfred. — 
See lliinl's Amer. Merchimts ; Simpson. 

Copley, John Singleton, painter, b. 
Boston, July 3, 17.37 ; d. Lond., Sept. 9, 181.3. 
Like West, he was self-taught ; and some of his 
pieces executed at Boston, and, to use his own 
words, " before he had seen any tolerable pic- 
ture," were unsurpassed by his later productions. 
After acquiring considerable reputation, par- 
ticularly by his portraits (among which are 
those of Samuel Adams, Thos. Hancock and 
lady, W. W. Boylston, Judge Tyng. Judge 
Foster, Mrs.D. Sargent, &c.), he, in 1774, pro- 
ceeded by way of Eng. to Rome, where he 
arrived in Aug., and returned to Lond., with 
the intention of settling there, late in 1775, 
where he was joined by liis wife and children, 
and devoted himself to port, painting. He was 
introduced by West to the Roy. Acad., of 
wliich he was adm. an associate in 1777. His 
historical paintings soon rendered his name 
famous, and procured for it, in 1783, the hon- 
orable addition of R. A. His first and most 
popular composition was " The Death of the 
Earl of Chatham." He afterwards produced 
" The Death of ILijor Pior>on," ■' Tiie Siege 
of Gibraltar," "Tlii- Arrest of the Five Mem- 
bers, by CMiarles the First," " l)c Wiimr's De- 
feat by Admiral Duncan," and sketched, but 
left unfinished, a picture on the subject of Nel- 
son's fall at Trafalgar, &c. He also painted 
many portraits, his last work being a portrait 
of his son, Lord Lyndhnrst. He m. the dan. 
of Richard Clarke,'one of the consignees of the 
tea destroyed in 1773. His dan. Elizab. m. 
Gardiner 'Greene of Boston, d. there 1 Feb. 



1866, a. 95. Copley was peculiar both in man- 
ner and dress. As an artist, his chief merit 
consists in his coloring and drawing. 

Copp^e, Henrv, LL.D. (U. of Pa., and 
Un. Coll., 1866), author, b. Savannah, Ga., 
Oct. 15, 1821. West Point, 1845 He was at 
Y.C. in 1836-7. Was 3 years a student of 
civil engineering, and employed in the con- 
struction of the Central Railroad from Savan- 
nah to Macon, Ga. He served through the 
Mexican war, and was brev. capt. for the battles 
of Cuutreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; 
rcsii^nl "n.Tuii. 1^-,,-,. From 1848 to 1855, 
heu:i~ : II Freneh, and assist, prof. 

ofeiiii ,i 1 , I .studies, at West Point. 
Prof .it li. Ill, Mil,-; ill the U. of Pa., 1855- 
66 ; since then president of Lehigh U., Bethle- 
hem, Pa. Member of several scientific and 
historical societies. He has pub. " Elements 
of Logic," 1838; "Elements of Rhetoric," 
1859; "Select Academic Speaker," 1861; 
"Field Manual of Evolutions of the Line," 
1861 ; " Field Manual of Battalion Drill," 
1861 ; "Field Manual of Courts-Martial," 1863; 



' Grant and his Ca 



ipaigns. 



, transla- 



of Marmont's "Esprit dex Iiislitiilions 
Militalres," 18G2; he has edited the " Gallery 
of Famous Poets," " Songs of Praise," 1866 ; 
" Gallery of Famous Poetesses," 1839-60. In 
1864-6, he edited the U.S. Service Magazine. — 
Duf/ckincL 

Copway, Geokge (Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowk), 
an Ojiliwnv chief. Has pub. " Acts of the Apos- 
tles in Ojibwnv Lang.," 1838 ; " The Ojibway 
Conquest," 1850; "Life and Travels" (by 
himself), 6th ed.. 1847 ; " History and Sketches 
of the Ojibway Nation," illustrated by Darley, 
1851, and "Organization of a New Indian 
Terr.," &c., 1850. 

Coram, Thomas, a philanthroiiie English 
mariner, b. ah. 1667 ; d. London, March 9, 
1751, a. 84. Having been master of a mer- 
chant-vessel trading to the American Colonies, 
he is usually styled Capt. Coram. He set- 
tled in Taunton, Ms., ab. 1692, and owned a 
farm on the river, now within the limits of 
Berkeley, where he constructed vessels, probably 
for the "Newtoundland fishery. He is styled 
" shipwright of Boston," in Prov. Laws, act 
of Apr. 16, 1701 . He left in 1703, and gave his 
farm toward erecting an Episcopal church in 
Taunton. He was the projector of the Found- 
ling Hospital, in promoting the establishment 
of which he scdnously exerted himself during 
many years, till he had procured a royal char- 
ter for the institution. He also promoted the 
settlement of Ga. and Nova Scotia; and, 
through his advice, a bounty was given on naval 
stores imported from the "Colonics. Alter he 
relinquished his profession, his time was wholly 
employed in contriving and executing various 
schemes of public utility. He seems to have 
neglected his private affairs ; and, towards the 
close of his life, a subscription was raised for 
liis support. — Drake's Baylies's New Pli/m. 

Corbin, Thomas G., capt. U.S.N., b. Va., 
Aug. 13, 1820. Midshipm. May 15, 1838; 
lieut. June 10, 1852; com. July 16, 1862; 
capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to steam frig- 
ate " Wabash," S. Atl. block, squad., 1861-3 ; 
at the capture of Forts Beauregard and Walk- 



COR 



er, Port Hoyal, Nov. 7, 1861 ; com. of mid- 
shipm. at Navul Acad., 1863; steamer "Au- 
gusta," 1864-5 ; fleet-capt. W.I. squad., 1865- 
6 ; steam sloop " Guerriere," flag-ship S.A. 
squad., 1868. — Hamersly. 

Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen. vols., b. 
CaiTowkill Co., Sligo, Ireland, Sept. 21, 1827 ; 
d. Dec. 22, 186-3, near Fairfax C H., Va. He 
came to America in 18+9, obtained a clerkship 
in the N.Y. City post-office, and first came into 
public notice as col. of the 69th N.Y. militia. 
On the call fur troops, April, 1861, he took the 
field witli his com., and disting. himself highly 
at ilie lir-t li.ittlc- of IJiill run, where he was 
wuiniilrcl, and taken ]iri>.>ncr. He was confined 
snoc. ssivrly at Uirhmond, Charleston, Colum- 
bia, Salisbury, N.C., and other places, and was 
one of the officers selected for execution, had 
the Federal authorities carried out tlieir threats 
of ]iunisliing the crews of captured Confederate 
privateers as pirates. Exchanged Aug. lo, 
1862, he was made brig.-gen., dating from July 
21,1861. He afterward recruited an "Irish 
Legion," and served in N.C., at the battles of 
the Nausemond River and Sufiblk, in April, 
1862, and checked the advance of the enemy 
upon Norfolk. He died of injuries received by 
a fall from his horse. 

Cordova, FRA^•CISC0 Fekxandez de, 
discoverer of Mexico; d. 1518. Feb. 8, 1517, 
this navigator sailed from Cuba with Juan Ala- 
minas, a pilot who had accomp. Columbus in 
his fourth voyage, steered for the continent, and 
in March ranged the coast of Yucatan, where 
he lost many men in his various encounters 
with the natives. It appears certain that Cor- 
dova left two of his companions in this region; 
for in 1518, when Grijaloa explored the coun- 
try, he was informed that one of them survived, 
but was unable to procure his release. After 
exploring the coast, and remarking the grand 
monumental structures of Yucatan, he was 
forced by a tempest to abandon its shores. He 
visited Fla. 5 years after the exped. of Ponce De 
Leon, and, on returning to Cuba, d. ten days 
after his arrival, of wounds received from the 
natives. 

Cordova, Jose M., a Colombian gen., b. 
Antoquia, New Granada, 1747 ; killed at San- 
tuario, Oct. 17, 1829. The son of a rich mer- 
chant of the Spanish party, Cordova, on the 
contrary, when 15 years of age, joined the In- 
dependents. His conduct at the battle of 
Boyaca, Aug. 8, 1819, gained for him, from 
Bolivar the victor, the rank of col. ; and he was 
charged with the cxpuUion of the royalists 
from Antoquia. This duty he successfully per- 
formed ; and his first care was to levy on his 
father the sum of 10,000 piastres. His exactions 
occasioned his recall, and he disting. himself 
anew in many combats on the banks of the 
Magdalina. By a skilful manoeuvre he captured 
a Spanish fleet of 27 vessels at anchor in the 
port of Teneriffi;, and, after a bloody battle, 
took possession of the town. Named general, 
Cordova was in the Colombian division left by 
Bolivar in Peru. Dec. 9, 1824, Cordova took 
the greatest share in the victory of Ayacuclio, 
and he was named gen. of division on the field of 
battle. Covering his ambition with the pre- 
text of establishing a federal govt., Cordova 



conspired many times against Bolivar, and 
openly revolted" in Aug. 1829, but found few 
partisans. Hunted at Santuario, Oct. 17, hy 
the united forces of Andradu, Ureta, and 
O'Leary, he defended him.self with vigor, but 
fell at length, covered with wounds. 

Coreal (ko-raal'), Francisco, a Spanish 
traveller, b. Cartagena, 1648; was in the W. 
Indies in 1666-97, and left an interesting nar- 
rative, which was pub. in French in 3 vols., 
1722. 

Corlet, Elijah, an earlv teacher of Cam- 
bridge, Ms., b. Loud.. 1611 ;" d. Feb. 24, 1687. 
Oxford U. 1627. He taught the grammar 
school at C. 46 years. The Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel compensated him for 
preparing Indian scholars for the university. 
N. Walter pub. an elegy on his death, in 
blank verse. 

Cornbury, Edwaed Hyde, lord, gov. of 
N.Y. ; d. Lond., Apr. I, 1723. Son of the 2d 
Earl of Clarendon, and one of the first of the 
household troops to go over to the Prince of 
Orange. In return, he was made gov. of N.Y., 
where he arrived, May 3, 1702. He was ra- 
pacious and bigoted to such a degree as to have 
left the memory of the worst gov. ever app. to 
the Colony. He imprisoned two ministers sent 
out from Lond., for preaching without license. 
It was not unusual for him to dress in women's 
costume, and then patrol the fort in which he 
resided. He earned the contempt, as well as 
the hatred, of the colonists. He was removed 
from office in 1703, when his creditors bad 
him taken into custody, but, after the death 
of his father, returned to Eng., and succeeded 
to the earldom. 

Cornelius, Elias, D.D., educator and 
misbionarv, b. Somers, N.Y. 1795; d. Hart- 
ford, Ct., Feb. 12, 1832, Y.C.1813; His father, 
surgeon's mate of Col. Angell's regt., and at 
one time an inmate of the "Jersey" prison- 
ship, d. Somers, N.Y., June 13, 1823, a. 65. 
He studied theology, and in 1816 became an 
agent of the A. B. C. F. M., and visited the 
Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians. The winter 
of 1818 was spent at N. Orleans in the employ 
of the Missionary Society of Ct. Installed 
colleague with Dr. Worcester at Salem in 
July, 1819, he was dismissed in Sept 1826, 
having been app. see. of the Amer. Education 
Society. In Oct. 1831, he was chosen sec. of 
the A. B. C. F. M. Contrib. to the Quarterly 
Journal, and pub. annual reports of the Educa- 
tion Society. — See Memoir, by B. B. Edwards, 
1833. 

Cornell, Gen. Ezekiel, Revol. officer of 
Scituate, R.I. App. in 1775 lieut.-eol. of Hitch- 
cock's regt. ; present at the siege of Boston; 
dep. adj.-gen. Oct. 1, 1776, and subsetjuently 
brig.-gen. and com. of the brigade of State 
troops ; in service 3 years and 3 mos. ; disb. 
Mar. 16, 1780. This force was of great service 
in protecting the State during the British oc- 
cupation. Member of the Com. Congress, 
1780-3, and chairman of the military commit- 
tee. He was a mechanic before the war, Init was 
self-educated, and established a valuable library 
in his native town. 

Cornell, Wm. Mason, M.D., D.D. (JefF. 
Coll. 1864), LL.D. (West. U. 1863), b. Berke- 



COR 



221 



ley, Ms., 16 Oct. 1802. B.U. 1827. Ord. 19 
Jan. 1830; pastor 1st Cong. Clnuch, Wood- 
stock, Ct., 1832-4, and of the Tiinit. Church, 
Qiiiney, 18.34-9. IK- thin ^.twHcd medicine, 
and since 1845 ha^ in- ,':;!!. in Boston. 
Author of some innl > n iil icmtrib.to 

many med.andrcli J i : - Editorof 

the Journal of Jli <i .. \~]u-'i. Ilo nowedits 
Pastor and People, iind i.nardian o! Health, and 
is preparinj; a medical dictionary. With a 
fceljle constitution. Dr. C. has performed a 
large amount of literary labor. 

Corning, Erastus, merchant, and M.C. 
1857-9, 1S6I-3, and 1865-7; b. Norwich, Ct., 
Dec. 14, 1794. When 13 years of age, he went 
to Troy, and entered the hardware store of liis 
uncle, Benj. Smith, the bulk of whose property 
he subsequently inlierited. In 1814, he removed 
to Albany, wliore lie established the well-known 
house of Erastus Corning & Co. Alderman 
of the city, and 3 years mayor. He was also, 
for several years, an influential railroad, bank, 
and Canal'Co. pres. ; for several terms, a mem- 
ber of the State legisl. In 1863, be retired 
from the iron-business with a fortune of 5 
millions. BL'mber of the peace congress. Mar. 
1861 ; delegate to the State Const. Conv. 1867. 

Cornplanter ( Garyan-wah-gah ), a celebrat- 
ed Scnica i-liicf, b. Conewaugus on the Gene- 
sie Kiviv; d. at the Seneca Reservation, Pa., 
rob. 1 7, 1 S.'JG, a. ah. 100. He was a half-breed, 
the son of John O'Bail, an Indian trader. 
He is first noticed as the leader of a war-party 
of Senecas, in alliance with the French against 
the English ; was present at Braddock's de- 
feat, and, at the period of the Revol., was one 
of those who spread destruction over the fron- 
tier settlements in N.Y. and the Valley of Wy- 
oming. During the war, he was the most in- 
veterate foe of America, for which he ever after 
manifested sincere friendship. He, with his as- 
sociate. Red Jacket, was for many years the 
counsellor and protector of the interests of his 
people. He made great efforts to stop intem- 
perance in his nation, and was the first and 
most eloquent temperance-lecturer in America. 
In his later years, he cultivated a farm on the 
Alleghany River. 

Cornwallis, Charles, Earl and Mar- 
quis, a British gen., b. 31 Dec. 1738; d. Gha- 
zepore, India, 5 Oct. 1805. Eldest son of the 
first earl, before whose d., in 1762, he w.as styled 
Lord Broome. Educated at Eton and Cam- 
bridge, he was a capt. in the army at the age 
of 20 ; was aide-de-camp to Lord Granby in 
the German campaign of 1761, and, though an 
aide-de-camp and favorite of the king, opposed 
in the house of lords the measures which 
caused the Amcr. war. Notwithstanding this, 
he accepted a com., and, as maj.-gen., took part 
in the e,\ped. under Sir Peter Parker, which 
attacked Charleston in June, 1776, and which 
failed in consequence of the gallant defence of 
Fort Moultrie. In Aug., he com. the reserve 
of Howe's army, which drove the Americans 
from L.I., and through the Jerseys, but was 
outgeneralled by Washington at Trenton. He 
displayed great gallantry at the battle of Bran- 
dywine, and com. the detaclmient which took 
possession of Phila., 24 Sejit. 1777 ; shortly 
after which he returned to Eng., and on his 



examination before the house of commons, 
respecting the conduct of Gen. Howe, testified 
strongly in his favor. He w.is present at the 
capture of Charleston in May, 1780 ; was made 
com. of the dist. of S.C. ; defeated Gen. Gates 
at Camden, 16 Aug. 1780 ; gained an unimpor- 
tant advantage over Gen. Greene at Guilford, 
15 Mar. 1781 ; and having invaded Va., and oc- 
cupied Yorktown, bis embarkation thence was 
prevented by the fleet of DeGrasse, and he was 
com])elled to surrender his army of about 8,000 
men to the combined forces of Washington 
and Roehambeau, 19 Oct. 1781, virtually end- 
ing the war. He was the ablest and most en- 
ergetic of the British gens, employcil in the 
Revol. war. He endeavored to place the blame 
of his capture on Sir H. Clinton, who repelled 
the charge; and Cornwallis pub. an " Answer" 
to Clinton's strictures upon his conduct. App. 
in 1786 gov. gen. and com. -in-chief in India. 
In the war with Tippoo Saib, he took Banga- 
lore in 1791 ; was victorious at Seringapatam in 
1792, and compelled as the price of peace the 
cession of half his domains. Returning to 
Eng. in 1793, he was made a marquis, and 
master-gen. of the ordnance. Lord-lieut. of Ire- 
land in 1798, he pacified the rebels by a mod- 
erate policy, negotiated the treaty of Amiens 
in 1802, and in 1805 was again app. gov.-gen. 
of India. Napoleon said of him, " He had tal- 
ent, great probity, sincerity, and never broke 
his word. He was the first to impress upon 
me a favorable opinion of Englishmen." 
Without brilliant talents, his enterprise, perse- 
verance, alacrity, and caution made him a suc- 
cessful general. 

Coronado (ko-ro-nah'-do), Fhancesco 
Vasqcez r)E,an early explorer of N. Mexico; 
d. 1542. Theexped.ofMarcodeNiza.in 1539, 
strengthened the belief in the existence of treas- 
ure among the Indian tribes north of Fla. ; and 
a second exped. was fitted out under Coronado, 
which left Culiacan on the Pacific coast, in 
April, 1540. Passing through what is now 
Sonora, and crossing the Gila, he reached the 
little Colorado, and visited the famed cities of 
Cibola, but found the reports of their wealth 
untrue. He found there " very excellent good 
stone houses 3, 4, or 5 stories high, wherein 
are good lodgings and fair chambers, with lad- 
ders instead of stairs." Drawings of these 
cities and houses were sent to Spain with hi? 
report. The people all wore mantles of cotton ; 
.and cotton yarn w.is found in their houses. 
They reached the city of Quivera, the ruins of 
which are ah. 170 miles N.E. of El Paso. On 
his way back, in March, 1542, Coronado fell 
from his horse at Tiguex, near the Rio Grande, 
" and," says the narrative, " with the fall fell 
out his wits, and he became mad." The nar- 
rative of this exped. furnishes the first authen- 
tic account of the bulTalo and the great prairies 
and plains of N. Mexico. 

Correa da Serra, Abbe Joseph Fran- 
cis, LL.D. (H. U. 1823), Portuguese botanist, 
and minister-plenipo. to the U. S., 1816-21, b. 
Serpa, 1750 ; d. Caldas, 11 Sept. 1823. Chosen 
perpetual sec. of the Acad, of Sciences of Lis- 
bon ab. 1780. He studied at Rome and Na- 
ples, and, after residing 11 years at Paris, came 
in 1813 to the U. S. to prosecute researches in 



222 



ratnral history. Ab. 1814, he supplied the place 
of Mr. Barton as prof, of botany in Piiila. He 
pub. several botanical papers, — one, on the soil 
of Ky., in Am. Philos. Trans, i., new series. 

Corse, JoHK M., brig.-gen. vols. (11 Aug. 
1863.) Col. 6th la. vols., (listing, at Chicka- 
mauga. In Oct. 1864, he defended Alatoona 
with success against a superior force of Con- 
federates, and com.a division of Sherman's army 
in its march through Ga. and the Carolinas. 

Corse, MoNTGOMERT D., brig.-gcn. C.S.A., 
b. Ale.\., D.C., 14 Mar. 1816. Capt. in Mex. 
war. Engaged in banking at Alex, when the 
war broke out. Maj. and afterwards col. 1 7th 
Va. regt. ; brig.-gcn. 1 Nov. 1862. Woiuidcd 
at second Bull Run, Boonsboro', and Aniie- 
tam ; afterward com. a brigade in Pickett's div. 
in the cxped. against Knoxville, and captured 
at Sailor's Creek, Va., in Apr. 1865. Con- 
fined some months at Fort Warren. 

Cortereal, Gaspard, a Portuguese navi- 
gator, b. Lisbon; d. 1501. In the year 1500, 
this intrepid navigator, by appointment of the 
King of Porlug.ll, left the mouth of the Tagus 
with 2 ships, well equipped, and at his own cost, 
and proceeded as far as the regions since known 
by the name of Canada. He reached 60° north, 
and imposed ujwn many places purely Portu- 
guese names, such as Labrador. Sebastian Ca- 
bot had visited thesecoasts in 1497, but he did 
not land upon them. After his return from this 
voyage, he again left Lisbon for the arctic re- 
gions, May 15, 1501, but never returned ; and an 
exped. sent by King Emanuel in 1503 found 
no traces of him. In this last voyage, he seized 
and carried off 57 natives, most of whom were 
lost in his ship. The other ship reached Lis- 
bon in Oct. 1501. His father, John Vaz 
Costa Cortereal, a gentleman of the house- 
hold of Alphonso V. of Portugal, is said to 
have discovered Newfoundland ab. 1463. 

Cortes (kor'tSz), Hernando, conqueror 
of Mexico, b. Mcdcllin, Estremadura, 1485 ; d. 
hear Seville, Dec. 2, 1547. He left the U. of 
Salamanca in 1501, and was bred to the legal 
profession, which ho quitted for military life. 
In 1504, he went to the W. Indies; was re- 
ceived with favor by the gov. of Hispaniola ; 
■was employed under Diego Velasquez in paci- 
fying a revolt, and received from his country- 
man Ovando a ripartimiento of Indians, and a 
notarial o85ce in Azuna. He held successively 
several appointments, and in 1511 accomp. Ve- 
lasquez to subdue and colonize Cuba. He af- 
terwards held the office of alcalde of Santiago 
in the new colony. He received from Velas- 
quez, gov. of Cuba, the com. of a flee,t sent on 
a voyage of discovery. Nov. 18, 1518, with 10 
small vessels and 600 Spaniards, he left San- 
tiago, and arrived in the Gulf of Mexico, where 
he burnt his ships, that his soldiers might have 
no other resource than their own valor. He 
first landed on the shores of Mexico, in the 
province of Tabasco, Mar. 4, 1519. The na- 
tives were greatly terrified by the movable for- 
tresses in which they came, the iron which cov- 
ered them, the horses on which they were 
mounted, and the noise of the cannon. Having 
conquered the Tl.ascalans, and induced them to 
become his allies, Cortes entered the city of 
Mexico, Nov. 8, 1519, and was received by 



Montezuma, the sovereign of the country, as his 
master, and was regarded by the natives as a 
god, and a child of the sun. By allying him- 
self to those caciques who were inimical, to 
Montezuma, employing force or stratagem with 
others, he obtained possession of a great por- 
tion of the country. A chieftain, acting under 
secret orders from Montezuma, having attacked 
the Spaniards, Cortes repaired to the imperial 
palace, had the com. and his officers burnt 
alive, and forced the emperor, while in chains, 
publicly to acknowledge the sovereignty of 
Charles V. To this homage he added a pres- 
ent of a large quantity of pure gold and a num- 
ber of precious stones. Meantime, the jealousy 
of Velasquez was so aroused by the deeds of 
his representative, that he sent an army against 
him under Narvaez. Re-enforced by fresh troops 
from S|iain, Cortes advanced to meet them, 
was victorious, and, uniting the vanquished 
troops with his own, again made war with the 
Mexicans, who had revolted ai-ainst Monte- 
zuma, whom they accused of treachery. Mon- 
tezuma having, in the attempt to restore tran- 
quillity, fallen a victim to the rage of the mul- 
titude, his nephew and son-in-law, Gnatimozin, 
succeeded him, and successfully resisted the 
Spaniards for three months, but could not with- 
stand their artillery. Cortes again entered 
Mexico ; and Guatimozin, with many of his 
nobles, was executed in 1521, after he had un- 
dergone horrid tortures to compel him to dis- 
close the place where his treasure was con- 
cealed. Commissioners having been sent to 
inspect and control his measures by the court 
of Madrid, which had become je.alous of the 
power of Cortes, who had some time before been 
app. capt.-'.;en. and gov. of Mexico, his projierty 
was seized, his dependents were imprisoned; 
and in 1528 he returned to Spain. His recep- 
tion was flattering, and he returned to Mexico 
in 1530, with an increase of titles, but a dimi- 
nution of power. The civil administration 
was in charge of a viceroy ; and Cortes, with the 
military command, had the privilege of pros- 
ecuting his discoveries. Dissension ensued ; 
and though, in 1536, he discovered the Peninsula 
of California, many of his plans were frustrated, 
and his life iinhittered ; and on his final re- 
turn to Spain, in 1540, he was received coldly, 
and neglected. Once, having forced his way 
through a crowd round the carriage of the 
king, Charles coldly inquired who he was. " I 
am a man," replied Cortes, "who has gained 
you more provinces than your father left you 
towns." His " Letters and Despatches, "transl. 
by George Folsom, were pub. 8vo., N. Y., 1843. 
Corwin, Thomas, statesman, b. Bourbon 
Co., Ky., July 29, 1794; d. Washington, D.C., 
Dec. 18, 1865. His father, Matthias, many 
years a member of the O. legisl., removed with 
his family to 0. in 1798, and settled near Leb- 
anon, Warren Co. Thomas was reared on a 
farm, had few opportunities for education, early 
exhibited a talent for oratory, was in May, 1818, 
adm. to the bar, and at once took high rank. 
His eloquence was unrivalled. Member of the 
State legisl. in 1822-9 ; M. C. 1831-40. Dur- 
ing the administrations of Jackson and Van 
Buren he uniformly sided with the Whigs. In 
1836 and 1840, he supported Gen. Harrison. 



COS 



223 



cou 



Whig candidate for gov. of Ohio in 1840, he 
made speeches in almost every county of the 
State, and contributed more than any otlK-r 
person to swell Harrison's majority. Gov. 
1841-2; U. S. senator 1845-50. His speech 
on the Mexican war is one of his ablest efforts. 
Sec. U. S. treas. July, 18.70-Mar. 1853 ; M. C. 
1853-61 ; app. minister to Mexico in 1861, 
but came home on the arrival of Maximillian. 
— See Lift and fSpeechen, cd. bu Isaac Utrohm, 
1859. 

Cosby, William, gov. of N. Y. from I7.TI 
tiUhisd., Mar. 7, 1736. 'II.I...I '». :i |.n...:i \) 
gov. of Minorca and of tii I I . 

and a col. in the army, il i ; i , i 
was turbulent and un|'io|iii. u . 11 ■ a; ] H 
lancy, a man of intrigue, his succL'ssur; held in 
contempt the elective franchise; and continued 
the same assembly 6 years, without permitting 
its dissolution. 

Costa da, Claudio Manoel, a Brazilian 
poet, b. 1729; d. 1789. Educated at Coimbra, 
he returned to Brazil, and wrote " Villarica," 
and other poems of merit. 

Cottlneau, Denis Nicholas, capt. in the 
Revol. navy of the- U. S., b. Nantes, France; 
d. Savannah, Ga., Nov. 29, 1808, a. 62. For- 
merly a lieut. i}i the French navy, and a knight 
of the order of St. Louis; com." The Fallas " 
in the battle of Paul Jones with the British 
squadron under Sir K. Pearson. 

Cotton, John, one of the lirst ministers of 
Bostoii, b. Derby, Eng., I)r, i, i v, , ; I ll,,s- 
ton, Dec. 23, 16.i2. He in: i i , ,1 at 

13; afterward removed t.> I, ' • i , and 

became a lecturer and tiitm , i \ . Iniu, 

he became vicar of St. lietM < . , i;,,s- 

ton, Lincolnshire, where Im mi , i _■! nars 
he was a noted preacher ami ..;: .i: .ili^t, 
inclining toward the I'uriiau uui.^i.p. Cued 
to appear before Archbishop Laud fur not 
kneeling at the sacrament, he fled to London, 
and thence to America, landing in Boston, Sept. 
4, 1633. Oct. 17, he was ord. colleague with 
Mr. Wilson, and teacher of the Boston Church. 
For 19 years, he was so influential as to have 
been called the patriarch of New England. In 
1642, he was invited, together with Hooker and 
Davenport, to assist the assembly of divines at 
Westminster, and was in favor of accepting 
the invitation, but was dissuaded by Hooker, 
who was himself forming a system of church 
govt, for New England. His death was brought 
on by exposure in crossing the ferry to Cam- 
brige, where he was going to preach. He was 
a man of learning, a critic in Greek, wrote 
Latin with elegance, and could discourse in He- 
brew. Simple and plain in his discourses, he 
was exceedingly eflFective in exciting attention 
to religion. His publications were numerous, 
mostly sermons and controversial works, the 
most important being his controversy with 
Roger Williams, and his " Power of the Keys," 
on the nature of church government. He de- 
fended, against Roger Williams, the interfer- 
ence of the civil power in religious affairs for 
the support of truth. A monumental tablet, 
with a Latin inscription by Edward Everett, 
was erected in St. Botolph's Church, Boston, 
Eng., in 1857, in his honor, chiefly by contri- 
butions from his descendants in Boston. A 



memoir, by John Norton, with notes by Prof. 
Enoch Pond, was pub. Boston, 18.34. His son 
Seahokn (U. C. 1651) was minister of Hamp- 
ton, N.H., IOIiO-86. 

Cotton, JouN, b. Boston, Mar. 13, 1640; 
d. Cliarlcstun, S.C, Sept. 18, 1699. Minister 
of Plymouth, Ms., from June 30, 1669, to Oct. 
5, 1697 ; of Jlartha's Vineyard from 1664 to 
1667; and of Charleston, S.C, in 1698-9. 
H. U. 1657. Son of the preceding. Eminent 
tor his knowledge of the Indian language. He 



the 



Cotton, JosiAH, judge, and preacher to the 
Indians, b. Plymouth, Jan. 8, 1680; d. Aug. 
19, 1756. II. U. 1698. Grandson of Kev. John 
Cotton. He stn.lad tliiulu,;v, lauulit school 
in Marlilnlira.l an. I Piwiioti; lii ami, ihmigh not 
ord. imr anv clair. h, |nearlkil <.l-c,isi< mally for 
several year.s. lie al.M. ;:,nr in. aii.ntiun to 
agriculture, having a , U.I.'. i i.nm m i.i. north 

pan of Plymouth, liai, ._ i | i i sider- 

able knowledge of the In . i .lie vis- 

ited variou.s ti ibus in I'l V [i, . ■ ,1 . .n.m^v as a mis- 
sion. ir\ .l.iiiiM n..n., ||. .1, He was also . 
ckik .1 . . . . ^i,tcr of probate, 

and jn ii I paiedavoeabu- 

iarv (.1 ... ■ i iiM II...I III ill,. \K. Indians, pub. in 
Ms. Ili-t. CIN., vol. li., .-J.l senes. 

Couch, Darius Nash, maj.-gen. vols., 
b. I'uinani Co., X.V., July 2.3,1822. West 
Point, 1846. Entering the 4th Artillery, ho 
served in the Mexican war ; was brev. for gal- 
lantry at Buena Vista, Feb. 1847, and became 
1st lieut. Dec. 1847. He was afterward in com. 
at Key West harracUs ; iiideil in suni.n-ssing the 

last outbreak ..I li.. ^ .'..:- n. . m 1853 

made a scieiiu i M , i under 

the title of " N.n^ . 1 I.....: I.il .., he re- 
signed, and i iij.._ ; ,;i mci^.iiia.e i„..:>iiits in 
N. Y. Civ, In, I 1,1 l.s.vj removed to Taunton, 
Ms. .I,,iir I.'), IS,, I, lie became col. 7th Ms. 
regt., ami in A,i_. In i^.-gen., dating from May 
17. On the re-uigauiy.ation of the Potomac Ar- 
my, he was assigned the com. of a division in 
the corps of Gen. Keyes, with which he greatly 
disting. himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, 
Williamsburg, and Malvern Hills. Promoted 
to maj.-gen. July 4, 1862, he took part in the 
battle of Antietam, in Franklin's corps, and 
was soon after put in com. of the 2d (late Sum- 
ner's) army corps. He took a prominent part 
in Burnside's operations at Fredericksburg, 
Hooker's at Chancellorsville ; com. dept. of the 
Susquehannah, June, lS63-Dee. 1864; com. 2d 
div. 23d corps in the defeat of Hood near Nash- 
ville, and also in the operations in N.C. in Feb. 
1865. Pres. of a Va. mining and manuf co. 
since 1867. — Cullum. 

Court de Gebelin (koor deh zhab'-lan'), 
AsTOiNE, a French author, b. Nismes, 1725; d. 
Paris, May 10, 1784. A preacher in early life, 
he established himself in Paris in 1763, and, be- 
tween 1775 and 1784, pub. 9 vols, of his great 
work, " Le Monde Priuiitif." He sympathized 
deeply with the American struggle for inde- 
pendence, and co-operated with Franklin and 



COTJ 



224 



cox 



others in the publication of a work advocating 
the American cause, entitled "Affaires de I'An- 
yleterre et de I' Ani&iqiLe," 15 vols., 1776, et. set/. 
He was the author of a defence of animal mag- 
netism, and of a variety of works, historical, 
philosophical, and political. 

Courtenay, Edward H., LL.D. (H. Sid. 
Coil. 1S4G), nuithcmatician, b. Md., 1803; d. 
ClKnI-fi-,i:i. , \"a..21 Dec. 1853. West Point 
(I -I I ,: I . Teacher and prof, of math. 

an: i ,. there from 1828 to 31 Dec. 

IS ;-i : |,,,,| ,,t ,,,,iili. U. of Pa., 1834-6, and at 
U. of Va., 1 S4J-53. Engr. in construct, of Ft. 
Independence, Boston Harbor, 1837-41 ; cliief- 
engr. of dry dock, Brooklyn navy-yard, 1841-2. 
Author of " Elcm. Treatise on Mechanics," 
from the French of Uoucharlat, 1833; and 
" Treatise on Differential and Integral Calcu- 
lus, and Calculus of Variations," 1855. A.M. 
U. of Pa., 1854. 

Covington, Leonard, brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Aquasco, Prince George Co., Md., Oct. 30, 
1768; d. French Mills, Nov. 14, 1813. Mar. 
14, 1792, he obtained from Washington the com. 
of iieut. of dragoons; joined the army under 
Gen. Wayne ; disting. himself at Fort Recovery 
and the liattle of Miami ; was honorably men- 
tioned in Wayne's official report ; was promoted 
to the rank of capt. in July, 1794, and retired 
to the pursuits of agriculture. Many years a 
member of the legisl. of Md. ; was il.C. from 
1805 to 1807 ; was app. in 1809 lieut.-col. of 
a regt. of cav. ; in Aug. 1 81 3, he was app. brig.- 
gen., and ordered to the northern frontier. At 
the battle of Chrystler's Fields, he received a 
mortal wound, and died 2 days after. He had 
the reputation of being one of the best officers 
in tlie service. 

Covode, JOHM, M.C. from Pa., 1855-63 
and 1867-9, b. Westmoreland Co., Pa., 17 Mar. 
1808; d. Hanisburg, 11 Jan. 1871. He was 
a farmer, and was extensively engaged in coal- 



mmmg. Chairman of a special committee of 
36th Congress to investigate certain charges 
again.<t Pres. Buchanan ; and his " Report," 
pub. by Congress, attracted much attention at 
the time. 

Cowdery, Dr. Jonathan, senior surgeon 
U. S. N., b Sandisfield, Ms., Apr. 22, 1767 ; d. 
Norfolk, Va., Nov. 20, 1852. App. assist, 
surg., Jan. 1, 1800; surgeon, Nov. 27, 1804. 
He served in the frigate " Philadelphia," which 
was stranded on the coast of Tripoli, Oct. 31, 
1803, and was a prisoner in the hands of the 
Turks nearly 2 years. In 1806, he pub. a 
journal of tliis captivity. 

Cowell, Benjamin, b. Wrcnthara, Ms., 
1782; d. Providence, R.I., May 6, 1860. B.U. 
1803. He settled as a lawyer in Prov. ; was 
clerk of the federal courts, and for a time chief- 
justice C.C.P. He pub. in 1850 a vol. of Revol. 
history, entitled " The Spirit of '76." 

Cowell, Joseph, comedian, b. Kent, Eng., 
Aug. 7, 1792; d. Lond., Nov. 14, 1863. He 
made his d^ut, Jan. 23, 1812, at Daven- 
port, Eng. First app. in the U.S. as Le Clair 
in " Foundling of the Forest " at the Park, 
N.Y., in Oct. 1821. Kate Bateman is a grand- 
daughter. Author of "30 Years among the 
Players of Eng. and Amer.,"8vo, N.Y. 1844. 

Coxe, Abthdr CLEVEI.AND, D.D., Prot.- 



Epis. bishop of Western N.Y. Son of Rev. 
S. H. Co.xe, b. Mcndham, N.J., May 10, 1818. 
U. of N.Y. 1838. He took orders in 1841; 
became rector of St. John's, Hartford, Ct., 
1842, and was settled successively at Morris- 
ania, Hartford, and Baltimore, where he was 
rector of Grace Church in 1854-64, and Jan. 4, 
1865, was consee. at Geneva bishop of West- 
ern N.Y. He has written " Christian Bal- 
lads," a vol. of religious poems, N.Y., 1840 ; 
" Saul, a Mvstery, and Other Poems," 1845 ; 
a vol. of travels in England, 1856 ; a coll. of 
sermons, 1855 ; "Halloween and Other Poems," 
1844 ; " Advent, a Mystery, & Dramatic 
Poem," 1837 ; " Athwold, a Romaunt," 183,8 ; 
" Saint Jonatlmn, the Lay of a Scald," 1838 ; 
" Athanasion, and Other Poems," 1842; 
" Thoughts on the Services." He visited Eng. 
in 1851. While at Baltimore, he nobly main- 
tained the cause of the Union, against great 
and bitter opposition, during the Rebellion. 

Cox, Jacob Dolson, maj.-gen. vols., b. 
Montreal, Canada, Oct. 27, 1828. His mother 
was a lineal descendant ot Elder William 
Brewster. His parents re-il-l in X W (ity, 
where the son studied law I- i ;, ,:, V- 

ward spending 3 years ai ' . i . ')., 

and Wiis adm. to thebar in 1^ ij. II. |i,i i,rd 
at Warren, O., until elected State senator in 
1859. In Apr. 1861, he was made brig.- 
gen. Stale militia, and placed in com. of a 
camp of instruction. Brig.-gen. of vols.. May 

15, 1861, he com. in the Kanawha Valley, and 
soon drove out Gen. Wise, and took Gaiilcy 
Bridge. He remained in com. of this dcpt. 
except for a short time, when Gen. Rosecr.ins 
was over him, until Aug. 1862, when he was 
assigned to the Army of Va. under Gen. Pope. 
Oct. 6, 1862, he was ordered to the district of 
the Kanawha ; com. the 9th annv corps after 
the death of Gen. r.riin ; at S.intli Mountain, 
Sept. 14, 1862, aii'l, :i .1 iv^ alti-r, Antietam. 
Placed in com. of the di>iiict of Ohio, Apr. 

16, 1863, and of a aivision of the 23d army 
corps, he served in the Atlanta campaign of 
1864, and was in the battles of Franklin and 
Nashville, Tenn. Maj.-gen. for these disting. 
services from Dec. 7, 1864. In Mar. 1865, 
after fighting a battle at Kinston, N.C., he 
joined Sherman's army. Gov. of O., 1866-8 ; 
sec. of the interior, 1869 to Nov. 1870. 

Cox, James, b. Monmouth Co., N.J., 1753; 
d. there Sept. 12, 1810. Several years mem- 
ber of the legisl. and speaker of the assembly ; 
com. a company of militia at Germantown 
and Monmouth, and was subsequently a brig.- 
gen. of militia; M.C. 1809-10. 

Coxe, John Redman, M.D., b. Trenton, 
N.J., 1773; d. Phila., Mar. 22, 1864. He stud- 
ied medicine under Dr. Rush, and at London, 
Paris, and Edinburgh. Settled in Pliila. in 
1796 ; was port-physician in 1798, during the 
yellow-fever visitation; was for several years a 
physician of the Pa. hospital and of the Phila. 
dispensatory; prof, of chemistry in the U. of 
Pa. in 1809-18, and prof, of materia medica 
from 1818 to 1835. He first introduced vac- 
cination in Phila. Dr. Co.xe never had a sick 
day, and d , aged 91, without any appreciable 
disease. He pub. " On Inflammation," 8vo, 
1794; "Importance, &c., of Medicine," 8vo, 



cox 



1800; "Vaccination," 8vo, 1800; "Combus- 
tion, &c.," 8vo, 1811 ; " Amer. Dispensatory," 
8vo, 182" ; " Kefut. of Harvey's Claim to the 
Discov. of the Circulation oftlie Blood," 8vo, 
183-t ; "Female Biography;" " Recog. of 
Friends in Another World," 1845, 12mo. 
Edited Phila. Med. Museum, 6 vols., 8vo, 1805, 
new series, 18U ; "Emporium of Arts and 
Sciences," 5 vols., 8vo, 1812. 

Cox, Lemuel, an eminent mechanic, b. 
Boston, Ms., 173G; d. Charlestown, Ms., Feb. 
18, 1806. Near the close of 1775, he was in 
prison at Ipswich for his attachment to the 
cause of the crown. Mr. Felt, in his " Annals 
of Salem," supposes him to have been the per- 
son who was the chief architect of Esse.x bridge 
in 1788, and who subsequently constructed 
bridges in Eng. and Ireland. " In 1796," says 
Mr. Felt, " he had a grant of 1 ,000 acres of 
land in Me., from our legisl., for being the first 
inventor of a machine to cut card-wire, the 
first projector of a powder-mill in Ms., the first 
suggester of employing prisoners on Castle Is- 
land to ninke nails, and for various other dis- 
coveries in mechanical arts." The celebrated 
bridge at Waterford, Ireland, was in 1793 built 
under his direction and superintendence. He 
also built bridges from Salem to Beverly, and 
over the Mystic River to Maiden. — Sabine ; 
Bradford. 

Coxe, M.1RGAEET, b. Burlington, N.J. 
Pub. " Claims of the Country on Amer. Fe- 
males," 2 vols., 12mo, Columbus, 1842 ; "Bot- 
any of the Scriptures ; " " Wonders of the 
Deep ; " " Young Ladies' Companion and To- 
ken," 12mo. — Altibone. 

Cox, S.iJiuEL H.iUSON, D.D., LL.D., 
Presb. divine, b. Leesville, N.J., Aug. 25, 1793. 
Commenced the study of law in 1811, afterward 
studied theology, and was ord. by the N.J. 
Presbytery, July 1, 1817. From 1820 to 1S33, 
lie had charge of the Spring-st. Church, N.Y ; 
prof, of sacred rhetoric at Auburn, N.Y., from 
1834 to May, 1837, and from that time until 
1854, when obliged by the failure of his voice 
to give up his charge, pastor of the First Presb. 
Church in Brooklyn. Having sympathized 
with, and aided in founding the Antislavery 
Society, he was one of the suSerers by a mob, 
and had his house and church sacked, July 10, 
1834. He successively advocated abolition, 
temperance, colonization, and New School Pres- 
byterianism, and the Evangelical Alliance, and 
r.mks high as a writer and preacher. He has 
been frequently a delegate to the religious anni- 
versaries in London. Author of " Quakerism 
not Christianity," " Interviews, Memorable 
and Useful, from the Diary of Memory," N.Y., 
1853, and other publications. Father of Bishop 
A. C. Co.\e. 

Cox, Samuel Sullivan (" Sunset" Cox), 
b. Zanesville, 0. Brown U. 1846. He became 
a lawyer and an editor in 0. ; was sec. of le- 
gation to Peru in 1855; M.C. 1857-65 and 
1869-71, and is an occasional lecturer. Au- 
thor of " The Buckeye Abroad," N Y., 1852 ; 
" Eight Years in Congress," 1865, and " Search 
for Winter Sunbeams." 

Coxe, TE^XH, writer on political economy, 
b. Phila., May 22, 1755 ; d. there July 17, 1324. 
His great-grandfather. Dr. Daniel Coxe of 



- - '7 

and of Carolina, between the 31st and 36th 
parallels of N. latitude. He had been physi- 
cian to Queen Anne, and was a gov. of St. 
Bartholomew's Hospital in London. In 1698, 
he sent 2 ships and several hundred colonists 
to settle this territory, which were the first ships 
to enter the Mpi. from the sea. The colonists 
were, however, by French machinations, divert- 
ed from their purpose, and settled in S.C. His 
son. Col. Daniel, inherited his interests; came 
over in 1702 ; resided at Burlington, and then 
at Trenton, N.J. ; filled important stations in 
that province; was speaker of the assembly in 
1716 ; judge of the Sup. Ct. 1734-9, and wrote 
"A Description of the Province of Carolina," 
8vo, Lond., 1722; "Collect, of Voyages and 
Travels," 8yo, 1741 ; d. Trenton, May, 1739. 
Tench was educated at the Phila. Coll. ; became 
a partner in business with his father, Wm., in 
May, 1776 ; was a commissioner to the Federal 
convention at Annapolis, in 1786; member of 
the Cont. Congress in 1788 ; assist, sec. of the 
treas. May, 1790 ; commissioner of the revenue 
May, 1792, and purveyor of the public supplies 
from 1803 to 1812. He devoted his life to the 
encour.igement of our manufactures. His sym- 
pathies appeared to be on the side of the crown 
during the Revol. He pub. " A Brief Exam- 
ination of Lord Sheffield's Observations on the 
Commerce of the U.S.," 1792; "A View of 
the U.S.," 1794, and "A Statement of the Arts 
and Manufactures of the U.S. for 1810," 1814 ; 
" An Address on American Manufactures," 
" An Inquiry into the Principles of a Commer- 
cial System for the U.S.," 1787; "Thoughts 
on the Naval Power, and the Encouragement 
of Commerce and Manufactures," 180G; 
" Memoir on the Cultivation, Trade, and 
Manufacture of Cotton," 1807; "On the 
Navigation Act," 1809. — Simpson. 

Cox, William, author, b. Eng. ; d. there 
ab. 1851. Ho came to the U.S. in early life; 
was a printer ; was employed in the N. Y\ Mir- 
ror, to which he was a" contrib., and pub. 
" Crayon Sketches," 2 vols., 1833. 

Cozzens, Fkedekick Swaktwout, au- 
thor, b. N.Y., March 5, 1818; d. Brooklyn, 
Dec. 23, 1869. He was educated in his native 
city. In 1853, he coll. a series of articles con- 
trib. to the Knickerbocker Magazine, in a vol. 
entitled " Prismatics," by Richard Hayward. 
In 1856, he pub. the " Sparrowgrass P.ipers." 
A leading wine-merchant, he pub., in connec- 
tion with his business, a periodical entitled the 
" Wine Press," for which,, as well as for other 
publications, he wrote interesting essays on 
grape-culture. In 1858, he attended the copy- 
right congress of Brussels, as delegate of the 
N.Y. Publishers' Association. Author of 
" Acadia ; or, A Sojourn among the Blue- 
noses," 12mo, 1858; "Stone House on the 
Susquehanna;" "Memorial of Fitzgreene Hal- 
leck," 1868. 

Cozzens, Issachar, uncle of F. S., b. 
Newport, K, I., 1781. Pub. " Geological His- 
tory of N.Y. Island," N.Y., 8vo, 1843. 

Crabbe, Thomas, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Md. Midshipm. Nov. 15, 1809; lieut. Feb. 4, 
1815 ; com. Mar. 3, 1835 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841 ; 
commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. retired list. 



226 



July 25, 1866. Engaged in attack by gunboats 
on 3 Briiish frigates in Hampton Roads, June 
20, 1813; also in repelling attack on Craney 
Island, June 22, 1813 ; com. sloop of war " Van- 
dalia," W.I. squadron, 1837; and, during the 
Seminole war, had charge of Fort Brooke.Tam- 
pa Bay, Jan. 28 to May 17, 1837 ; com. frigate 
"Brandy wine," Brazil squad., 1841 ; steam- 
eloop " San Jacinto," Medit. squad., 1852-3; 
com. squad, coast of Africa, 1855-7 ; prize 
commis., East. Dist. Pa., 1864-5. — Hamersli/. 

Cradock, Matthew, first gov. of tin; Ms. 
Company(18Mar. lOiiSj.aiMipiii.in l...iM n,.:- 
chant; (i. May 27, 1641. •' 1 1 1... 

son says, "more forward in .i(i 
substance than any other, linii: ^.nii:[ jj !:;■ 
highest in all subscriptions," and at his decease 
left a large claim upon the Colony. He con- 
tinued many years to carry on a trade in the 
Colony by his servants ; but he never came over. 
To him is due the important measure of trans- 
ferring the govt, from the Lond. company to 
the inhabitants here, a measure pregnant with 
independence. He was a member of the cele- 
brated Long Parliament from the city of 
London, in 1640. —N.E. H. and Geneal. Reg., 
viii. 27. 

Cradock, Thomas, rector of St. Thomas's 
Church, Baltimore Co., Md. ; d. 17G0. He 
preached a sermon in 1753, before the gov. and 
assembly, on the irregularities of the clergy. 
In 1756, he pub. aversion of the Psalms, in 
heroic measure. 

Crafts, Samuel Chandler, jurist and 
statesman, b. Woodstock, Ct., Oct. 6, 1768; 
d. Craftsbury, Vt., Nov. 19, 1853. H.U. 1790. 
His father. Col. Ebenezer Crafts, founded Lei- 
cester Acad. ; settled in Vt. in 1790; d. 1810, 
a. 70. Y.C. 1759. The son was town-clerk 
of Craftsbury, 1792-1829; youngest delegate to 
the State Const. Conv. in 1793; was several 
years a representative, and clerk of the house 
in 1798 and 1799; register of probate for the 
Orleans dist. from 1796 to 1815; member of 
the exec, council from 1809 to 1812 and from 
1825 to 1827 ; a judge of Orleans county court 
from 1800 to 1816, being pres. judge for the 
last six years, and from 1825 to 1828; and 
clerk of the court from 1836 to 1838; M. C. 
1817-25 ; gov. 1829-32; was pres. of the Const. 
Conv. in 1829, and in 1842 wasapp. a U.S. sena- 
tor. M.A. of the U. of Vermont, 1809. In 
June, 1802, while there were but a few log- 
huts on the site of the present city of Cincin- 
nati, he commenced a tour of observation to 
the Lower Mpi., and, in company with Mi- 
chaux the younger, made a botanical recon- 
noissance of the Valley of the Great West in 
canoes and arks. 

Crafts, William, lawyer and author, b. 
Charieston, S.C., Jan. 24, 1787; d. Lebanon 
Springs, N.Y., Sept. 23, 1826. H.U. 1805. He 
was a successful practitioner, and an eloquent 
advocate of Charleston, especially in criminal 
cases, and was several years a member of the 
State legisl. As editor of the Charleston Courier 
he contrib. many essays, suggested by topics 
of the day. He delivered the Phi Beta Kappa 
address at Cambridge, 1817, and wrote a few 
poems; the "Sea Sei-pent," or "Gloucester 
Hoax," a drama in 3 acts, and contribs. to the 



" Omnium Botherum," a serial devoted to 
local satire. A selection from his writings, 
including some of his orations, was pub. at 
Charleston in 1828, with a memoir, by Rev. 
Samuel Oilman. 

Cragin, Aaron H., senator, b. Weston, 
Vt., 3 Peb. 1821. Lawyer; member N H. 
legisl. 1852-5; M.C. 1857-61; U.S. senator 
1865-71 ; re-elected in 1870. 

Craig, Henry Knox, brev. brig.-gen. U. 
S.A., b. Pa. ; son of Isaac, a maj. in the Revol. 
war, by a dan. of Gen. John Neville. Lieut. 
,11 i Mil 17, l,S12; engaged in the occupation 
1 : li ,ji', and night assault at Stony 
\ ' : > apt. Dcc.1813; brev. maj. Dec. 
- :, 1-j:; iiiaj. of ordnance, May 30, 18.32; 
disting. in battles of Palo Alto and La Palma ; 
brev. lleut.-col. "for Monterev, Mex.," Sept. 
23, 1846; lieut.-col. Mar. 25, 1848; col. of ord- 
nance, July 10, 1851; retired, June 1, 1863; 
brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 13, \S,lib.— Gardner. 

Craig, James, brig.-gen. vols., b. Pa. ab. 
1820. He studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar; removed to Mo., and settled at St. 
Joseph's; was a member of thu State b liisl. in 
1846-7; served in the M- x, \v,ir, an. I was a 
capt. Mo. mounted rifles Irom An-. |.'-47 to 
Nov. 1848; circuit-atty. iL'tli jiiilinal ciiLuit, 
Mo., from 1852 to 1856; Demociatic M.C. in 
1857-61 ; app. a brig.-gen. of vols. Mar. 21, 
1862, and employed in the West. 

Craig, Sir James Henry, a British gen., 
b. Gibraltar, 1749; d. Jan. 12, 1812. Ensign 
in 1763; aide-de-camp to Gen. Boyd at Gibral- 
tar in 1770; in 1771, capt. 47th Foot, with 
which he went to America in 1774; w.as in 
the battle of Lexington; severely wounded at 
Bunker's Hill, again at Hubbardton, and a 
third time at Freeman's Farm, Sept. 19, 1777. 
Included in the convention at Saratoga, sent 
to Eng. with despatches, and app. maj. 82d, 
Dec. 1777. He was engaged in the operations 
on the Penobscot in 1779; was ordered to the 
South; in Jan. 1781 occupied Wilmington, 
N.C., which he abandoned when Cornwallis 
surrendered in Nov. 1781, when he held the 
rank of lieut.-col. He saw much aeiive ser- 
vice, usually in com. of liL-ht tvnnp^. ami was 
an officer of merit. As a n-i ■: i .nm. 

the exped. against the ('a|i. .i i : \,.:\.r \n 

1795, andin 1797 the sun-iiM . ,|„,, ,,_,,ii.st 
Manilla. Lieut.-gen. Jan. Ibul. W iili iSir 
John Stuart, he led the army of the Jkditer- 
r.anean to Sicily in 1805. App. com.-iii-chicf 
of Canada in Aug. 1807, he proved wliolly 
unfit for a civil station. He saw in every op- 
ponent of his policy a di.saftccted rebel, seized 
liberal presses, suppressed opposition, and cm- 
ployed spies. He returned to Eng., June 19, 
1811. 

Craig, Col. Thomas, Revol. officer ; d. 
Lehigh Co., Pa., Jan. 14, 1832, a. 92. Made 
capt. in St. Clair's batt. Jan. 5, 1776; maj. 
Sept. 7, 1776; col. 3d Pa. regt. 1777. 

Craighill, William P., maj. engr. corps 
U.S.A., b. Va. West I'oint, 1853. Entering 
the engr. corps, he became capt. 3 Mar. 1 863 ; 
brev. lieut.-col. 13 Mar. 1865, for services in 
defence of Cumberland Gap ; m.nj. 23 Nov. 
1865. He was engaged some years in the con- 
and repairs of Southern forts and 



227 



CRA. 



harbors ; was assist, prof, of engineering at 
West Point, 1859-6.3 ; chief engr. of Gen. G. 
W. Morgan's div., Jiine-Oct. 1862, and of 
dept. of the Monongahela, June- Aug. 1863; 
assist, engr. in construction of defences of Bait, 
harbor, Sept., 1863-June, 1864 ; chief engr. 
middle dept. and 8th armv corps, Apr.-June, 
1864. Compiler of "Army Officer's Pocket 
Companion," 1861 ; translator of Dufour's 
" Cours de Tactiques," 1863, and, jointly with 
Capt. Mendell, of Jomini's " Pr&is de I 'Art de 
la Guerre," IS62.— Cullum. 

Craik, James, M.D., plivsiri.in, h. Srnt- 
land, 1731 ; d. Fairfax Co., \''i , K. I. o, isi t. 
Educated for the medical Sfivh, .11 ih.- Kim I] 
army, he came to Va. in c:iilv liir; was uiili 
Washington in thn oxped. ag;iin.st the iM-ench 
and Indian-, in 17,'>4, and the ne.xt vear was in 
Braddocks laial rain|iai_'.i. In 1775, by the 
aid of Wa>hniL:lijn, hr was transferred to the 
medical dept. of tlic army, and rose to the first 
rank and distinction. In 1777, he was active 
in unveiling the conspiracy to remove the 
commandcV-in-chief. In 1781, he was director 
of the hospital at Yorktown. After the Revol., 
Craik settled near Mount Vernon, and attended 
Washington in his last illness. 

Cralle, Richard K., author, b. S.C. ; d. 
Va., 10 June, 1864. Relative of J. C. Calhoun, 
and his amanuensis while sec. of State, and 
pub. an edition of his works in 6 vols , with a 
memoir. Previously an editor in Washing- 
ton and a Swedenborgian clergyman. Author 
of some New Church publications. 

Cranch, Christopher Pearse, artist 
and poet, son of Judge C, b. Alexandria, 
DC, March 8, 1813." Col, Coll. 1831. He 
studied divinity 3 years at H,U., but, in 1842, 
devoted himself to landscape-painting in N.Y. 
May_ 25, 1840, he delivered a poem at the 200th 
anniv. of the town of Quincy. In 1847-8, he 
visited Italy; went again to Europe in 18.53, 
and resided some years in Paris. During his 
10 years' absence, he executed many admira- 
ble landscapes. Since his return, he has re- 
sided in N.Y. and at Fishkill, and has painted 
views of Venice, some fruit-pieces, and other 
compositions. He was one of the contribs. to 
the Dial, in which were pub. some of his best 
poems. In 1854, a vol. of his poems appeared 
at Phila. He has also pub. two stories, " The 
Last of the Huggermuggers," 1856 ; and 
" Koboltozo," a sequel to the former, 1857. 
He still writes occasionally for various journals 
and magazines. 

Cranch, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1829), 
jurist, b. Weymouth, Ms., July 17, 1769; d. 
Washington, Sept. 1, 1855. H.U. 1787. 
Richard, his fiither, b. Eng., Nov. 1726; d. 
Oct. 16, 1811 ; came to Ms. in 1746; m. Mary, 
dau. of Rev. Wm. Smith of Weymouth ; was 
a man of learning; many years a member of 
the legisl., and judge of the C.C.P. ; pub. 
" Views of the Prophecies concerning Anti- 
Christ." Wm. studied law ; was adm. to the 
bar in July, 1790; practised in Braintre&and 
in Haverhill, but in Oct. 1794, removed to 
Washington. In 1801, his bro. in-law, Pres. 
Adams, app. him jun. assist, judge of the 
Circuit Court of the D.C, of which he was 
chief-justice from 1805 to 1855. In these 55 



years, but 2 of his decisions were overruled. 
He pub. 9 vols, of Reports of U.S. Supreme 
Court, and 6 vols, of Reports of Circuit 
Court of D.C, from 1801 to 1841. He also 
prepared a code of laws for the district ; pub. 
a memoir of John Adams, 8vo, 1827, and, in 
1831, an address on temperance. Member of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Crane, Ichabod B., col. U.S.A., b. N J. ; 
d. Port Richmond, Staten Island, NY., Oct. 
5,1857. App. 2d lieut. marines, Jan. 1809; 
capt. 3d Art. April 25, 1812; brev. maj. for 
m.rit, s.Tviirs, Nov. 13,1813; maj. 4th Art., 
S-l-t 1".. I^ii.'i; lieut.-col. 2d Art., Nov. 3, 
!•-;-', ("I, Nt Art., June 27, 1843; gov. of 
.Miiitaiv .\-\liim at Washington, May, 1851 
to i\ov,' ls,i,j ; bro. of Com. Wm. M. Crane. — 

Crane, Col. John, Revol. officer of Ms. ; 
d. Aug. 21, 1805. He com. the regt. of Ms. 
Art. through the war. During the siege of 
Boston, he held the rank of major, and did 

Crane, William Montgomery, com. 
U;S.N., b. Elizabethtown, N,J., Feb. 1, 1784; 
d. Washington, March 18, 1846. His father. 
Gen. Wm., severely wounded at Quebec, and 
a col. in the Revol. armv, d. Elizabethtown, 
July 30; 1814. Midshipm. May 23, 1799; 
lieut. July 20, 1803; com. March 4, 1813; 
capt. Nov. 22, 1814. Comg. the brig " Vix- 
en," he disting. himself in the attack on Trip- 
oli, and was in " The Chesapeake," when at- 
tacked by " The Leopard." In July, 1812, while 
comg. the brig. " Nautilus," he was taken by 
" The Southampton," frigate. On his ex- 
change, he was ordered to the Lakes, where, in 
com. of " The Madison " and '• Pike," in 
Cliauncey's squadron, he served with distinc- 
tion for the remainder of the war. In 1827, 
in the flag-ship " Delaware," he com. the 
Mediterranean squadron, acting as joint com- 
missioner with Mr. Offley, U.S. consul at 
Smyrna, to open negotiations with the Otto- 
man Govt. App. navy commissioner in 1841, 
and in 1842 chief of the bureau of ordnance 
and hydrography. He died by his own hand ; 
cause unknown. 

Cranfleld, Edward, gov. of N.H., 1682- 
5 ; d. Eng., 1704. He exchanged a profitable 
office in Eng. to better his fortune here, but exer- 
cised his power in so arbitrary a manner, that 
he soon lost his place. Venturing to tax the 
people without their consent, he soon found "all 
his ctForts ineffectual, and his authority con- 
temptible." The complaints were taken up by 
the lords of trade, and decided against him. 
Returning to Eng. in 1685, he was afterwards 
app. collector of Barbadoes. 

Crapo, Henrt H., gov. of Mich., 1865-9, 
b. Dartmouth, Ms., 24 May, 1804; d. Flint, 
Mich., July 23, 1869. He resided in New Bed- 
ford until his removal to Saginaw, Mich., in 
1856, where he entered largely into the lumber- 
business. State senator in 1862, and at one 
time mayoi of Flint. 

Craven, Charles, sec. to the proprietors 
of S.C, and gov. in 1712-16. Ordered in 1712 
to sound Port Royal River, it is probable that 
he founded Beaufort. The Yemassecs and 
other warlike tribes, having, in 1715, combined 



228 



for the destruction of the Colony, Gov. Cra- 
ven at the hcatl of 1,200 men, part of whom 
were blacks, defeated them in a series of des- 
perate conflicts. 

Craven, Tunis Aug. Macdonodgh, com- 
mander U.S.N., b. Portsmouth, N.H. ; killed 
in the iron-clad " Tecumseh," destroyed by a 
torpedo in Mobile Bav, Auj. 5, 1S64. Mid- 
shipm.Feb.2, 1829; li'Mit IPII ; rnm.Apr 2t, 
1861. He had seen-"! - : -s yci,.' 

in the coapt-survcv, - - 1 rr •■ ili,- nvil 
war, com. "The Cn.,. . ,. I,.' In-r,-,, ■,„-;,, " 
and "TheTccum-rli/ 

Craven, Thomas I'., K-ar-:n!i,i. U.S.N.,b. 
D.V. Son of Tunis Ciavni ,.f N.J. Many 
years U.S. naval stiiri;krc|i('i- :it tin; l'i>rtsmoiith 
"and Brooklyn nnw-vanl-. Mi.i.liiiiin May I , 



of the flag-ship " Vincennes " in Wilkes's 
U.S. Exploring' Exped., 1838-42. While at 
Valparaiso, in July, 1839, he was instrumental 
in saving the crew of a Chilian vessel, wrecked 
in a gale there, for which he was complimented 
by Sec. Paulding. From 1851 to 1855, com. 
of midshipm., and instructor, U.S. naval acad. 
at Annapolis; June 27, 1861, he took com. 
of the l^tomac flotilla, and of " The Brook- 
lyn," in the autumn of 1861. In the attack on 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, " The Brook- 
lyn" became entangled in the obstructions in the 
river, and was attacked by a ram and a steam- 
er. The latter received a broadside at 60 
yards, which put a stop to her attack ; \yhile the 
chain-armor of " The Brooklyn " prevented in- 
jury by the shock from the ram. Capt. Craven 
took part in the subsequent engagements on 
the Mpi., until Aug. 1862. Com. N. Pacific 
, squad., 1869. 

Crawford, George W., statesman and 
lawyer, b. Columbia Co., Ga., Dec. 22, 1798. 
N. J. Coll. 1820. He studied law, and com- 
menced practice at Augusta, Ga., in 1822 ; 
was attv.-gen. 1827-31 ; was in the State legisl. 
from 1837 to 1842, with the exception of one 
year; M.C. 1843 ; gov. 184.3-7, and a mem- 
ber of Pres. Taylor's cabinet, as sec. of war, 
1849-July, 1850; subsequently visited Europe, 
since wdiich time he has lived in retirement at 
his home in Richmond Co. — Laninan. 

Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, D.D., di- 
vine, b. near Lexington, Ga., Mar. 22, 1811. 
U. of Ga. Aug. 1829. He studied law witli 
his father, Wm. H. Crawford, but never prac- 
tised. Prof, of mathematics in Oglethorpe U., 
1837-41 ; licensed to preach in 1843, and ord. 
in the Baptist ministry, 1844. Pastor in Wash- 
ington, Ga., in 1845, and in Charleston, S.C, 
in 1846. Prof, of biblical literature in Mercer 
U., 1847-54, and was pres. in 1855-6; in 1857, 
he was prof, of mental and mora! philos. in 
the U. of Mpi , and was prof, in the Western 
Baptist Theol. Sem. at Georgetown, Ky., until 
July, 1858. He afterward resumed the presi- 
dency of Mercej U. ; pres. of the Bible Revision 
Assoc, in 1857. Author of " Christian Para- 
doxes," 1858. He is considered one of the 
first pnl])it orators of the Baptist Church at 
the South. 

Crawford, Samuel Wtlie, brev. brig.- 



gen. U.S.A., b. Franklin Co., Pa., Nov. 8, 
1829. U. of Pa. 1847. He studied medicine, 
and in 1851 was made assist, surgeon, U.S.A.; 
was on duty in Texas 3 years, and in New 
Mexico until 1856, when lie went to Mexico. 
While there, he made scientific re.searches, and 
became a member of the Geog. Society of Mex- 
ico. He was one of the garrison of Fort Sum- 
ter in Apr. 1861; com. a battery during the 
action ; was made maj. of the 13th Inf., May 
14, 1861; ordered to Eastern Va., and made 
insp.-gen. of that dept. ; brig.-gen. Apr. 25, 
18G2, he was assigned to the cor]is of Gen. 
Banks in the army of the Shenandoah. He 
was in the battle of Winchester, and was 
inentioned in the report of the comg.-gen. He 
bore a leading part in the battle of Cedar Moun- 
tain, where he lost more th.m half his brigade, 
and, after the death of Gen. MansH.l.l, com. his 
division in the battle of Antietani, where, 
though severely wounded, he kept the field till 
the close of the action. He com. 3d div. 5th 
corps, at the Wilderness battle, at Hatch- 
er's Run, and in the battles around Petersburg. 
Brev. maj.-gen. Mar. 13, 1865; Irev. col. 
U.S.A. for Gettvsburs ; brev. hriir.-gen. for 
Five Forks, 13 Mar. 1865; col. 2d U.S. Inf. 

Crawford, Thom.is, srul,.t<.r. h. N.Y,, 
Mar. 22, 1814; d. Lond., la ,. d, i. m i s.",;. 
He early manifested a rcniai i : ; i art, 

in which he was encouraLirl : ' : ■ nho 
caused him to be thoron . ii : -I in 

drawing, carving, and in :, _ . lav. 

;n 1834, he went to It.alv.a. ; r ■ ,. .urd 
the instruction and Iririni: ; ! i '.-.m. 

After a few years' study. !a'^ ■' itii; !m-.1 Ii:- -tu- 
dio in Rome, and soon obtairuil aliuiulant em- 
ployment. Among tlie most felicitous and 
characteristic of his works is the bust of Josiah 
Quincy, placed in the library of II. U. In 
1839, he designed his famous group of " Orphe- 
us," which, with his " Cupid and Psyche," is 
in the Athenaeum in Boston. Of his ideal busts, 
the " Sappho " and " Vesta " are nioikls of 
purity and taste. Heexeciiti il ni.niv I a- i . lirl's; 
and his religious subjects, > i i a in 

which the penson of the Sa\ la. d, 

are marked by singular prn|, I i. a, nai ,|i_iiity 
of treatment. Among the noblest of his \vorks 
are his statue, in bronze, of Beethoven, in the 
Music Hall, Boston, and the bronze equestrian 
statue of Washington, ordered by the State of 
Va., and erected at the Capitol in Richmond. 
Visiting Amer. in 1844, he m. Miss Ward, by 
whom he had several children. He made a 
second visit to the U.S. in 1849, and a third in 
1856. Crawford received from Congress a 
commission to furnish marble and bronze stat- 
uary for the new Capitol at Washington, for 
which he designed — perhaps his grandest 
work — the colossal statue of the Genius of 
Amer., destined for the pinnacle of the Capitol 
dome. He suffered for the last years of his 
life from a malignant tumor or cancer of the 
eye, which nearly deprived him of sight, and 
caused him to renounce his art entirely, with 
many works unfinished. The industry of 
Crawford was wonderful. He finished upward 
of 60 works, many of them colossal, and left 
ah. 50 sketches in plaster, and designs of vari- 



CRA. 



Crawford, Thomas Hartley, b. Chaiu- 
bersburg. Pa., Nov. 14, 1786; d. Washington, 
D.C., Jan. 27, 1863. N. J. Coll. 1804. Ad- 
miited to the bar in 1807 ; JI. C. 1829-33 ; 
member Pa. legisl. 1833; in 1836 a commis- 
sioner to investigate frauds in the purchase of 
lands of the Creek Indians ; US. commissioner 
of Indian affairs, 1838-45; and from 1845 till 
hisd., judge of the Criminal Court of D. C. 

Crawford, Col. William, Revol. officer, 
b. Berkeley Co , Va., 1732 ; d. June, 1782. A 
capt. in Forbes's exped. in 1758, and the inti- 
mate friend of Washington, then a surveyor. 
He served in the Pontiac war in 1763-4; moved 
to Pa. in 1768 ; was an efficient officer in Dun- 
more's campaign against the Scioto Indians ; 
made lieut -col. 5th Va. regt., Feb. 13, 1776; 
became col., and resigned, Feb. 10, 1781. One 
of the bravest of frontiersmen, he often led 
parties across the Ohio against the Indians, to 
whom, from his success, he was particularly 
obnoxious. In May, 1782, he accepted, reluc- 
tantly, the com. of an exped. against the Wyan- 
dottcs on the Muskingum, fell into an ambus- 
cade, was taken prisonei-, and tortured to death 
at Sandusky. 

Crawford, William Harris, lawver and 
statesman, b. Nelson Co., Va., Feb. 24, l'772 ; d. 
near Elbertou, Ga., Sept. 15, 1834. His father 
Joel, in 1783, removed his family to Ga., but 
d. in 1788 ; and young Crawford, after assisting 
his mother to support the family, by teaching, 
for several years, at length studied law. In 
1799, lie commenced practice in Lexington, 
Oglethorpe Co., and soon became disting. in 
his ]irolession. In 1800, he was app. with Ho- 
ratio .Marbury to revise the laws of Ga., and 
comjiilcd the first digest of her laws, pub. Sa- 
vaiiiuili, 4to, 1802. Member of the State legisl. 
1803-7 ; U. S. senator, 1807-13, and was its 
pres. pro tern, in March, 1812. In this body, he 
■shone pre-eminently, soon making hiniself 
known and respected by the force of natural 
aliility, energy, and loftiness of mind. His in- 
fluence was further increased by his perfect in- 
le^iity and unflinching firmness. He evinced, 
in the consideration of many important and ex- 
citing questions, statesmanship of a high order. 
He was opposed to the policy of war with Great 
Britain, but finally voted for it. Having de- 
clined the war secretaryship in 1813, he ac- 
cepted the post of minister to France, where he 
remained two years, and acqnired the friend- 
ship of Lafayette, who appointed him agent 
for his American lands, and with whom, after 
his return home, he carried on a confidential 
corresp. On his return to the U. S., he was 
app. to the war dept., but in Oct. 
transferred to the treasury dept., the i 
which he continued to discharge unl 
when he became the Democ. nominee 
presidency, but was defeated. A long and se- 
vere sickness destroyed all chanceof his election 
by the house, and removed him henceforth from 
tlie political arena. Mr. Adams offered to con- 
tinue him as sec. of the treas. ; but he declined. 
He was strongly opposed to the nullification 
movement, and is generally regarded as the 
greatest of the citizens of Ga. In 1827, he was 
app. judge of the Northern Circuit Court of 
Ga., which office he retained until his death. 



)t., the duties of 
rge until 18234 
lominee for the 



Creighton, John Orde, commo. U.S.N., 
b. N. 1. City; d. Sing Sing, Oct. 13, 1838. 
Midshipm. June 25,1800; served under Preble 
before Tripoli; became a lieut. Feb. 24, 1807, 
and was attached to the frigate " Chesapeake " 
in June, 1807, when attacked by "The Leop- 
ard." He was afterwards attached to " The 
President," and was first lieut. in her action 
with "The Little Belt," May 16, ISIl. In 
1813, he com. the brig "Rattlesnake," with 
the rank of master-command.int (July 13), 
and was made capt. Apr. 27, 1816. In 1829-30, 
he com. the squadron on the coast of Brazil. 

Creightou, Johnston B., &ipt. U.S.N., 
b. R. L, Mar. 12, 1821. Midshipman, Feb. 10, 
1838; lieut. Oct. 9, 1853; com. Sept. 20, 1862; 
capt. Nov. 26, 1868 ; comg. steamer " Ottawa," 
S. A. B. squadron, 1862 ; steamer " Mahaska," 
bombarding forts Wagner and Gregg, Morris 
Island, Aug. 8 to 21, 1863; comg. steamer 
"Mingo," S. A. B. squad., 1861-5 ; steamsloop 
" Oneida," Asiatic squad., 1867-9. 

Crele, Joseph, the oldest man in America, 
b. Detroit, 1725; d. Caledonia, Wis, Jan. 27, 
1866. The date of his birth is established by 
the record of his baptism in the French Cath- 
olic Church, Detroit. He resided for about a 
century in Wis. He m. in 1755; settled at 
Prairie du Chien ; bore arms at Braddock's de- 
feat, and, before the Revol. war, carried letters 
between Prairie du Chien and Green Bay. A 
few years before his death, he testified in the 
Circuit Court of Wisconsin, in a case involving 
the title to some real estate, to events "that oc- 
curred 80 years before. He lived for some 
years at Caledonia with a dan. by his third 
wife, b. when he was 69. Until 1864, he was 
as hale and hearty as most men of 70 ; could 
walk miles without fatigue, and often chopped 
wood for the family use. During the last year 
or two of his life, he would sometimes say 
sadly, "I fear death has forgotten me." 

Cresap, Capt. Michael, b. Alleghany 
Co., Md., June 29, 1742; d. N. Y. City, Oct. 
18, 1775. Son of Col. Thomas, an emigrant 
from Yorkshire, who settled in Western Md. 
Michael was a trader ; moved to the Ohio in 
1774, and commenced clearing land. Difficul- 
ties with the Indians followed ; and Cresap re- 
turned to Md. Capt. in the militia, and served 
in Dunmore's exped. against the western tribes. 
Com. a rifle company, July, 1775, in the army 
near Boston, but was obliged, by illness, tore- 
turn to N. Y., where he died. A Memoir, vin- 
dicating his character from the aspersion in 
Jefferson's Notes, has been pub. by his son-in- 
law, J. J. Jacob ; and a new ed. edited by 
Brantz Mayer, in 1866. 

Crespel, Emmandel, a Flemish mission- 
ary of the order of Recollets. Embarked for 
Canada in Jan. 1724, and was successively 
cure near Montreal, and aumonier in various 
localities. The ship in which he returned to 
France in Nov. 1736 having been wrecked, he 
landed with some companions on the coast of 
Labrador, and, after passing the winter in that 
frightful place, returned to Quebec in June, 
and to France in Dec. 1738. An account of 
his triivels and shipwreck was pub. in Am- 
sterdam, 1757; an Eng. transl. was pub. in 
Loud, 1797. 



Cresson, Elliot, philanthropist, b. Phila., 
Mar. 2, 1796 ; d. there Feb. 20, 1854. Brought 
up in the Society of Friends, he imbibed from 
them an ardent love of benevolent deeds, of 
which his life was passed in the continual ex- 
ercise. He became a successful merchant; was 
one of the pioneers in African colonization, and 
pres. of the society. In his will, he made gen- 
erous contributions to a great variety of objects. 

Creswell, Joh.v a. J,, postmaster-gen., 
app. Mar. 1869; b. Port Deposit, Cecil Co., 
Md., 18 Nov. 1828. Dick. Coll. 1848. Adm. 
to the Md. bar in 1850 ; member of the H. of 
delegates, 1861-2; assist, adj.gen. of Md., 
Aug. 1862-Apr. 1863; M. C. 1863-5; U. S. 
senator, 1865-7; 22 Feb. 1866, he delivered, 
at the request of the House, a eulogy on Henry 
Winter Davis, his friend and colleague. 

Cretin, Joseph, D.D., R. C. Bishop of St. 
Paul, Minn., consec. Jan. 26,1851 ; d. Feb. 22, 
1857. 

Crevecoeur (krav'-kui-'). Hector St. 
John, author and agriculturist, b. Caen, 
France, 1731 ; d. Sarcelles, Nov. 1813. Sent 
by his parents to England, to complete his 
education at 16, he passed 6 years there ; came 
to Amer. in 1754, settled on a larm near N.Y. 
City, and m. In the war, his lands were over- 
run by the British troops. In 1780, his aftairs 
requiring his presence in Eng., he was permit- 
ted, with one of his sons, to embark from New 
York. A French fleet on the coast detained 
the vessel in the harbor ; and he was arrested as 
a spy, and kept in prison 3 months. Released, 
after examination, he sailed for Dublin, arrived 
in Dec., and Apr. 2, 1781, he reached the 
paternal roof in France, after an absence of 27 
years. He became a member of the Agric. 
Society of Caen, and introduced the cultivation 
of the potato there. His " Letters from an 
Amer. Farmer" were pub. Lond., 1782, Paris, 
1784 and 1787. His glowing and extravagant 
pictures of American life induced many fam- 
ilies to emigrate to the borders of the Ohio, 
where they suffered the extremities of famine 
and fever. In 1783, he returned to N.Y. as 
French consul. He found his house burnt, 
his wife dead, and his children in the hands of 
a stranger, Mr. Flaver, a merchant of Boston, 
who had been led to take charge of them by 
the kindness Crevecoeur had shown to prisoners 
abroad. Resigning his office in 1793, he re- 
turned to France. In 1801, he pub. at Paris, 
" Voijiige dans la Haute Pennsijlvanie," &c. St. 
John was by nature, by education, and by his 
writings, a philanthropist ; a man of serene 
temper and pure benevolence. — Uw/ckinck. 

Crittenden, George B., gen. C.S.A. Son 
of Senator Crittenden, b. Ky. West Point, 
1832. Resigned, 1833 ; connsellor-at-law, Ky., 
1835-46; capt. mounted rifles. May, 27, 1846; 
brev. major for gallantry at Contreras and 
Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847; major, March 15, 
1848; lieut.-col. Dec. 30, 1856; resigned, 10 
June, 1861, and joined the Confederate army, 
in which he was made a maj -gen., and ordered 
to S. E. Kj'., where, Jan. 19, 1862, he was de- 
feated by Gen. G. H. Thomas in the battle of 
Mill Spring, or Somerset. He was put under 
arrest ; was not released until November, and 
resigned soon afterward. 



Crittenden, Johs Jordon, lawyer and 
senator, b. Woodford Co., Ky., Sept. 10, 1786: 



d. Frankfort, Ky , July 26, 18 



When 



quite 



young, he entered the army, and, during the 
War of 1812, was an officer in Gen. Hopkins's 
exped., and was aide-de-camp to Gov. Shelby 
at the battle of the Thames. After adopting 
the profession of law, he, in 1816, was elected 
to the Ky. legisl., of which he was several years 
speaker, and was U.S. senator from Ky. in 
1817-19. From 1819 to 1835, he continued in 
the practice of his profession, residing princi- 
pally at Frankfort, and occasionally represent- 
ing his county in the State legisl. Again U.S. 
senator in 183.5-41, when he was app. attv.- 
gen. by Pres. Harrison. In Sept. 1841, he 
resigned, and resumed his seat in the U.S. 
senate in 1842. He was re-elected senator for 
six years, from March, 1843, but, in 1848, was 
elected gov. of the State, which office he held 
until his app. as atty.-gen. by Pres. Fillmore, 
in 1850; again elected to the U.S. senate in 
1855. In early life, Mr. C. belonged to the 
Repub., and, subsequently, to the Whig party. 
He was one of Mr. Clay's friends ; always 
favored the protective policy; was for a U.S. 
bank, and against the sub-treasury system; and 
opposed Calhoun's bill, in 1835, empowering 
postmasters to take from the mails documents 
hostile to slavery. He opposed the annexation 
of Texas, and strove to bring the Mexican war 
to a peaceful termination as soon as practica- 
ble. It was Mr. Crittenden, who, in 1847, in- 
troduced the bill in the senate for the relief of 
the starving in Ireland and Scotland, support- 
ing it in an eloquent and feeling speech. He 
opposed the admission of Kansas under the 
Topeka Constitution in 1856; voted against 
the repeal of the territorial laws, and in favor 
of Toombs's Kansas Bill, and in 1858 opposed 
the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton 
Constitution. He was considered the patri- 
arch of the senate, a designation to which his 
character, as well as his age, entitled him. Ho 
was an excellent, extemporaneous debater. Dur- 
ing the memorable second session of the 36th 
Congress, he proposed the plan known as the 
" Crittenden Compromise," prohibiting slavery 
north of 36° 30', admitting new States with 
or without slavery, and prohibiting the aboli- 
tion of slavery in the District of Columbia 
while it existed in Va. or Md. He re-entered 
Congress in July, 1861 ; participated in the 
chief debates, and was an ardent Union man, 
but opposed confiscation, emancipation, and 
the enlistment of negroes. 

Crittenden, Thom.^s Leonidas, brev. 

maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. UiissellviUe, Ky., 1819. 
Second son of John J. Crittenden. Studied law 
under his father ; was adm. to the bar, and be- 
came Commonwealth's atty. On the breaking- 
out of the Mexican war, he was app. vol. aide 
to Gen Taylor, in which capacity he highly 
disting. himself at Buena Vista. As lieut.-col. 
4th Ky. vols., he took part in the memorable 
battles in the Valley of Mexico under Gen. 
Scott. Gen. Taylor, on his elevation to the 
presidency, app. him consul at Liverpool 
(1849). Returning in 1853, he resided awhile 
at Frankfort, Ky., but afterward engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits at Louisville. Brig.-gen. Sept. 



231 



17, 1861, and assigned acom. under Gen. Buell. 
For gallantry at the battle of Shiloli, April 6 
and 7, 1862, he was promoted tomaj.-gen., July 
17, and assigned a division in the army of the 
Tenn. He afterward com. the 2d corps, com- 
posing the left wing of the army of the Ohio 
under Gen. Buell, and in Oct. was attached to 
Gen Rosecrans's dept. of the Cumberland, tak- 
ing part in the battles of Stone River and Chick- 
amauga, where his corps was routed, and after- 
wards com. a division of the 9th corps in the 
Va. campaign of 1864; col. 17th U.S. Inf., 
July 28, 1866 ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 
1867. 

Crocker, IIann-.\h Mather, grand-daugh- 
ter of Cotton Mather, and widow of Joseph C. 
of Taunton, b. Boston, 1765; d. Roxbury, Ms., 
July 10, 1847. Pub. " Letters on Free Mason- 
ry," 1815, with a preface by T. M. Harris; 
" The Scliool of Reform ; " " Seamen's Safe 
Pilot," &c.; "Observations on the Rights of Wo- 
man," 1818; "Statement" respecting Mad- 
am KnigJit, in the Lib. of the Antiq. Soc. at 
Worcester. Dau. of Rev. Samuel. — See Liv- 
ing Age, No. 735 ; AUihone. 

Crocker, Marcellus M., brev. maj -gen., 
vols. ; d. Washington, D.C., Aug. 1865. 
Studied 2 years at West Point; settled as a 
lawyer in Des Moines, Iowa. Maj. 2d Iowa 
vols., May, 1861 ; col. 13 July, 1861, and 
disting. at Shiloh ; brig.-gen. in the Atlanta 
campaign under Sherman. 

Crockett, Col. David, noted for eccen- 
tricity, b. Greene Co., Tenn., 17 Aug. 1786; d. 
6 MaV. 1836, at San Antonio de Bexar. Son 
of a Revol. soldier. His education was scanty ; 
but he became a noted marksman and hunter. 
Served under Gen Jackson in his Creek cam- 
paign, 1813-14; was a member of the legisl., 
and was M.C. in 1828-34, but, becoming an 
opponent of Pres. Jackson, lost popularity, and, 
in 1834, removed to Texas. At Washington, 
his singular manners and oddity of expression, 
gave him great notoriety. Engaging with zeal 
in the contest with the Mexicans, he fell, while 
heroically fighting in defence of the Alamo. 
His autobiography was pub. Phila., 1834, 
" Tour to the North and Down East," 1835 ; 
" Sketches and Eccentricities," 1847 ; " Exploits 
in Texas," "Life of Van Buren," 1835. His 
son John W., M C. 1838-43, d. Memphis, 
Tenn., 24 Nov. 1852. 

Croes, John, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1811), Pr.- 
Ep. bishop of N.J., b. Elizabethtown .'jS; d. 
New Brunswick, July 30, 1832. Oi German 
extraction. His early efforts to procure an 
education by his own exertions were retarded 
by the Revol. war, during the latter years of 
which he was engaged in defence of his coun- 
try. Ord. deacon in 1790, and, in 1792, priest. 
After officiating at Swedesborough, he was, in 
1801, invited by the societies of Christ Church, 
N. Brunswick, and St. Peter's Church, Spotts- 
wood, to become their pastor, and was at the 
same time elected principal of the Acad, at N. 
Brunswick. This charge he resigned in 1808, 
having previously resigned that of the church 
at Spottswood.and devoted himself solely to the 
church at N. Brunswick. Elected, in 1815, 
bishop of Ct., he declined the appt., and was 
consec. bishop of N. J., 19 Nov. 1815. 



Croghan (kro'-gan), Col. George, Indian 
agent, b. Ireland ; d. Passayunk, Pa., ab. Aw. 
1782. He was educated in Dublin ; settled 
near.Harrisburg, Pa. ; was an Indian trader as 
early as 1746, and, acquiring their languages 
and their confidence, became agent for the 
Colony. He was a capt. in Braddock's exped. 
in 1755 ; was employed in defence of the Wes- 
tern frontier in 1756, and in Nov. was made 
dep. Indian agent for the Pa. and Ohio Indi- 
ans by Sir W. Johnson, who in 1763 sent him 
to Eng. to confer with the ministry ab. an 
Indian boundary-line. In this voyage, he was 
shipwrecked on the coast of France. While on 
his way, in 1765, to pacify the Illinois Indians, 
he was attacked, June 8, wounded, and taken to 
Vincennes, but was soon released, and accom- 
plished his mission. In May, 1766, he made a 
settlement 4 miles above Fort Pitt. He con- 
tinuL-d to render valuable service in pacifying 
the Indians, and conciliating them to the Bri- 
tish interest until 1776. He was an object of 
suspicion to the Revol. authorities in 1778, but, 
as he continued to reside on his farm, was, 
doubtless, unjustly accused. — 0'C'a//a(7Aan. 

Croghan, George, insp.-gen. U.'S.A., b. 
near Louisville, Ky., Nov. 15, 1791 ; d. N. Or- 
leans, Jan. 8, 1849'. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1810. 
His faxher was Maj. William Croghan of the 
Revol., and his mother was a sister of Gen. 
Geo. Rogers Clarke. Aide to Col. Boyd at the 
battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, and made capt. 
17th Inf., Mar. 12, 1812. He highly disting. 
himself under Harrison, in the sortie from 
Fort Meigs ; became his aide-de-camp, rank of 
maj., Mar. 30, 1813, and, on the 1st and 2d of 
Aug. following, conducted the memorable de- 
fence of Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, 
against Gen. Proctor, with an army of 500 reg- 
ulars and 700 Indians. Maj. Croghan was brev. 
lieut.-col. for his gallantry on this occasion, 
and subsequently received from Congress a 
gold medal. Made a lieut.-col. Feb. 21, 1814; 
upon the reduction of the army at the close of 
the war, he was transferred to the 1st Inf. He 
resigned in 1817 ; was postmaster at New Or- 
leans in 1824, and was app. insp.-gen., with 
the rank of col., Dec. 21, 1825. In 1846, he 
joined Taylor's army in Mexico, and served 
with credit at the battle of Monterey. His son. 
Col. George St. John Croghas, was killed 
in a skirmish in W Va. during Floyd's retreat 
from Colton Hill, in Dec. 1861. He' invented a 
pack-saddle for mules, for conveying wounded 
men over the steep mountain-passes of W. Va., 
successfully used. 

Croix, John Baptist de la, bishop of 
Quebec, b. of a noble family of Grenoble, 
France, 1653 ; d. Quebec, Dec. 28, 1727. First 
almoner to Louis XIV., he came to Canada in 
1 685 as successor of Bishop Laval. He founded 
3 hospitals, and displayed great charity to the 
poor. 

Cronyn, Rt. Rev. Benjamin, consec. 
bishop of Huron in 1857, b. 1802. Educated 
at Trin. Coll., Dnblin. Taking orders, he held 
a pastoral charge in Canada. D. Sept. 22, 1871. 

Crook, George, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., 
b. near Dayton, 0.. Sept. 8, 1828. W. Point, 
1852. Entering the 4th Inf, he became 1st 
lieut. Mar. 1856, and capt. May 14, 1861 ; com. 



CRO 



Pitt River expcd., and wounded by an Indian 
arrow, 10 June, 1857 ; became, Sept. 12, 1861, 
col. 36th 0. vols., serving in Western Va., and, 
at the head of 1,300 men, repulsed a much 
larger body of Confederates at Louisburg, 
Greenbrier Co., Apr. 23, 1862. Brig.-gen. Sept. 
7, 1862; toolicom.of the dist. of Kanawha, and 
engaged in tlie battles of South Mountain and 
Antietara; transferred in Jan. 1863 to com. 
the 2d cavalry div. of the Army of the Cum- 
berland ; fought at Chickamauga ; defeated and 
drove the rebel Gen. Wheeler across the Ten- 
nessee with great loss ; com. the 3d div. in W. 
Va. in April, 1864; defeated and killed Gen. 
Jenkins at Cloyd Mountain, May 9; brev. 
lai.-gen. July 18, and put in com. of the army 

-— ■ lan's brilliant 

!■ 1 I'^pr-eial- 

' ,r Creek, 

- m Lee's 



of W.'Va. "hc took part 
operations in the She 
ly at Opequan, Fishc 
and in his cavalry o 



Crosby, Alpheus, scholar, b. Sandwich, 
N.H., Oct. 13, 1810. Dartm. Coll. 1827. Pre- 
ceptor of Moor's Charity School, Hanover, 
1827-8; tutor at Dartm. Coll., 1829-31 ; prof, 
of Latin and Greek there, 1833-7 ; of Greek 



Greek text-books, an edition of Xenophon's 
" Anabasis ; " " First Lessons in Geometry ; " 
and an " Essay on the Second Advent." 

Crosby, Enoch, a Revol. patriot, said to 
be the original of Cooper's " Harvey Birch," the 
" Spy," b. Harwich, Ms., Jan. 4, 1750 ; d. June 
26, 1835. During his infancy, his parents set- 
tled in South-east, Duchess Co., N.Y. He be- 
came a shoemaker, but, when the Revol. broke 
out, shouldered a musket, became engaged in 
the " secret service," and afterward iuimil the 
army under Heath, stationed in tli.^ lli-lihunU. 
The narrative of his life and luh vmui c, i.,ki-u 



surrender. Maj.-gen. vol;. -1 L>a. i-mI; Feb. 
21, 1865, he was capturi;d by guerillas, who 
surprised his quarters in the night, and was ex- 
changed Mar. 20 ; brev. brig.- gen. U. S. A. 
13 Mar. 1863, for the camp, of 1864 in W. Va; 
lieut.-col. 23d Inf , July 28, 1866 ; brev. maj.- 
gen. U. S. A. for Fisher's Hill, Y3.. — Beid's 
Ohio in ty War. 

Crooks, George R., D.D., clergyman and 
lexicographer, b. Phila., Feb. 3, 1822. Dick. 
Coll. 1840. He entered the ministry of the 
M. E. Church in 1841; labored in' Fulton, 
Knox, and Peoria Counties, III.; was chosen 
tutor in Dick. Coll. in 1842, and in 1843 be- 
came principal of the grammar school of the 
coll., and assoc. with Prof. McClintock in pre- 
paring Latin and Greek text-books. In 1846, 
he was elected adjunct prof of ancient lan- 
guages, but in 1848 resumed the pastoral oflSce. 
He has had charge of prominent churches in 
Phila., Wilmington, and New York, and holds 
a high rank as a preacher. He has pub. an 
edition of " Butler's Analogy," with an analy- 
sis, notes, and an index, and a Latin-English 
le.xicon. Contrib. to Meth. Q'larlerli/ Rev. 

Cropper, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. 
Va., 1756; d. Bowman's Folly, Aecomac Co., 
Va., Jan. 15, 1821. Capt. in the 9th Va. regt. 
in 1775, he was soon promoted to a majority in 
the 5th regt., which, at the battle of the Bran- 
dywine, was nearly cut to pieces ; was then 
made lieut.-col. of the 7th Va. regt, and was 
at the battles of Germantown and Monmouth. 
Lieut.-col. Uth regt.. May 15, 1778; afterwards 
its col. 

Cropsey, J.\sper Francis, artist, b. Stat- 
en Island, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1823. He studied 
architecture, but, on account of ill-health, de- 
voted himself to landscape-painting, and by his 
picture of Greenwood Lake, N. Y., gained a 
membership in the Acad, of Design. From 
1847 to 1850, he studied in Europe. Among 
his most successful pictures since are the 
" Sibyl's Temple," "American Harvesting," 
" Peace " and " War," " Autumn on the Hud- 
son," " Richmond Hill," and " Niagara Falls." 
From June, 1856, to 1863, he resided in Eng. 
He has executed designs for illustrated books 
of poems, compositions entitled " The Olden 
Time," "A Tournament," and " Return from 
Hawking." 



from his own lips by Capt. H. L. Harnuiii, lias 
been pub., entitled " The Spy Unmasked," 
8vo, N.Y., 1828. — iossinc;. 

Crosby, Howard, b. N.Y. City, 1826. 
Prof, of Greek in the U. of N.Y. ; chancellor, 
Nov. 18, 1870. Great-grandson of Wm. Floyd. 
Pub. "Lands of the Moslem," 8vo, 1851; 
the New Testament, with brief explan. notes. 
Editor of Sophocles' CEdipus Tvrannus. 

Crosby, Pierce, capt. U. S. N., b. Dela- 
ware Co., Pa., Jan. 16, 1823. Midshipman, 
Jan. 5, 1838; lieut. Sept. 3, 1853; com. Sept. 
2, 1862; capt. May 27, 1868; attached to 
sloop " Decatur," and present at Tabasco and 
Tuspan, Mexico ; served in Chesapeake Bay, 
1861', and sloop " Cumberland," NAB. squad- 
ron, at capture of Hatteras, where he rendered 
essential service in landing troops; com. steamer 
"Pinola," W. Gulf squad., 1862 ; co-operated in 
bombard, and capture of Forts Jackson and St. 
Philip, and N. Orleans, and in the removal of 
obstructions in the river previous to the battle ; 
and at Vicksburg, and engagement with the 
ram "Arkansas ; " com. iron-clad "Sangamon," 
1863; steamer " Florida," 1863-4, in engage- 
ment at Masonboro'Inlet,N.C.,while destroying 
four blockade-runners; com. steamer " Meta- 
comet" in attack on Mobile, and planned and 
constructed torpedo drag-nets for Blakely River, 
and com. " Shamokin," S.A. squadron, 1866-8. 
— Hamersli/. 

Cross, Trueman.coI., assist.qnartcrm.-gcn. 
U. S. A., b. Md.; killed by Mex. l.arM tr, :, ,,r 
FortBrown, Apr. 21,1846. 1 . ; 1 (, 

Apr. 27, 1814; capt. Sept. 1-1 ', .. ji- 

gen. Oct. 19, 1820;q.-mr. Mav.j, l-^<. : ,i ,-i. 
q.-mr.-gen., rank col., July 7, Isij; elm! of 
q.-mr.'s depart, of army of occupation from 
Oct. 1845 till his death. Author of " Military 
Laws of the U.S." — Gardner. 

Croswell, Andrevv, clergyman, b. 
Charlestown, Ms., 1709; d. Boston, April 12, 
1785. H.U. 1728. Ord. North Groton, Oct. 
14, 1736. After having been two years settled 
in Groton, Ct., ho was, Oct. 6, 1748, installed 
over a society in Boston, formed by persons 
from other churches. He was much engaged 
in religious controversy ; wrote a narrative of 
the new Cong. Church ; a defence of the doc- 
trine of justification, 1746; an answer to Giles 
Firmin's 8 arguments on this subject; several 



233 



CRXJ 



sermons against Arminians ; controversial 
writings with Turell, Cuiiiming, and otiiers; 
part of an exposition of Paul's journey to Da- 
mascus, 1768 r remarks on BishopWarburlon's 
sermon before the Society for Propagating the 
Gospel, 1768 ; remarks on commencement drol- 
lery, 1771, &c. 

CrOSWell, Edwin, journalist and politi- 
cian, nephew of Kev. Harry, b. Catskill, N.Y., 
29 May, 1797; d. Princeton, N.J., 13 June, 
1871. He became assist, editor of the Catskill 
Recorder, sustaining the War of 1812, and, on 
the retirement of his father, managed the paper 
so as to attract the attention of prominent pub- 
lic men. In 1824, he took charge of the Alba- 
ny Argus, which he clianged to a daily, and 
made one of the chief organs of the Democ. 
])arty. State printer, 1823— tO. He retired 
from the Arrius in 1854. He pub. addresses 
and other literary productions. 

Croswell, Haery. D.D. ( Trin.Coll. 1 831 ), 
clergyman, b. West Hartford, Ct., June 16, 
1778"; d. -New Haven, March 13,1858. Noah 
Webster was his schoolmaster. In 1802, he 
became editor and proprietor of the Balance, a 
famous Federal newspaper, at Hudson, N.Y. 
He wrote vigorously and severely of political 
opponents. An articlepublished'in the Wasp, 
a journal also under his direction, levelled at 
Jefferson, led to a libel-suit, and the celebrat- 
ed trial in which Hamilton made his last and 
one of his greatest forensic efforts. Removing 
to Albany in 1808, he established a Federal 
paper, and was again prosecuted for libel ; his 
opponent, Mr. Southwick recovering damages. 
Dissatisfied with politics, Mr. Croswell took 
deacon's orders in the Pr.-Ep. Church in 1814, 
preached at Christ Church, Hudson, N.Y , and 
in 1815 commenced his ministry at Trinity 
Church, New Haven, which terminated only 
with his death. He was the author of a me- 
moir of his son Eev. Wm. Croswell, " Rudi- 
ments of the Church," and " Family Prayers." 

Croswell, William, D.D. ( frin. Coll. 
1846), Pr.-Ep. clergyman and scholar, son of 
Dr. Harrv, b. Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 7, 1804 ; d. 
Boston, Nov. 9, 1851. Y. C. 1822. He com- 
menced the study of law at Albany, N.Y., in 
conjunction with literary labors in 1824, but in 
1826 entered the gen. theol. sem. in New 
Y'ork. He pursued his theol. studies at Hart- 
ford, in 1827, under the direction of Bishop 
Brownell, at the same time editing the Christian 
Watchman, and indultjing his poetic vein in 
compositions, among the sweetest and most pa- 
thetic in our language. Adm. in the spring of 
1 829 to the priesthood ; rector of Christ Church, 
Boston, 1829-40 ; of St. Peter's, Auburn, N.Y., 
1840-44; but in 1844 returned to Boston to 
take charge of a new parish, the Church of the 
Advent, and was involved in a controversy 
with Bishop Eastburn. A memoir of his life 
by his father, together with his poems and cor- 
respondence, was pub. in New York, 8vo, 
18.53. His life was a beautiful example of self- 
denying charity and religious devotion., 

Crowe, Fbederick, clergyman and author, 
b. Belgium ; d. N.Y. City, Nov. 7, 1858. He 
was the son of a British subject. Came to 
Balize about 1838, and established himself as 
an independent missionary; labored 13 years 



in disseminating the Scriptures in Spanish 
Amer., and was the author of a valuable his- 
torical work on Central America. He was 
expelled from San Salvador, as is said, by the 
Catholics, because he circulated the Bible, and 
intended to open a school in San Miguel. 
After being imprisoned, harassed, and at last 
driven by mob-violence from the country, he 
came to N.Y. , and soon after died. 

Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams, 
sec. navv, Dec. 1814, to Nov. 1818; M C. 
I82.';-31 ; b. Boston, Dec. 27, 1772; d. there, 
Feb. 3, 1851 ; State senator, 1811, '22, '23. 

Cruger, Henry, jim., politician, b. N.Y. 
City. 1739; d. there Apr. 24, 1827. Henry, 
his father, merchant, and member of the as- 
sembly and council of N.Y., went to Eng. for 
his health, and d. Bristol, Feb. 8, 1780, a. 78. 
He established himself in trade in Bristol with 
his father, succeeding him as mayor in 1781. 
Elected to parliament as the colleague of Burke 
in 1774, and re-elected in 1784, he advocated 
upon all occasions a conciliatory course toward 
his countrymen. He retorted with such sever- 
ity upon Col. Grant, who stated in parliament 
that the Americans would never dare to face 
an English army, as to be called to order by 
the speaker. After the war, he was a merchant 
in N.Y., and was elected to the State senate 
while still a member of parliament. A bro., 
J. H., was a col. in the royal army ; another, 
a merchant of N.Y., was identified with the 
Whigs, and a friend of Gen. Washington. 

Cruger, John, uncle of Henry ; d. N.Y. 
City, 1791-2, a. 82. Mayorof N.Y. City, 1764; 
speaker of the assembly, 1765; a proposer, 
and afterward a prominent member, of the first 
N.Y. Prov. Congress in 1775. The Declaration 
of Rights issued by that body was written by 
him. 

Cruger, Lieht.-Col. John Harris, 
loyalist, b. N.Y. City, 1738; d. London, June 
3, 1807. Nephew of John, and brother of 
Henry. He succeeded his father Henry as a 
member of the council, and at the beginning 
of the Revol. was also chamberlain of N.Y. 
City. He was a son-in-law of Col. Delancey, 
and com. the 1st batt. of his loyalist corps. 
Captured at a plantation in Belfast, Ga., in 
June, 1780, but was soon exchanged for Col. 
John Mcintosh. In Sept. he made a forced 
march to Augusta to relieve Col. Browne, and 
arrived most opportunely. His corps formed 
the British centre at the battle of Eutaw 
Springs, and was disting. His defence of 
Ninety-Six, when attacked by Greene in May, 
1781, backed by the engineering skill of 
Kosciusko, and until relieved by Rawdon, 
earned for him great and just applause. His 
property was confiscated; and he went to Eng. 
after the war. 

Cruse, Peter Hoffman, b. Baltimore, 
1793; d. 1832. He edited the Baltimore 
American several years, and contrib. largely to 
reviews. Some of his poetry will be found in 
" The Red Book," a periodical pub. in Bal- 
timore, 1818-19, by Mr. Cruse and J. P. Ken- 
nedy. — Allihone. 

Cruttenden, Datid H., b. Saratoga Co., 
N.Y., 1816. Un. Coll. 1841. Author of a 
series of " Systematic Arithmetics," " Philos- 



234 



ophy of Sententiul Language ;"" Geography 
and History combined," &c. — Allibone. 

Cudworth, Gen. James; d.Eng.,1682,a. 
ab. 70. Son of Rev. Ralph, and bro. of Ralph 
Cudworth, D.D., author of " The Intellectual 
System of the Universe." He came to Ply- 
mouth in 1634; soon removed to Seituate ; 
was several years assist, and one of the council 
of war. He com. the Plymouth troops in 
Philip's war; was next in military renown to 
Standish, and was a brave and prudent officer. 
Independent in his opinions, and tolerant, 
he opposed the severe measures against the 
Quakers, and was therefore unpopular. He 



ters on public business as are still extant afford 
evidence of a good education. Dcp. gov. 1681. 

Cufiee, Paul, a philanthropic negro sea- 
capt., b. on one of the Elizabeth Isles, near 
N. Bedford, Ms., 1759; d. Sept. 7, 1818. His 
father, a native of Africa, was once a slave ; 
his mother was of Indian extraction. A com- 
manding presence, strong common sense, and 
untiring industry and enterprise, procured him 
a handsome fortune in seafaring pursuits. He 
was an esteemed member of the society of 
Friends. He encouraged the emigration of 
the free people of color in this country to 
Sierra Leone. In 1815, he carried thither 38 
emigrants, 30 at his own expense, furnishing 
them, on arrival, with means of subsistence ; 
spending in this enterprise nearly S4,000. He 
pub. in 1812 a brief account of the colony of 
Sierra Leone. 

Cullum, George Washington, brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. City, Feb. 25, 1812. 
West Point, 1833. Entering the engr. corps, 
lie bet.ime capt. July 7, 1B38; maj. Aug. 6, 
1861; licut.-col. Mar. 3, 1863; col. Mar. 7, 
1867. He was employed in the construction 
of Fort Adams and o'ther works at Newport, 
R.I. ; from 1838 to 1848, he superintended the 
erection of Fort Trumbull, and the battery at 
Fort Griswold, New London, Ct., and from 
1846 to 1848 of Forts Warren, Independence, 
and Winthrop, in Boston harbor. From 1848 
to 1855, he was instructor of practical engineer- 
ing at West Point, during which time he spent 
two years in foreign travel for his health, and 
in 1853-4 constrncted the N.Y. assay office. 
He was also, in 1848, com. of sappers, miners, 
and pontoniers in the army. He afterward 
superintended the construction of the fortifica- 
tions and other public works in N. and S. 
Carolina, and in 1858 took charge of those at 
N. Bedford, Newport, N. London, and New 
York, on the Sound. Early in 1861, he was 
ordered to Washington ; served as aide-de-camp 
to Gen. Scott, with the rank of col. Nov. 1, 
1861, he was made a brig.-gen. of vols., and 
app. chief of staff and engrs. to Gen. Halleck, 
serving through the campaign before Corinth, 
and accomp. him to Washington. While at 
the West, he also had com. for some time at 
Cairo, III., and in 1861—4 was a member of the 
U.S. sanitary comraiss. ; supt. U.S. military 
acad., 8 Sept. 1864 to 28 Aug. 1866; brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, 
services in the Rebellion. Gen. Cullum has 
pub. a " Register of the Officers and Graduates 



of the U.S. Military Academy," 1850 ; " Mili- 
tary Bridges with India-Ruhber Pontoons," 
1849, 2d ed., 1863 ; a translation of Duparcq's 
" Elements of Military Art and History," 1863, 
and " Biog. Register of the Officers and Grad. 
of West Point," 2 vols., 1368. 

Culpepper, John, a surveyor-gen. and 
political leader in the Carolinas, was a refugee 
from the Southern or Clarendon colony, and 
in 1678 headed an insurrecrion in the Northern 
or Albemarle colony, in favor of popular lib- 
erty. Under his lead, the people deposed tne 
pres. and deputies of the proprietaries, seized 
the public funds, app. new magistrates and 
judges, called a parliament, and took all the 
functions of govt, into their own hands. Cul- 
pepper was then sent to Eng. to negotiate a 
compromise. Indicted for high-treason, he 
was, through the influence of Shaftesbury, ac- 
quitted ; returned to Carolina, and in 1680 laid 
out the city of Charleston. — Applelon. 

Culpepper, Thomas, Lord. gov. of Va., 
1680-3 ; d. 1719. He was one of the grantees 
of the territory of Va., and in 1669 purchased 
of his co-grantees their rights between the Rap- 
pahannock and Potomac Rivers. He had been 
one of the commissioners for plantations in 
July, 1675. He was an able but an artful and 
covetous man. His estate descended to his 
dan.. Lady Fairfax. Returning to Eng. in 
] 683, in violation of his orders, he was arrested 
immediately on liis arrival ; and having re- 
ceived presents from the assembly, contrary to 
his instructions, a jury of Middlesex found that 
he had forfeited his commission. 

Culvert, George, a head chief and war- 
rior of the Choctaw nation, b. 1744; d. Fort 
Towson, Ark., Nov. 4, 1839; served under 
Washington in the Revol., and received from 
him a com. of maj. of militia in the U.S. ser- 
vice, and a sword. He served under Wayne, 
and also under Jackson, against theScminoks, 
in 1814. For his bravery, Jackson presented 
him with a col's, com., and afterward (during 
his presidency) with a sword. He educated 
his sons, and established them on plantations 
among his people. He was, physically and 
mentally, a great man. 

Cummmg, Alfred, brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Ga., 1829 ; killed at the battle of Jonesboro', 
Ga., Sept. 1, 1864. West Point, 1849. Capt. 
10th Inf., 20 July, 1856 ; res. Jan. 19, 1861, and 
entered rebel army. — Cullum. 

Cumming, Gen. John Noble, Revol. 
officer; d. Newark, N.J., July 6, 1821, a 69. 
N.J. Coll. 1774. He was a relative of Rev. 
Alex. His son. Rev. Hooper Cumming, D.D., 
minister of Newark, d. Charleston, S.C., Dec. 
1825. N.J. Coll. 1805. 

Cumming, Major-Gen. Robert, naval 
officer of the Revol.; d. Libertytown, Md., 
Feb. 14, 1826, a. 70. 

Cumming, William, col., b. Ga., 178S ; 
d. Augusta, Ga., Feb. 1863. App. maj. 8th 
Inf., 25 Mar. 1813; wounded at the battle of 
Chrystler's Fields, 11 Nov. 1813; adj.-gen., 
rank of col., 16 Feb. 1814 to 31 Mar. 1815; 
severely wounded at Lundy's Lane ; app. maj.- 
gen. 3 Mar. 1847, declined. He studied at the 
Litchf. Law School, but, inheriting a fortune, 
never practised. He wounded McDviffie in a duel. 



CXTM 



235 



CummingS, Asa, D.D. (B.C. 1847), min- 
ister of North Yarmouth, Me., 1821-9; editor 
of the Chnslhn J/otoj, Portland, from 1826 to 
1856; b. Andover, Ms., Sept. 29, 1790 ; d. at 
sea, June 5, 1856, while returning fiom Pana- 
ma. II.U. 1817. Tutor at Bond. Coll. 1819- 
20 He iHib. " Memoirs of Dr. Payson." 

CummingS, IIenut, D.D. (H.U. 1800), 
divinr, i, III, I,-, \,1I., Sept. 28, 17.'39 ; d. Bal- 
tiniM. ^ I . ;. H. U. 1760. Ord. at 

Buliiih l,i _'. i:(>3. Many years settled 

at IMhi,. ,, \;- l'..iirteen of his occasional 
disccHu^es were pill).— .4//e«. 

CummingS, J,\cob A., teacher and book- 
seller of Boston, b. Hollis, N.H., Nov. 2, 1772 ; 
d. Feb. 24, 1820. H. U. 1801. He pub. some 
elementary sehool-buoks, " New-Testament 
Questions," 1817; "Geography, Ancient and 
Alodern." 

CummingS, Joseph, D.D. , LL.D., pres. 
of the Wesl. U.. Middleiown.Ci., b. Falnioulh, 
Me., March 3, 1817. We»l U. 1840. Hebe- 
came prof, of niituial seiiMice in the Amenia 
Sem., N.Y., and priiR-ipal in 1843. He was 
licen.sed to preach in 1841 ; in 1846 joined the 
N. E. conrcrence ; was iu 1853 app. prof, of 
theolo;;y in the Meth. gen. biblical institute at 
Concord, N.H. ; pres. of Geneva College, 1854- 
7, and of Wesleyan U. since 1857; D.D. of 
Wes. U. 1854; LL.D. of the North-western 
U. 1866. 

Cummins, Ebenkzek H., clergyman 
and author, b. N.C. ; d. Washington, Jan. 17, 
1833. Frank. Coll. 1804. He was educated 
for the bar in Ga.; served in the State legisl.,then 
entered the marine corps; afterward studied di- 
vinity, and settled in Baltimore, where he was 
a magistrate. Author of a " History of the 
Late War," 8vo, Bait., 1820; " Geography of 
Ala.," 1819. 

Cummins, Feascis, D.D. (U. of Ga. 
1820), Presb. clergyman, b. nearShippensburg, 
Pa., 1752 ; d, Greenesboro', Ga., 22 Feb. 1832. 
A. M. of N.J. Coll. 1787. He was a Revol. 
patriot ; and his name is connected with the 
celebrated Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- 
pendence of May, 1775 ; licensed by the pres- 
bytery of Orange, N.C, 15 Dec. 1780; mem- 
ber of the S.C. convention, to consider the 
U.S. Constitaiion in 1778. For 53 years, he 
was pastor of different churches in S.C. and Ga. 
— Spragne. 

Cummins, Maria S., novelist, b. Salem, 
Apr. 10, 1827 ; d. Dorchester, Ms., Oct. 1, 1866. 
Dau. of Judge David. Author of "Lamp- 
lighter," 1853; " El Fureidis," 1860; "Mabel 
Vaughan," 1857 ; " Haunted Hearts," and 
other novels. She was a contrib. to the Atlan- 
tir. Monthltj and Young Folks. Her first book 
attained a sale of 100,000. 

Cunha Barbosa (Koon'-ya bar-bo'-sii), 
Januaeio iiA, Brazilian prelate and states- 
man, b. July 10, 1780 ; d. Feb. 22, 1846. He 
was chaplain of John VI., and afterward prof, 
of moral philosophy. Dec. 15, 1821, he estab- 
lished, in conjunction with Ledo, a" political 
journal at Rio de Janeiro, favoring Brazilian 
independence. After this had been declared, 
Cunha was, at the instigation of his enemies, 
arrested Dec. 7, 1822, and banished to France. 
To repair this injustice, he was app. in 1824 



canon of the imperial chapel. In 1826, he be- 
came a member of the assembly. In concert 
with Gen. Cunha, he founded "the Hist, and 
Geog. Society of Rio de Janeiro. He also ed- 
ited a political journal favorable to the govt., 
and an agricultural paper. He was also impe- 
rial historiographer, and director of the nation- 
al library. He left a small vol. of poems. — Ap- 
pklon. 

Cunba Mattos, Ratmdnde Jose da, 
Brazilian gen. and author, b. Faro, Prov. of Al- 
garve_ Nov. 2, 1776; d. March, 1840. Heentered 
the Portuguese army in 1790, served 3 years in 
the south of France, and 18 years in Africa, 
then served in Rio Janeiro, and was afterwards 
acting gov. of St. Thomas. In 1817, he re- 
turned to Brazil, com. the art. of Pernambu- 
co, and subsequently governed the province of 
Goyaz. He pub. a work on the interior of 
Brazil, in 1836. Removing to Rio de Janeiro 
in 1826, he was elected to the legisl. ; directed 
the military acad. of Rio in 1832, and was 
soon after made com.-in-chief of the Brazilian 
army. He was sec. for life of the Industrial 
Aid Society, and one of the founders, and for 
several years vice-prcs., of the Hist. Society of 
Rio de Janeiro. 

Cunningham, Gen. Robeet, loyalist; d. 
Nassau, New Providence, 1813, a. 74. In 1769, 
he settled in the dist. of Ninety-Six, and be- 
came a judge; imprisoned by tlie Whigs in 
Charleston, in 1775-July, 1776; made a brig.- 
gen. of loyalists in 1780, and placed in com. 
of a garrison in S.C. He removed to Nassau, 
N.P. The British Govt, compensated him for 
his losses, and gave him an annuity. 

Cunningham, William, prov.-marshal 
of the British army in New York during 
the Revol. war, was executed for forgery at 
London Dock, Aug. 10, 1791. (See his con- 
fession in Ms. Centinel, Feb. 15, 1792.) Of 
re starved 
privately 
hung without ceremony. 

Curry, Daniel, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1852), 
clergyman and author, b. near Peekskill, N.Y., 
Nov."26, 1809. Wesl. U., Ct., 1837. Princi- 
pal of the Troy Conference Acad., 1837. In 
1839 he removed to Ga , where he was sta- 
tioned successively at Athens, Savannah, and 
Columbus. He entered the N.Y. Conference 
in 1844. After having been stationed in the 
cities of N.Y., N. Haven, Brooklyn, and Hart- 
ford, he was, in 1854-7, pres. of the Indiana 
Asbuiy U. Returning to Brooklyn, he was, 
in 1858, pastor of the church in Middletown, 
and in 1862, at 37th St., N.Y. City. He has 
contrib. to the magazines of the day. Author 
of " Life of Wycliffe, and " Metropolitan City 
of America." He has also edited Southey's 
"Life of Wesley." Ed. of the Christian Ad- 
vocata since 1864. 

Curry, Jabez Lafayette Monroe, 
politician, b. Lincoln Co., Ga., June 5, 1825; 
removed in 1838, with his family, to Talladega 
Co., Ala. U. of Ga. 1843 ; H.U. Law School 
in 1845, and became a disting. lawyer. Mem- 
ber of the Ala. H. of representatives in 1847, 
'53, and '55; and in 1857-61, M.C., distin- 
guishing himself as a debater. Jan. 7, 1861, 
he joined the other representatives of Ala. at 



Washington in advising the immediate seces- 
sion of tlie State. He was a member of the 
Confed. Congress. After the war, he became 
Baptist preacher, and pres. of Howard Coll., 



Ala 



1865. 



Curtin, Andrew Gregg, statesman, b. 
Bellefonte, Pa., Apr. 28, 1817. Adm. to the 
bar in 1839, and practised at Bellefonte. He 
canvassed the State for Clay in 1844, and for 
Taylor in 1848. From 1855 to 1858, he was 






ipt. 



schools 



sec. of 

Pa. In 1 860, he was elected gov. by theRepiib. 
party. When the civil war broke out in 1861, 
he was zealous in organizing troops, and in 
May, 1861, in a message to the legisl., advised 
the establishment of a reserve-corps, which ren- 
dered important service to the country. He 
was re-elected in 186.3, and was one of the lead- 
ing spirits among the loyal govs, of the North- 
ern States during the civil war. He was active 
in the election of Gen. Grant, who app. him 
minister to Russia in Apr. 1869. 

Curtis, Alva, M.D.,b.N.H., 1797. Edit- 
ed Physkv-Med. Recorder 20 years in Cincin. 
Author of "Medical Discussions," 12mo, 18.33; 
" Lectures on Obstetrics," 8vo, 1838 ; " Theory 
and Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 1842, repub. 
in Eng. ; "Medical Criticisms," 1856. — AI- 
libone. 

Curtis, Benjamin Eobbins, LL.D. (H.U. 
1852), jurist, b. Watertown, Ms., Nov. 4, 1809. 
H.U. 1829. Adm. to the bar in 1832, he com- 
menced practice atNorthfield, Ms., but in 1834 
removed to Boston, where he took high rank. 
App. to the bench of the U.S. Supreme Court 
in Sept. 1851, he resigned in the autumn of 
1857, and has since practised his profession in 
Boston. He was two years in the Ms. H. of 
representatives. In Mar. 1868, he was one of 
the counsel for Pres. Johnson before' the Court 
of Impeachment. Author of" Reports of U.S. 
Circuit Court," 2 vols., 1857 ; " Decisions of 
the U.S. Sup. Court," 22 vols. ; " Digest " of 
the same to 1854, 8vo, Boston. 

Curtis, George Ticknor, jurist and 
author, bro. of B. R. Curtis, b. Watertown, 
Ms., Nov. 28, 1812. H.U. 1832. Adm. to the 
Suffolk bar, Aug. 1836, and representative in 
1840-4. Mr. Curtis has pub. " Rights and 
Duties of Merchant Seamen," " Digest of the 
Decisions of the Courts of Common Law and 
Admiralty," 2 vols. ; also of " Cases in the 
Amer. and English Courts of Admiralty," 
"American Conveyancer," " Treatise on the 
Law of Patents," "Equity Precedents," a 
ract, entitled " The Rights of Conscience 
and Property, " a treatise on the " Law of 
Co])ynght," and a "Life of Daniel Webster," 
2 vols., 8vo. He has also delivered a course of 
12 lectures on the History of the U.S. Con- 
stitution. In 1854-8, ha pub. " Commentaries 
on the Jurisprudence, Practice, and Peculiar 
Jurisdiction, of the Courts of the U.S." His 
best known work is a " History of the Origin, 
Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution 
of the U.S.," 2 vols., 1855-8. 

Curtis, George William, author, b. 
Providence, R.I., Feb. 24, 18i!4. His mother, 
was a dau. of Senator Burrill of R.I. He re- 
ceived his early education at Jamaica Plain, 
Ms. When he was 15, his father removed to 



N.Y., where he was one year in a counting- 
house. In 1 S42, he went with his elder brother 
to reside with the Brook Farm Assoc, where 
he remained 18 months, and also spent a similar 
period in Concord, Ms., engaged in agriculture 
and study, and enjoying the society of Emer- 
son and Hawthorne. In 1846, lie went to 
Europe, and, after a year in Italy, entered the 
U.of Berlin, witnessingtherevol. scenesof 1848. 
The 2 following years he spent chiefly in travel 
in Europe, Egypt, and Syria. He returned to 
the U.S. in 18"50. Joining the editorial staff- 
of the N.Y. Tribune, a series of letters to that 
journal afterwards appeared, entitled "Lotus 
Eating." He was one of the orijjinal editors 
of Putnam's Montldi/, and, in the attempt to save 
its creditors from loss by the failure of the pub- 
lishers, sunk his entire private fortune. As a 
lyceum lecturer since 1853, he has met with 
great success. In the presidential canvass of 
1856, he enlisted with great zeal as a public 
speaker on behalf of the Repub. party. He has 
delivered several poems and orations before 
literary bodies. In the winter of 1858, he ad- 
vocated the rights of women in a lecture en- 
titled " Fair Play for Women." Hehas contrih. 
to, andfor many years edited. Harpers' Monthly, 
and since 1857 tlarpers' Weekly. Author of 
" The Potiphar Papers," a series of satiric 
sketches of society ; " Trumps," a novel ; 
" Nile-Notes of a Howadji," 1850 ; " Howadji, 
in Syria," 1852; " Prue and I," 1856. He 
edited A. J. Downing's " Rural Essays," with 
a memoir. 

Curtis, Samoel Ryan, maj.-gen. vols., 
b. O., Feb. 3, 1807; d. Council Bluffs, la., 
Dec. 25, 1866. WestPoint, 1831. Hisfamily 
was from Ct. Resigning from the army in 
1 832, he studied and practised law, and was in 
1837-40 engr. of the Muskingum Works. As 
col. 2d 0. vols., he served under Taylor, and as 
assist adj. -gen. to Gen. Wool in the Mexican 
war, and was for a time gov. of SaltlUo, Mex. 
He was afterward engaged in engineering at 
the West; settled as a lawyer at Keokuk, la., 
in 1855, and was M.C. in 1857-61. Here he 
was identified with the Repub. party and with 
the Pacific Railroad project. Member of the 
peace congress, 1861. When the Rebellion 
broke out, he became col. 2d la. vols. ; app. 
brig.-gen. May 17, 1861, and maj.-gen. Mar. 21, 
1862. He com. the army operating in S. W. 
Mo , and gained the victory of Pea Ridge over 
Price and McCuUoch, Mar. 6-8, 1862. He was 
in com. at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., during the 
Price raid in Oct. 1S64, and co-operated in 
the pursuit anl lii :> i; .1 I'l ]ri_''s army. U.S. 
commis. to n - mix, Cheyennes, 

and other Iiiii :it ; i \ lu -Nov. 1865, and 

to examine ill' I'm -n I'l .u; Railroad, Nov. 
1865 to Apr. 186C. 

CurtiSS, Abbt Allin, poet, b. Pomfret, 
Ct., 15 Sept. 1820. Daniel Allin, her father, 
was a sea-captain of Providence, R I. Her 
first piece, " Take me Home to Die," app. in 
Neal's Gazette in 1846. In Sept. 1852, she m. 
Daniel S. Curtiss, farmer-editor of Chicago, 
and resides at Madison, Wis. Author of 
"Home Ballads," Boston, 1 850. — Poefs am/ 
Poetri/ of the West. 

Curwen, SAMCEL,a merchant and loyalist, 



237 



cus 



the ministr 


•y, bii 


It cn< 


suits in Sill 


L'vn.s 


ind ii 


a capt. in I 


'e,,,K^ 


i-'-l''- 


Louisbu,-. 


In 1 




post officer 


■ l"i- 


1 


judge of tl 


w A 




country in 


.M;iy 


. i ' 7 


til thc':u,ii 




• ■< i; 



Salem, Ms., Dec. 28, 1715; d. there Apr. 9, 
J02. Son of Rev. George. He was educated for 
ijaged in commercial pur- 
II the winter of 1 744-5 was 
: nrri ,• f;i! pxped. against 
■"■: 1 i I, wasapp. im- 
. I II. I in 1775 was 

I :» I in,t. He left his 
i, iitiil rcMilcd abroad un- 
7si, wlicu lie returned to 
his naiiv.. mun IIin .lonrnal and Letters were 
pub. in IML', \siili iniiiccs of his fellow-loyal- 
ists, by iliu ediior, Geo. A. Ward of N. Y. 

Cu'shing, Caleb, LL.D. (H. U. 1852), 
politician, orator, and jurist, b. Salisbury, Ms., 
Jan. 17, 1800. H. U. 1817. His father ac- 
quired a handsome fortune in the shipping 
business. He studied law at Cambridge ; was 
tutor of mathematics and natural philos. two 
years, and tlnii remoyed to Newburyport to 
practi-r ' IV I I 1 :j",-r,, he seryed in the State 



legi: 



iV. Ai, 



lie, 



torieal and legal subjc 



Europe, publishing, 
ices of Spain," and 

Krance." He also 
>ieii}, mainly on his- 

In 1833-4', he was 



again elected to the legisl., and was M. C. from 
1835 to 1843. During the administration of 
Tyler, Mr. Gushing was one of the few AVhigs 
who sustained the course of that Pres. in aban- 
doning his political friends ; since \vhich, he has 
been connected with the Democ. party. App. 
by Pres. Tyler commissioner to China in 1843, 
he negotiated an important treatyin 1844. Re- 
turning to Newburyport in 1846, he was again 
elected to the legisl., in which he was the most 
prominent member. He advocated the policy 
of the Mexican war, advanced the money from 
his own means for equipping the Ms. regt., of 
which he was chosen col., accorap. it to the Rio 
Grande in the spring of 1847, and April 14, 
1847, was app. a brig.-gen. While in Mexico, 
in 1847, he was the Democ. candidate for gov. 
of Ms., and was defeated. In 1850, he was a 
5th time elected to the legisl., and was mayor 
of Newburyport ; in 1852 was made a justice 
of the State Superior Court; was atty.-gen. 
under Pres. Pierce, 1853-7, and, on his return 
liome was again re-elected to the legisl., remain- 
ing until 1860. In 1860, he was pres. of the 
Democ. convention at Charleston, S. C. In 
July, 1866, he was app. one of three to re- 
vise and codify the laws of the U. S. His lit- 
erary, historical, and political productions, as 
well as his orations and addresses, have been 
very numerous. He delivered a poem before 
the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1819, and an 
oration on the Durability of the Federal Union, 
on taking his degree. In 1826, he pub. a " His- 
tory of Newburyport," and a treatise on " The 
Practical Principles of Political Economy ; " 
"Growth and Territorial Progress of the 
U. S.," 8vo, 1839; "Life of Wm. H. Harri- 
son," Boston, 12mo, 1840. 

Gushing, Jonathan Peter, pres. of 
Hamp. Sid. CoU., 1821-.15, b. Rochester, N.H., 
March 12, 1793; d Raleigh, N.C., April 25, 
1835. Dartm. Coll. 1817. He purchased with 
the proceeds of his overwork, as an apprentice, 
the remainder of his time, and entered Phil- 
lips (Exeter) Acad., where, by working at his 



trade a portion of the time each day, and by 
school-keeping, he paid his expenses, and went 
through college. To restore his health, he 
went South; became a tutor in Hamp. Sid. 
Coll. in Nov. 1817; prof, of chemistry and nat- 
ural philos., 1819-21. This institution, then 
disorganized and broken down, was, by his ex- 
ertions built up and placed high in rank among 
kindred institutions. The labor and responsi- 
bility of the enterprise exhausted his strength, 
and hastened his death. 

Gushing, Luther Stearns, jurist, b. Lu- 
nenburg, June 22, 1803; d. Boston, June 22, 
1856. Camh. Law School, 1826. He for some 
years conducted The Jurist and Law. Magazine 
in Boston ; was clerk of the house from 1832 to 
1844; representative in 1844; judge of C C.P., 
1844 to 1848, and subsequently reporter of the 
decisions of the Supreme Court. In 1845, he 
pub. a " Manual of Parliamentary Practice ; " 
"Elements of the Law and Practice of Legis- 
lative Assemblies," 1855; 12 vols. Ms. Sup. 
Court Reports; "In trod, to the Study of Roman 
Law," 1854; and " Rules of Proceeding and 
Debates in Deliberative Assemblies," 1854. 
He transl. " Pothier on Contracts," 1839. 

Gushing, Nathan, jurist, b. Sept. 24, 
1742; d. Scituate, Ms., Nov. 3, 1812. H. U. 
1763. Counsellor, and judge Ms. Sup. Court, 
1800-12. 

Gushing, Col. Nathaniel, Revol. officer, 
b. Pembroke, Ms., Apr. 8, 1753 ; d. Marietta, 
O., Aug. 1814. Lieut, in Brewer's regt. in 
July, 1775; capt. in R. Putnam's regt. from 
1777 to the close of the war ; was in many ac- 
tions ; surprised Col. Delancey's loyalist corps 
in May, 1780, and brev. major in 1782. Emi- 
grated to Belpre, Ohio, in 1789. 

Gushing, Thomas, LL.D. (H. U. 1785), 
Revol. statesman, b. Boston, Mar. 24, 1725; 
d. Feb. 28, 1788. H. U. 1744. Son of Thos,, 
speaker of the H. from 1742 to his il., 11 Apr. 
1746. Many years a representative from Bos- 
ton ; and when Otis, who had been chosen 
speaker, was negatived by the gov., he was 
elected in his place, filling it until 1774, when 
he was a member of the Prov. Congress, and 
of the Congress which met at Phila. On his 
return, he was elected to the council ; was com- 
missary-gen. in 1775 ; judge of the C. C.P.,and 
of Probate in Suffolk Co., in 1777 ; declined 
a seat in the Cont. Congress in 1779, and was 
lieut.-gov. of Ms. from 1779 until his death, 
and acting gov. in 1785. His signature being 
affixed to all public papers, as speaker of the 
house, caused him to be regarded in Great Bri- 
tain as the leader of the Whigs in this country. 
Dr. Johnson, in his " Taxation no Tyran- 
ny," says, " One object of the Americans is 
said to be to adorn the brows of Mr. Cushing 
with a diadem." He was the devoted friend 
and counsellor of Hancock, and the friend and 
corresp. of Franklin, from whom he received 
the letters of Hutchinson and others, that pro- 
duced so great an effect at the time. He was a 
commissioner of the Society in London for 
Propagating the Gospel in N. E., and one of 
the founders of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences. He was moderate and conciliatory 
in character, and possessed great influence. 

Gushing, Thomas Humphrey, brig.-gen. 



CTJS 



U.S.A., b. 1755; d. N. London, Ct., Oct. 19, 
1822. With his bro. Nathaniel, he served 
through the Revol. war, and was a sergeant 
under him in Arnold's naval battle on Lake 
Champlain ; was app. capt. 2d Inf., March 4, 
1791; maj. 1st sub. legion, March 3, 1793; 
insp. Fel). 24, 1797; adj. and insp. April 1, 
1802 ; liout.-col. 2d Inf. ; col. Sept. 7, 1805 ; 
adj.-gen. and brig.-gen. Jnly, 1812; app. col- 
lector of New London, Jan. 1816. He fought 
a duel with Mr. Lewis, M. C. from Va., in 
which his life was saved by his watch, which 
was struck by his adversary's ball. An account 
of his trial by court-martial was pub. in 1812. 

Cushing, Thomas Pahkman, a public- 
spirited merchant of Boston, b. Ashburnhani, 
Ms., 1787; d. Boston, Nov. 23, 1854. By his 
will, he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, 
supposed to amount to $150,000, for the main- 
tenance of 2 schools in his native town. 

Gushing, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1785), 
jurist, b. Scituate, March 1, 1732; d. there 
Sept. 13, 1810. H.U. 1751. He was the de- 
scendant of Matthew of Boston, 1638, whose 
grandson John, judge of the Supreme Court 
in 1728, d. Scituate, Jan. 19, 1737, a. 75. His 
father John, also a judge of the Supreme 
Court, d. 1772; was one of the presiding judges 
at the trial of the Brit, soldiers for the massacre 
at Boston, March 5, 1770. He studied law 
with J. Gridley ; was atty.-gen. of Ms. ; judge 
of Probate, Pownalboro', Lincoln Co., Me., 
1768; judge of the Ms. Superior Court, 1772 ; 
chief-justice, 1777; judge of the Supreme Ju- 
dicial Court, 1782, and at the beginning of the 
Revol., alone among the high in office, sup- 
ported the rights of his country. First chief- 
justice of the State under the constitution of 
1788; asso. justice U.S. Supreme Court, Sept. 
27,1789; he was, in 1796, nominated by W^ash- 
ington chief-justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 
which honor lie declined. In 1788, he was 
vice-pres. of the Ms. convention ; was a found- 
er and member of the Am. Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences in 1780. He was an eloquent speaker, 
and invincible at town-meetings. 

Gushing, William B., lieut.-com. U.S.N., 
b. Wis., Nov. 24, 1842. App. from N.Y., Sept. 
24, 1857 ; resigned. Mar. 23, 1861 ; le-app. act- 
ing officer, 1861; lieut. July 16, 1862; lieut.- 
com. Oct. 22, 1864. There was not a year 
during the war that Lieut. C. did not disting. 
himself by some perilous adventure. Nov. 23, 
1862, he was ordered in the steamer " Ellis " to 
capture Jacksonville, and destroy salt-works, if 
any, in New River Inlet. After performing 
this duty successfully," The EHis " got aground. 
Lieut. Cushing fired her, and escaped in a 
small boat, receiving special commendation for 
his coolness, courage, and conduct in this af- 
fair. For his daring exploit on the night of 
Oct. 27, 1864, in blowing up the rebel ram 
" Albemarle," at Plymouth, he received a vote 
of thanks from Congress, and a complimen- 
tary letter from the sec. of the navy. In this 
affair his boat was sunk ; and Lieut. Cushing 
escaped by swimming ashore, and making use 
of a picket-boat belonging to the rebels, with 
which he reached the fleet. He com. the 
steamer " Maumce," Asiatic squadron, 1868-9. 
— Hamersly. 



Gushman, Charlotte Saunders, an 
eminent actress, b. Bosion, July 23, 1816. At 
the age of 12, she contributed to the support 
of her family by her fine voice; and she was 
advised by the celebrated Mrs. Wood to culti- 
vate it for the stage. April 18, 1835, she made 
her d^bid at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, as 
the countess in " The Marriage of Figaro." 
Accepting an engagement at N. Orleans, her 
voice fiiiled her. Determining to become an 
actress, under the tuition of Mr. Burton, she 
studied the part of Lady Macbeth, in which 
she appeared with complete success. She 
played for 3 years to large audiences at the 
Bowery and a"t the Park, N.Y., in a great vari- 
ety of parts, and brought out her younger sis- 
ter Susan, taking herself the chief male parts ; 
and for one season, in Phila., they played all the 
principal characters. She afterwards directed 
one of the Phila. theatres, until invited by Mr. 
Alacready, in 1844, to accompany him on a 
professional tour in the Northern States, in the 
course of which she played with success the 
higher range of tragic parts. In 1845, she ap- 
peared at the Princess's Theatre, Loud., as Bi- 
anca in "Fazio." Her reception was enthusi- 
astic ; and for 84 nights she appeared in a vari- 
ety of characters. With her sister, she acted 
for several years at the Haymarket Theatre, 
Lond., and in the chief provincial towns. In 
1849, she revisited the U.S., and played Meg 
Merrilies in " Guy Mannering." She has since 
played both in Eng. and Amer. Her sister 
Susan was m. in. March, 1848, to Dr. James 
S. Muspratt of Liverpool. 

Gushman, Henky Wtles, Ucut.-gov. of 

Ms., 1851-2,b.Bernardston,Ms.,9 Aug. 1805; 
d. there 21 Nov. 1863. Descended from Rob- 
ert. He studied at the Norwich Milit. Acad. ; 
was a member of the legisl. in 1837, '39, '40, 
and '44, and of the Const. Conv., 18.53. He 
held many public and private trusts, and was 
a member of the N.E. H.andG. Soc, and many 
years pres. of the Franklin Co. Agric. Soc. 
Author of the Cusbman Genealogy, 1855. He 
had nearly completed a Hist, of Bernardston, 
at the time of his d. — See Geneal. Register, 
1864. 

Gushman, Robekt, one of the foimders 
of Plymouth Colony, b. Eng. ab. 1580; d. 
1625. He joined the nonconformists at Ley- 
den, and in 1617 was sent by them to Lond., 
with John Carver, to negotiate with the Va. 
Company for leave to settle within their do- 
main in Amer., and to petition King James 
for " liberty of conscience there." Sent again 
in 1619, with Wm. Brewster, a patent was fi- 
nally obtained. He made a 4th journey to 
Lond. in 1620, with Carver and Martin, pro- 
cured " The Mayflower," a pilot, &c., and sailed 
in her as "assistant gov." from Southampton, 
Aug. 5, 1620, in company with " The Speed- 
well." The latter, proving unseaworthy, re- 
turned ; and Mr. Cushman took charge of those 
who remained, and followed in the nextves.sel, 
" The Fortune," reaching New Plymouth, Nov. 
9, 1621. Dec. 12, he preached the first sermon 
in Amer. that was printed, " On the Sin and 
Danger of Self-love." This sermon, with a Me- 
moir of Cusbman bv John Davis, was rc-pub. 
Plymouth, 1785. He sailed for Eng. the next 



239 



day, biitwas captured by the French, plundered, 
and detained 2 weeks on their coast. After his 
arrival, he wrote and pub. an eloquent vindi- 
cation of the colonial enterprise, and an appeal 
for Christian missions to the Amer. Indians. 
He continued in Lond. as agent for the Colo- 
nists. In 1623, he, with Edward VVinslow, pro- 
cured from Lord Sheffield a charter for terri- 
tory on Cape Ann. 
Custer, George A., hrev.maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
lillr b. NcwRumley, O., Dec. 5, 1839.^ WestPoiiit, 
1861. Entering the second cav., he served in 
the Potomac Army ; w.as aide to McClellan, and 
engaged at Yorktown. So Mountnin, and An- 
tietam, and Stoneman's raid ; was nide to Gen. 
Pleasanton : hriq--soTi. nf vol.;. 20 .Tunc, 1863; 
held with hU .-nr l,riL-i.1'' tl,.^ ri._-hr of thr line 

at GctM-' '■-■ .■ '.I :: '■■ ■ •.'■ n( tllr CIIV. 



Washii 



was aide-de-camp to Washington 



ited 



corps 



doah Valk-y, Dcl o4 lu il.,i. „:,. 1 
the rebel rear-guard at Falling Waters ; at 
Winchester, he captured 9 battle-flags, and 
more men than he had engaged; rendered 
most import.int service at Fisher's Hill; brev. 
maj.-gen. for conduct at Cedar Creek; routed 
Gen. Rosser, Oct. 9, 1864 ; and at Waynesboro' 
captured the remnant of Early's armv, ab. 18,- 
000 strong, in Feb. 1865. In the battles of the 
campaign ending in the surrender of Lee, Cus- 
ter com. a cav. division, and bore a most im- 
portant part; disting. himself at Dinwiddle C. 
H., at Five Forks, Sailor Creek, and finally at 
Appomattox C. H., and Apr. 1.5, 1865, was 
made maj.-gen. of vols. Ho never lost a gun 
or a color, captured more guns, flags, and pris- 
oners than any other general not an army 
commander, and was e.xceptionally fortunate 
in his career. Lieut.-col. 7th cav. 28 July, 
1866 ; hrev.-maj. for Gettysburg; Ileut.-col. for 
Yellow Tavern, Va., U May, 1864; col. for 
Winchester, 19 Sept. 1864; brig.-gen. for Five 
Forks, and maj.-gen. U.S.A., for services end- 
ing in Lee's surrender. — Cullum. 

Custine (kus'-ten'), Adam Philip, Count 
DE, a French gen., b. Metz, Feb. 4, 1740; 
guillotined at Paris, Ang. 28, 1793. After 
serving as capt. in the Seven-Years' War under 
the Great Frederick, he obtained, through the 
influence of Choiseul, a regt. of dragoons in 
1762, which was called by his name; but in 
1780 he exchanged this for the regt. Sainloiicje. 
Was quar -master-gen. of the French forces in 
Amer. in 1780-3, and was present at the sur- 
render at Yorktown. On his retitrn, in 1783, 
he was made ynnr^chnl-de-camp, and gov. of Tou- 
lon. In 1789, he was dep. of the nobility of 
Metz, and was one of the first who declared for 
the popular party. He afterwards com. the 
army of the north; received in June, 1792, the 
com. of the army of the Lower Rhine, and after 
some successes took com. of the northern 
army, in May, 1793, from which, however, he 
was soon recalled by the committee of safety, 
and placed at the bar of the revel, tribun.'il, 
which, spite of a spirited defence, haviog de- 
termined upon his death, condemned him. 

Custis, Geokge Washington Parke, 
the last of Washington's familv, b. Apr. 30, 
1781 ; d. Arlington, Oct. 10, 18,57. His father. 
Col. John Parke Custis, the son of Mrs. 



at the siege of Yorktown, and d. Nov. 5, 1781, 

a. 28. The son had his early home at Mount 
Vernon, pursued his classical studies at Prince- 
ton, and, having built " Arlington House," de- 
voted himself to literature and agriculture. 
This estate, which came to him under the will 
of Washington, passed, at his death, to R. E. 
Lee, who m. his only dau. Mr. Custis wrote 
some orations and plays, and executed some 
paintings of Revol. battles. He was in his 
early days an eloquent and eflijctive speaker, 
and was well known for his generous hospital- 
ity. His Recoils, of Washington, with a me- 
moir of the author, by his dau., was pub., with 
notes by B. J. Lossing, 8vo, 1860. 

Cutbush, James, b. Pa. Pvrotcchnist, 
pn.f. of chimistiv, at West Point ; <]. there 
DiT. 15, 1823. Ho pub. the "Usd'iil Cabinet," 
1808 ; " Phllos. of Experimental CMieiuistry," 
2 vols., 1813; "Treatise on Pyrotechnics," 
Phila., 1825 ; app. apothec.-gen. U.S.A., 12. 
Aug. 1814; post-surgeon at W. Point, 1820-1. 

Cutler, Benjamin Clarke, D. D. (Col. 
Coll. 18.36), b. Roxbury, Ms,, 6 Feb. 1798; d. 
Brooklyn, N.Y., 10 Feb. 1863. Brown U. 1822. 
Ord. in Nov. 1822; was settled in Quincy 7 
years ; .spent the winter of 1830 in Savannah, 
was rector of Leesburg parish ab. a year ; in 
1832 took charge of the first citv mission of 
the Ep. Church in N.Y. ; rector of St. Ann's, 
Brooklyn, from Apr. 1833, to his d. Has pub. 
" Century Sermon, Christ Church, Quincy, 
Ms., 1828;" "21 Parochial Sermons," Phila., 
12mo, 1857; also many other discourses, ser- 
mons, tracts, &c. — See Memoir by Rev. Horatio 
Grni/, 1864. 

Cutler, Enos, col. U.S.A., b. Brookfield, 
Ms., Nov. 1, 1781; d. Salem, July 14, 1860. 
B.U. 1800. Tutor there one year. He studied 
law, settled in Cincinnati ; app. lieut. 7th Inf., 
1808; capt. Sept. 1810; assist, adj.-gen. Feb 15, 
1813;assist. insp.-gen. Mar. 18, 1813; maj.38th 
Inf., May 1, 1814; lient.-col. 3d, Apr. 28, 
1826 ; col. 4th Inf., Sept. 21, 1836 ; res. Nov. 
30, 1839. He saw service in the War of 1812, 
in the first Seminole campaign with Gen. Jack- 
son, and in the Creek war. 

Cutler, Jervis, a Western pioneer, b. Ed- 
gartown, Ms., Sept. 19, 1768; d. Evansville, 
Ind.,June 25,1844. Son of Manassch Cutler, 
LL.D. One of the band of emigrants from 
Ms., under Gen. Rufus Putnam, who in 1788 
settled Marietta. He was an officer of the 
Ohio militia, and also of the regular army. 
In 1823, he settled as an engraver in Nashville, 
Tenn., and in 1841 at Evansville. He pub. 
in 1812 "A Topographical Description of the 
Western Country, with an Account of the In- 
dian Tribes." 

Cutler, LT.SANDER, maj.-gen. U.S. vols., 

b. Me., ab. 1806 ; d. Milwaukie, Wis., Julv 30, 
1866. In 1861, he took com. of the 6th Wis. 
regt., which he made one of the best in the ser- 
vice. While commanding the " Iron Brigade " 
of the Potomac Army, by his faithfulness 
and gallantry he won the grade of brigadier, 
and afterward of maj.-gen., proving himself an 
excellent leader both of brigade and division, 
and was twice wounded. 

Cutler, Manasseh, LL.D. (Y. C. 1791), 



240 



CUY 



Ot , May 
; Y.C. 

iMiicss ; 
\ 1^ ailm. 



Sujit. II, 1771, was 01(1 niinistLTof Hamilton. 
In Wopt 1 77r, he hccamn chaplain of Cnl. Fran- 
ci^^•1•. 't n' ni_-] ,i-in-1, I. ti n in 1! I , Aug. 
2=1 I ~" I • ' ' I I ti _Mttofa 

tiM I ' li.'il and 

]i), II I 1 I Ml I li mil 1 1 loi- his 

scieriiu.c alt.iniiiii-iif. M.i.lr a iNL-n]i.i-r of the 
Anicv. Aeailemy in 1781 : the vol. of its me- 
moir.s for 1785 contains several of his scientific 
papers. His botanical paper was the first at- 
tempt at a scientific description of the plants 
of N. E. With Dr. Peck's assistance, he pre- 
pared the chapter on trees and plants in "Bel- 
knap's History of N. H." In 1784, he became 
a member of the Philos. Society of Phila. In 
1787, as agent for the Ohio comp., he purchased 
from Conuress 1,-500,000 acres of land N.W. 
of the Ohio Eivcr. Dr. C.Uler started the first 
company of I iiii_riii'~ liilmt region, who be- 
gan the sett!'!'! :.: M : ita, Apr. 7, 1788. 
HehimseU'ii! i m a sulky, accom- 

plishing the 7 'II iiiiir- Ml •_"! 'Livs. He returned 
with his family to N. K. in 1 790. Washington, 
in 1795, app. him a judge of the Supreme Court 
of Ohio Terr.; but he declined. He was after- 
ward a member of the Ms. legisl., and M. C. 
from 1800 to 1804. Author of a Century Dis- 
course at Hamilton, 27 Oct. 1814. 

Cutler, Timothy, DD. (Oxf. 172.3), pres- 
of Y- C, 1719-22, b. 1684; d. Boston, Ms., 
Aug. 17, 1765. H. U. 1701. Ord. Jan. 11, 
1709, at Stratford, Ct. In 1 722, he renounced 
his connection with the Cong, churches, went 
to Eng., took orders, returned to Boston, and 
was rector of Christ Church from Dec. 29, 172.3, 
till his death. He pub. a sermon before the 
General Court at N. Haven in 1717, and one 
on the cleath of Thomas Graves, 1757. A sc- 
ries of his letters in Nichols's " Illustrations of 
Literary History " have considerable historical 
value. " He was," says Pres. Stiles, " a good 
logician, geographer, and rhetorician," and was 
a man of extensive reading, and of a command- ■ 
ing presence and dignity. 

Cutt, John, pres. of the Province of N.H., 
b. Wales ; d. Mar. 27, 1681. He came to this 
country, with his bros. Robert and Eichard, 
previous to 1646; settled as a merchant in 
Portsmoutli, N.II., became also a farmer and 
mill-owner, and acquired by industry and probi- 
ty a lar;;e property. He was a deputy to the 
Gen. C'l.urtduring the union with Ms., and was 
one of the committee of Portsmouth app. under 
the jHri^diction of Ms., and against the claiuis 
of Mason. He was app. pres. in 1679. Hisbro. 
IliCH.tRD settled at the Shoals, and carried on 
fishing, but removed to Portsmouth, all the 
northerly part of which was owned by himself, 
his bro. John, and two others. Robert settled 
in Kittcry, where he was a noted ship-builder. 
From these brothers are descended all the 
CuTTS families on both sides the Piscataqua. 

Cutter, Ammi Ruhamah, M. D. (H. U. 
1792), physician, b N. Yarmouth, Me., Mar. 
4, 17.35; d. Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 8, 1819. 



H.U. 1752. His father, a cl.'i-vnn" (IT T. 
1725), was at the time of hi^ -i ''■ ' '■ : in 
of a N.E. regt. at the siege ul I i , i ,. 

He studied physic with Dr. ( ,. n .1.:. I .iii 

of Portsmouth; was surgeon lo ( »1. l;.ji,ut 
Rogers's rangers until disbanded, and in 
1758 was surgeon of the N.H. troops in the 
successful exped. against Louisburg. On his 
return, he m., and soon obtained a very ex- 
tensive practice. He was a decided Whig. 
and was physician-gen. of the eastern dipt. ; 
stationed at Fishkill from Apr. 1777, uniil 
the beginning of 1778, when he resumed prac- 
tise at Portsmouth. He was a delegate to the 
N.H. Const. Conv. ; was long pres. of the 
N.H. Med. Society. — Thacher. 

Cutter, Geokge W., poet, b. Ms. ; d. 
Washington, D.C., 24 Dec. 1865. He prac- 
tised law successfully in Ky. until 1845; was 
a capt. in McKee's Ky. Vols, in the Mexican 
war; was at one time a member of the Ind. 
legisl., and was a clerk in the treasury dept. 
during Fillmore's administration. Among his 
best pieces are, " E Ptunbus Unuin," and the 
" Song of Steam." Author of " Poems, Na- 
tional, and Patriotic," 8vo., Phila., 1857 ; 
" Song of Steam and Other Poems," Cincin. 
12mo. — Poets and Poetri/ of the West. 

Cutting, Francis Beockholst, an emi- 
nent commercial lawyer of N.Y. M.C. in 
18.53-5, b. N.Y. City, 1805; d. there 26 June, 
1870. Col. Coll- 1825- Grandson of Leon- 
ard, Pr--Ep. rector, of St. George's Church, 
Hempstead, L.L, 1766-84; d. 1794, a. 69. In 
the N.Y. legisl., he rendered efficient service to 
the Democ. party in 1836-7. He refused to 
follow the lead of the South while in Congress, 
and had a personal difficulty with J. C Breck- 
inridge. In 1861, he became a "war Deaio- 
crat," and did good service in securing the re- 
election of Pres. Lincoln. Leading counsel in 
nearlv all important commercial questions in 
N.Y. 'in 1840-55. 

Cutting, James A-, inventor; d. July, 
1867, in the Lunatic Asylum, Worcester, Ms. 
Early in life, he resided in Haverhill, and 
gained some money by the patent for a bee- 
hive. He went to Boston, learned the art of 
daguerrotyping, and iiivented the process of 
making ambrotypes, for which he received a 
large sum. He" established an Aquarial Gar- 
den in Boston. 

CuttS, RiCHARi., I'.'Mii 1 III, I' Saco, Me., 
June 28, 1771 ; d W ;■ i. 7, 184.5. 

H.U. 1790. HestiK ; i , , i-d in com- 
merce and politics ; \'.,i-' ii'iiu .r ;i merchant- 
man ; visited Europe; was 2 yeais in the Ms. 
legisl. ; M C. in 1801-13 ; supt. gen. of mih- 
tary supplies in 1813-17, and, from 1817 to 
1829, second compt. U.S. treasury. In Con- 
gress, he supported efficiently the administra- 
tions of Jefferson and Madison, voting for the 
war with Eng-, although it would necessarily 
prove ruinous to his private fortune, consist- 
mg principally in ships- 

Cuyler, Sir Cornelius, bart., a Brit. 
gen., b. Albany, N.Y. ; d- St- John's Lodge, 
Herts, Eng-, March 8, 1819. Bart- Oct. 29, 
1814. In May, 1739, he joined as ensign the 
55th Foot, and was at the reduction of 'Ticon- 
deroga in 1759, and of Montreal in 1760; 



CXJY 



capt. 46th, May 9, 1764; first A.D.C. to 
Gen. Sir W. Howe from July, 1775, to Jan. 15, 
1776, when he was inaile maj. 55tli. He con- 
tinued first aide to Gen. Howe; was at the 
battles of Long Island, Brandywine, and Ger- 
mantown ; lieu t.-col. Nov. 16, 1777; com. his 
regt. at Monmouth; was at the reduction of 
St. Lucie in 1779 ; adj. -gen. to the army in the 
W. Indies in 1781 ; col. Nov. 20, 1782; Q- M. 
G. W. Indies, 1787-92; com. the forces there 
in 1792-.3; captured Tobago, April 1, 179.3; 
maj. -gen. Oct. 12, 1793; liont.-gon. 1798; 
gen. 1799 ; gov. of Kin.-ial.', an.l . ,,l. r/nli, at 
the time of his death. — /'/. ' , ,/ / , ,s'.',„. 

Cuyler, Cornelius C, I) P, (I'li. Cnll. 
1828), Presb. clergyman, b, AUmuv, N.Y., 
Feb. 15, 1783 ; d. Phila., Aug. 31, 18.50. Un. 
Coll. 1806. His ancestors came from Leyden 
to N.Y. ab. 1650. His mother was a sister of 
Chief-Justice Yates. Ord. Jan. 2, 1809, over 
the.Dutch Church of Poughkeepsie ; 14 Jan. 
18.34, he topk charge of the 2d Presb. Church, 
Phila.; sided with the "old school" in the 
split of that denomination ; exercised a con- 
trolling influence over the deliberations of that 
party, acting as pres. of the convention of 
1837, which defined its doctrine and policy. 
He was many years pres. of the board of trus- 
tees of Jeff. Med. Coll. Author of "The 
Signs of the Times," 12mo, Phila., and occa- 
sional sermons. — Spra^ue. 

Dablon, Claitde, superior of the Jesuit 
missions on (he Upper Lakes, and a friend 
and companion of Father Marquette ; labored 
principally at the Saute Ste. Marie, and at the 
head of Green Bay. He took part in the ex- 
peds. for the survey of Lake Superior, which 
resulted in a valuable and curious map of that 
region, and statements concerning its copper- 
mines. An account of his labors is in the 
Jesuit Relation of 1671, repub. N.Y., 1860. 

Dabney, Richard, a self-taught scholar, 
b. Louisa Co., Va., ab. 1787; d. Nov. 1825. 
He was an assist, teacher at Richmond, and in 
Dec. 1811, barely escaped with life from the 
burning theatre there. In 1812, he pub. a vol. 
of original poems and translations, of which a 
new ed. appeared in 181.5, in Phila. 

Daboll, Nathan, mathematician ; d. 
Groton, Ct., Mar. 9, 1818, a. 68. He was an 
able teacher, had instructed 1,500 persons in 
navigation ; pub. a valuable system of arith- 
metic, and also of navigation. His son, C. L. 
Paboll, inventor of the fog-trumpet, d. New 
London, Ct., Oct. 13, 1866, a. 48. 

Daeres, James Richard, a British adm. ; 
d Eng., Dec. 4, 1853. His father, Vice-Adm. 
Daeres, com. " The Carleton " on Lake Cham- 
plain, in the fight with Arnold's flotilla, in 
1776. The sou entered the Royal Navy in 
1796; was promoted to the com. of the sloop 
"Elk" in 1805 ; was transferred to " The Bac- 
chante " in 1806, and to " The Guerriere," " a 
worn-out frigate," in 18H. In the action be- 
tween this ship and " The Constitution," Capt. 
Hull, Aug. 19, 1812, Daeres was wounded,"and 
" The Guerriere " captured. He was tried by 
court-martial, and acquitted. In 1838, he at- 
tained flag-rank, and in 1845 was com.-inchief 
at the Cape of Good Hope. 

Dadd, Geoege H., M.D., b. Eng., 1813. 



Veterinary surgeon, settled in the U.S., 1839. 
Author of " Anatomy and Physiology of the 
Horse," 8vo ; " American Cattle I )octor," 8vo ; 
"Modern Horse Doctor," 8vo, 1854; " Man- 
ual of Veterinary Science," 8vo, 1S55. — Ed. 
Amer. Veter. Jour. 

Sade, FR.4NCIS Langhorne, maj. U.S.A., 
b. Va. ; killed by Indians near Fort King, Fl.a., 
Dec. 28, 1835. App. lieut. 12th Inf., Mar. 29, 
1813; capt. Feb. 1818; brcv. maj. Feb. 24, 
1828 ; com. a detachment on a march to Fort 
King, which was nearly destroyed. 

Daggett, David, LL.D. (Y.C. 1827), 
jurist, b. Attleboro', Ms., Dec. 31, 1764; d. 
N. Haven, Apr. 12, 18.)1. Y C. 1783. Adm. 
to the bar in 1778; member of the State legisl. 
1791-1813, and speaker in 1794; U.S. senator, 
1813-19 ; judge of the Supreme Court, 1826- 
32, and chief- justice in 1832-4. He was State- 
atty. in 181 1, and at one time mayor of New 
Haven. Instructor of the law-school in 1824 ; 
Kent prof, of law in Y.C, from 1826 until 
compelled to resign bv the infirmities of age. 
— See IJfp, ly Or. Duiton, piih. in 1851. 

Daggett, Naptiiali, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 
1774), scholar and divine, b. Attleboro', Ms., 
Sept. 8, 1727; d. N. Haven, Nov. 25, 1780. 
Y.C. 1748. Minister of Smithtown, L.I., from 
Sept. 18, 1751, to Nov. 1755 ; prof, of divinity 
in Y.C. from Mar. 4, 1756, till his death, and 
acting pres. in 1766-77. He received the de- 
gree of D.D. from both N. J. and Yale Col- 
leges. When the British attacked N. Haven, 
in July, 1779, he went into the fight, fowling- 
piece in hand, hut was taken prisoner, and com- 
pelled, in an intensely-hot day, to act as guide 
to the advancing columns of the enemy ; while 
they repeatedly pricked him with their bayo- 
nets when his strength foiled. He never fully 
recovered from this treatment. He pub. some 
sermons ; his son Henry, an officer of the 
Revol., and a graduate of Y.C, d. N. Haven, 
June 20, 1843, a. 85. 

DaJllgren, John A., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Phila., Nov. 1809; d. Wash., D.C., July 12, 
1870. Midshipra. Feb. 1826; lieut. Mar. 8, 
1837; com. Sept. 14, 1835; capt. July 16, 
1862; rear-adm. Feb. 7, 1863. In 1847-57, 
he was employed on ordnance duty, and, with 
the exception of a short cruise in com. ol' " The 
Ply mouth," sloop-of-war, was engaged in impor- 
tant experiments at the navy-yard at Washing- 
ton, perfecting the Dahlgren gun. In 1862, he 
was made chief of the bureau of ordnance. 
He took com. of the S. A. block, squad., July 
6, 1863, and, in conjunction with the land for- 
ces of Gen. Gilmore, captured, after a long and 
severe struggle, Morris Island, reduced Fort 
Sumter to ruins, and ended blockade-running 
in that quarter. In Feb. 1864, he led a suc- 
cessful exped. up the St. John's River to aid a 
military force intended to be thrown into Flor- 
ida. In Dec. 1864, he co-operated with Gen. 
Sherman in the capture of Savannah, and 
Feb. 18, 1865, moved his vessels up to the city 
of Charleston. Adm. Dahlgren also invented 
a rifled cannon for the navy, and introduced 
the light boat-howitzers, which are held in high 
estimation. Author of " Report on the 32- 
Pounders, of 32 cwt.," 1850; " System of Boat 
Armament in the U.S. Navy," 1832 and 1856 ; 



242 



IDAJi. 



"Naval Percussion Locks and Primers," 1852 ; 
"Shells and Shell-Guns," 1856; "Report on 
Cruise of the Ordnance Ship, Plymouth," 8vo, 
1857. 

Dahlgren, Col. Ui-rich, b. 1842; killed 
in askinni.<;b at King's and Queen's C.II.,Va., 
Mar. 4, 1864. Son »f Adm. D. A midshipni. 
before the war, on it- l.r.-;il. i.vj- mif li.^ .i<-i^t. .1 

d''c.m.ntd"si!feh >, ; ^ '■''" ■ I 



of Siycl's liody-ynai.:, . r :,..,! :..|. r- 

Transf."red tu Gen II \ i, : ' . ■: ■ \- 

hinl^eIl■utChanccl^^ ^,:: . U 1 .. .„ ,; 

Mead>', he performed ni.,.,t d.ii,,..o,.M, ,i',.d uii- 
portant service at the head ol a picked body of 
men ill tlie Getty.sburg canipaijrn. in which he 
lost a le-. Made a col. for his gallantry. He 
lost his life in a raid planned to release the 
Union prisoners from Libby Prison and Belle 
Isle. 

Daille, Peter, a Huguenot clergyman ; d. 
Boston, May 21, 1715, a' 66. He was one of 
the earliest French Protestant mini-sters of 
N.Y. ; but incurring Gov. Leisler's displeasure 
in 1690, and subsequently having some differ- 
ence with bis congregation, he went to Boston, 
and had charge of the French Church in 
School Street, before 1696, and continued there 
till his death. 

Dalcho, Feederick, physician and cler- 
gyman, b. London, 1770 ; d. Charleston, B.C., 
Nov. 24, 18.36. On the death of his father, a 
Pole, who had been an officer in tlie army of 
Hanover, he was invited by an nm ! i.i MI . 

and received an excellent cnn i I' ,i 

more. He became a medir.il , i in 

Charleston, where he was activr m , r il. i Inn,' 
the Botanic Garden. Ab. 1810 Dr. Oalcho re- 
linquished his practice, and became associated 
Willi Mr. A. S. Willington, in conducting the 
r.„„;,,-, a dailvFudrral newspaner. He sub- 



bis d, IK' pub. a treatise on " The Evidenre 
of the Divinity of our Saviour," an " Historical 
Account of the Prot.-Ep. Church, in SC." 
and " Ahimon Rezon for Masons," 8vo, 1827. 
Dale, Richard, commodore U. S. N., b. 
near Norfolk, Va., Nov. 6, 1756; d. Phila., 
Feb. 24, 1826. He went to sea at 12, and at 
19 com. a merchant-vessel. Early in 1776, 
while a lieut. in theVa. navy, he was captured 
by the English, and thrown into a prison-ship 
at Norfolk. Here he was surrounded by royal- 
ists, many of them old schoolmates, who pre- 
vailed on him to embark in a.cruiser against 
the vessels of the State. Jn an affair with an 
Amer. flotilla soon after, he received a wound, 
with which he was confined several weeks ; and 
he resolved " never again to put himself in the 
way of the bullets of his own countrymen." 
In the summer of 1776, he was a midshipman 
in " The Lexington," Capt. Barry. She was 
captured on the British coast by " The Alert," in 
Sept. 1777; and officers and men were confined 
in Mill Prison. In Feb. 1778, most of tlio 
officers and some of the men escaped; but Dale 



was retaken in Lond., and carried back. In 
Feb. 1779, he escaped in the guise of a British 
naval officer, reached France, and joined Paul 
Jones as lunstcr'.; nintfl nnd s".ni became 1st 
lieut or tin. ■■ ]'.::■! 1 !.,,,,,„,. I;,, i,,,,-,] " In tlio 



Serapis' 1^.. 
a severe tj.hiii 
Feb. 18, 1781 



" Capt. Nicliols<; 



i::i,«itb "The 
, _ , and received 
uui.ing to Phila., 
d on the list of 
ing " The Trum- 



lis action, Dale 
IS 4th capture. 
IS employed in 



'ice. 



until the end of the war. While commandii _ 
"The Queen of France," in 1782, he, after a 
severe conflict, beat off" a privateer of 14 guns. 
June 4, 1794, he was made a capt. in the navy, 
and in May, 1798, com. the sloop-of-war "Gau- 
ges." In 1801, he com. the squadron ordered 
to the Mediterranean, of which " The Presi- 
dent " 44, was the Hag-ship. Hewas so fettered, 
however, by his instructions, that no serious 
enterprise could be attempted; but his vigilance 
was such that the Tripolitans made no cap- 
tures during his command. He returned home 
in Apj-il, IS02, and resigned his commission 
Dec. 17, 1802. He spent the latter part of his 
life in Phila. in the enjoyment of a competent 
estate. Dole was a thoroughly brave and in- 
telligent seaman, and an honest and honorable 
man. Two of his sons were in the navy. 
Richard d. of wounds received in the frigate 
"Presidein." Montgomery d. in Dee. 1852, 
a. 55. 

Dale, Gem. Samdel, pioneer, b. Rock- 
bridge Co, Va., 1772; d. Lauderdale Co., 
Mpi., May 2.3, 1841. He became a famous In- 
dian fighter, and afterward a trader among the 
Creeks and Cherokees. Maj. commanding a 
batt. of Ky. vols, against the Creeks, Feb. 1814; 
.li^iinu'. iiinl. v.Tackson, and brev. brig.-g. After 
I'l • : , 1: I'l d at Dale's Ferry, on the Ala., 
: i i_ ' 1 HI merchandising. In 1816, be 
■I- :i iiH hiIkv rif the convention to divide the 
Mpi. Teriiiory, and served several terms in the 
Ala. legisl. His cclehrated eanoe-fight with 7 
Indian warriors, all of whom he killed, would 
be thought fabulous, if it had not been wit- 
nessed by some soldiers, who, not having a 
boat, could render him no assistance. — See 
Life, by F. H.CIaHmne. 

Dale, Sir Thojias, gov. of Va. ; d. near 
Bantam, E.I., early in 1620. A soldier of 
distinction in the Low Countries, knighted by 
King James in June, 1606, as Sir Thomas 
Dale of Surrey; June 20, 1611, ab. a month 
after his arrival in Va., the States-General gave 
him 3 years' leave of absence, which in 1614 
was extended. He administered the govt, on 
the basis of martial law, planted a new settle- 
ment at Henrico, and introduced important 
changes in the land-laws of the colony, gaining 
praise for bis vigor and industry, his judgment 
and conduct. Ho conquered the Appomattox 
Indians, and took their town. He was suc- 
ceeded in Aug. 1611 by Sir Thomas Gates, but 
continued to take an active part in the aflairs 
of the colony ; and on Gates's return to Eng. 



TtAJL. 



HAl., 



in 1614, he resumed the govt. He returned to 
England in June. 1616; ivas in Holland in Feb. 
1617 ; in Jan. 1619 was made com. of the E.I. 
fleet, and had an engagement with the Dutch 
near Bantam, but soon succumbed to the 

Dalliousie (dal-hoo'-ze). Gen. George 
Eamsay, 9th Earl of, h. 1770; d. Dalhousie 
Castle, Scotland, March 21, 1838. He suc- 
ceeded to his title and estate, on the death of 
his father in Nov. 1787. Entering the army in 
that year, lie was mai. of the I'd Foot, in 1792, 
andwas^.v;. . ■, . i . i. I at Maitinique. He 
served in h - in tlic exped. to the 

Helder in 17^', n l_.|.i in 1801, under Sir 
R.AbercruMii.ic.iul i:i April I'^n.-,, u-asmadea 

in 1809, and afterward in i: 1, i; ■ mi- 

Saigns, where he renderi-l : i;; \ i.e. 

uly 18, 1815, hewas made a;i 1.: , :;!i L.uun; 
in 1816, lieut.-gen. com in Nova" Scotia, and 
was gov.-iir-chief and com. of the forces of 
British N.A., from 1820 to 1828. He was com.- 
in-chief in India, 1 829-32. 

Dallas, Alexander James, statesman and 
financier, h. in the Island of Jamaica, Jnne 21, 
1759; d. Trenton, Jan. 16, 1817. Son of a 
Scotch physician, and was educated at Edin- 
burgh and at Westminster. His mother be- 
coming a widow, and again marrying, he was 
prevented from obtaining any share of his fa- 
ther's property, and in April, 1783, quitted his 
native place, and settled in Phila. Having 
taken the oath of allegiance to the State of Pa. 
in June, 1783, he was in July, 1785, adm. to 
practise as an advocate in the Supreme Court, 
and in a few years became a practitioner in the 
U.S. Courts. He also employed himself in 
literary undertakings, wrote for the public 
journals, and at one time edited the Columbian 
ilagazine. In Jan. I79I, he was app. sec. of 
Pa., by Gov. Mifflin; and in Dec. 1793, his 
commission was renewed. Not long after, he 
was constituted paymaster-gen. of a force 
which he accompanfed in an exped. to Pitts- 
burg. In Dec. 1796, he again became sec. of 
state. On the election of Jefferson to the 
presidency in 1801, Mr. Dallas was app. U.S. 
atty. for the eastern dist. of Pa., and occupied 
that post until his removal to Washington. 
Oct. 6, 1814, he was made sec. of the U.S. 
treasury, then in a deplorable condition ; and 
in that' highly responsible and difficult situa- 
tion, he exhibited great ability and energy of 
character. In March, 1815, he undertook the 
additional duties of the war-office, and success- 
fully performed the delicate task of reducing 
the army. In Nov. 1816, peace and tranquilli- 
ty being restored, the financiaj condition of the 
country being improved under the influence 
of the National Bank, which he had so long en- 
deavored to establish, he resigned his post, 
and returned to the practice of the law at 
Phila., in which he was eminently successful. 
He pub. "Features of Jay's Treaty," 1795 ; 
" Speeches on the Trial of Blount ; " " Caws 
of Pennsylvania," with notes; "Reports," 
4 vols.,180'6-7 ; " Treasury Reports; " " Exposi- 
tion of the Causes and Character of the War 
of 1812-15," &c. 
Dallas, Alexander James, capt. U.S.N., 



son of the preceding, b. 1791 ; d. in Callao 
Bay, June 3, 1844, commanding Pacific squa- 
dron. He entered the navy, Nov. 22,1805; 
lieut. June 13, 1810; master-com. March 5, 
1817; capt. April 24, 1828; served under 
Rodgers in "The President "in 1812, afterwards 
under Chauncey on Lake Ontario ; accomp. 
Porter in his cruise for the extermination of 
the West-India pirates, and attained distinction 
in his profession. 

Dallas, George Mifflin, LL.D. (N J. 
Coll. 1853), statesman, bro. of prec, b. Phila., 



July 10, 1792; d. there Dec. 31, 1864. N.J. 
)ll. 1810. Adm. to the bar in 1813. Accomp. 



Coll 



to Kussui as privat 
France, Eng., and Holland ; returned home in 
1814, and, after assisting his father in the U.S. 
treasury dept., resumed the practice of law. In 
1817, while dep. of the atty .-gen. of Phila., he 
won a high reputation as a criminal lawyer. 
Mayor of Phila. in I82S; dist.-atty. 1829-31, 
and, as U.S. senator in 1832-3, ably advocated 
the re-charter of the U.S. Bank, a protective 
tariff, and other important measures. Declin- 
ing a re-election in 1833, he was atty.-gen. of 
Pa. in 1833-5; ambassador to Russia from 
1837 to Oct. 1839; vice.-pres. of the U.S. in 
1845-9,- and minister to Eng. in 1856-61. 
While vice-pres., his casting vote in the sen- 
ate made the Tariff Act of 1846 — a free-trade 
measure — the law of the land. As minister to 
Eng., he was at once called upon to settle the 
Central-American question, and the recall of 
the British minister Crampton, both which 
matters were amicably adjusted. During the 
Rebellion, he manifested publicly, on all suitable 
occasions, his abhorrence of it and its abettors. 
He was an able statesman and diplomatist, a suc- 
cessful and influential lawyer. Allibone gives 
a list of 30 of Dallas's speeches and other pam- 
phlets. His Letters from London in 1856-60 
have been edited and pub. by his dau. Julia. 

Dalling, Sir John, bart. of Burwod, Sur- 
rey, a British gen. ; d. 1798. Maj. 27th Foot, 
Feb. 2, 1757 ; served under Loudoun in 1757 ; 
at Louisburg, 1758, and com. a corps of light 
inf under Wolfe at Quebec, in 1759; lieut.- 
col. 43d Foot in 1760, and com. it at the siege 
ofllavanna, in 1762; app. in 1767 lieut. -gov. 
and a few years later, gov. of Jamaica ; maj.- 
gen. Aug. 29, 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 1782; 
bart. 1783. In 1780, he led an exped. againsf 
the Spanish Main. — (yCallac/haa. 

Dalton, John, D.D,, R. C. bishop of Har- 
bor Grace, N.F., consec. 1856 ; d: May 5, 1869. 

Dalton, John C , physiologist, b. Chelms- 
ford, Ms., 2 Feb. 1825. H.U. 1844. M.D. 1847. 
His essay on the " Corpus Luteum," &c., 1851, 
won the prize of the Amer. Md. Assoc. His 
treatise on " Human Physiology," 1859 (4th ed. 
1867), placed him at once in the first rank of 
Amer. physiologists. He has also pub. " Phy- 
siology and Hygiene, for Schools, Families, 
and Colleges," 1868. — 77io«ias. 

DaltoiJ, Tristam, senator, b. Newbury- 
port, Ms., May 28, 1738; d. Boston, May 30, 
1817. H.U. 1755. He studied law; m. the 
dan, pf Robert Hooper, with whom he engaged 
in mercantile pursuits, and took a deep interest 
in the cultivation of a large estate in W. New- 
bury, where Washington, John Adams, Louis 



244 



Philippe, Talleyrand, and other disting. guests, 
partook of his hospitalities. A leading Rcvol. 
patriot of Essex Co. ; he was speaker of the 
house, and a member of the senate of Ms., and 
U.S. senator in 1789-91. Investing his for- 
tune in real estate in Washington, he lost nearly 
all of it by the mismanagement of an agent, 
and was surveyor of the port of Boston ifrom 
1815 till his death. He was remarkable for his 
fine person, gentle and elegant manners, integ- 
rity, and scholarly accomplishments. 

Daly, Chables P., LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
I860), jurist and scholar, b. of Irish parents 
N.Y. City, 31 Oct. 1816. At first a sailor, 
afterward a mechanic's apprentice, and in 1839 
adm. to the N.Y. bar. Membor of the legisl. 
in 1843; judi"' "( t\v CVP nf \ Y. City 
since 1845, ail ] ! ■ ]■< ' I " llehas 

pub. a"Hisi. ^ . . : : , .1 ; : nl.unals 

of N.Y., \62:;-\~l<.: >>-. I- i, ■ M.in.iirof 
Chancellor Kent, paiuiiiniiiM. II llaiikLiiL;, Natu- 
raliiation Laws, the Introduction of the Drama 
(1863), &c.; contribs. to Appleton's Cyclop.; has 
delivered lectures on legal subjects before the 
law school of Col. Coll., speeches and ad- 
dresses upon political, literary, and historical 
subjects; and is prcs. of theAmer. Geog. and 
Statist. Soc, ami vice.-pres of the Ethnol. Soc. 
— Duyckinck. 

Damas (da'-mas'), Joseph FK.iNCOis 
Louis Chakles duc de, French gcn.,b. 1758; 
d. Paris, March 5, 1829. As aide-de-camp to 
Rochambeau, he made the Araer. campaigns 
of 1780-2; and, "Of all the ofiicers," says 
Chastellux, " who fought for Amer. Indepen- 
dence, he was, perhaps, the only one in whom 
the spectacle of a people breaking their fetters 
awakened no ideas of liberty." After his re- 
turn, ho was made col. of dragoons, and was 
arrested at Varennes with Louis XVI., whose 
escape he was endeavoring to effect. He emi- 
grated in 1792 ; fought in the royalist ranks in 
1793, and accompanied Louis XVIII. to Italy as 
captain of the guards. He took an active part 
in subsequent royalist enterprises, and in 1825 
he received the title of duke. — Nouv. Biog. 
Gen. 

Dampier,WiLLi.\.M, a celebrated navigator, 
b. East Coker, Somersetshire in 1652; d. ab. 
1712. He went to sea at an early age; became 
overseer of a plantation ; made several voyages 
in a Jamaica coaster, and cut mahogany three 
years in the Bay of Honduras, of which place he 
pub. a description on returning to Lond. in 
1678. He was afterward a buccaneer, but 
quarrelled with his companions, and left them. 
Was in Va. in 1682, and joined Capt. Cook in 
a cruise against the Spaniards in Aug. 1683. 
They burned the town of Plata, then advanced 
to the Bay of Panama, near which they took a 
Spanish ship which was carrying despatches to 
Lima ; and, from the intelligence obtained, they ■ 
concerted an attack on the treasure-ships, which 
resulted unsuccessfully. They next attacked 
Leon and Rio Leja on the Mexican coast, 
when Uampier left Davis, Cook's successor, and 
sailed with Capt. Swan across the Pacifie for 
the East Indies. After visiting St John's Is- 
land, New Holland, and Nicobar, Dampier aban- 
doned his companions, journeyed to the Eng- 
lish factory at Achan, where he subsequently 



joined with Captain Weldon in trading voy- 
ages during 15 months, and then engaged as 
gunner at a factory at Bencoolen. In 1691, he 
escaped the vigilance of the gov., and arrived 
at the Downs, Sept. 16, brinKinc; witli him all 
his papers and journals. Beinu' v.nw in \v;iiit 
of money, he sold his share in an IhImii pi in. r, 
whom his companions cnrriril ali-iur I'n- i_.\liilii- 
tion. Capt. R. naw, -jc, Ini , i'. i^. Hav- 
ing sailed in "The i; . '. ' " . r. : voyage of 
discovery, in Jan It.' mnicred at 

the Isle of Asccncion, ..... , , ...... in^ crew, he 

remained from Oct. ITtij luiul i..li.jvLd, April, 
1701. He was employed, 1708-11, in prose- 
cuting a voyage to the South Seas under the 
patronage of British merchants. This voy.nge 
round the worl.l lias hnrn frcqiinntlv pub., and 
is an accni-at.. ami valual.i.. wi.rk." Tli.. I.. ,,t 

edition is tliat ..lirja, 4 ;..!-, s^.., 1 1 In 

1707, he l.iil.. a iLli-n.-,' uf ins laic...aiiuiiinu- on 
the Spanish Maiu. lie aNo wrote a treatise on 
Winds and Tides. 

Dana, Charles Andersos, journalist, b. 
Hinsdale, N.H., Aug. 8, 1819. He studied two 
years at H.U., but did not grad., owing to a 
disease of the eyes. He edited the Harbinrjer, 
was a contrili. to the Boston Chronoti/pe, was 
connected with the N.Y. Tribune in 1847-58, 
and is now editor of the Sun. He edited " The 
Household Book of Poetry," N.Y., 8vo, 1858, 
and, in connection with Geo. Ripley, edited 
Appleton's Cycl. Ass. Sect. War, 1863-4. 

Dana, Daniel, D.D., Preso. clergyman, 
b. Ipswich, Ms., July 24, 1771 ; d. Nonburv- 
port, Ms., Aug. 26, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 1788. 
Son of Rev. Dr. Joseph. Settled pastor of the 
First Presb. Church, Newburyport, Nov. 19, 
1794; prcs. of Dartm. Coll. in 1820-21; set- 
tled in Londonderry, N.H., Jan. 16, 1822; dis- 
missed Apr. 1826, and from May 31, 1826, to 
1845, he was settled over the Second Presb. 
Church in Newburyport. Trustee of the And. 
Theol. Sem. from 1804 to 1856. He pub. 21 
occasional sermons, besides discourses, essays, 
&c. — AlunmiD.C. 

Dana, Edmund Trowbridge, J.U.D. 
(Heidelberg, 1854), translator and editor of 
works on internation.al and public law, and 
polit. economy, b. Cambridge, Ms., 29 Aug. 
1818; d. there 18 May, 1869. Vt. U. 1839; 
Camb. Law School, 1 841 . Son of R. H. Dana. 
Practised law with his bro. R. H., jun., a few 
years in Boston, then studied at the German 
universities. 

Dana, Francis, LL.D. (H.U 1792), states- 
man and jurist, b. Charlestown, Ms., June 13, 
1743 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., April 25, 1811. H. 
U. 1762. Richard, his father, was an eminent 
magistrate and patriot. Francis studied law 
with Judge Trowbridge ; was adm. to the bar in 
1767 ; became an active Whig ; was a delegate 
to the Provincial Congress in Sept.1774 ; passed 
the year 1775 in Eng. ; member of the exec, 
council from May, 1776, to 1780; delegate to 
Congress in 1776-8 and in 1784; member of 
the board of war, Nov. 17, 1777, and chairman 
of the committee chargfed with the responsibil- 
ity of re-organizing the army ; accomp. Mr. 
Adams to Paris in Nov. 1779, as see. of legation; 
and from Dec. 19, 1780, until 1783, was minis- 
ter to Russia. Prevented from attending the 



245 



convention for framing tlie Federal Constitu- 
tion, of wliicli he was a member, in 1787, he 
strongly advocated its adoption in the conven- 
tion of Ms. He declin.vl ,h.- onihu-y to 
France in 1797. Judge ot i ^^i ■' n ( ..m-t 
ofMs. from Jan. 1785, lint., i ^ .[ice 

1792-1806. Afounden.l :.. .v.i.: .. .\.rts 
and Sciences, and a vicc-pu.,. ul iluii budy. 
Early in life, he m. a dau. of \Vm. Ellery. His 
corresp. while in Europe will be found in 
Sparks's " Diplom. Corresp.," vol. viii. 

Dana, James, D.D. (U. of Edinb.), Cong, 
minister, b. Ms., May 11, 17.35 ; d. New Ha- 
ven, Ct., Aug. 18, 1812. H.U. 1753. Ord. 
at Wallingtbrd, Ct., Oct. 12, 1758, in disregard 
of the " Saybrook Phitform," and a long con- 
troversy ensued ; dism. 1 788. Minister of New 
Haven from Apr. 29, 1789, to the fall of 1805. 
He regarded the scheme of Edwards as acquit- 
ting the creature of blame, and impeaching the 
truth and justice of the Creator. He pub. 
anonymously an " Examination of Edwards on 
the Will," 8vo, Boston, 1770; a continuation 
of the same, with his name, in 1773 ; a century 
discourse, Apr. 9, 1770, and a number of ser- 
mons. Samuel W. Dana, U.S. senator, was 
his son. 

Dana, James Dwight, LL.D. ( Amh. Coll. 
1853), physicist, son of James, b, Utica, N.Y., 
Feb. 12, 1813. Y. C. 1833. App. teacher of 
mathematics in the U.S. navy, and sailed to 
the Mediterranean in " The Delaware," return- 
ing in 1835. In 1835-6, he was assist, to Prof 
Sdliman at Y.C. ; from Aug. 1838 to 18+2, he 
was mineralogist and geologist of Wilkes's ex- 
ploring exped., and for 13 years after was en- 
gaged in preparing forpub. the various reports 
of this cxped., and in other scientific labors. 
He returned to New Haven in 1844, m. Henri- 
etta Francis, dau. of Prof. Silliman, and has 
since resided in that city. In 1855, he became 
Silliman prof of nat. hist, and geology in 
Y.C, a post he still occupies, while editing the 
American Journal of Science, founded by Silli- 
man in 1819. He has also contrib. various 
important scientific papers to the Proceedings 
of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences in Bos- 
ton, the Lyceum of Natural History of N.Y., 
and the Acad, of Natural Sciences of Phila. 
In 1854, he was elected pres. of the Am. As.soc. 
for the Advancement of Science, and is a mem- 
ber of many learned societies in Europe. He 
pub. "Mineralogy," 1837, 4th edition revised 
and enlarged, 1854; reports on "Zoophytes," 
1846, proposing a new classification, and de- 
scribing 230 new species ; on the " Geology of 
the Pacific," 1849; on "Crustacea," 1852-4, 
describing 658 new species; on "Coral Reefs 
and Islands," 8vo, Phila., 1853 ; " Suppt. to 
System of Mineralogy," 1855-6 ; " Man- 
ual of Geology," 1862, and articles in the Am- 
er. Jour, of Science. A series of 4 articles from 
his pen, entitled "Science and the Bible," 
called forth by Taylor Lewis's work on " The 
Six Days of Creation," appeared in the Bibli- 
otlieca Sacra in 1856-7. 

Dana, James Freeman, chemist, b. Am- 
herst, N.H., Sept. 23, 1793 ; d. N.Y. City, Apr. 
14, 1827. H.U. 1813. He was the son of Lu- 
ther Dana, a naval officer of the Revol. Stud- 
ied medicine in Boston ; spent 6 months in 



Lond., under the instruction of the celebrated 
chemist, Accum, and, on his return, was em- 
ployed to refit the laboratory of Harvard 
Coll., and settled In Cambridge as a physician, 
hokling also the office of assist, prof, of chem- 
isiry. In 1817, he received the degree of 
M.D.; ill the autumn of that year was app. lec- 
turer on chemistry in Dartm. Coll., and in 1820 
prof, lecturing also on mineralogy and botany. 
In 1826-7, he was prof, of chemistrv in the 
N.Y. Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons. He 
pub. a small work on the mineralogy and geol- 
ogy of Boston and vicinity, in conjunction 
with his bro. Dr.S. L. Dana, 1818 ; " Epitome 
of Chemical Philosophy," 1825; "Report on 
a Singular Disease of Horned Cattle in Burton, 
N.H." He also contrib. many scientific pa- 
pers to the Journal of Science, the A''.^^. Jour- 
nal of Medicine, and the Annals of t/ie Lyceum 
of Natural History of N. Y. In 1815 and 1816, 
he received Boylston prizes for dissertations. 

Dana, John W., gov. of Me., 1847-50, min- 
ister to Bolivia, 1854, son of Judah,b. Fryeburg, 
Me.; d. near Rosarlo, S. Amer., Dec. 22, 1867, 
of cholera. He was a Democ. politician. 

Dana, Judah, lawyer, b. Pomfret, Ct., 
April 25, 1772; d. Frveburg, Me., Dec. 27, 
1845. Dartm. Coll. 1795. His mother was a 
dau. of Gen. Putnam. He began to practise 
law at Fryeburg in 1798 ; was county atty. in 
1805-11 ;"judge of probate, 1805-22, and of 
the circuit of C. C. P. in 1811-23; member 
of the Me. Const. Conv. in 1819, one of the 
com. by whom the instr. was drafted ; a mem- 
ber of the exec, council in 1834, and of the 
U. S. senate in 1836-7. — A C. Alumni. 

Dana, Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh, 
maj.-gen. vols., b. Fort Sullivan, Eastport, Me., 
Apr. 10, 1822. West Point, 1842. Entering 
the 7th Inf , he served with distinction in Mex- 
ico ; was severely wounded at Cerro Gordo, 
and brev. capt. Resigning in 1855, he engaged 
in business in St. Paul until Oct. 1861, when 
he became col. 1st Minnesota Vols. On the 
21st, he participated in the afifair at Ball's 
Bluff. Made brig. -gen. Feb. 3, 1862, he served 
with the Potomac Army in all the battles be- 
fore Richmond. At Antietam, he com. a bri- 
gade in Sedgwick's division of Sumner's corps, 
and was wounded. Maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; 
in the operations with Army of the Gulf, and 
engaged at Fordocho Bayou, Sept. 1863; at 
Brazos Santiago, Oct. 27; com. I3th army 
corp.s, Dec.-Jan. 1864; com. dist. of Vicks- 
burg, Aug.-Oct. 1864; 16th army corps, and 
dist. of W. Tenn. and Vicksburg, Nov. 1864, 
and dept. of Mpi. Dec. '64, to 27 May, 1863. 

Dana, Richard, jurist, b. Cambridge, Ms., 
July 7, 1699; d. May 17, 1772. H. U. 1718. 
Grandson of Richard, who settled in Cambridge 
in 1640. After practising law at Marblehead 
and Charlesiown, he removed to Boston, where 
he attained high rank in the profession. He 
was prominent in the ante-Revol. movement; 
occasionally presided over the Boston town- 
meetings, between 1763 and 1772 ; reported the 
instructions to the town representatives, Nov. 
20, 1 767, and May 8, 1770; was one of the asso- 
ciated Sons of Liberty, and at their celebrated 
meeting of Dec. 17, 1769, administered to Sec 
Oliver the oath of non-execution of the Stamp 



246 



Act. His death was considered a great loss to 
the patriot cause. He ni. the sister of Judge 
Trowbridge, and was the father of Chief-Jus- 
tice Francis Dana. 

Sana, Richard Henry, poet and essayist, 
b. Cambridge, Ms., Nov. 15, 1787. He was 
educated at H. U. and at Newport, B,'.!. ; stud- 
ied law with his father, {"rancis Dana ; was 
adm. to the Boston bar in 1811, and soon after 
to that of Baltimore, but in 1812 entered upon 
the profession in his native town, and became 
a member of the legisl. His first literary pub- 
lic appearance was as an orator on the 4tb of 
July, 1814, in which year he joined the club 
by whom the North American Review was ori- 
ginated, and for a time conducted. In 1818-19, 
he was its assoc. editor with Prof. E. T. Chan- 
ning. lu 1821-2, he pub., in numbers, " The 
Idle Man." His first pieces in verse, " TKe 
Dying Raven," and " The Husband and 
Wife's Grave," appeared in the N. Y. Review 
in 1825. In 1827, he pub. "The Buccaneer, 
and other Poems," wbich was well received 
and highly commended. It was praised by 
Wilson m Blackwood's Marjazitie, as " the most 
powerful and original of Amer. poetical com- 
positions." In 1833, he pub. an enlarged vol., 
including new poems and the papers of " The 
Idle Man," and in 1850, "Poems and Prose 
Writings," 2 vols., being a complete coll. of 
his writings, excepting a series of lectures on 
Shakspeare, delivered in Boston, N. Y., and 
Phila., 1839-40. 

Dana, Richard Henry, Jun., advocate and 
writer,son of the preceding, b. Cambridge, Ms., 
Aug. 1, 1815. H. U. 1837. In 1834, he made 
the voyage described in his " Two Years be- 
fore the Mast," which details the ship and 
shore life of a common sailor from personal 
experience. Adra. to the Boston bar in 1840. 
In 1841, he pub. "The Seaman's Friend," re- 
pnb. in Eng. as " The Seaman's Manual." 
Mr. Dana was engaged in the numerous trials 
for the rescue of the slave Shadrach in 1853, 
and in the case of Anthony Burns in 1854. He 
was a dek-.-ate to the Buffalo convention of 
1848; a speaker in the Repub. movement of 
1856-60, and a member of the Ms. Const. 
Conv. of 1853. In 1861-6, be was U. S. attv. 
for the dist. of Ms. He has occasionally con- 
trib. to the N. A. Review and to the Law Re- 
porter. In 1859, he pub. a vol. of travel, "To 
Cuba and Back." He is the author of many 
speeches and addresses on political and general 
topics. 

Sana, Samuel, an eminent lawver and ju- 
rist, son of Judge Samuel (H. U. 1755; min- 
ister of Groton, 1761-75 ; b. Jan. 14, 1739 ; d. 
Apr. 2, 1798), b. Groton, Ms., June 26, 1767; 
d. Charici^town, M*.. Nov. 20, 1835. Pres. of 
the Ms. senate; M. C. 1S14-I5; and chief-jus- 
tice of the Circuit C. C. P. He pub. an ora- 
tion delivered at Groton, July 4, 1807.— Saii'ne 
and Allen. 

Dana, Samuel Luther, M.D., LL.D., 
chemist, bro. of James F., and grandson of 
Rev. Samuel of Groton, b. Groton, Ms., July 
11, 1795; d. Lowell, Ms., Mar. U, 1868. H.U. 
1813. Lieut. 1st U. S. Art., and served until 
the close of the War of 1 81 2-1 5. He then stud- 
ied medicine ; received the degree of M.D. in 



1818; practised from 1819 to 1826in Waltham, 
where he established a chemical laboratory for 
the manuf. of the oil of vitriol and bleaching- 
salts, and founded the "Newton Chemical Co.," 
of which he was the chemist till 1834. Subse- 
quently resident and consulting chemist to the 
Merrimack Manuf. Co. In connection with his 
bro., he pub. " Tlie Mineralogy and Geology of 
Boston and Vicinity," 1818. In 1833, while in 
Eng., he pub. a clear exposition of the chemical 
changes occurring in the manuf. of sulphuric 
acid. This was followed by a report to the city 
council of Lowell on the danger arising from 
the use of lead water-pipes. He made many 
experiments in agricultural science ; pub. " The 
Farmer's J^uck Manual" in 1842; an "Es- 
say on Manures," 1843, honored by the prize 
of the Ms. Agric. Society ; a translation of 
Tauquerelon Lead-Diseases; and assisted in the 
agric. and geol. reports of the State survey. 
He also contrib. several articles to the iV A. 
Review and other periodicals. He contrib. to 
the improvement of the important art of print- 
ing cotton, beside his discoveries in the art of 
bleaching it. 

Dana, Samuel Whittlesey, an eminent 
and leading Federalist, son of Rev. James, b. 
New Haven, Ct., July, 1757 ; d. Julv 21, 1830. 
Y. C. 1775. M. C. 1796 to 1810 ; U. S. sen- 
ator, 1810-21. Many years mayor of Middle- 
town, Ct. 

Dane, Nathan, LL.D., an eminent jurist 
and statesman, b Ipswich, Dec. 27, 1752 ; d. 
Beverly, Ms., Feb. 15, 1835. H.U. 1778. 
John, his ancestor, came from England, 
as early as 1638, and settled in Ipswich. He 
practised law in Beverly, where he resided till 
his death ; was a member of the Ms. legisl. 
in 1782-5, and was an able and influential 
member of Congress in 1785-8; member of 
the Ms. senate in 1790, '94, '96-8 ; a commis- 
sioner to revise the laws of the State in 1795 ; 
in 1811, to revise and publish the charters 
which had l)een granted therein ; and again, in 
1812, tomake anew publication of the statutes. 
In 1814, he was a member of the Hartford 
Convention, and in 1820 of that for revising 
the State constitution, but, on account of deaf- 
ness, declined taking his seat. He was the 
framer of the celebrated ordnance, passed by 
Congress in 1787, for the govt, of the territory 
north-west of the Ohio, — a code, by which the 
principles of free gt., to the exclusion of slavery, 
were extended to that immense region. He in- 
corporated in this ordnance a prohibition 
against all laws impairing the oMigation of 
contracts, which the convention that formed the 
Constitution of the U.S. a few months after- 
wards extended to all the States of the Union, 
by making it a part of that Constitution. His 
professional practice was laborious and exten- 
sive ; and his great work, entitled " A General 
Abridgment and Diircst of American Law," in 
9 large vols, 8vo (1S23-9), remains as a proof 
of his learning and industry. The Dane pro- 
fessorship of law, founded by his munificence 
at H. U., and the law hall for the use of ths 
students and professors of law, are enduring 
monuments of his desire to promote the inter- 
ests ot the legal profession and the welfare of 
the community. 



247 



Danforth, Samuel, minister of Roxburv 
from Sept. 24, 1650, to his il., Nov. 19, 1674'; 
b. riamlingliam, Suffolk, En;;., Sept. 1626 ; 
came to N.E. with Nicholas his father, 16.34. 
H. U. 1643. Tutor and fellow of H. U. 
Brother of Thos., pres. of Me. He pub. a 
number of Almanacs, an " Astronomical De- 
scription of the Comet of 1664," a heavcnl)' 
body, the appearance of which he believed por- 
tentous, and the election sermon, 1670, enti- 
tled " A Recognition of New England's Errand 
into the Wilderness." 

Danforth, Samuel, M.D., pbysician, b. 
Cambridge, Ms., Ah^- 1740; d. Boston, Nov. 
16,1827. H.U. 1758. Son of Judge Samuel, 
grandson of Rev. John of Dorchester. After 
studying medicine with Dr. Rand, he practised 
a year or two at Newport, and then settled in 
Boston, where bis loyalty occasioned his being 
treated somewhat harshly after the evacuation 
of that city by the British. He practised with 
success until near 80 years of age, and in- 
creased his reputation by his chemical studios. 
In all ditficiilt medical cases, his opinion was 
relied on as the utmost effort of human skill. 
From 1795 to 1798, be was pres. of the Ms. 
Med. Society. Member of the Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences. — Tliacher. 

Danforth, Thomas, pres. of the district 
of Maine, b. Eng., 1622; d. Nov. 5, 1699. 
Son of Nicholas, who d. Cambridge, 1637. He 
had great influence in public affairs ; was an 
assist, from 1659 to 1C78; dep. gov. in 1679; 
pres. and dept. gov. until the arrival of Andros 
in 1688. He was also a judge of the Superior 
Court. In 1681, he, with Gookin, Cooke, and 
others, opposed the acts of trade, and assert- 
ed the chartered rights of his country. During 
the witclicral't troubles in 1692, he condemned 
the proceedings of the courts. 

Daniel, Isaac, a soldi^rof the Revo!, and 
of thu War of 1812, b. Westchester Co., N.Y.; 
d. N.Y. Cily, 29 June, 1864, a. 109 years. 

Daniel, John M., journalist, d. Richmond, 
Va., March 30, 1865. Noted as a newspaper 
writer in Richmond. He was in 1854 app. by 
Pres. Pierce, minister resident at the court of 
Sardinia, but became very unpopular, and in 
1858 resigned. Soon after, he became again 
connected with the Richmond press, and was 
noted for the violence of his language, and his 
readiness to resort to the duello. He was a 
strenuous advocate for the banging of John 
Brown in 1859; was a zealous secessionist; 
was for a time on the staff of one of the Va. 
corps commanders, but soon returned to Rich- 
mond, and edited the Examiner, in which he 
attacked Mr. Davis virulently. A Life of 
Stonewall Jackson, pub. in his name, was 
written bv J. Estcn Cook. A Memoir of 
Daniel, by bis bro. F. S. Daniel, was pub. 1868. 

Dariiel, Joseph J., jurist, b. Halifax Co., 
N.C., ab. 1783; d. Feb. 1848. After receiv- 
ing a classical education, he studied law, be- 
came an ornament to the bar; in 1807 was 
elected a member of the house; in 1816 was 
app. .a judge of the Superior Court of Law and 
Equity, and, from 1822 to his d., was judge of 
the N.C. Supreme Court. 

Daniel, Junius, brig.-gen. C. S. A., b. 
N.C. 1828; killed near Spottsylvania, Va-, 



May 11, 18C4. West Point, 1851. 1st lieut. 
3d U.S. Inf., May, 1857 ; resigned, June, 1858, 
and was a planter at Shreveport, La., 1858-61. 

Daniel, Peter Vtvian, jurist, b. Stafford 
Co., Va., 1785; d. Richmond, Va., May 31, 
1860. N.J. Coll. 1805. His father, Travers 
Daniel, was an extensive land-proprietor and 
planter in Stafford Co., Va., to which State 
his ancestor emigrated in 1649. Adin. to the 
bar in 1808. In 1809-10, hewas a member of 
the H. of delegates ; one of the privy council 
from 1812 to 1835, being a portion of the time 
ex-officio pres. of the council, and lient.-gov. ; 
app. judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Va. in 
1836, and 3 Mar. 1841, judge of the U.S. Su- 
preme Court. He m. a daughter of Edmund 
Randolj)h, in whose office he studied law. He 
was a Democ. politician, and sustained the 
Dred Scott decision of Judge Taney. 

Daniel, William, judge, b. Va., 1771; d. 
Lynchburg, Nov. 20, 1839. In 1798-9, he 
was a conspicuous member of the State legisl., 
and, during the last 23 years of his life, was on 
the bench of the general and circuit courts of 
Va. 

Danielson, Timothy, Revol. patriot, b. 
Brinilielil, Ms., 1733; d. there Sept. 19, 1791. 
Y.C. 1756. Ho studied theology, but did not 
engage in the clerical profession. In Sept. 
17(4, he was chairman of the Hampshire Co. 
conveniiun ; a delegate to the Pjov. Congress 
at Concord, Oct. "1774, at Can)bridge, Feb. 
1775, and at Watertown, May, 1775. In 
May, 1774, being then a representative, he was 
chosen to the council, but was negatived by 
Gov. Gage. Col. of a provincial regt. in 
May, 1775. His chief service, however, was 
in the legisl., of which he continued a member 
several years. Member of the State Const. 
Conv. in 1779, and afterward of the State 
senate and executive council; chief-justice of 
Hampshire Co. His widow m. Gen. Eaton. 
Large and finely formed, he possessed great in- 
fluence. 

Daponte, see Ponte. 

Darby, VVilliam, statistician and geogra- 
pher, b. Pa. 1775 ; d. Washington, D.C., Oct. 
9, 1854. An officer under Gen. Jackson in 
La., and one of the surveyors of the boundary 
between the U.S. and Canada. Author of 
"Geog. Descrip. of La.," 8vo, 1816; "Plan 
of Pittsburg and Adjacent Country," 1817 ; 
" Emigrant's Guide to the Western Country," 
1818; "Tour from N.Y. to Detroit," 1819; 
" Geog. and Hist, of Florida, with a map," 
1821 ; 3d ed. of "Brooke's Univ. Gazetteer," 
1823 ; " View of the U.S.," 8vo, 1828 ; " Lec- 
tures on the Discovery of Amer.," 1828 ; 
" Geographical DiciionaVv," 8vo, 3d ed., 1843 ; 
"U.S. Gazetteer," 1830 ('with Theo. Dwight), 
and " Mnemonica, a Register of Events to 
1829." 

Darden, Miles, noted for his great size, 
b. N.C. 1798; d. Henderson Co, Tenn., Jan. 
23, 1857. He was 7 feet 6 inches high; and 
at his death his weight was a little over 
1,000 lbs. Until 1853, he was activeand lively, 
and able to labor; but from that time, was 
obliged to stay at home, or be hauled about in 
a 2-horse wagon. In 1850, it required 13^yds. 
of cloth, one yard wide, to make him a coat. 



248 



TDATV 



His coffin was 8 feet long, 35 inches deep, 32 
inches across the breast, 18 across the head, 
and 14 across the feet. 

Dare, Virginia, the first child of English 
parents in the New World, b. at Roanoke, Aug. 
1587. Grand-daughter of John White, gov. 
of the colony sent by Sir Walter Raleigh. 
White's dau. m. Mr. Dare, one of the assist- 
ants of the gov. ; and Virginia was b. ab. a 
month after the arrival of the e.xped. 

Darke, William, gen., b. Phila. Co., Pa., 
1736; d. Jefferson Co., Va., Nov. 26, 1801. 
In 1740, his parents moved to Va. He was in 
Braddock's army at its defeat in 1755, and 
was made a capt. at the beginning of the Rov- 
ol. war. Ho was made prisoner at the battle 
of Germantown, and was col. com. of the 
Hampshire and Berkeley regts. at the capture 
of Cornwallis. He was often a member of 
the Va. legisl., and, in the convention of 1788, 
voted for the Fc(k-r;>l Constitution. Lieut.-col. 
of a regt. of " Levies " in 1791, he com. the 
left wing of St. Clair's army, at its defeat by 
the Miami Indians, Nov. 4, 1791. He made 
two gallant and successful charges with the 
bayonet in this fight, in the second of which, 
his youngest son, Capt. Joseph Darke, was 
killed, and he himself was wounded, and nar- 
rowly escaped death. He was afterward a 
maj.-gen. of Va. militia. 

Darley, Ellen Westray, actress, b. 
Bath, Eng. ; d. Phila., Sept. 26, 1849. Made 
her first a'^p. in Amer. at the Haymarket, 
Boston, Dec. 26, 1796, as Narcissa, in "Inkle 
and Yarico;" in N.Y. in 1798, at the Park, 
as Joanna in " The Deserted Daughter." 

Darley, Felix O. C, artist, b. Phila., 
June 23, 1822. Placed by his parents in a 
mercantile establishment, he devoted his lei- 
sure to drawing, and, receiving from the pub- 
lisher of the Saturdaij Museum a handsome 
sum for a few designs, he applied himself 
wholly to that pursuit. For several years, he 
was employed by large publishing-houses in 
Phila., anil soon acquired reputation. The 
series pub. in the " Library of Humorous 
American Works " was very popular in the 
Southern and Western States. In 1848, ho 
removed to New York, where he illustrated 
" The Sketch Book," " Knickerbocker," &c. 
He had previously made a series of designs in 
outline, from Judd's novel of "Margaret," 
which were pub. in 1856. The committee of 
the American Art Union commissioned him 
to illustrate in similar style Irving's " Rip 
Van Winkle" and his "Legend of Sleepy 
Hollow," both of which are highly creditable 
productions. Offers were made to him to set- 
tle in London, which he declined. He has 
also been engaged in the preparation of vig- 
nettes for bank-notes, and in illustrating Coop- 
er's works ; has executed " The Massacre at 
Wyoming," and 4 other Revol. pieces of merit, 
and has contrib. designs to Irving's " Life of 
Washington," Dickens's and Sims's novels. 
Another of his works is an illustration of the 
wedding-procession in Longfellow's poem of 
"The Courtship of Miles Standish." For 
Prince Napoleon, when in N.Y., he executed 
four drawings illustrative of American life, 
" The Unwilling Laborer," " Repose," " The 



Blacksmith's Shop," and " Emigrants attacked 
by the Indians." Among his pictures of the 
late civil war are " Giving Comfort to the 
Enemy " and " Dahlgren's Char^'c at Fred- 
ericksburg." He m. the dau. of Warren Col- 
burn, and resides at Claymont, Del. — Ttick- 

Darling, Notes, a disting. agriculturist, 
b. Woodbridge, Ct., 1782; d. New Haven, 
Sept. 17, 1846. Y. C. 1801. Tutor there 1804- 
8. Engaged at one time in mercantile pur- 
suits in N.Y. City, he afterward became espe- 
cially interested in horticulture, and, also in in- 
vestigating the habits of insects injurious to 
vegetation, and wrote frequently on this sub- 
ject. He passed the latter portion of his life 
in New Haven, of which city he was mayor, 
having served long as Co. surveyor, and was 
at the time of his death judge of the Co. 

Darlington, William, M.D. (U. of Pa. 
1804), LL.D. (Y.C. 1848), botanist and poli- 
tician, b. of Quaker parents in Birmingham, 
Pa., Apr. 28, 1782 ; d West Chester, Pa., Apr. 
23, 1863. With only a commoncountry school 
education, he began to study medicine at the 
age of 18; studied languages and botany 2 
years, and then went to Calcutta as surgeon 
of a ship. His " Letters from Calcutta " were 
afterward pub. in the Analectic Maijazine. Re- 
turning in 1807, he ra., and practised medicme 
for several years successfully at West Chester. 
He wrote in defence of the policy of Mr. 
Madison ; raised an armed corps on the break- 
ing-out of hostilities, and, after the sack of 
Washington in 1814, was chosen major of a 
vol. regt., and was a Democ. M.C. in 1815-17 
and 1819-23. He founded at West Chester in 
1812 an academy, an athenaeum, and a pros- 
perous society of natural history, of which he 
was pres. In 1813, he began adescriptive cata- 
logue of plants growing around West Chester, 
pub. in 1826, with the title." Florula Cestrica," 
afterwards enlarged as the " Flora Cestrica," 
1837, and repub. in 1853, containing a com- 
plete description and classification of every 
plantknownin thecountv. In 1843, lieedited 
the corresp. of his IViL'nd, Dr. Wm. Baldwin, 
and accomp. it wi'li a iiiriihin-, niMliii;; the 
work " Relif/ ' ■ /. I , i s:i3, the 

name of Du, > -ivun, in 

his honor, tu a u a lh.J i.jiu.u L.i Ij variety 
of pitcher-plant found in Califuiniu. In 1847, 
he pub. " Agric. Botany; " " Mutual Influence 
of Habits and Disease," 8vo, 1804-6; "Agric. 
Chemistry," 1847. In 1849, he coll. and pub. 
the corresp. of Humphrey Marshall and John 
Bartram. His last work, pub. in the W. Ches- 
ter Village Record, was his " Nohe Cestrienses." 
He was a member of some 40 learned societies 
in America and Europe. — Gen. Reg. xvjii. 97. 

D'Arusmont, see Weight. 

Daveiss, Col. Joseph Hamilton, law- 
yer and soldier, b. Bedford Co., Va., Mar. 4, 
1774; d. Nov. 7, 1811. He was bred to the 
law, and was at the time of his death U.S. 
atty. for Ky. A maj. of Ky. vol. dragoons 
under Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, he was 
killed while leading his men to the charge. He 
pub. in 1807 '■ A View of the President's 
Conduct concerning the Conspiracy of 1806." 



DA.V 



Davenport, Col. Abraham, Revol. pa- 
triot, b. Stamford, Ct., 1715 ; d. there Nov. 20, 
1789. Y.C. 17.32. Son of Rev. John, minis- 
ter of Stamford, 1694-1731. He was a man 
of stern integrity and generous beneficence. 
In a time of scarcity, he sold the product of 
his farm to the poor at old prices. He was a 
judge of the C.C.P. ; a member of the exec, 
council of Ct. ; 25 years in the State legisl. ; 
senator, 1766-84 ; and during the war was one 
of the State com. of safety. — Hist. IStamford. 

Davenport, Addinoton, judge, b. Aug. 
3. 1670; d. Apr. 2, 1736. H.U. 1689. After 
visiting Eng., Spain, and the West Indies, he 
returned to Boston, and was register of deeds 
for Suffolk Co. He was afterward successively 
clerk of the H. of representatives, Supreme 
Court, and C.C.P. ; member of the council ; 
representative, 1711-13, and from 1715 to his 
death was judge of the Supreme Court. He 
was one of the founders of Brattle-st. Church 
in 1698. 

Davenport, Addington, D.D., a Prot.- 
Epis. clergyman of Boston, son of the preced- 
ing, b. May 16, 1701 ; d. Sept. 8, 1746. H.U. 
1719. He was educated for the law, but entered 
the ministry. From Apr. 15, 1730, to 1737, 
he was minister of St. Andrew's Church, Scit- 
uate ; was assist, minister of King's Chapel 
from Apr. 15, 1737, to May 8, 1740, when he 
becathe rector of Trinity Church. On leaving 
Scituate, he gave his house and land to the 
Society for Projiagaiing the Gospel in Foreign 
Parts. Dec. 23, 1729, he m. Jane, dau. of 
Grove Hirst, a merchant of Boston. 

Davenport, Edward L; one of the best 
actors on the American stage, b. Boston, 1816. 
Made his dSnt at the Lion Theatre, Providence, 
as Passion Will to Booth's Sir Giles Overreach. 
First appeared in N.Y. at the Bowery, under 
Hamblin's management ; at Phila , at the 
Walnut, in 1838, as Count Montalban in the 
Honeymoon. Dec. 6, 1847, he opened at 
the Manchester Theatre, Eng., as Claude 
Melnotte, and supported Mrs. Mowatt. During 
Macready's f\irewell from tlie stage, he sup- 
ported him. He m. Fanny Vining. 

Davenport, Franklin, of Woodbury, 
N J., served in the Revol. war under Gen. 
Saral. Smith at Fort Mifflin: was a U.S. 
senator in 1798-9; M.C. 1799 to 1801, and 
also a judge. 

Davenport, Henry K., capt. U. S. N., 
b. Ga., Dee. 10, 1820. MiJshipm. Feb. 19, 
1838; lieut. Dec. 19,1833; com. July 16, 
1862; capt. Mar. 14, 1868. Attached to sloop 
" Portsmouth " at the storming of the 6 forts. 
Canton River, China, Nov. 1856; to the sloop 
"Cumberland" at the capture of Hatteras, 
Aug. 1861 ; inrepulseof rebel steamer "James- 
town," in James River, Dec. 1861 ; com. 
steamer " Hetzel " at the capture of Newbern, 
and destruction of rebel fleet in those waters ; 
defence of Fort Anderson, Neuse Kiver, and 
repulse of Pettigrew's army, Mar. 14, 1863; 
defence of Newbern, and repulse of Hoke's 
army, May, 1864 ; com. flag-ship " Lancaster," 
Pacific squad., 1864-6, and captured 7 pirates 
on board Amer. steamer " Salvador " off the 
Bay of Panama, Nov. 10, 1864, and received 
thanks of navy dept. — Uamersly. 



Davenport, James, lawyer and M.C. 
1796-9; son of Col. Abraham; b. Stamford, 
12 Oct. 1758; d. there 3 Aug. 1797. Y.C. 
1777. He was in the commissary dept. in the 
Revol. ; was a judge of the C.C.P., and a man 
of literary tastes and abilities. 

Davenport, John, a Puritan divine, one 
of the founders of New Haven, b. Coventry, 
Eng., 1597; d. Boston, Mar. 15, 1670. At 
the age of 16, he entered Merton Coll., Oxford. 
After 2 yrs. rem. to Magdalen, where he re- 
ceived the degree of B.A., and subsequently 
that of B. D. He commenced preaching in 
Lond., where his purity and worth, his learning, 
and talent as a preacher, were greatly esteemed. 
Ab. 1626, in connection with Drs. Sibs and 
Gouge, the lord-mayor of London, and oth- 
ers, he devised a plan to purchase impropria- 
tions, with the profits of which a number of 
ministers should be maintained, who would 
assist in reforming abuses. But" Archbishop 
Laud procured its condemnation, and the 
confiscation of the money to the king's use. 
At the close of 1633, Mr. Davenport was com- 
pelled, by the increasing persecution of non- 
conformists, to resign his pastoral office over 
St. Stephen's Church, Coleman St., and retire 
to Holland. After officiating for a time as a 
privateinstructor,hereturned to Lond. in 1635. 
He had been concerned in the patent of the 
Ms. Colony, and determined to come over. 
June 26, 1637, he landed at Boston with Mr. 
Eaton and Mr. Hopkins, was received with 
great respect, and invited to sit with the synod 
at Cambridge, to which his learning and wis- 
dom made him a valuable accession. March 
30, 1638, he sailed with his company for Quin- 
nipiack, or New Haven, to found a new colony. 
Here, under the branches of an oak, he 
preached Apr. 18, the first Sunday after their 
arrival, and ministered there near 30 years. 
June 4, 1639, holding their constituent assem- 
bly in a barn, the " Free Planters," resolved 
that church-members only should be burgesses ; 
and Davenport was chosen one of the "seven 
pillars" to support the ordinance of civil govt. 
Two of the regicides, Goffe and Whalley, were 
concealed in his house ; and he instigated the 
people, by his preaching, to protect them from 
the commissioners of tiie king. With Cotton 
and Hooker, he was invited to join the West- 
minster Assembly ; but his church was unwill- 
ing to part with him. He was ord. Dee. 9, 
1668, over the First Chuch, Boston ; but he sur- 
vived this change but a short time. He wrote 
sermons, several controversial pamphlets, " A 
Discourse about Civil Govt, in a New Planta- 
tion," " The Saint's Anchor-Hold in all Storms 
and Tempests," a Catechism containing the 
chief lieads of the Christian religion, and other 
theol. tracts. 

Davenport, John, lawyer, M.C, 1799- 
1817, b. Stamford, Ct., 16 Jan. 1752; d there 
28 Nov. 18.30. Y.C. 1770. Tutor there 1773. 
An active Kevol. patriot, and a maj. in the 
commis. dept. Son of Col. Abraham. — Hist. 
Stamford. 

Davenport, Col. William, b. Culpeper 
Co., Va., Oct. 12, 1769; d. Walnut Fountain, 
Caldwell Co., N.C., Aug. 19, 1859. He held 
at various times the offices of justice of the 



250 



peace, Co. surveyor, legislator, &c., and con- 
trib. largely to the erection of the female coll. 
of Lenoir, which bears his name. 

Davenport, William, col. U.S.A., b. 
N. C. ; d. Fhila., Apr. 12, 18.->8. App. capt. 
16 Inf., Sept. 28, 1812 ; niaj. 6[h Inf., Dec. 16, 
1825; lieut.-col. 1st Inf., Apr. 4, 1832; in bat- 
tle of Bad Axe, under Gen. Atkinson; brev. 
col. for meritorious service in Florida, July 7, 
1838; col. 6th Inf., June 14, 1842; 1st Inf., 
July, 1843 ; resigned, Jan. 31, 1850. He dis- 
ting. himself at Chippewa and Bridgewater 
in the War of 1812, also in the Black Hawk 
and Florida wars. — Gardner. 

David, John B., D.D., Horn. Cath. bishop 
of Louisville, Ky. Consec. 15 Aug. 1819 ; d. 
1841. 



1, John Wynn, brig.-gen. vols., 
b. Fairfa.K Co., Va., Aug. IS, 1824. West 
Point, 1845. Entering the 1st dragoons, lie 
accompanied .Geii. Kearney, in 184G, to Cal., 
in com. of a howitzer battery. Was in the 
battles of San Pasqual, Dec. C, 1846 ; San Ber- 
nardo, Dec. 7; San Gabriel, Jan. 8, 1847; 
Plains of Mesa, Jan. 9, 1847 ; Clear Lake, 
Cal., May 17, 1850, and at Uussian River, 
June 17, 1850, under Capt. Nath. Lyon. He 
fought the battle of Cieniguilla, N. Mexico, 
Mar. 30, 1854, against the Apache and Utah 
Indians, losing 3-4 of his command, and being 
himself wounded. Capt. 2U Jan. 1855; maj. 
2d Cav. Nov. 14, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. Feb. 3, 
1862 ; com. a brigade in Smith's division in 
the Potomac Army. He served at the battles 
of Lee's Mills, Apr. 5, 1862; Mcchanicsville, 
May 24 ; Golding's farm, June 28, and White- 
oak Swamp, June 30. Early in Aug. he was 
transferred to the dept. of the Mpi., and put 
in com. of the S. E. dist. of Mo. He co-ope- 
rated with Gen. Steele in his exped. against 
Little Rock, meeting the rebel cavalry at 
Bayou Metre; was in the actions of Ash- 
ley's Mills, Ark., and Little Rock, 10 Sept. 
1863; com. cav. exped. from Baton Rouge to 
Pascagoula, 24 Nov. 1864; brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., 13 Mar. 1865, for capt. of Little Rock; 
maj.-gen. for merit, services in the Rebellion; 
lieut.-col. 10th Cav. 1 Dee. 1866.— tW/um. 

Davidson, Luckktia Makia, a remarka- 
ble instance of early genius, b. Plattsburg, 
N.Y., Sept. 27, 1808; d. Aug. 27, 1825. 
When but four years old, a number of her lit- 
tle books were found to be filled with rude 
drawings, accompanied with explanatory verses 
written in characters of the primed alphabet. 
From an early age, every leisure moment was 
devoted to reading. The earliest of her pro- 
ductions which are preserved were written 
when she was 9 years old. So early, ardent, 
and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual improve- 
ment is unparalleled, except in the cases of 
Chatterton and Kirke White. In Oct. 1824, 
a gentleman who knew her intense desire for 
education placed her at a female seminary, 
where her inees.sant application soon de.stroyed 
her constitution, previously debilitated by dis- 
ease; and she d. before completing her 17th 
year. A biog. sketch, with a coll. of her po- 
ems, was pub. by S. F. B. Morse, in 1829, en- 
titled " Amir Khan and other Poems, the Re- 
mains of L. M. Davidson." Although a great 



part of her compositions were destroyed, 278 
remain. — See Life, hij Catharine M. ^edywick, 
1843. 

Davidson, Margaret Miller, poctes.s, 
sister of L. M., b. Mar. 26, 1823 ; d. Nov. 25, 
1 S37. Sharing her sister's precocity, she began 
to write at 6 years of age. At 10, she wrote and 
acted in a passionate drama in society at N.Y., 
and, notwithstanding the warning of her sister's 
fate, her intellectual activity was not restrained. 
Margaret's poems were issued under the au- 
spices of Washington Irving ; and the works 
of both sisters were pub. together in 1830. A 
vol. of Selections from the Writings of Mrs. 
Margaret M. Davidson, the mother, with a 
preface by Miss C. M. Sedgwick, appeared in 
1843. Lieut. L. P. Davidson, U.S.A., the bro. 
of Margaret and Lucretia, who also d. young, 
wrote verses with elegance and ease. 

Davidson, Gen. William, Revol. officer, 
b. Lancaster Co., Pa., 1746; killed at the bat- 
tle of Cowan's Ford, NC, Feb. 1, 1781. In 
1750, he removed with his family to Rowan 
Co., N.C., and was educated at Charlotte Acad. 
App. a major in 1776, he served under Wash- 
ington, until in Nov. 1779, detached to re-en- 
force the army of Gen. Lincoln, at which time 
he com. his regt. with the rank of lieut.-col. 
Visiting his family on the way, he was saved 
from captivity, as the investiture of Charleston 
prevented him from rejoining his regiment. 
In an engagement at the head of some militia, 
with a party of loyalists, near Calson's Mill, he 
was severely wounded ; but, having been app. 
brig.-gen. by the State of N.C., took the field 8 
weeks after, and. exerted himself to interrupt 
the progress of Cornwallis. Detached by 
Greene, on the last day of Jan. 1781, to guard 
the very ford selected by Cornwallis for his 
passage of the Catawba, Davidson posted him- 
self there at night at the head of 300 men, and 
was killed on the following day. Congress 
decreed him a monument. — Rogers. 

Davie, William Richardson, lawyer, 
statesman, and soldier, b. Egrcmont,ncar White 
Haven, Eng., June 20, 1756 ; d. Camden, S.C, 
Nov. 8, 1820. N.J. Coll. 1776. His father 
brought him to S.C. soon after the peace of 
1763, and, returning to Eng., confided him to 
the care of Rev. Wm. Richardson, his maternal 
uncle, who educated and adopted him as his 
son and heir. He commenced the study of law 
at Salisbury; but, soon obtaining a lieutenancy 
in a troop of dragoons, he succeeded to the 
com., annexed it to the legion of Pulaski in 
1779, and was promoted by Gen. Lincoln to 
be brigade-major. He fought at Stono, where 
he was severely wounded, at Hanging Rock, 
and Rocky Mount. Taking the field with a 
legionary corps, and rank of maj , after ex|iend- 
ing the last shilling of the estate bc(pieathcd 
to him by his uncle, in its equipment, he 
was actively engaged in protecting the country 
between Charlotte and Camden from the 
enemy's predatory excursions. When Corn- 
wallis entered Charlotte, N.C., Col. Davie 
severely handled Tarleton'sIegion,killingalarge 
number, and wounding its commander, Maj. 
Hanger, withdrawing his own force without 
loss. His efficiency in saving the remnant of 
the army after its overthrow at Camden, aa 



well as his oilier services, procured for him the 
rank of eul. com. of the cavalry of the State. 
Gen. Greene, on taking com. of the Southern 
(lejjt., f;ave him the post of commiss., in which 
his zeal, talents, influence, and local knowledge 
contrib. yreatly to the successful operations 
wliieli followed. After the war, he settled, at 
Halifax, on the Roanoke, in the practice of 
law, and soon rose to great eminence. He was 
possessed of great sagacity, knowledge, and 
eloquence ; was many years a member of the 
State legisl. In 1787, he was a delegate to the 
convention which framed the Federal Constitu- 
tion; but the illness of his family called him 
home before its labors were terminated, and his 
name does not appear on that instrument. In 
the convention of N.C., he was its most able 
champion. To him the U. of N.G is mainly 
indebted for its establishment and support. 
App. a major-gen. of the State militia ; in 1799, 
he was gov. of the State, but was soon after 
sent by Pres. Adams with Ellsworth and Mur- 
ray on a mission to France. Soon after his 
return, he withdrew from public life to his 
farm at Tivoli, on the Catawba River, S.C. 
App. a raaj.-gen. by the govt, in Mar. 1813, he 
declined on account of bodily infirmities occa- 
sioned by his wounds in the Revol. He was a 
man of commanding appearance, affable, hos- 
pitable, and delightful as a companion. — See 
Sparks's Amer. Biorj., vol xv., 2d series. 

Davies, Charles, LL.D. (Gen. Coll. 
1840), mathematician, b. Washington, Ct., 22 
Jan. 1798. West Point, 1815. Emig. to St. 
Lawrence Co., N.Y. He worked on a farm till 
he entered West Point in 1814. Prof at West 
Point from Dec. 1816 to Mav, 1837 ; at Trinity 
Coll. in 1839-41, and in the N.Y. U. in 1848-9, 
when he withdrew to his residence at Fishkill 
Landing, N.Y., and completed his series of 
text-books. He afterward resumed his profes- 
sional duties, first in the Normal School at 
Albany, and in Columb. Coll. in 1857-6.5. His 
works are characterized by great perspicuity, 
and close logical arrangeniient. They consist 
of a series of arithmetics, algebras, and geome- 
tries, "Elements of Surveying," "Shades, 
Shadows, and Perspective," " Differential and 
Integnd Calculus," " Grammar of Arithmetic," 
" Practical Mathemalics," " Logic of Mathe- 
matics," and " Matheuuvlical Dictionary "(with 
G. W. Peck). Prof. Davies was a paymaster 
in the army in 1841-5. 

Davies, Samdel, D.D., divine and scholar, 
b. Newcastle Co., Del., Nov. 3, 1723; d. 
Princeton, N.J. , Feb. 4, 1761. He was care- 
fully and religiously educated at home by 
David his father, a pious Welsh planter ; 
studied at Mr. Blair's school at Fogg's Manor. 
Was licensed to preach, July 30, 1746; ord. 
Feb. 19, 1747, and oCSciated at different places 
in Hanover Co., Va., where dissenters from the 
established Episcopal Church of Va. were ob- 
noxious to the civil authorities. The success 
of his labors led to a controversy between him 
and the king's atty-gen., as to whether the act 
of toleration which had been passed in Eng. for 
therelief of Protestant dissenters extended also 



to Va., 



I question i 



iitclv decided 



the 



N.J., he preached with acceptance there and 
in Scotland, and succeeded in the object of his 
mission. On his return in Fob. 1755, he re- 
sumed his pastoral labors, and, after Braddock's 
defeat, preached a sermon which was pub., in a 
note to which occurs the prophetic passage: 
" That heroic youth. Col. Washington, whom 
I cannot but hope Providence has hitherto pre- 
served in so signal a manner for some impor- 
tant service to his country." The First Va. 
presbytery was established through his efforts 
in 1755, and July 26, 1759, he succeeded Jona- 
than Edwards as pres. of the N.J. Coll. A 
coll. of his sermons was pub. Lond., 1767, in 5 
vols., and passed through several editions in 
Great Britain and Amer. The edition of his 
sermons pub. N.Y., 1851,3 vols., 8vo, contains 
an essay on the Life and Times of Davies, by 
Rev. Albert Barnes. He was an eloquent 
preacher; and his sermons are highly esteemed 
tijr elegance of style, as well as -their masterly 
treatment of important subjects. He also 
wrote verses of considerable merit, among them 
an elegy on his old preceptoi-, Samuel Blair. 
His son Col. William left N.J. Coll. in 1775, 
became an officer in the army, and enjoyed the 
esteem of Washington. He was app. a sub- 
inspector under Steuben, in April, 1778, and 
was the most efficient of his assistants. He 
was afterward in the auditor's office, Richmond, 
and removed to Sussex Co., where he died. 

Davies, Thomas Alfred, brig.-gen. vols., 
b. St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., Dec. 1809. West 
Point, 1829. Entering the 1st Inf., he resigned 
in 1831 ; followed mercantile pursuits and civil 
engineering in N.Y. City, where, in 1840-41, 
he was engaged on the Croton Aqueduct. In 
May, 1861, he became col. 16th N.Y. vols. In 
the first battle of Bull Run, lie was acting brig., 
com. the left wing of the army, and, for his gal- 
lantry on that occasion, was made brig.-gen. 
March 7, 1862. Joining the army of the West, 
under Gen. Halleck, he com. the 2d division in 
the movement against Corinth, and took part 
in the battle of Oct. 3-4, 1862 ; com. the dis- 
trict of Rolla, Mo., Mar. 1863 to Mar. 1864, 
and of N. Kans. 1864-5. He is the author of 
" Answer to Hugh Miller and Theoretical 
Geolo^'ists," " Cosmogony," 8vo, 1853. 

Davila y PadiUa (ila'-ve-lae pa-del'-ya), 
AuGOSTiN, became bishop of St. Domingo; d. 
1604. Author of " History of the Proviiiceof 
Santiago de Mexico," 1596. 

Davis, Andrew Jackson, clairvoyant, b. 
Blooming Grove, Orange Co., N.Y., Aug. 11, 
1826. His parents were extremely poor, and 
his youth was passed in various labors, with 
hut little schooling. Early in 1843, Mr. Wm. 
Levingston of Poughkeepsie, by mesmerism, 
developed in him extraordinary clairvoyant 
powers. He discoursed learnedly on medical, 
psychological, and scientific subjects, and suc- 
cessfully treated diseases. March 7, 1844, dur- 
ing a trance of 16 hours, he conversed, as he 
asserts, with invisible beings, and received inti- 
mations and instructions concerning the posi- 
tion he was subsequently to occupy as a teacher 
from the interior state. In Nov. 1845, he dic- 
tated to Rev. Wm. Fishbough, at New York, 
while clairvoyant, his first and most consider- 
able work, " The Principles of Nature, her 



D^V 



252 



Divine Relations, and a Voice to Mankind," 
8vo, 800 pp. This book presents a wide range 
of subjects, and repudiates any special author- 
ity in the teachings of the Bible. He has pub. 
several other works undir tli'' -am ■ i-iflnPiice, 
— the "Great Hannonin," 1 ■ ' •' ■ .Ap- 
proaching' C'ri^s ;" the " 1'. n : ; ■.; tlie 
"Prescni"A-f,"and"Iinir, l.n ■, i; ,,,.>vuf 
Dr. Buslincli on SupernatinaiiMi. , ' ■ I'.uluso- 
phy of Spiritual Intercourse," Svu; " I'liilosophy 
of Special Providences ; " " Free Thoughts con- 
cerning Religion," 8vo, 1854; " Harmonial 
Man," 8vo. He is more successful as a writer 
than as a lecturer, and has been principally in- 
strumental in inaugurating the modern move- 
ment known as "Spiritualism." — See the 
Maqic Staff, an Autobiog. of A. J. Davis, 1857. 

Davis, As-iHEL, b. Ms., 1791. Pub. " An- 
cient America, and Researches of the East," 
30th thousand, 18.54, and lecture on "The 
Discov. of Amer. by the Northmen," 1840. 

Davis, Charles Aug., a shipping-mer- 
chant of N.Y., and a political writer, b. 
1795 ; d. 27 Jan. 1867. Well versed in finan- 
cial and commercial affairs : he was also a bril- 
liant and genial writer upon those topics. 
Author of the " Peter Scriber Letters " in the 
Commercial Advertiser, and " Major Jack Down- 
ing's Letters " in the same paper, detailing his 
"th Gen. Jackson, and the plans 
irowing the U.S. Bank. 

Charles Henry, LL.D. (H.U. 
/ I gy: 1868), mathematician, rear-adm. U. S. N , b. 
/ Boston, Ms., Jan. 16, 1807.. Son of Daniel, 
U.S. solicitor-gen. for Ms. H.U. 1825. Mid- 
shipm. Aug. 12, 1823; lieut. Mar. 3, 1834; 
com. June 12, 1854; capt. 15 Nov. 1861; 
commo. July 16, 1862; chief of bureau of navi- 
gation, July 17, 1862 ; rear-adm. Feb. 7, 1863. 
From 1844 to 1849, he was engaged in the U.S. 
coast-survey. In 1846-9, while surveying the 
waters about Nantucket, he discovered the New 
South Shoal, and several smaller shoals di- 
rectly in the track of ships sailing between 
N.Y. and Europe, and of coasting-vessels from 
Boston. He was subsequently engaged in ex- 
amining the state of the harbors of Boston, 
N.Y., Charleston, &c. Theseinvestigations led 
him to the study of the laws of tidal action. 
See his " Memoir upon the Geological Action 
of the Tidal and other Currents of the Ocean " 
(Memoirs of the Am. Acad., new series, vol. 
iv.), and "The Law of Deposit of the Flood 
Tide" (Smiths. Contribs. vol. iii.). He founded 
the " Amer. Nautical Almanac," superintend- 
ing it from 1849 to 1856, when he was ordered 
to naval service in the Pacific in com. of the 
sloop of war " St. Mary's." He was fleet-capt. 
in Dnpont's exped. against Port Royal, and 
second in com., and was assigned to the Mpi. 
flotilla. May 9, 1862, he was app. flag-ofBcer 
of the flotilla, and on the 11th repulsed an at- 
tack by the rebel fleet. June 8, he attacked 
the rebel fleet opposite Memphis, capturing or 
destroying all but one vessel. The surrender 
of Memphis immediately followed. He then 
joined Adm. Farragut, and was engaged in the 
various operations ab. Vicksburg. With Gen. 
Curtis, he operated up the Yazoo in Aug. 1862, 
with complete success. Supt. Naval Obser- 
vatory, Washington, 1865-7 ; com. S. Atlantic 



squad., 1867-9. Author of an English trans- 
lation of Gauss's " Thmria Motus Corpomm 
C(elestium," Boston, 1858, and of some shorter 
translations and articles on mathematical as- 
tronomy and geodesy. 

Davis, Daniel, soldier, killed Sept. 17, 
1814, in the sortie from Fort Erie. App. lieut.- 
col. comg. N.Y. vols., June 29, 1812; brig.- 
gen. 1814. 

Davis, Daniel, lawyer, b. Barnstable, 
Ms., May 8, 1762; d. Cambridge, Oct. 27, 

1835. He settled in Falmouth, now Portland, 
Me., in 1782; was successful at the bar; was 
6 years in the house, and 6 years in the senate, 
of Ms., where he was disting. as a debater ; 
U.S. atty. for Me., 1796-1801 ; solicitor.-gen. 
of Ms., 1800-32. He removed to Boston in 
1804, and in 1832 to Cambridge. Admiral 
Charles H. Davis is his son. Author of 
" Criminal Justice," 8vo, 2d ed. 1828; "Pre- 
cedents of Indictments," 8vo, 1831.— Willis's 
Lawi/ers of Maine. 

Davis, David, jurist, b. Cecil Co., Md., 
Mar. 9, 1815. Ken. Coll. 1832. Studied law 
in Ms. and N. Haven ; in 1835, adm. to the bar, 
and settled in Bloomington, 111. ; member State 
legisl. 1844 ; of the State Const. Conv., 1847 ; 
judge of the 8th jud. circuit, 1848-62 ; app. 
judge U.S. Supreme Court, Dec. 8, 1862. For 
many years, the intimate friend of Abraham 
Lincoln, and delegate to the Chicago conven- 
tion, which in 1860 nominated him for pres- 
ident. 

Davis, Edwin Hamilton, M.D. (Cin. 
Coll. 1837), physician and archseologist, b. 
Ross Co., O., Jan. 22, 1811. Ken. Coll. 1833. 
He explored the mounds of the Scioto Valley, 
and read a paper on that subject before the 
Philomathesian Society, subsequently enlarged 
and delivered at the coll. commencement of 
1833. The suggestions of Daniel Webster, 
then making a tour in the West, stimulated 
him to continue these researches; and the re- 
sults of 15 years' diligent study and exploration 
are embodied in " The Monuments of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley," vol. i. of the " Smithsoniaa 
Contributions to Knowledge." He practised his 
prof in Chillicothe until 1850, when, on the 
establishment of the N Y. Med. Coll., he was 
called to the chair of materia raedica and 
therapeutics, which he still holds. He has 
been a contrib. to scientilicand medical journals, 

besides being lor a ii;a ■ it ihu conductors 

of the^mer/or, '/ M ; In the spring 

of 1854, he d. 1,. i , , of lectures on 

archfeology iKfnr. il,. I.< a ii Institute, Boston. 
Author of " Report uii the Statistics of Cal- 
culous Diseases in Ohio," 8vo, 1850. 

Davis, Emerson, D.D. (H.U. 1847), 
Cong, clergyman and author, b. Ware, Ms., 
July 15, 1798 ; d. Westfield, Ms., June 8, 1866. 
Wms. Coll. 1821. He was preceptor of the 
Westfield acad. one year ; tutor in the coll. one 
year ; resumed his preceptorship, and June 1, 

1836, was settled over the First Church in 
Westfield. He was active in the cause of edu- 
cation ; was vice-pres. of Wms. Coll. 1861-8. 
In 1852, he pub. " The Half-Century," a work 
of great research, reprinted in Great Britain; 
" The Teacher Taught," Bost., 1839 ; " Hist. 
Sketch of Westfield," 1826. He also pub. 



253 




sermons, addresses, and essays. He left 5 MS. 
vols, of biographies of Trinit. Cong, clergy- 
men, now in the Cong. Library, Boston. 

Davis, Garret, lawyer and senator, b. 
Mount Stirling, Ky., Sept 10, 1801. He re- 
ceived a classical education ; was employed as 
a writer in the County and Circuit Courts of 
his dist. ; was adm. to the bar in 1823, and at- 
tained distinction and a lucrative practice. 
Member of the State legisl. in 1833-6; of the 
State Const. Conv. in 1839; M.C. 1839-47; 
and a Democ. U.S. senator since 1861. He 
was an intimate personal and political friend of 
Henry Clay, was a leader in the Whig party, 
and was very active in preventing the secession 
^of his State in 1861. 

Davis, Hexrt, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1810), an 
minent Presh. divine, b. East Hampton, NY., 
Sept, IS, 1771 ; d. Clinton, N.Y., March 8, 
Y. C. 1796. His ancestors were from 
Kidderminster, -Eng. He was tutor at Wms. 
and at Yale Colls. 7 years, studied theology, 
and soon became known as a preacher of great 
ability and eloquence. Prof, of Greek at Un. 
Coll., from 1806 to 1809 ; pres. of Middl. Coll., 
Vt., from Dec. 1809 to July, 1817, when he be- 
came pres. of Ham. Coll., N.Y., which office 
he resigned in April, 1833. Dr. Davis was 
active in establishing the Theol. Sem. at Au- 
burn, N.Y., and in behalf of foreign missions. 
He pub. an inaugural oration at Middlebury, 
Feb. 21, 1810, a number of sermons and ad- 
dresses, and a narrative of the embarrassments 
and decline of Ham. Coll., April, 1833. — 
Sprarjue. 

Davis, Henry Winter, LL.D., states- 
man, b. Annapolis, Md., Aug. 16, 1817; d. 
Baltimore, Dec. 30, 1865. Ken. Coll. 1837. 
Son of an Episc. clergyman, and prof, in St. 
John's Coll., Annapolis; studied law; was adm'. 
to the bar at Alexandria, Va., and rapidly rose 
to distinction. Removing to Baltimore in 
185U, he attained celebrity by his defence of 
Dr. Johns, in the Episc. convention, against 
the accusation of Bishop Whitlingham. M.C. 
in 1838-61 and 1863-5, serving on the commit- 
tee of ways and means. In 1859, he voted for 
Pennington, the Repub. candidate for speaker, 
drawing down upon himself a storm of abuse. 
Though representing a border slave-State dur- 
ing the Rebellion, he was conspicuous in Con- 
gress for his uncompromising radicalism, his 
early advocacy of emancipation, and of arming 
the negroes. He made a great speech in the 
summer of 1865, at Chicago, in fiivor of negro 
suffrage. In the 38th Congress, he served with 
disting. ability as chairman of the com. of 
foreign affairs. He pub. in 1852 " The War 
of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the 19th Centu- 
ry." Feb. 22, 1866, a eulogy was pronounced 
upon him by Senator Creswell, by order of 
the house. His speeches were pub. by Cress- 
well, 8vp, 1867. 

Davis, Jefferson, soldier and statesman, 
b. Christian Co., Ky , 3 June, 1803. He stud- 
ied at Transylv.Coll., grad. West Point, 1828 ; 
served as a licut. of inf. in the Black Hawk 
war, 1831-2; 1st lieut. of dragoons against 
the Pawnees and other Indian tribes in 183.3- 
5 ; resigned, and became a cotton-planter in 
Mpi. A Democ. M. C. in 1845-6, and con- 



spicuous in the discussions on the tariff, Ore- 
gon, and the Mexican war ; col. of the Mpi. 
Rifles, and prominent at Monterey and Buena 
Vista, and highly commended by Gen. Taylor 
in his official despatch ; U.S. senator in 1847- 
51, and in 1857-Jan. 1861; candidate for 
gov. of Mpi. in 1851, defeated byH. S. Foote, 
Union candidate; sec. of war in Mr. Pierce's 
cabinet, 1853-7; prominent in the secession 
movement of 1860-1 ; chosen pres. of the 
provisional govt., formed by the secessionists, 
4 Feb. 1861 ; elec. pres. ibr6 years of the Con- 
federate States, in Nov. 1861, and inaug. 22 
Feb. 1862; taken prisoner at Irwinville in 
Southern Ga., 10 May, 1865 ; conliued 2 years 
in Fortress Monroe, and then released on bail ; 
included in the gen. amnesty of 25 Dec. 1868. 
He m. a dau. of Pres. Taylor. In the senate, 
he was a prominent advocate of slavery, of 
State rights, and of a southern route for the 
Pacific Railroad, and a conspicuous opponent 
of the French Spoliation Bill. As sec. of war, 
he was popular with the army. Among his 
measures were the revision of the army regula- 
tions, the introduction of the light infantry or 
rifle-system of tactics, the manuf. of rifled 
arms, the increase of the army, and scientific 
explorations of the West for determining the 
best route for the Pacific Railroad. As a speak- 
er, he is fluent, earnest, vigorous, and terse. 

Davis, Jefferson C. brev. maj.-gen. 
U. S. A., b. Clarke Co., Ind., March 2, 1828. 
His ancestors were noted in the Indian wars of 
Ky. ; William his grandfather having been in 
the battle at River Raisin. Leaving tlie Clarke 
Co. Sem. on the breaking-out of the Mexican 
war, he joined Col. J. H. Lane's regt., partici- 
pated in the battle of Buena Vista and in the 
entire Mexican campaign, and, for gallant con- 
duct, was made 2d lieut. 1st U.S. Art., June 17, 
1848; became 1st lieut. in 1852; took charge 
of the first garrison placed in Fort Sumter in 
Aug. 1858, and was there during the bombard- 
ment in April, 1861 ; capt. May 14, 1861 ; col. 
22d Ind. vols. He was given a brigade by 
Gen. Fremont, with whom he served in Mo. 
He also com. a brigade under Gens. Hunter 
and Pope. For his conduct at Milford, in 
Central Mo., where he captured a superior 
force with a large quantity of military supplies, 
he was made brig.-gen. Dec. 18, 1861, and at 
the battle of Pea Ridge com. one of the four 
divisions of Gen. Curtis's army. His division 
fought, March 7, the battle of Leetown, one of 
the most sanguinary and decisive of the 
war. The next day. Col. Davis stormed and 
carried the heights of Elkhorn, capturing five 
cannon, and deciding the battle of Pea Ridge 
against the rebels. He was then transferred to 
Gen. Halleck's army at Corinth, and after its 
evacuation was given a division in the army of 
the Tenn. Sept. 29, meeting Gen. Nelson at 
a hotel in Louisville, an affray ensued, in which 
Nelson was killed. After being a short time 
under arrest, he was restored to duty, and or- 
dered to Covington. He led his old division, 
20th army corps, in the thickest of the fight 
at Stone River, holding the centre of the right 
wing, and, for good conduct on that occasion, 
was strongly recommended by Rosecrans to a 
maj.-genship. He was in the battle of Chick- 



d. /Jvjrtr 



254 



amauga; in the Atlanta campaign, and com. 
the 1 4th corps in Sherman's march through 
Georgia and in North Carolina. Col. 23d Inf., 
Julv 28, 1866 ; brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., March 
13, '1865. 

Davis, John, an eminent English mariner, 
b. Sandridge, Devonshire; d. Dec. 1605. He 
went to sea when young, and acquired so much 
reputation in his profession as to be intrusted 
in 1585 with the com. of an exped. for the 
discovery of a nortli-wcst passage to the East 
Indies, in tliisvovagc, lie discovered the straits 
in theArctic Sea leadiri- to B.iffin'sI5ay. which 
still bear his name. D.ivi^ twni muro visited 
the polar regions, and in l.i'.U wm with Cav- 
endish in his second uiiloriuiiat.- i \|H.liiion to 
the South Sea. He llicri iiiadc 5 vuyiiges to 
the E.Indies as a pilot; iind during tlic last of 
these, while serving under Sir Edmund Mi- 
chelbourne, he was killed in an engagement 
with some Japanese off the coast of Malacca. 
He wrote accounts of some of his voyages, a 
treatise entitled " The World's Hydrographical 
Description," and the " Seaman's Secrets," 
1595 ; and he is said to have invented a quad- 
rant for taking the sun's altitude at sea, which 
preceded the use of Hadley's sextant. 

Davis, John, LL.D. (H. U. 1842), jurist, 
b. Plymouth, Ms., Jan. 25, 1761 ; d. Boston, 
Jan. 14, 1847. H. U. 1781. He taught for a 
time in the family of Gen. Joseph Otis of 
Barnstable ; studied law, and began practice in 
Plymouth in 1786. He was some years in the 
Ms. legisl. ; was the youngest member and last 
survivor of the convention to adopt the U.S. 
Constitution ; member of the State senate, 
1795; comptroller U.S. treasury, 1795; dist.- 
atty. for Ms., 1796, and U.S. dist.'judge for Ms., 
from 1801 till his death. Delegate to the State 
Const. Conv. of 1820. Judge Davis was one of 
the most profound antiquarians of N.E. His 
notes to " Morton's Memorial " are a monument 
to his learning. He was a member of many 
learned societies, and pres. of the Ms. Mist. 
Soc. from 1818 to 1843. He pub. an address 
before the Ms. Charitable Society, 1799; a 
eulogy on Washington ; " The Inscriptions on 
Digliton Rock;" an address on comets, and 
another, 22 Dec. 1813, in commem. of the 
landing of the I'ilgriins, before the Ms. Hist. 

Davis, JoHX, LL.D. (H. U. 1834), states- 
man, b. Northborough, Ms., Jan. 13, 1787 ; d. 
Worcester, April 19, 1854. Y. Coll. 1812. 
Adm. to the bar of Worcester Co. in 1815, and 
settled at Worcester, where he became an emi- 
nent lawyer and politician. M. C. from 1825 
to 1 833, and disting. himself in questions of a 
financial and commercial character. Gov. of 
Ms., 1833-5 and 1840-1 ; U.S. senator from 
1835 to 1841 and from 1845 to 1853. In Con- 
gress, he was an advocate for protection to 
American industry ; and his speeches in reply 
to McDuffie, Cambrelling, and others, were re- 
garded as the best statements and defences of 
the protective theories. He was a consistent 
opponent of Jackson's administration and that 
of Van Buren, and contributed, in a short 
speech against the sub-treasury in 1840, the 
most efficient electioneering pamphlet for the 
canvass of that year ; more than a million 



copies having been distributed. He opposed 
in the senate the Mexican war ; supported the 
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; and, in the great 
controversy wliich followed .is to the disposi- 
tion to be made of ilu- U.S. Territories, he was 
decided and earnest in hiMn- of (x< hiding sla- 
very from them. Ik- Mi|i|-M)i, >| ihf Wilniot 
Proviso, and was oiu- ol lue uio-i ^liiidcd oppo- 
nents of the compromise acts ol 1850. No 
public man ever enjoyed more fully than Mr. 
Davis the confidence of the people; and he was 
popularly known as "Honest John Davis." — 
iSee Memoir, in Aiiier. Aniiq. Soc, Trans. V. 3. 

Davis, John A. G., law prof, at Wm. and 
Mary Coll. from 1830 to 14 Nov. 1840, when 
he d. from a pistol-shot fired bv a disguised 
student; b. Middlesex Co., ya.,"lsoi. Wm. 
and Mary Coll. He piacti . .1 l.uv ;ii .Ml.cniarlo 
Co., and for some yr.iis |hiIl a wirkly journal 
at Charlottesville. Autlioiol'a ", Manual lor 
Justices of the Peace," 1838 ; a tract on " Es- 
tates Tail," &c., and one on "Protection of 
Domestic Manufactures." 

Davis, John W., politician, b. Cumberland 
Co., Pa., 1799; d. at CMj-lr, \„.\.. .\n-. 22, 
1859. After compl- - ._ 'i i:i at 

Baltimore, he emiL,'iai .1 , , ; miI 

in the legisl. ; was s|nMk.i oi lii.' !.,«. r in mrli ; 
and was a commissioner to treat Willi tlic In- 
dians; M. C. in 1835-7, 18.:i9-41, 1843-7, and 
speaker during his last term. He was in 1848 
app. commissioner to China; was gov. of Ore- 
gon Terr, in 1853-t, and was pres of the Balti- 
more convention in 1852. 

Davis, Matthew L., author, b. 1766; d. 
Manhattanville, June 21, 1850. A printer by 
trade. He became an active politician, and a fre- 
quent contrib. to the public journals. He early 
attached himself in politics to the fortunes of 
Aaron Burr, and advocated his elevation to the 
presidency. For many years before Burr's 
death, Mr. Davis was apparently his only at- 
tached friend. Sept. 15, 1797, he was asso- /^ ^_^ 
ciated with Freneau in the publication of the f/^t^Z^ 
Timepiece and Literary Companion in N. York, ,') t 
discontinued Aug. 30, 1798. He was the Wash- '■'^*^ ^ 
ington correspondent of the A''. Y. Courier and Jt^^z-yic, 
Inquirer, under the.signature of " The Spy in / *y 
Washington," and was also a contrib. to the ,, .J^ 
London Times over the nom de plume of the (_^/tk^t^ 
" Genevese Traveller." Author of " Memoirs/, , V >= 
of Aaron Burr," 2 vols., 8vo, and edited his^^, Q, 
Diary. ' ' ' .n 

Davis, Richard Bingham, poet; d. at /»' 

the residence of his father in New aiunswick, 
in 1799, a. 28. He edited the Diari/ in 1796. 
His poems, with a sketch of his life, by John 
T. Irving, were pub. 1807. 

Davis, Sylvanus, an early settler and sol- 
dier of Maine; d. Boston, 1704. He bought 
land of the Indians at Damnriscotta, June, 
1659 ; resided some time at Shecpscott ; was 
severely wounded while makiiig his escape from 
Fort Arowsic; captured by Indians in Aug. 
1676 ; accomp. Maj. Waldron's exped. early in 
1677 ; resided in Falmouth, where he owned 
land, in 1 680 ; com Fort Loyal, Falmouth, and 
was obliged to surrender it" to the French and 
Indians, iSIay 20, 1690, after 5 days' defence; 
carried priso'ner to Quebec, and exchanged 4 
months after, and was a counsellor in 1691-2. 



E^Y 



His account of the conduct of the war is in 3 
Ms. Hist. Colls., i., 101. 

Dawes, IliiNRY Laceens, statesman, b. 
Ciunming[uii, Ms., Oct. 30, 1816. Y.C. 1839. 
A lawyer by profession. He taught school, and 
edited the Orceiijield Gazette, Adm. to the bar 
in 1842, and settled at N. Adams, where he 
edited the Transcript. Member of the Ms. 
legisl. in 18-13-D and 1852; of the State sen- 
ate, 1850, and of the State Const. Conv. of 
1853 ; dist-atty. for the western dist. of Ms., 
1853-7 ; M. C. since 1857, and one of the most 
useful men in that body. Chairman of the 
coin, of ways and means. 

Dawes', IIufus, poet, b. Boston, Jan. 26, 
1803; d. Washington, D.C., Nov. 30, 1859. 
Son of Judge Tliomas Dawes. He entered 
H. U. in 1820, but did not graduate Studied 
law with Wm. Sullivan, and was adn'ittcd to 
the bar, Ijut never [iractised. A contrio. to the 
U. S. L : III- '< . :iihl conducted, for a time, 
the Ji..i , I i il printed at Baltimore. 

Hepu. :, : i.i' Valley of the Nasha- 

wav, ami ii.iii- l\iiii^;" in IS'i'J, " Geral- 
dine, Atlieiii.iof Da.iiaM-i.-,M:i I M,-,. i:,nirous 
Poems," and "Nix's .M.ir i • n mco, 

1840. He was a Sum I I tVe- 

quently officiated in the pill; !i >; !,;ii(| nomi- 
nation. He had latterly been employed in one 
of the depts. at Washington. 

Dawes, Col. Thomas, Revol. patriot and 
architect, b. Boston, Aug. 5, 1731 ; d. Jan. 2, 
1809. A mechanic. He received only a com- 
mon-school education, but took a deep interest 
in the controversy with Great Britain ; was 
col. of the Boston rest, in 1773-8; and was 
several hum , a m. ml,, i- uf the house and sen- 
ate, aiM : a-. He often presided at 
town-ill I ; I'm, and managed them 
withgivai ;a, : M ■ iiilier of the Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences. 

Dawes, Thomas, jurist, b. Boston, July 8, 
1753; d. July 22, 1825. H. U. 1777. Son of 
Col. Thomas. He was a zealous Whig, and 
an eminent counsellor. Member of the State 
Const. Convs. of 1780 and 1820, and of that 
which adopted the Federal Constitution in 
1789. Judge Supreme Court, 1792-1803, Mu- . 
nicipal Court, 1803-23, and judge of Probate 
until his death. Member of the Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences. His literary productions were 
highly popular, and his witticisms were pro- 
verbial. He pub. an oration, July 4, 1787; 
"The Law Given on Mount Sinai," a poem, 
1777, and an oration on the Boston Massacre. 

Dawson, Hknry Barton, historian, b. 
Gosberton, near Boston, Eng., June 8, 1821. 
He came with his parents to N. Y. in 1834; 
pursued various avocations until 1845, when 
he pub. the Crystal Fount, a temperance news- 
paper, discont. in 1847. He has pub. "The 
Park and its Vicinity," for the manual of the 
Common Council of N. Y., 1855; "The Life 
and Times of Anne Hutchinson," for the Bap- 
tist Hist. Soc. ; " The Retreats through West- 
chester Co. in 1776," for the N. Y. Hist. Soc; 
" The Battles of the U. S. by Sea and Land," 
1858 ; " The Fcederalist," with a hist, and bib- 
liog. introduction, 1863; "The Assault of 
Stony Point by Gen. Anthony Wayne," 1853; 
" Current Fictions tested by Uncurreut Jacts ; " 



" Diary of David How," a soldier of the Revol., 
1865; " Dring's Recollections of the Jersey 
Prison-Ship," 1865. From May 6, 1855, to 
Mar. 31, 1866, he edited the Gazette, a week- 
ly Democ. newspaper at Yonkers, N.Y. Four 
vols, of selections from this paper have been 
pub. He has edited the Historical Maqazine 
since July 1, 1866. His " Battles of the U. S." 
brought on a controversy upon the merits of 
Gen. Israel Putnam, between himself and 
Messrs. Griswold and Deming of Hartford, in 
the Daihi Post of that city. 

Dawson, John, statesman, b. Va., 1762; 
d. Washington, Apr. 1, 1814. H. U. 1782. 
Member of the convention of 1789, also of the 
gen. assembly and exec, council of Va. ; M. C. 
from the Fredeiicksburg dist. from 1797 to 
1814 ; bearer of despatches to France in 1801, 
and vol. aide t) Gen. Jackson in 1813. 

Dawson, John L., democ. politician, b. 
Uniontown, Pa., 7 Feb. 1813 ; d. there 18 Sept. 
1870. Wash. Coll. He practised law; was 
app. dist.-attv. for Western Pa. in 1845 ; M.C. 
in 1851-5 and 1863-7, and was a delegate to 
the Democ. nat. conventions of 1844, '48, '56, 
and '60. App. gov of Kansas in 1855, but 
declined. Author of the Homestead Bill of 
1854. 

Dawson, J. W., educator, and man of sci- 
ence, b. Pictou, N.S., Oct. 1820. Edinb. U. 
1840. Returning to Nova Scotia in 1841, he 
travelled with Sir Charles Lyell, under whose 
direction he madeexplorations in that province, 
and described its geology in the " Proceedings 
of the Geological Soc. of London." Ho lec- 
tured on botany and geology in the Acad, of 
Pictou and in the DaUiousie Coll. ; pub. some 
educational works, and from 1850 to 18.'>3 was 
supt. of instruction for N. S. In 1855, he was 
app. principal of McGiU Coll. Member of 
many scientific associations ; has pub. numer- 
ous papers in their " Transactions ; " also a 
" Handbook of the Geography and Nat. Hist, 
of Nova Scotia," 1848; "Hints to the Farmers 
of N. S.," 1853; "Acadian Geology," 1855, 
and " Archaia," 1859. — Morgan. 

Dawson, William C, lawyer and senator, 
b. Greene Co., Ga., Jan. 4, 1793; d. Greens- 
borougli, Ga., May 5, 1856. Franklin Coll. 
1816, Adm. to the bar, he settleil at Greens- 
borough in 1818, where he was eminently suc- 
cessful as a jury lawyer. lie was for 12 years 
clerk of the H. of representatives of Ga., and 
several times senator and representative in the 
legisl; M. C. 1837-42; app. in 1845 judge 
of Oekraulgee Circuit ; and from 1849 to 1855 
he was a U. S. senator, serving on important 
comntittees, and speaking on many questions 
of national interest, and commanded a wide 
influence. During the Creek and, Seminole 
war in 1836, he raised a vol. company for special 
service. In the house, he was chairman of the 
military com., and also of the com. on claims. 
He pub. "Laws of Georgia," 4to, 1831. — Lan- 
man. 

Day, Henry Noble, prof, of rhetoric. 
West. Kes. Coll., 1840, b. Ct., 1808. Y. C. 
1828. Author of " Art of Elocution," " Art 
•of Rhetoric," 12mo, 1850; "Art of Eng. 
Composition,"" Elements of Logic," and "la- 
trod, .to Eng. Literature." 



DAY 



256 



Day, Jeremiah, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1818), 
LL.D. (n^ms. and Mid. Colls., 1817), educa- 
tor, b. Washington, Ct., Aug. 3, 1773 ; d. N. 
Haven, Aug. 22, 1867. Y. C. 1795. Son of 
Rev. Jeremiah Day. Snccccded Dr. Dwight as 
teacher of hisschoolin Greenfield ; was a tutor 
in Williams Coll. in 1796-8; tutor at Yale in 
1798-1801 ; prof, of mathematics and nat. 
philos. at Yale in 1801-17; pres. of that col- 
lege in 1817-46. While a prof, he pub. some 
mathematical treatises, which have been ex- 
tensively used, especially that on algebra. He 
pub. a treatise on the " Self-determining Power 
of the Will," 1838 ; " An Examination of Ed- 
wards on the Will," " Course of Mathematics," 
8vo, N.Y., 1831 ; " Navigation and Surveying," 
Svo, N. Haven, 1817 ; occasional sermons, and 
contrib. papers to the Journal of Science, and 
the New-Enylander. — See Com. Address, by 
Pres. Woolseij, in New-Enilander, Oct. 1867. 

Day, John, an eccentric individual, b. 
Eng. ; d. N.Y. in 1820, a. 103. In early life, 
he served in the British navy, and attained the 
rank of lieut. ; but, having killed in a duel a 
successful rival, he quitted the navy, and took 
refuge in Amer. Entering the army when the 
Eevol. war broke out, heserved as a private until 
its close, resuming again the servile and menial 
pursuits he had occupied himself in before the 
war. For more than 20 years after his arrival 
here, he never was known to speak to a female, 
and had little intercourse with males. His 
habits were temperate, his appearance slovenly, 
his beard long, and he never looked clean. 
His property, amounting to many thousand 
dollars, he bestowed upon an excellent and rep- 
utable lady, who had been benevolent to him 
during his illness. In tlie low occupation of 
carrying the baskets of huckster-women from 
cellars to stalls, with the pitiful pittance of 
sixpence for the drudgery, he amassed thou- 
sands. —^nn. Obit., 1821. 

Day, IUhlon, publisher and philanthro- 
pist, b. Morristown, N.J., 27 Aug. 1790; d. 
27 Sept. 1854, by the wreck of the steamship 
" Arctic," together with his wife and dau. 
Member of the society of Friends. Acquired 
wealth as a publisher, and, for 15 years before 
his dealh, had devoted his life to charitable and 
educational objects. 

Day, Martha, b. N. Haven, Feb. 13, 1813 ; 
d. there Dec. 2, 1833. Dau. of pres. Day. 
She attained great proficiency in mathematics 
and the languages, and wrote poetry of merit. 
Her "Literary Remains," with memorials of 
her life and character, was pub., by Prof 
Kingsley, N. Hiiven, in 1834. — AUibone. 

Daye, Stephen, the first printer in the 
English-Amcr. Colonies, b. Lond., 1611 ; d. 
Cambridge, Ms., Dec. 22, 1668. A supposed 
descendant of John Daye, an eminent printer 
of Lond. (1560-83), and served his apprentice- 
ship in that city. He came over in 1638, and 
was employed to superintend the press sent here 
by the Rev. Mr. Glover. Daye, by the direc- 
tion of the magistrate and "elders, set up a 
press, and prepared other parts of the ap])a- 
ratus for printing at Cambridge in March, 
1639. His first work was " The Freeman's 
Oath," next an " Almanack," calculated for 
N. E., by Mr. Pierce, mariner ; the third was 



" The Psalms," in metre, crown Svo, 300 
pages. His extant works do little credit to 
his skill. The printing-house was taken from 
him ab. 1648, and put in the hands of Samuel 
Green, who empl. him as journeyman. 

Day, Thomas, an English author and 
philanthropist, b. Lond., 22 June, 1748 ; killed 
by a kick from a horse, 28 Sept. 1789. In- 
heriting a fortune, he studied, but never prac- 
tised, law. In 1 777, he m. Miss Milnes. Took 
an active part in the public meetings of the 
time, and was an eloquent advocate of Amer. 
Independence, also expressing his sympathy 
for the cause, by two poems, " The Devoted Le- 
gions," and the " Desolation of Aracr.," 1777, 
and " Reflections upon the Present State of 
Eng. and the Indep. of Amer." by a pamph. 
He selected two young girls from a found- 
ling-hospital, with the intention of educating 
them rationally, on the principles of Rousseau, 
and making one of them his wife ; but the 
experiment did not succeed. One of his pro- 
tegees, however, did honor to his efforts, and m. 
his friend Bicknell. His most popular work 
is " Sandford and Merton," 1783. 

Day, Thomas, LL.D. (Y.C. 1847), jurist, 
b. New Preston, Ct., Julv 6, 1777; d. Hart- 
ford, March 1, 1855. Y.C. 1797. Son of 
Rev. Jeremiah Day, and bro. of Pres. Day. A 
tutor in Williams Coll. in 1798; studied law, 
and commenced practice in 1799, in Hartford. 
In 1809, he was app. assist, sec. of the State 
of Ct. ; in 1810, see., — an office which he held 
until May, 1835; in May, 1815, assoc. judge 
of the County Court of Hartford, and annually 
thereafter, with the exception of one year, un- 
til May, 182.5, when he was made chief-judge 
of that court, and was continued in that office 
until June, 183-3. He was a judge of the City 
Court of Hartford from 1818 to 1831 ; was one 
of the committee to prepare the statutes of 
1808 and also of 1821 and 1824. He report- 
ed the decisions of the Court of Errors from 
1805 till 1853, pub. in 20 vols. He was an 
original member of the Ct. Hist. Soc, of 
which he was pres. from 1839 until his death. 
He was first pres. of the Wadswortli Athenie- 
um,'and a liberal contrib. to its funds. He 
pub. a " Digest of Reports of Sup. Court of 
Errors, from 1786 to 1829." — Litchfield Biog- 
raphies. 

Dayton, Elias, Revol. officer, b. Eliza- 
bcthtown, N.J., 1735 ; d. there July, 1807. He 
fought in Edward Hart's "Jersey Blues," un 
der Wolfe, at Quebec ; was one of the com. ol 
safety at the opening of the Revol., and in 
July, 1775, com. a party which captured a 
British transport off Elizabethtown. App. col. 
3d N.J. regt. ; served in N.Y. and N.J ; was in 
the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, Mon- 
mouth, Springfield, and siege of Yorktown ; 
aided in suppressing the mutiny of the N.J. 
line in Jan. 1781, and was made brig.-gen. 7 
Jan. 1783. After the war, he was maj.-gen. of 
militia, member Cont. Congress, 1787-8, and 
often in the State Icgisl. 

Dayton, Jonathan, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1798), statesman, son of the preceding, b. 
Elizabethtown, N.J., Oct. 16, 1760; d. there 
Oct. 9, 1824. N.J. Coll. 1776. App. paymas- 
ter of his father's regt. Aug. 26, 1776 ; held sev- 



r>A.Y 



257 



eral commissions at difTerent periods of the 
war; was in many engagements, and at York- 
town liad a com. under Lafayette, and aided 
in storming one of the British redouhts. He 
was a member of the N.J. legisl.; member of 
the convention which framed the Federal Con- 
stitution, 1787; speaker of the house in 1790; 
M.C. 1791-9 ; ."iiK-Mker iti 179.5-9, and U.S. 
senatoi-. I ri' -l '-'i' I !<■ iiltrnv:inl served sev- 
eral term II I iir lie was arrest- 
ed for al II, ,111 IJnii',, conspiracy, 
but was iKii |,r,i.,v,l,,i ;i_:;a,nst. 

Dayton, William Lkwis, LL.D. (N.J. 
Coll. 1857), statesman, nephew of Jonathan, b. 
Baskingri.lge, N.J., Feb. 17, 1807; d. Paris, 
Dec. 1, 1S64. N.J. Coll. 18i5. Adm. to the 
bar in 1830 ; memlicr of the State senate, and 
chairman of the judiciary com. in 1837 ; judge 
of the Superior Court from Feb. 28, 1838, to 
Nov, 1841 ; U.S. senator, I8+2-.51 ; attv.-gen. 
of N.J , ls,-,7-r,l ; iniiuslci- tn France, 1861-4. 
In Ihc Miiair .l,,|iai,,, en ilicMiivmin question, 
the tantr, aiiu, \ umh i.rr,x,is, and the Mex- 
ican war, lie took the position of a Freesoil 
Whig. lie maintained to the fullest extent 
the liglit of Congress to legislate with respect 
to slavery in the Territories; opposed the com- 
promises of 18.J0 ; advocated the admission of 
California as a free State, the abolition of the 
slave-trade in the Dist. of Columbia, and was 
liarticularly hostile to the fugitive-slave law. 
He was the Freesoil candidate lor the vice-pres- 
idency in 1856, and was a man of high integ- 
rity, and an eloquent debater. 

Dean, Amos, LL.D., jurist, b. Barnard, 
Vt., Jan. 16, 1803 ; d. Albany, Jan. 26, 1868. 
Un. Coll. 1822. Descended from Walter of 
Taunton. He studied law, and, on being adm. 
to the bar, soon attained a high reputation for 
his profound legal attainments. In 1833, he 
projected the Yount; Men's Assoc, of Albany, 
before which he delivered an interesting course 
of lectures in 1844. He prepared numerous 
law treatises, all of whit h have been recognized 
as standard works. In 1851, at the organiz.a- 
tion of the law school, he was app. a prof., and 
had filled the chair of mcd. jurisprudence in 
the Albany Med. School, from its organization 
in 1839. Authorof" Medical Jurisprudence," 
1854; "Lectures on Phrenology," 8vo, 1835; 
" Manual of Law," 8vo, 1838, and "Philosophy 
of Human Life," 8vo, 1839. His " History of 
Civilization," 7 vols , 8vo, has been pub. since 
his death. 

Deane, Charles, an historical student, b. 
at Biddelord, Me., Nov. 10, 1813; son of Dr. 
Ezra, descendant of Walter, one of the first set- 
tlers of Taunton, Ms. Was many years a 
merchant of Boston, and latterly a resident of 
Cambridge. Mr. Deane is a member of the 
principal liistorical societies of the U.S., of the 
Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the Amer- 
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1856, 
he received the hon. degree of A.M. from H. 
U., and in 1871 that of LL.D. from Bowd. 
Among his i)ublications are " Some Notices of 
Samuel (iorton," 1850 ; " First Plymouth Pa- 
tent," 1854; "Bibliog. of Gov. Hntchinson's 
Publications," 1857; " Wingfield's Discourse 
■ of Virginia," 1860; " Letters of Phillis Wheat- 
ley," 1864; Smith's "True Relation," 1866; 



" Remarks on Sebastian Cabot's Mappe 
Monde," 1867; "Memoir of George Liver- 
more," 1869 ; " The Forms in issuing Letters- 
Patent by the Crown of England," 1870. Sev- 
eral of these (and others not here enumerated) 
originally appeared in the publications of the 
Ms. Hist. Soc, others in the Archseologia 
Americana. Mr. Deane edited Gov. Bradford's 
"History of Plymontli Plantation," 1856, and 
Bradford's " Dialogue, or Third Conference," 
between old incn ami young men, 1870; and 
several vols, of Colls, and Proceedings of the 
Ms. Hist. Soc., of which body he is the rec. 
sec. 

Deane, James, missionary to the Indians, 
b. Groton, Ct., Aug. 20, 1748; d. Westmore- 
land, N.Y., Sept. 10, 1823. Dartm. Coll. 
1773. Descended from James of Stonington. 
From the age of 12, he was with Rev. E. 
Slosely, missionary to the Oneidas, and mas- 
tered their language. In 1773-4, he was a 
missionary to the Caghnawaga and the St. 
Francis tribes ; was afterward employed by 
Congress to conciliate the northern tribes, and, 
at the beginning of the Rcvol, war, was made 
Indian agent and interpreter, with rank of ma- 
jor, at Fort Stanwix, N.Y. Made prisoner by 
the Indians, who were about to kill him, his 
life was saved by the interposition of some 
squaws. Many years a judge of Oneida Co., 
and twice a member of the N.Y. assembly. He 
wrote an essay on Indian mythology, supposed 
to be lost. 

Dean, James, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1847,) 
educator, b. Windsor, Nov. 26, 177G; d. Bur- 
lington, Vt., Jan. 20, 1849. Dartm. Coll. 
1800. Descended from James of Stonington. 
Tutor in the U. of Vt. in 1807-9, and prof, 
of mathematics and natural philosophy there 
from 1809 to 1814, and from 1821 to 1824. He 
pub. a " Gazetteer of Vermont," 1808; "Ad- 
dress " on his induction as prof., Apr. 24, 
laiO. — Alumni Dartm. Cull. 

Deane, James, M.D., jihvsician and natu- 
ralist, b. Coleraine, Ms., Feb. 24, 1801; d. 
Greenfield, Ms., June 8, 1 858. Desct^nded from 
James, an early settler of Stonington. He 
spent his earlylife upon his father's (arm, stud- 
ied law in Greenfield, afterwards studied med- 
icine, received thedegree of M.D. in 1831, and 
practised in Greenfield. In 1835, he made 
public his discovery of the fossil footprints in 
the red sandstone of the Ct. Valley. At the 
time of his death, he was about publishing an 
elegantly illustrated work upon the subject, the 
result of 24 years' investigation and labor, since 
issued by the Smithsonian Inst. He was a fre- 
tiuent contrib. to Sillimmi's.foumal, the Boston 
Medical and Surgical Journal, and was the au- 
thor of a paper on the " Hygienic Condition 
of the Survivors of Ovariotomy," in which he 
established the morality of the operation. 
Member of the Natural History Societies of 
Montreal and Boston. 

Deane, John, d. at Wilford, Nottingham- 
shire, Eng., Aug. 19, 1761, a. 82. He was ship- 
wrecked in "The Nottingham Galley," of which 
he was m.aster, Dec. 11, 1710, on Boon Island, 
N.E., and spent 24 days on that desert island, 
the crew being obligeit to eat one of their com- 
rades who had died. He pub. a narrative of the 



258 



DEA 



shipwreck at Boston in 1711, appended to a 
sermon by Cotton Mather. The same year, a 
counter-statement was pub.at Lond. by his mate 
Christopher Langman and two others. The 
5tli ed. of the narrative was pub. at Boston in 
1762. From 1714 to 1720, he com. a ship-of- 
war in the service of Peter tlie Great of Rus- 
sia; but he fell into disgrace, and was exiled to 
Kasan, where he was favored with the protec- 
tion of Count Apraxan. He was afterwards 
for many years, and until 1750, the English 
consul at Ostend. He is supposed to be the 
person of his name who was the author of " A 
Letter from Moscow to the Marquis Caermar- 
then, relating to the Czar of Muscovy's For- 
wardness in his Xavy since his return Home," 
pub. at Lond. in 1099. 

Dean, Johs Ward, antiquarian, b. Wis- 
casset. Me., Mar. 13, 1815. Descended from 
Thomas of Boston, 1692. Previous to 1835, 
he lived some time in Portland; fiom 1839 to 
1843, in Providence; and since then in and 
near Boston. He has filled several offices in 
the N.E. Hist. Geneal. Society, to whcse " Reg- 
ister" he has made many valuable contribu- 
tions, and of which he has been an editor. He 
is now pres. of the Prince Society, and rec. 
sec. of the Amcr. Statist. Assoc. Having a 
very retentive memory, great industry, and an 
ardent thirst for knowledge, he has, while fol- 
lowing a laborious calling, acquired an amount 
of historical information such as few men pos- 
sess. His accuracy is remarkable ; and he is 
ever ready to communicate to others the in- 
formation derived from his diligent research- 
es. The honorary degree of A.M. was con- 
ferred upon him in 1869 by Dart Coll. He 
edited the first and a portion of the second 
vols, of the first series, and one number of the 
fourth volume of the secoud series, of the His- 
torical Magazine. Author of " Memoir of 
Rev. Nath. Ward," with notices of his family, 
8vo, 1868; and "Memoir of Rev. Michael 
Wigglesworth,"8vo, 1871. He has also pub. a 
number of hist., biog., and genealogical pam- 
phlets. 

Dean, J0LIA, actress, b. Pleasant Valley, 
N.Y., July 22, 1830 ; d. N.Y. City, March 6, 
1868. Grand-dau. of Samuel Drake, oneof the 
pioneers of the drama in the West. Her 
father, Edwin Dean, an actor of repute, was 
the manager of the Eagle-st. Theatre, Buffalo. 
Her mother, Julia Drake, was an actress of 
celebrity. Her first part was Lady Ellen, in 
"The Lady of the Lake,"in her father's theatre. 
She gained her first success at the opening of 
the new theatre in Louisville. She appeared 
at the Bowery Theatre, N.Y., May 18, 1846, as 
Julia, in "The Hunchback," and achieved popu- 
larity ill this part, in " Pauline," "Juliet," and 
" Mai-ianna." Her beauty and talent won for 
her a wide reputation through the West and 
South. She also performed on the English 
stage. She m. Arthur, son of Robert Y. 
Hayne, Jan. 20, 1855; was divorced in Sept. 
1866, and then ra. Mr. Cooper of N.Y. After 
an absence of 12 years, she re-appeared in N.Y. 
in July, 1867, and took leave of the stage there 
in Oct. 

Dean, Rev. Paul, b. Barnard, Vt. ; d. 
Framingham, Ms., Oct. 1, 1860, a. 71. De- 



scended from Walter of Taunton. Installed 
over the Hanovcr-st. Church from 1813 to 
1823, and over the Bulfinch-st. Church from 
May 17, 1823, to May 3, 1840. This society 
was" called " Restorationists," and in 1838 
changed the corporate name, and has since 
been Unitarian. He was afterward settled over 
a Unit. Church at Easton, Ms. He pub. 
" Lectures on Final Restoration," 1832, " Elec- 
tion Sermon," 1832, and numerous Masonic 
and other occasional addresses and sermons. 

Deane, SAnnEL, D.D. (B. U. 1790), poet, 
and pastor at Falmouth (now Portland), Me., 
from 17 Oct. 1764 to his d., 12 Nov. 1814; b. 
Dedham, Ms., 30 Julv, 1733. H. U. 1760. 
Librarian at H. U. 1760-2, and tutor in 1763. 
One of the 6 prizes awarded by H. U. for com- 
positions on the death of George II. and the 
accession of George III. was awarded to him, 
he having written the liest English ode. These 
compositions, and others from persons excluded 
by the terms of the offer from competition for 
the prizes, were printed in 1761, under the 
title of Pidas et GnUiilalio. &.C. Author also 
of other poems, the longest of which was 
" Pitchwood Hill," ; Georgical Dictionary, or 
N. E. Farmer, 1790; oration, July 4, 1793; 
election sermon 1794, discourses, &c. — See 
Geneal. Reg. ili. 385. 

Deane, Rev. Samuel, historian and poet, 
b. Mansfield, Ms., March 30, 1784 ; d. Aug. 9, 
1834. Descended from John, one of the first 
settlers of Taunton. B. U. 18U5. He was 
settled in 1810 over the second church at Scit- 
uate, Ms., of which he was pastor 24 years. 
His " History of Scituate," pub. in 1831, shows 
evidence of much research and ability, and was 
one of the earliest to give a conspicuous place 
to genealogy. Mr. Deane was well versed in 
the colonial history of Plymouth and Ms. His 
"Populous Village," a poem, was printed in 
1826. He pub. a number of sermons, and 
wrote many short poems ; but no collection of 
his works has appeared. 

Deane, Silas, diplomatist, b. Groton, Ct., 
Dec. 24, 1737 ; d. Deal, Eng., Aug. 23, 1789. 
Y. C. 1 758. He settled as a merchant in Weth- 
ersfield, Ct., and was a delegate to the first 
Congress in 1774. In 1775, he was employed 
by the JIarine committee to procure and to 
equip and fit out a large naval force. In June, 
1776, he arrived in France with a commission 
from the comtnittee of secret corresp., as polit- 
ical and commercial agent, authorizing hira 
not only to operate in France, but in Hol- 
land and Great Britain, and to procure cloth- 
ing, arms, military accoutrements, and muni- 
tions of war, sufficient for 25,000 men, and 
100 field-pieces. Sept. 26, 1776, he w.as chosen 
by Congress, in conjunction with Franklin and 
Jefferson, ambassador to France. Franklin, 
Deane, and Arthur Lee (app. in place of Jef- 
ferson, who declined succeeded in negotia- 
ting treaties with France, which were signed at 
Paris, Feb. 6, 1778. To Deane is undoubted- 
ly due a full share of the credit of this impor- 
tant transaction ; and it was through him that 
the services of Lafayette were secured to our 
country. Congress, having been much embar- 
rassed by his engagements with foreign officers, 
which it found itself unable to meet, and which 



DEA. 



259 



caused great dissatisfaction in the army, Nov. 
21, 1777, passed an order for his recall, which 
was supplemented by a preamble and resolu- 
tion (Dec. 8), calling for information of the 
state of affairs in Europe, and directing him 
to embrace the first opportunity to return, and 
to repair with all possible despatch to Congress. 
This preamble and order, accoinp. by a very 
complimentary letter, reached him in Paris on 
the 4th of March, 1778. He arrived July 10, 
1778; on the 13th, he reported himself to Con- 
gress. He soon perceived that he was not re- 
garded with favor by that body. Some 6 weeks 
passed before any notice was talicn of his at- 
tendance. He was finally required to furnish 
such an account of his financial transactions 
as it was impossible to give without returning 
to France. E.xasperated with this treatment, 
he became engaged in a controversy with in- 
fluential members. On the 6th of Aug. 1779, 
he was discharged from further attendance 
upon Congress, and a person was app. to audit 
his accounts. Deane arrived in France in 1 780, 
but was still subjected to delays on account of 
an alleged want of authority on the part of 
the person appointed to settle his accounts. 
Owing to the publication of some of his letters 
charging the French citbinct with intrigue and 
duplicity, he became obno.xious to the author- 
ities there; and he retired to the Netherlands, im- 
poverished almost to penury. He considered 
himself as a man not only abused, atul ill-re- 
quited for important services rendered, but de- 
nied those pecuniary rights which common 
honesty would say were his due. Imbittcred 
and exasperated, he became estranged from his 
country, and went to Eng., where he d. in ob- 
scurity and poverty. Ur. Franklin testified 
explicitly to Deane's probity and honesty in 
all his transactions for Congress ; but the enmi- 
ty and misrepresentations of Arthur Lee pre- 
vailed in that body, and were the cause of lifs 
final ruin. A perusal of Deane's Letters in the 
first vol. of Sparks's " Diplomatic Correspond- 
ence," of "Deane's Narrative," pub. in 18.')5, 
by the Seventy-six Society, and the " Me- 
morial of the Heirs of Silas Deane," pre- 
sented to Congress in 1835, cannot fail, it 
is believed, to satisfy the reader of to-dsiy, 
that Silas Deane w.is a man of eminent ability, 
of thorough honesty, and the victim of malice 
and misrepresentation. In 1842, his long-dis- 
puted claims were adjusted by Congress ; and 
a large sum was found to be due his heirs, and 
paid over to them. Deane pub. " An Address 
to the Free and Independent Citizens of the 
U. S. of N. America," pp. 30, Hartford, 1784; 
an ed. London, 1784, pp. 95. Each edition 
contains matter not embraced in the other. A 
vol. entitled " Paris Papers, or Mr. Sil.as 
Deane's late Intercepted Letters to his Bro., 
and other Friends," &e., was pub. by Riving- 
ton, N.Y., 1781. 

Dean, William, D.D., missionary, b. at 
Morrisville, N.Y., June 21, 1807 ; was descend- 
ed from John Dean, who settled in Dedham, 
Ms., in the latter half of the 17th century. He 
went to China in 1834 as a missionary of the 
Bapt. Miss. Union. He has translated por- 
tions of the Bible and other works into Chi- 
nese, which have been printed for the use of 



A Memoir of his second wife, 
Mrs. Theodosia A. B. Dean, who died in 1843, 
was printed at Boston soon after her death. 

Deane, William Keed, antiquary, b. 
Mansfield, Ms., Aug. 21, 1809; d. there, June 
16, 1871, a. 61. Was a nephew of Rev. Samuel 
of Scituatc. He was for many years a mer- 
ch.antin Bo'^ton ; w.is a fine belles-lettres scholar 
and a genuine antiquary, and familiar with the 
customs and usages of the early settlers of 
N. E. He contrib. many valuable articles to 
the N.E. Hist, and Genealoi/ical Rer/istrr and the 
Historical Maijasine. He was also a contrib. to 
the Unitarian and secular press. He made col- 
lections lor extensive genealogies of the Deane 
and Pool fiimilies, and also for thoroughly 
editing " Madam Knight's Journal," an an- 
notated reprint of which he pub. in LittcU's 
Livinrj Ai/e, June 26, 1 858. Author of gene- 
alogies of the Deane Family, 1849 ; the Leon- 
ard Family, 1851 ; and the Watson Family, 
1864. 

Dearborn, Benjamin, inventor of the 
patent balance, b. Portsmouth. N.ll., 1755; d. 
Boston, Feb. 22, 1833. Son of Dr. Benj. 
Served his time with Daniel Fowle, printer; 
taught an acad. for girls, and, removing to 
Boston ab. 1790, pursued the same vocation. 
He was well versed in science. In 1784, under 
the signature of "A Friend of Industry," he 
pub. in the N. H. Gazette an able article sug- 
gesting the eui])loymcnt of convicts in prisons, 
— a pinii soon afterward generally adopted. 

Dearborn, Henky, maj.-gen. U.S A., b. 
North liamptun, N.II., Fcl.. 23; 1751 ; d. Rox- 
bury, M»., June 6, 1829. His ancestor Godfrey 
came from E.xoter, Eng., settled at Exeter, N.H., 
in 1639, and afterward removed to Hampton. 
Henry, having studied medicine with Dr. Hall 
Jackson of Portsmouth, settled in practice at 
Nottingham Square in 1772, employing hia 
leisure in military studies. The day after the 
battle of Lexington, he marched at the head of 
60 vols., reaching Cambridge, a distance of 65 
miles, early next day. Returning, he was app. 
first capt. in Stark's rcgt. ; was again at Cam- 
bridge, May 15 ; and June 17, participated in 
the battle o"f liiinkir's Hill, taking post behind 
therail t< iirc.an.l I ;. Ming it until the main body 
of till- II iiiciiij ,\iiirricans were saved from 
being iiii Mil 111 S pt. he accomp. Arnold's 
expcd. ilinui-h the wilderness to Canada, and, 
being taken with a fever, was left in a cottage 
on the banks of the Chaudiere, without a phy- 
sician. His life was despaired of; but he re- 
covered, joined his company early in Dec, and 
in the attack on Quebec, Dec. 31, was made 
prisoner, and closely confined. He was, in May, 
1776, permitted to return on parole; was ex- 
changed early in March, 1777, and was made 
m.ojor of Scaramell's (3dN.H.) regt., with which 
he went in May to Ticonderoga. At the battle 
of Stillwater, he com. a light inf. corps of 5 
companies, and, with the rank of lieut.-col., led 
the same com. in the decisive battle of Saratoga, 
Oct. 7, sharing in the honor of carrying the 
German fortified camp. Disting. at the battle 
of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. In Aug. 1779, 
he took part in Sullivan's exped. against the 
Indians in the interior of N.Y., and was in the 
battle of Newtown, Aug. 29 ; in 1781, he was 



TITSA. 



260 



attached to Washington's staff as dep. qnarter- 
mastcr-Kcn., rank of col,, in wliich capacity he 
served din-inj; tlie siege oC Yorktown, and, from 
that period till the end of the war, was col. of 
the 1st N.H. re-t. In June, 1784, ho, with his 
bros., removed to .Monnionih, Jfe. ; waschosen 
brig.-gen. of militia in 1787; maj.-gcn. 1795; 
was app. by Washington marshal of Me. in 
1789; was M.C. from 179.3 to 1797 ; sec. of 
war under Jefferson from Mar. 1801 to Mar. 
1809 ; collector of the port of Boston from 1809 
until his app. by Pres. Madison, Jan. 27, 1812, 
as senior inaj.-gcn, in the U.S. army, and com.- 
in-chief of the northern department. War was 
declared, Jnne 18, 1812. April 27, 181.3, he 
captured York, now Toronto, C. W., and May 
27, Fort George at the month of the Niagara'. 
July 6, 1813, he was snperseded ostensibly on 
the ground of ill health, but really, in conse- 
quence of political intrigue. He solicited a 
court of inquiry, hut in vain. He was after- 
ward in com. of the military di-t. of N.Y. City. 
Minister to rortugal from May 7, 1822, to 
1824, when he resigned, returned home, and 
retired to his estate at Koxbury, Ms His la.st 
wife Sarah, widow of Gov. Bowdoin, d. May 
24, 1825. Gen. D. was large and command- 
ing in jjerson, frank in inanner, and of unim- 
pearl.ifl i:it jiitv He pub. an account of 
Bum' Mi I ', and was the author of a 

JI.S I , , , . :i,ed. toCanada, imprison- 

mciri i!i (^ih i v, r-.],rd to Wyoming, and other 
adventures during the war, printed in his Life, 
by his son. 

Dearborn, Gex. Henry Alexandeis 
ScAMMKi.L, son of the preccdinsr, b. Exeter, 
N.II., 3 Mar. 17S3; d. Portland, Me.. 29 July, 
18.-)1. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1 803. He studied 
law with Judge Story in Salem, where he prac- 
ti.scd ; afterward superintended the forts in 
Portland harbor; was brig.-gen. of militia, 
comg. the troo]>s in Boston harbor in 1812; 
coll. of Boston, 1812-29 ; member Ms. Const. 
Conv. 1820, and of the exec, council ; M.C. 
1831-3; adj. -gen. of Ms., 1834-43, removed for 
loaning the State arms to the State of R.I. to 
supi)ress the Dorr rebellion ; and mayor of 
Koxhury, 1847-.')1. Authorof Lives of the 
Apostle Eliot, of Com. Bainbridge, and of his 
father ; " Commerce of the Black Sea," 3 vols., 
1819 ; " Letters on the Int. Improvements and 
Com. of the We^t," ls;o, nnd :n, " <t,-,,'ion," 4 

Julv, 1811. Heleft in ^!< ■ (-.vols.; 

a "History of B. IIill I ; ; ' - Member 

Amer. Acad, and olli-r , ;..,,,.,. 

Dearborn, Nathanh.!,, tn-nicr, son of 
Benj.; d. S. Reading, Ms., Nov. 7, 18.")2, a. 66. 
Ho was one of the first wood-engravers in 
Boston. He pub. " Tcxt-Book of Letters," 
"U„stou Notions and Guide," and "Guide 
through Mount Auburn." 

Dearing, James, brig.-gen. C.S.A. ; killed 
near I'etcrshnrg, Va., April 6, 1865. 

Deas, ritxnii!, mtHt, h, Phila.,1818; d. 
insane. Hi^ n I'.itherwas Ralph 

Izard. Ednr.i- i: .1 i -iii.ler.son, he early 
devoted hinjM J i i :ii~ n: , ^udied under the 
auspices of the iXainmal Aead. ; afterward 
travelled extensively aniong the Indians of the 
North-west, and jiracttsed his art successfully 
many years in St. Louis. Among his pictures 



are "The Turkey Shoot," "Walking the 
Chalk," "Long Jake," "The Wounded 
Pawnee," "Indian Guide," "A Group of 
Sioux," " Hunters on the Prairie," and " The 
Last Shot." The most important of his works 
is " Council of the Shawnees at North Bend," 
an incident in the life of Gen. Geo. Rogers 
Clarke. — Tuckerman. 

De Bow, James Ddnwoody Brownson, 
jonrnalist and statistician, b. Charleston, S.C., 
July 10, 1820; d. Elizabeth, N. J., Feb. 27, 1867. 
Charles. Coll. 1843. His father was a mer- 
chant. He was for 7 years employed in a mer- 
cantile house, but, alter graduating, studied 
law, and was adra. to the Charleston bar in 
1844, but became editor of the Southern Q'{ar' 
terhj Review of Charleston. An article by him 
upon " Oregon- and the Oregon Question " at- 
tr.acted much attention here and in Europe, oc- 
casioning a debate in the French chamber of 
deputies. In the latter part of 1845, he removed 
to N. Orleans, and established De Bow's Com- 
mercial Review. Alter a short term as prof, of 
political economy and commercial statistics in 
the U. of La., in 1848, he was for 3 years the 
head of the census bureau of La. He collected 
and pub. valuable statistics of the population, 
commerce, and products of that State. App. in 
Miivh, 1 - , ;, ~,,,.t. of the U.S. census, he col- 
Irr ! !■ r >l for t lic prcss a largc part of 
th : I I ipiarto edition of the census 

ol l-.i 1 1 ■ n .i~ active in the enterprises for 
the advancement of the material and intellec- 
tual interests of the South ; was a member of 
nearly every Southern commercial convention 
since 1845, and presided over that at Knox- 
ville, Tenn., in 1857. Hecontrib. many articles 
upon American topics to the new edition of the 
" Encyclop^Edia Britannica ;" delivered various 
addresses before literary, agricultural, and 
mil 1 I ., ;'i.iH: and was one of the found- 
ci- I I I li ,l. Society, since raergeil in 

t!i \ - ire. For some years before 

till; KJjdliju, li'j w.is very bitter in his denun- 
ciation of the Northern States and their insti- 
tutions; and during the war, though his Review 
was necessarily discontinued, his voice and 
pen were actively employed in the service of 
the Confederacy. Afier its overthrow, he ad- 
mitted the superiority of the free to the slave 
labor system, and urged the Southern States 
to encourage immigration. He resumed his 
Rei-iew, first at New York, and subsequently 
at Nashville. Also authorof " Encyclopsedia 
of the Trade and Commerce of the U.S.," 2 
vf)N . srn, I'iT! : " The Southern States, their 

,\ '■ 1 ■iiincrce," &c., 8vo, 1856; and 

■l.li:: i: n ices of the South-west," 3 
VI. 1-, I :. dfrom his/te(■l'e!o,•"Compcn- 
(llUirl..l ill., ^.i.iuh U.S. Census. " — /l/jptaon. 

De Camp, John, commo. U.S.N., b. N.J. 
Midsli,|inian, Oct. 1, 1827 ; lieut. Feb. 28, 18.38; 
couun.mder, Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 
1862 ; commodore, retired ll-t. Sept, 28, 1866; 
com. steam-sloop " Iir'r|in>i<." I'^r.i-a ; in the 
attack upon Forts Jmk^on nml St. Philip, and 
capture of N. Orleans, ami in the various bat- 
tles on the Mpi., including Vieksburg ; com. 
frigate" Wabash," S. A. squad., 1863-4; com. 

receiving-ship " " — " " 

Hamersiu. 



Potomac," Phila., 1868-9.- 



2G1 



Decatur, Stephen, a gnlliint naval officer, 
soil of Capt. Stephen, b Siuiiepuxcnt, Md., 
5 Jan. 1779 ; d. Washin-ton, D. C, 22 Mar. 
1820. (Stephen, his father, capt. U.S.N., 1798- 
1801, b. Newport, 1751, d. Frankford, near 
Phila., Nov. 14, 1803.) Midshipman, 30 Apr. 
1 798 ; lieut. 21 May, 1 799 ; capt. 26 Feb. 1 804. 
His first exploit was the destruction of the 
frigate " Philadelphia," in the harbor of Trip- 
oli on the night of 15 Feb. 1S04, for which he 
received from Congress a sword, a vote of thanks, 
and immediate promotion. In the attack on 
Tripoli, Aug. 3, hccom. a division of gunboats, 
and had a desperate personal conflict with the 
captain of a Turkish gunboat, whom he slew. 
App. to com. the frigate " United States," in 
which, Oct. 25, 1812, in lat 29° N., long. 29° 
30' W. lie fell in with the British frigate " Ma- 
cedonian," capturing her after an action of an 
hour anil a half. For this capture, Congress 
awarded him a gold medal. He was after- 
ward blockaded in N. London by a British 
squadron. lujan. 1815, he attempted, in "The 
I'resident," to elude the blockade ; but she was 
injured in passing the bar, and was captured 
by the British squadron, after having kept up 
a ruuninir fight of two hours ami a half with 
" The Endymlon," which was .liMna>tcd and si- 
lenced. A few monthslat. r. !i ^^,l- .1 ; it. lied 
with a sqiiadi-on to Algii 1 , I i ■ 17, 

off Cape de Gatt, an A1-. ! ...King 

the noted Admiral Rais II ntn i), ihi, arriv- 
ing at Algiers June 28, tcnilicd tlie ivgoncy 
into a relinquishment of the claim for trib- 
ute, the surrender of all captives, and compen- 
sation for all Amer. property seized. He also 
obtained indemnity from Tunis and Tripoli, 
and procured the release of many captives. 
Nov. 12, ho was app. anavy commissioner, and 
took up his residence at Kalorama, Washing- 
ton, D.C., tlie former estate of Joel Barlow. 
A coiresp. with Com. Barron, relative to " The 
Chesapeake" affair, resulted in a duel at Bla- 
denshurg, in which Decatur was mortally, 
and Barron severely, wounded. Courage, sa- 
gacity, energy, self possession, and a high sense 
of honor, were the characteristic traits of De- 
catur. — S'ce Ufe, hji A. S. Mackenzie, 1846. 

EeCharms, Richard, clersryman and 
author, b. Phila., Oct. 17, 1796; d. Phila., 
March 20, 1864. Y.C. 1826. Descended 
(lom Huguenots, who took refuge in Eng. in 
IG85. His father, a physician, came to Phila. 
in 1793. At 14, he supported his mother by 
working in a printing-office. After graduat- 
ing, he studied Sweden borg'stlicology in Bos- 
ton, printed the first 3 numbers of the New 
Jerusaltm Magazine with his own hands, and 
preached one j'car in Bedford, Pa. At the 
suggestion of a female friend, to whom he was 
indebted for his education, he continued the 
study of theology in London, to fit himself for 
the ministry of the church of the New Jerusa- 
lem ; supporting himself during his 2 years' 
stay there by working asajourneyman printer. 
His first sermon, on the " Paramount Impor- 
tance of Spiritual Things," was pub, in 1828, 
and reprinted in London. He settled at Cin- 
cinnati (1832-9), Phila. (1839-45), Baltimore 
(1845-50), and New York, and pub. .sermons 
and lectures oa the fundamental doctrines of 



Swedenborg. He edited the Precursor and 
New Churchman. His chief works are the 
"New Churchman E.\tra," 8vo; "Freedom 
and Slavery in the Light of the New Jerusa- 
lem ; " " Sermons illustrating the Doctrine of 
the Lord," 1840; "Scries of Lectures deliv- 
ered at Charleston, S.C," 1841. 

Deems, Charles F., D.D., b. Baltimore, 
1820. Dick. Coll. 1839. Prof in the U. cf 
N.C., 1842; prof, of chcmistrv, Randolph M. 
Coll., 1848; pres. of Greensli'oro' Coll., 1850, 
of Centenary Coll, 1854. Author of "Tri- 
umph of Peace and other Poems," " Devo- 
tional Melodies," " Twelve College Sermons," 
" Life of Rev. Dr. Clarke," " Home Altar," 
"What Now?" "Family Worshi])," 12mo, 
1852. Edited 5 vols. Smth. Meth. Pulpit. 
Contrili. to South. Meth. Quarterly, and other 
journals. — Allihone. 

Deering, Nathaniel, dramatist and mis- 
cellaneous writer, b. Portland, Me., June 25, 
1791. H.U. 1810. Educated at E.xcter and 
Cambridge. He studied law in the office of 
Chief-Justice Whitman at Portland, and pur- 
sued the profession in the northern counties of 
Me. He is now a resident of Portland. He 
iias produced two tragedies, " Carabasset ; or. 
The last of the Norridgewocks," produced at 
the Portland Theatre in 1831, and " Bozzaris." 
His other writings, including numerous humor- 
ous tales of " Down-East " life, have appeared 
from time to time in the journals of the day. 

DeHaas, John Philip, brig.-scn. Revol. 
army, b. Holland, ab. 1735; d. Phila., ab. 
1794. Descended from an ancient family 
of Northern France, and in 1750 accomp. his 
father to Amer., scttlin;; in Lancaster Co., Pa. 
An ensign in the old French war, and in Aug. 
1763, participated in the bloody conflict with 
the Indians at Bushy Run, near Pittsburg. 
App. coll first Pa. regt., Jan. 22, 1776 ; served 
in Can.ada and at Ticon.leroga; took part in 
the battle of Long Island, and was promoted, 
Feb. 21, 1777, to brig.-gcn., and served in va- 
rious capacities with credit until the close of 
the war. The latter years of his life were 
passed in Phila. A son served as ensign in 
his own regt. 

DeHaas (deh-hiis), MadriceF. H., marine 
painter, b. Rotterdam, ab. 1830. He studied 
at the Acad, of Fine Art^, nnO at tin- Antique 
and Life School, made -k • Ij'" . !■ -imis to 

the British Channel an 1 :: : , , nur-que 

coast of France, and rccci I l_. ,;i ,,,-;iiiction 
from the eminent Louii .\L'.Lrul ilio liaiiue. 
In 1856, the Queen of the Netherlands .sent him 
a flattering letter, and a handsome present in 
recognition of bis talent. In 1857, he was 
com. artist to the Dutch navy ; since 1859, he 
has held, in New York, the first rank in his 
priif Among his best works are " Storm otf 
the Isle of Jersey," "After the Wreck,' 
"Seashore near Htistings," "Calm off New- 
ptirt," " Wreck off St. Hilliers," " Yacht Hen- 
rietta," " Clearing Up," " British Channel," 
" The Old Wreck," " The Rescue," " Moon- 
rise at Sunset," and " Farragut passing the 
F..rts below N. 0." 

DeHart, Col. William, lawyer and 
Ucvol. soldier, b. Elizabethtown, N.J., Dec. 7, 



262 



1746; d. Moriistown, June 16, 1801. Son of 
Dr. Matthias DeHart. Practised law before 
the Revol. ; was app. maj. 1st N.J. batt., Nov. 
7, 1775; was lieiit.-col in 1776; resigned his 
commission before the close of the war, and 
resumed the profession of the law at Morris- 
town, N.J. He had 2 bros. in the service, 
one of whom was aide to Gen. Wavne, and 
fell at Fort Lee in 1780. Col. DeHart was 
eminent in his profession, and was noted for 
wit and humor. In 1779, he was pres. of the 
St Tammany Society. — Ord. Book N.A. 

DeHart, William C, capt. U.S.A., b. 
N.Y., 1800; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., Apr. 21, 
1848. West Point, 1820. Aide-de-camp to 
Gen. Scott, Jan. 31, 1838 ; capt. 3 Apr. 1838; 
at siege of Vera Cruz, and battle of Cerro 
Gordo i lieut.-gov. of Puebla during its siege, 
Sept. and Oct. 1847. Author of a treatise on 
" Martial Law and Courts-Martial, N.Y.," 
8vo, 1846. — Culliim. 

DeHaven, Edwin J., arctic explorer, b. 
Phila., 181'J; d. there May 9, 1865. Mid- 
shipm. Oct. 2, 1829; lieut. Sept. 8, 1841; 
resigned, 1857. He served in Wilkes's ex- 
ploring exped. 1839-42, and com. the first 
exped^ fitted out at the expense of Henry Grin- 
nell of N.Y. to search for Sir John Franklin. 
This exped. left N.Y., May 24, 18.50, and was 
absent over 16 months, wintering within the 
arctic circle It consisted of 2 small tugs, " The 
Advance " of 140, and " The Rescue " of 90 tons. 
Dr. Kane has given a full account of this exped. 
On his return, he was employed in the coast- 
survey. 

Dehon, Theodore, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop 
of S.C, b. Boston, Ms., Dec. 8, 1776; d. 
Charleston, S.C, Aug. 6, 1817. H.U. 1795. 
He became rector of Trinity Church, Newport, 
R.I., in 1798, and of St. Michael's Church, 
Charleston, in 1809. Oct. 15, 1812, he was 
consec. bishop of S.C. Besides occasional ser- 
mons, pub. during his lifetime, 2 vols, of his 
" Discourses " were issued in 1821. — SeeLife, 
hi/ C. E. (kidsden, 8vo, 1833. 

DeKay, Gkouge C., commodore, b. New 
York; d. Jan. 31, 1849, a. 47. When quite 
young, he entered the navy of Buenos Ayres, 
then contending against the Brazilian Empire, 
disting. himself by a series of brilliant actions 
under Admiral Brown, and on separate com- 
mands, and, in less than two years, reached the 
grade of lieut.-col., equivalent to the English 
rank of commodore. In July, 1847, he com. 
the frigate" Macedonian " on her philanthrop- 
ic mission to starving Ireland. His wife was 
the dau of the poet J. Rodman Drake, and 
grand-ilaii^rhtcr of Henry Eckford. 

DeKay, James E., M.D., naturalist, bro. 
of Com. Geo. C. ; d. Oyster Bay, Nov. 21, 1851, 
a. 59. Author of " Sketches of Turkev," in 
1831-2, and of " Zoology in the Survev "of N. 
Y," 15 vol.s., 4to, with an Introd. by Wm. H. 
Seward ; " Anniv. Address before the N.Y. 
Lyceum on the Prog, of the Nat. Sciences in 
the U.S.," Feb. 1825. 

Delafleld, John, agriculturist, b. N.Y. 
City, 1786; d. 1853. Col. Coll. 1802. After 
losing a fortune acquired as a banker in Lond., 
in 1839 he withdrew to a farm known as Oak- 
lands, at Rose Hill, Seneca Co., N.Y. Here 



his eflForls for rural improvement added much 
to the agricultural wealth of the county. In 
1851, he became pres. of the N.Y. State Agric. 
Society, and at the time of his death was pres. 
of the State Agric. Coll. Author of " An In- 
quiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of 
America," Cincin., 1839. 

Delafleld, Richard, brev. innj.-gcn. and 
chief of engineers U.S.A., b. N.Y. West 
Point, 1818. Capt. 24 May, 1828; maj. July 
7, 1838 ; sup. Milit. Acad., Sept. 1838 to Aug. 
1845, and from Sept. 8, 1856, to 1 Mar. 1861 ; 
lieut.-col. engs. Aug. 6, 1861; cul. June 1, 
1863 ; brig.-gen. and chief-engr. Apr. 22, 1864; 
retired Aug. 8, 1866. Ordered to Europe by 
the govt, to observe the Crimean war; and his 
report was pub. as a senate document in 4to, 
1860. Superint. engr. of the defences of N.Y. 
harbor, 1861-4. 

Delamater, John, D.D., LL.D., a dis- 
ting. physician and scholar of the West, b. 18 
Apr. 1787; d Cleveland, 0., 28 Mar. 1867. 

DeLancey, James, jurist, b. N.Y., 1703; 
d. there Aug. 2, 1760. U. of Camb., Eng., 
1729. Son of a Huguenot emigrant, from 
Caen, Normandy; was sent to Eng. for educa- 
tion, and, soon after his return in 1 729, was 
made a justice of the Supreme Court, and 
chief-justice in 1733. On the death of Gov. 
Osborn, he, as lieut.-gov., was at the head of 
affairs in the province from 1753 to 1755, and 
also as successor to Hardy from 1757 to 1761). 
He was a profound lawyer, nml iliir:ii - in ail- 
ministration of Gov. Clinton, i ' ; 1 

a powerful influence on the lr_ , , .u 

to him. He was at theheail ul ih'j .Is 'jjiauon , 
which founded Kings Coll. The author^? ^ ^ ^^_ 
" The Review of Military operations from 1 753 
to 1756 " represents him as a man of learning 
and talent, yet as an unprincipled demagogue, 
and finished intriguer, whose plausible arts, 
together with his influence as chief-justice, and 
a vast personal estate at use, all conspired to 
secure his popular triumph. 

De Lancey, Col. James, loyalist, b. N. Y.; 
d. Annapolis, N.S., 1800. Son of Peter De L. 
and Elizabeth Colden. Elected to the N. Y. 
assembly in 1 769, and some time sheritf of W. 
Chester. He com. a batt. in the brigade of his 
uncle, Gen. Oliver De Lancey, and, being taken 
in 1777, was confined in Hartford jail. His 
corps were called " Cow Boys," from " their 
knowledge of beef" An attempt to capture or 
destroy this odious corps in July, 1781, w.is a 
failure. His estates were confiscated ; and he 
went to Nova Scotia, where, in 1794, he was a 
member of the council. 

De Lancey, Gen. Oliver, loyalist, b. N. 
Y. City, 1717 ; d. Beverly, Eng., Oct. 27, 1785. 
Bro. of James, lieut.-gov. of N. Y., and many 
years a member of the assembly and council. 
As col. of a N. Y. regt., under Abercrombie, 
his gallantrj' won for him the thanks of the 
Icgisl. At the commencement of the Revol., 
he organized and equipped, chiefly at his own 
expense, a corps of 3 battalions, bearing his 
name. App. in 1776 a brig.-gen. in the royal 
service, ho was the senior loyalist officer in 
America during the Revol. contest. On the 
evacuation of N. Y. in 1783, he went to Eu- 
rope. His dau. Susannah m. Sir Wm. Draper. 



DEL 



263 



De Lancey, Oliver, gen. in the Britisli 
f.rmy, b. New York; U. Edinbur-Ii, Sept. 18J2. 
Son of the preceding. Educated in Europe; 
entered the service in 1766; licut. Dec. 1770; 
Ciipt. 17th Drags, Mav, 1773; maj. Juh', 1778; 
lieut.-col. Oct. 1781 ; "col. Nov. 1790; barrack- 
master-gen. 1792-1804 ; maj. -gen. 1794 ; lieut - 
gen. 1801 ; gen. 1812. He was in Boston dur- 
ing the siege ; accomp. the arniv to Nova Sco- 
tia, and in June, 1776, to Staten Ishmd. He 
com. the cavahy during the landing on L. I., 
and was constantly employed on outpost ser- 
vice until the liattle'oC Aug. 28, when he formed 
the advance of [he right column. His treatment 
of Gen. Woodliull, who .surrendered to him, on 
this occasion, was inhuman. He promised to 
protect him; but his men niiinlmrl liim. lie 
was at White Plains, Fort \Vasliin-i..ii, in the 
Jerseys, in the attack on K. <1 Kank, ai White 
Marsii, and at Monninmli. I)c|i. i| ni.-gen. 
during the siege of Charlcsiun, and in .scvei'al 
e.Kpeds. under Cornwallis, to wliom, on the re- 
turn of the army to N. York, he became a.-d.-c. 
In 1781, he succeeded Andre as adj. -gen. On 
his return to Eng., he undertook the arrange- 
ment of loyalist claims, and was placed at the 
head of a commission for settling all army ac- 
counts during the Amer. war. He was removed 
from the office of barrack-master on the dis- 
covery of a great defalcation in his accounts. 
M. P. for Maidstone, 1796. Author of a pam- 
phlet entitled "Considerations on the Propri- 
ety of Imposing Ta.xes on the British Colo- 
nics," London, 1766. 

De Lancey, Stephen, loyalist, b. N. Y. ; 
d. Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 3,' 1798. Son of 
Peter. Clerk of the city and county of Albany 
in 1765. Member of the council in 1776, and 
was lieut.-col. 1st batt. N. J. vols, in 1782. He 
was afterward chief-justice of the Bahamas, 
and gov. of Tohago. He m. a dau. of liev. 
H. Barclay of Trinity Church, N.Y. A son, 
Sir Wm. H. De L., was aide to Wellington, 
and was killed at Waterloo. 

De Lancey, William Heathcote.D.D., 
D.C.L., Pr. Ep. bishop of Western N. Y., b. 
Mamaroneck, N.Y., Oct. 8, 1797; d. Geneva, 
N.Y., Apr. 5, 1865. Y. C. 1817. He studied 
theology under Bishop Hobart ; ord. deacon in 
1819, and priest in 1822; soon after became 
assist, of Bishop White of Phila., in the 3 
churches of which he was rector, and in 1823 
became one of the regular assistant ministers 
of those churches. He was annually chosen 
sec. of the diocesan convention of Pa from 
1825 to 1830, and was sec. of the house of 
bishops from 1823 to 1829. He was provost 
of the U. of Pa. from 1828 to 1833 ; travelled 
in Europe in 1835. and on his return, after the 
death of Bishop White, succeeded to the rec- 
torship of St. Peter's. In 1838, Dr. De Lan- 
cey was chosen first bishop of the new diocese 
of Western N.Y., and was consec. May 9, 1839. 
The Hobart free college at Geneva was chiefly 
indebted to his efficient efforts for its support. 
In 1852, he was a delegate to Eng. from the 
Episcopal bishops of the U. S. He was one of 
the leaders of the High-Church party. D.C.L. 
of the U. of O.Kford, 1852; D.D. of Y. C, 
1828 ; and LL.D. of Un. Coll., 1847. 

Delano, Capi. Amasa, traveller, b. Dux- 



bury, Ms., 1763; ^d, 
of Voi/ai/es and Tidvets 



— St^e a Narrative / t c ' 

d the World, 8vo, , '^0 

7 (written by Rev. Horace Holley).- — ^, g 



Delano, Columbus, lawyer and 
b. Shorcham, Vt., 1809. Ueraoved to Mt. Ver- 
non, Ohio, in 1817 ; was adm. to the bar in 
1831, and became eminent as an advocate and 
criminar lawyer ; M. C. 1845-7 and 1865-9; 
commis.-gen. of Ohio, 1861 ; member Ohio 
legisl. 1864; engaged extensively in agriculture 
and in banking; commissioner of U. S. inter, 
rev., Mar. 1869-Oct. 1870; and succeeded J. 
D. Cox as seerctaryoftlicinterior inUct. 1870. 

De Laplaine, Joseph, autlior of " De 
Laplaine's Repository of the Lives and Por- 
traits of Disting. Amcriciins," 2 vols., 4to; d. 
Phila., May 31, 1824. 

Delaware, Thomas West, Lord, gov. 
of Va. ; il, June 7, 1618, on his second voyage 
thitlicr, "ill or near the mouth of the bay which 
bears his name.' He succeeded to his father's 
title Mar. 24, 1602. He landed at Jamestown, 
May 23, 1610, aiid succeeded Sir Thos. Gates, 
under the charter of May 23, 1609. In March, 
1611, after having built 3 forts, and regulated 
the affairs of the Colony, he returned to Eng. 
He continued to take a deep interest in the COQ- 
cerns of the Colony, which he was at great 
expense to establish. The " Relation " of the 
planting of his colony, London, 1611, was 
reprinted in 1858. 

Deliniers (dehle'-neair') Jacques An- 
TOINE Marie, viceroy of Buenos Ayres, b. 
Niort, France, Feb. 6,1756; shot at Buenos 
Ayres, Aug. 10, 1810. A capt. in the Spanish 
navy, he was sent on a mission to S. Amer. at 
a time when Spain and Eng. were at war, and 
an English armament had (July 2, 1806) cap- 
tured Buenos Ayres. Deliniers, who was at 
Montevideo, assembled the militia of the coun- 
try, attacked the place, and, after an obstinate 
resistance, forced it to capitulatc( Aug. 12,1807). 
He was at once made viceroy, and, in the fol- 
lowing year, sustained a fierce attack from the 
English, under Whitelocke and Auchmuty, 
whom he defeated, and compelled to evacuate 
the country. This victory ciowncd the repu- 
tation of Deliniers, who received from the king 
of Spain the grade of brigadier des armies. 
The Spanish junta in 1810 sent a new viceroy, 
Cisueros, and conferred on Deliniers the title of 
" Count de Buenos Ayres." The revolutionists 
having speedily set aside the new viceroy, De- 
liniers, desirous of re-establishing the royal au- 
thority, assembled a force of 2,000 men, with 
which he blockaded Buenos Ayres ; but his fee- 
ble force was dispei-sed by the revolutionists, 
and he himself, with other royalist chiefs, was 
taken and shot. — Nouv. Diog. Gen. 

Demers, Rev. M., 50 years a teacher in the 
Sem. of Quebec, b. St. Nicholas, Co. of Levis, 
1774 ; d. May 17, 1853. He did much to pro- 
mote the study of natural philosophy, and taste 
for the fine arts, and, in 183.5, pub., at Quebec, 
" Inslitutiones PMIosopliicce." 

Denio, Hiram, judge, b. Rome, N.Y., 1799. 
Judge of the N.Y. Court of Appeals; resides 
at Utica. Has pub. " Reports of the Sup. 
Court of N.Y. 1845-8," 5 vols.; " Revised Stat- 
utes of N.Y.," 4th ed., 2 vols., 1852, by Denio 
and Wm. Tracey. — ALlibone. 



JDEF 



Denis, Nicolas, a naiive of Tours, was 
gov.-licut.-gen. for the king of France, and pro- 
prietor of a part of Acadia and Canada. Hav- 
ing obtained a grant of the country extending 
from Cape Canceaux to Gaspe, he came to 
Amer. in 1632, but was obliged, after malcing 
important establishments, to sustain a con- 
tinued and vexatious warfare of territorial rights 
with his countrymen ; and a conflagration com- 
pleted liis ruin.' Denis, on returning to France, 
after a sojonrn of 40 years in America, during 
which he had visited most of the French pos- 
se.ssions, pub. the result of his observations 
nnder the title, " Desa-iption G€or]raph!que et 
Historiqne des C6l^ de I 'Am&ique Septentrionale 
avec I 'Uistoii-e Nntiirelle de ce Pays," Paris, 1 672, 
2 vols. — Bioq. Uiiiverselle. 

Denison, Charles Whkeler, b. Ct. 
1809. Author of" American Village and other 
Poems." Contrib. to the Knickerbocker and 
other mags, and journals. — Allibone. 

Denison, Daniel, maj.-gen., b.Eng., 161.3 ; 
d. Ipswich, Ms., Sept. 20, 1682. Son of Wil- 
liam of Roxbury. Came to New Eng. ab. 1631 ; 
removed from Cambridge to Ipswich in 1635; 
was the military leader of that town ; commis- 
sioner to treat with the French commander 
D'Aulny at Penobscot, in 1646 and in 1653, 
and subsequently was 10 years major-gen. of 
the Colony. He represented Ipswich several 
years in the General Court ; was speaker of the 
"house in 1649 and 1651-2; sec. of the Colony 
in 1653 ; justice of the Quarterly Court, 1 658 ; 
commissioner of the United Colonies,! 655-62 ; 
assist. 1653-82. His public employments were 
numerous, and his services very important. In 
1684 was printed his " Irenicon ; or. Salve for 
New England's Sore." His dau. Elizabeth 
married Pres. Rogers of H U. App. com.-in- 
chief of the Ms. forces in June, 1675, but was 
prevented by sickness from taking the field in 
the Indian war. —N.E.II. and G.R.v., 140. 

Denison, Mary Andrews, b. Cambridge, 
Ms., 1826 (Mrs. C. W. D.). Author of " Home 
Pictures," " What Not? " " Carrie Hamilton," 
" Oracle Amber," " Old Hcpsey, a Tale of the 
South," N.Y., 12mo, 1838. Contrib. to many 
of the leading journals. 

Dannie, Joseph, journ.iIist,b Boston, Ms., 
Aug. 30. 1768 ; d. Pliila., Jan. 7, 1812. II U. 
1790. He studied law, and practised at Wal- 
pole, N.II., but soon adopted the literary career, 
having acquired some reputation by newspaper 
contributions under the title of" Tlie Farrago." 
He pub. at Boston, in 1795, the Tablet, weekly, 
and edited the Farmer's Museum, at Walpole. in 
1796-9, in which the popular essays of" The 
Lay Preacher" first appeared. In Sept. 1799, 
he went to Phila. as clerk in the office of Mr. 
Pickering, sec. of State. In 1800, after editing 
a while the U. S. Gazette, he began the Port- 
folio, to which the rest of his life was devoted, 
under the nomde plume of " Oliver Oldschool." 
This, while in its prime, was the first literary 
journal of the country. In 1803, he was in- 
dicted for a libel against the Federal Govt. pub. 
in his journal, but was acquitted. Dennie's 
convivial tastes led him to form the " Tuesday 
Club," a social gathering of the wit and genius 
of Phila. He was remarkable for originality, 
and for delicacy of thought and language. 



Dennison, William, politician, b. Cm- H C>(vwv\ 
cinnati, Nov.23, 1815. MiamiU. 1835. Adm. ^ ' 
to the ^.ir in 1840; practised at Columbus ^vwJi'l'J;! 
until 1848; member of the O. legisl. 1848-50; Q 
pres. of the Exchange Bank, and of the Colum- 
bus and Xenia Railroad Co. ; in 1856, delegate 
to the Pittsburg convention which inaugurated 
the Repub. party, and also to the Phila. con- 
vention ; gov. of (Jbio, 1860-2, and did much 
to organize the vols, against the Rebellion ; 
chairman of the Ohio convention of 1 862 ; dele- 
gate and pres. of the Baltimore convention of 
1864; U.S. postmaster-gen. Oct. 1864 to July, 
1866. 

Denonville, Jacques Rene de Brisat, 
Marquis de, gov. of Canada in 1685-9 ; was a 



brave officer, but, by : 



tfollo' 



wmgupa victory 



he had gained over the Iroquois, inspired i 
with contempt, and by kidnapping a number 
of their chiefs, and sending them to France to 
work at the galleys, at a time when they were 
on a peaceful mission to himself, excited a 
hatred against the French, only terminated by 
the frightful "Massacre of Lachine." — Mor- 

Dent, John Herbert, capt. U.S.N., b. 
Md.,1782; d.julv 31, 1823, St. Bartholomew's 
Parish, S.C. Midshipm. March 16, 1798, 
under Truxton, in the frigate " Constellation," 
and was in her when she captured the French 
frigate " Insurgente," Feb. 1, 1799. Lieut. 
July 11, 1799, he was in the same ship when 
she took the French frigate " La Vengeance," 
Feb. 1, 1800. He com. the schooners " Nauti- 
lus" and "Scourge," in Preble's squadron, 
during the Tripolit.an war, and participated in 
the several attacks upon that city and harbor 
in 1804. Master com. Sept. 5, 1804; capt. 
Dec. 29, 1811. 

Denton, Daniel, author of "A Brief De- 
scription of New York," 4to, Lond.,1570, rcpr. 
in N.Y. in 1845, with notes by Gabriel Fur- 
man. 

Denton, William, poet, teacher, and lec- 
turer, b. Darlington, Durham Co., Eng., 1823. 
He received his education in Eng., emigrated 
to the U.S. aficr attaining manhood, and in 
1856 pub. at Dayton " Poems for Reformers." 
— Poets und Poelri/ of the West. 

Denver, Jamks W., politician, b. Win- 
chester, Va., 1818. He emigrated in child- 
hood with his parents to Ohio, removed to Mo. 
in 1841, and taught school and studied law 
there ; was app. capt. 12th Inf., March 5, 1847 ; 
left the service at the end of the Mexican war, 
July25, 1848; eniig. toCal.in 1850; waseliosen 
State senator in March, 1832; Aug. 2, 1832, 
killed Mr. Edward Gilbert, nearSan Francisco, 
in a duel with rifles at 40 paces ; in Feb. 1853 
w.as app. sec. of State; MC. 1855-7; Mar. 
4, 1857, was app. by Pres. Buchanan commis- 
sioner of Indian affairs, but resigned, and was 
made gov. of Kansas after the resignation of 
R. J. Walker; resigning this post in Nov. 1858, 
he was re-app. commissioner of Indian affairs, 
which he held till Mar. 1859. Made brig. -gen. 
Aug. 14, 1861, ho served in the Western States; 
resigned Mareh 5, 1863; delegate to the 
Cleveland Soldier's Convention in 1866, and 
settled in Washington, D.C., as an attorney. 

De Peyster (de pis'-ter), Abraham, an 



265 



DKR 



eminent meicliant and citizen of New Yoi-k, 
flJost son of Johannes, b Now York, July 8, 
1G58 ; d. ilicre Au';. 10, 1728. He was mayor 
of N.Y. between 1C91 and 1695; was subse- 
quently cliief-jnsiice of the province, and pres. 
of the kind's council," in which latter capaci- 
ty, in 1701, ho acted as col. gov. He was also 
col. of the forces of the city and 'county of N. 
Y., and treasurer of N.Y. and N.J. He was 
the intimate friend and corresp. of Penn and 
of the col. frov., the Earl of Bellomont. His 
mansion in I'earl St., once the headquarters of 
Washin-ton, stood until 1856. 

De Peyster, Johannes, an early settler of 
New Ain-ieidani, now New York, b. Haarlem, 



Hoi.; d. 


New York 


, ab. 1685. 


Of Hu 


igucnot 


descent 


11- Ir-M 


luanv 1 


iltir. 


■s of tn 


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public .11. 


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sequently, at 


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alderman. 


deputy 


maj 


,-or, and 


mayor. 


-Api,!eL 


,!l. 










DePc 


jystcr, -T^ 


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\tt: 


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Tivoli, \ 


v., 1 






N.Y., b. N.Y. 


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to the 


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1854-8; 






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lie of I. 


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stcnscn," 


8vo, 18.55; 


'• The Dut 


chat the North 


Pole and 


the Dutch 


in Ma 


ine, 


" 12mo. 


1857 : 


" Early S 


cttlc.nent . 


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.V the Dutch," 


8vo, 1858 


; "TIk I) 


Ml ll I' 




.-(■[!i- I 


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8vo, 1858 


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I~5S; 


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.1," 8vo, 


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Gen. Uc 


P has ]ire| 


jared a 


t-'CI 


aealogy 


of his 


familv, an 


,d has pub 


. some I 


)am| 


phlets on mili- 



try and religious subjects. — Alliboiie. 

iJerbigny, Peter, gov. of La. from 1828 
ntil his death, Oct. 6, 1829. App. in 1820, 

iih Livingston and Moreau, to revise the laws 
f l,a. 

Derby, Elias Hasket, merchant, b. Sa- 



of the council 
owner of the 
ercd the Coli 
concurrence i 



-'-S3), 
ant of 
•3-73, 



lOIIN 



a. a remarkable 
, I. an .ail to England 
the first news of the battle of Lexington, and, 
;u the close of the war, bore home from France 
thefirst news of peace. Elias, engaging exten- 
sively in business, owned, at the commencement 
of the Revol., 7 ships in the VV. India trade. 
The war ruined Amer. commerce; and Mr. Der- 
by, uniting with his townsmen, aided in the 
equipment of 158 armed vessels fitted out 
from Salctn, many of which were successful, 
at least 445 vessels being captured from 
the enemy. Appreciating the importance of 
speed, Mr. Derby built shipyards, studied n'aval 
architecture, and built a class of vessels superi- 
or in size, model, and speed to any previously 
launched in the Colonies. He opened Ameri- 



can trade to St. Petersburg in 1784, and to 
Canton and Calcutta soon atterward. — Hunt's 
Mercliants. 

Derby, Gen. Elias Hasket, merchant, b. 
Salem, Jan. 10, 1766 ; d. Londonderry, N.H., 
Sept. 16, 1826. One of the founders of the In- 
dia trade, first importer of Merino sheep, and 
began the manuf. of American broadcloth dur- 
ing the War of 1812. Rccd. an hou. degree 
fromH.U. in 1803. 

Derby, Elias Hasket, lawyer, b. Salem, 
Ms., 24 Sept. 1803. H.U. 1824. Son of Gen. 
E. H. Derby. He studied law under Daniel 
Webster, began practice in Boston in 1827, 
and attained distinction in railway cases. He 
has been pres. of the Old Colony K. R. Co., 
htm been active in promotiiiL; the < nniinercial 
interests of Boston, anl \\a< inn i and zeal- 
ous in his efforts to sea in.' t'a- nain nation of 
iron-clads during till' ei\ ll w.iia l;a...ales con- 
tribs. to the ICdiiJuuyh liiacw, the Allaiidc 
Monihlii, cSic, lie is the author of " Two 
Month's Abroad," 1844; "The Catholic," 
"The Overland Route to the Pacific," and 
many reports on the " Fisheries," the " British 
Provinces," &c., written while U.S. commis- 

Derby, George H., capt. U. S. topog. 
engrs:, b. Norfolk Co., Ms., 1824 ; d. insane in 
N.Y. City, May 15, 1861. West Point, 1846. 
Descendant of E. H. Derby, merchant of 
Salein. Severely wounded at Cerro Gordo, 
and brev. for gallantry. Afterward stationed 
in Cal., where he produced those humorous 
papers, since pub. under the title " Phoenix- 
iana," the success of which has encouraged a 
multitude of imitators. After his death, some 
of his other pieces were pub., entitled " The 
Squibob Papers." Employed by govt, in erect- 
ing lighthouses on the coasts of Fla. and Ala., 
he received a sunstroke, which resulted in a 
softening of the brain. Capt. toj). engrs. 1 
July, 1860. 

De Ros, John Fred. Fitzgerald, n ar- 
adin. (1857) British navy, b. 1804; d. June 
19, 1861. Author of " Travels in the U.S. in 

De Russy, Lewis G., engineer, b. N.Y. ; 
d. La., Sept. 1865. West Point, 1814. En- 
tering the 1st Art., he became capt. 3d Art., 
11 Dee. 1825; paymaster and raaj. 21 Sept. 
1826; was dropped from the army register in 
1842; col. 1st La. Vols, during the Mexican 
war, 1846-8; planter at Natchitoches, La., 
1848-61, and civil engineer; member of the 
house, 1851-.3, and of the senate of La., 183.3- 
5; maj.-gcn. La. militia, 1848-61. Joined 
the Rebeiiion against the U.S. — Cdlum. 

DeRussy, Rene Edward, col. engs. 
U.S.A., b. N.Y. Citv, 1791 ; d. San Francisco, 
Nov. 26, 1865. West Point, 1812. Son of 
Thos. of St. Malocs, France, who came to 
N.Y. in 1791, and long resided at Old Point 
Comfort, Va. Brev. capt., Sept. II, 1814, for 
gallant conduct at the battle of Plattsburg; 
chicf-engr. of Miicomb's army in I8I4; capt. 
9 Feb. 1815; brev. maj. Sept. 11, 1824; supt. 
Milit. Acad, from July, 1833 to Sept. 1838; 
lieut.-col. engrs. Dec. 7, 18.'»8; col. March 3, 
1863; brev. brig. -gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. 
At the breakingout of the war in 1861, he 



2GG 



was orJcrorl to tlie (IcfLMice of tlic Piicific 
const. Two sons, Gustaviis and Jolin, j;nvd. 
West Point; the thrnwv was a bri-.--en. U.S. 
vols., and Invv. eol. U.S.A., for gallant con- 
duct in tlie civil war, and is now (18G9) maj. 
3d U.S. Art. 

Desandrouins, Vicomte, a Frencli engi- 
neer, b. Dec. 12, 1740. Accomp. Montcalm 
to Canada in May, 1756, as a capt royal en^'i- 
neers, became his aide and military sec, and 
was distin^'. in the defence of Tieondcroga 
and in tlic subsequent operations in Canada. 
Chief-cngr. in Rocliainbcau's array in the U.S. 
in 1780-3; made brig of inf., Dec. 5,1781, 
and chief de brigade of the engr. corps. In 
1789, he was a cliev. of Malta, and a mcmberof 
the National Assembly from Calais and Ardres. 

Desaussure, Henry W., chancellor of 
S.C, 1808-.37 ; d. Charleston, S.C., March 29, 
1839, a. 75. In the Rovol. war, he bore arms 
in defence of Charleston, and, after the organi- 
zation of the U.S. Govt., was app. by Wash- 
ington director of the mint. After filling the 
office a short time, he returned to Charleston, 
resumed the practice of law, and soon rose 
to eminence in his profession. Ho pub. 4 vols. 
of Equity Reports, which contain the early 
decisions of the Equity Court of S.C. ; Oration 
4 July, 1798, before the S. C. Hist. Soc. 

Des Barres, Joseph FnEDEitic Wallet, 
soldier and hvdrographer, b. 1722; d. Halifax, 
N.S., Oct. 24; 1824, a. 102. He receivc^l his ed- 
ucation under the Bernouillis ; entered the Roy- 
al Milit. (Joll. at Woolwich ; embarked in Mar., 
1756, as a lieut. in the 60th rcgt. for Amer, 
where, having raised 300 recruits in Pa. and 
Md., he formed them into a corps of field ar- 
tillery, which he for a while com. In 1737, he 
led an exped. against the Indians who had at- 
tacked Schenectady, surprised and captnred 
the chiefs, and brought them over to be useful 
allies to the army. He disting. himself as an 
engr. in the siege of Louisburg, in 1758; was 
aide-de-camp to Wolfe, to whom he was mak- 
ing a report when he fell, dying in his arms, 
and conducted the subsequent engineering op- 
erations, including the reduction of Fort 
Jacques Cartier, and other strong places, which 
completed the conquest of Canada. In 1762, 
he was directing engr. and quarterm.-gen. in 
the exped. for retaking Newfoundland, and was 
publicly thanked for his services. From 1763 
to 1773, he was engaged in surveying the coast 
of Nova Scotia. Returning to Eng. in 1774, 
he received the commendation of the king for 
the manner in which this duty had been per- 
formed. Selected by Earl Howe to prepare 
charts of the N. A. coast, he adapted the sur- 
veys of Holland, De Brahm, and others, to 
nautical purposes; pub. in 1777 " The Atlantic 
Neptune," in 2 large folios. In 1784, he was 
made gov. of Cape Breton, with the military 
com. of that and of Prince Edward's Island, 
and soon after began the town of Sydney, and 
oi)ened and \vorked the valuable coal-fields at 
the entrance of the river. In 1804, he was app. 
lieut.-gov. and cora.-in-chief of Prince Eilward's 
Island, being then in his 82d year. He was 
Capt. Cook's teacher in navigation. He pub. 
" Cape Breton," Lond., 8vo, 1804, privately 
printed, and suppressed. 



Deschamps, Isaac, 

from 1785 to lus d.. Au-. 
Swiss extraction. lkT;.i]i 
Scotia; was a clerk at I'd 
in 17.i4, and aidr.l in mi 



of N.S, 17 
1772; .app., 

Desha, . 

Pa., Dec. 9, 



78.3. 



ire of N.S. 
a 78. Of 
lilr to Nova 
(Windsor) 
I lie turbu- 
ihat year; 
and justice 
r.E. Island 
rune Court 
bly in 



•ulilii i and statesman, b. 
, 17G3, ,1. Georgetown, Kv., Oct. 
11, 1842. Emigrating to Ky. in 1781, he 
SLMved as a vol. in the exped. against the Indi- 
ans under Gen. Wayne in 1794-5 ; represent- 
ed Macon Co. one term in the State legisl.; 
fought at the battle of the Thames as a maj.- 
gen. ; was M.C. in 1807-19, and gov. of Ky. 
from 1824 to 1828. 

Desha, Gen. Robert, bro. of Joseph, a 
prominent merchant of Mobile, and M, C. 
from Tenn. from 1827 to 1831; d. Mobile, 
Feb. 8, 1849 ; capt. 24th Inf., Mar. 12, 1812 ; 
brcv. maj. for gallant conduct in attempt to 
recapture Fort Mackinac, Aug. 4, 1814 ; brig.- 
maj. Oct. 1814. 

De Soto, Fern-axdo, discoverer of the 
Ml.i., I. Xm---, Ivtmma.l.nM, Spain, ab. 1500; 
d, .1.; , -., r.'-' ., il, lMnk-,.iili>'M|ii. Ofa 
iiu.:. , :,;. ., , ,1 I,,, ,,11), li. u.w enabled 

by I'll; nil. l»i,. a to -|iiMiii M'vriMl years at 

and knightly accomplishments. In 1519, he 
accomp. Davila, gov. of Darien, to Amer., and 
opposed his oppressive administration. Quit- 
ting his patron, he, in 1528, explore I the coast 
of Guatemala and Yucatan for 700 miles, in 
search of the strait which was supposed to 
connect the two oceans. He accomp. Pizarro 
to Peru, under the promise of being his second 
in com., in 1532, and vvas sent by Piz.arro as 
ambassador to the inca Atahualpa. He was 
the hero of the battle which resulted in the 
capture of Cuzco, the metropolis ; soon after, 
returned to Spain with a fortune, met a flatter- 
ing reception from Charles V., and m. the dau. 
of Davila. In the belief that Florida was a 
new El Dorado, richer than any that had been 
discovered, he undertook its conquest at hia 
own expense. He sailed from San Lucas early 
in Apr.l 538, with 600 men ; reached the bay of 
Spiritu Santo (Tampa Bay), May 25, 1539, 
and passed the first winter in the country of 
the Appalachians, E. of the Flint River. Oct. 
18, 1540, he fought a sanguinary battle with the 
Indians at Mavilla, or Mobile on the Alabam.i. 
Soon after beginning his march to the N.W., 
in the following spring, a pestilential fever 
carried off nearly a score of his men. He 
reached the Mpi. after journeying seven days 
through a wilderness of forests and marshes ; 
crossed it, and marched N.W. to the highlands 
of the White River ; then proceeded South, and 
wintered on the VVashita. While vainly at- 
tempting to descend the banks of the Mpi., 
through the bayous and marshes, he was at- 
tacked with a malignant fever, and d. To con- 
ceal his death, his body was wrapped in a man- 
tle, and at midnight was silently sunk in the 
middle of the stream. He had crossed a large 



267 



IDEV 



part of the continent in search of gold, and 
"found nothing so remarkable as his burial- 
place." A history of his life and travels, by 
L. A. Wilmcr, was pub. at Phil.i. in 1858. 

Despard, John, a Brit, gen., b. 1745 ; d. 
Sept. 3, 1829. Ensign 12th Foot, 1760 ; lieut. 
1762 ; capt. Mar. 1777; maj. June, 1788 ; lieut.- 
col July, 1791; col. Aug. 1795; maj.-gen. 
1798; I'icut.-gen. 1805; gen. 1814. He served 
in Germany; came with the royal fusileers to 
Quiliic in Mar. 1773, and was taken prisoner 
at St. John's, Nov. 1775; exchanged Dec. 
1770 ; joined the army in N.Y., and was at the 
ca[)tnre of Kort Montgomery. In June, 1778, 
he was made nuij. of a corjis raised by Lord 
Kawilon ; in Dec. 1779, dep. adj.-gen., and was 
at the capture of Charle.ston, and in the cam- 
paigns of Cornwallis, ending with the surrender 
at Yorktovvn. He subsequently served on the 
staff of the army ; 7 years gov. of Canada. 
He was in 24 engagements, and was 3 times 
shipwrecked. — Phiiipart. 

Desprez-Crassier (da'-pra' kras'-sea), 
Jean Etienne Philihert, a French gen., b. 
Grassier, Jan. 18, 1733 ; d. Ornex, ab. 1803. 
Entering the .service as a cadet in 1745, he be- 
came a capt. in 1757 in the regt. Royal Deux- 
ponts, which was employed in Germany until 
the peace of 1763. With the grade of lieut.- 
col. in the same corps, he fought (under the 
orders of Prince Maximilian, since king of 
Bavaria) in the Amer. war. He disting. him- 
self particularly at Yorktown, where his brave 
regt., having captured two howitzers, obtained 
by the exploit the title of " Royal," then so flat- 
tering, and the still more extraordinary distinc- 
tion of bringing with it in its marches tlie two 
pieces of artillery which it had won. Mare- 
chal-de-camp in 1791 ; lieut.-gen. in Sept. 1792; 
he took com. of the advanced guard of the 
army of the centre, which repulsed the Prus- 
sians at the camp of La Lune. Suspended ns 
a nobleman in 1793, he was restored, and em- 
ployed successively in the army of Italy, the 
Pyrenees, and of the Rhine, but was deprived 
of command, Oct. 26, 1795. —AWw. Bio;;. Gen. 

Dessalines (da'-sa'-len') Jean Jacques, 
emperor of Hayti, b. ab. 1760; killed Oct. 17, 
1806. Brought when young to Cape Francois, 
he was purchased by a black proprietor named 
Dessalines. Taking the name of his master, 
he served him until 1791, when he joined the 
bands of Biasson. Subsequently joining Tous- 
saintL'Ouverture, heroseto high rank, display- 
ing his bravery and also his ferocity. Upon 
the arrival of the French exped. under Leclerc, 
in 1802, he occupied the dept. of the south and 
west, conducting a bloody guerilla war against 
the French, and submitted to that gen. after 
the affair of Crete-a-Pierrot. He affected much 
zeal for the French, fought the insurgents, 
and treated the vanquished negroes with the 
same cruelty he had before shown the wliites. 
But, when he saw the army decimated by the 
yellow-fever, he joined the blacks, and became 
their com .-in-chief. He gained a victory over 
Gen. Roehambeau, whom he forced to evacuate 
the isle, and made his entry at the Cape, Oct. 
30, 1803. The people of Hayti proclaimed 
their independence Jan. 1,1804, and named Des- 
salines gov.-gen., who, in retaliation for the 



cruelties exercised by Roehambeau upon the 
blacks, invited them to a general massacre of 
the whites. He was crowned Dec. 8, 1804, 
under the name of Jean Jacques First. Feb. 
16, 1805, he marched against St. Domingo; but 
the arrival of a French squadron with 4,000 
troops obliged him to raise the siege with great 
loss. On his return, he occupied himself in lay- 
ing down the constitutional bases of his govt., 
which were promulgated the 20th of May. His 
despotism and cruelty caused an insurrection 
Oct. 14, 1806. Directing his course to the 
south, in order to repress it, he fell into an am- 
buscade near Port au Prince, where he lost his 
life. 

De Trobriand, Philip Regis, brev.brig.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. France. Col. 55th N.Y. vols., 
Aug. 1861 ; engaged at Yorktown and Wil- 
liamsburg, Va. ; com. brigade at Fredericks- 
burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Manassas 
Gap, Auburn and Kelly's Ford ; brig.-gen. U. 
S. vols. Jan. 5, 1864 ; com.lirig. 2d corps. Army 
of the Potomac at Deep Bottom ; a.ssanlt of 
Petersburg, Jerusalem Road, Peebles's Farm, 
Bovdtown Road, raid to Hick's Ford on the 
Weldon Railroad ; battles of Hatcher's Run 
and Five Forks, and com. a division in the 
operations ending in Lee's surrender. Brev. 
maj.'gen. of vols, and brig.-gen U. S. A. for 
gallant services in the war ; col. 31st U.S. Inf., 
July, 1866; now (1871), col. 12th U. S. Inf. 
Author of " Qiiaire Ans de Campagnes de I'Ar- 
nie'f du Potomac." — Heinij. 

DeuxpontS, Christian and William, 
Counts de Forbach des, respectively col. and 
lieut.-col. of the regt. of that name ; served in 
the army of Roehambeau in Amer. in 1780-3. 
Christian, b. Deuxponts, Bavaria, 20 Oct. 
1752; becamecol. in 1775; disting. at York- 
town ; com. the Bavari.an corps at Ilohenlin- 
den in 1800, with such distinction as to merit 
the grand cross of tlie order of Maximilian 
Joseph. .William, b. 18 June, 1754; d. 16 
years before his bro. Licut.-col. Oct. 2, 1779 ; 
wounded in the attack on the redoubt at York- 
town, on the night of Oct. 14, 1781 ; for his 
gallantry on this occasion was made by the 
King of France a chev. of the military order 
of St. Louis. He was afterward com.' of the 
Palace Guard, a post of honor at the Bavarian 
court. A journal of his campaigns in Amer., 
edited bv Dr. S. A. Green, was pub. Boston, 
Svo, 1868. 

De Vere, Maximilian Schele, LL.D., 
prof, of modern languages and belles-lettres in 
the U. of Va., b. near Wc^io, Sweden, Nov. 1, 
1820. He first entered the military and after- 
ward the diplomatic service of Prussia. Emi- 
grating to the U.S., he was app. prof, in 1844. 
His contrib^. upon a great variety of subjects, 
historical, literary, and scientific, have appeared 
in the British Quarterli/ Review, the Southern 
Literary Alessentjer, Putnam^s and Hnrper^s 
Maijazines, &c. [le pub. in 1853 " Outlines 
of Comparative Philology," in 1856 " Stray 
Leaves from the Book of Nature," and "Stud- 
ies in English," " Glimpses of Europe in 
1848." 

Devine.THOMAsC.brev.brig.-gen.U.S.A., 
b. N. Y. Lieut.col. 1st New York militia; 
capt. of mounted men in Va., July-Oct. 1861 ; 



r)E\^ 



col. 6rli N.Y. cav. Nov. 1861 ; brig.-fjen. vols. 
Oct. 1864 ; lieiit.-col. 8tli U.S. cav. July, 1866. 
Engaged at South Mountain and Fredericks- 
burg; com. brigade of cav. at Cliancellors- 
ville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Siation, and 
various otiier cavalry actions ; in Sheridan's 
cav. campaiijn at battles of Todd's Tavern, 
Spottsylvania CM., Cold Harl.or, Trevillian's 



atl 



Dewey, 

M.D. (Y.C. 



maj.-gen. vuU. lor g.ilhmt services in the war ; 
col. U. S. A. for Fisher's Hill, and brig.-gen. 
for Sailor's Creek, Va. — Heiiri/'s Mil. Record. 
Dew, Thomas Uodekic, publicist, b. King 
and Queen Co.,Va., Dec. 5, 1802; d. Paris, 
France, Aug. 6, 1846. Wm. and Mary Coll., 
1820. He studied law, travelled two years in the 
south of Europe, in 1827 w.is elected prof, of 
political economy, history, and metaphvsies in 
Wm. and Mary Coll., and in 1836 was made 
pres. In 1829, he pub. his "Lectures on the 
Restrictive System." His essay on " Slavery " 
produced an extraordinary effect upon public 
opinion, and at the time set at rest the ques- 
tion of emancipation in Va. He also contrib. 
to the Southern Lit. Messenger. His most elab- 
orate work, pub. in N.Y. in 1853, entitled "A 
Digest of Ancient and Modern History," is a 
treatise on the history of the world, from the 
earliest ages to the first French Revolution. In 
the summer of 1846, hem., and setout with his 



bride for a short Ear 



3pean 



r, but lived i 



to reacli Paris. — Appleton. 

Dewees, William Potts, M.D., phvs- 
cian, b. Potts Grove, Pa., M.iy 5, 1763 ;"d. 
Phila., May 20, 1841. Left fatlicrless in early 
life, and witlmut tlie means of oljtaining an 
education, Ii.' -■r\.'.\ ■••iw Mm ■ wii'i .m iijioihe- 
cary, ai- ■. I . <■ ,1 ..■•., •- m ^i • ['. of 
Pa., aiM •! ■ : I . .::i .: 1 ■ I- ' . ' Hr re- 
moved I'l 1', I ,1 111 IT'.i ;, 'A ii. 1- • ii,' ...'v ,,:.'<1 him- 
self csp.ciilly to obstetni'S, and soon acrjuircd 
a high reputation in this dept., upon which he 
delivered lectures. In 1812, he relinquished 
practice on account of ill health, and devoted 
the 5 ensuing years to fanninu ai T"'l,i: In.-I.u u. 

success. In 182.5, he wa- > , i 
wiferv in the U. of Pa., lilM a, aa a i^l, a ,4 
in 1834 as principal, bat, his health a-aiii (ail- 
ing liim, he resigned in 1835. After spending 
one winter in Cuba, and the following rammer 
in the North, he settled in Mobile. About a 
year before his death, he returned to Phila. In 
1823, he pub. a vol. of occasional contribs. to 
the medical journals; in 1825, his "Mid- 
wifery " and his treatise on " Children " 
" Diseases of Females " in 1826, and " Prac- 
tice of Medicine," 1830. — \ViUiani.<:'s Med. 
Bioij. 

Dewey, Charles Aug., LL.D. (H. U. 
1840) judge Ms. Sup. Court, 1837-66, b. Wil- 
liamstown, Ms., 13 Mar. 1793 ; d. Northamp- 
ton, Ms., 22 Aug. 1866. Wins. Coll. ISU. 
Son of Judge Daniel. He studi-d law with 
Thco. Sedgewick ; practised in Williamstown 
in 1814-26; removed to Northampton, and was 
U. S. dist.-atty in 1830-7. 



Rochester, N.V., Het 
1806. He studied lu 



1838), 
1850), 



Coll. 



,'ham, JIs 
rd a tutor in Wms. Coll.; fi 
826 was prof, of mathematics 



iiuiiejour- 
i:;iuus press. 
ican .Jonrual 
of the ablest 



was aftcr- 

1 1810 to 

tics and natural 

1S36 taught the 

" a- |ninM|ial ol' t!i.. ( (lilrji.iie Inst, at Roches- 
lei, .\.Y., iiuiii l.viT 1.. ISaii ; and from 1850 to 
lauu w.is prul. olcbeiiiictry and nat. philos. in 
the new U. of Rochester. For many years, he 
was prof of and lecturer on botany and chem- 
istry in the med. colleges at Pittsfie'ld, Ms., and 
at Woodstock, Vt. Dr ^^■.■\yf^^- picaehed and 
taught for more than i ' , n , II • was the 
author of " Reports on ; II .i> Plants 

of Ms.," and of many ai ir . - . 
nals, as well as the sccui.u an.i 
His botanical papers in the A 
of Science attracted the 
European botanists. 

Dewey, Daniel, judge Ms. Sup. Court 
from 1814 to his d , 26 Mav, 1815, b. Sheffield, 
Ms., 29 Jan. 1766. He settled in Williams- 
town in 1787 ; studied law under Theo. Sedge- 
wick, anil attained high rank in the prof. ; was 
a member of the exec, council, and M. C. 
181.3-14. 

Dewey, Orville, D.D., LL.D., clergy- (• I if, 
man, b. Sheffield, Ms., Mar. 28, 1794. Wms. d ^ ''^m^ 
Coll. 1814; AndorerSem. 1819. He|^eached^ v. „ 
8 months as agent for the Education Society, '"^ : '''•^ 
and at Gloucester, Ms. ; became a Unitarian ; 
soon after became an assist, of Dr. Channing, 
and was pastor of the Unit. Church in New 
Bedford from Dec. 17, 1823, until his first voy- 
age to Europe, Jtme, 18.33. " The Old World 
and the New," 1836, contains the account of 
his 2 years' visit. Nov. 26, 1835, he was called 
to the 2d Unit. Church, N.Y., which, during 
his ministry, built the Clinrcb of the Mes- 

continued ill health COIN .i:liclraw 

in 1848 to his paternal i ., i ,,; ~ , .]. Here 
lie |irepared a coui-.se oi |. !,; a.i a. 'Lowell 

la.inaa. at Ho.!, a,, .ai ■■ I I,. I',,, au.vf Hu- 

I.' ■■ .: ' 1' ■ !.,■ - ••.:,■ )r|,rlnci- 

I ■ I i , . . ..u-ed,in 
l.-Va la aa. ,;!,.,• I,.l^>l; ..air ) ■ I'he Edu- 
cation of the Human Raec." Meanwhile, he 
filled the Unit, pulpit in Albany one winter, 
and in Washington two. In 1858, he was .again 
settled as a Unitarian pastorover the society, in 
Church Green, Boston, from which lie retired 
in 1862. His first publication was "Letters on 
Revivals." While in New Bedford, he contrib. 
much to the Christian Examiner and the N. A. 
Review. He pub. in 1835 a vol. of sermons. 
His works have been collected and pub. in 3 
vols., N. Y., 1847, and were printed in Loud, 
in 1844. As a pulpit orator, he was earnest, 
oriLHiiai. and impressive. 

DeWitt, CiiAiii.ES, member Old Congress, 
178.'!-.a, b. 1 728 ; .1. Kingston, N. Y., Sept. 1787. 

DeWitt, SI.MEU.V, b. Ulster Co., N.Y., 
Dec. 25, 1756; d. Albany, Dec. g, 1834. 
Queen's Coll. 1776. Joining tlie army of 
Gates, he was present at the surrender of Bur- 



269 



IDIA. 



frovne; was assist, geographer to the army, 
1778-80; chief geog. in 1780-3, and pveseht 
at the surrender of Cornwallis ; surveyor-gen. 
of N. Y., 1784-1834; app. surveyor-gen. of 
the U. S. in 1796, but declined. From 1798, 
regent; from 1817, vice-chancellor ; and from 
1 829, chancellor, of the State of N. Y. Mem- 
ber of many literary and scientific bodies. An 
" Eulogium " on his life and services, by T. 
Romeyn Beck, was pub., 8vo, Albany, 1835. 
Author of " Elements of Perspective," 12mo, 
Albany, I8I3; Map of N. Y., 1804. 

Dexter, Fe.4,sklin, LL.D. (H. U. 1857), 
lawyer, b. Charlestown, Ms., Nov. 5, 1793 ; d. 
Beverly, Aug. 14, 1857. H. U. 1812. Son 
of Samuel, an eminent lawyer. He established 
Iiimself at Boston, where he attained a promi- 
nent rank at the bar; filled many public offi- 
ces; delivered the 4th of July oration in 1819 
before the town authorities ; was a member of 
the city council in 18^5; a member of both 
branches of the State legisl. ; was i.i 1836 one 
of the select committee upon the revised stat- 
utes; U. S. dist.-attv. 1841 to 1845, and in 
1849 was app. by Pres. Taylor U. S. dist.-attv. 
for Ms. He exhibited great skill and logical 
acutcness in defence of the Knapps in their 
trial for the murder of Cn],t. Wlma of Salem, 
in Is.T\ ,1^ u::-- Tlrii.l W.'.-t i, uli- waicm- 

plo^..l , ■ ■ . _ ■ v; ■ :,i-.'mi- 

iienrr ^ , : ^ ■; ,■• I ■ - 1. • ..I.Mlge 
and ^k;ll i-i ;ii:.".ri.| i;;Ji ::;ri,: --ill litera- 
ture and general know!cil-e. 

Dexter, Hexey, sculptor, b. N. Y. Hav- 
'lis father, at the age of 1 2 he removed 



ing 



and aftenvanl a blaek-in; h. IIi- ,,, :.;-long- 
ings, however.finally trill! i ' i -: itled 
in Boston as a portrait ]. i i . miially 

turned his attention to !■ ,.rij r.i 1 li i^ since 

executed many tine portrait-lm-ts ami statues. 
Among them are Pres. Felton, Gov. Wis- 
ner, Joseph Warren, S. P. Chase, the Govern- 
ors of 1860, the "Binney Child," "The Back- 
woodsman," " The Young Naturalist," and 
" The First Lesson." His studio is at Cam- 
briilge, Ms. — Tuckerman. 

Dexter, Henry Martyn, D.D. (Iowa, 
1865), i)astor, 1849-67, of what is now the 
Berkelev-st. Cong. Church, Boston ; b. Plvmo. 
Co., Ms., 13 Aug. 1821. Y. C. 1840; And. 
Theol. Sera. 1844. Descended from farmer 
Thos. I)e.-«crof Lynn, and from Geo. Morton 
of Plymouth. Pastor of the Franklin-street 
Church, Jlanchestcr, N.H., 1844-9. He has 
pub. "Street Thoughts," 1859; "Twelve Dis- 
courses," 1860; "Future Punishment," and 
" Congregationalism." Editor of Church's 
"Philip's War," 1865, and Mourt's "Rela- 
tion." Now (1871) in Europe, engaged in col- 
lecting materials for a new history of Old Ply- 
mouth Colony. In 1851, he became editor of 
the Congnijationalist, weekly, and in 1858 of 
the Conq. Quartciiif. 

Dexter, S.oitTEL, LL.D. (H.U. 1813), an 
eminent lawyer and statesman, b. Boston, Mav 
14, 1761; d."Athens, N.Y.,May4, 1816. ILU. 
1781. Son of Samuel, a Rcv'ol. patriot, and 
benefactor of H.U. He studied law at Wor- 
cester, but had not been long at the bar, before 
he was elected to the State legisl., from which 



he was transferred, first to the house (179-3-5), 
and then to the senate (1799-1800), of the U.S. 
Here, during a period of strong party excite- 
ment, he gained influence and honor by the 
force of his character and talents, his enlight- 
ened politics, and his oratory. Ho was app. 
by Pres. Adams successively sec. of war (1800) 
and of the treasury (1801 ), and had charge for 
a short time of the state dept. A foreign em- 
bassy which was offered him lie declined ; and, 
on the accession of Jefferson, he returned to 
the practice of the law. In 1815, Madison 
tendered him an extraordinary mission to the 
court o/ Spain ; but he declined the offer. He 
continued many years to display extraordinary 
powers in his profession ; having no superior, 
and scarcely a rival, before the Supreme Court 
at Washington, in which he appeared every 
winter in cases of the highest importance. In 
politics, at first an acknowledged leader of 
the Federalists, he separated himself from 
them during the War of 1812, and gave that 
measure his support. He argned against the 
validity of the embargo with all his strength, 
and always maintained the unconstitutionality 
of tliat measure. He was the first pres. of the 
first society formed in Ms. for the ])romotion 



the death of Washington, and pub. a "Letter 
on Freemasonry ; " " Progress of Science," a 
poem, 1780; and " Speeches and Political 
Papers." — See Stori/'s 6Icetch. 

Dexter, Timothy, known as " Lord 
Timothy," remarkable for eccentricity, b. 
Maiden," Jan. 22, 1747; d. Newburyport,' Oct. 
22, 1806. He rose from poverty to" affluence ; 
possessed much acuteness, and was honest in 
his dealings, but lacked that kind of prudence 
which so fieqiiently hides bad, and sets off good 
qiiiihiii- 11 \\,is t.enevolent. By his itch to 
a||i I r i iicfiuentlyexpo.sedhisigno- 

rniii ^ i ' '.le for the Knowing Ones" 

Ili^ \ ni.\ ..I I .'litiited by his assuming tlie 
title of " Lord." He built a house at New- 
buryport, adorned according to his own whims. 
His' biography, bv S. L. Knapp, was pub., 
Boston, 'l2nio; 1823. 

Dias (dee'-az), GoxgALVEZ, Brazilian poet, 
b. Caehias, province of Maranha. 10 Aug. 1823. 
Studied at U. of Coimbra. Author of " Prim- 
elros Cantos," Rio, 1846 ; " Se()>indos Cantos," 
1848 ; " Leonor de Memloii^a," 1847, and other 
poems. 

Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, a Spanish 
adventurer and chronicler, b. Medina del Campo, 
ah. 1500. He went to seek his fortune in the 
New World in 1514, and joined theexpeds. of 
Cordova in 1517, and Grijalva in 1518. Ho 
next attached himself to Cortes, whom he 
served faithfully and valiantly. He was en- 
gaged in 119 battles and rencounters, and was 
several times wounded. In 1568, he was 
reijider of the city of Guatemala. In 1 553, he 
finished his *^ Historia verdadera de la Conqttesta 
de la Nucva Espuna," designed to correct the 
misstatements of Gomara's " Chronicle of New 
Spain," and to claim for himself and comrades 
a share of the glory which Gomara gave almost 
wholly to Cortes It was first pub. at Madrid 
in 1632. An English translation, l)y Lockhart, 



appeared in 1844. Wilson's "New History of 
the Conquest of Mexico " impugns tiie authen- 
ticity of Diaz's narrative, which lie calls a col- 
lection of fables. He was a rough, unlettered 
soldier ; but he describes accurately many in- 
teresting transactions, and supplies much im- 
portant information relative to the history of 
the New World. 

Dick, James T., artist, b.N.Y. City, 1834 ; 
d. Brooklyn, L.I., 19 Jan. 1868. Son of A. L. 
Dick, whose engraving of " The Last Supper " 
gained him much repute. At the age of 14, he 
gained most of the prizes awarded by the Man- 
chester Academy of Design. One of the 
originators of the Brooklyn Art School, and a 
founder of the Acad, of Design. Among his 
best pieces are "Cooling Off," " Le.ap Frog," 
and " At Mischief." 

Dick, Dk. Samoel, member of the Old 
Congress, from N.J., 1783-4; d. N,J., Nov. 
1812. 

Dickens, Asburt, sec U.S. senate, 18.36- 
61 ; U. N.C., 1773 ; d. Oct. 23, 1861. Early in 
life, he removed to Phila. ; afterward spent 
some years in Europe ; filled a post in the 
treasury dept. under Sec. Crawford, and was 
chief clerk of the State dept. under Van 

Dickerson, Mahlom, statesman, b. Han- 
over, N.J. , 17 Apr. 1770; d. Suckasunny 5 Oct. 
13.i3. N.J. Coll. 1789. Adm. to the bar in 
1793, he pract. with reputation in Phila. ; was 
quarterm.-i,'en. of Pa. in 180.i-8; recorder of 
Phila., 1808-10. Returning to N.J. in I8I4, he 
was a member of the legisl. ; judge of the Sup. 
Court, gov. iind chancellor, 1815-17; U.S. 
senator, 1818-34 ; sec. U. S. N., 1834-8, and 
was subsequently, for a few months, a judge of 
the dist. court of N.J. Pres. Amer. Institute, 
1846-8. Though a State'.s-rights Democ, he 
advoc'ited a protective tariff, and was largely 
concerned in the mining and manuf of iron in 
Morris Co. — See Nat. Port. Gall., vol. ill. 

Dickerson, Philemon, bro. of Mahlon; 
M.C., 18.33-5 and 1839-41; gov. of N.J., 
1836 ; subsequently U.S. dist. judge of N.J. ; 
b. Morris Co., NJ., 1788; d. Patterson, 10 
Dec. 1862. 

Dickinson, Ansa Elizabeth, orator 
and reformer, b. Phila., Oct. 28, 1842. Her 
father died when she was 2 years old ; and she 
was educated in the Friends' free schools. 
She read with .ividity, devoting all her earn- 
ings to the purchase of books, and attending 
the Iccturesofdisting. orators. Her early days 
were a continuous struggle with poverty; but 
her indomitable courage, and willingness to 
do any thing for an honest living, carried her 
through. Her first public speech wasat a meet- 
ing of Progressive Friends in Jan. 1860, to 
discuss " woman's rights and wrongs ; " and 
she at once became famous. Her first prepared 
speech on " Woman's Work" was delivered at 
Mullica Hill, N.J., in April, 1860. She next 
taught a school in Bucks Co., at a salary of $25 
a month. From Apr. to Dee. 1861, she had a 
place in the U.S. Mint at Phila., from which 
she was dismissed for denouncing McClellan 
in a speech in West Chester. She first spoke 
in Boston at the Music Hall, in the spring of 
1862, on the " National Crisis," and with great 



effect. In the following winter, she delivered 
her effective speech on " Hospital Life," at 
Concord, N.H., and was engaged by the Repnh. 
committee to make campaign speeches through 
the State. Her eloquence secured the victory 
in the ensuing election ; and she was honored 
by the press and people. A similar result fol- 
lowed her efforts in Ct., N.Y., andPa. Jan. 16, 
1864, at the request of the leading senators and 
representatives, she spoke in the H. of Repre- 
sentatives at W.ishington, and gave the pro- 
ceeds, $1,030, to the Freedmen's Relief Society. 
This address was repeated in N.Y. and Boston, 
eliciting high praise. Her reputation was now 
thoroufrhly established ; and that winter she 
addressed lyceums nearly every night at 100 
dollars per niu'lit. One of licr most powerful 
and impressive ap]>i':il, iv.i, m id' m the con- 
vention of Souilicii, I,. . r ,1 ill Sept. 
1866. Durin-tliewiM. : . ,-. :! i ■ .,]iiiMl,she 
spoke wordsoltuudeni',;^ tu liic .-icl.aiiil dying, 
uttered the highest thought in Amer. politics 
in the crisis of our history, pointed out the 
cause and remedy of the war, and unveiled 
treason in the army and the White House, re- 
buking without hesitation the iniquity and in- 
capacity of those in high places. Since the 
war, she has spoken much upon woman's work 
and suffrage. She pub. " What Answer ? " 
IS6S. — Eminent Women of the Arje. 

Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, LL.D. 
(Ham. Coll. 1858), jurist and statesman, b. 
Goshen, Ct., Sept. 11, 1800; d. April 12, 1866. 
He went to Chenango Co., NY , in 1806, edu- 
cated him.self; was adm. to the bar in 1827, 
and in 1831 settled at Binghamlon, N.Y. ; 
State senator in 1837-40 ; e.T-nfficio judge of 
the Court of Errors, 1836-41, and lieut.-gov. ; 
pres. of the senate and of said court from 1842 
to 1844; U.S. senator, 1844-51. He ranked 
high as a debater, and took a prominent part 
in the discussion on the annexation of Texas, 
Mexican war, and the compromise of 1850. He 
was chairman of the senate committee on 
finance. His course on the slavery question 
placed him at the head of the con.servative or 
" hunker " Democrats, one of whose candi- 
dates for the presidency he was in 1852. On 
the breaking-out of the Rebellion, he devoted 
his energies to sustaining the govt , addressing 
public assemblages, advising all to ignore party, 
and by word and deed to defend the laws and 
the countrv. At the time of his decease, he 
was U.S. dist. attv. for N.Y. He had a high 
reputation as a nisiprius lawyer, was apt at rep- 
artee, and had a strong vein of humor. His 
"Life and Works "were pub in 1867, in 2 
vols., by his bro. J. R. Dickinson. 

Dickinson, John, LL.D., (N.J. Coll. 
1769), statesman, b. Md., Nov. 13, 1732; d. 
Wilmington, Del., Feb. 14, 1808. Son of 
Judge Samuel. He studied law in Phila., and 
then at the Temple, Lond., and, after his return, 
practised with success at the Phila. bar. 
Elected to the Pa. assembly in 1764, he evinced 
unusual capacities for a legislator, and was, 
on all occasions, a ready and energetic di bater. 
At the same time, he became known by his 
publications upon the attempts of Britain to 
infringe the liberties of the Colonies. His 
" Address to the Committee of Corresp. in 



271 



r>iE 



Barbailoes," wlio had censured the opposition 
of the norihein Colonies to the Stamp Act, 
pub. at Phila , 1766, is an eloquent and digni- 
fied defence of the Colonies. A deputy to the 
first Colonial Congress in 1765, its resolutions 
were drawn up by him. In 1767, he pub. his 
" Farmer's Letters to the Inhabitants of the 
British Colonies," repub. in London, with a 
preface by Dr. Franklin, and subsequently in 
French, in Paris. In 1774, he published his 
"Essa3 on the Constitutional Power of Great 
Britain over the Colonies in America." He 
was a member of the first Cont. Congress in 
1774, and wrote those important State papers, 
"The Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec," 
" The Declaration to the Armies," the two 
petitions to the king, and " The Address to 
the States." He opposed the Declaration of 
Independence, as premature, and was one of 
the few members of Congress who did not sign 
that instrument. This course made him un- 
popular at home, and for several years he was 
absent from the public councils. In Oct. 1777, 
he was made brig-gen. of Pa. militia. In Apr. 
1779, he returned to Congress from Del., and 
wrote " The Address to the States " of May 26. 
He was, in 1781— 'i, pros of the States of Del. 
and Pa. successively, and a member of the 
convention for framing the Federal Constitu- 
tion. In 1 788, appeared his " Fabius " Letters, 
advocating the adoption of the new constitu- 
tion. Another series, over the same signature, 
on the relations of the U.S. with France, 1797, 
was his last work. In 1 792, he was a member 
of the convention which formed the constitu- 
tion of Del. His political writings were pub. 
in 2 vols, in 1801. He was a man of elegant 
learning and fine conversational powers. Dick- 
inson Coll., which he founded, and liberally 
endowed, perpetuates his name and important 
services to his country. 

Dickinson, Jonathan, Presb. clergyman, 
b. Hatfield, Ms., Apr. 22, 1638; d. Elizabeth- 
town, N.J., Oct. 7, 1747. Y.C. 1706. Grandson 
of Nath'l, one of the first settlers of Wetbers- 
field, Ct. He came to Elizabcthtown in 1708, 
and 29 Sept. 1709, was installed pastor of the 
Presb. church, where he remained till bis death. 
The adjoining townships of Rahway, Westfield, 
Union, Springfield, and part of Chatham, were 
included in his parish, in which he was also 
engaged in teaching, and in the practice of 
medicine. After the separation of the N.J. 
churches from the synod of Phila., in 1741, a 
charter for the College of N J. was obtained, 
the first classes were opened in Elizabethtown ; 
and Dickinson was elected pres. Oct. 22, 1 746. 
His high reputation as a preacher and contro- 
versialist is evinced by his published sermons 
and theol. treatises. He was one of the ablest 
champions of Calvinism in this country. He 
pub. "True Scripture Doctrine," &c., in five 
discourses, 1741; a 3d ed. of his "Familiar 
Letters upon Important Subjects in Religion," 
was pub., Edinb., 12mo, 1757, and acoUect.of 
many of his writings in the same place, Svo, 
179.3. — Sprague. 

Dickinson, Jonathan, chief-justice of 
Pa. ; d. 1722. He was a Quaker, came from 
Jamaica with his family in 1696, and was ship- 
wrecked in the Gulf of Florida. His pub. ac- 



count was entitled, " God's Protecting Provi- 
deuce Man's Surest Help and Defence." 

Dickinson, Gen. Philemon, Revol. offi- 
cer, b. near Dover, Del., Apr. 5, 1739 ; d. near 
Trenton, Feb. 4, 1809. He was educated in 
Phila. under Dr. Allison, and cultivated a 
small farm near Trenton, N.J. Entering the 
army in 1775, he was app. to com the N.J. 
militia. With about 400 men, he attacked and 
defeated a large foraging party, Jan. 21, 1777. 
He com. the militia at the battle of Monmouth. 
Member of the Old Congress from Del. in 
\-S-2-S; U.S. senator, 1790-3; member of the 
commission app. in Dec. 1784 to select a site 
for the national capital. 

Dickson, Samdel Henry, LL.D. (N.Y. 
Coll. 1853), physician, b. €harieston, S.C, 
Sept. 1798. Y. Coll. 1814. Of Scottish par- 
entage. His father came to Amer. before the 
Revol., and fought at the South under Gen. 
Lincoln. He was in Charleston during the 
siege, and long afterward ; taiiirht there the 
school of the S. C. Society, and d. 1819. The 
son studied medicine at Charleston, and prac- 
tised there during the prevalence of the yellow- 
fever in 1817. In 1818-19, he attended the 
medical lectures of the U. of Pa., grad. in 
1819, and at once began practice. In 1823, he 
delivered a course of lectures on pliysiology 
and pathology, before the medical students of 
the city ; the class consisting of about 30. He 
was instrumental in the establishment of a 
med. coll. in Charleston ; and on its organiza- 
tion in 1824, he was called to the chair of insti- 
tutes and practice of medicine. He withdrew 
in 1832, but on its re-organization in 1833, as 
the med, coll. of S.C, he was re-elected. He 
was prof, of the practice of medicine in the U. 
of N.Y. from 1847 to 1850, when he resumed 
his post at Charleston. In 1S58, he was called 
to the chair of practice of medicine in the Jeff. 
Med. Coll., Phil.!., which he long filled. He has 
contrib. many papers to the med. journals of 
the U.S., and to the periodicals, ami is the au- 
thor of " Manual of Pathology and Practice of 
Medicine," N.Y. ; " Essavs on Pathology and 
Therapeutics," 2 vols., 8vo, N.Y., 1845; es- 
says on " Life, Sleep, P.ain," &c., Phila., 1852 ; 
" Elements of Medicine," Phila., 1855. He 
has also delivered many speeches, lectures, and 
addresses. He pub. a pamphlet on slavery, 
originally in a Boston periodical, in which he 
maintained the essential inferiority of the ne- 
gro, and the futility of the projects suggested 
for changing his condition. — Dui/ck-inck. 

DierevUIe (de-air'-vell), French traveller, 
b. Pont I'Eveque; d. 1708. He embarked at 
La Roehelle.Aug. 20, 1699, as supercargo of a 
vessel bound to Acadia, and landed at Port 
Royal, Oct. 13, where he remained until Oct. 
6, 1700, and reached La Rochelle Nov. 9. He 
brought many new plants from Amer., among 
others a shrub with beautiful yellow flowers, 
which Tournefort has named Dierevilla, and 
which Linnaeus has classed in the genus Loui- 
cera, and whicii De Jussicu has re-established 
as a genus. He pub. an account of his voyage, 
Paris, I'OS. — NouB. Bla/. Gen. 

Dieskau (dees'-kOw), LcDWiG August, 
Baron, a French gen., b. Saxony, 1701 ; d. 
Surenne, near Paris, Sept. 8, 1767. He first 



272 



scrveil as a lieut.-col. of cav., under Marshal 
Saxe, and, after serving in tlio Nether- 
lands, became in 1748 brig. -sen. of inf., and 
com. of Brest. Sent to Canada, Feb. 20, 17,55, 
witli the rank of maj.-gen. With 600 Indians, 
as many Canadians, and 300 regulars, he as- 
cended Lake Champlain to attack Fort Ed- 
ward, which was defended by Gen. Johnson. 
Defeating a detachment sent to its relief, under 
Col. Williams, Sept. 8, 1755, he pursued the 
fngitives, hoping to enter the fort with them. 
The Indians halted outside iheintrcncliments; 
tlie attacking force was i-outed and put to flight, 
and Dieskau, severely wounded, was made 
prisoner. Exchanged in 176.3, he returned to 
France, where he received a pension. 

Dillingham, Paul, lawyer and politician, 
b. Shutohurv, Ms., Aug. 1800 ; removed with 
his father to Waterbury, Vt., in 1805; was 
adm. to the bar of Wash'ington Co. in 1824; 
was town-clerk of Waterbury in 1 829-44 ; was 
18 years justice of the peace ; State's atty. for 
Wash. Co., 18.35-8; member Const. Conv. in 
1836-7; was 6 years a State representative; 
State senator, 1841-2; M. C. 184.3-7; gov. of 
Vt., 1865-7. 

Dillon (de'lon'), AnxHUR, Comte de, a 
Frencli gen. of Irish descent, b. Braywick, Ire- 
land, Si-pt. 3, 1750 ; gniliotined at P.tris, April 
14, 1794. Son of Henry, Uth Viscount Dil- 
lon. Named in his infancy col. of ihc regt. 
Dillon, originally raised by his grandf.uhcr for 
the service of Louis XIV., he took in 1777 an 
active and disting. part in the Amer. war ; at 
its head at the taking of Granada, St. Eusta- 
tia. Tobasio, and St. Chri^topli.r. After the 
unfortunate attack upon S,;\ m: ,1i, in wliich 
he participated, ho wa^ i i i -ivoly 

gov. of St. Christopher. ■ I . Ii 1, 

1780, and ;)mr«'cSa/-rfe-C[!//ii', .1 i i. l,l>l lie 
served with distinction at YorUtcnvn. lie was 
3 years gov. of Tobago ; was a dep. to the 
States-gen.; com. the army of the North in 
1792; opposed the Prussians with success in 
tlie forest of Argonne under Dnmonriez, and 
compelled them to evacuate Verdun. De- 
nounced by his political enemies on the most 
absurd |)retexts, he was condemned, and suf- 
fered with great courage. — Nouv. S/07. Gen. 

Dillon, JoHx B, author, b. Brooke Co., 
Va., ab. 1807. While an infant, his ftither 
moved to Belmont Co., O., and d. when John 
was 9 years old. He then returned to his na- 
tive county, became a printer, and at 17 went 
to Cincinnati. While there, he contrib. poeti- 
cal pieces to the journals. In 1834, he went to 
Losansport, Ind., where he practised law; in 
1842, he puh. "Historical Notes;" in 1845, 
he ' became State librarian ; has since been 
identified with popular education in Ind., and 
its benevolent institutions, and was many 
years sec. of the State Board of Agric. ; sec. 
of the Ind. Hist. Society. In 1859, he pub. "A 
History of Indiana." — Poets and Poetry of 
the West. 

Dimick, Justin, brev. brig-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Ct, West Point, 1819. Entering the art., he be- 
came capt. Apr. 6, 1835 ; brev. major " for 
gallant and meritorious conduct in war against 
Florida Indians," May 8, 1836 ; brev. lieut.- 
col. " for battles of Contreras and Churu- 



busco," Aug. 20, 1847; com. P. F. Smith's 
brigade in battle of Contreras ; brev. col. " for 
battle of Chapultepec," Sept. 3, '47 ; com. his 
regt. on the 13th, and at the capture of the 
City of Mexico ; mnjor 1st Art., Apr. 1, 1850; 
lieut.-col. 2d Art., Oct. 5, 1857; col. 1st. Art., 
Oct. 26, 1861; retired 1 Aug. .1863; brev. 
brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; gov. Sol- 
dier's Home, near Washington, D.C., since 
14 Jan. 1864. D. Oct. 1871, a. 11.— Gardiner. 

Dinsmoor, Robert, poet, b. Windham, 
N.H., Oct. 7, 1757; d. there 1836. Of a 
Scotch Presbyterian family, who came from 
the N. of Ireland. His father was a soldier 
in the old French war ; and the son was in 
the battle of Saratoga. With scanty educa- 
tion, he became a farmer at Windham, and 
was a zealous Prcsb. He published at Ha- 
verhill, in 1828, " Incidental Poems," together 
with a preface and sketch of the author's life, 
by Robert Dinsmoor the "Rustic Bard." — 
Duiickinck. 

Dinsmoor, Samuel, gov. of N.II. in 1 831- 
4, b. Londonderrv, N. H., July 1, 1766; d. 
Keene, iVIar. 15, 1835. Dartm. Coll. 1789. 
He was many years a niaj.-gen of militia ; 
M. C. 1811-13; State counsellor, 1821, aud 
judge of probate. 

Dinsmoor, S.^moel, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1851), gov. of N.H., 1849-53, b. Kecne, N.H., 
May 8, 1799 ; d. there Feb. 24, 1869. Dartm. 
Col'l. 1814. Son of Gov. Samuel. Adm. to 
the bar in 1818, and settled at Keene ; after- 
ward spent some time in Ark. ; was clerk of 
theN.H. senate m 1826-31. 

Dinwiddie, Robert, gov. of Va., 1752-7, 
b. Scotland ab. 1690; d. Clifton, Eng., 1 Ang. 
1770. A member of the council as early 
as 1742. He detected and exposed, while clerk 
to a collector of customs in the W. Indies, 
an enormous fraud practised by his prin- 
cipal, for which he was rewarded with the post 
of surveyor of the customs of the Colonies, and 
afterward with the govt, of Va. Under his ad- 
ministration, the attempt was made to expel the 
French from the Ohio and Fort DuQuesne, in 
which Washington first disting. himself, and 
Braddock fell. He proved himself a zealous 
and active officer ; discerned the capacity of 
Washington, whom he app. adj.-gen. of a mili- 
tary district, and sent as a commissioner to the 
French com. on the Ohio. In 1754, he sug- 
gested to the British Board of Trade taxation 
of the Colonies for funds to carry on the war ; 
and in 1755 was one of the 5 "colonial govs, 
who memorialized the ministry to the same ef- 
fect. He left the Colony in Jan. 1758, " worn 
out with vexation and age," and charged by 
his enemies with converting to his own use 
£20,000 transmitted through his hands as a 
compensation to the Virginians for the money 
they had expended beyond their proportion in 
the public service. 

Dix, Dorothea Ltnde, philanthropist, 
b. Worcester, Ms. Her father Joseph was a 
merchant in Boston, and, after his death in 
1821, she supported herself by tcachiiig a select 
school for young girls in Boston. Hearing of the 
neglected condition of the convicts at Charles- 
town State Prison, she visited them,and became 
deeply interested in the welfare of the unfortu- 



2DIX 



273 



DIX 



nate and suffering classes, for whose elevation 
she laboreil uniil 1834; when, her health becom- 
ing impaired, she gave up her school, and visited 
Europe, having inherited from a relative suffi- 
cient property to render Iut independent. She 
returned to Boston in 1837, and devoted her- 
self to investigating the condition of paupers, 
lunatics, and prisoners, encouraged by her 
friend and pastor, Rev. Dr. Channing, of whose 
children she had been governess. In this work, 
she has visited every State of the Union east 
of the Rocky Mountains, enilr!ivi.rin.r tn per- 
suade legislatures and inflii. i il i .^^^ In lU to 
take measures for the rrh i -: li i- i :inil 
wretched, and greatly in tin : : _ ,. : i;;.la- 
tion of State lunatic asyluiii.-.. In Aprii, 1SJ4, 
in consequence of her unwearied exertions, a 
bill passed both houses of Congress, appropri- 
ating 10,000,000 acres to the several States for 
the relief of the indigent insane ; hut the, bill 
was vetoed by Pres. Pierce, chiefly on the 
ground that the Genl. Govt, had no constitu- 
tional power to make such apjiropriations. 
Jliss I)ix has pub. anonvmously " The Garland 
of Flora," 18J9 ; and hooks for children. She 
has also pub. "Prisons and Prison Discipline," 
8vo, Boiton, 1845; a variety of tracts for 
prisoners, and has written many memorials to 
leyishuive bodies on the subject of lunatic 
asylums. During the Rebellion, Mi«s D\\ ren- 
dered service in the hospitals near Washington. 
— Appleton. 

Dix, John Adams, LI.D. (Gen. Coll. 
18-15), soldicr,lawver,and senator, b. Boscawen, 
^n N. II., 24 Julv, l'"98.A Brown U. 18.30. Son 
of Licut.-Col.'Timo.TOi.\. He studied at the 
academies at Salisbury and Exeter, N,H., and 
in a French coll. at"Montrcal; entered the 
army as ensign in 1S12 ; was adj. of a vol. batt. 
inlSISj was aide to Gen. Brown in 1819; capt. 
of art. in 1825, and resigned in 1828. Alter 
visiting Europe for his health, he settled as a 
lawyer in Cooperstown, N.Y. ; was sec. of 
State in 1833, supt. of schools, member of the 
council, and a canal commissioner ; became a 
member of the assembly in 1842, and was a 
U. S. senator in 1845-9. In that body, he 
bore a part in the discussions on the annexa- 
tion of Texas, the Mexican war, the Oret;on 
dispute, and the question of slavery in the Ter- 
ritories, upon which he expressed the views of 
the Freesoil Democrats, whose candidate for 
gov. be was in 1848. He advocated in two 
speeches a bill for reciprocal freedom of trade 
with the British Provinces, — a measure which 
prevailed 6 years later. Postmaster of N.Y. 
City in I860; sec. U.S. treasury in Jan. -Mar. 
1861 ; maj.-gen. U. S. vols. 16 May, 1861 ; 
com. at Baltimore, and subsequently at Fort- 
ress Monroe and on the peninsula; 16 Sept. 
1862, he received com. of the 7th army corps ; 
pres. of the Pacific Railroad Co. ; app. by 
Pres. Johnson minister to the Netherlands, but 
declined ; app. naval officer of NY,, and was 
U. S. minister to France in 1867-9. Author 
of "Resources of the City of N.Y.," 1827 ; "A 
Winter in Madeira," 1851; "A Summer in 
Spain and Florence," 1855 ; and " Speeches," 
2 vols., 8vo. 

Dixon, Akchib.\ld, lawver, b. Caswell 
Co., N. C, 2 Apr. 1802. His grandfather, 



Col. Henry, received a wound at the bnttle of 
Eutaw, which caused his death ; and Warren, 
his father, served gallantly through the war 
In 1805, he removed to Henderson Co., Ivy., 
where he received a common scliool education ; 
studied law; was adm. to the bar in 1824, and 
soon att.ained high rank as a criminal lawyer; 
member of the legisl. in 1830 and 1841, of the 
State senate in 1836; lieut.-gov. in 1843-7, and 
pres. of the senate; member Const. Conv. in 
1841, and U. S. senator, 1852-5. 

Dixon, Capt. GEORGE.authorof" A Voy- 
age around the World in 1785-8," 4to, London, 
1789; d. ab. 1800. He discovered a number 
of small islands near the N.W. coast of Amer. 

Dixon, James, U.S. senator, 1857-69, b. 
Enfield, Ct., 5 Aug. 1814. Wms. Coll. 1834. 
Son of Judge Wm., in whose office ho read 
law. Adm. to the bar ; member State legisl. in 
1837-8, '44; State senator, 1849-54; M.C. 
1845-9. Resident of Hartford. Conlrib, of 
poems to the N. E. Mac/a^ine and the Ct. Cou- 
rani. His wife, the daii. ol Rev. Jona. Cogs- 
well,d. June, ISll. — See Everest's Foetsof Ct.; 
Ea,„„a;. 

Dixon, Joseph, inventor, d. Jersey Citv, 
N, J., June 14, 1869, a. 71. Before he was 21, 
he made a machine to cut files, afterward 
learned the printer's trade, that of wood-en- 
graving, then lithography, and became a thor- 
ough chemist, optician, and photographer. He 
was prn'iiMv thi- fir-t person to take a portrait 
by til' ^ in I 11 ii-t used the reflector so 



apjjear reversed. 
ive with wooden 



)iay. 



t ; all the banks having 
He perfected the system 
of making collodion for the photographers, and 
aided Mr. Harrison in the mode of grinding 
len.scs lor common tubes. He is tlie lather of 
the steel-melting business in this country; is 
widely known as the originator of the plumba- 
go crucible, as now made; and his establish- 
ment in Jersey Citv is the largest of the kind 
in tlie world 

Dixwell, Col. John, regicide ; d. New 
Haven, Mar. 18, 1689, a. 81. Upon the west 
siile of the monument placed over his remains 
in 1849, by a descendant, is the following in- 
scription : " Here rests the remains of John 
Di.xwELL, Esq., of the Priory of Folkestone, 
in the County of Kent, Eng,, of a family long 
prominent in Kent and Warwickshire, ami 
himself possessing large estates and much in- 
fluencein his country. He espoused the popular 
cause in the revol. of 1640. Between 1640 
and 1660, he was col. in the army, an active 
member of four parliaments, thrice in the 
council of State, and' one of the high court 
which tried and condemned King Charles the 
First. At the restoration of the monarchy, he 
was compelled to leave his country, and, after 
a brief residence in Germany, came to New 
Haven, and here lived in seclijsion, but enjoy- 
ing the esteem and fricrd>hip of the most 
worthy citizens till his death." He resided in 



New ITnven under tlie name of John Davids. 
— See ^ti/fis's Jitdtjes. 

Doane, Augustus Sidney, M.D., physi- 
cian, li. Boston, Apr. 2, 180S; d.of ship-fever, 
Sialen Inland,. Tan. 27, is.v.>. II. T^ is-j.v He 



medi- 



rwas^MMM'^rorphysiul 


!''v"'in 


tlie a of' 


N.Y., tthich he soon rcsi-nei 
physician of the marine hos| 
wassn,.c.r-ededinIS4.'!;pract 


l'?wai 
[lital, i 
ised hi 


. app. ehief 
n wiiieh he 
s ].rofession 


until IS.Vi, wlien lie was a 
health-oftirer. He edited " 
M.'dirin,.;" tran-lato,! - Ma 
e.T,-"OnpL.ytren'sS„:, :v 
ulons Diseases," "13avl,. !' 
"B!andin'sTo|ios. .\ii i' : 


seco.H 
flood': 


1 time app. 

> .Studv of 
on Midwif- 
j'.I'vScrof- 


" 'i: 


;.| ..ns'v- 



ed," and to sundry nieciieal journ:d>. — &e 
Bioq. Notice ill the Iiiternat. Maij. v. 427. 

Doane, George Wash., D.D., LL.D., 
Pr.-Ep. bishop of N. J , b. Trenton, N. J., 
Mav 27, 1799 ; d. Rurlin;;ton, N. J., Apr. 27, 
1859. Un. Coll 1818. Adm. to holv orders 
in 1S21 ; lie officiated .3 vearsiu Trinitv Church, 
N.Y. ; in 1824, was first prof of rhetoiic and 
belics-l.ttn , in Wash. Coll.. Hartford ; in 182S 
becan,.' a-ist, mini. icr. and then recfor.of Trin- 
ity Clmrrh, 1!m,,u„, where he continued to of- 

crated bishop ; removed to Burlington, and 
became rector of St. Mary's Church in that 
city. In pursuance of a system of Christian 
education for females, in 1837 he established 
St. Mary's Hall, a boarding-school for girls. 
In 1846, he founded Burl. Coll., under a char- 
ter from the State legisl. Bishop Doane's 
theol. controversies were frequent. He visit- 
ed Eng. in 1841 ; and in 1842 a vol. of his ser- 
mons was pub at London. In 1824, he pub. 
early poems, entitled " Songs liy the Way, 
chiefly Devotional, with Translations and Imi- 
tations." His Life has been written by his son 
W. C. Doane, who has also edited his "Poeti- 
cal Works, Sermons, and Miscellaneous Writ- 
ings," 4 vols., 1860. — Dui/chinclc. 

Dobbin, James Cochrane, lawyer, sec. 
U.S.N., 185.3-7, h.Favetteville, N.C., 1814; d. 
there 4 Aug. 1857. U. of N.C. 1832. A suc- 
cessfnl pr.actitioner at the Favetteville bar ; 
M. C. 1845-7 ; member of the legisl. 1848,'50, 
'52, and speaker in 1850, and instrumental in 
tlie Bait. Conv. of 1852 in securing for Mr. 
Pierce the Demoe. nomination for the presiden- 
cy. 

Dobbs, Arthur, gov. of N.C, Nov. 1, 
1754-1765, b. Ireland, 1684; d. Town Creek, 
N.C, March 28, 1765. He was a man of let- 
ters ; of liberal views; had been a member of 
the Irish parliament, and disting. for his at- 
tempts to discover the north-west passage. He 
adopted conciliatory measures toward the In- 
dian tribes; but his adm. was a continued con- 
test with the legisl. on unimportant matters, 
displaying, on his part, an ardent zeal for 
royal prerogative, and an indomitable resist- 
ance on the part of the Colonists. Author of 
" An Account of the Countries adjoining to 
Hudson's Bav,"4to, Loud., 1748; "Tradeand 



Improvement of Ireland." 8vo, Dublin, 1729, 
and " Capt. Middleton's Defence," Svo, 1744. 
— Wlieeln-rS N. C. 

Dobson, Thomas, author and bookseller ; 
d. Phila., March 8, 1823. Author of "Letters 
on the Character of the Deity and the Moral 
State of Man," 2 vols , 12moi 1807. 

Dod, Albert Baldwin, D.D. (U. of N.C. 
1844), scholar and divine, b. Mcndliam, N J., 
March 24, 1805 ; d. Piinceton, N..v, 2(i, 1S45. 
N.J. Coll. 1822. Son of Daniel, mivlianirian. 
He passed 4 years teaching in ^'a., cntriiil 

same time tutor in N.J. Coll. Licensed to 
preach in 1828 by the N.Y. ]ireslivterv. In 
18.30, he was elected prof of mathematics 
in the coll , and, for a few years previous 
to his death, he lectured on arcliitecture 
and political economy, in addition to the 
instruction of his proper dept. His articles 
in the Bihlind Reperlor/i, particularly that on 
capital punishment, in April, 1842," on phre- 
nology in April, 1838, attest his ability in han- 
dlingpraclicalsiiKjccts. Theformerarticlewas 
adopted by iln . .. ninii!,,- of the N.Y. legisl. 
as their r. i . ■ , i ; ,!, as a public docu- 
ment. If liiplaincy and profes- 
sorship i.t in.ail |.iii:M.n|,liy at"West Point 
Acad. .Soinc ol l>i. Dod's admirable pro- 
ductions have been collected in a volume en- 
titlcil " Piinceton Essavs." — Spraqne. 

Dodd, James B., "mathematician, b. Va., 
1807. C'liosen prof, of matliem., nat. philos., 
and astronomy in the Centen. Coll., Miss., 
1841, in Transylv. U. 1846; pres. pro tern. 
1849-55. Author of arithmetics, algebras,and 
elements of geometry and mensuration. Con- 
trib. to Qmrteily Rev. of the M. E. Church 
South. — Allihone. 

Dodd, Marv Ann Hanmer, poet. b. Hart- 
ford, Ct., Mar. 5, 1813. Has contrib. many 
poetical piecesof great merit to" The Hermene- 
thena," the "Ladies' Repository," and "The 
Rose of Sharon." A vol. of her poems was 
pub. Hartford, 1843. — AUiltone. 

Doddrige, Ret. Joseph, Pr.-Ep. clergy- 
man, and pioneer of Western, Va., b. Pa., 
1769 ; d. Wellsburg, Va., Nov. 1826. Bro. of 
Philip. Educated at Jeff. Acad., Canons- 
burg, Pa. Old. by Bishop White in 1792. 
Author of "Notes on the Settlement and In- 
dian Wars of the West. Country in 176.3-83," 
12mo, 1824 ; and Logan a dramlit. piece, 1823. 

Doddrige, Philii-. I.iwvcr and politician, 
b. Brooke Co., Va., 1772: d. Washinmon, Nov. 
19, 1832. In his youth, he worked on a farm 
on the Ohio River, but was sent to school at 
16. After a voyage down the Mpi. on a flat- 
boat, he studied law, and soon gained a brilliant 
local reputation. Delegate from Brooke Co. 
to the Va. legisl. in 1815, and was a member 
for some years. In the Const. Conv. of 1829- 
30, he was the acknowledged leader of the 
party in favor of the white basis of represen- 
tation. His success in parliamentary conflicts 
was due solely to close reasoning, thorough 
knowledge of the subject, great energy of 
manner, and a wonderful command of lan- 
guage. M.C 1829-32, and was then engaged 
in codifying the laws for the Dist. of Columbia. 

Dodge, Grenville M., inaj.-gen. vols., b. 



r)or) 



275 



Danvers, Ms., Apr. 12, 18.31. Ediicnted at 
Capt. Partiiili;e's milit.arv acnd. in Norwich, 
Vt. He in 1851 rcmoviif to III., wliere, until 
18.54, he was employed in railroad surveys. 
Ho was afterward similarly engaged in Iowa, 
prosecuting his surveys west of'the Missouri as 
far as the Rocky Mountains. In 1861, he was 
sent by the gov. of Iowa to Washington to 
procure arms and equipments for the State 
troops June 17, ho w.is made col. 4th la. 
vols. He served in Mo. in 1861, and in Feb. 
1862, with Gen. Curtis in Ark. AtPeaRidge, 
he com. a brigade on the extreme right, and, 
tliough severely wounded in the side, kept the 
field until the final rout of the enemy. For 
his gallantry liere, he was made brig. -gen. fjom 
Mar. 31. In June, he took com. of the dist. 
of the Mpi., and superintended the reconstruc- 
tion of the Mpi. and O. Railroad. Earlv in 
18G3, ho made a raid into Northern Ala. "His 
gallantry at Sugar Valley, May 9,andResaca, 
May U'and 15, 1864, secured for him the rank 
of m.nj.-gen. June 7, 1864. Wounded at At- 
ianra. He suiiscqucntly com. the 16th corps 
in Sherman's Georgia campaign. He succeeded 
Rosecrans in com. of the dept. of the Mo. in 
Dec. 1864. JI.C. from la. 1867-9. 

Dodge, Gen. Henri, b. Vincennes.Ind., 
Oct. 12, 1782; d. Burlington, la., June 19, 
1867. Son of Israel, Revol. officer of Canter- 
bury, Ct. Hecom. acompany of vols, in 1812 ; 
was maj of Mo. militia in 1813 ; waslieut.col. 
com. Mo. mounted inf. from Aug. to Oct. 1814; 
col. of Mich, mounted vols. Aprlto July, 1832 ; 
com. in attack on Indians at Piekatolika. June 
15, 1832; successful in making peace with the 
frontier Indians in 1834, and in 1835 com. an 
important exped. to the Rocky Mountains. 
Maj. U.S. Rangers, June 21, 1832 ; col. 1st 
U.S. Dragoons, Mar. 4, 1833 ; gov. Wis. Terr, 
and supt. Indian afl'airs, July 4, 1836 to 1841, 
and 1845-8; deleg. to Congress, 1841-5; U.S. 
senator, 1849-57. As an Indian fighter, he 
had no su])erior. A sword and the thanks of 
the nation were voted him by Congress. Father 
of Senator Aug. C. Dodge. 

Dodge, Mary Abigail (Gail Hamilton), 
authoress, b. Hamilton, Ms., ab. 1838. Her 
father was a farmer. She taught school in 
Hartford, Ct., and was afterwards governess 
in the family of Dr. Gamaliel Bailey of Wash- 
ington, D.C., to whose paper she was a contrib. 
She has been a frequent contrib. to the Atlantic 
Monthlij, and to Harjxr's Bazar, and has pub. 
" Country Living and Country Thinking," 
1862 ; "Gala Days," 1863 ; "A New Atmos- 
phere," 1864 ; " Stumbling-Blocks," " Summer 
Rest," " Skirmishes and Sketches," "Battle 
of the Books," 1870; "Red Letter Days," 
" Wool Gathering," " Woman's Wrongs, a 
Counter-irritant," 1868. 

Dods, John Bovee, b. N.Y., 1795. Has 
pub. "30 Sermons," 8vo ; " Philos of Mes- 
merism," 1847 ; " Philos. of Electrical Psychol- 
ogy ; " "Immortality Triumphant," "Spirit 
Manifestations Examined and Explained," 
N.Y., 18.54. 

Doles, George E . brig.-gen. C.S.A. ; 
killed near Cold Harbor, Va., June 2,1864, 
a. 34. Entering the 4th Ga. Inf. as capt., he 
was soon its col., and Nov. 1, 1862, was made 



a brig.-gen., and at his death com. a div. in 
Eweli's corps. 

Dombey, Joseph, a French naturalist, b. 
Meaux, 1742; d. Apr. 1793, in the Prison of 
Montserrat. He studied medicine at Mont- 
pclier, and in 1778-85 travelled in S. Amer. 
He traversed Peru, Chili, &c., discovered mines 
of gold and quicksilver, and had many romantic 
adventures. In 1793, he was sent on a mission 
to the U.S., but was taken by privateers, and 
imprisouid in Montserrat. He pub. a herbal, 
including 60 new species of plants of Chili and 
Peru ; and his contribs. to the Museum of 
Natural Historv at Paris were very consider- 
able. — Cay. Unh. 

Donaldson, Edwards^, capt. U. S. N., 
b. Md,, Nov. 7, 1816. Midshipm. Julv 31, 
1835; lieut. Oct.23, 1847; com. July 16, 1862; 
capt. July 25, 1866. Attached to frigate 
" Columbia," and in the attacks on fortson the 
coastof Sumatra, 1839 ; com. steamer" Scioto," 
W. Gulf, squad., at passage of Forts Jackson 
and St. Philip, and Vickshurg batteries; com. 
steamer '• Keystone State," N. A. block, squad., 
186.3-4 ; com. steamer " Seminole," at the bat- 
tle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. — flamersli/. 

Donelson, " Andrew Jackson, soldier 
and diplomatist, b. Tenn., 1799; d. Memphis, 
Tcnn., 26 June, 1871. West Point, 1820. 
Aide-decamp to Gen. Jackson, 1820-1, and 
his private sec. from Mar. 1829 to Mar. 1837 ; 
charrj€-d' affaires to Texas, 1844-5; envoy- 
extr. and minister plenipo. to Prussia, 1846 to 
1848, and to Germany, 1848-9. Editor of 
Washinqton Union, 1851-2; candidate of the 
Amcr. Party for vice-prcs, 1852 ; cotton-planter 
in Bolivar Co., Mpi, in 1822-65; lawyer in 
Memphis, 1865-71. — Culluin. 

Donkin, Robert, an English gen., b. 
Mar. 19, 1727; d. Clifton, near Bristol, Mar. 
1821. Ho entered the service in 1746 ; was at 
the siege of Belleisle in 1761 ; subsequently 
served in Flan<lers witli Wolfe, served through 
the Seven- Years' war; and was aide-de-camp 
and sec. to Gen.Rufane, gov. and com-in-chief 
at Martinique. Capt. Uec. 25, 1770; maj. 
23 July, 1772; lieu', col. Oct. 25, 1779; col. 
Nov. 18, 1790; maj -gen. Oct. 1794; lieut.- 
gen. 1801 ; gen. 1809. Gen. Donkin served 
through the whole Amer. war, from 1775 to 



1783; 



: earlv 



;ofi 






■camp t 



Gen. Gage, and afterwards as maj. of the 44th 
regt. Author of "Military Collections and 
Remarks," N.Y., Svo, 1777, -'pub. for the ben- 
efit of the children and widows of the valiant 
soldiers inhumanly and wantonly butchered 
when peacefully marching to and from Con- 
cord, April 19, 1775, by the rebels." — /«(ro(/HC- 

Donning, or Deming,WiLLiAM, the first 

manuf. of wronght-iron cannon; d. Mifflin, 
Pa., Dee. 19, 1830, a. 94. He was an artificer 
in the Revol. army, and made two wrought-iron 
cannon at Middlesex, Pa., one of which was 
taken by the British at the battle of Brandy- 
wine, and is now in the Tower of London. 
He commenced another and larger gun at 
Mount Holly, but getting no one to assist him 
who could stand the heat, — which is said to 
have been so great as to melt the lead buttons 
on his clothes, — it remains unfinished, either 



276 



DOR 



at Holly Forge or the Carlisle barracks. A 
large reward, oflFered by tbe British to tlie per- 
son who would insti'uct them in tlii-; maniit'ac- 



ire, was no ti 


crniita 


tion to this patriotic black- 


j)ith. — /'"sN.' 


,■ n.,, 


.,.Jan. 13, 1831. 


,^=''.: 


..rsr 


, rol. of a Hessian regt. in 
killed at Red Bank, N.J., 



isfini-!:ri, a n..'.'- .'i r ^'.n^," -:iM Ik t,, 

Chev. Manduit ; '•but I die tbe victim of my 
ambition and of the avarice of my sovereign." 

Doolittle, Amos, the first who engraved in 
copper in this country, b. Cheshire, Ct. ; d. N. 
Haven, Ct,, Jan. 31, 1832,a. 78. Sclt-taught; 
at 21, he commenced business as an engraver, 
having previously served an apprenticeship with 
a silversmith. While a vol. at Cambridge, he 
visitid the battle-ground at Lexington, and on 
his return to Neiv Haven made an engraving 
of the action, his first attempt in that art. 
This is believed to be the first historical en- 
graving executed in America. He executed 3 
other historical prints in relation to the expe- 
dition to Lexington and Concord. — N. E. 
Mnq., ii., 534. 

Doolittle, BiiXj.vMiM, minii 
field..\l..,lrumI718tobisd., Jii 
Julv 10. 1G95. Y. C. 1716. Hi 
ciaii al-.o, I'ub. a valuable " N, 
Mixlii.tbv iheFiv.Kl) anil liuli 
to 1748," and an •' Iiiquirv into 



^ter of North- 
n. 9, 1749; b. 
: was a physi- 
irrative of the 
ms from 1744 
ICiitbusiasm." 
Dorgan, .John Avi.mer, poet, h. 1836; 
d. I'hihi., I Jan. 1807. A cuiiveyanccrby profes- 
sion. A vol. of his poems, collected from the 
magazines and journals, was pub. in 1866. 
They possess much beauty and merit. 

Dorhman, ARNOLo'HiiNKr, a merchant 
of Lisbon, and a friend of American liberty ; 
d. Steubcnville, O., Mar. 21, 1813, a. 65. So 
zealous were his efforts in belialf of our captured 
seamen, that the British Govt, demanded his 
expatriation. He came to the U. S. in 1783, 
and received compensation, in money and a 
Western township, for tbe losses he "had sus- 
tained, and received from Congress, al.so, an 
app. as their agent at Lisbon. — Nat. Intcil., 



app. 
Apr. 



1813. 



Dornin, Tnoji.vs Alotsius, commo. 
U.S.N., b. Ireland. Midshipm. May 2, 1815; 
licut. 1825; capt. 185G. lie com. storesliip 
"Relief," in the South Sea expl.cxped. While 
com " The Portsmouth," in 1851, he frustrated 
Walker's fiUibustering attempts, and rescued 
some 40 Anier. citizens of Guayamas, held in 
durance by the authorities of Mazatlan ; after- 
ward served as fleet capt. of" The Wabash," in 
the Mediterranean ; of " The S.an Jacinto " and 
" Constellation," co.ast of Africa. During the 
Rebellion com. the Baltimore station, and has 
since had charge of the 5th Light-house Dis- 
trict. — Ilnm'rsli/. 

Dorr, Bicx.iAMiN, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1838), 
Pr.-E|i. clergyman and author, b. Salisbury, 
Ms., Mar. 22. 1796; d. Germantown, Pa., 18 
Sept. 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1817. After study- 
ing law, he entered the Gen. Theol. Sem. at 
N.Y. ; wasord. by Bishop Hohart in 1820; was 
in 1820-9 rector of the churches of Lansing- 



burg and Waterford, and was in 1829-35 rec- 
tor of Trinity Church, Utica. In 183.5-7, be 
was gen. agent of the domestic committee of 
the Board of Missions, travelling 1.5,000 miles. 
Rector of Christ's Church, Phila., from 4 May, 
1837, to his d. In 1839, he was elected bishtip 
of Md., but declined. In 1853, he visited Egyi)t 
and the Holy Land. He pub. " The Church- 
.:i:-.', \[i:nV,l, ' •The Ilistorv of a Pocket 
l; -n by Itself," "Recognition 

I , \ itlifr Worid," "Historical 

A....,!); .4 (:,,!. IS Church, Phila.," IS4I ; 
" Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Holy Land, 
Turkey, and Greece," 1856 ; " Memoir of John 
F. Watson," read before the Pa. Hist. Soc. — 
Hm/cl-h:c!c. 

Dorr, Thomas Wilson, politician, b. 
Providence, R.I., Nov. 5, 1805 ; d. there Dec. 
27, 1854. H. U. 1823. Son of Sullivan Dorr, 
a successful manufacturer. He studied law in 
the ofiice of Chancellor Kent, was adin. to the 
bar in 1827, and commenced practice in Provi- 
dence. Originally a Nat. Repub. in polities, he 
became a IJcmoc. in 1837. The R. I. Govt, 
was then based upon a charter granted by 
Charles II. in 1663; and the elective franchise 
was limited to the holders of a certain amount 
of real estate, and to their eldest sons, — ab. one- 
third of the citizens. Mr. Dorr was a member 
of the assembly in 1833-7, and exerted himself 
in vain to procure a liberal constitntion. Mr. 
Dorr was chosen gov. 'by the suffrage party in 
1841. May 3, 1842, Mr. Dorr's govt, attempt- 
ed to organize at Providence, and to seize the 
reins of power. They were resisted by the le- 
gal State fovt.. who attacked and dispersed 
thci-, „t ( ,. ;,M i.r, May 25. Mr. Dorr fled 
to ( inl toN. H. A reward of 

St, I I .. I I h.r his ajiprchension, by tbe 

a..tl.>a,;i... ul K I He soon returned,' was 
arrested, tried, convicted of high treason, and 
sentenced to impri.sonmcnt for life, but was 
pardoned in 1847; and in 1853 tbe legisl. re- 
stored to him his civil rights, and ordered the 
record of his sentence to be expunged. He 
lived to see his State under a liberal constitu- 
tion, and his party in legal possession of the 
govt. 

Dorsey, John Sv^ m ii m' of Pa. 

1802), physician, b. I'n i li , 1733; d. 
Nov. 12, i818. He ) : I ,il educa- 
tion, and studied mt'l I - ,iiiveDr. 
Physick. Theyellow-I v ■ [..Mredin 
Phila., and becamesii |., ! ,i ; i hospital 
was opened towliich !i 1. nt pby- 



1 home 



1807 



elected adjunct prof, of surgery, which he held 
till he succeedetl to the chair of materia medica 
in 1816. He delivered 2 courses of lectures 
upon this subject, when he was made prof, of 
anatomy. He opened the session with great 
eloquence ; but, on the evening of the same day, 
he was attacked with a fever, which in one 
week terminated his existence. As a snrgeon 
and as a teacher, he was highly accomplished. 
Besides contribs. to the Portfolio, and other 
periodicals, and an edition of Cooper's Surgery 



DOXT 



in the notes, he pub. " Elements of Surgery," 
ill 2 vols., 181.3.— Gross's Med. Blocj. 

Dorsey, Thomas Beale, lawyer and ju- 
rist, b Aid., Ort. 17, 17SU ; il. Doc. 26, 18J5. 



gen. oi ■ -- i , - , ! . I i|, lie 

Dostie, 1>K. Antho.vv 'p., titi/.en of N. 
Orleans, b. Saratoga Co., N.Y. ; d. Aug. .^, 
1866, from wounds received from the mob in 
that city, July 30. A barber by trade. His 
fondness for study soon made him prominent. 
He practised dentistry for some years in Chi- 
cago with success, but removed to N. Orleans, 
where his honest and genial nature won him 
manyfriends. The fearless rx|ires-iim ot'loMtl 

the intense hate of the di^luyal, while it |'1m- 
cured for him, on the ro-oi-.iiiiz.aioii ol tjo 
govt.of La., the app. of auditor, — a post he filled 
with credit and ability. The Const. Conv. 
of 1864 re-assembled at the call of its pres. in 
the spring of 1 806. The mob, which, July 30, 
broke up this convention, sought out Dr. Dos- 
tie as one of its first victims, and, though un- 
armed, he was shot, and beaten till he was sup- 
posed to be dead, and tin-own into a cart with 
the dead bodies of the other victims of the 
mob. — See Memoir of Dostie, by Emilt/ H. Reed, 
1868. 

Doty, James Ddane, gov. of Wis., 1841- 
4, b. N.Y , 1800; d. Salt Lake City, June 13, 
1865. Early iu life he removed to vVis. Terr., 
whence he was sent a delegate to Con^rress in 
18.39-41, and was M.C. in 1849-53. He was 
also for many years U.S. judge for Mich , 



the Rebellion. Lieut.-col. 17th Inf., 20 Sept. 
1864 ; col. 35th Inf., Sept. 15, 1867. — Cdlam. 

Doubleday, Edwaud, an English nat- 
uralist, b. 1810; d. Loud., 1849. After mak- 
ins; a tonr of tlie US., he pub. a paper on the 
"Natural Histoi y nf N. Amer.," and was app. 
one of the curators of tiio British Museum. 
He has contrih. to science the results of his 
researches concerning butterflies, in a work 
" On the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera." 
He also wrote on ornithology, entomology, and 
zoology in the Entomological Magazine, and 
elsewhere. — Appleton. 

Doughty, Thomas, landscape-painter, b. 
Phila., July 19, 1793 ; d. N.Y., July 24, 1856. 
Apprenticed to a leather manuf., he afterward 
carried on the business on his own account. 
His taste for art, however, induced him in his 
28th year, contrary to the advice of his friends, 
to bcionie a [niintir. He bud pnvioiisly at- 

tn.JI.I-l a !-a II,, am, J, lllml a,,.! Jia^l leCeived 
a,|a,,!. i'- II, • . . . 1 I II. I •: ,l,„.';n^. He 
la-a,-!-, I II . I 1..;. ^ ,■. I •■ II, , . a, in the 



■ a i'.. 



=, bu 



llpt. 



Affa 



51-3, 



Utah from 1863 until his death. — 6'ee Memoir, 
by A. G. Ellis, in Colls. Wis. Hist. Soc., v., 369. 
Doubleday, Abseb, brev. maj.-gcn. 
U.S.A., b. Ballsion Spa, N.Y., June 26, 1819 
West Point, 1842. He was a civil engineer 
from 1830 until 1838 ; served during the Mexi- 
can war in the 1st Art., of which he became 1st 
lieut. in 1847 ; capt. 3 Mar. 1855. From 1856 
to 1858, he served against the Seminole In- 
dians, and was at I'ort Moultrie until its evac- 
uation, Dec. 26, 1860; when the garrison 
withdrew to Fort Sumter. The first gun on 
the side of the Union was fired by him, April 
12, 1861. In June, 1861, he joined Gen. Pat- 
terson in Pa., and was made maj. 17thlnf, 
14 May. He was put in coin, of a battery, and 
afterward had charge of the defences on the 
right bank of the Potomac, near Washington. 
Feb. 3, 1862, he was made brig.-gen. vols., and 
placed in com. of the forts on the north bank 
of the Potom.ac. In the battle of Antietam, 
ho com. a division in the 1st army corps. Gen. 
Hooker, and on the fall of Reynolds, Hooker's 
successor, at the battle of Gettysburg, took 
com. of the corps. Maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; 
engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chan- 
ccllorsville; in the Pa. campaign, June-July, 
1863; brev. brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. USA., 
13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and merit, services in 



pour. He enjoyed high repute as a landscape- 
painter. Among his best pictures are "Peep 
at the Catskills," " View on the Htidson," 
"Lake Scene," " Old Mill," "Near the Del- 
aware Water Gap," and " Scene on the Sus- 
quehanna." 

Douglas, David, a British botanist, b. 
Scone, Scotland, 1798; d. July 12, 18.34. 
While a laljorer in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, 
he attracted the notice of Dr. Hooker, who 
procured for him an app. as botanical collector 
to the Honic. Soc. of Lond. In this capacity, 
he travelled extensively in Amer. ; in 1824 
explored the Columbia River and Cal., and in 
1827 traversed the continent from Fort Van- 
couver to Hudson's Bay. He made a second 
visit to the Columbia in 1829, and afterward 
Avcnt to the Sandwich Islands, where he fell 
into a pit, and was killed. Through his agency, 
217 new species of phmts were introduced into 
Eng. He collected 800 specimens of the Cali- 
fornia flora. A gigantic species of pine, which 
he discovered iu Cal., is named after him, Pinus 
Voiir/lassii. — Ap/iUton. 

Douglass, David Bates, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1S41), scholar, b. Pompton, N.J., Mar. 21, 
1790; d. Genev.a, N.Y., Oct. 19, 1849. Y.C. 
1813. App. lieut. of engineers U.S.A., he 
joined Gen. Prown in 1814; took part in the 
battle of Lundy's Lane ; repaired Fort Erie 
under the guns of the enemy, and at its assault 
com. a battery with such skill and gallantry, 
that he was brev. capt. Prof, of mathematics, 
and afterward of cn^'inccriug at West Point, 
with rankofm.njor.un till 831, and subsequently, 
as a civil engr., was employed upon the Croton 
Water Works, Morris Canal, Greenwood 
Cemetery, the All)any Cemetery, and the 
Protestant Cemetery at Quebec. App. prof, 
of architecture in the U. of N.Y. in 1832; 
pres. of Kcnyon Coll., O., in 1840-4; and in 
1848-9 prof mathematics and nat. pbilos. at 
Geneva Coll. In 1845, he delivered a course 
of lectures at N. Haven on the Niagara cam- 
pai-n. 

Douglass, Frederick, orator and jour- 
nalist, b. Tuekahoe, near Easton, Md., ab. 1817. 



278 



I50-W 



Uis mother was a negro slave, and his father a 
white man. Until the ajreof 10, he was a slave 
on the plantation of Col. Edward Lloy<l ; 
afterward lived in Baltimore, where he secretly 
taught himself to read and write, and, at the 
age of 21 , fled from slavery. He went to N.Y., 
and thence to New Bedford, where he m., and 
supported liimself by day-labor on the wharves 
and in workshops. In the summer of 1841, he 
spoke at an antislavery convention at Nan- 
tucket, and soon after became agent of the Ms. 
Antislaverv Society. He travelled and lec- 
tured in N.E 4.vi-:ii^; pull, in 1S45 an auto- 
biography, an.l --nni, ^itt>i u.nt to Kuropo, and 
lectured on slavti v iu nrai Iv ;ill ihe large towns 
of Great Britniii," In Is Ml, Ins Irionds in Eng. 
contrib. £150 to l.n.v liini fn.ni his cluiniaut in 
Md., and have him mniHiinittcd in clue form. 
On his return to the U.S. in 1847, he hegan at 
Rochester, N.Y., the pnl.li.atioii ot Fr.derick 
Douglass's Paper, a. sw My jmirniil llidugh 
formerly a Garrisoniau iliMiiiinnist, lir w- 
nounced disunionism at a I an r |. i i<"l, anil took 
the ground that slavery was ill. gal and iincain- 
stitutional. In 1S55, he rewrote his biography 
under the title of " My Bondage and My Free- 
dom " Became editor of the National Era at 
Washington, Sept. 1870. 

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, senator, b. 
Brandon, Rutland Co., Vt., 23 Apr. 1813; d. 
Chicago, 3 June, 1861. He worked at cabinet- 
making ; studied in an acad. at Canandaigua, 
N.y., in lS.30-3; then studied law; settled in 
Jacksonville, III., in Mar. 1834, where he was 
an auctioneer's clerk, and taught school until 
his admission to the bar. Soon attaining a 
lucrative practice, he became an active politician 
and Democ. orator, his small stature procuring 
him the title of "The Little Giant." Atty.- 
gen. of the State, and member of the legisl. 
in 1835; app. register of the land office at 
Springfield in 1837 ; chosen see. of the State 
of 111. in Dec. 1840; judge of the III. Sup. 
Court in 1841-3; M.C. 184.3-7, and prominent 
in the Oregon controversy ; an advocate of the 
annexation of Texas, and a vigorous promoter 
of the Mexican war; U.S. senator, 1847-61. 
As chairman of the house committee on ter- 
ritories, he reported the joint resolution declar- 
ing Texas to be one of the U.S. In the senate, 
he supported Clay's compromise measures of 
1850, maintaining that Congress should not 
interfere in relation to the extension of slavery 
in the Territories, but that the people of each 
should be permitted to decide whether it should 
be a free or slave iState. Of this " Popular 
Sovereignty "doctrine, Douglas was the reputed 
author. As chairman of the territorial com- 
mittee, he reported in Jan. 1854 the celebrated 
bill to organize the Territories of Kansas and 
Nebraska, which was passed, and by which 
the Missouri Compromise was repealed, po- 
litical parties revolutionized, and intense ex- 
citement produced in the free States. In the 
Nat. Democ. Conv. of 1856, Buchanan and 
Douglas were the rival candidates ; the former 
receiving on the 16th ballot 168 votes to 121 
for Douglas. In IS57, he denounced and ably 
opposed the admission of Kas. under the 
Lecompton (fraudulent) Constitution, and was 
thus involved in a controversy with Pres. Bu- 



chanan. In 1858, after an exciting and memo- 
rable contest between Douglas and Abraliam 
Lincoln for the U.S. senatorship, during which 
joint discussions were held in various places, 
Mr. Douglas was again elected. Remarkably 
successful in promoting the local interests of 
Illinois: the construction of the 111. Central 
Railroad was due principally to him. He 
favored the acquisition of Cuba whenever that 
island could be obtained consistently with the 
laws of nations and the honor of the U.S. In 
I860, he was the candidate of the Democ. party 
of the North for the presidency, and received a 
very large popular vote, though he had but 
12 electoral votes. After the Rebellion began, 
he supported the govt, iu eflbrts to suppress it. 
He m. 1st Martha D., dau. of Col. Robert 
Martin of N.C. ; 2d, Adele, dau. of J. M. 
Cutts, second comptroller of the treasury. 

Douglass, William, M.D., physician 
and author, b. East Lothian, Scotland, ah. 
Ki'.il ; .1. Boston, Oct. 21, 1752. After receiv- 
iiii; lii^ |irofes.sional education at Paris and 
LrydLii, he settled at Boston, 1718. He was a 
violent antagonist or" Dr. Boylston, in his ef- 
forts to introduce inoculation. His learning 
was considerable ; but his prejudices were 
strong, and he larked judgment and taste. He 
wrote many political essays in the newspapers, 
which were generally tilled with sarcastic re- 
marks upon the magistr.ites, the clergy, the 
physicians, and the people of N.E. His " Sum- 
mary or Historical Account of the British 
Settlements," pub. in 1748 and 1753, is inaccu- 
rate, and records his private squabbles as well 
as public aftairs. He pub. an almanac in I74-'i, 
'44, called *^ Mercurius xVoi'«»'///'w;i-,v," lu- U'il- 
liam Nadir, S.X.Q., still valuta l-r it. li-t of 
chronological events; also some mnlical ilis-ii-- 
tations. A town in Worcester Co., JIs., of 
which he was a proprietor and benefactor, bears 
his name. — Timelier. 

Douglass, Col. William, a Revol. pa- 
triot, b. 1741 ; d. March 27, 1777. He was an 
officer in the French war, until the taking of 
Quebec; subsequently disting. himself in the 
Revol. struggle as com. of a flotilla on Lake 
Champlain; in the siege and capture of St. 
John's in 1775, and in taking a large number 
of prisoners, arms, ammunition, and stores from 
the enemy. He was commissioned, June 20, 
1775, col. of a regt. from N. Haven Co , which 
took a prominent part in the battle of Long 
Island, and disting. himself at the battles of 
New York, Harlem, White Plains, and skir- 
mishes with the enemy about N.Y. in 1776, in 
one of which he received his death-stroke. 

DoW; Lorenzo, an eccentric Methodist 
preacher' b. Coventry Ct., Oct. 16, 1777; d. 
Georgetown, D.C., Feb. 2, 18.34. Adopting 
the doctrines of the Methodists in the spring of 
1796, against the wishes of his family became 
an itinerant preacher. His youth and eccen- 
tricity long prevented his recognition by the 
Methodist conference; but he finally received 
a regular license to preach, and, in spite of con- 
tumely and rebuffii and hardships of all kinds, 
persevered for nearly 40 years, with enthusi- 
asm, and often with astonishing effect. He trav- 
elled over Eng. and Ireland, and almost every 
part of the U.S., and is said to have preached 



279 



to more persons than anv 


other man of his 


time. His wife Pc-.irv, to v 


dioin he was m. in 


1804, accomp. him in all 


his pcreRrinations. 


Uow'seeccntricily of mann 


nT and dress long 


excited apnjudicc a-ain^t 


liini; and in many 


parts of the counliv \k- wn. 


s faniiliarlv known 


as " Crazy Dow." 'Hi^ i.m 


nial and 'iniscella- 


neous w.itin-s was pai'.. i 


n X.Y., 18.36, 8vo, 



cd. by Dr. Duwlin-; "Experience and Trav- 
els in Europe and America, and Polemical 
Writings," Cincin., 18.51 ; " A Short Account 
of a Long Tiavel," 8vo, 1823, Phila. 

Dow, Neal, reformer, b. Portland, Me., 
1803. Of Quaker parentage. Ho was bred 
to commercial and manufacturing pursuits. 
Has twice been mavorof Portland, and served in 
the state legisl., where lir iiiinHhirrd the fa- 
mous prohiliitory " Jlaiiir l,li|U'.i 1,;|W." App. 
col. I3th Me. vols. Dcr.:!l, lM,l,lir puiird lien. 
Butler's expcd. against \ (lilian, was app 
biig.-gen. Apr. 28, 1862, and com. a brigade in 
the dept. of the Gulf. Made prisoner near 
Port Hudson, Julv, 1863. 

Dowler, Bennkt, M.D. (U.of Md. 1827), 
physician and physiologist, b. Ohio Co., Va., 
April 16, 1797. He practised his jn'ofession 
many years in New Oilcans; and in March, 
1854, began there tlie Mtdical and Surgical 
Journal. He is noted for his experiments upon 
the human body soon after death, the results 
of which were given to the world in a series of 
essays in 1843-4. These researches of Dr. 
Dowler have won for him a wide reputation. — 
Ap/ihtoii. 

Dowling, John, D.D., a successful writer 



Mil 



r s 



dicj:. : ' : I. |.'i I-," •■r.\]i..-inon of the 
l'in|.j. li , ir.nt th- I'roir.hiiit Scrip- 

tures," l.i;, " il..,iurv of Koui.uiiani," 8vo, 
184.5; "Power of Illustration," &.C. Edited 
Conference Hymn-Book, Baptist Noel's 
work on Baptism, works of Lorenzo Dow, 
Conycr's Middleton on the Conformity of 
Popery and Paganism, Memoir of the Mis- 
sionary Jacob Thomas, and a translation from 
the French of Dr. Cote's work on Roman- 
ism.— J/Mohc. 

Downes, Johs, commo. U.S.N. , b. Can- 
ton, Ms., 1784 ; d. Charlestown, Aui;. 11, 1854. 
He entered the navy June 1, IS02 1 served in 
the frigate "New York," in the Tripolitan 
war, and was specially disting. in the attack on 
Tripoli; lieut. March 6, 1807. He cruised 
with Porter in the Pacific, and in com. of the 
" Essex, junior," a captured whaler of 16 guns, 
did immense injury to the enemy. Master- 
com. June 24, 1813. While com. " The Eper- 
vicr," in Decatur's Mediterranean squad., he 
caiitnrcd, June 17, 1815, the Algerino frigate 
"Nashouila." Capt. March 5, 1817; com. 
"The Macedonian," in the Pacific in 1819-21 ; 
"The Java" in tlie Mcdit. in 1828-9, and 
from 1832 to 1834, the squad, in the Pacific 
Ocean. Feb. 5, 1832, he punished the natives 
of Quallah Baitoo for outrages upon Ameri- 
can seamen. Com. of Charlestown navy-yard 
in 1837-42 and 18.50-2. He com. in the' Pa- 
cific during the civil wars of the republics in 
1847-8, rendering signal service in i)rotecting 
our commerce. His son John A. Dowses, 



commander U.S.N., d. N. Orleans, Sept. 20, 
1865. Entered the navy in 1837, and during 
the Rebellion com. the gunboat " Huron," and 
the monitor " Nahant." 

Downie, Georgb, a British commo., b. 
Ross, Ireland ; killed in the naval action on 
Lake Cbamplain, Sept. II, 1814. The son of 
a clergyman. He early entered the navy, was in 
the battle of Camperdovvn ; served afterward in 
the W. Indies ; after seeing much service, he 
was made a com., and placed in com. of the 
fleet on the Lakes of Canada in 1812. He 
com. the squadron in the battle of Lake 
Champlain, where he was killed while gallant- 
ly fighting the fleet of Macdonough. His ves- 
sels were poorly manned, and inferior in 
wciijht of metal. — Morgan. 

Downing, Axdkew Jacicson, horticul- 
turist, 1.. Ncwhurgb, N.Y.,Oct. 31, 1815. His 
death was occasioned by his philanthropic ef- 
forts to save the passengers of the burning 
steamer " Henry Clay," on the Hudson, July 
28, 1852. Fond of the natural sciences, in his 
boyhood, he devoted himself assiduously to 
their study. His natural taste was of the 
highest order; and his scientific knowledge en- 
abled him to convert all he learned to practical 
uses, — to enhancing the comforts, and adding 
10 the embellishments, of rural life. The 
rural embellishments surrounding the Smith- 
sonian Institute were planned by him, and 
many private residences, as well as public insti- 
tutions, present evidences of his skill and culti- 
vated taste. Besides his treatises on " Fruit 
and Fruit-Trees," 1845, "Landscape Gar- 
dening," 1841, 8vo, " Architecture of Conntry 
Houses," 1850, and " Cotm ■■ K. ,i I. tirr^," 
1842, he was a frequent (011:1 , 1.1 |.ii 
odieal press; and the Ilorlim : ; id 

by himself, was unequalled in il, ue.iiiiijia uf 
the topics coming within its ra 
he wrote •' Additional Notes an 
sons about Building in this Con 
of Mrs. Loudon'; 
A Memoir of him 



Hints to Per- 
itry." Editor 
■ Gardening for Ladies." 
, Geo. Wni. Curtis, and a 



" Letter to his Friends," by Miss Bremer, 
were prefixed to a collection of his contribs. 
to the Uorliciillurist, pub. in 1854, entitled 
" Rural Essays." 

Downing, Sir Geouge, son of Emanuel 
Downing, a lawyer, who cmig. in 1638 to Salem, 
Ms., b. bid,lin,'l624;d. E. Ilatlcy, Cambridge- 
shire, 1684. H.U. 1642, the first class. His 
father represented Salem in the Gen. Court in 
1638-43. His mother was Lucv, si-stcr of Gov. 
.John Winthrop. Returning to Eng. in 1645, 
he was a preacher among the Independents ; 
ch.aplain to Col. Okey's regt. in Cromwell's 
army, and, in 1653, commissary-gen. and 
scoutmaster-gen. to the army in Scotland ; 
M.P. for a Scottish borough in 1054 and 1656, 
and agent in Holland in 1658-60. Turning 
royalist, he was knighted by Charles II., May 
21, 1660 ; became, at the restoration, M.P. for 
Morpeth in 1061, and was again made envoy- 
cxtr. to Holland. Here he caused the arrest 
of Cols. Okey and Barkstcd, and Miles Corbet, 
3 of the judges of Charles I., who were sent 
to Eng., and executed ; for this act, he was 
rcproljated by all honorable men. Through his 
principal agency, the New Netherlands were 



280 



wrested from the Du 

afteiwaid sec. of llie I 
of the 
July 1 

Holla,, 



tch, and annexed to the 
IS New York. He was 
reas. and a commissioner 
was created a baronet, 



lm|Jl'l--. . • I 1 ■, . : , I. ;: >.■. I . .;_ i. 1 . 

ceivcd i;i;u Ln^r. G.j.. i;,,iL;!-t w.i- I,::, 
bro.-in-liuv. Uowuinj,' .St., London, perpetuates 
his name. He was a man of ability, and natu- 
ral fitness for politics. Author of Political 
Tracts, 1654-72. His grandson. Sir George, 
foiindL',! Downing Coll., Cambridge, Eng., in 

Doyle, SiK John, a British gen., b. Dub- 
lin, 17.)G; d. Aug. 8, 1834. Trin. Coll., 
Dublin. Lieut, of light inf. at Boston in 
1775; adj. in the battle of Brooklyn, L.L, 
and Germantown ; capt. of the " Volunteers 
of Ireland ; " then niaj. of brigade at the cap- 
ture of Charleston, the liattirs of Camden and 
Hobkirk's Hill. At tli,; IhmiI of a corps of 
light cavalrv, Maj. Dovic operated against 
Gen. Marion in the spring of 1781, and 
destroyed his camp at Snow Island, but was 
pursued by Marion, and escaped with the loss 
of his baggage. During tlie wars of the 
French revol., he served in Holland, 1794, in 
Ireland as sec. of war, and in Egypt under 
Gen. Abercrombie, where ho was liighly dis- 
ting. He was made a hart, in 1805 ; full gen. 
in 1819. — Rose. 

Drake, Benjamin, author and journalist, 
b. Mason Co., Kv., Nov. 28, 1794; d. Cincin- 
nati, April 1, 1841. Many years editor of the 
Cincinnati Chronicle^ of extensive circulation. 
Author of "Tales from the Queen City," 
1838; "Life of Tecumseh," 1841 ; "Cincin- 
nati in 1826," by B. Drake and E. D. Mans- 
field, 1827; "Life and Adventures of Black 
Hawk," 1838 ; " Life of Gen. Hiirrison," 1840, 
and " The Western Agriculturist." 

Drake, Cihri-es D., jurist and politician, 
b. Cincinnati, April 11, 1811. He received an 
academical education. Was a niiilshipman in 
the navy from 1827 to 1830, but resigned^ and 



O. at Cincinnati, and also established there in 
1821 the Commercial Hospital, and in 1827 
the Eye Infirmary. In 1823, he again accept- 
ed a chair in the Transylv. school, and till his 
death was. with brief intermissions, cunncctrd 
uitl, ,„ nlical schools; holdiiiL' ,,, .,i--ii ! :,.- ,n 
,:,,• ,1, ;l„..Ieff. Mel. Coll., nV , ,:. , ,- 

I,:, M 1, Coll,, the U. of Lorn- . ' , : , ' s 
ill-, ill w.ib prof, in the racd. c. . ••■ ' ' 11>: 
pub. "Diseases of the Mi-.-i-i| ;! \' .11 . ." 
2 vols., 1850-4; " An Ilistori.al ai I s., ,i:;:h; 
Account of Cincinnati ,ind tli. Mi,„,, (gan- 
try," 1815: "Xntir,.snf fanriai, ,1, " 1 -m ,,,,,1 
18.32; "P,-.,r,.,..i !■-.,>,,.:, MM,, 
1832; "I'l-a.a :, 1 i !, . . - !,•■, ■ ■, ■ - ■■, .'- 



1832 



the bar of U. 
May, 1833. He was a r, i ;. m .,.,i,il>. of 
prose and verse to the (ill ; :ii:>. Re- 
moved to St. Louis ii, I ,; I ' : I ily be- 
came prominent. In isiii,, i i;. II i ilaj Mo. eering feat 

legisl., and has taken a prominent part in the water, whi 

political movements of the day, having been 1585, he m 

a strong advocate of emancipation in Mo. Drake's m^- 

Member of the State Convention of 1863; port of Ca 

member and viee-pres., and a leading spirit, of and drstr i 

that which formed the present constitution of II. «a< ],, 

Mo. in 1865 ; U.S. senator from 1867 to 1871 ; En.;li-h h 

app. chief-justice U. S. Court of Claims, Jan. i,i l.''-'^ ; I' 

1871. lie has pub. "Law of Attachments," i,itin~ In 

1854; Life of his father. Dr. Daniel Drake, fli ' '■ 



besides nun, null, p.iiiipli.c;.;.. In 1SJ7-.:;). lie 
edited the iVattrn Journal of Hal. Sciences, 
and, after its transfer to Louisville as Tlie 
II^es(f?7! .Tounmlof Med. and Suryeri/, was one 
of its editors from 1839 to IS48. A Memoir 
of him, by E. D. Mansfield, w.is published 
in Cineinn.iti, 1855. — See Memoir in Gross's 
Amer. Med. Diog. and Life, by Charles D. 
Drake, 1871. 

Drake, Sir Francis, a celebrated naviga- 
tor, b. in the village of Crowndale, near Tavis- 
tock, Eng., ab. 1537; d. in the harbor of Porto 
Bello, 28 Jan. 1596. Bred a sailor, he accomp. 
his relative, Capt. John Hawkins, to S. Amer., 
and was treacherously attacked by the Span- 
iards at St. Juan de tjlloa. In 1572, he took 
Noinbre de Dios, and returned homo with a 
laigc amount of treasure. In 1573-5, he did 
excellent service in suppressing the rebellion in 
Ireltind. Doe. 13, 1,')77, ho com. an CNpial. to 
theSouthSea;atemiii-',ini-ai,,T. n-! ia,iM.-!i- 
ately after passing 1 1,1 ^ ;M : t 

him, with a single vi- i i ,i - ii 

in an unknown sea. II i - , I i, . . i-\ 
however; tunl. ^i \' i.il '..,!!■: i -, a,,ii, t,_) 
elude pursiiii, ■■ '- a \ 1 i i ■ i :■■ uito ilic 
Atlantic; ,1,- .■...:. \ i ^ i , ,, ,; ; v,a^ the 
first to liiai -" 1 i:,- ■, >»i' • naHirnal 

on his return tu I'.ii'j;. ^tnkn j :! 1',- 

cifie, he arrived at Plymouth -ii "■ ; ' - 

ing the first En.glishman who h : I 

the world. Apr. 4, 15S1, (,| i 1 a li 
dined on b",,! 1 I,' • -I:':', .ml' ■.■•\ h,in. 

M.ayorof ri- i ' : i , '1 1' i ■ 1-.) and 



Drake, D.vniel, M.D. (U. of P.a. 1316), 

phvMi a.ii, .11, ; .in; ,11 ,': i .a I lia, j. ,1). PlainHcUl, 
N..J.,n, : _ .-.,;, .in, Nov. 6, 1852. 

Isaac, 1 . I I I _ I M I 1,11 Co., Ky., in 
1788. I la,, a I !" j.ia |., naia,- ,ii Cincinnati in 
1804. In ISI7. he was jirof. in the Transvlv. 
Med. School. In Dec. 1818, he procured from 
the Ohio legisl. a charter for the med. coll. of 



I'aiLd lor want of co-opeiation on the jiart of 
his adherents. In 1595, Drake sailed with Sir 
John Hawkins on another exped. to S. Amer., 
which resulted disastrously, both leaders being 
carried off by diseases incident to the climate. 
He left no children, and disposed of his property 
by will, — a fact mentioned for the benefit of 



DRA 



281 



IDRA. 



ir- 



those clniming to be descended from one who 
had no descendants. 

Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, b. N. Y., 
Ah-. 7, 1795 ; d. Sept. 21, 1820. Hfi lost his 
father in early life, and witli 3 sisters strn^glcd 
with poverty, lie stuOi I m. ,lh m, ; and his 
marriage in 1816, soon :i: ' ^le^a■ee, 

with Sarah, dan. uf II i placed 

;nce. He tini. .i..| m Lm-i,.;, and, 
urn in 1819, o.nlrlli. vorsrs under 
e of " Croaker," to the N. Y. Even- 
Ilis larscst and nio^t ininginativo 
" Culprit Fay." Thoufrh Drake 
fn.iin Ills boyhood, yet the poems 



him in affl 
after his r 
the siiiiati 
inn Post. 



Indian Wars," 2 vols., 4to, 186.'j; " In trod. 
and Notes to Mather's Wonders Iiivis. World, 
and Calef's More Wonders," 3 vols. 4to 
1866; "The Old Indian Chronicle," 4to, 
1867; " Annals of Witchcraft in the U.S.,"4to, 
1869 ; " History of the Five Years' French and 
Ind. War," 4to, 1870, &c. Ho contrib. the 
article " Massachusetts," to the Encyclop. Bri- 
tan n ica. 

Draper, John William, M.D., LL.D., 
chemist and physiologist, b. Liverpool. Kng., ct n < 
May 5, 1811. He was educated at the U. of y, 
London. He emisxrated to Aincr. in \9.nn, ^''-^ 



1 death calle.l 
irora his fi ir 



Hi: 



were all pro- 
lealth failing, 


the U. 01 


M.n. in 1 


in New Or- 


and ,,hy: 


H'. 111111111 noet- 


183G-9. 


,k, .\selec- 


chemistry 


l,c American 


dept. of t'l 


only child, a 


lertnips „ 



Fla-," was pub. ill 1830, by h 
dan., who ni. Com. Delvay. 

Drake, Samukl, the pioneer of the drama 
at the We-t, b. Eng. 17C7 ; d. near Louisville, 



tho 



of 1 



jWw- 



JULU , I , inr of Win. \V. Fus.lick, 

the ]i i ■ .1 li -t luisband, and of Julia 

Dean, ill I ;, ., l-y her second. Another 
cons|iini..u, ,uac..., of this familv is Julia 
Drake Chapman, dau. of Alexander Drake. 
The family came to the U.S. about 1800. Its 
youngest member, James G., is known to tho 
public chiefly as a song-writer. His " Tom 
Breeze," " I'arlez Bas," and other songs, have 
been widely admired. He resided in Louis- 
ville, Kv., where he d. May 13, 1850. —Poefs 
and Pocby nf tlw West. 

Drake, Samuf.l Gardner, historical writ- 
ifer, h. I'liislield, N.IL. Oct. U, 1798^ He re- 
ceived a loinrnoii school education, ancrbetween 
the ages ot 20 and 27 was a district school 
teacher. Removing to Boston, he established 
there in 1828 the Antiquarian Bookstore, the 
first of its class in the U.S. One of the found- 
ers of thcN.E. Hist, and Genealogical Soc, of 
which he was pres. in 1858. He began the 
publication of its quarterly " Register " in 
1847, and continued it many years as editor 
and publisher, contributing many biog. and 
hist, articles to its pages. He resided in Lon- 
don in 1858-60. He has pub. " Church's Phi- 
lip's War, with Additions," 12mo, 1825; 
" Sketches of the Hist, of Northwood, NIL, 
for Colls. H. Soc," 1832; "Indian Biogra- 
phy," 12mo, 1832 ; " Book of the Indians," 8vo 
(11th ed. 1851), 1833; "Old Indian Chroni- 
cle," I8mo, 1836 ; " Indian Captivities," 12mo, 
1 839 ; " Genealogical and Biographical Acct. 
of the Fam. of Drake," I2mo, 1845 ; " Review 
of Savage's ed. Winthrop's Journal," 8vo, 
1854; 'Hist, and Antiqs., Boston," roy. 8vo, 
1856 ; " Result of Researches among the Brit. 
Archives," 4to, 1860; "Memoir of Sir Walt. 
Ralei^'h,"4lo, 1862; " Introd. and Notes to 
Mather's Indian War of 1675-6." 1862; 
" Introd. and Notes to Mather's Relation," 
4to, 1864; "Introd. and Notes to Hubbard's 



rll-l'i ,;. Il • I, ,, ;l- 'l-..! ;, - i|,,. l,K:dicaI 

''■■■■■ ■ • ' '• -■'"■■ ' - ' '■ '^' ■rpicsiding 
.i II ,1,-1- the chair 

■• :i.: i .:.! I ,■'■■•■ •■■■.'< '.i ■ ^ . ul'theU. 

of X.y. l:.;.v. 11c [....-.ilouicU imiJi attention 
to the study of the action of light, and was the 
inventor of the application of the daguerrotype 
process to the taking of portraits. He has 
written much, and with high reputation. Be- 
tween 1838 and 1857, he furnished to the Edinb. 
Philos. Journal ah. 40 treatises, besides contrib. 
to other scientific journals. Author of a 
" Treatise on the Organization of Plants," 4to, 
1844; a popular " Text- book on Chemistry," 
1846; and another on " Natural Philosophy," 
1847 ; a " History of the Intellectual Develop- 
ment of Europe ;" "Thoughts on the Future 
Civil Policv of Amer. ; " " Hist, of the Amer. 
Civil War," 3 vols., 1867-8, and " Memoirs 
on tho Chemical Action of Light." His most 
elaborate work is a treatise on " Human Pny- 
siology, Statical and Dynamical," 1856. 

Draper, Lyman C, liistorical writer, b. 
near Buffalo, Sept. 4, 1815. Ho has since 1833 
been engaged in making colls, of Western 
history and biog., and has edited 4 vols. Wis. 
Hist. Soc. Colls. Pies, of that body. Author 
of " Madison, the Capital of Wis., it's Growth," 
&c., 1857. 

Draper, Simeon, politician of N.Y., b. 
1804 ; d. Whitestown, L.I., Nov. 6, 1866. He 
was a prominent merchant of N Y., but did 
notsucceed, and became an auctioneer. Active 
in politics, he was long the friend of W. H. 
Seward ; was several times a member of the 
Whig State Central Committee; in 1864, chair- 
man of the Union State Central Committee; 
was many years an administrator of the public 
charities; provost-marshal in 1862, and col- 
lector of tho port of N.Y. in 1864. He was an 
able and influential man, of generous impulses 
and strict integrity. 

Drayton, John, gov. of S C. 1 800-2, and 
1808-10. Dist. judge of the U.S. till his d., at 
Charleston, Nov. 27, 1822, a. 60. Son of Wm. 
Henry. He pub. "A View of S.C," 1802; 
"Memoirs of the Ecvol." in that State," 2 






DRA. 



282 



DRJJ 



vols., 8vo, 1821, and "Letters written during 
a Tour tliroii^'li tlio Nortliern and Eastern 
States," 8vo. 1794. 

Drayton, Percival, cnpt. U.S.N.,h.S.C., 

Aug. 25, 1812; d. Wasliin-tun, DC, A..-. 4, 
1865. Son of Hon. Wrn. Dnivton, M C. 
Midshipman, Dec. 1827 ; licut I'eh. 28, 13:!8; 
was att;ieliod to tiio ohscrvaiorv. Washin^^ton, 
in 1852; command. Supt. 14, rs,")5 ; joined tlic 
Para-iiay esped. i.i 1S5?, and from 1860 until 
tlic oiitbn/:ik of livil war, was on ordnance 
dutv at I'hila. Tlion-li stron^dv lionml by 
family ties to ilie sece.liii- Si.ur., 'lir irnialnrd 
loyal'to tlic national tl:\L.', mid, in tin- ixp^d. tn 
Port Roval, com. tlie stcMinn' " ]',i :jli.iiit;iv ; " 
liis brol'lier. Gen. T. F. Diayt.ni, com. at tlic 
same lime the confed. troo]is at Hilton Head 
Island. He was afterward transferred to " The 
Pawnee," and July 16, 1862, was promoted to 
capt., and ordered to the new Ericsson iron- 
battery " Passaic." He was in the bombard- 
ment of Fort McAllister; in the attack on 
Sumter by Diipont; fleetcapt. of the W. Gulf 
squad., under Farragut, and was in " The Hart- 
ford " at tlie fiirht with and capture of the 
rebel fleet in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. He 
was particularly distintr. as flag-officer. App. 
chief of the bureau of navigation, Apr. 28, 
1865. 

Drayton, William, LL.D., judge, b. 
S.C, 173.3; d. June, 1790. Educated at the 
Middle Temple, Lond., where he studied law 4 
years; i.inDi 1 to .\iiier. in 1754, and in 1768 
was a| - ■ : ■ of the Province of E. 

Fla. h : I I: Vol. war, he wassuspcndcd 

fromoiii. , ill ,1 1, In-t.ited, and with his family 
passed some time in Eng. After the peace, he 
was successively judge of the Admiralty Court 
of S.C, assoc. justice of the State, Mar. to 
Oct. 1789, and a judge under the U.S. Govt., 
app. Oct. 1789. 

Drayton, William, soldier and states- 
man, b. .St. Augustine, Fla., Dee. 30, 1776; d. 
Phila., May 24, 1846. Educated in Eng.; 
adm. to the bar in 1797 ; some time assist, 
clerk in a Court of Sessions in S.C, and, 
though a Federalist, was app. lieut.-col. 10th 
U.S. Inf., Mar. 12,1812; col. 18th,Julv6, 1812; 
insp.-gen. Aug. I, 1814; M.C 1825-33. In 
1830 he was a leader of the Union party in 
opposition to thatof nullification. Kemoving 
to Phila., he succeeded Biddle as pres. of the 
U.S. Bank in 1839, and aided Gens. Scott 
and Macomb in preparing a system of inf. 
tactics. Recorder of Charleston in 1819. 

Drayton, William Henbt, statesman 
and political writer, b. on Ashley River, S.C., 
Sept. 1742; d. Phila., Sept. 3, 1779. A nephew 
of Gov. Bull. Educated at Westminster and 
Oxford, between 1753 and 1764, when he re- 
turned to Carolina. In 1769, an article under 
the signature of " Freeman " involved him in a 
political controversy with Gadsden and John 
Mackenzie. In 1771, after revisiting Eng., he 
was app. privy councillor for the Province of 
S.C. ; but, as the Revol. crisis approached, he 
espoused the popular cause, and protested 
against the proceedings of his colleagues. In 
1 774, he wrote a pamphlet under the signature 
of " Freeman," addressed to the American 
Congress, in which he stated the grievances of 



America, and drew up a bill of rights. It sub- 
stantially marked out the line of conduct 
adopted by Congress, then in session. He was 
app. a judge in 1774. Suspended from bis of- 
fices under the crown, he was made a member 
(if the popular committee of safety. On the 
fiiiniatiDii of a popular constitution, he was rc- 
iii-tated in the corresjionding offices of the 
State, and, in 1776, was advanced to the rank 
of chief ju>tice. He pub. his charge to the 
grand jury in Apr. 1776, which breathes all 
the spirit and energy of the mind which knows 
the v line iif freedom, and is determined to sup- 
|i"rt it Member of the Provincial Congress in 
ITTTi, i<( which he beeanio pres. Pres. of S.C. 
ill 1777; member of the Cont. Congress in 
1778-9. He left a manuscript history of the 
Revol. to the end of the year 1778, which w.as 
pub. by his son. Gov. John Drayton, in 1821, 
2 vols., 8vo. — Rorjcrs. 

Drew, Daniel, a N.Y. millionnaire, b. Car- 
mel, Putnam Co., N.Y., 1788. At first a 
farmer-boy, then an employe on a North Riv- 
er steamboat. He became an owner of stock, a 
builder of magnificent steamboats, a bold stock 
operator in Wall Street, and finally a million- 
naire. In 1866, he gave $250,000 toward Ibund- 
ing the Drew Theol. Seminary of Madison, 
N.J., — a sum increased by successive donations 
to nearly a million dollars. 

Drililser, Anna, poet, known by the mm 
de jduiiip, " Edith May," b. Pa. Her contribu- 
tions to the Home Journal were highly com- 
mended by N. P. Willis. She has pub. "Po- 
etical Works," 8vo, 1854; "Talcs and Poems 
for Children," 1855, 12mo. — .See GriswoUl's 
Female Poets of Amer. 

Drown, Solomon, M.D., a physician and 
botanist, b. Providence, R.I. , 1753; d. 1834. 
B.U. 1774. He studied medicine, was a sur- 
geon in the Revol. army, and visited Europe, 
to perfect his professional education, in 1784. 
He snbseqnently practised medicine at Provi- 
dence, in Ohio, and in Western Pa., but in 
1801 settled in Foster, R.I., where he passed 
the remainderof his life. In 1811, he was app. 
prof of materia mcdica and botany in Brown 
U. Member of the Am. Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences, and of several learned bodies. He 
pub. " The Farmer's Guide," 1825 ; also some 
occasional addresses. 

Druilletes, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary, 
b. France, 1593 ; d. Quebec, 8 Apr. 1681. He 
was sent to Canada in 1643 ; became a mission- 
ary to the wandering Algonquins, and after 
losing his sight, wliich was miraculously re- 
stored, continued his labors among them near 
40 years. He evangelized the Montagnasis, 
Algonquins, Crees, Papanachois, and Abnakis 
on the St. Lawrence and Kennebec, and for 
several years after 1666, labored amonii the 
Ottawas and Chippewas at Sault. Stc. Marie. 
— Shea's Hist, of' Missions, §-c. 

Drummond, Sir Gordon, a British gen. 
b. Quebec, 1771 ; d. London, Oct. 10, 1854. 
Son of Colin, paymaster to the troops in L. 
Canada in 1771.' Ensign in 1789; became 
gen. 1825. He served in Holland in 1794-5, 
in Egypt in 1801 ; as a statF-officer at Jamaica 
for .some years, and on the staff' in Canada in 
1808-U;" lieut.-gen. 1811. Sept. 1813, he 



went to Canada as second in com. to Sii' 
George Pievost. He planned the capture of 
Fort Niagara, Dec. 19, 1813 ; took the villages 
of Black Rock and Buffalo, Dee. 31, 1813; 
captured and destroyed the barracks, works, 
and stores at Oswego, in May, 1814, and com. 
at the obstinately-contested battle of Lundy's 
Lane, July 2.5, 1814, and was severely wound- 
ed. Aug. 15, he attacked Fort Erie, and was 
reputed wiili heavy lo-s. He succeeded Pre- 
vost in the com. in" 1814, ami in the adminis- 
tration of the govt., Iiiit returned to Eng. in 
June, 1816. In 1817, he received the grand 
cross of the Bath. 

Duane, James, statesman, 1). N.Y. Citv, 
Feb. 6, 1733; d. Dunncsburg, N.Y., Feb. 'l, 
17'J7. From Antliony, his falher, he acquired 
a large estate in Dnnnc-^bnrg, N.Y., which he 
began to settle in 17Gr> Oct. 21, 17.')9, he m 
a (lau. of Col. liobcrt LiviTi-ston. Adopting 
the profession uf the law, he Ijii-anic a nicuiber 
ofthe Kevul. committ.T. of .\'.V ; ,.| the ()1,1 

Indian treaty at Alhiiny in .\ng 177."); mem- 
ber of the Con-t. Ccmv. ill 1 77li-7, and on the 
committee to (li. ill tljc s:iiiir ; mombercommit- 
teeof safely, 17:i;-:; ivniinnl to N.Y. City, 
on its evacnaiiDii Hi I7s.3; hecame a member 
of tlieroiiiicil. .SMt.Miuitor, 1783-4: first may- 
or of X V. Cifv, 1784; member of the conv. 
toa(lM|,i ilir l-r.l. imI Constitution in 1788 ; U. 
S. ili>iiiri jii.lui', 1789-94. 

Duane, Cm. Willum, editor and politi- 
cian, b. near Lake Champhiin, N.Y., 17G0; d. 
Phila., Nov. 24, 183.-). At the age of 11, he 
was taken bv his mother, thtn a widow and a 
Roman Catliolie, to Ireland, and liberally edu- 
cated. He became sprinter. Went to India in 
1784, rapidly amassed property, and became 
editor of the World. Having opposed the lo- 
cal govt., he was seized, and sent to Eng., 
and his wealth confiscated. Ho sought redress 
in vain, and soon became editor of the Omeml 
Advertiser, siding in politics with Home Tooke 
and other liDerals. In 1795, he came to 
Phila., and edited the Aurora, which, by able 
management, became the mo.st influential 
organ of the Demoe. party. Jefferson attrib- 
uted his election to the presidency to its 
vigorous support, and app. him lieut.-col. of 
rifles, July 8, 1808; adj.-gen., rank of col., 
March, 1813 to June, 1815. On the removal of 
the seat of govt., the influence of the ^l«iwo 
declined. He withdrew from it in 1822, and 
travelled through the S. Amcr. republics ; pub. 
an account of his travels on his return, enti- 
tled " A Visit to Columbia, 1822-3," Phila., 
1826. Prothonotary of the Supreme Court 
of Pa., from 1826 till his death. He jjub. 
"Military Dictionarv," 1810; "Hand-Book 
for Riflemen," 1813 ;'" Mississippi Question," 
8vo, Phila., 1803, "An Epitome of the Arts 
and Sciences," 1811 ; " Hand-Book for Infan- 
try," 1813; "Amer. Military Library," 2 
vols., 1819. 

Duane, William, b. Phila., Feb. 7, 1808. 
Son of Wm. J. Editor of "Christopher 
Marshall's Diary," 1839, and new enlarged ed., 
1849. Author of "View of the Kehuion of 
Landlord and Tenant in Penn.," 8vo, 1844 ; 
" Law of Roads, Highways, Bridges, and 



Jacks. 

the removal of the depusiis Irom : 

Bank. Author of " The Law of Na 



Ferries in Pa.," 12mo, 1848, "Coffee, Tea, 
and Chocolate," transl. from thcFrenih, 12mo, 
1846; "Canada and the Continental Con- 
gress," 8vo, 1850. — Allitone. 

Duane, William John, lawver. Son of 
Col. Wm., b. Clonmel, Ireland, 1780; d. 
Phila., Sept. 27, 1865. Originally a iirinter; 
afterward a paper-dealer; adm. to the bar in 
1803; often represented Phila. in the State 
legisl. He was a disting. lawyer ; took a deep 
interest in schools, and was a trustee, and 
subsequently a director, in Girard Coll. Sue- 
ceded liis father as editor of the Aurora. Sec. 
of the U.S. treasury in 1833 ; was removed by 
■pt. -.'3, 183.3, lor declining to or.ler 

■ ■• • U.S. 

s In- 
vestigated," &c., 8vo, 1809; "Letters on In- 
ternal Improvements," 8vo, 181 1 ; "Narrative 
and Correspondence eoncirning the Removal 
of the Deposits, " 8vo, 1838. 

Dubois, Jons, D.D., R.C. bishop of 
N.V., 1). Paris, 1764 ; d. N.Y., Dec. 20, 1842. 
In 1791. the revolution drove him to the U.S. 
He ofliciated in Va. and Md. ; took charge of 
the mission at Frederick, Md., and in 1808, 
having become a meml)er of the society of 
St. Sulpice, settled at Emmcttsburg, and took 
an active part in the establishment of St. 
Mary's Coll. at Baltimore. Oct. 29, 1826, he 
was elevated to the Episcopacy. 

Dubouchet (dii-boo'-sha'), Florimand 
Langlois, marqnis, a French gen., b. Cler- 
mont, Oct. 20, 1752; d. Paris, Oct. 1826. 
Having entered the army at the age of 15, and 
disting. himself in Corsica in 1769, he in 
1776 lent his services to the Americans, and 
in the following year was promoted to the 
rank of major on the field of battle of Sara- 
toga. In 1780, he joined Ilocbambeau, and 
was present at the surrender of both Bur- 
goyne ami Cornwallis. At the conclusion of 
peace, he returned to France with the decora- 
tion of the Cincinnati, and received the cross 
of St. Louis. An emigrant at the epoch of 
the French revol., he re-entered France in 
1803 ; com. at Ypres in 1809, and Breda in 
1810. At the restoration, the title of marquis 
was made hereditary in his family; and in 
April, 1816, lie was made lieut.-gen., but oc- 
cupied himself with literary labors until his 
death. — Hiog- Univ. Sup/A. 

Dueh6 (du-sha'), Jacob, D.D., an elo- 
quent Prot.-Ep. clergyman, b. Phila., 1739; 
d. there Jan. 3, 1798. U. of Pa. 1757. Son 
of a Huguenot, who came to America with 
Wm. Penn. Licensed in 1759, by the bishop 
of Lond., as assist, minister of Christ Church, 
Phila. and in 1775 succeeded Dr. Peters as 
its rector. Marrying a sister of his classmate, 
Francis Hopkinson, he, at the beginning of 
the Revol., espoused the cause of the Colonies, 
and was highly esteemed by the patriots. At 
the assembling of the First Congress, Sept. 7, 
1774, Duehe was invited to make the open- 
ing prayer. "For his excellent prayer, so 
well adapted to the present occasion," Con- 
gress gave him a vote of thanks. July 9, 1776, 
ho was chosen chaplain to Congre-s, and ap- 
propriated his salary to the relief of the fami- 
lies of Pennsylvanians slain in battle; but he 



284 



DXJD 



resigned in Oct. When 
session of Pliila., alari 
aspeet of att'uirs, Duelii 



Biitish took pos- 
at the gloomy 
rsoolv the patriot 
cause, and m a letter to Washington (Oet. 
1777) urged him to pur^ue the same course. 
Washingfon transmitted the letter to Con- 
gress ; and Duihe tied to Eng., wherehe became 
chaplain in the Lambeth Orphan Asylum, and 
a popular preacher. His estate was confis- 
cated, and he himself banished as a traitor to 
his country. He returned to Phila. in 1790. 
He was a highly polished writer, and had a fine 
poetical taste. In 1771, he pub. the " Letters 
of TamocCaspipina," an acrostic on his desig- 
nation as the assist, minister of Christ 
Church and St. Tetcr's in Pliila. in N.A. 
" Sermons," 8vo, 17S1, — [iiuickuick. 

DuCoudray (du koi/ diS), Phil. Chas. 
Jea.v Bapt. Ti;oNsoN, -.i French art. officer, 
b. Rheims,_Sept. S, 1738; d. Sept. 11, 1777. 
Educated in the corps ot miners, ho evinced 
superior talents at an early age ; was promoted 
over the heads of 180 senior oflScers for services 
in Corsica; and was adj.-gen. of art., and one 
of the best engineers in France, when, in 1776, 
he ofiFered his services to Deane and Franklin, 
who agreed that he should com. the Amer. 
art., with the rank and pay of maj.-gen. The 
dissatisfaction of Knox and other valuable 
officers of that arm prevented this arrange- 
ment from being carried out. Aug. 11, 1777, 
he was app. insp -gen., with rank of maj.-gen., 
and |il.M , ,1 111 ,Mij" I iitindence of the works on 
the 11' , W liasiening as a vol. to 

the lia:: i In : \iiiL-, his horse, becoming 
restivi' 1'. .,iM .Hi ; .. Ill a terry-boat crossing the 
Schuylkill, ], lunged with him into the river, 
and he was drowned. 

Ducreux (dii'-kruh'),FRAsgois, a French 
historian, ii. Sainas, 1.596; d. 1666. Author 
of //., . , . ■ , , ,- ,, 16G4. 

DlUii. ,, 1.1 iMiiN WiNSLOW, M.D., 
LLP . . I i. Spottsvlvania Co., Va., 

17y.-, ; ,1 1., ,in_:,m, Ky., 20 Jan. 1870. He 
studied at Trausi'lv. U., and took his medical 
degree at the U. of Pa. in 1806. In 1800, 
ho went to Europe, where he was the pupil of 
Sir Astley Cooper, Cline, and Abernethy of 
Lond., and Larrey, Dubois, and Boyer in Paris 
till 1814, returning home with the reputation 
of a most skilful operator. He established 



1814 



1 854, 



tion ut tlif uiedieal school of Iranaylv. U., 
was made its prof, of surgery. 

Dudley, Charles ISdward, senator, b. 
Johnson Hall, Statfordshire, Eng., Mav 23, 
1780 ; d. Albany, Jan. 23, 1841. Charles, his 
father, coll. of the customs at Newport, and a 
loyalist, d. Lond. in 1790. The son came with 
his mother to Newport, R.I., in 1794. Enter- 
ing into trade there, he went to the E. Indies 
as supercar^:©, subsequently removed to N.Y., 
where, in July, I8U0, he m'. Blandina, dan. of 
Kutgers Bleecker, and in 18U2 removed to 
Alliany. State senator in 1820-5, mavor of 
Albany in 1821 and 1828, and U.S. senator in 
1829-33. Mr. Dudley was particularly fond 



of astronomical science; and in 1856 his 
widow contrib. 870,000 towards the erection 
and endowment of the Dudley Observatory at 
Albany. At the time of her death in Jan. 
1863, she had contrib. to it, in all, over $100,- 
000. 

Dudley, Dean, b. Kingfield, Me., May 
23, 1823. Educated for the law. Printer and 
publisher of Boston. Author of " Dudley Gen- 
ealogy," 8vo, 1848 ; " Pictures of Life in Eng. 
and America," 8vo, 1851; "History of the 
First Council of Nice ; " " Social and Polit. 
Aspects of England and the Continent." 

Dudley, Edward B., gov. of N.C. (1837- 
41) ; d. Wilmington, N.C, Oct. 30, 1855, a. 64. 
Entering the legisl. of N.C. in 1816, he was 
M. C. 1829-31. 

Dudley, Joseph, gov. of Ms., b. Ro.xbury, 
July 23, 1647 ; d. there Apr. 2, 1720. H. U. 
1665. Son of Gov. Thomas. He studied the- 
ology, but, preferring a political career, repre- 
sented his native town in 1673-5 ; was assist. 
1676-85; from 1677 to 1681 was one of the 
commissioners for the United Colonies; was 
present at the battle with the Narragansetts in 
1675, and was one of the commissionei-s who 
dictated the terms of a treaty with that power- 
ful tribe, fie was agent for the colony in Eng. 

in 1682-3; Iiui, him .1. i :.,iii a . uiiiiiniatiou 

of the.old cli.ii I ) 1 became 

a prominent :, i-i^iracy. 

Commissionnl n .lii.i, -11, ;, ,.,.,., .X.wEng., 
Sept. 27, 1685 ; in IGS7 was app. cliief justice 
of the Superior Court, and was arrested us one 
of the friends of Andros, with whom he was 
sent to England. He was received with 
favor, and was made chiefjustice of N.Y., 
1690. Ho was again in Eng. m 1693, and dur- 
ing 8 years held the office of dep. gov. of the 
Isle of Wight, being in 1701 elected to pariia- 
ment from Newtown. From 1702 to 1715, he 
was capt.-gen. and gov.-in-chief of Ms. Bay. 
He then retired to his rural home in Rox- 
bury. He carried the doctrine of submission 
to royal and ministerial authority to a danger- 
ous extreme. Dudley was a " philosopher and 
a scholar, a divine and a lawyer, all com- 
bined." — N. E. H. and Gen. Rcf/., x., 336. 

Dudley, Paul, F.R.S., iuri.-.t, b. Sept. 3, 
1675 ; d. Jan. 25, 1752. II. U. 1690. Son of 
Gov. Joseph. He studied law at the Temple, 
London. Returned in 1702 with a commis- 
sion from Queen Anne as atty.-gcn. of the 
Province, which he held till his' promotion to 
the bench in 1718; becoming chiel-justice in 
1745. He rep. Roxbury some years in the 
legisl., and in 1739 was chosen speaker, but 
was negatived. He was a learned naturalist, a 
member of the Roy. Soc. Lond. He left a be- 
quest to Harv. Coll. for the purpose of estab- 
lishing a yearly lecture to be delivered at that 
institution in defence of Christianity, called 
from him the Dudleian lecture. He pub. sev- 
eral essays on the Natural History of Amer., 
particularly of N. Eng., in the" Transactions" 
of the Roy. Soc., and a work against the 
Church of Rome. 

Dudley, TnoMAS, gov. of Ms. in 1634, 
'40. '45, and '50, b. Northampton, Eng., 1576 ; 
d. Roxbury, Ms., July 31, 16.53. He had been 
an officer under Elizabeth, in the service of 



DTJE 



ntrin 



Holland, before joininf; the Puritans, and after- 
ward retrieved the fortunes of the Earl of Lin- 
coln by the faithful stewardship of his estates. 
A principal member nf the M<!. company which 
settled Boston nivl vi-iiii'v, h" c:ime over in 
1630 as ,dep.-L'"v -, •'; - ■■, in-law, Simon 
Bradstreet, anil li i _' vears. After 

residing in Caiii!>i l. . i;- .1 ii, and Boston, 
he finally setilud lu lioxi.uiv. whi're his estate 
was Ion,? possessed by his descendants. In 
1644, he was app. maj.-gen. of the Colony. He 
was a man of talent and integrity, was bold, 
outspoken, and enerjctic. 

Duer, John, LL:D. (Col. Coll. 1837), ju- 
rist, b. Albany, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1782 ; d. Staten Is- 
land, Ang. 8,' 1858. Son of Col. Wm. Duer. 
and grandson of Lord Stirling. After 2 years' 
service in the army, he practised law at Goshen 
with Beverly Robinson, with whom, ab. 1818, 
he removed to N.Y., and acquired reputation 
as an insurance lawyer. In 1849, he was 
elected an assoc. justice of the Superior Court, 
and on the death of Judge Oakley in May, 
1857, became chief-justice. In 182.5, he was 
app. one of the commissioners to revise the 
statute law of the State. He was a delegate to 
the State Const. Conv. in 1821. In 1845, he 
pub. a " Li'cture on the Law of Representa- 
tions in Marino Insurance," and in 1845-6 a 
treatise on " The Law and Practice of Marine 
Insurance." In 1848, he delivered a discourse 
on Chancellor Kent, which was pub., and at 
the time of his death was editing " Uuer's Re- 
ports of the Decisions of the Superior Court," 
the 6th vol. of which he left incomplete. 

Duer, Col. William, b. Eng., 18 Mar. 
1747 ; d. 7 May, 179D. Son of John, council- 
lor for Antigua. In 1765, he became aide to 
Lord Clive in India. In 1768, he purchased 
land in Washington Co., N.Y. ; was app. col. 
of militia, judge of the county courts, member 
of the Prov. Congress, of the com. of safety, 
anijyaf the com. to draft the State constitution 
in the conv. of 1777; dclcijate to the Cont. 
Conffrr-, l7:7-s: , ,■ ,,: iI:. rr,.,-„iv R-.ird 



nil I 



thctiva- ' II ,. ■-, ".11 i:'M :27.l,.lv, 
1779, h- ■ : • ' ■ il.ni. of Lord Stirling. 

He took : ! I- ■ in N.Y. City in 1783. 

— Sr, A ■•! n,., xl., 95-103. 

Duer, W 1 1 I I \ M A i,i:x., jurist and man of 
letters. .Son of Col Wm., h.'Rhincbeck, N.Y., 
Sept. 8, 1780; d. N.Y., May 30, 1858. He 
studied law with Duponceau in Phila., and 
Nat. Pendleton" in New York. During the 
quasi war with France of 1798, he obtained the 
app. of midshipman in the navy, and served 
under Decatur ; adra. to the bar in 1802, he 
engaged in business with Edward Livingston, 
upon whose removal to N. Orleans, he formed a 
professional partnership with his bro. -in-law, 
Beverly Robinson. Ho contrib. to a partisan 
weeklv nan.M-, thr^ Pn^rrrior, conducted by Dr. 
Peter'li'- . i - . i...-,it of Burr. Mr. Duer 
short Iv : [ .injston at N. Orleans, 

studio!;:, -: :.il law, was successful, 

but was iiiuiic.l i.i ilik' climate, and his mar- 
riage with the dau'. of Wm. Denning of N.Y., 
to resume his practice in the latter city. Here 
he was a contrib. of literary articles to tlie 



Momini; Chronicle. He ne.xt opened an office 
in his native town, Rhinebeck, and in 1814 was 
elected to the State Assembly. Continuing in 
the legisl. till 1817, he was a prominent pro- 
moter of the canal legislation; judge of the 
Supreme Court from 1822 to 1829; prcs. of 
Col. Coll. from 1829 to 1842, when ill health 
caused his retirement. He delivered to the 
si'niors a course of lectures on the constitution- 
al jiirispriidcnce of the U.S.. pub. in 1856. He 
delivered from the portico of the Citv Hall a 
eulogy upon President Monroe. After his re- 
tirement, he resided at Morristown, N..I. He 
pub. in the Colls, of the N.J. Hist. Society a 
life of his maternal grandfather, Lord Slii ling. 
He delivered in 1847 an address before the lit- 
erary societies of Col. Coll., and in 1848 an 
hist, address before the St. Nicholas Society, 
giving early reminiscences of New York, both 
of which have been pub. — Duijckinrl: 

Duff, M.\RT Ann, .ictrcss, b. Dublin ; d. 
Cincinnati, Nov. 1832, of cholera. She was a 
Miss Dyke, whose sister was the first wife of 
the poet Moore. Shu m. John DufF, whose 
forte was genteel and sprightly comedy, and 
who was at one time manager of the Federal- 
street Theatre, Boston. He d. in Pliila., April, 
1831, a. 44. After playing in Dublin, they 
came to this country in 1810, opened in Bos- 
:ame favorites throughout 
'as a beautiful woman, and 



ton in Nov., ai 
the country, 
a celehratcil ti 
in 182S. and > 

Isabella, in -'I 

Duffleld, I 



Sh'3 



ury 



1> !' i\.C. 1785),cIer- 
l; ;_'; d, tlicrePeb. 2, 
1790. N. J. Coll. 1752. Tutor in N. J. Coll. 
1754-6 ; minister of Carlisle, Pa., from 25 Sept. 
1761 to April. 1773, when he became pastor of 
the Third Presb. Church, Phila. He was dis- 
tinguished as a scholar and orator, and was, in 
the Revol. struggle, an early and zealous friend 
of his country, and a ch.aplain of the Old Con- 
gress. Me pub. an account of his missionary 
tour to the IVontiers in 1766, and a thanksgiv- 
ing sermon tor ilie restoration of peace, Dec. 
11, 1783. — .N/y,<-;,;/,». 

Duffleld, Gloege, D.D. (U. of Pa.), b. 
Strasbur-, Pa., Julv 4, 1794 ; d. Detroit, June 
26, 1868. U. of Pa. 1811. Grandson of the 
preceding. Licensed to preach bv the jiresby- 
tery of Phila., Apr. 29, 1815; pastor of the 
church at Carlisle, Pa., from Dec. 1815 to 
1834, and of the 5th Presbyterian Church of 
Phila. in 183.5-7. In 1837, lie succeeded C. G. 
Finney at the Broadway Tabernacle. From 
1838 until Apr. 27, 1865, pastor of the First 
Presb. Church of Detroit. He was a ripe schol- 
ar. During the war, he went repeatedly to the 
battle-field as a delegate of the ('hristian com- 
mission, and ministered to the wounded. Au- 
thor of " Spiritual Life,"8vo, "Dissertations 
on the Prophecies," " Millenarianism de- 
fended," "Fugitive Discourses," " Claims of 
Episc. Bishops examini'il, ' ' (iiiu-.n and 
Perpetuitv of the Clin- 1 i "■ > ' Con- 

trib. to the Biblical kr ' '-'" - ^"^c. 

Duffleld, Rev. Gtuu.i., !.i- ■ n, b. Car- 
lisle, Pa., 1818. Y.C 1S37. Old. !S40; set- 
tled in BlomfieUl, N.J., then in Brooklyn, 
N.Y. : in 1852, at the Buttonwood-st. Church, 



Phila. ; and in 1860, at the Presb. Church, 
Ann Arbor, Mich. He lias written many 
hymns, but will be chiefly remembered for the 
one "Stand up for Jesus." 

Suganne, Augustine Joseph Hicket, 
poet and novelist, b. Boston, 1823.^ He has 
written many novellettes and romances, " Mys- 
teries of Boston, New York, and Phila.," 8vo, 
Phila., and a great number of miscellaneous 
papers under various signatures. His poems 
are the " Iron Harp," " Parnassus in Pillory," 
a satire ; " The Mission of Intellect," a poem 
delivered in N.Y. in 1852; "The Gospel of 
Labor," 1853, and many short pieces pub. in a 
large illustrated edition in Phila., 1856. He 
has also written the" Lydian Queen," a tragedy, 
1848 ; a " Comprehensive Summary of General 
Philosophy," Phila., 1845 ; and a " Class Book 
of Governments and Civil Society," N.Y. 
1859. At one time, a member of the legisl. 
of N.Y. 

Duggan, Peter Paul, artist, b. Ireland ; 
d. Paris, Oct. 15, 1861. He came early to this 
country; developed a taste for his art while 
quite young, and qualified himself for an art 
professorship in the N.Y. Free Acad, soon after 
Its opening. He had long beeiL-ali invalid. 
Resided some years near Lonik,'and lemoved to 
Paris in May, 1861. Though the crayon was 
his favorite medium, he occasionally painted a 
masterly oil head, like that of George L. 
Duyckinck. 

Du Lac, Perein, author of " Voijaqe dans 
les Dtux Luaisiaiifs," &.C., Paris, 8vo, 'l805. 

Dulaney, Daniel, lawyer and statesman, 
b. Md., July, 1721; d. Bait., Mur. 19, 1797. 
An eminent lawyer of Annapolis ; many years 
commiss. gen., sec., atty.-gen., and councillor 
of Md., before the Kevol. Though a loyalist, 
he stood up manfully against tbe Stamp Act. 
He was an able writer on the side of govt. 
Author of " Considerations on the Propriety 
of imposing Taxes on the British Colonies in 
N.A. for the Purpose of a Revenue," 1766, 
Loud , 8vo. 

Dulaney, William, col. U.S. marines ; d. 
BL-ltsville, Md., July 4, 1868. App. from Va., 
licut. of marines, j'une 10, 1817; capt. July, 
1834 ; brcv. maj. " for meritorious conduct in 
the Florida war," Mar. 3, 1843 ; maj. Nov. 17, 
1847. Served in the Me.tican war; com. the 
batt. on the fall of Maj. Twiggs; brev. lieut.- 
col. " for gallantry atChapultcpccand capture 
of De Belen Gate and City of Mexico,'' Sept. 
14, 1847 ; col. marines, Apr 1862. — Gardner. 

Dumas (duma'), Mathieu, count, a 
French gen., b. Montpelicr, 23 Nov. 1753; d. 
Paris, 16 Oct. 1837. Entering the aimy 
in 1773, he served as aide to Rochambeau in 
Amer. (1780-3) ; performed missions to Turkey 
and Holland ; was a member of the legisl. 
assembly in 1791, and the friend of Lafayette; 
was condemned to death, and fled to Swiizer- 
land ; entered the military service of Napoleon, 
and was a gen. at Waterloo ; active in the 
revol. of 1830, and aided Lafayette in placing 
Louis Philippe on the throne. Besides some 
military works, he pub. " Memoirs of ray own 
Time," (1773-1826). His memoirs, entitled 
" Souvenirs," were pub. by his son. 

Dummer, Jeremiah, scholar and political 



writer, b. Boston, ab. 1G79; d. at Plastow, 
Eng., May 19, 1739. H.U. 1699. Son of 
Jeremiah, and grandson of Richard. On leav- 
ing college, he studied theology, and preached 
a few months, but was not popular. He passed 
several years at the U. of Utrecht, where he 
obtained a doctor's degree. Agent of Ms. in 
Eng., 1710-21. He wrote an admirable de- 
fence of the N.E. charters when they were 
threatened in 1721, the work giving the best 
specimen of his English style, which is un- 
commonly elegant and forcible. He also pub. 
a letter to a noble lord on the exped. to Canada, 
stating the great efforts made by Ms. for its 
conquest. While in Eng., he procured 800 
volumes as a donation to Yale Coll. 

Dummer, William, bro. of Jeremiah, 
gov. Ms. ; b. Newbury, 1677 ; d. Boston, 10 
Oct. 1761. While visiting Eng., he was app. 
lieut. gov. of Ms. 1716, acting as chief-magis- 
trate in 1723-8, and 1729, and enjoyed in a 
great degree the confidence of the people. He 
bequeathed his valuable farm and mansion- 
house for the endowment of Dummer Acad., 
Newburv, the first in Ms., opened Feb. 27, 1763. 
He was" a benefactor of H. U., and in 1719, 
capt. of the Anc. and Hon. Art. comp. 

Dumont, Ebenezer, brig -gen. U.S. vols., 
b. Vevay, Ind., Nov. 23, 1814. John, his 
flither, was a lawyer, member of the legisl. of 
Ind. 1822-3. His mother Julia L. (Corey), 
poetess (b. Waterford, 0., Oct. 1794 ; d. Jan. 
2, 1857), pub. "Life-Sketches," N.Y., 1856. 
She was the earliest female writer of the West, 
whose works have been preserved. He was 
adm. to the bar. When the Mex. war began 
in 1846, as lieut.-col. 4th Ind. vols., disting. 
himself at the battle of Hnamantla ; afterward 
in the State legisl. ; was speaker of the house, 
and many years pres. of the State Bank. In 
1861, at the head of the 7lh Ind. regt., he served 
in Western Va., at Laurel Hill, Rich Mountain, 
and Carrick'.^ Ford. Made brig.-gen. Sept. 3, 
1861 ; and Sejit. 12, he was engaircd at Cheat 
Mountain. Ho com. the 17th brigade of the 
Army of tlioOliio, in Jan. 1862. May 5, 1862, 
he attacked and routed, at Lebanon, Ky., John 
Morgaii'scommand. Oct. 1862, he commanded 
the 12th division of Gen. BncU's army. Res. 
Feb. 28, 1863. M.C. IS63-7. D. April 16, 1871.' 

Duncan, James, col. and insp.-gcn. US. 
A., b. Cornwall, N.Y., Sept. 1810 ; d. Mobile, 
Julys, 1849. West Point, 1834. He served 
in the Florida war ; was wounded at the Onith- 
ladoche, Feb. 29, 1836; capt. 6 April, 1846. As 
an officer of light art, he did good service in 
the Mexican war. Brev. maj. for Palo Alto, 
May 8, 1846 ; brev. lieut.-col. for Rcsaca de la 
Palma, May 9, 1846 ; brev. col. for Monterey, 
Sept. 23, 1846 ; disting. also at the storm, o'f 
Molino del Rey, Chapultepcc, and capture of 
city of Mexico ; insp.-gen. Jan. 26, 1849. 

iDuncan, John M., traveller, d. Glasgow, 
Oct. 3, 1825, a. 31. Author of "Travels in 
the U.S. and Canada, in 1818-19," 2 vols., 
12mo, 1823; "Sabbath among the Tuscaro- 
ras." 

Duncan, Johnson K., brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Pa., 1826 ; d. Knoxville, Jan. 1863. West 
Point, 1849. Entering the 3d U. S. Art., ho 
resigned Jan. 31, 1855; was an engineer at 



287 



New Orleans, and entered the Confed. service 
as col. ; was ap|). bri^.-f^en. from La., and com. 
I'urts Jackson and St. Pliilip at the time of the 
bomliardment by Famijut, becoming a prison- 
er of war on their surrender, Apr. 25, 1862. 

Duncan, Joseph, gov. of III. (18.34-8), b. 
Kv., ab. 1790; d. Jacksonville, III., Jan. 15, 
1844. Self educated. He was an ensign at the 
brilliant defence of Fort Stephenson under Col. 
Croghan. lor wliirh he received from Congress 
the testimonial o( .1 Mvo, J, Feb. 13, 1835. Fi.x- 
ing his rr^iil'iirc in 111., he was soon elected 
maj.-gcn. of militi,i. tlnn State senator, where, 
in the session of 1824-5, he originated the law 
which first established common schools in the 
State; M.C. 1827-^5. He is identified with 
the early introduction of internal improve- 
ments into the State. — Gardner. 

Duncan, Silas E., capt. U.S.N., b. N.J. ; 
d. White Sulph Springs, Va., Sept. 14, 18.34. 
Midshipman, Nov. 15, 1809; acting lieut. and 
distinguished in Macdonough's victory on Lake 
Champlain,Sept. 6, 1814; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; 
commander Mar. I, 1829. 

Duncan, Willia.m Cecil, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1857), Baptist clergvman and author, b. 
N.Y. City, Jan 24, 1824 J d. N. Orleans, La., 
May 1, 1864. Col. Coll. 1843, Ham. Theol. 
Sem. Ord. 1848. He in 1847 established at 
N. Orleans the Sont/i-ioestern Baptist Chronicle. 
He was 3 years prof, of Greek and Lalin in the 
U. of La.; then became pastor of the Coliseum- 
place Baptist Church in N.O., but, in the sum- 
mer of 1861, was, for his loyalty to the U.S. 
Govt., compelled to come North. After the 
capture of N. Orleans by the Union forces, he 
returned. Author of " A Life of John the 
Baptist," N. Y., 18.53; "The Pulpit Gift- 
Book," N.Y., 1855; " History of the Baptists 
for the First Two Centuries of the Christian 
Era," 1857, and " The Tears of Jesus." — ^/> 
pleton. 

Dundas, Francis, a British gen., d. Jan. 
1824. Ensign 1st Guards, Apr. 1775; capt. 
Jan. 1778; lieut.-col. 1780; gen. 1812. He 
was in the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, 
reduction of the forts on the Delaware, Mon- 
mouth ; joined Lord Conwallis in 1780; com. 
his advanced gunrd at Guilford and Yorktown, 
and saw considerable service in the iight com- 
pany 2d liatt. of Guards. He served at Mar- 
tinique, 1794 ; gov. of the Cape of Good Hope, 
1796-1 803. — Pliilipart. 

Dundas, Thomas, maj.-gen. of Fingaiik, 
b. 1730; d. June 3, 1794. MP. for Orkney, 
1770-80 and 1784-90. Lieut.-col. 80th in A"r- 
nold's Va. expedition, Dec. 1780, and under 
Cornwallis at Yorktown. — Ross's Cornwallis. 

Dunglison, Roblet, M.D., LL.D. (Y.C. 
1825), physician and medical writer, b. Kes- 
wick, Eng'., 4 Jan. 1798 ; d. Phil., Apr. 1, 1869. 
M.D. London, 1819, and at the U.of Ezlangen, 
1823. He commenced practice in Limd., hut, 
after a few years, came to the U.S , and from 
1824 to 1833 was prof, of medicine in the U. 
of Va. He filled the chair of therapeutics and 
materia medica in 1833-6, in the U. of Md. ; 
and, from 1836 to 1868, was prof, of the insti- 
tutes of medicine and medical jurisprudence in 
Jeff. Med. Coll., Phila. He puli. nearly 20 
vols.; among these are "Principles of Human 



Physiology," 2 vols., 8vo, 1832 ; " New Diction- 
ary of Medical Science and Literature." 2 vols., 
8vo, 1833; "General Therapeutics and Mate- 
ria Medica," 8vo, 1836; " New Remedies," 



id a large 
^ of the 



1839, and "Human He.ilth," 1844, 
dictionary for the blind; 'lliMM 
Stomach and Bowels of ( Inlilo n. " 
1824; " Introd. to Grrrnui ;in,l i; an Geog- 
raphy," 8vo, 1829; "Tli.j Mnlical Student," 
8vo, 1837, 2d ed., 1844; " Discourse," com- 
memorative of P. S. Duponccau, 8vo, 1844 ; 
"Recollections of Europe in 1854, 8vo ; the 



" Va. Literar; 


V JIn.cum, 


" Svo, 1830. He was 


vice-pres. of :i 


II ill-; ,lii:i., 


.1 !.ir il.o blind, and of 


the Amer. I'li 


,|,,. - 


as a member of 


many literary 


;ri 1 •■ : 


iiHes. Heedit- 


ed ""Ma-cmlii 


''- 1 •■■ 1 


ir , llir "Cvcloptedia 


ofPrartaal M 


■i!:riii,.," ■ 


i;....V, IMiv.mlogy," 



"Trai,/- M-,L,Iii,i.,i." ainl s.v.iJ smaller 

works. IM |.a>,ii:: la,:; . Iw ha.h.lited the 

LomlM<,l /;,/.-,.., and th.'.l/-./. [uhin.ifncer. 

Dunklin, Daxikl, gov. of Mo., 1832-6; 
d. J.ff. Co., Mo., Aug. 25, 1844, a. 54. 

Dunlap, Andrew of Ms. (1794-1835), 
author of " Admiralty Practice," Phila., 8vo, 
18.36, 2d ed., N.Y., 1850. 

Dunlap, John, printer, and Revol. patriot, 
b. Strabane, Ireland, 1747 ; d. Pliila., Nov. 27, 
1812. A.t lire age of 8 or 9, he came to live 
with his uncle \Vm., a printer and publisher of 
Phila., who, under Franklin, was postmasterat 
Lancaster, Pa. At 18, he took his uncle's busi- 
ness, and in Nov. 1771 , began the Pa. Packet, 
htcoming one of the most successful printers 
and editors of the country. While the British 
held Phila., from Sept. 1777, to July, 1778, his 
newspaper, devoted to the patriot cause, was 
])ub. at Lancaster: from 1784, it was a daily, 
the first in the U.S. It now hears the name 
of Tlie North American and U.S. Gazctle. As 
printer to Congress, he first issued the " Dec- 
laration of Independence." An officer of the 
first troop of Phila. cav., the body-guard of 
Washington at Trenton and Princeton. In 
1780, he subscribed .£4,000 to supply ))royision3 
to the army. By his talents and industry, he 
acquired a large fortune. — Simpson. 

Dunlap, Robert P., lawyer and politician, 
h. Me., 1789; d. Brunswick, Me., Oct. 20, 
1859. Bond. Coll. 1815. Adm. to the bar in 
1818; member of the State legisl. 1821-2; 
State senator, 1823; pres. State senate, 1827- 
9 and 1831-3; member executive council, 
1833; gov. 1834-8; M.C. 1843-7, afterward 
pres. of the Board of Overseers of Bowd. Coll. ; 
coll. of customs, Portland, 1848-9; postmaster 
of Brunswick, 1853-7. 

Dunlap, S. F., son of Andrew, b. Boston, 
1825. Author of "The Origin of Ancient 
Names," Camb., 8vo, 1856; repr. from the 
Chris. Examiner, July, 1856; " Vestiges of the 
Spirit History of Man," N.Y., 8yo, 1858; 
edited, with Notes, " Dunlap's Admiralty Prac- 
tice." — ^/Wonc. 

Dunlap, William, painter and author, 
b. Perth Amboy, N.J., Feb. 19, 1766; d. 
N.Y. City, Sept. 28, 1839. His father, an 
Irish officer, was wounded at Quebec, and, be- 
a loyalist, went to N.Y. in 1777, where 



Wn 



. paintmg 



and 



the! 



of 1783 executed a likeness of Washington. 



288 



In 1784, lie went to Eng., where he received 
instruction from West. He made a pedestrian 
toiir to Oxford with Dr. S. L. Mitchell in 
17S6, then returned to New York, and mar- 
ried. Sept. 7, 1789, "The Father," a 5-act 
comedy, and the best of his pieces, was ln-ou;:ht 
out. He appeared once upon the stage him- 
self; in 1796 was associated with Hallam 
and Hodjkinson in the management of the 
John-st. Tlicatre, and in Jan. 1798, took the 
I'ark Theatre, where, in March, his tragedy 
of "Andre,'' in blank verse, was produced 
with success. In 1805, he rented the N.Y. 
Theatre, and in a short time became bankrupt. 
From 1814 to 1816, he was assist, payra.-gen. 
of the N.Y. militia. After many vicissitudes, 
he began, in 1816, a series of pictures, which 
placed him in the first rank of American art- 
ists. Among them are " Christ Rejected," 
" Bearing of the Cross," " Death on the 
Pale Horse," and " Calvary," which he con- 
sidered the best and most finished of his com- 
positions. Ho pub. memoirs of Cooke the 
tragedian in 1813, and of Charles Brockden 
Brown ; " History of the American Theatre," 
8vo, 1833; "The Arts of Design in Ameri- 
ca," 1834; Hist, of the "New Netherlands," 
2 vols., 8vo, 1840; "A Hi.story of N.Y. for 
Schools," 1837; and "Thirty Years Ago, or 
the Memoirs of a Water-Drinker," 1836. He 
was vice-|jres., and a founder of the " National 
Acad, of Design." 

Dunmore, John Moreat, 4th Earl, 
gov. of Va., b. 1732; d. Kamsgate, Eng., 
May, 1809. Descended in the female line from 
the liouso of Stuart, succeeded to the peer- 
age in 17.56. Made gov. of N.Y. in Jan. 
1770, and of Va. in July, 1771. He arrived 
at Williamsburg early in 1772, and on occa- 
sion of the Va. assembly passing the resolu- 
tion recommending the committee of corresp., 
in March, 1773, immediately dissolved that 
body. Its act in the next session, of May, 
1774, in setting apart the 1st of June, the day 
for closing the port of Boston, as a day of 
fasting, humiliation, and prayer, caused it to 
be again fortliwith dissolved. On the 20th of 
April, he caused the removal of the powder 
from the magazine at Williamsburg on' board 
an English ship. This proceeding caused the 
greatest excitement ; the people took arms 
under Patrick Henry; and the gov. was forced 
to compromise the affair by paying for the 
powder. June 6, he fled with his family, 
and took refuge on board the " Fowey," man- 
of-war. Rallying a band of Tories, runaway 
negroes, and British soldiers, he collected a 
naval force, and carried on a petty warfare, 
plundering the inhabitants on the James and 
York Rivers, and carrying off their slaves. 
Dec. 9, 1775, his followers suffered a severe 
defeat at the battle of Great Bridge, near Nor- 
folk ; and, on the following night, Dunmore 
took n-fn-j" nn ho:i.-,i ],;s fleet. Jan. 1, 1776, 
he s<t tin I .1 ;n,ved Norfolk, the most 
popni. ; ;iirig town of Va. Con- 

tiniiiii^i ill- |iii i,ii..iy warfare, he established 
himself i-uriv ill Jiuie on Gwynn Island, in 
the Chesapeake, whence he was dislodged by 
the Virginians, July 8, being wounded in the 
leg by a splinter. Dunmore shortly afterward 



rctnrned to Eng., and was in 1786 app. gov. 
of Bermuda. — Campbell's Va. 

Dunster, Henrt, first pres. of H.U., b. 
Eng.; d. Scituate, Ms., Feb. 27, 1659. Son 
of Henry of Ridehoult, Lancashire. Of Mag- 
dalen Coll. 1630 and 1634. He was inducted 
into office, Aug. 27. 1640, soon'aftcr his arrival, 
and resigned, Oct. 24, 16.i4, in consequence of 
having publicly advocated the principles of 
anti-pedobaptism, and spent the rest of his 
days at Scituate. He was highly esteemed 
for piety and learning; was a great master of 
the Oriental lajignages, and assisted in revising 
the new version of the psalms made by Eliot, 
Wilde, and Mather in 1640. By his will, he 
bequeathed legacies to the very persons who 
had occasioned his removal from the presi- 
dency. 

Dunton, .Tohn, bookseller and author, b. 
Graffham, Huntingdonshire, May 14, 1659 ; d. 
1733. He was apprenticed to a bookseller in 
Lond.; came to N.E. in March, 1686, with a 
cargo of books, but met with little success, and 
remained but about 8 months. After20 years 
of prosperity in the bookselling business, he he- 
came an author, and in 1701 was employed in 
the office of the Post Anijel paper. Ho af- 
terwards commenced the 'Alhniinn Mn-nin/, 
repub. snbsi'i|i)rntlv umlrr llic nanir i,( tiie 
"Athenian Oi;,-!,.," ,,i 4 vnl^ ,s,,,. In 17ii5, 
he pub. 



ton,' 



whi 



ters of more than l.Oiid cimii . li- 
ters of literary eminence," mi ' :;■ 
ministers, booksellers, and n i t' 

Boston and Salem. His " Litti i - i iN 1 " 

were pub. by the Prince Society in lsi57, with 
notes and appendix, by W. H. Whitmore. 

Duponeeau (du-pon'-sO), I'eter Ste- 
phen, LL.D. (H.U. 1820), philologist and 
jurist, b. Isle of Rhe', France, JuneS, 1760; 
d. Phila., April 2, 1844. After the death of 
his father, he went to Paris in Dec. 1775, and, 
becoming acquainted with Baron Steuben, 
accomp. him to Amer. as see., landing at 
Portsmouth, Dec. 1, 1777. Feb. 18, 1778, 
he was made brev.-capt-, and was of great as- 
sistance to Steuben in preparing his system of 
army discipline. Sec. to R. R. Livingston; 
head of foreign affairs, from Oct. 1781 until 
June, 1783, when he began to study law, and 
in June, 1 785, was adm. to the Phila. bar. He 
became eminent in the profession, especially 
on questions of civil and foreign law, and ac- 
cumulated money enough to devote himself to 
literature. Meniber of the acad of arts and 
sciences, ami pres. of the Amer. Philos. So- 
ciety. In 1835, the French Institute awarded 
him a prize for a disquisition on the Indian 
languages of N.A. He pub. in 1819 a me- 
moir " On the Structure of the Indian Lan- 
guages ; " in 1838, at the age of 78, a "Dis- 
sertation on the Chinese Language," in which he 
held the opinion that the written language was 
Icxigraphic, representing sounds, and not ideas, 
and translated a "Description of New Swe- 
den," by T. C. Hiilm. Among his publica- 
tions on jurisprudence are translation of 
Byukershoek's " Laws of War," 1810 ; on the 
Nature and Extent of the Jurisdiction of 
the Courts of the U.S., 1824 ; a Review of 



289 



Kent's Commentaries in Walsh's Qnarterh/ Re- 
view ; Discourse at the opening of his Law 
Acad, in I'hila., 1821; a Brief View of the 
U.S. Constitution, 1834. lie made great 
efforts to introduce into the U. S. the produc- 
tion and manufacture of sills. 

Dupont, Samuel Francis, rear-adm. 
U.S.N., b. Bergen Pt., N.J., Sept. 27, 1803; 
d. Phila., June 23, 1865. Grandson of P. 
S. Dupont Nemours. Midshipman in the 
navy at 12 ; lieut. Apr. 26, 1826; commander, 
Oct. 28, 1842. In 1845, he was ordered to the 
Pacilic in com. of the frigate " Congress," 
and, during the Mexican war, saw much ac- 
tive service on the Cal. coast. In " The 
Cyane," he captured San Diego ; cleared the 
Gulf of Cal. of Mexican vessels ; took La Paz, 
the capital of Lower Cal. ; assisted in the 
capture of Mazatlan in Nov. 1847, and de- 
fended Lower Cal. against the Indians and 
Mexicans. In Feb. 1848, he landed at San 
Jose with 100 marines and sailors, and de- 
feated and dispersed a Mexican force five 
times as great. Captain, Sept. 14, 1855. Hav- 
ing recommended the occupation of Port Roy- 
al as a central harbor or depot on the south- 
ern coast, he was given the com. of the 
S. A. block, squad., and intrusted with the 
attack on that place. Sailing from Fortress 
Monroe, Oct. 29, 1861, in "The Wabash," 
with a fleet of 50 sail of war-vessels and 
transports, conveyiug Gen. Sherman's troops, 
he arrived off Port Royal, Nov. 4 and 5, after 
a violent storm, and on the 7th attacked and 
captured two strong forts on Hilton Head and 
Bay Point, which defended the harbor. He 
followed up this advantage vigorously ; and 
his operations along the southern coast were 
invariably successful. He also succeeded in 
making the blockade more effective than be- 
fore. July 16,1862, he was made a rear-adm. on 
the active list. In April, 1863, he com. the 
fleet which unsuccessfully attacked Charleston. 
He was soon after relieved of the com. of the 
S.A.B. squadrons, and subsequently held no 
active command. Admiral Dupont aided 
in organizing the naval school at Annapolis, 
and ii the author of a report on the use of 
floating batteries for coast defence, which has 
been repub. and highly commended in Eng., 
by Sir Howard Douglas in his work on naval 
g.unnery. 

Duportail, LEBEOnE (du'-por'-tal'leh- 
bag'). Chevalier Lonis, a French gen. d. at 
sea in 1802. Educated at the military school of 
Mczicrcs, he acquired the reputation of being 
an excellent engineer. Came to Amer. during 
the War of Independence, attached himself to 
Lafayette ; was app. a brig.-gen. Nov. 17, 1777 ; 
maj.-gen. Nov. 16, 1781 ; was directing en- 
gineer at the siege of Yorktown, and was one 
of the general officers particularly named by 
Washington after the capitulation. He re- 
turned to France, with the rank of brig. ; in 
1783 was named mardckd-de-camp ; and by the 
influence of Lafayette, with whom he was in- 
timitely connected, he was, Nov. 16, 1790, 
made minister of war. The disgrace of La- 
fayette determined his; and, after having been 
denounced in the assembly, he resigned, Dec. 3, 
1791, and was employed in a military capacity 



in Lorraine. Seasonal)ly warned of an accusa- 
tion against him in 1792", he quitted the army, 
and withdrew to Anier., whence he was recalled 
by the events of the 18th Brumaire, but was not 
fortunate enough to reach his native land, as 
he died during the passage. — Nouv. Biog. Gen. 
Dupratz, M. Le Page, see Pratz. 
Dupuy, Eliza A., b. Petersburg, Va. Of 
Huguenot descent. Author of " The Con- 
spirator," " Emma Walton," " Celeste," " Flor- 
ence, or the Fatal Vow," " Separation," 
" Concealed Treasure," " Ashleigh," " The 
Country Neighborhood," 1855. 

Duquesne (du'-kiin'), de Menneville, 
Marquis, gov. of New France from 1732 to 
1755. He was a descendant of the great 
Duquesne. Was a capt. of royal marines, and 
had been recommended to his app. by De 
Galissoniere. He introduced great reforms into 
the colony ; placed the colonial troops on a par 
with the European by constant drill and study ; 
erected forts in the Far West for the protection 
of the people, and resisted the encroachments 
of the English and colonial troops. He built 
Fort Duquesne on the Ohio, memorable as the 
place near which Braddock was defeated in 
1755. The present city of Pittsburg stands 
upon its site. — Morgan. 

Durand, Asher Brown, painter and en- 
graver, b. Jefferson, N.J., Aug. 21, 1796. His 
paternal ancestors were Huguenots. In the 
shop of his father, a watchmaker, he learned 
engraving. In 1812, he was apprenticed to 
Peter Maverick, engraver, with whom, in 1817, 
he became a partner. His engraving of Trum- 
bull's " Declaration of Independence," his first 
large work, cost him 3 years' labor, but brought 
him into notice. The National Portrait 
Gallery contains many of his heads ; and 
his "Musidora" and "Ariadne" are fine 
specimens of art. After 10 years' practice as 
a painter, he gave up engraving in 1835, and 
devoted himself chiefly to landscapes. His 
pictures are pleasing in color and tone, and 
evince much poetic feeling. The principal of 
his figure-pieces are " Harvev Binli iind 
Washington," "An Old Man's Kcniiiiis- 
cences," " 'The Wrath of Peter Stuvvcsant," 
" God's Judgment on Gog," " The D.iiirc on 
the Battery," " The Capture of Andre,'' &c. 
Some of his landscapes are " The -Morning 
and Evening of Life," a pair; "Lake Scene, 
— Sunset," " The Rainbow," " Wood Scene," 
" Primeval Forest," " In the Woo<ls," " The 
Symbol," from Goldsmith's " Deserted Vil- 
lage," " Francouia Mountains," and " Remi- 
niscences of Catskill Cloves." In 1854, he 
painted a portrait of Wm. C. Bryant. Pres. 
of the Nat. Acad, of Design. His son John 
has for some years conducted the Crai/on, a 
monthly publication specially devoted to the 
fine arts. — Appleion. | 

Durbin, John Price, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 
1837), clergyman, b. Bourbon Co., Ky., 1800. 
Cin. Coll. 1825. After receiving a district school 
education, he entered the ministry of tlie Mcth.- 
Epis. Church in 1819; was received into the 
0. conf. in 1820, and stationed on Greenville 
circuit; subsequently in Hamilton, where he 
attended Miami U., 12 miles distant. He was 
soon after elected pj-of. of languages in Augusta 



DtTR 



290 



Dtrv 



Coll., Ky. ; chaplain of the U.S. senate in 1831. 
In 1832, he was elected prof, of natural science 
in the Wesl. U., and in 1833 became editor of 
the Christian Adcocate and Journal, N.Y. 
From 1834 to 1845, he was pres. of Dick. Coll. 
He then travelled through portions of the 
Old World, and, returning next year, pub. 
" Observations in Europe," 2 vols., 1844, and 
" Observations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and 
Asia Minor," 2 vols., 1845. Member of the 
Genl. Conf. of 1844, and took an important 
part in the debate which resulted in thedivision 
of the M.E. Cliuirli. In 1845, hewas stationed 
in Philu. ;i> iiir,„lii,- rMer. In 1850, he was 
elected c.di. ,|. ,s( r. nt i|,e Missionary Society 
oftheM.lvl limvli, wliicli ]jost he still occupies. 
Editor of Wood's " Mosaic History of the 
Creation," with notes, 8vo, 1831. Contrib. to 
many pclodicals. 

Durfee, Job, LL.D., jurist and poet, b. 
Tiverton, R.I., Sept. 20, 1790; d. there July 
26, 1847. Brown U. 1813. Son of Thomas, 
many years chief-justice of the C.C.P. for the 
county of Newport. He practised law success- 
fully; was M.C. in 1821-5; chosen a justice 
of the Supreme Court in May, 1833, and was 
chief-justice from June, 1835 until his death. 
Member of the State legisl. 1813-19, '27-9, and 
speaker, 1828. Author of " What Cheer, or 
Koger Williams in Exile," 1832, an edition of 
which was pub. in Eng., and of " Panidea," a 
philos. treatise. His writings were coll. and 
pub., with a memoir, by his son, 8vo, 1849. 

Durivage, Francis Alexander, b. 
Boston, 1814. Author of "Cyclopaedia of 
History," 8vo ; "Stray Subjects," 12mo; 
"Life Scenes." Translated, with W. I. Chase, 
Lamartine's "Revolution of 1848." Author 
of several plays and poems, and contrib- 
uted to periodicals. Co-editor o{ Ballou's Pic- 
torial. 

Durivage, John E., journalist and actor, 
b. Boston, 1813 ; d. Memphis, Tenn., Aug. 27, 

1869. For 20 years, he had been connected 
with the press of Boston, N. York, N. Orleans, 
and Cal., where he founded the Aita Californian. 
He had for some years acted in the Western 
theatres. Author of some successful farces 
and burlesques. He was at one time aide to 
Gen. Wool. 

Durkee, Charles, statesman, b. Royal- 
ton, Vt., Dec. 5, 1807 ; d. Omaha, Jan. 13, 

1870. He received an academical education at 
Royal ton ; became a merchant; removed to 
Wis. ab. 1830; was a member of the legisl. 
in 1837-8 and 1848; M.C. 1849-53; U.S. 
senator, 1855-61 ; delegate to the Peace Con- 
gress, 1861 ; gov. of Utah, 1865-9. In Con- 
gress, he was one of the early advocates of anti- 
slavery and freesoil principles. 

Durkee, Col. John, b. Windham, Ct., 
1728; d. Norwich, May 29, 1782. He served 
in the French war ; was a major of militia. An 
early settler of the Wyoming Valley, but re- 
turned to Ct. As a major in Putnam's regt., 
he disting. himself highly at Bunker's Hill, and 
was a col. in the battles of Long Island, Ger- 
niantown, Harlem, White Plains, Trenton, 
Monmouth, and in Sullivan's exped. against 
the Six Nations; resigned 1780. Maj. Rob- 
ert, his bro.-in-law, a soldier of the French 



and Revol. wars, fell at the Wyoming massa- 
cre, 3 July, 1778. 

Duston, Hannah, heroine of N.E., m. 
Thomas D. of Haverhill, Ms., Dec. 3, 1677. 
She was the mother of, 13 children. When 
the Indians attacked Haverhill, March 15, 1698, 
her husband, with the children, escaped, and she, 
with an infant and her nurse, was captured. 
After proceeding a short distance, the infant 
was killed. Mrs. D. was taken to an island at 
the junction of the Menimack and Contoocook 
Rivers, being assigned to an Indian family of 12 
persons. With the aid of a nurse and a hoy, 
also a prisoner, she killed the Indians with a 
hatchet, — all but a favorite boy and a wounded 
squaw, who escaped, — and returned safely to 
Haverhill with their scalps. Her house, occu- 
pied by Thomas Dustin, a descendant, was 
standing in 1816. 

Dutton, Henry, LL.D. {Y.C.1854),judge, 
b. Plymouth, Ct.,Feb. 12, 1796; d. N. Haven, 
April 12, 1869. Y.C. 1818. Grandson of 
Capt. Thos. of the Revoi. armv. He was a 
tutor at Yale in 1821-3; law prof, there in 
1847-69 ; practised law at Newtown, and then 
at Bridgeport ; was State atty. ; was 5 times a 
member of the house ; State senator in 1 849, 
and one year judge of the N. Haven Co. Court; 
gov. of Ct. 1854-5; judge of the Superior 
Court, and of the Supreme Court of Errors, 
from 1861 to 1866. He pub. in 1833 a digest 
of the Ct. Reports, and a revision of Swift's 
digest, and was a member of the commissions 
of 1849 and 1866, to revise the State statutes, 
and was chairman of the committee which in 
1854 prepared a new compilation of the State 
statutes. 

Dutton, SAMnEL William Southmatd, 
D.D. (B.U. 1856), Cong, clergyman, and writ- 
er, b. Guilford, Ct., March 14, 1814; d. Mil- 
burv, Ms., Jan. 26, 1866^ Y.C. 1833. Son 
of Rev. Aaron (Y.C. 1803). In 1834, ho 
tanght in Mount Hope Coll., Baltimore, and in 
1834-5, was rector of the Hopkins grammar 
school. New Haven, and tutor m Yale from 
1836 to 1838. From June, 1838, to his death, 
he was pastor of the North Church, N. Have 
tory during the last cei 
From the establishmen 
Eni/lander, in 1842, he was one of its editors, 
publishing, also, various addresses and sermons. 
A discourse preached at his funeral, by Rev. 
Leonard Bacon, has been pub. ; also a sketch 
of his life in the Cong. Quarterlij, Apr. 1866.— 
Ob. Ree. Yale, 1866. 

Duvall, Gabriel, jurist. Of Huguenot 
descent, b. Pr. George Co., Md., Dec. 6, 1752 ; 
d. there March 6, 1844. Clerk to the first Md. 
legisl. previous to the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. M.C. 1794-5 ; was a comptroller of the 
U.S. treasury from 1802 to Nov. 18, 1811, and 
was then app. a judge of the U.S. Supremo 
Court, which office he held until 1836. 

Duvall, William P., lawyer and states- 
man, b. Va., 1784; d. Washington, D.C., 
March 19, 1854. When quite young, he went 
to Ky., where he studied law, rose to eminence 
in the profession, and also became a noted poli- 
tician. He served as capt. of mounted vols. 
under Gen. Hopkins, Sept. 1812. M.C. 181.3- 
15; he was gov. of Fla. Terr. 1822-34. In 



DXTY 



291 



n4^.j 



1848, Gov. Duvall removed to Texas. lie was 
the orifrinal " Ralph Rinjjwood " of Washing- 
ton Irving, and "Nimrod Wildfire" of J. K. 
Pa.ildincr. 

Duyckinek (d!-kliik), Evert Arons- 
i-TCS, author, b. N.Y. Citv, Nov. 23, 1816. Col. 
Coll. 18.35. Evert, his "father, an entcr|Srising 
publisher of New York, b. 1765; d. 1833. In 
Dec. 1840, he commenced, with Cornelius Mat- 
thews, Arcturus, a journal of books and opin- 
ions, continued until May, 1842. He contrib. 
to the early numbers of tiie N.Y. Review. In 
1847, he commenced the Literari/ ITVW,a weekly 
critical journal, which, with the exception of 
the interval. May, 1847, to Oct. 1848, he contin- 
ued, with his bro. Georyc L., until the close of 
1853. In 1856, the bros. completed the " Cy- 
clopffidia of American Literature," 2 vols., 8vo., 
a work of great research and value, to which 
a suppt. was added by him in 1866. He has 
pub. the " Wit and Wisdom of Sydney 
Smith," and Poems relating to the Am. Rev. 
by Freneau, 1865. both with original mem- 
oirs; Nat. Port. Gallervof Eminent Americans, 
2 vols, 1862: " History of the War for the Un- 
ion," 3 vols., 1861-5 ; Memorial of John Allan, 
printed for the Bradford Club, 1864; a Me- 
morial of Francis L. Hawks, D.D., read before 
the N Y. Hist. Soc , 1867, printed for the So- 
ciety in 1871. He has also contrib. largely to 
periodicals. A sermon bv his son, Rev. Henry 
Duyckinek of St. MarkVCh., N.Y., a promis- 
ing young clergyman (b. Nov. 6,1843; Col. 
Coll. 1867; d. Feb. 16, 1870), was printed in 
connection with funeral-services, in 1870. 

Duyckinek, George Long, bro. of E.A., 
b. at New York, Oct. 17, 1823 ; d. there Mar. 
30, 1863. N. Y. U. 1843. He studied law, 
and was adm. to the N.Y. bar, but never prac- 
ti.sed. Besides his share in the " Cyclopaedia" 
and in the Literari/ World, he pub. " George 
Herbert," 1858; "Life of Bishop Thomas 
Ken," 1859 ; "Jeremy Taylor," 1860; "Lati- 
mer," 1861, and various essays and reviews in 
the periodicals of the day. 

Dwight, Harriso?? Gray Otis, D.D., 
missionary, b. Conway, Ms., Nov. 22, 1803 ; 
killed bv accident on the N. Vt. Railroad, Jan. 
25,1862". H. U. 1825; And. Sem. 1828. Em- 
barking for the East in Jan. 1830, he settled 
in Constantinople, where, for near 30 3'ears, 
he preached, superintended schools, and edited 
a religious paper. Author of " Christianity 
brought Home from the East," 12mo, 185o"; 
" Memoir of Mrs. E. O. Dwight," N.Y., 1840. 

Dwight, Joseph, soldier and judge, b. 
Dedham, Ms., Oct. 16, 1703; d. Great Bar- 
rington, June 9, 1765. H. U. 1722. Son of 
Henry of Hatfield, and grandson of Timothy 
of Dedham. Adm. to the bar in 1733, he be- 
came judge of C.C.P., Worcester Co., in 1739, 
and in 1761 judge of the Co. Court, and of 
Probate of Berkshire Co. A brig.-gen. at the 
reduction of Louisburg, in 1745, he com. the 
Ms. Art., and was disting. and commended by 
Pepperell. In 1756, at the head of a brigade 
of militia, he served at Lake Champlain, in 
the second French war ; U years representative 
of Brookticld, speaker of the house in 1749. 

Dwight, Mart Ann, teacher, b. North- 
ampton, Ms., 1806 ; d. Morrisania, N.Y., Dec. 



1858. In 1849, she pub. an excellent work on 
Grecian and Roman mythology, and in 1856 
an elementary treatise on the tine arts. She 
had also prepared for publication an abridg- 
ment of " Lanzi's History of Painting." — 
Hist. Matj., iii.. 28. 

Dwight, Sereno Edwards, D.D. (Y.C. 
1833), teacher and divine, b. Greenfield, Ct., 
May 18, 1786; d. Phila., Nov 30, 1850. Y.C. 
1803. Son of Pres. Dwight, and in youth was 
remarkable for brilliant talents, and force of 
character. Tutor at Yale in 1806-1 ; and from 
1810 to 181 5 practised law with success. During 
this period, he wrote his celebrated essay on the 
lawfulness of marriage with a wife's sister, 
entitled " The Hebrew Wife." In 1816, he en- 
tered the ministry, and was chosen chaplain of 
the U. S. senate." In the summer of 1817, he 
became p.astorof thePark-st. Church, Boston ; 
but in the spring of 1826, he resigned on ac- 
count of foiling health. In 1828-31, he conduct- 
ed with his bro. Henry, a large school in N. 
Haven, called The Gymnasium. Pres. of Ham. 
Coll., Clinton, N.Y.; 1833-5. He was an able 
preacher, a good writer, and a captivating 
and successful teacher. Author of the Life 
of his relative, Jonathan Edwards, " Sermons 
and Addresses," " The Life of Brainerd," 1822 ; 
a vol. on the "Atonement," 1830; a vol. of 
" Select Discourses," pub. in 1851, together 
with a memoir by his bro. Rev. Dr. W. T. 
Dwight. He edited Jonathan Edwards's 
Works, 10 vols., 8vo, 1830. 

Dwight, Theodore, lawyer and brilliant 
political writer, b. Northampton, Ms., 16 Dec. 
1764; d. N.Y., June 11, 1846. Bro. of Pres. 
Dwight. His mother was dau. of Pres. 
Edwards. He studied law at Hartford, prac- 
tised with repute, wrote frequently on political 
subjects, became very popular with the Federal 
party, was many years in the senate of Ct. ; 
M.C. 1806-7. His eloquence and readiness in 
debate insured him a leading part in Congress ; 
and he was a prominent advocate of the bill 
for the suppression of the slave-trade. He ed- 
ited the Minor, pub. at Hartford, the leading 
Federal journal in that State during the war. 
Sec. of the Hartford Convention, the proceed- 
ings of which, he pub. in 1833. In 1815, he 
pnb. tha Albanij Dai/// Aduerliser, and, two years 
afterwards, commenced the N. Y. Daili/ Adver- 
tiser, continuing to act as assoc. editor and 
proprietor, until the great fire of 1835, when 
he relinquished his interest, and retired with 
his fiimily to Hartford. He was a founder, 
and long an active director, of the Bible Socie- 
ty. He had a hand in the poetical and politi- 
cal essays of T/te Echo in the Hartford Mercury, 
in common with Hopkins and Alsop. He 
was the author of " Character of Thos. Jeffer- 
son, as exhibited in his own Writings," 1839 ; 
" Dictionary of Roots and Derivations." 

Dwight, Thi-odore, author, b. Hartford, 
Ct., Mar. 3, 1796; d. Brooklyn, Oct. 16, 1866, 
from injuries received by a railroad accident. 
Y.C. 1814. Son of the preceding. After 
visiting a great portion of Europe, in 1821, 
he pub. "A Tour in Italy," 1824. In 1833, 
he removed to Brooklyn, engaged in philan- 
thropic and literary pursuits ; assisted his 
father in editing the Daili) Advertiser; after- 



ward taught school in Brooklyn, and then in 
N. Y. City. Was engaged in several maga- 
itines and periodicals, and edited and pub. 
the N. Y. Presbyterian. He was a good linguist, 
and was a member of many scientific, literary, 
and philosophic societies. Author of a " Hist, 
of Connecticut." 1841 ; a vol. on the revol. of 
1848 ; " A Summer Tour in tiio Nm-thern and 
Middle States," 1847; i.m > ,,!,;;ni.ii.,n witli 
Wm. Darby), "AN. •■ '.i i ., >.i [he U.S.," 
18.3.3; " Schoolma-i , . I : -vu, lS.3->; 

" The Northern Trivrl,,,' i-,,h,, 1841; 
" Lessons in Greek," 12mo, 1 S.'!3 ; The " Fath- 
er's Book;" "Lifeof Garibaldi," 1859. Some 
of his poetical pieces are in Everest's Poets of 
Ct. 

Dwight, Timothy, 1).D.(X.,T C.,11. 1787), 
LL.D. (H.U. ISKi), ,lnn,r ;„nl .,l,„lar, b. 
Northampton, Ms.. 11 Mu, 1 ::._': 4 .\. Haven, 
llJaii. 1817. Y. C. I Toll. ( ni 1 iiiKiihv, bis 
father, was a merchant, and ilN I'i.Ihh', 

1772. Mary, his mother, .1 i;i ,; . ii m 

Edwards, was a woman of i i i 

excellence. Tutor at Yale, i::i ; i I 

to preach, and a chaplain in i, 1: 
Sept. 1777-Oct. 1778. He.li.i m ', i . i, n 
the enthusiasm of the soldii'i , , " 

patriotic songs. He then wjil. I .n a i nin 4 
years, aiding in the support of Iiis mutlier and 
fiimilv. and occasionally preacliing; member of 
the k-isl. in 1781 and 1786; ord. minister 
of Green tield, Ct., 12 Nov. 1783, and at the 
same time taught an acad. with success ; pres. 
of Yale Coll. from Sept. 1793 to his death; at 
the same time prof, of theol., and preacher in 
the coll. chapel. In 1796, he began travelling 
through the N.E. States and N.Y. during his 
college vacations ; publishing in 1821, in 4 vols., 
8vo, " Travels in N.E. and N.Y.," a work of 
permanent value and interest in regard to the 
natural history and social condition of the 
country. He was eminently qualified as an 
instructor, and largely increased the usefulness 
of Y. Coll. Dr. Dwight had a commanding 
presence, great industry and research, and a 
wonderful memory ; was a strong, sound, and 
impressive preacher, and a poet of no mean 
ability. Authorof " The Conquest of Canaan," 
an epic poem, finished in 1774, pub. 1785; 
"Greenfield Hill," a poem, 1794; a revision 
of " Watts's Version of the Psalms," 1800; 
" Theology Explained and Defended," 5 vols., 
1818, which has passed through many editions ; 
" Sermons," 2 vols., 1828 ; " Remarks on the 
Review of Inchiquin's Letters," pub. in the 
Quarterli/ B(uieii>,lSl5; and many occasional 
sermons. In 1772, he delivered at Y.C. a dis- 
sertation on the " History, Eloquence, and 
Poetry of the Bible," pub. both in the U.S. 
and Europe. His son Henry Edwin (Y.C. 
1815), author of "Travels in the N. of Ger- 
many," 1825-6, d. N. Haven, 11 Aug. 1832, 
a. 35. 

Dwight, William Tiieodore, D.D. 
(B C. 1846), clergyman and author, b. Green- 
field, Ct., June 15, 1795 ; d. Andover, Ms., 
Oct. 22, 1865. Y.C. 1813. Son of Pres. 
Dwight. Tutor in Y.C. 1817-19 ; in 1821 was 
adin. to the barof Phila., at which he practised 
10 years. Pastor of the 3d Cong. Church, 
Portland, Me., from June 6, 1832, to May, 



1864. He was one of the most prominentand 
influential ministers in Maine, and excelled as 
a preacher. Pres. of the Portland Benevolent 
Soc, of the Me. Missionary Soc., of the Cong. 
Library Assoc, of the Board of Visitors of 
Andover Theol. Seminary, and of the Albany 
Convention of Cong. Churches. He pub. a 
" Memoir of Rev. S. E. Dwight, D.D," 1851 ; 
orations, addresses, discourses, and review 
articles.— Y.C. Obit. Record. 

Dyer, Eliphalet, LL.D. (Y. C. 1787), 
soldier and jurist, b. Windham, Ct., Sept. 28, 
1721 ; d. there May 13, 1807. Y. C. 1740. He 
commenced the practice of law; in 1745-62 
was representative to the Gen. Court. He 
com. a Ct. regt. during the French war (app. 
1755) ; was elected a member of the council in 
1762; went to Eng. in 1763 as agent of the 
Susquehanna Company, and was a delegate to 
the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. He was 
also a delegate to Congress in 1774, and, except- 
ing 1779, held during the war a seat in that 
body. He was app. a judge of the Supreme 
Court in 1766, and in 1789-93 was cbicC- 
justlce. — Ror/ers. 

Dyer, Mary, wife of William, was a dis- 
ciple of Anne Hutchinson, and a victim to the 
persecution of the Quakers; hanged on Boston 
Common, June 1, 1060. Quakers were by 
statute excluded from the boiimls of Ms. ; anil 
death was the penalty for a sofanid visit. Mary 
Dyer, who had h-l, on ih,- rnartmrnt of the 
law, soon returiiril rn i i . ■ : , (j|ler up her 
life. She was an i ! i it to prison; 
was reprieved aft: : ■■■^'. . i :ocxccution, 
and was, against Iili «iil, luiih>uJ out of the 
Colony. She speedily returned, and suffered 
as a willing martyr. 

Eagle, Henky, commo. U.S.N., b. N.Y. 
Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1818 ; licut. Mar. 3, 1827; 
com. June 4, 1844; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; 
commo. retired list, July 16, 1862. Attached 
to sloop "Natchez," W. I. squad. 1830-3; 
com. bomb-vessel " jEtna," during the Mexican 
war; stationed at Tabasco, also civil and mili- 
tary gov. of the Province, 1847; com. frigate 
"Santee," Gulf squad., 1861-2, organizing and 
sending out several successful expcds. against 
the enemy while stationed in the Gulf. 

Eames, Charles, lawyer, journalist, and 
diplomatist, b. New Braintree, Ms., Mar. 20, 
1812; d. Washington, D.C., Mar. 16, 1867. 
H.U. 1831. He studied at the Camb. Law 
School, but was prevented by ill health from 
practising, and in 1845 took a position in the 
navy dept. A few months later, he became 
assoc. editor of the Washington Union, and was 
app. by Mr. Polk eoinraiss. to the Sandwich 
Islands for the negotiation of a treaty. In 
1850, he returned, and, after editing the iVa.sA- 
vitle Union for six months, again edited the 
Union, until sent minister to Venezuela by 
Pres. Pierce. He returned to Washington in 
1858, where he practised law until his death. 
During the last 5 years of his life, his manage- 
ment of prize-cases showed him to be one of 
the best admiralty lawyers of the country ; while 
he won high distinction by his great knowledge 
of international law. 

Earle, Pliny, inventor, b. Leicester, Ms., 
Dec. 17, 1762; d. there Nov. 29, 1832. lu 



EAS 



1785, he, with Edward Snow, manufactured 
cards for cardin;j cotton and wool. Mr. Earle 
at first made these liy hand, but soon invented 
the machine, siill in use, for tlieir manufacture, 
by which the labor of a man for 15 hours could 
be performed in as many minutes. He was a 
member of the society of Friends. 

Earle, Pliny, M.D. (18.37), physician. 
Son of the preceding, b. Leicester, Ms., Dec. 31, 
1809. Educated at the Friends' Boarding 
School at Providence, where he afterward 
taught. He travelled in Europe, returned to 
Phila. in 18.39: from 1840 to 1842 was resi- 



it nlivs 
d. Pa. ; 



ford. Pa. ; from 18+4 to April, 1849, was physi- 
cian to the insane asylum, Bloomingdale,N.Y., 
when he visited the insane hospitals of Europe. 
In 185.3, he was app. visiting physician to the 
N.Y. City lunatic asylum. He has written 
much in tlie medical and scientific journals, 
and the Journal of Insanity. He pub. " Mar- 
athon and other Poems," in 1841, but soon 
withdrew the edition from the market ; " Visit 
to 13 Asylums for the Insane in Europe;" 
" History, Description, and Statistics of the 
Bloomingdale Asylum," 1848 ; avolume on in- 
Btiiutions for the insane in Germany and Aus- 
tria, pub. originally in the Journal of Insan- 
ilij, also a series of articles on " Blood-letting 
in Mental Disorders," in book-form, 1854. 

Earle, Ralph and James, painters. Ralph 
b. Leicester, Ms., 11 Mav, 1751 ; d. Bolton, 
Ct., 16 Aug. 1801. Grandson of Ralf, an ear- 
ly settler of L. He painted in Ct. in 1775, and 
executed 4 hist, paintings (believed to be the 
first ever exec, by an Amer. artist), represent- 
ing views of the battle of Lexin<rton. After 



portrait of the king, and returned to Aincr. in 
1786. He painted in various parts of N.E. 
Among his works is a large picture of Niaga- 
ra Falls, portraits of Pres. Dwight and Gov. 
Strong. James, a portrait-painter, b. Leices- 
ter; d. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 1796, of yellow- 
fever. AuGUSTOS, son of Ralph, was an ec- 
centric and disting. painter in N. Orleans. — 
Ilist. Leicester ; Duulap. 

Earle, Thomas, writer on law, bro. of 
Pliny, I). Leicester, Ms., April 21, 1796; d. 
Phila., July 14, 1849. Educated at Leicester 
Acad., removed to Phila. in 1817, engaged in 
mercantile pursuits for a few years, then stud- 
ied law, and commenced practice in that city, 
where he was disting. He ed. successively the 
Columbian Observer, Standard, Pennsi/lvanian, 
and ilecfianics' Free Press and Reform Advocate ; 
took an active part in calling the Const. Conv. 
of Pa. in 1837, and was a prominent member. 
He lost his popularity with the Democ. party 
by advocating the extension of the right of 
Buffcnge to negroes. In 1840, he was the can- 
didate of the Liberty party for the vice-presi- 
dency. He pub. an " Essay on Penal Law," 
an "Essay on the Rights of States to alter and 
annul their Charter," "A Treatise on Railroads 
and Internal Communications," 1830, and a 
"Life of Benjamin Lundy." At his death, he 
had nearly completed a history of the French 
Revol., and a translation of Sismondi's "• Ital- 
ian Republics." 



Early, John, bishop of the M. E. Church, 
South, b. Va., 1785. He joined the Va. conf. 
when young, became an itinerant minister, and 
was successively sec. of conf., presiding elder, 
and delegate of thesen. conf. At the gen. conf. 
in 1846, he was chosen book-agent, continuing 
in office until elected bishop in 1854. 

Early, Jcbal A., gen. C. S. A., b. Va., ab. 
1818. West Point, 1837. Entering the 1st 
Art., he served in the Florida war, and resigned 
in July, 1838, to study and practise law in Va., 
where he became a member of the legisl., and 
State atty. 1843-7 and 1848-52. Major of a 
Va. regt. in the Mexican war, from Jan. 1847 
to Aug. 1848. In 1861, he entered the army 
of Va. as a col. ; com. a brigade at Bull Run, 
arriving on the field at a critical period of 
the day; maj.-gen. Feb. 1863; com. a divis- 
ion at Gettysburg. Early in 1864, he was 
ordered to com. the forces in the Shenandoah 
Valley, and in July invaded Md., and threat- 
ened Washington City ; defeated by Sheridan 
at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864; again on 
the 22d at Fisher Hill, and at Opequan, Oct. 
19. lie pub. in 1867 "Memoirs of the Last 
Year of tlie War." Now (1871) practises law 
in Richmond, Va. 

Early, Peter, jurist and statesman, b. 
Miidison Co., Va., June 20, 1773;. d. Green 
Co., Ga., Aug. 15, 1817. N.J. Coll. 1792. In 
1795, he emig. with his father to Ga. Studied 
law in Phila., and practised successfully at the 
Ga. bar. M.C. in 1802-7. His speech as one 
of the prosecutors of the impeachment of Judge 
Chase was one of the ablest on that side. 
Judge of the State Sup. Court from 1807 to 
1813; gov. 1813-15, and subsequently a State 



Eastburn, James Wallis, poet, b. Eng., 
1797; d. on the passage to Santa Cruz, Dec. 
2, 1819. Col. Coll. 1816. He studied theol. 
under Bishop Griswold at Bristol, R.I. With 
R. C. Sands, in 1817-18, he wrote " Yamoy- 
den," a romantic poem founded on the history 
of King Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, 
pub. 12mo, 1820. He also wrote some fugitive 
poems. In 1818, he was ord., took charge 
of a parish in Accomac, Va., and having sailed 
fur Santa Cruz, for the restoration of his health, 
died a few days after embarking. 

Eastburn, Man-ton, D. D. (Col. Coll. 
1835), Pr.-Ep. bishop of Ms. ; bro. of J. W., 
b. Eng., Feb. 9, 1801. Col. Coll. 1817 ; Gen. 
Theol. Sem. His parents came to the U.S. 
when he was a bov, and settled in N.Y. Ord. 
inMay, 1822; assist, ministerof Christ Church, 
NY., for a few years ; became rector of the 
Church of the Ascension in 1827 ; was consec. 
assist, bishop of Ms., Boston, Dec. 29, 1 842 ; and 
Feb, 15, 1843, became bishop. Bp. Eastburn 
delivered 4 lectures on Hebrew, Latin, and Eng- 
lish poetry, before the N.Y. Athenasum, in 1825 ; 
in 1829, he contrib. a portion of a vol. of " Es- 
says and Dissertations on Biblical Literature ;" 
in 1833 pub. " Lectures on the Epistles to the 
Philippians," and in 1837 delivered the ora- 
tion at the semi-centennial anniversary of 
Col. Coll. He has edited " Thornton's Family 
Prayers." 

Eastman, Charles Gamage, poet and 
journalist, b. Fryeburg, Me., June 1, 1816. 



EAS 



294 



EAT 



He removed with hU parents, at an early age, 
to Barnard, Vt., and studied at Rojalston acad., 
at Windsor, and at Burlington. Was editor 
of tlie Burlington Sentinel in .1835-6 ; com- 
menced the Lamoille River Express, at Johnson, 
Vt., in the spring of 1838; established the 
Spirit of the Age, at Woodstock, Vt., in 1840, 
and purchased the Vt. Patriot, and removed 
to Montpelicr, in 18+6. He was postmaster at 
Woodstock and Montpelier, several years, and 
senator for Wasliington Co. in 1851-2. He 
pub. a vol. of poems in 1848, contrib. poetry 
to the reviews and magazines, and has delivered 
poems of much merit at Dartm., Vt. U., and 
other colleges. 

Eastman, Mary (Henderson), author- 
ess, b. Warienton, Va.. ab. 1817. Dau. of 
•Dr. Thos. Henderson, U.S.A. She was, in 
1835, m. to Capt. Seth Eastman, U.S.A., with 
whom she long resided at Fort Snelling and 
other frontier posts. She pub. " Dacotah, or 
Life and Legends of the Siou.K," 1849 ; " Ro- 
mance of Indian Life," 1852 ; " American A\>- 
original Portfolio," 1863 ; " Chicora, and other 
Regions of the Conquered," 1854; "Aunt 
Phillis's Cabin," a reply to " Uncle Tom's Cab- 
in," in 1852; "Tales of Fashionable Life," 
also many tales and sketches for Arthur's and 
other magazines. 

Eastman, Philip, LL.D., jurist, b. Chat- 
ham, N. H., Feb. 1799 ; d. Saco, Me., Aug. 7, 
1869. Bowd. Coll. 1820. Adm. to the bar in 
1823; practised at N. Yarmouth, 182.3-36. 
Harrison, 1836-47, and at Saco, 1847-69. In 
1840, with Ebenezer Everett, he revised and 
pub. the " General Statutes of Maine;" State 
senator, 1840-2 ; on the north-eastern bounda- 
ry commission in 1842-3; commissioner for 
Cumberland Co., 1843-8. In 1849, he pub. a 
digest of the first 26 vols, of the " Maine Law 
Reports." 

Eastman, SEXH.brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Brunswick, Me., 24 Jan. 1808. West Point, 
1829. Entering 1st Inf, he became capt. 12 
Nov. 1839; maj.Sth Inf,31 Oct. 1856 ; lieut.- 
col. 1st Inf, 9 Sept. 1861 ; brev. col. and brig.- 
gen. 9 Aug. 1866; retired 3 Dec. 1863. As- 
sist, teacher of drawing at West Point, 1833- 
40 ; in tlie Florida war, 1840-1 ; author of a 
" Treatise on Topographical Drawing," 1837 ; 
" History, Condition, and Future Prospects of 
the Indian Tribes of the U.S.," illustrated, and 
pub. by order of Congress, 1850-7. 

Easton, Col. James, Revol. soldier, b. 
Hartford, Ct. ; d. Pittsfield, Ms. He was a 
builder. Removed from Litchfield, Ct., to Pitts- 
field, in 1763. Was a prominent citizen, an 
active patriot, and member of the legisl. 1774. 
He raised a regt. in Berkshire ; was one of the 
leaders in the exped. which captured Ticonde- 
roga. May 9, 1775; and was the bearer of the 
intelligence to the Prov. Congress. He was 
one of the earliest to advocate ihe invasion of 
Canada ; com. a regt. under Montgomery, ren- 
dering valuable service up to the close of the 
year 1776. and received the thanks of Congress, 
Jan 9, 1776. His further service in the army 
was prevented by the enmity of Arnold. He 
sacrificed his whole fortune in the service of 
his country, and d. in poverty. 

Easton, Nicholas, gov. of R. I., 1650-2, 



1672-4; d.Newport,15 Aug., 1675, a.82. Came 
from Wales in 1634, with his two son.';. Peter 
and John, resided 1 year at Ipswich, then in 
Newbury, and in 1638 removed to Hampton. 
He was one of the first settlers of both the 
last-mentioned towns, and having, in conse- 
quence of some differences with the govt., re- 
moved to Portsm.. R.I., in 1638. and afterwards 
to Newport, erected in. that place the first house. 
John, his son, gov. 1690-5, d. 1705, a. 88, was 
author of " A Narrative of the Causes which 
led to Philip's Indian War of 1675-6," pub. 
by F. B. Hough, Albany. 1858. 

Eaton, Amos, botanist, b. Chatham, N.Y., 
Mav, 1776; d. Troy, N.Y., May 6, 1842. Wms. 
Coll. 1799. He fitted himself for college 
while a blacksmith's apprentice ; studied law un- 
der Alex. Hamilton, and was adm. to the bar. 
Becoming agent and surveyor of the Living- 
ston estates on the Hudson River, he studied 
chemistry, mineralogy, and botany, and com- 
menced lecturing on the natural sciences, at 
Wms. Coll. in 1817. In 1820, Gen. Stephen 
Van Rensselaer employed him to make a geo- 
logical survey of the region through which the 
Erie Canal afterward passed, which was pub. in 
1824. When Rensselaerestablished the institute 
at Troy, he made Eaton senior prof. He pub. 
" Index to the Geology of the Northern States," 
1818; "The Philos. Instructor." 1824; "A 
Geol. Text-Book," " A Manual of the Botany 
of N. America," 1833. the first popular text- 
book of that science pub. in the U.S.. and a 
" Treatise on Engineering and Surveying," 
4to. N.Y. 

Eaton, Amos B., brev. maj.-gen. and com- 
mis.-gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1826. 
Entering the 2d Inf, he became capt. 1 Mar. 
1839; transferred to commis. dcpt. 7 July, 
1838; raaj. 9 May, 1861 ; col. 9 Feb. 1863; 
brig.-gen. and com.-gen. 29 June, 1864; brev. 
maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. He served in the 
Florida war, 1837-41 ; chief com. of subsist. 
in Gen. Taylor's army in Mexico in 1847-8; 
and brev. maj 23 Feb. 1847, for gallant and 
merit, conduct at Buena Vista. — Cullttm. 

Eaton, Cyrus, b. Framingham. Ms.. Feb. 
11. 1784 40 years a successful teacher in Me. 
Became totally blind in 18+5. Author of 
"Annals of Warren. Me." 8vo. 1851 ; " Wo- 
man," a poem, 1854 ; " Hist, of Thomaston, 
Me.,"8vo, 2 vols., 1865. 

Eaton, Horace. M.D., gov. of Vt., 1846- 
9, b. Barnard, Vt., June 22, 1S04 ; d. July 4, 
1855. Mid. Coll. 1825. He practised medi- 
cine in Enosbury from 1828 to 1848, when ha 
was app. prof of chemistry and nat. hist, in 
Mid. Coll., subsequently residing at Middle- 
bury. Some years a member of the legisl. ; 
lieut.-gov. frorn 1843 to 1846 ; supt. of schools 
from 1845 to 1850. and member of the Const. 
Conv. in 1848. 

Eaton, Major John Henry, a noted poli- 
tician, b. Tenn.; d. Washington, D.C.. Nov. 
17, 1856. a. 66. U.S. senator from Tenn., 
1818-29 ; sec. of war under Pres. Jackson (as 
well as a warm personal friend). 1829-31 ; 
gov. of Fla. Terr. 1834-6, and minister to 
Spain, 1836-40. Author of an elaborate Life 
of Jackson, 8vo, 1824. 

Eaton, Theophilus, first gov. of New 



295 



KDD 



Haven Colons', — from 1638 till his d., Jan. 7, 
1657, a. 66; b. Stony Stratford, Co. Bucks, 
Eng. His father was a clergyman. He was 
bred a merchant ; was for some years the Eng- 
lish agent at the court of Denmark, and was 
afterward a merchant of Lond., of high rejinte. 
He accomp. Mr. Davenport to N.E. in 16.37 ; 
was soon chosen a magistrate of Ms., and was 
one of the founders of New Haven in 1638. 
His bros. Samuel, assist, minister to Mr. 
Davenport in 1640-44, d. Eng. 1665; Natii'l. 
was first head of Harv. Coll. 1637-9. 

Eaton, Gen. William, b. Woodstock, 
Ct., 23 Feb. 1764; d. Brimfield, Ms., 1 June, 
1811. Dartin. Coll. 1790. His father, a school- 
master and farmer, removed to Mansfield, ab. 
1774. The son acquired a good English edu- 
cation, and at 16 entered the Revol. army, which 
he left in 1783, with the rank of sergeant. He 
taught school in Vt. in 1788-91 ; was clerk of 
the H. of delegates in Oct. 1791 ; capt. in the 
U.S.A. in 1792-7, and July 11, 1797, was made 
consul to Tunis, where he arrived in Mar. 1799. 
He concerted with Hanict the lawful chief of 
Tripoli, then in exile, an exped. against the 
usurping bashaw ; captured Deine by assault, 
27 Apr. 1305, and repulsed several attempts to 
retake the place with severe loss to the as-ail- 
ants. Eaton was on the point of completing his 
project, and capturing Tripoli, when he learned 
that a treaty of peace had been made, by which 
he was comi)elled to evacuate Derne. Eaion 
was well received on his return home; was 
honorably mentioned in the President's mes- 
sage to Congress, and was granted by the Icgisl. 
of Ms. 10,000 acres of land, but failed to obtain 
compensation from the govt, for his pecuniary 
losses, or such employment as his talents and 
services entitled him "to expect. The King of 
Denmark presented him with an elegant ac- 
knowledgment in a gold box, of services he ren- 
dered several captured Danes at Tunis. In the 
winter of 1806 Burr endeavored, ineffectually, 
to enlist him in his conspiracy; and, on his 
trial at Richmond, Eaton testified against him. 
This bold and enterprising man, under the 
inflaence of disappointment, fell a victim to 
intemperance a few years later. His letters and 
journal were pub. in " The Life of Gen. 
Eaton," written by Prentiss, 8vo, 1813. An- 
other, by C. C. Fclton, compiled from Eaton's 
papers, is in " Sparks's Amer. Biog." 

Ebeling, Christopher Daniel, a Ger- 
man scholar and author, b. Hildesheim, Nov. 
20, 1741 ; d. Hamburg, June .30, 1817. He 
studied theology at Giittingen, but devoted 
himself to geographical studies, and held for 
33 years the professorship of history and Greek 
in the Hamburg Gymnasium, and was supt. 
of the Hamburg Library. For his great work, 
" Geography and History of N. America," 
Hamburg, 1793-9, in 5 vols., he received the 
thanks ot the U.S. Congress. He paid special 
attention to this subject, and coll. about 10,000 
maps, andnearly 4,000 books, relating to Amer. 
This valuable coll. was purchased, and pre- 
sented to the library of Har. Coll. in 1818, by 
Israel Thorndike. 

Eberle, John, M.D., phvsician and medi- 
cal writer, b. Hagerstown, Md., 10 Dec. 1787 ; 
d. Lexington, Kv., Feb. 2, 1838. U. of Pa. 



1809. He edited a political paper awhile in 
Phila. ; began to edit the Med. Recorder in 
1818, which he continued 5 or 6 years ; was 
one of the founders of the Jeff. Med. Coll. of 
Phila., and lecturer on materia medica, and 
theory and practice ; was a prof, in the Med. 
Coll. of Ohio, 1831-7, and in the Transylv. 
Med. School at Lexington from 1837 until his 
death. He was one of the editors of the 
Western Med. Gazette and the Ohio Med. 
Ltjceuin. Author of " Eberle's Therapeutics," 
1822; "Theory and Practice of Medicine;" 
" Eberle's Notes ; " " Diseases of Children ; " 
"Amer. Med. Recorder," Phila., 8vo, 1819 ; 
"Botanical Terminology," 1818. 

Eccleston, SaSiuel, D.D., 5th R.C. 
archbishop of the U.S., h. Md. 1801; d. 
Georgetown, DC, April 8, 1851. Educated 
at St. Mary's Coll. He visited Eng., Ireland, 
and France, after his ordination, and, soon af- 
ter his return to Md., was elected, first to the 
vice-presidency, and subsequently to the presi- 
dency, of St. Mary's Coll. Sept. 14, 1834, he 
was app. assist, bishop to Archbishop White- 
field, whose death in that year invested him 
with the title and honors of the principal see 
of the church in the U.S. 

Eckford, Henkt, shipbuilder, b. Irvine, 
Scotland, March 12, 1775; d. Constantinople, 
Nov. 12, 1832. At 16, he was placed with 
John Black, a maternal uncle, and naval con- 
.structor at Quebec, and in 1796 began busi- 
ness in N.Y., where he soon introduced im- 
provements in naval architecture, and took the 
lead in his profession. During the War of 
1812, he constructed the ships-of-war on the 
Lakes with such exped. and skill, that the glori- 
ous results may be partially attributed to him. 
Soon after the war, he built the steamer " Rob- 
ert Fulton," which in 1822 made the first suc- 
cessful steam-trip to N. Orleans and Havana. 
App. naval contractor at Brooklyn in 1820, 6 
ships-of-the-line of which " The Ohio "was the 
first, were constructed after his models. Dis- 
gusted with the interference of the board of 
naval commissioners, he left the govt, service, 
and was afterward employed in building ves- 
sels-of-war for various European powers, and 
for some of the Republics of S.A. He made a 
plan for the re-organization of the navy at the 
request of Pres. Jackson, and projected a pro- 
fessorship of naval architecture for Col. Coll. 
In 1831, he constructed a ship-ofwar for Sul- 
tan Mahmoud, which led him to visit Turkey, 
where he organized a navy-yard. 

Eddy, Samuel, LL.D. (1801), judge, b. 
Johnson, R.I., March 31, 1769 ; d. Providence, 
Feb. 2, 1839. Brown U. 1787. He studied 
law, but did not long practise it ; was clerk 
of the Sup. Court in 1790-3; was sec. of 
State in 1798-1819 ; M.C. 1819-25, and was, 
in 1827-35, chief-justice of the Sup. Court of 
R.I. He madevaluable contribs. to the Colls, of 
the Ms. Hist. Society, and pub. a work on 
" Antiquities." 

Eddy, Thomas, philanthropist, b. Phila., 
Sept. 5, 1753; d. N.Y., Sept. 16, 1827. His 
parents were Quakers. He began to trade in 
New York in 1779, afterward became an insur- 
ance-broker in that city, and was successful. 
He was active in originating the " Pcnitenti- 



296 



ary System " of N.Y., ami, in ISOI, pub. his 
oclebralcd work on tlic Siati' I'li^nn of N.Y. 
The N.Y. Hospital, of whirl, Ur was lonj; a 
gov., the Insane Asvliuii at i;iM"inni;,nialc, the 
great Erie Canal, tlie N.V. Savjn-s Institu- 
tion, and the N.Y. Bible Sui-iety, were fostered 
or orii;inateJ l>y him, and his labors earned for 
him the title of the American Howard. — See 
Memoir, hij Samml L. Knapp, 8vo, 1834. 

Eden, Charles, gov. N.C., 1713-22; d. 
March 26, 1722, a. 48. 

Eden, Sik Robert, last roy. gov. of Md., 
b. Durham, Eng. ; d. Annapolis, Sept. 2, 1786. 
He succeeded Sharpe in 1768, and was more 
disposed to moderation than any of the other 
British officers, and complied reluctantly with 
the order of Congress to relinquish his govt. 
After the restoration of peace, he returned 
from Eng. to this country for the recovery of 
his estates, to which he was entitled by the 
treaty of 1783. He was a l.ro. of Sir John 
Eden, and m. Ladv ('alv.rf, si^trr of Lord 
Baltimore. Create! a l.ao.iHi, (i, t. 19,1776. 
His grandson, Sir Frrdri uk Ivlrn. an officer 
in the British army, fell at New Orleans, 24 
Dec. 1814. 

Eden, William, Lord Auckland, a dis- 
ting. diplomatist. Son of Sir Robert, and bro. 
of the preceding, b. 1744; d. May 28, 1814. 
Was in 1778 one of the 3 commissioners who 
came to the U.S. to negotiate with tlie revolted 
Colonies. 

Edes, Benjamin, Eevol. journalist, b. 
Charlestown, Ms., Oct. 14, 1732; d. Boston, 
Dec. 11, 1803. Son of Peter and Esther of 
C, and descended in the fourth gen. from John 
of C, who was b. in Lawford Co., Essex, Eng- 
land, March 31, 16.'51. A. and Hon. Art. Co., 
1760 ; styled " captain ; " and was one of the 
Sons of Liberty. In his printing-office in 
Queen (now Court) St., many of the " Boston 
Tea Party " disguised themselves, and, on their 
return, did justice to a punch served in a 
punch-bowl still preserved among his descend- 
ants. In 1755, he began, with John Gill, the 
publication of the Boston Gazette and Country 
JowTial, a newspaper of deserved popularity, 
unsurpassed in patriotism, and zeal for the 
cause of liberty, to whose columns Otis, the 
Adamses, Quincy, and Warren — the personal 
friends of Mr. Edes — were constant contribut- 
ors. Mr. Edes wielded a caustic pen, ever 
ready to deal with the political questions of 
the day. In his letters to Lord Hillsboro', 
Gov. Bernard advised the arrest of both Edes 
and Gill, as publishers of sedition. During the 
siege of Boston, Edes having dissolved partner- 
ship with Gill, and admitted his sons to his 
business, removed his press to Watertown,and 
there continued to print the Gazette, which was 
the " chosen mouthpiece of the Whigs." The 
Gazette was discontinued Sept. 17, 1798, hav- 
ing been edited by Mr. Edes for 43 years. At 
the opening of the Revol. war, he possessed a 
handsome property, which was wholly lost by 
the depreciation of the currency. An obituary 
appeared in the Independent Chronicle of Dec. 
19, 1803. — See Buckingham's Remin. of Print- 

Edes, Petek, son of the preceding, b. Bos- 
ton, Dec. 17, 1756; d. Bangor, Me., ia 1840. 



In partnership with his father; afterwards re- 
sided in Newport, R.I., Augusta and Hallo- 
well, Me. Gen. Gage ordered his arrest " for 
having fire-arms concealed in his house ; " and, 
two days after the battle of Bunker's Hill, he 
was thrown into prison in Boston, where he 
remained about three months. His journal, in 
MS., kept during his confinement, is in posses- 
sion of the family. 

Edmonds, Francis W., banker and 
artist, b. Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 22, 1806; d. 
at his seat on the Bronx River, ab. 1860. Son 
of Gen. Samuel. He studied at the Nat. 
Acad, of Design, and became cashier of a 
bank, employing his leisure with his pencil. 
In 1835, he sent to the acad. his first picture, 
" Sammy the Tailor," which attracted atten- 
tion, and was followed by the " Penny Pa- 
per," " Sparking," " The' City and Country 
Beaux," "Dominie Sampson," " Commodore 
Trunion," &c. He became a member of the 
acad. in 1840 ; afterward visited Lond., Paris, 
and Rome, and assisted in the resuscitation of 
the American Art Union, and in the estab- 
lishment of the N.Y. Gallery of Fine Arts. 

Edmonds, John Worth, jurist and 
Spiritualist, b. Hudson, N.Y., March 13, 1799. 
Un. Coll. 1816. Adm. to the bar in 1819, he 
began practice in Hudson in 1820. Member of 
the legi.sl. in 1831, and of the senate and Court 
of Errors in 1832-6. In 1836-7, he was sent 
by govt, on special missions to the Indians on 
the frontiers. In 1837, he resumed practice in 
N.Y. City; became prison-inspector in 1843, 
inaugurating important reforms in the treat- 
ment of criminals; circuit judge, 1845-7; 
judge of the Sup. Court, 1847-1852, an.l 
member of the Court of Appeals in 18.52-3, 
when he retired, and has since practised in New 
York. He became an avowed advocate of the 
belief in the intercourse of man with the spirits 
of the departed, in 1853, and in 1854-5 pub. 
"Spiritualism," in 2 vols., 8vo. He has pub. 
other works on the same subjects. 

Edwards, Bela Bates, D.D., scholar, 
b. Southampton, Ms., July 4, 1802 ; d. Ga., 
April 20, 1852. Ainh. Coll. 1824. Descended 
from a Welsh family, embracing the two Jona- 
than Edwardses and Pres. Dwight among its 
descendants. Before he was 11, he liad read 
the Bible through seven times, and Scott's 
Notes twice. He studied theology at Ando- 
ver. Tutor at Amh. Coll. 1826-8; sec. of the 
Education Society until 1833. In 1837, he 
was app. prof, of Hebrew in the tlieol. sem., 
and in 1848 was elected to the chair of bibli- 
cal literature. He pub. the " Ecletie Reader," 
and an introd. to it, " Biography of Self- 
taught Men," " Memoirs of E. Cornelius," 
1 842 ; a vol. on the " Epistle to the Gala- 
tians," the Missionary Gazetteer, 1832 ; translat- 
ted, annotated, and criticised a large number 
of works; also ed. the Aniei: Quarlerlii Rer/is- 
ter, 1827-42 ; conducted the Ainer. Qmrterly 
Observer (1833-6), the Biblical Repository 
(1835-8), and afterwards the Bibliotheca Sacra 
and Theol. Review (1844-52). A selection of 
his sermons, lectures, and addresses, with a 
memoir, bv Prof. Park, was pub. in 2 vols., 
12mo, Bos'ton, 1853. 
Edwaxds, Bryan, historian, b. Westbury, 



297 



Wilts., Eng., May 21, 1743 ; d. July 15, 1800. 
He inherited a large fortune in Jamaica, 
became an eminent merchant, and a promi- 
nent member of the colonial assembly ; returned 
to Eng., and in 1796 took his seat for the 
borough of Grampound, wliich he represented 
until his death. Author of " Thoughts on 
the Trade of the W.I. Islands with the U.S.," 
1784; " History of the British Colonies in the 
W. Indies," 1793, 2 vols., 4to. A new edition 
of this work, pub. after his death, in 1801,3 
vols., Svo, includes a " History of St. Do- 
mingo." — See Life prcf. to Hist. W.I. 

Edwards, Charles, lawyer in N.Y. 
City, b. Eng., 1797. Author of "Juryman's 
Guide," Svo, 18-31 ; "Parties to Bills and 
other Pleadings," 8vo, 1832; " Feathers from 
My Own Wings," 12uio, 18.33 ; " Receivers in 
Chancery," Svo, 1839. 1846; "Reports of 
Chancery Cases, 1st Circuit, N.Y., 1831-4.')," 

4 vols., Svo ; " History and Poetry of Finger- 
Rings," 12mo, 1855; " Receivers in Equity," 
1857; "Referees," 1860; "Stamp Act of 
1862." 

Edwards, Henry Waggaman, LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1833), gov. of Ct., b. N. Haven, 1779; 
d. there July 22, 1847. N. J. Coll. 1797. 
Grandson of Jonathan. He studied at the 
Litchf. Law School, and settled in N. Haven. 
Was M.C. 1819-23; U.S. senator in 182.3-7; 
State senator, 1828-9 ; in 1830, a State repre- 
sentative, and speaker of the house, and gov, 
in 1833, and again in 1835-8. 

Edwards, Jonathan, the greatest of 
American metaphysicians, b. E. Windsor, Ct., 

5 Oct 1703; d. Princeton, N.J.,22 Mar. 1758. 
Y. C. 1720. Timo. his father was minister of 
E.W. from May, 1694 to his d., 27 Jan. 1758, 
a. 88. H.U. 1691. Ho began to study Latin 
at 6, and before leaving coll. is said to have 
reasoned out for himself his great doctrine of 
freedom of the will Before he was 20, he 
began preaching to a Prcsb. congregation in 
N."Y. City; was a tutor at Yale in 1724-6; 
then an assist, to his maternal grandfather, Mr. 
Stoddard, minister of Northampton, whom he 
succeeded; ord. 15 Feb. 1727, and soon after 
m. Sarah Pierrcpont of N. Haven. Dismissed 
in June, 1750, lor insisting upon a purer and 
higher standard of admission to the commu- 
nion table. While missionary to the Stock- 
bridge Indians in 1751-7, he wrote his celebrat- 
ed work on '■ The Freedom of the Will," pub. 
1754, and unequalled for close and subtile rea- 
soning. JIade pres. of N.J. Coll. in the latter 
part of 1757, and inaug. 16 Feb. 1758 ; d. soon 
afterward of small-pox. While at Stockbridge, 
his scanty means of subsistence were increased 
by a contrib. from his friends in Scotland, and 
by the industry of his wife and daughters, 
whose delicate handiwork was sent to Boston 
to be sold. He taught the doctrine, that phi- 
losophic necessity was compatible with freedom 
of the will, rightly defined, and with human 
responsibility, and was intensely attached to 
the system of Calvinism as opposed to that of 
Arminianism. Tall and slender in person, he 
had a high, broad, bold forehead, piercing and 
luminous eyes, and a countenance indicative 
of sincerity and benevolence. He left 5 daugh- 
ters and 3 sons, one of whom was afterward 



pres. of N.J. Coll. His other works are, 
" Treatise Concerning the Religious Affec- 
tions," 1746; "Inquiry into the Qualifications 
for Full Communion in the Church," 1749; 
" Original Sin," 1757 ; " Dissertation concern- 
ing the End for which God created the 
World," 1789; "True Nature of Christian 
Virtue," 1788; "Thoughts on the Revival of 
Religion;" " History of the RiHlociiptinn," nn.l 
" Life of David Brainerd." lli-v.i: i ■- -irli 
a Memoir by Sereno E. I).\ , li. 

10 vols., Svo, N.Y. — &e, <dsu, L 1. . '., 

iy 5. Hoiikins, Sparks' s Am cr. i,.j,., \ul. i.ii., 
and Appleton's Cqcl. art., "Edwards." 

Edwards, Jonathan, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1785), son of the preceding, and also a theolo- 
gian and metaphysician, b. Northampton, M<., 
May 26, 1745, O.S.; d, Schenectady, N.Y., 
Aug. 1, 1801. N.J. Coll. 1765. At Stock- 
bridge, he became thoroughly learned in the 
Indian language. A few months of his 10th 
year were passed among the Six Nations, learn- 
ing the language, and becoming qualified to be 
a missionary among them ; but the French war 
occasioned his return to Stockbridge. Studied 
divinity with Dr. Bellamy ; was licensed to 
preach in 1766; in 1767-9 was tutor in N.J. 
Coll., and from 1769 to May 19, 1795, was pas- 
tor of the church in White Haven, Ct. He 
was in 1796 settled as pastor of the church in 
Colebrook, and corresp. extensively with learn- 
ed men both in this coun'ry and Europe. 
From May, 1799, till his death, he was pres. of 
Un. Coll. His complete works, with a memoir 
by his grandson. Rev. Tryon Edwards, D.D., 
were pub in 2 vols., 1842. Besides a " Disser- 
tation on Libeity and Necessity," and a num- 
ber of occasional sermons, he pub. " Observa- 
tions on the Language of the Stockbridge In- 
dians," sinceedited for the Ms. Hist. Soc. Colls, 
by the philologist Pickering ; and edited from 
his father's MS., " The History of Redemp- 
tion," 2 vols, of sermons, and 2 vols, of "Ob- 
servations on Theol. Subjects." His only son, 
J0N.4.THAN W., a disting. lawver of Hartford, 
b. N. Haven, Ct., Jan. 5, 1772, d. Hartford, 
Aprils, 1831. Y. C. 1789. 

Edwards, Justin, D.D. (Y.C.1827), cler- 
gyman, and advocate of temperance, b. West- 
h'ampton, Ms., April 25, 1787; d. Virginia 
Springs, July 23, 1853. Wms. Coll. 1810; 
And. Sem. 1814. From 1812 to 1827, pastor 
of a Cong, church at Andover; in 1828-9 pas- 
tor of a new church in Boston, but resigned 
from failing health, and becoming sec. of the 
Amer. Temperance Soc, of which he was the 
originator, he devoted 7 years to the cause by 
lectures and addresses in all parts of the land, 
and by preparing temperance documents. In 
1836-42, he presided over the theol. sem. at 
Andover ; one of the founders of the Tract 
Soc. at Boston in 1814 ; was corresp. see. and 
principal manager, until in 1825 it was united 
with that of N.Y.,when he was elected a mem- 
ber of the pub. committee. Of 4 of his tracts, 
no less than 750,000 were printed by the soc. ; 
of his "Sabbath Manual," 535,000; of his 
" Temperance Manual," 143,000 ; of the "Com- 
ments on the NewTestament,"more than 70,000 
before his death, the first vol. of the Old Tes- 
tament, Genesis to Job, being then in press. 



298 



A Memoir of his life and labors, by Rev. Dr. 
Hallock, was pub. hy the Tract Soc. in 1853. 

Edwards, Ninian, lawyer and statesman, 
b. Montgomery Co, Md., Mar. 1775; d. of 
cholcni, at liellcvillc, III.. .Iii'v 211, 1833: His 
education, .lirrrtr,! at unr tiiiK l.y Wm. Wirt, 
was coni|il 'inl ai l)hk ( 'nil , I'.i. ; and at the 
age of ly in- inriiial lum^e.i 111 ilic Green Riv- 
er disL.Kv. tk-Ltcd to the li;j,'i»l. before he 
was 21 ; aclm. in 1798 to the bar of Ky., and 
in 1799 to that of Tenn., and rose rapidly in 
the profcs.sion. He was app. in 1803 jnd;,'e of 
the Circuit Court; in 1806, of Appeals; in 1808, 
chief-justice of the State, and in 1809, on the or- 
ganization of the Terr. );ovt. of III., was jrov. 
■ until theorganization of the State },'Ovt. in 1818. 
In 1816, with Gov. Clark and Col. Chouteau, be 
treated with the Indian tribes; in 1818-24, he 
was U.S. senator, and in 1824 he declined the 
Mexican mission. From 1826 to 18-30, he was 
gov. of the State. During the War of 1812, 
his measures to prevent and counteract Indian 
hostilities were prorapt,vigorous, and successful. 

Edwards, Ogdeh, jurist, b. Ct. 178l ; d. 
Staten Island, Apr. 1, 1862. Grandson of Jona- 
than, and son of Pierrepont. He went to N.Y. 
ab. 1800 ; practised law ; was surrogate for some 
years ; a member of the State legisl., and of 
the conv. of 1821, in which he bore a disting. 
part. He then became Circuit Judge 1st judi- 
cial dist., which post he filled until 60 years of 
age. 

Edwards, Piereepont, judge. Son of 
the metaphysician, b. Northampton, Ms., Apr. 
8, 1750; d. Bridgeport, Ct., Apr. 14, 1826. 
Princeton Cull. 1768. His father being a mis- 
sionary to the Stockbridge Indians, his youth 
was passed among them ; and be acquired their 
language perfectly. He commenced the prac- 
tice of law in N. Haven, 1771 ; took an early 
and efficient part in the councils of Ct., in fa- 
vor of Independence ; served in the Revol. 
army, and was in two hard-fought battles, in- 
cluding that of Danbury. Member of the Old 
Congress, 1787-8, and an able advocate for the 
Constitution of the U.S., in the convention 
held to ratify it. Judge U.S. dist. court of 
Ct., at the time of his death. He was the 
founder of the "Toleration party "in Ct., and, 
by his ability and perseverance, drew upon him- 
self the an imosity of the Calvinists. First Grand 
Master of Masons in Ct. Father of H. W. 
and Ogden Edwards. 

Edwards, Teton, D.D., clergyman and 
author. Grandson of the 2d Pres. Edwards 
b Hartford, Ct., Aug. 7, 1809. Y.C. 1828. 
He settled in the ministry at Rochester, N.Y., 
in 1834, and in N. London in 1845. He has 
pnb. " Christianity a Philosopliy of Princi- 
ples," a memoir of the 2d Pres. Edwards^ pub. 
with his complete works, 1842 ; " Self-Cultiva- 
tion," 1843, and a memoir of Dr. Bellamy, 
pub. with his works, 1850. He has edited the 
works of Pres. Edwards (2d) ; a vol. from the 
MSS. of Pres. Edwards (1st), entitled " Char- 
ity and its Fruits;" "Select Poetry for Chil- 
dren and Youth," 1 851 ;" Jewels for the House- 
hold," 1852; "The World's Laconics," 1852, 
and " Wonders of the World," 1853. Several 
of these have been repub. in Eng. He edited 
for many years the Famili/ Christian Almanac. 



Edwin, David, engraver, b. Bath, Eng., 
Dec. 1776 ; d. Phila., Feb. 22, 1841. Son of 
John, the celebrated comic actor, who appren- 
ticed him to an engraver, but joining an Amer. 
ship, before the mast, arrived in Phila. in Dec. 
1797. He was employed by Edward Savage, 
the painter, and soon became the most eminent 
artist in the country, his reputation .securing 
for him nearly all the portrait-engraving of the 
time. After 20 years application to his craft, 
hi.s sight failed, and he was compelled to resort 
to various methods for obtaining a livelihood ; 
being at one time assist, to an auctioneer, then 
assist, treasurer at Warren's Theatre, and sub- 
sequently kept a grocery. He possessed taste 
and .skill as a musirian. — Simpson. 

Egede (eg'-eh-deh), H.iNS, Danish mission- 
ary, b. Norway, Jan. 31, 1686; d. Isle of Fai- 
nter, Nov. 5, 1758. In May, 1721, ho went to 
Greenland to convert the inhabitants. He re- 
sided there 15 years, laid a successful founda- 
tion for the further propagation of Christiani- 
ty, and successful and important commercial 
relations. He pub. a book on the topography 
and natural history of Greenland, in Danish, 
in 1729, afterwards translated into French, 
Dutch, and English. 

Egede, Paul, bis son, b. near Drontheim, 
1708; d. June3, 1789. He assisted his father 
in the mission, from the age of 12, and became, 
in 1741, bishop of Greenland. He translated 
" The Imitation of Christ," and portions of 
the Bible, into the language of Greenland, and, 
at his departure, left the colony in a highly 
prosperous state. He was afterward active in 
forwarding the exploring mission of Lovenon 
to the coasts of Greenland, and, at the time of 
his death, occupied a chair of theology in the 
U. of Copenhagen. He pub. a new edition of 
his father's work, and a journal of his resi- 
dence in Greenland, from 1721 to 1728. 

Eggleston, Maj. Joseph, one of the most 
efficient cavalry officers of the Revol. M.C. 
from 1793 to 1801 ; b. Amelia Co., Va., Nov. 
24, 1754; d. there Feb. 13, 1811. Wm. and 
Mary Coll. 1776. Ho served under Col. Henry 
Lee and Greene; was in the battles of Guilford 
and Eutaw, and was some years member of the 
Va. assembly. 

Ehninger, John Wuetton, artist, b. 
N.Y., July22, 1827. Col. Coll. 1847. He 
studied his art in Europe; was a pupil of 
Couture in Paris in 1848-9; and in 1851-3 
visited Dusseldorf and the chief capitals of the 
Continent. His first oil painting, "Peter 
Stuyvesant" (1850), was engraved by the 
Amer. Art Union. Among his best works 
since are " Love me. Love my Horse," " The 
Sword," " The Foray," " Lady Jane Grey," 
and Ars Celare Artem. He has also produced 
some excellent etchings and drawings in 
outline, pencil, and India ink. A series of 
the former illustrated Hood's "Bridge of 
Sighs" in 1849 and in 1350, subjects from 
Irving's story of " Dolph Heyliger." Among 
his works are " Christ Healing the Sick," a 
pencil-drawing executed in 1857, and a set of 
8 illustrations of Longfellow's " Miles Stan- 
dish." Mr. E. has devoted much time to per- 
fecting a system of photographic etching. 

Elbert, Samuel, gen. Revol. army, b. Pr. 



299 



Wm Parish, S.C, 1740; d. Savannah, Ga., 
Nov. 2, 1788. Left an orphan at an early age, 
he went to Savannah, and engaged in commerce. 
Capt. of a grenadier company there in June, 
1774. Mcmberof the Savannah com. of safety ; 
app. lieut.-col. Feb. 4, 1776; col. Sept. 16, 
1776 ; com., in Mav, 1777, an exped. agamst 
the British in E. Fla. ; captured Fort Og e- 
thorpe at Frederica, Apr. 19, 1778, with the 
British vessels anchored there ; actively engaged 
in that year in the vicinity of Savannah, and 
behaved gallantly at its attack by Col. Camp- 
bell, Dec. 29, 1778. He disting. himself in 
the action at Brier Creek, where he com. a 
brigade under Ashe, Mar. 3, 1779, and was 
made prisoner. After his exchange, he joined 
the army under Washington ; was present at 
the surrender of Cornwallis, and made brev. 
brig.-gen. Nov. 3, 1783. Gov. of Ga. in 1785, 
and amaj.-gen. of militia at his death. —.a<s(. 
Man., Jan. 1868. ^ ^, ., 

Elder, William, M.D., of Phila., b. 
Somerset, Pa., 1809. Author of " Penscopics 
a vol. of miscellanies, 12uio, 1854 ; a new ed. 
entitled "The Enchanted Beauty," 12mo, 
N.Y., 1855; "Life of Dr. E. K. Kane," 8vo, 
1357.' , „ 

Elgin, James Bruce, earl of, gov. of 
Canada, 1846-54, b. 1811; d. 25 Nov. 1863. 
Educated at Oxford ; M. P. 1841 ; succeeded 
to the title on the death of his father in Nov. 
1841. Gov. of Jamaica, 1842-6. He was one 
of the ablest of Canadian govs. Ambassador 
to China, and afterward to Japan, he concluded 
treaties with both, the latter bearmg date Aug. 
26, 1858. Postiiiaster.-gen. of Eng., 18i)9-60; 
a'^ain ambassador to China in 1860 ; gov.-gon. 
of India, from 1860 to his death. Created a 

''^Bliot, Andrew, D.D. (U.of Edinb. 1767), 
minister of Boston, b. Dee. 28, 1718 ; d. Sept. 
13 1778. H. U. 1737. Descended from 
Andrew of Somersetshire, who settled at 
Beverly, ab. 1683. Andrew, his father, was a 
merchant of Boston. Ord. pastor of the New 
North Church as coll. with Mr. Webb, Apr. 14, 
1742; remained there till his death. During the 
occupancv of the town by the British, he al- 
leviated the sufferings of the inhabitants, and 
ministered to his sick and wounded country- 
men in prison. He was a friend to literature 
and science, and a benefactor of H.U. Author 
of a number of sermons, and in 1768 sent to a 
friend in Eng. an account of the effects of the 



mulberry-tree into Ct., and with it the silk- 
worm, and pub. a treatise upon the sulyect. 
Such was his success in the treatment of in- 
sanity and chronic complaints, that he was 
sometimes sent for to Newport and Boston, 
and was more extensively consulted than any 
other physician in N.E. He also pub. " Religion 
supported by Ileason and Revelation," 1735 ; 
" Sermon on the Taking of Louisburg," 1745. 
Eliot, John, minister of Roxbury, Ms., 
" the Apostle to the Indians," b. Nasing, Essex, 
Eng., 1603; d. May 20, 1690. Educated at the 
U. of Camb. After pursuing the occupation 
of a teacher, came to Boston 2 Nov. 1631. 
He became minister of the church in Roxbury, 
Nov. 5, 1632, and soon conceived a strong 



passion for Christianizing 



and 



nproving 



dispute between 



Great Britain and America. 



Elected pres. of H.U., such was his attachment 
to his people, that he declined the honor. An 
Svovol. of his sermons was pub. in 1774. 

Eliot, Jaked, divine, physician, and schol- 
ar b. Nov. 7, 1685 ; d. Killingworth, Ct., Apr. 
28 1763. Y. C. 1706. Grandson of the 
Apostle Eliot. From Oct. 26, 1709, to his 
death, he was minister to the First Church in 
Killingworth, Ct. He was one of the most 
useful" men of his time. He was a good 
preacher, a physician of much repute, and c.k- 
celled in the natural sciences; in 1761 was 
honored with a medal from the Lond. Society 
for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, 
and Commerce. Member of the Roy. Soc. of 
Lond. lie was the first to introduce the white 



condition of the Indians, of whom there were 
nearly 20 tribes, within the limits ot the English 
plantations. Having acquired their language, 
he pub. a grammar, and a transl. of the Bible 
in it (1663) ; and the merit is claimed for him 
of having (Oct. 28, 1646) been the first Prot- 
estant clergyman who preached the gospel to 
the N. A. savages. In 1651, an Indian town 
was built on Charles River, called Natick, and 
the first Indian church established there in 
1660. His humane efforts in behalf of the 
prayino- Indians, menaced with destruction 
during Philip's war in 1675 by the exasperated 
settlers, are worthy of especial praise. He lett 
four sons, educated at H.U., classed with " the 
best preachers of their generation." He pab. 
several letters in a work entitled "The 
Glorious Progress of the Gospel among the 
Indians," 1649 ; " Tears of Repentance," in 
conjunction with Mr. Mayhew, 1653; "A 
Late and Further Manifestation of the Progress 
of the Gospel among the Indians," in 1658; 
" Of the Gospel among the Indians," in 1659 ; 
" A Brief Narrative of the Progress of the 
Gospel," 1670; "The Logic Primer for the 
Use of Indians," 1672; " The Psalms," trans- 
lated into Indian metre, and a " Catechism, 
annexed to the edition of the New Testament, 
in 1680; a translation of " The Practice of 
Piety," of " Baxter's Call to the Unconverted, 
and of several of Shepard's works ; " The Har- 
mony of the Gospels in English," 1678; and 
" The Divine Management of Gospel Churches 
by the Ordinance of Councils, designed tor 
the Reconciliation of the Presbyterians and 
Coni'regationalists." Nine of his letters to 
Sir Robert Boyle are included in the third, and 
his account of Indian churches in the tenth 
volume of the Hist. Colls. In 1 639, he assisted 
in compiling anew version of the Psalms, known 
as "The Old Bay Psalm Book." In 1660, 
he issued a tract essaying to prove that the 
Indians are descendants of the Jews. Hutch- 
inson, in his " Hist, of Ms.," relates, that, in 
1660, the gov. and council of Ms. pronounced 
the " Christian Commonwealth," of which 
Eliot was the author, to be seditions. He ac- 
knowledged this by a public recantation. 

Eliot, John, D.D. (Edinb. 1797), minister 
of Boston, b. Boston, M.iy 31, 1754 ; d. there 
Feb. 14, 1813. H.U. 1772. Ord. pastor ot the 
New North Church, as successor of his father, 
Nov. 3, 1779, and remained there till his death. 
With his friend Jeremy Belknap, he founded 



300 



the Hist. Soc. of Ms., contributing more than 
any otiier person to its colls., and to its library 
of rare books. He devoted much time and 
labor to biog. and hist, researches. Member 
of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He 
was the author of a " New-England Biograph- 
ical Dictionary," 8vo, 1809 ; " An Account 
of Burials in Boston," " Description of New 
Bedford," " Notice of W. Whittingham, and 
Narrative of Newspapers ; " " Sketch of Dr. 
Belknap," " Ecclesiastical Hist, of Ms. and 
Plymouth," " Account of John Eliot," 
" Account of Marblehead," " Memoirs of Dr. 
Thatcher," and " Memoirs of A. Eliot, and 
T. Pemherton," in the Hist. Colls. 

Eliot, Samuel, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1863), 
author, b. Boston, Dec. 22, 1821. H.U. 1839, 
with the highest honors. Grandson of Samuel, 
who founded the Eliot professorship at H.U. 
He spent 2 years in acounting-room in Boston, 
and 4 years in foreign travel. In 1845, at 
Borne, he formed the plan of his " History of 
Liberty," two parts of which have appeared, 
Boston, 1833. Parti., "The Ancient Romans," 
and two vols, relating to " The Early Chris- 
tians." 1858. Engaging in the business of 
practical teaching, besides private pupils, he 
gave gratuitous instruction to classes of young 
working-men, and organized a charity school 
for vagrant children. He pub. in 1856 "A 
Manual of U. S. History, 1492-18.^6; " " Life 
and Times of Savonarola." He is engaged upon 
a third part of his " History of Liberty," treat- 
ing the papal ages. Mr. Eliot has contrib. 
to periodical literature. Prof, of history and 
political science in Trinity Coll., Hartford, 
and pres. 1 860-4. 

Eliot, S.tMOEL Atkins, merchant, b. 
Boston, Mar. 5, 1798 ; d. Cambridge, Jan. 29, 
1802. H. U. 1S17. Samuel, his father, a 
wealthy merchant, and benefactor of H.U., d. 
Jan. 18, 1820, a. 81. Mayor of Boston, 1837- 
9; rep. and senator in the State legisl. for 
three or four years, and M.C. 1850-1. Father 
of Chas. Wm". pres. of H. U. since 1869. 

Eliot, Thomas D., lawyer and M.C. (1854- 
5, and 1859-70), b. Boston, 20 Mar. 18U8; d. 
N. Bedford, 12 June, 1870. Col. Coll. (D.C.), 
1825. Ho studied law in the office of his uncle. 
Judge Wm. Cranch, and became eminent in 
the profession in N. Bedford. Member of the 
house and senate of Ms., and prominent in the 
Freesoil conv. at Worcester in 1835. In Con- 
gress, he took an active part in the legislation 
for the protection and welfare of the colored 
race. 

Ellery, Frank, commo. U.S.N., b. R.I. 
Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812 ; lieut. Mar. 23, 1820; 
commo. July 16, 1862; retired 1840. Served in 
frigate "President" in all her cruises, and 
wounded in the action with " The Belvidere ; " 
received a sword for his services on Lake 
Champlain; in " The Constellation " in Medit. 
1815, at capture of an Algerine frigate and a 
Turkish flagship ; operated against the patriots 



privateer and her prize; com. 
prise" in 1840. — Hainersly. 

Ellery, William, signerof the Declaration 
of IndipunJence, and also of the Articles of 
Confederation, b. Newport, R.L, Dec. 22, 1727 ; 



d. there Feb. 15, 1820. H.U. 1747. Son of 
Lieut.-Gov. E. For some years aftei- his mar- 
riage in 1750, he was engaged in mercantile 
pursuits in Newport ; was some time naval 
officer of R. I., and in 1770, after 2 years' ser- 
vice as clerk of a court, commenced the practice 
of law at Newport, attaining high reputation 
for ability and integrity. He took an early and 
active part in asserting and explaining the 
political rights of the colonies. From Mav, 
1776, to 1785, with the exception of 1780 and 
1782, he was a deleg. to Congress, acting on 
many important committees relating to the 
finances and to diplomacy. As a member of the 
marine committee, and subsequently of the board 
of admiralty, he was eminently serviceable; 
and the plan of 5 ships to be fitted out at 
Newport has been attributed to him. He suf- 
fered great loss of property during the British 
occupancy of R.I. in 1777-8. App. commiss. 
of loans in Apr. 1786. Chosen chief-justice 
of the Sup. Court of R.I., he made strenuous 
efforts, in conjunction with RufusKingof N.Y., 
for the abolition of slavery in the U.S. He 
was coll. of the revenue at Newport from 1790 
till his death. An interesting memoir, by his 
grandson. Prof Channing, is in Sparks's 
" Am. Biography," vol. vi. 

Ellet, Charles, Jun., engineer, b. Pa. 
Manor, on the Delaware, Pa., Jan. 1, 1810 ; d. 
Cairo, 111., June 21, 1862. He planned and 
built the first wire suspension-bridjc in the 
U.S., — that across the Schuylkill atFairmount. 
Designed and built that acioss the Niagara 
River, below the Falls, and also the first one 
at Wheeling, Va. For the Va. Central Rail- 
road, he constructed a remarkable temporary 
track, leading over the Blue Ridge ; and he im- 
proved the navigation of the Kanawha River. 
He was employed on the Baltimore and Ohio, 
the Reading and other Railroads, and was pres. 
of the Schuylkill Navigation Co. in 1846-7. 
On the breaking-out of the civil war, he turned 
his attention to the use of steam-vessels as 
rams. Having projected a plan for cutting off 
the confed. army at Manassas, and communi- 
cated it to Gen. McClellan, by whom it was 
rejected, he subsequently wrote two pamphlets, 
severely censuring that general's mode of con- 
ducting the war. The navy dept. having de- 
clined to construct rams for service on the 
Mpi., according to his plan, he applied to Mr. 
Stanton, sec. of war, by whom it was adopted. 
Made col. of engineers, he soon converted into 
rams 10 or 12 powerful steamers, with which 
he rendered great assistance in the naval battle 
of Memphis, June 4, where he sunk and dis- 
abled several of the enemy's vessels, and was 
struck by a musket-ball above the knee, from 
the effects of which he d. He wrote " An Es- 



say on the Laws of Trade," 1839 ; a papei 

"". ■ " ~ „ .". ' ■ "". ■ Valley, 
with Suggestions as to the Improvement of tlit 



the " Physical Geography of the Mpi^ 



lley, 



Navigation of the Ohio, and other Ri' 
"Smithsonian Transactions," 1851.; "Tlie Mis- 
sissippi and Ohio Rivers, containing Plans for 
the Protection of the Delta from Inundation," 
Svo, Phila., 1853 ; a pamphlet on " Coast and 
Harbor Defences, or the Substitution of Steam 
BatteriniT-Rams for Ships of War," Phila., 
1855,and many other scientific papers. His bro. 



301 



ELL 



Charles, h. Pliila., 1841 ; d. Bunker's Hill, 111., 
Oct. 29, 1863. He received a thorough educa- 
tion. When the war broke out, he became as- 
sist, surgeon in a military hospital. He accomp. 
his father westward in the spring of 1862, and 
com. one of the rams in the action at Memphis, 
in which the father received a fatal wound. 
After his death, he became col. in the marine 
brigade of his uncle, Gen. Alfred W. Ellet, and 
soon after com. the brigade. With the ram 
" Queen of the West " as his headquarters, he 
made manv daring expeds. on the Mpi. Feb. 
10, 1863, in an exped. up the Red River, he 
captured the confederate steamer " Era," No. 5, 
and other vessels ; but, getting aground, his 
vessel fell into the hands of the enemy, Ellet 
making his escape upon a bale of cotton. 
During and after the siege of Vicksburg, he 
rendered valuable assistance to Gen. Grant in 
keeping open his communications; but, in the 
course of this duty, he contracted the disease 
which proved fatal to him shortly after. 

Ellet, Elizabeth Fries, authoress, wife of 
Wni. H., b. Sodus Point on Lake Ontario, 
N.Y., Oct. 1818. The dau. of Dr. Wm. N. 
Lummis. She was educated at the female 
scm. at Aurora, Cayuga Co., N.Y. ; m. Wm 
H. Ellet at an early age, accomp. her hus- 
band to S. C, and returned to N. Y. in 1848. 
She pub. a vol. of poems in 183.5 ; " Scenes in 
the Life of Joanna of Sicily," 1840; " Char- 
acters of Schiller," 1841, and " Country Ram- 
bles," and contrib. articles on French and Ital- 
ian poetry and literature to several quarterly 
reviews. In 1843, she pub. in 3 vols., 12mo, 
" Women of the Amer. Revolution," one of 
her most popular works, the materials for 
which were derived from original sources. She 
has also pub. " Evenings at Woodlawn," 
" Family Pictures from the Bible," 1840 ; 
"Domestic History of the Amer. Revolution," 
1850; "Watching Spirits," 1851; "Pioneer 
Women of the West," 1852; " Novellettes of 
the Musicians," 1852 ; " Summer Rambles in 
the West," 1853 ; " Queens of Amer. Society," 
1865: she also edited "The Practical House- 
keeper." She is preparing a dictionary of fe- 
male painters and sculptors. 

Ellet, William Henry, M.D., chemist, 
b. N.Y. City, ab. 1804 ; d. there Jan. 26, 1859. 
Col. Coll. 1824. While studying medicine, he 
gained a gold medal for a dissertation on the 
compounds of cyanogen. He was prof of 
experim. cliemistry in Col. Coll. from 1832 to 
1835, and of chemistry, mineralogy, and geol- 
ogy, in the S.C. Coll., in 1835^8. The legisl. 
of S.C. presented him with a service of silver 
plate for the discovery of a new and cheap 
method of preparing gun-cotton. During the 
last 5 years of his life, he was consulting 
chemist of the Manhattan Gas Co. of N.Y. 
Elizabeth F. was his wife. 

Ellicott, Andrew, astronomer and civil 
engineer, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Jan. 24, 1754 ; d. 
West Point, N.Y., Aug. 29, 1820. His father 
and uncle united in purchasing a large tract 
of wild land on the Patapsco River, in 1770, 



and in 1774 founded the town of Ellicotts 
Mills, Md. His scientific attainments early 
attracted attention; and he enjoyed the friend- 
shipof Washington, Franklin, and Riitenhouse. 
He was at various times commis. for marking 
parts of the boundaries of Va., Pa., and N.y! 
Ab. 1785, he removed to Baltimore, which he 
represented in the State legisl. In 1789, he was 
selected by Washington to survey the land ly- 
ing between Pa. and Lake Erie, and during that 
year made the first accurate measurement of 
the Niagara River, from Lake to Lake. In 
1790, he was employed by the govt, to survey 
and lay out the city of Washington. He was 
made surv.-gcn. of "the U.S. in 1792, supt. the 
construction of Fort Erie at Presque Isle in 

1795, and was employed in laying out the 
towns of Erie, Warren, and Franklin. In 

1796, he was app. by Washington commission, 
on behalf of the U.S., under the treaty of San 
Lorenzo, to determine the southern boundary 
separating the U. S. Territory from that of 
Spain. The results of this service of nearly 
5 vears appear in his "Journal," 4to, Phila., 
1803. Until 180.8, he was sec. of the Pa. land- 
office, and from 1 Sept. 1813, till his death, he 
was prof of math, and civil engineering at 
West Point. In 1817, by order of govt , he 
went to Montreal to make astron. obs. for car- 
rying out some of the articles of the treaty of 
Ghent. He was an active member and useful 
officer of the Amer. Philos. Soc., to whose 
" Transactions " he was a contrib. Joseph 
his i>ro., also a math, and survcvor, d. Batavia, 
N.Y. ]826. — Applelon. 

Elliott, Charles, D. D. (Wesl. U. 
1840), LL.D. (All. Coll. 1858). Methodist 
divine, b. Killybegs, Ireland, May 6, 1792; 
d. Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Jan. 6, 1869. He 
studied at Dublin; emig. to Amer. in 1814, 
and was received into the travelling connec- 
tion of the Ohio conference in 1818. In 
1822, he was supt. of the Wyandotte Mis- 
sion, Upper Sandusky ; was subsequently, for 
5 years, pres. elder of the Ohio district, and 
was in 1827-31 prof, of languages in Madison 
Coll., Uniontown, Pa. Stationed at Pittsburg 
in 1831, he was subsequently pres. elder of that 
dist. ; edited the Piitf'-i 'r. /' . , , Journal, 
and afterwards editfil r: II I'hrislian 

Advocate at Cincinnaii. i i !i i n imcd un- 
til 1848. Resuming In- i -ii.ii r, m.jI labor, 
he was in 1852 re-elected eilitor ul tiie Advocate 
for 4 vears. Pres. la. Wesl. U., 1856-60 and 
1864-7. His publications ore, " A Treatise on 
Baptism," 1834; "Life of Bishop Roberts," 
1853; "Delineation of Roman Catholicism," 
1851 ; " Historv of the Great Secession from 
the M. E. Chufch,"_ 8vo, 1855 ; " Political Ro- 
manism," " Reminiscences of the Wyandotte 
Mission," and a" History of the M.E. Church 
in the South and West, from 1844 to 1866," 
1868. 

Elliott, Charles Loring. portrait paint- 
er, b. Scipio, N.Y., Dec. 1812 ; d. Albany, 
Aug. 25, 1868. Placed in a country-store at 
Syracuse, he devoted all his leisure-time to his 
favorite pursuits of drawing and painting; 
went to New York ah. 1834, and became a pu- 
pil of Trumbull and then of Quidor. He first 
attempted portraits without success ; but some 



302 



ELL 



oil-paintings by him, representing scenes from 
[rving's and Paulding's works, attracted notice. 
After practising portrait-painting for 10 years 
in the western part of the State, he returned to 
N.Y.City, and established himself there. Many 
of his works are remarkable for the fidelity of 
the likeness and vigorous coloring. In 1846, he 
became a member of the Nat. Acad, of Design. 
Among his best portraits are those of Fletcher 
Harper, J. F. Cooper, Church and Durand, 
the artists, Gov. Morgan, and Col. Colt. 

Elliott, Charles VVvllys, author, b. 
Guilford, Ct., May 27, 1817 ; 5th in lineal de- 
scent from the " Apostle " Eliot. After some 
years of mercantile life in N.Y. City, he in 
1838-9 studied horticulture and landscape- 
gardening with A. J. Downing, at Newburgh, 
and from 1840 to 1848 practised these pursuits 
at Cincinnati. Since 1850, he has resided in 
N.Y. He was one of the founders and first 
trustees of the " Children's Aid Society" in 
1853. In 1857, he was app. one of the com- 
mis. for laying out the N.Y. Central Park. 
He has pub. " Mysteries, or Glimpses of the 
Supernatural," an attempt to refute Spiritual- 
ism, 12mo, 1854 ; "St. Domingo, its Revolution 
and its Hero, Toussaint L'Ouvcrture," 12mo, 
1835; " The New-England History, from the 
Discovery of the Continent by the Northmen, 
A.D. 986 to 1776," 2 vols., 8vo, 1857 ; " Cot- 
tages and Cottage Life," 8vo, 1848. 

Elliott, James, M.C. from Vt., 1803-9, b. 
1775; d. Newfane, Vt., 10 Nov. 1839. He 
was self-taught ; served under Gen. Wayne in 
the North-western campaigns of 1793-6, as a 
non-commissioned officer; was a clerk in a 
country-store at Guilford, Vt., and, while pre- 
paring for the bar, wrote in verse and prose for 
the Greenfield Gazelle, Dennie's Farmer's i[n- 
seiiin, and other papers. He resided a short 
time in Phila., where he edited the Freeman's 
Journal. Returning to Brattleboro', Vt., he 
established himself in the practice of law, and 
held several important State offices. He pub. 
at Greenfield, Ms., in 1796, a vol. of poetry 
and prose. Samdel, a younger bro., was also 
a writer, and a practitioiier at the Brattleboro' 
bar. — See Buckingham's Reminiscences, ii. 

Elliott, Jesse Ddncan, commodore U. S. 
N.. b. W.I , Julv 14, 1782; d. Phila., Dec. 10, 
1845. Educated at Carlisle, Pa,, and studied 
law. Midshipm. Apr. 1804; lieut. Apr. 23, 
1810; master, July 24, 1813; capt. March 27, 
1818. He served in " The Essex," Capt. Bar- 
ron, during the Tripolitan war, and in that 
of 1812-15, served on the lakes, under Chaun- 
cey and Perry. Oct. 8, 1812, a boat exped. 
was organized under his com. on Lake Erie, 
for the capture of the British brigs " Detroit " 
and " Caledonia." They were boarded and 
captured with slight loss. For this exploit, he 
was presented by Congress with a sword. In 
the attack upon York, U.C , July 24, 1813, he 
com. " The Madison," and was highly com- 
mended. In Perry's famous victory on Lake 
Erie,Sept. 10,1813, Elliottcom." The Niagara," 
20 guns, and for his conduct received a gold 
medal from Congress. A court-martial, app. 
at his request in consequence of insinuations to 
his disparagement, pronounced him " a brave 
and skilful officer." He succeeded Perry in 



the com. on Lake Erie, in Oct. 1813 ; joined 
Decatur's Mediterranean squadron, in the sloop 
" Ontario," early in 1815; from 1817 to 1824 
was a coramiss. to select sites for dockyards, 
light-houses, and fortifications for the coast of 
N.C. ; com. the W. India squad., in 1829-32; 
in 1833 took charge of the Charlestown Navy- 
Yard, and afterward, in " The Constitution," 
cruised several years in the Mediterranean. On 
his return, he was court-martialled, and sus- 
pended four years. A part of this sentence was 
remitted, and in 1844 he was app. to the Phila. 
Navy- Yard. He was, though a man of kind 
feelings,a rigid disciplinarian. A " biographical 
notice " of him, " by a citizen of New York," 
was pub. Phila., 12mo, 1835. 

Elliott, Jonathan, publicist, b. near Car- 
lisle, Eng., 1784; d. Washington, March 12, 
1846. Emig. to N.Y. ab, lti02. He was a 
printer, when in 1810 he vol. to assist in 
the establishment of the independence of New 
Granada, and was in several engagements un- 
der Bolivar, in one of which he was severely 
wounded. He was taken prisoner at the sur- 
render of Gen. Miranda, in 1812, and suffered 
many hardships, but returned to the U.S. in 
1813, and served in the Amer. army in the War 
of 1812-15. In 1814, he located himself in 
Washington, and edited with ability, during 13 
years, the Washinrjlon Gazette. Anthorof ""The 
American Diplomatic Code," 1827 ; " Debates 
on the Adoption of the Constitution," 1827-30; 
" Funding System of the U.S.," " Statistics of 
the U. S.," &c. ; " The Comparative Tar- 
itfs," " Sketches of the District of Columbia," 
1830. He also edited the "Madison Papers," 
8vo, 1845. 

Elliott, Stephen, LL.D.fY.C. 1819), bot- 
anist, b. Beaufort, S.C, Nov. 11, 1771; d. 
Charleston, March 28, 1830. Y. C. 1791. He 
applied himself to the improvement of his es- 
tate and the cultivation of letters ; was cho.sen 
to the legisl. at 22, continuing to serve until he 
became pres. of the State Bank, established in 
1812. In 1813, he founded the Literary and 
Philosoph. Soc. of S.C, delivering in 1814 the 
first annual address, and subsequently a course 
of lectures on botany. Chief editor of the 
Sonlliern Review. He pub. " Botany of S.C. 
and Georgia," 2 vols., 1821-4; was pres. of 
several literary and scientific societies, and 
prof of natural history and botany in the State 
Med. Coll., which he was instrumental in es- 
tablishing in 1825. 

Elliott, Stephen, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of 
Ga., son of the preceding, b. Beaufort, S.C, 
Nov. 13, 1805; d. Savan'nah, Dec. 21,1866. 
Col. Coll., S.C, 1825 ; H.U. 1824. He prac- 
tised law in Charleston and Beaufort until 
1833 ; was ord. deacon in 1835 ; priest, July 22, 
1838; andconsec. bishop, Feb. 28, 1841. Soon 
after he became a priest, he was made prof, of 
sacred literature in the S. C Coll. 

Elliott, Stephen, Jun., brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Beaufort, S.C, 1832; d. Aiken, S.C, 21 
Mar. 1866. In 1861, he raised and equipped 
the Beaufort Artillery ; at Pinckney Island, 
Aug. 1862, he com. 3 batteries, and'w.as pro- 
moted for gallantry ; com. Fort Sumter during 
its long bomb., anil in July, 1864, was wounded 
by the explosion of a mine under his quarters. 



ELL 



Elliot, Washington L., brev. maj.-n;cn. 
U.S.A., I). Pa.; app. 2d lieut. mounted rifles, 
May 27, 1846 ; 1st lieut. July, 1847 ; capt. July, 
1854 ; maj. Ist cav. Feb. 1862; lieut.-col. Aujj. 
31, 1866. He disting. himself in conflicts with 
the Navajoes in New Mexico, Sept. 1838; 
brig.-gen. vols. June U, 1862; engaged at 
Springfleld and Wilson's Creek ; col. 2d Iowa 
cav. Sept. 1861 ; com. cav. brigade at New Ma- 
drid, Island No. 10, Corinth, and raid on Ohio 
and Miss. R. R. ; chief of cav., Army of Va., and 
wounded at second battle of Bull Run ; chief 
of cav.. Army of the Cumberland ; in the At- 
lanta eampiiijn, and pursuit of Hood ; com. 
division 4tli corps, Dec. 1864 to Apr. 1865; en- 
gaged in battles around Nashville, Tenn., for 
which be w;is brev. brig.-gen. U.S. A ,and brev. 
maj. -gen for gallant services in the war. Au- 
thor of " Manual for Cavalry." — Hmrij. 

Elliott, William, author and politician, 
b. Beaufort, S.C, April 27, 1788; d. there 
Feb. 1SG3. H. U. 1809. His father, William, 
{b. 1761, d. 1808), joined in the patriotic strug- 
gle against the mother-country, along with his 
uncles John, Edward, and Robert Barnwell. 
At the surprise on John's Island, he was dan- 
gerously wounded, taken prisr., and immured 
in a prison-ship. He served in both branches 
of the legisl. The son devoted himself for 
many years to the management of his estates, 
and served with credit in both branches of the 
, State legisl. During the nullification crisis of 
1832, he resigned his State senatorship upon 
being instructed by his constituents to vote to 
nullify the tariff-law. He pub. in 1851 letters 
against secession, signed "Agricola." Con- 
trib. largely to the periodical press of the 
South; pub. an "Address before the St. Paul's 
Agricultural Society," 1850; " Carolina Sports 
by Land and Water," 1856 ; " Ficsco," a trage- 
dy, printed for the author in 1850, and a 
number of occasional poems of merit. 

Elliot, William, lawver, b. Marblehead, 
Ms., Aug. 17, 1803. Dartm. Coll. 1826. He 
practised law in Marblehead, Boston, and at 
Lewiston, III., in 1832 ; postmaster there in 
1832-7; master in chancery, 1835-50; State's 
atty., 5th judicial district, 1838-48; has pub. 
" Visions of Quevedo," translated from the 
Spanish. — Alumni D. C. 

Ellis, George Edw.\rd, D.D. (H. U. 
1857), Unitarian clergyman and author, b. 
Boston, Aug. 8, 1814. H.U. 18.33; Camb. 
Div. School, 1836. Mar. 11, 1840, he was ord. 
pastor of the Harvard Church, Charlestown, 
Ms. ; resigned 22 Feb. 1869. He wrote for 
" Sparks's Amer. Biog." Livesof John Mason, 
Anne Hutchinson, and Wm. Pcnn ; in 1857 
pub. " The Half-Centuiyof the Unitarian Con- 
troversy ; " was some time editor of the Christian 
Register, and for some years conducted, with 
Rev. George Putnam, the Christian Examiner. 
He has contrib. to various periodicals, includ- 
ing the N. Y. Review, the North American, and 
the Atlantic Monthly, chiefly upon topics of 
American history. Prof, of doctrinal tlicolo- 
gy in the Camb. Divinity School, 1857-63. A 
prominent meraberof the Ms. Hist. Soc.and ac- 
tive in antiquarian researches. He is also a zeal- 
ous friend of popular education, having spoken 
and written much for common schools, and has 



published many sermons, addresses, and pam- 
phlets. In 1864, he gave a course of Lowell 
Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity. 
Author of " The Aims and Purposes of the 
Founders of Ms.," 1869. In 1871, he wrote 
the Life of Count Ruinford to accompany a 
complete edition of the works of that distin- 
guished philosopher, pub. in 4 vols., by the 
Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, of which he 
is a fellow. 

Ellis, Henry, F.R.S., explorer, b. Eng., 
1721; d. 21 Jan. 1806. Educated to the law 
at the Temple, Lond. In May, 1746, be went 
out as agent of a company for the discovery of 
a north-west passage. After extinguishing with 
difficulty a fire in his ship, he proceeded to 
Greenland ; exchanged commodities with the 
Esquimaux, July 8 ; proceeded to Fort Nelson ; 
wintered in Hayes River ; renewed his efforts 
in June, 1747, without success, and returning 
Oct. 14, pub. in 1748 the " Voyage made to 
Hudson's Bay in 174G-7, by the 'Dobbs Gal- 
ley ' and ' The California," to discover a 
North-west Passage," &c. Ellis was rewarded 
for his services by being made lieut.-gov. of 
Georgia, 15 Aug. 'l756; arrived at Savannah, 
16 Feb. 1757, and May 17, 1758, was made 
gov .-in-chief. His services to the Colony were 
great, and he was highly esteemed : but the 
climate was injurious to his health ; and he left 
the Province, Nov. 2, 1760. He was gov. of 
Nova Scotia in 1761-4. He afterward resided 
in Italy, principally occupied in scientific re- 
searches. His " Voyage " contains much 
valuable information. John Ellis, F.R.S., 
agent for West Florida and Dominican, d. 
Oct. 18, 1776. 

Ellis, John Willis, politician, b. Rowan, 
N.C., Nov. 25. 1820 ; d. Raleigh, 1861. U. of 
N.C. 1841. He studied law; was a member 
of the House of Commons in 1844-8; then 
became judge' of the Superior Courts of Law 
and Equity, and was gov. of NC. from 1859 
till his death. Active in promoting the seces- 
sion of his State. 

Ellis, Powhatan, lawver and politician, 
b. Va. Wm. and M. Coll. '1813. He removed 
to Mpi., where he practised law ; became a 
judge of the Supreme Court ; U.S. senator in 
1825 and in 1827-33 ; charge d'affaires to 
Mexico in 1836-9, and minister to lilexieo in 
1839. 

Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer, col. U.S. 
vols., b. Mcclianicsville, N.Y., Apr. 23, 1837; 
killed at Alexandria, Va., May 24, 1861. He 
found mercantile employment in Troy, in N.Y., 
and finally in Chicago, where, as a patent-soli- 
citor, he acquired a good income. Engaging 
in the study of law, he gratified also bis mili- 
tary predilections, and formed a Zouave corps 
in Chicago. They visited the Eastern cities in 
July, 1860, and excited universal admiration. 
He organized a Zouave regt. on his return to 
Chicago, where he was a zealous advocate also 
for the election of Mr. Lincoln, whom he ac- 
comp. to Washington. In April, 1861, he 
organized a Zouave regt. from the N.Y. firc- 
dept., and in 3 weeks led them into Wash- 
ington. Ordered to Alexandria, they entered 
that city early in the morning of the 24th of 
May. Seeing a secession flag flying over the 



304 



Marshall House, he with two companions en- 
tered the house, and took it down. As he 
descended from the roof, the proprietor, Jackson, 
shot him, falling himself the next instant hy a 
ball from Brownell, one of Ellsworth's com- 
panions. 

Ellsworth, Henry Leavitt, ngricul- 
tnrist, son of Chief-Justice E., b. Windsor, Ct., 
Nov. 10, 1791; d. Fairhaven, Ct., Dec. 27, 
1858. Y.C. 1810. After studying law with 
Judge Gould at Litchfield, he settled at Wind- 
sor, bnt in a few years removed to Hartford, 
where he remained 8 or 10 years, when he was 
ajip. resident commiss. among the Indian tribes 
to the south and west of Ark. U.S. commiss. 
of patents, 4 July, 1836-May, 1845. In this 
post, his labors were of great importance; and 
his scries of reports to Congress on the agricul- 
ture of the country led to great improvements 
in tliat siicnje. Ho then established himself 
at Lafayette, Ind., in the purchase and settle- 
ment of U.S. land. In 1857, he returned to 
Ct. Author of " Digest of Patents, from 1770 
to 18.39," 8vo, 1840. — Hist. Magazine, iii., 
94. 

Ellsworth, Hevrt William, lawyer, 
author, a]ul charrjg d'affaires to Sweden, 1845- 
50, b. Windsor, Ct., 1814; d. N. Haven, Aug. 
18G4. Y.C. 1 834. Son of Henry L. He 
studied in the N. Haven Law School ; removed 
to Ind. in 1835, and after 1850 was counsel for 
S. B. F. Morse in suits connected with his 
icleg. patents. Author of " Sketches of the 
Upper Wabash Valley, Ind.," 8vo, N.Y., 1838. 
Contrib. to the Knickerbocker Mag., &c. — See 
Poets and Poetri/ of the West. 

Ellsworth, Mrs. Mary W., author, d. 
Newton, Ms., 15 Aug. \%10. — See.J(invrin. 

Ellsworth, Oliver, LL.D. (Y.C. 1790), 
chief-justice of the U.S., b. Windsor, Ct., Apr. 
29, 1745; d. Nov. 26, 1807. N.J. Coll. 1766. 
His lather was a farmer. Adra. to the bar in 
1771, he commenced practice at Hartford, and 
arquired in a few years a high professional rep- 
utation, and was app. State-atty. As a mem- 
ber of the gen. assembly of Ct., he took a large 
share in all the Revol. -political discussions and 
treasures. In 1777-80, he was a delegate to 
Congress. In 1780, he became a member of 
the council of Ct., and in 1784 was app. a 
judge of the Superior Court. In 1787, he was 
a delegate to the convention for framing the 
Federal Constitution. It is believed that 
the present organization and mode of app. of the 
senate were suggested by him. Other duties 
calling him away, his name is not among the 
signers of the Constitution, which was adopted, 
but he approved the work, and warmly sup- 
ported it in the State convention. U.S. senator, 
1789-95. He drew up the bill organizing the 
judiciary, and took a prominent part in most of 
the great questions of politics or publiceconomy. 
In March, 1796, Washington app. him chief- 
justice of the U. S. Sup. Court. At the close 
of the year 1799, Davie, Wm. Van Murray, 
and himself were sent envoys to France to 
adjust those differences which had assumed the 
character of war. The convention which they 
concluded with the French Govt, obtained the 
assent of the pres. and senate. In 1802, he 
entered again into the council of the State, and 



in 1807 was elected its chief-justice, but declined 
the station. 

Ellsworth, William Wolcott, LL D. 
(U. of N.Y. 1838), jurist, twin bro. of Henry 
L., and son of Chiel-.rustice Oliver, h. Wind- 
sor, Ct., Nov. 10, 1791 ; d. llm :l..i:l Cr .1,11. 
15, 1868. Y. C. 1810. Stall. ! : , , ,1 

with success from 1813 to I t--".i , >,, . | ; i <,f 
that science in Trinity Colk-c hum 1^:j7 nil 
his death ; M. C. 1 829-33; gov. 1838-42, and 
was a judge of the Sup. Court of the State 
from 1847 to 1861. He twice declined an elec- 
tion to the U S. senate from unwillingness to 
be drawn farther away from his cherisiied pro- 
fession. — Y. C. Obit. Record. 

Elmer, Ebenezer, the last surviving 
Revol. officer of N.J., b. Cedarville, N.J , 175-2; 
d. Bridgeton, Oct. 18, 1843, ilinnil-.n of 
Rev. Daniel Elmer. After ir,,iMi,^ ,i rhi-i. 

cal education, he studied niciln with liis 

brother Dr. Jonathan, but in 1 77.'. enieicd ihe 
army as an ensign, which in 1777 he resigned for 
the appointment of surgeon 2d N.J. regt. He 
practised physic at Biidgeton after the war; in 
1789 was elected a member of the Assembly, 
in which he served several years ; speaker in 
1791 and 5 ; was M. C. 18o'l-7; many years 
brig. -gen. of militia; vice-president Burlington 
Coll. 1808-17 and 1822-32. 

Elmer, Jonathan, physician, magistrate, 
and senator, b. Cumberland Co., N.J., 1745; 
d. Burlington, 1817. U. of Pa. Brother of 
Ebenezer. He practised |)hysic with reputa- 
tion in his native county ; was a sheriff", a sur- 
rogate, and a judge during the Revol.; was a 
member of the Cout. Congress in 1776-8, 1781- 
4, and 1787, and a U.S. senator in 1789-91. 
Member of the Philos. Society. 

Elmer, Lucius Q. C, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1865), jurist, h. Bridgeton, N.J., 1793. N.J. 
Coll. 1824. Educated a lawyer, and practised 
in his native town. For many years, he 
was State prosecutor ; was in the Assembly in 
1820-3, in the latter year its speaker; U.S. 
atty. for N.J. in 1821-9 ; M.C. 184.3-5 ; atty.- 
gen. in 1850, and in 1852-9 was one of the 
justices of the Sup. Court of the State. He 
pub. " Digest of the Laws of N.J," Bridgeton', 
8vo, 1838. 

Elmore, Franklin Harper, senator, b. 
Laurens Dist., S C, 1799; d. AVashington, 
M.iy 29, 18.50. S.C. Coll. 1819. Adm. to the 
bar in 1821 ; in 1822-36 was solicitor of the 
Southern Circuit ; M.C. 1837-9 ; U.S. senator 
to fill the vacancy occasioned by the d. of Cal- 
houn. Selected in 1838 by the S.C. Cong, 
delegation to obtain authentic information con- 
cerning the antislavery movement, the letters 
which passed between him and James G. Bir- 
ney were printed, and went through many edi- 
tions under the title of the " Elmore Corresp." 
Pres. State Bank of S.C. 1839-50. 

Elmsley, John, chief.justice of Canada, 
b. Eng., 1763; d. Montreal, April 29, 1805. 
Nephew of the celebrated Lond. bookseller of 
the same name. He had been speaker of the 
legisl. and a member of the exec, council ; app. 
chief-justice, Oct. 13, 1802, having previously 
served as a puisne judge in U. Canada. — 
Morgan. 

Elphinstone, George Keith, Viscount, 



KME 



a British nilm., Ii. 1747 ; d. March, 1823. He 
was made coin, in 1772 ; post-captain in 1775 ; 
adm. of the white, 1S05. During the Amer. 
war, he com. tlie " Pearl," frigate, 32 guns ; 
was in tlie attack on Mud Island ; and at the 
capture of Charleston com. a detachment of 
seamen, and for his effective services obtained 
the warm commendation of Gen. Clinton. In 
1782, he captured the French frigate "L'Aigle," 
of 40 guns. In 1795, he was made vice-adm., 
and captured Cape Town. In 1802, he was 
com.-in-chief in the Mediterranean, where he 
took Malta and (jcnoa. For his services in 
Egypt, he was, in I8U1, made Baron Keith; 
Viscount, 1814. 

Elton, Romeo, D.D., LL.D., clergyman 
and scholar, b. Bristol, Ct., 1 790 ; d. Boston, Feb. 
5,1870. Brown U. 1813. He was ord. June 11, 
1817, as a Baptist minister in Newport, R.I., 
and in 1824 at Windsor, Vt. ; in 1823 became 
prof, of ancient langua^'cs ami literature in 
Brown U. Before iiucnuu' uimii tliisduty, he 
spent two years ill l.iir.ii"'. pi iti(i|iiilly in Ger- 

1845-67 resided in Kx.tu, En-., returning to 
the U.S. in 1869. Besides sermons, he pub. 
"Callender's Century Sermon ; " edited,wiili co- 
pious notes and biog. sketches, " The Works 
of President Maxcy," with an introd. memoir; 
and a " Biog. Sketch of Roger Williams." 
D.D. of Nashville U., 1S42. Some years one 
of the ediiorsof the Ecleclic Review. He be- 
queathed 820,000 to Brown U., and the same 
sum to Columbia Coll., D.C., to found pro- 
fessorships. 

Ely, EzKA Stiles, D.D. (Wash. Coll. 
Tenn.), Presb. clergyman, b. Lebanon, Ct., 
June 13, 1786 ; d. Pllila., June 17, 1861. Y.C. 
1804. Son of Zebulon, minister of Lebanon 
from 1783 to his d., Nov. 18, 1824, a. 63 (Y.C. 
1779; tutor there, 1781-2.) In Oct. 1806, 
he became pastor in Colchester, Ct. ; was 
afterward city missionary in N.Y. ; was sub- 
sequently, for 20 years, pastor of the Pine-st. 
Church, Phila., and in 1834 undertook to 
establish a coll. and theol. scm. in Mo., but, 
owing to the financial reverses of 1837, was 
unsuccessful. Pastor of the First Church in 
the Northern Liberties, Phila., from 1844 
until the failure of his health in 1851. Author 
of "Ely's Journal;" a "Collateral Bible," 
1828; a memoir of his father; "Endless 
Punishment," 1835; " Conversations on the 
Science of the Human Mind," 1819 ; " Visils 
of Mercy ; " " Sermons on Faith ; " " Contrast 
between Calvinism and Hopkinsianism," 1811. 
For several years, he edited gratuitously a re- 
ligious paper called the Philadelphian. — Ob. 
liec. Yak, 1861. 

Embury, Emma Catharine, poetess, b. 
N. Y., 1806; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 10,1863. 
Dau. of Dr. James R. Manly of N.Y. ; m. in 
1828 to Daniel Embury of Brooklyn. She 
early became known as a writer of verses in 
the N. Y. Mirror and other journals, under the 
signature of " lanthe." She pub. " Guido and 
other Poems, by lanthe," 1828; on " Female 
Education;" "The Blind Girl and other 
Tales ; " " Pictures of Early Life ; " " Glimpses 
of Home-Life, or Causes and Consequences ; " 
" Nature's Gems, or American Wild Flowers," 



1845; "Love's Token-Flowers," a vol. of 
poems, and in 1848 " The Waldorf Family." 
— Duyckiiick. 

Emerson, George Barrell, LL.D. 
(H.U. 1859), teacher, b. Kennebunk, Me., Sept. 
12,1797. H.U. 1817. Son of Dr. Samuel, a 
surgeon in the Revol. war (b. Hollis, N H., 
Sept. 6, 1765; d. Aug. 8, 1851. H.U. 1785). 
taught dist. schools in Mc. and Ms. ; then 
took charge of an acad. at Lancaster, Ms. ; 
was tutor in math, and nat. philos. in H.U. 
from 1819 to 1821 ; in 1821-3 was principal 
of the English High School for boys in Boston, 
and from 1823, till his retirement from prof, 
life in 1855, kept a private school for girls 
there. Author of the second part of " The 
School and the Schoolmaster," and of a num- 
ber of lectures on education, and of contribs. to 
the periodical press. Many years pres. of the 
Boston Soc. of Natural History, and, as chair- 
man of the commiss. for the zoiil. and hot. 
survey of Ms., pub. a " Report on the Trees and 
Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of 
Ms.," 1846. 

Emerson, Ralph, D.D (Y.C. 1830), b. 
Hollis, N.H., 18 Aug. 1787 ; d. Rockford, 111., 
26 May, 1863. Y. C. 1811 ; And. Sein. 1814. 
Tutor at Yale, 1814-16; pastor of a Cong. 
Church at Norfolk, Ct., 1816-29; prof. eccl. 
hist, and past, theol.. And. Sem., 1829-54; 
resided in Newburyport 5 years, and then re- 
moved to Rockford, III. Author of a Life of 
his bro. Rev. Joseph Emerson, a transl., with 
notes, of Wiggins's "Augustinism and Pela- 
gianism," and a contrib. to Dibliolh. Sacra, 
Christian Spectator, and other religious peri- 
odicals.— 1'. C. Obit.Rec. 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, LL.D. (H.U. 
1866), essayist, b. Boston, May 25, 1803. 
H. U. 1821.' Son of Rev. Wm. Emerson, and 
is the 8th in succession of a consecutive line 
of ministers. For 5 years after leaving coll., 
he was engaged in teaching school. In 1826, 
Be was app. to preach by the Middlesex Assoc. 
From Mar. 11, 1829, to 28 Oct. 1832, he was 
coll. of Henry Ware at the 2d Unit. Church, 
Boston. Returning in the winter of 18-33-4 
from a year's visit to Europe, he began the 
career of a lecturer, in which he has gained 
great distinction. In 1834, he delivered in 
Boston a series of biographical lectures on 
Michael Angelo, Milton, Luther, George Fox, 
and Edmund Burke. The first two afterwards 
appeared in the N.A. Review. In Sept. 1835, 
he m. Lydia, dau. of Charles Jackson of Ply- 
mouth, and fixed his residence at Concord, Ms. 
In 1840, he was a contrib. to a quarterly period- 
ical. The Dial, the organ of the N.E. Tran- 
scendentalists, and, for the last two years of its 
existence, its editor. He again visited Eng. in 
1847. In 1852, he contrib. some admirable 
interpretative criticisms to the "Memoirs of 
Margaret Fuller." Mr. Emeison has delivered 
many unpublished addresses on slavery, wo- 
man's rights, and other topics of public interest. 
" As a writer, Mr. Emerson is distinguished for 
a singular union of poetic imagination with 
practical acuteness. His style is condensed, 
almost to abruptness, occasionally purchasing 
compression at the expense of clearness." He 
has pub. " Essays," 1st series, 1841 ; 2d 



series, 1844; " Poems," 1846 ; "Miscellanies," 
(including " Nature," and 9 lectnn-s and ad- 
dresses), 1849; "Representative iMen," IB.'iO; 
" En-lish Traits," 1356; " Cond.iet uf Life," 
1860; " May-Dav and other Poems," " Societv 
and Solitude," 1869. An edition of his works 
was pub. in 2 vols., 1870, by Fields, Osgood, 
&Co. 

Emerson, William, Unit, minister, 
fatlicr ol Ralph Waldo, b. Concord, Ms., May 
6, 1769; d. May 12, 1811. H.U. 1789. 
Grandson of Rev. Joseph of Maiden, and son 
of Rev. Wni. of Concord,, who d. a chaplain 
in the army in 1776. He became the first 
minister of Harvard, May 20, 1792, and from 
Oct. 16, 1799, to his death, was pastor of the 
rir>t Chiiri-h in Ronton. He was one of the 
lir-! .', i ' I 'III most accomplished pulpit 
oiM IN.'. In 1804 he conducted 

til'.;/ ,1. '.';//. His numerous addresses 
on pill. In IP,., ,i.-i.ius rank among the most cor- 
rect and (iMi>lic'd compositions of the period. 
His " History of the First Church of Boston" 
was pub., with two of his sermons annexed, 
8vo, 1812, a "Selection of Psalms and 
Hymns," 1808. 

Emmet, Thomas Addis, LL.D. (Col. 
Coll., N.Y., 1824). Politician and lawyer, 
brother of the celebrated Robert Euimet, b. 
Cork, 176.'); d. N. Y., Nov. 14, 1827. Trin. 
Coll., Dub. Son of an eminent Dubin jilivsi- 
cian. Studied medicine at theU. of Ediubur-h; 
then studied law at the Temple, London, two 
years, and was adm. to the Dublin bar in 1791, 
soon rising to distinction. He soon became a 
leader of the " United Irishmen," and was one 
of its gen. committee. Arrested withothcrs in 
1798, he was imprisoned in Fort George, Scot- 
land, 2 1-2 years, and, after the treaty of 
Amiens, was permitted to withdraw to France, 
where his wife joined him. He arrived in 
Amer. Nov. 11, 1 804, rose to eminence in his 
prof, in New York, and was atty -gen. of that 
State in 1812. While in prison in Scotlanef, 
he wrote " Pieces of Irish History, illustrative 
of the Condition of the Catholics of Irel.and," 
puh. in connection with Dr. MacNevin, in 
1807. He was a laborious, able, and success- 
ful pleader, and an energetic and florid orator. 
.See his Memoirs, iy Charles G. Haynes, 12mo, 
1829. 

Emmons, Ebenezer, M.D., geologist, b. 
MIddlefield, Ms., May 16, 1799; d. Brunswick, 
N.C., Oct. 1, 1863. Wms. Coll. 1818. He 
studied and practised medicine successfully, 
and in 1833 became prof, of nat. hist, in 
Wms. Coll. Herehe madeimportantadditions 
to the knowledge of the botany, geology, and 
mineralogy of the Northern States, and made 
a Report on the Quadrupeds of Ms. In 
1836, while engaged upon the geol. survey of 
N. y., as one of the geologists in chief, he 
formed what he called his " Taconic " theory in 
opposition to the received theory of the Siluri- 
ans. Opposed at first by all scientific men, his 
views came at length to be universally adopt- 
ed. App. in 1838 prof, of chemistry in the 
Albany Med. Coll., and removed to that city. 
He pub. valuable reports on the " Natural 
History of New York," " Manual of Mineral- 
ogy and Geology," 1826. In 1858-9, he was 



app. by the Icgisl. of N.C. to conduct thi- geol. 
survey of that State. He was prevented from 
leaviiig the State when the Rebellion began, 
and was not permitted to correspond with his 
Northern friends. It is supposed that he was 
detained a prisoner on parole hy the Confed. 
Govt. He pub. 3 reports on the Geology and 
Agriculture of N.C, in 1856, 1858, and i860; 
also text-books of geology in 1854 and 1860. 

Emmons, George F., commo. U. S. N., 
b. Vt., Aug. 23, 1811. Midshipman, April 1, 
1828 ; lleut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; com. Jan. 28,18.-i6; 
capt. Feb. 7, 1863; commo. Sept. 20, 18G8. 
Attached to Wilkes's Expl. Expcd., 1838-42; 
actively employed in Cal., and in several en- 
gagements there during the Mexican war ; 
com. steamer " Hatteras," West Gulf squadron, 
1862, steamer " R. B. Cnvler," same squad, 
1863 ; captured Cedar Keys' Florida, 1862, and 
Pass Christian, Mpi., taking some 20 prizes, 
among them the rebel ram " Webb;" com. steam- 
sloop Lackawana, 1864-5, and prevented de- 
struction of the city and shipping of N. Or- 
leans by the rebels ; took charge of the hy- 
drographlc office in 1870. Author of " Navy 
of the U.S.,"4to, 1853.— fl^(mere/y's Records 
U. S. N. 

Emmons, Nathaniel. D D. (Dartm. 
Coll. 1708). thcolo-i.in. h. F..\<x Itadd:im. Ct., 
Sept. 



■nil. 



i.fthe 



ipr. 



gaged in i. ;i^ > . ■ .nrr..vcrsy. Si.K vols, of 

his works were pnb. m 1842, edited hy his son- 
in-law. Dr. James Ide, mth a memoir prefixed, 
and a list of 1.50 of his productions. Dr. E 
belonged to the Hopkinsian school of divines, 
long held among them the first rank, and was 
one of the founders and first pres. of the Ms. 
Missionarv Societv. 

Emory, John, D D., bishop of the M.E. 
Church, b. Queen Anne's Co., Md., April 11, 
1789; d. Baltimore Co., Md., Dec. 16. 1835. 
Wash. Coll.. Md. Adm. to the bar in 1808. 
After practising a short time with sucrpss, he 
entered the Pblla. M.E. Conf , in 1810, filled 
important stations in the church from 1813 to 
1820, and was a delegate to every general conf. 
but one during his life. In 1821), he was a del- 
egate to th... British conf. In l.'^Ji, he became 



X Y. I'ul 



put), a ] i.i.n.T ,,t ihr iiirjinai uiganization 
of the M. K Clinr, h, " d, li.n.lin.,' the policy of 
Wesley and his associates. Chosen bishop in 
1832. His death was caused by being thrown 
from his carriage. He assisted in the organi- 
zation of the U of N.Y., the Wesleyan U., and 
Dick. College, and prepared for them a benefi- 
cial course of study. His writings, with a Life, 
by his son, app. in' 1 vol., 8vo, 1841. 

Emory, Robert, clergvman, son of Bishop 
John, b. Phila., Julv 29,'l'814 ; d. Baltimore, 
May 18, 1848. Col."Coll. 1831. After study- 
ing law, he was from 1834 to 1839 prof of an- 
cient languages at Dick. College; then entered 
the Baltimore Annual Conf. of the Methodist- 
Episcopal Church, but was recalled in 1842 
as pres. pro tern., and, on the resignation of Dr. 



Eisra- 



Durbin, was chosen pros, of Dickinson Coll. 
BcMdos a life of his fMtlicr, he i. ft a " Ilistorv 
of the Discipline of the M. E. Clnircli," 1843, 
and an unfinished "Analysis of Butler's Anal- 
Ofrv," completed by Rev. George Crooks in 
1856, and introcluced as a text-book into many 
institutions of learning. 
f- Emory, William Helmsley, brev. maj.- 

L^ '^■{f.aw. U.S.A., b. Queen Anne's Co., Md., ab. 

'"•■l812.^We.stPoint, 1831. Entering the 4th Art., 

it-fThe resigned Sept. 30, 1836 ; app. 1st. lieut. 

y topog. engineers, 7 July, 1838; acted as aide- 

/ decamp to Gen. Kearney in Cal. in 1846-7; 
was brev. capt. for gallantrr .nt Snn Pasqunl, 
Dec. 6, 1846, and mnj. for L;;iil iiifry :it S:in lia- 
briel and the plains of Me-:i. ( al ,'.l:in. !i, Isi7; 
app. maj. 3d. Dragoons, 9 .\|.i-. Ist7, Imt dr. 
clined ; lient.-col. vols, in llic Mexican war. 
Sept. 30, 1847 : astronomer to the coinniiss. to 
survey the boundary between the U.S. and 
Mexico, in 1848-50; became capt. 24 April, 

Sept. 1851 ; member of ihe commiss. 1854-7 ; 
maj. 2d Cav. March -S, 1855, and in May was 
tran.sferred to 1st Cavalry. When the civil 
war broke out, he was serving in New Mexico, 
brought bis command in aood order to Kansas, 
and wasapp.. MayU, ISGl, limt.-col. 6th Cav. 
He served in tlie Peninsular cnmp.aign in the 
Armv of the Potomac; became brig.-gcn. of 
Tols.'March 17, 1862, and Dec. 5, sailed from 
Fortress Monroe in com. of a division of a 
Southern exped. He com. a division of Banks's 
army at Port Hudson, Sabine Cross-Roads, 
and Pleasant Hill ; and in Sheridan's campaign 
against Early in the Shenandoah Valley com. 
the 19th corps; brev. col. 27 May, 1862, for 
Hanover C. H., Va. ; col. 5th Cav. Oct. 27, 
1863; brev. brig, and maj. gen. U. S. A. 13 
Mar. 1865, for Fisher's Hill and campaign 
of Shenandoah Valley, and for Cedar Creek ; 
maj.-gen. vols 25 Sept. 1865, Author of 
" Notes of a Militarv Reeonnoissance in Mo. 
and Cal.," N.Y., 8vo', 1848 ; " Notes of Travel 
in California," 8vo, N.Y. ; " Report of the 
U.S. and Mexican Boundary Commission," 
Wa.shington, 4to. 

Emott, James, LL.D (Col. Coll. 1833), 
judge, b. Poughkeepsie, N.Y., March 14, 1771; 
d. there April 10, 1850. Un. Coll. 1800. He 
began to practise law at Ballston Centre ; re- 
moved to Albany ab. 1800 ; was a commission- 
er to settle disputes concerning titles to lands 
in the military tract of Onondaga Co. in 1797 ; 
represented Albany Co. in the legisl. in 1804 ; 
practised law a while inN.Y.City, but returned 
to Poughkeepsie; from 1809 to 1813, he was a 
leader of the Federalist party in Congress ; 
speaker of the N.Y. legisl. in 1814 ; member 
of that body until 1817 ; first judge of Duch- 
ess Co. in 1817-23, and judge of the Second 
Circuit in 1827-31. 

Endeeott, John, gov. of Ms. Colony, b. 
Dorchester, Eng., 1588; d. Boston, March 
15, 1665. He m. acousin of Mathew Cradock, 
gov. of the Ms. comp. in Eng., and was bro.- 
in-law to Roger Ludlow, dep.gov. Sent to 
this country as their agent to carry on the set- 
tlement at Naumkeag, or Salem : he arrived 
Sept. 6, 1628, and there laid the foundation of 
the first permanent town in Ms. In April, 



1629, the comp. chose him gov. of Loudon's 
Plantation, but in Aug. tlic charier and the 
govt, of tbe Colony was transferred to N.E. ; 
and Winthrop, who arrived in 1630, was npp. 
gov. In 1636, he was sent on an exped. against 
the Indians on Block Island and in the Pe- 
quot country. During this year, the military 
commissioners adopted his views relative to 
the cross in the king's colors, namely, that it 
savored of Popery, and ordered it to be left 
out. He was dep.-gov. in 1641-3, gov. in 
1644, when he removed from Salem to Boston, 
and from 1649 until his death in 1665, except- 
in-jT in 1650 and 1654, when he was dep.-gov. 
Ill li,(:-,, lir was made sergeant major-gen. of 
.M^,, i!ir liiJi'st military office in the Colony, 
ivhieh, though 
ey more than 
; [ires, of the 



ished 



of 



d, brave, and patriotic, 
1 the intolerance of his 
linistration, the Colony 



tiines. Under hi 
flourished greatly 

England, John, D.D., R.C. bishop, b. 
Cork, Ireland, Sept. 23, 1786 ; d. Charleston, 
S.C, April 11, 1842. He entered Cariow Coll. 
in 1803, and while there founded a female peni- 
tentiary, and poor schools for both sexes. 
Adm. to orders at Cork, Oct. 9, 1808, he was 
soon after app. lecturer at the North Chapel, 
and chaphiin of the prisons; began in 1809 to 
pub the ReHfjioiis liepertory, a monthly ; and 
in 1812 distinguished himself in the cause of 
Catholic emancipation. The freedom of his 
language more than once brought him before 
the courts ; and on one occasion he was fined 
£500. He was app. pres. of the Coll. of St. 
Mary ; also filled the ofBceof bishop's sec; per- 
formed the ordinary duties of the ministry, 
and in 1817 was made parish priest of Bran- 
don. Raised to the episcopate Sept. 21, 1820, 
he came in Dec. to Charieston, S.C , where he 
estal)lished a theol. sem., and a journal. The 
Catholic Miscellanfi, the first Catholic paper 
pub. in America. In 1826, at tbe request of 
Congress, he preached before the senate at 
Washington. In 18.32, he travelled in Europe, 
and spent some time in Rome, when tbe pope 
app. him apostolic legate to Hayti. His works 
were pub. in 1849, in 5 vols., 8vo, edited by 
Bishop Reynolds. 

England, Sir Richard, a British lieut.- 
pen. of Litford, Co. Clare, Ireland; d. Nov. 
1812. Capt of the 47th regt., and wounded at 
Bunker's Hill. He served with distinction 
through the war, and at one time was com- 
mandant of Detroit. He was efficient in aid- 
ing the colonization of the extreme western 
portion of Upper Canada. 

Engle, Frederick, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Delaware Co., Pa., 1799; d. Phila., Feb. 12, 
1868. Midshipman, Nov. 30, 1814; lieut. Jan. 
13, 1825 ; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 14, 
1855 ; re.ar-adm., retired list, 25 July, 1866. 
Com. "The Princeton," during the Mexican 
war, and rendered disting. service in the blockad- 
ing .squadron. During the Rebellion, he com. 
"The Hartford," but, from advanced age, was 
assigned to the command of the Phila. N.-Y., 
and was subsequently gov. of the nay. asylum. 



308 



, William MoRR!SON,D.D,,Presh. 
clergyman and author, b. Phila , 12 Oct. 1797 ; 
d. there 27 Nov. 1867. U. of Pa. 1815 Li- 
censed to preach Oct. 1818. Pastor 7th Presb. 
Church, Phila.. 1820-14. Edited the Preshi/le- 
rian i'rnm 1 8.-U till his death. Book editor 
of the Presb. I!r)ard of Fuh. 18.38-6.3 ; pres. of 
the lioard, 186.i-7. Ho iiiib. " Records of the 
Presb. Church," "Bible Dictionary," " Book 
of Poetry," " Sailor's Companion," " Sick- 
Room Devotions," " Soldier's Pocket-Book." 

English, GiiOEGE Bethune, author and 
adventurer. 1.. Oamlind^r, Mar. 7, 1787; d. 
Washingtnn,S.;.i lm), is:_>^. 111'. I'iiiT, Stud- 
ied law and Mil.MNinrnllvdiviintv. jjri.ub in 
1813 •• Grounds nf CliriMianiry cxaniini-d," a 
work in favor of .Judaism, which was answered 
by Edward Everett and by S. Cary. He edited, 
for a time, a Western paper, then sailed to the 
Mediterranean as a lieut. of marines, but re- 
signed his commission, professed Mohammed- 
anism, and accepted a com. under Ibrahim 
Pacha in the Egyptian army, then organizing 
for the conquest of Abyssinia, performing im- 
portant service as an ollinr of ai tillcry. He 
•wasafteiwardU.S.a;;(ii; in tlir Mr.liierranean, 
and in 1827 returned to Wiiliinu ten, where he 
sousbt an app., but witliciut micc i>s. He pub., 
beside the al>ove, Letter to Mr. Cary, on the 
Review of his work ; " Five Smooth Stones out 
of the Brook," a reply to Everett ; Letter to 
Mr. Channing regarding his two sermons on 
inlidelity ; and " Expedition to Dongola and 
Senuaar," 8vo, 1823. He had a versatile genius, 
and especially excelled in acquiring languages. 
At Marseilles, he passed for a 'Purk, with a 
Turkish ambassador ; and at Washington, he 
surprised a delegation of Cherokees, by disput- 
ing with them in their own tongue. — See S. 
L. Ktiapp's Ainer. Biog. 

English, James E., politician, b.N.Havcn, 
Ct., March, 1812. He was a merchant until 
185.'), when he became extensively engaged in 
manufacturing. Member of the State legisl. 
in 1855, and of the senate in 1856; M. C. 
1861-5 ; gov. of Ct. 1867, and 70-1. 

English, Tiio.M AS Dunn, author, b. Phila., 
June 29, 1819. He received the degree of 
M.D. from the U. of Pa., iu 1839, and, having 
subsequently studied law, was in 1842 adm. 
to the bar. He has written a novel entitled 
"Walter Woolfe," 1844, and has edited and 
eontrib. to a variety of journals and magazines. 
Ab. 1 842, he wrote for the N. Y. Miiror the 
song of " Ben Bolt." In 1848, he edited a hu- 
morous periodical entitled the John Donkey, 
and, in conjunction with G. G. Foster, a work 
on the French Revol. of thai date. He has 
written a series of national ballads for Harper's 
Maijazine, and is the author of numerous dra- 
mas, one of which, " The Mormons," has been 
printed. In 1855, he pub. a collection of his 
miscellaneous poems. He resides near N.Y., 
and is connected with the press of that city. 

Enos, Gen. Roger ; d. Colchester, Vt., 
Oct. 6, 1808, a. 72. He was a col. in the 
Revol. army in 1775, and com. the rear division 
of Arnold's exped. to Quebec, through the 
wilderness of Me., but abandoned it, and re- 
turned to Cambridge to avoid starvation. In 
1781, he com. the Vt. troops at Castleton. He 



was a maj.-gen of militia, and a founder of 
the State of Vt. Ira Allen ra. his dau. — 
Vt. Quarterly Gazetteer, 764. 

Eppes, John W., M. C. 1803-11 and 
181.3-15; U. S. senator, 1817-19; d. near 
Riehmond, Va., Sept. 1823, a. 50. His wife, 
Jlaria, dau. of Jefferson, d. Apr. 1804. — ijan- 
daWs Jefferson. 

Ercilla Y Zuniga (^r-thel'-ya, e thoon- 
yee'-gii), Don Alonzo de, Spai'iish soldier 
and poet, 1533-95. Brought up at the court 
of Charles V., he joined the exped. sent to 
Chili in 1554, and celebrated the dangerous 
contest with the Araucanians, a native trilie, in 
an admirable epic entitled "La Araucana," 
written at brief intervals from active duty, on 
scraps of paper, and bits of leather, and first 
printed in 1577. 

Erie the Red, a Scandinavian navigator, 
the reputed discoverer of N. America. He 
emigrated to Iceland, ab. 982 A.D., after which 
he discovered Greenland, where he planted a 
colony. He sent out, ab. 1000 A.D., an ex- 
ploring party, under his son Lief, who discov- 
ered a continent, pait of which ihcy callcil 
Markland, and another part Vinland (supposed 
to correspond to the southern portion of New 
England). Traditiou adds, that he or his son 
formed a settlement in Vinland. 

Ericsson, John, LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1862), ■ 
inventor, b. province of Vermcland, Sweden, 
1803; d. Uichhmd, N.Y., March 5, L869. _At 
the age of 11, Count Platen gave himlTc'adet- 
ship in a corps of engineers; and in 1816 he 
was employeil on the grand ship-canal between 
the Baltic and the North Sea. He entered the 
Swedish army as ensign, rose to the grade of 
lieut., and was for some time employed in the 
survey of Northern Sweden. One of the ear- 
liest of his inventions was the Jlame emjine, 
intended to work independently of steam, by 
condensing fiame. Visiting f.ng. in 1826. he 
discovered that this engine, when wniked liy 
mineral fuel, was a total failuie. Devoiing 
himself to mechanical pin-m;-, !: in nir.l 
the steam-boiler on the ]miii ■ . ' i . nd 
draft. In 1829, he conip. r ; n/r. 

offered by the Liverpool aiir] MumIk-:.! Hail- 
way for the best locomotive, and pmilnreil an 
engine that attained the then incrediblo 
speed of fifty miles an hour. This led liini to 

cess. Dirrrtinu- Ills attenlion to naviu'aiion, he 
invented thr|nii|irllrr,and iliai new arraii -anient 

of the Steaii.-niari,iii,rv- ill ship<-nl-;var wlii.'h 

has rcvolntionizial tlir navies of the ivi.rld. 
Not succeeding in making the British admi- 
ralty l)elieve what they saw, he came in 1839 
to N.Y., and in 1841 was employed in the con- 
struction of the U.S. ship-of-war " Princeton " 
on the very plan which had been received with 
such indifference by the British admiralty. 
She was the first steamship ever built with the 
propelling machinery under the water-line, and 
out of the reach of shot ; and she was disting. 
for numerous other mechanical novelties. In 
1852, he was made Knight of the Order of 
Vasa, by King Oscar of Sweden. The 
same year, he brought out a new form of 
ealoric-engine in the ship " Ericsson." During 
his residence in the U.S., he invented semi- 



-/-' 9u .' I 



^U. 



809 



EST 



cylindrical engine, centrifugal blowers, besides 
some improvements in managing guns, applied 
to the steamer "Princeton" with success. In the 
American dept. of the Great Exhibition of 
1851, he exhibited an instrument for measuring 
distances at sea; the hydrostatic gauge, for 
measuring the volume of fluids under pres- 
Burc ; the reciprocating fluid-meter, the alarm 
barometer, the pyrometer, the rotary fluid- 
meter, and the sea-lead, of all of which instru- 
racnts he has given a brief explanation in a 
pamphlet pub. in 1851. For these he re- 
ceived the prize medal of the Exhibition. 
Ericsson's caloric-engine was first placed 
before the scientific world in London, 1833. 
Its advantages over steam are economy of 
space, economy of first cost, economy of fuel, 
of repairs and running-expenses, simplicity, 
safety, and power. His last great invention, 
the iron-clad " Monitor," had just been com- 
pleted, and arrived at Fortress Monroe most 
opportunely, Mar. 9, 1862, to stay the devastat- 
ing progress of the rebel iron-clad, "Merri- 
mack." The result of this contest settled the 
question of " wooden" navies. Capt. Ericsson 
was the first to bring the system of iron turret 
ships into operation. 

Srskine, David Montague, Baron, en- 
voy and minister to the U.S., 180G-10; d. 
March 19, 1855, aged 78. Son of the cele- 
brated Lord Thomas. Adm. to the bar in 
1802, and in Feb. 1806 was returned to par- 
liament for Portsmouth. He m. in 1800 a 
dau. of Gen. John Cadwalladcr of Phila. He 
succeeded to the peerage on the d. of his 
father in 1823. He had been minister-pleni- 
potentiary to Bavaria. 

£rskine, Robert, F.R.S., geographer 
and surveyor-gen. to the army of the U.S. 
Son of Rev. Ralph of Dunfermline, Scotland, 
b. 7 Sept. 1735 ; d. 2 Oct. 1780. — Ins. on tomb- 
stone at Rim/wood, Passaic Co., N.J. 

iErskine, Sm William, a British gen., 
bart. of Torrie, b. 1728; d. March 9, 1795. 
Entered the Scots Greys in 1743 ; was a cornet 
in his father's regt. at Fontenoy ; maj. 15th 
Light Dragoons in March, 1759, and served 
with credit in Germany ; licut.-col. March 29, 
1762; app. brig.-gen. in Amer. in 1776; com. 
the 7th brigade in the battle of Brooklyn 
Heights ; second in com. of Tryon's marauding 
expcd. to Danbury, Ct., in April, 1777; app. 
quartermaster-gen. in Dec. 1777; col. 80th 
regt., and aide-de-camp to the king ; com. the 
eastern dist. of L.I. in the winter of 1778-9; 
became maj. -gen. in 1779; lieut.-gen. Sept. 
1787; bart. June, 1791 ; second in com. to the 
Duke of York, in Flanders, iti 1793-5. Es- 
teemed for his social and military qualities, 
and in Germany approved himself a brilliant 
caviilry oSicer. 

Erving, George W., diplomatist, b. 
Boston, 1771; d. N.Y., July, 1850. George, 
his father, a loyalist merchant of Boston, went 
to Eng. with his family in 1776. The son 
was educated at Oxford, Eng., and, returning 
to his native country, was made consul to Lond. 
by Jefferson ; was sec. of legation to Spain in 
1804; special minister to Denmark in 1811 ; 
and minister to Spain in 1814. 

Escalante d' (d^s-ka-lan'-ta), Juan, one 



of Cortes' principal officers in the conquest of 
Mexico in 1518. He com. the colony founded 
by Cortes at Vera Cruz, and was killed in a 
battle against a Mexican chief in 1519. 

Escobar, Maria de, b. Truxillo; living 
in 1547. She was the wife of Diego de 
Chaves, one of the first conquerors of Peru. 
She followed her husband to Amer., shared the 
fatigues and dangers of the adventurous Span- 
iards, and introduced the cultivation of corn and 
barley into the conquered country. Gonzalo 
Pizarro recompensed Donna Maria de Chaves 
by giving her a fine territory in the vicinity of 
Lima, together with the Indians upon it. 
— Noim. Biorj. Gen. 

Espy, James P., meteorologist, b. Wash- 
ington Co., Pa., May 9, 1785 ; d. Cincinnati, 0., 
Jan. 24, 1860. After some vears' study, he 
pub. in 1841 " Philosophy of Storms." He 
had before communicated to the British Assoc, 
apaperon "Storms," and anotheron the"Four 
Daily Fluctuations of the Barometer." In 
1843, he was employed by the war dept. in the 
Washington Observatory to prosecute his in- 
vestigations, and collate the reports fi-om the 
different observers throughout the country. 
Several quarto vols, of this matter were pub. 
by the dept. 

Esquemeling, John, a buccaneer. Wrote 
in Dutcli an account of the buccaneers of Amer., 
translated into English, and pub. Lond., 1684, 
4tu. Sir Henry Morgan obtained a verdict of 
X200 against the publisher for libel. — Alli- 

Estaing (des-tan[g']), Charles Henut 
Theodat, Count d', a French adm., h. Ravel, 
in Auvergne, 1729; guillotined at Paris, 28 
Apr. 1794. Entering the Mousquotaircs in 
1745, he was col. of the regt. Rmiergiu in 1748, 
and brigadier in 1756. In 1757, he served in 
the fleet of Count d'Ache, and in 1758 took 
Gondelcur and Fort St. David. Joining the 
E. India squadron, under Count Lally, he was 
taken prisoner at Madras in 1759, and, violat- 
ing his parole, was captured a second time, and 
imprisoned at Portsmouth. In 1763, he was 
made lieut.-gen., and in 1778 vice-adm. Em- 
ployed in the Amer. war, he arrived in Dela- 
ware Bay in July, 1778, made a demonstration 
against Newport in Aug., which obliged the 
British to destroy 6 of their frigates lying there ; 
but his fleet was so shattered by a storm as to 
be obliged to refit at Boston. In 1779, he 
sailed to the W. Indies, when he took St. Vincent 
and Granada, and had an indecisive engage- 
ment with Adm. Byron. He invested Savan- 
nah, 9 Oct. 1779, but lost the favorable op- 
portunity for attack by giving the British time 
to complete their defences, under cover of a 
truce : he next ruined the enterprise by a pre- 
cipitate attack, when he should have besieged 
in form. In this action, Pulaski was killed, and 
D'Estaing wounded. He returned to France 
in 1780. In 1783, he com. the combined fleets 
of France and Spain, and was made a grandee 
of Spain of the first class. He favored the 
French Revol., was a member of the Notables 
in 1 787, com. the National Guards at Versailles 
in 1789, and was made adm., and put on the 
retired list, in 1792, but, falling under suspi- 
cion of the Terrorists, was finally guillotined. 



310 



EVA 



John Skey, gen., b. Flnshins, 
L.I., Aug. 10, 1760; d. Newburgh, N.Y., Aug. 
25,1805. Wm. and M. Coll. 1776. App.Midcio 
Gen. Charles Lee in 1776; was afterwards aide 
to Sullivan and Greene; and having, by his 
spirit and address, made prisoner Col. Burton, 
Congress, Nov. 1777, resolved tliat John Skey 
Eustace be commissioned major for his bravery 
and faithful services. After the war, lie re- 
si;,'ned, aiul went to Ga., where he practised law, 
was ailjuiant-gen., and received other civil and 
military appointments. In 1794, ho entered 
tlie French service; was made aide-de-camp to 
Luckner, afterwards to Dnmouriev, attaining 
the grade of maj.-gcn. and iniir(fch'tl-de-camp. 
He com. in 1797 a division of the French army 
in Flandi-rs. In 1800, he returned to his na- 

life in Orange Co., N.Y., till his dcat'h. Author 
of manv pampliluts, and an account of his 
"Exile from Great Britain," Load., 8vo, 1797. 

EustiS, ABR.4.HA5I, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. 
Boston, Mar. 28, 1786 ; d. Portland, Junr 27, 
184.3. H. U. 1804. Nephew of (inv K.wrl. 
Hestudiedlawintheofficeoflii- i : . > ' i (■ 
Justice Parker; was adin. to th ! : . 1 •:, 
and opened an office in Bosm;, i , ,, ,,t 
art. May 3, 1808; major, .M.uiU I.",, isiii; 
com. his regt. in capture of Yoik, U.C, Apr. 
27, 1813; brcv. llcut.-col., for meritorious ser- 
vice, Sept. 10, 1813 ; licnt.-col. 4th Art. May 8, 
1822 ; brevet brig.-gen. June 30, 1834 ; col. 1st 
Art. Nov. 17, 1834. Hi.s son Henry Law- 
rence, prof, of engineering in the sci. school 
of H. U., and a lirig.-gen. in the civil war. 
H U. 1838, and West Point (1st in class), 
1842. 

Eustis, George, LL.D. ( H.U. 1849), ju- 
rist, b. Boston, Oct. 20, 1796; d. N.Orleans, 
Dee. 23, 1858. H U. 1815. Private sec. to his 
uncle, Gov. Eustis, then minister to the Hague, 
where he commenced his legal studies, and laid 
the foundation of his remarkable proficiency in 
the civil law. In 1817, he went to N. Orleans; 
was adm. to the bar in 1822; was several times 
elected to the State legisl,; was see. of State, 
and, as a leading commissioner of the Board of 
Currency, instituted- reforms wliich added sta- 
bility to the currency of the State. He was also 
atty.-gcn. of La. and a justice, and afterwards 
chief-justiee of the Supreme Court until 1852 ; 
member of the Const. Conv. of 1845. 

Eustis, Wm., LL.D. (H. U. 1823), physi- 
cian and politician, b. Cambridge, Ms., June 
10, 1753 ; d. Boston, Feb. 6, 1825. H. U. 1772. 
Having studied medicine under Dr. Warren, 
he entered the Revol. army as a regimental sur- 
geon, serving throughout the war in that capa- 
city, or as a hospital surgeon, being for some 
years stationed at the house of Col. Beverly 
Robinson, opposite West Point, in which Ar- 
nold had his headquarters. After the war, ho 
practised his prof, in Boston. He was a sur- 
geon '^n the exped. against the insurgents un- 
der Shays, in 1786-7; member of the State 
legisl. from 1788 to 1794; was two years a 
councillor under Gov. Sullivan; M. C. 1800- 
5 and 1820-3; see. of war from 1809 until 
Hull's surrender, in 1812, when he resigned; 
app. minister to Holland in 1815, and gov. of 
Ms. in 1824, dying while in office. He m. Ca- 



roline, d;iu. of Woodburv Langdon of Ports- 
mouth, N. II. 

Evans, Augusta J., novelist, b near Co- 
lumbus, Ua., 1836. When a child, her father 
removed to Texas, residing in San Antonio 
from 1847 till 1849, wIrmi the family settled in 
Mobile. In her 17th year, she wrote " Inez, a 
Tale of the Alamo; " but her fame was estab- 
lished by her " Beulah," in 1859, a novel of 
great power and vivid interest. Also author of 
"St. Elmo," 1866; " Macaria," 1864 ; " Vash- 
ti," 1869. In 1868, she m. L. M. Wilson, pres. 
of Mobile and Mont^'omery Railroad. 

Evans, Caleb, D. D.," Baptist minister, b. 
Bristol, Eng., 1737 ; d. 1791. An advocate for 
the freedom of America; pub. a "Letter to 
Wesley," on his " Calm Address to the Araer. 
Colonies," 12mo, 1775, pub. under the sig. 
AnierlcaiiKs ,■ "Reply to Rev. Mr.Fletcher's Vin- 
dication of Wesley," 12mo, 1776. 

Evans, George, lawver and senator, b. 
Ilallowell, Me., Jan. 12, 1797; d. Portland, 
Me., Apr. 5, 1867. Bowd. Coll. 1815. Adm. 
to the bar in 1818. Speaker of the house of 
lepresintatives of Me. in 1829; M.C. 1829- 
41, and U.S. senator, 1841-7. In 1849-50, ho 
was a commiss. of the board of claims against 
Mexico, and atty.-gen. of Me. in 1803,'4,'6. — 

Evans, Sir George De Lacy, a British 
gen., b. Moig, Ireland, 1787 ; d. London, Jan. 
9, 1870. Entering the army in 1807, ho 
served in India antl Spain ; and early in 1814, 
having become brev. lieut-col. of the 5th W.I. 
regt., he was ordered to Amcr. At the battle 
of Bladensburg, Aug. 24, 1814, he had 2 
horses killed under him. It was ho, who, at 
the head of 100 men, acting under orders 
from Gen. Ross, forced the Capitol at Wash- 
ington. He also took part in the attack on 
Baltimore. Dec. 23, 1814, and again Jan. 
8, 1815, he was wounded before N. Orleans, 
and was sent home. He recovered just in time 
to join Wellington at Qtialre Bras, where a-ain 
he had 2 horses killed under him. He com. in 
Spain, in 1835-7, the "British Auxiliary Le- 
gion," and since 1846 had been M. P. from 
Westminster. He served as a lieut.-gen. in 
the Crimean war, and was disting at the Alma 
and at Inkerman. Author of "Facts relating 
to the Capture of Washington," &c., Lond., 
8vo, 1829. 

Evans, Hugh Davy, LL.D., b. Baltimore, 
1792 ; d. there 16 July, 1868. He ranked with 
the best lawvers of his day. Author of " Es- 
say on Pleading," Bait., 8vo, 1827 ; " Mary- 
land Common Law Practice," 8vo, 1839 ; "Es- 
says to prove the Validity of Anglican Ordina- 
tions," 12mo, 1844 ; second series, 2 vols., 
1851; "Essay on the Episcopate," 12mo, 
1855. Ed. and contrib. to .several Episc. jour- 
nals. — Allibone. 

Evans, John, M.D. (St. L. Med. Coll), 
geolo-ist, b. Portsmouth, N.H., Feb. 14, 1812; 
d. Washington, DC, Apr. 13, 1861. Son of 
Judge Rii-hard. lie assisted in the gcol. sur- 
veys of Wis., Minn , Iowa, and Neb , and at- 
tracted notice by his discovery and description 
of a large deposit of fossil bones of extinct 
species of mammalia in the mauvaises terms of 
Neb. The U.S. Govt, soon after employed 



-EVA. 



811 



EVE 



him upon the geol. survey of Washington and 
Orejon Tenitoiies. After years of severe la- 
hor, lie completed this work ; was for a short 
time geologist to tlio Chiriqui commiss., and 
was prepiinng at Washington the pub. of his 
ri'port of the surveys of Oregon and Washing- 
ton, when bcdKd. — Appl.lon. 

Evans, Josimi J., hiwvt-r and senator, b. 
Maii'.MM:i':li !>!-', sr.'Xnv. oj, 1786; d. 

18US II , I :. ,1 ,, I I' uhant's clerk; 

taui:lii ~. ,.i>il Mil I \ I ,1 , -iiniiiil law, attained 
a hi-li .v-.ii |".--iii.jii , III lt.lj, '13, and '16, he 
was sunt to the le;^isl.; was State solicitur for 
13 years ; judge of the Sup. Court from 1830 
to 18:i2, ami U.S. senator from 1852 until his 



Evans, 



b.ali. 



LOL-I 



or and engineer, 
le pub. at Phihi , 
or of the British 



nd of till 






in 1749, a cIki 
Colonies in N, 
adjacent on t 

cd. appeared in 175.5. In 175G, he pub. in 
London a pamphlet in reply to some siricturcs 
on a stateineiit questioning the English title 
to Fort Krunienac, which had been appended 
to the last edition of his map. Both appeared 
under the title of "Geographical, Historical, 
Political, riiilosopliical, and Mechanical Es- 
says." In 1776, bis map was repub. with 
large addiiions by Gov. Pownall. 

Evans, Nathan George, maj.-gen. 
C.S.A , b. Darlington Dist.'S.C, ab. 1829 ; d. 
Midway,Ala.,Nov.30,1868. WestPoint, 1848. 
Entering the 1st Dragoons, he became 1st licut. 
2d Cav., 3 IMar. 1855; capt. May 1, 1856; 
disting. himself in battle with the Camanches, 
in Texas, Oct. 1, 1838 ; resigned Feb. 27, 1861 ; 
entered the confed. service; was made a col., 
and com. a brigade in the battle of Bull Run ; 
promoted to brig -gen., and com. the confeder- 
ates at the battleof Ball's Bluff, Oct. 19, 1861 ; 
Feb. 6, 1S65, he com. a division in Gordon's 
corps at Hatcher's Run. Surrendered with 
Lee, Apr. 9, 1865. At the time of his death, 
he was engaged in teaching. 

Evans, Nathaniel, poet and clergyman, 
b. Phila, June 8, 1742; d. Gloucester Co. 
N. J., Oct. 29, 1767. Phila. Coll. 1765. Edu- 
Gated for a merchant by his parents, ho de\oted 
himself to the Muses. Was adm. to ordcis by 
theBisbopof London. Returned to Phila., Dec. 
26, 1765, and entered upon his mission, but d. 
soon after. He pub. an edition of Godfrey's 
poems, prefi.\ing a memoir and an elegy to his 
memory. A selection from Evans's writings, 
entitled' " Poems on Several Occasions, with 
some othcrPieces," was pub. in 1772, in Phila. 
— riardie ; Allen. 

Evans, Oliver, inventor, b. Newport, 
Del., 1755; d. N.Y.,Apr. 21, 1819. Descended 
from Evan Evans, D.D., first Epis. minister 
of Phila., who d. 1728. While apprentice to a 
wheelwright, he displayed his inventive talent, 
and, at the age of 22, invented a machine for 
making card-teeth, which superseded the old 
method of manuf them by hand. Two years 
later, he went into business with bis bros., who 
were millers. In I78G-7, ho obtained from the 
Icgi.sls. of Md. and Pa. the exclusive right to 
use his improvements in flour-mills. In 1799, 



he set about the construclion of a steam-car- 
riage; but, finding that bis steam-engine dif- 
fered materially from those in use, he patented, 
and successfully applied it to mills. This was 
the first steam-engine constructed on the high 
pressure principle. In 1803-4, he constructed 
the first steam-dredging machine used in 
Amcr. "The machine, which he named the 
' Or:\<'tnr .\ni; Inlioli.;,' liaving li.cn placed 

upuii ^.,^ , - ;ii,.|, ,|,,i i,,|.l| tolhiiSrhnylkill, 

li Mil. , .11 I, iij 1)1 ii HI- mi.-il uiih apaddle- 

j:i'i . I I ; :i 1 ii l.iimiT. Tlii- i^ believed 
t'. i r. I I , :,-r in, [.mill 111 .Viiier. of the 

^'V'r I . :i .1 ; nii-jiMUir ti. tlir pi-upelling 

incni on raiiwajs or wood or iron, and urged 
the construclion of a railroad between Phila. 
and N.Y., but was always prevented, by his 
limited means, from prosecuting his mechanical 
experiments to the extent be desired." Author 
of "Young Millwright's Guide," and the 
"Young Steam Engineer's Guide." — Ap- 
plelon. 

Evans, Thomas, Quaker controversialist, 
b. Phila., 1798; d. 25 May, 1868. In 1327-8, 
he opposed the Unitarian views of Elias Hicks 



a series of able 



papers 



the F:iend. In 



1828, he pub. " An Exposition of the Faith 
of the Religious Society of the Friends," &c. 
Ill 1837, be narrowly escaped shipwreck on a 
voyage to Charleston, S.C, and, from over- 
exertion at the pumps, his health was irrepara- 
bly injured. From 18.'!7 to 1854, he edited, 
in conjunction with his bro. William, " The 
Friends' Library," a coll. of tlie standard re- 
ligious writings of the society, in 14 vols. — 
Tliomas. 

EvartS, Jeremiah, sec. of the Board of 
Foreign Missions, b. Sunderland, Vt., Feb. 3, 
1781 ; d. Charleston, S.C, May 10, 1831. Y.C. 
1802. After some time spent in teaching, he 
studied law; was adm. to the N. Haven bar 
in 1806 ; practised his profession ab. 4 years; 
then edited the Panoplist at Boston, and in 
1820 the Missionari/ Herald. He was ireas. 
of the Board of Foreign Missions from 1812 to 
1820, and corresp. sec. from 1821 till his death. 
He wrote 24 essays on the rights of the Indians, /' 
under the signature of " Win. Penn," 1829. — 
See Memoirs of Ecaris, by E. C. Tracij (8vo, 
Boston, 1845). 

EvartS, William Maxwell, LL.D. 
(Un. Coll. 1857), an eminent lawver, son of 
the preceding, b. Boston, Feb. 1813. Y.C. 
1837. He studied law at the Camb. Law 
School, and began practice in N.Y. City, ab. 
1840. He was active in the Repub. party ; 
was the principal counsel for Pres. Johnson at 
his trial in the spring of 1868, and was atty.- 
gen. of the U.S. in 1868. 

Everard, Sir Richard, gov. of N.C. 
1725-9; d. London, Feb. 17, 1733. His ad- 
mii.istration was disturbed by frequent alter- 
cations with the council. He succeeded to the 
baronetev in Jan. 1706, on tlie death of his 
lather. Sir Hugh. His dau. Susannah m. 
David Meade of Va., the ancestor of Bishop M. 

Everest, Rev. Charle-s W., poet. Wash. 
Coll. 1838. Formerly of Meridcn, latterly in 
charge of the Rectory School, Hamden, Ct. 



312 



Hiis pull. " Babylon," a poem ; " Hare Bell ; " 
" Moss Hose;" " The Memento ;" " Th2 Snow 



Dr. 



The Poets of Co 



1843 ; 

Virion of Death, anil other Poems." His 
poem cntitlej "Agriculture" is a beautiful 
picture of country-lile. — Allilmie. 

Everett, Alexander Hill, LL.D (U. 
of Vt. 1826), scliolar anil diplomatist, b. 
Boston, Mar. 19, 1790; tl. Canton, China, 
June 29, 1847. H.U. 1806. Son of Rev. 
Oliver. He was an usher in Phillips Exeter 
Acail. ; hf.L'au to stiiily law in the office of J. 
Q. A'l.i II , r. i I ill, ill 1807 ; anil was a member 
of III ;li;it founded the Montlily 

Ami"' I i I ■ • lie accomp. J. Q. Adams 

to St I'iir liiiij, :i, altaclie to the legation, 
to whith he became sec. in 1815. He visited 
En;;, in 1811, and, after a short trip to Paris, 
returned borne in 1812, and wrote some political 
pieces in favor of the war, and against the Hart- 
lord Convention. He \Kcaiaa charge d'affaires 
at Brussels in 1818; in 1825-9 was minister 
to Spain, and from 1845 till his death was 
commiss. to China. In 1840, he was sent on 
a confidential mission to Cuba. In 1829, he 
became editor and principal prop, of the A''. 
Amer. Review, to which he had long been a 
contrib. He invited Irving to Madrid ; made 
him an attache lo his legation, and encouraged 
him in the preparation of his Spanish histories. 
He also aided Mr. Prcscott in similar pursuits. 
Member of the Ms. legisl. 1830-5, taking an 
active part as a Democ. politician. He was 
skilled in the languages and literature of 
modern Europe, as well as philosophy, di- 
plomacy, and the laws of nations. He pnb. 
"Europe," 1821; "America," 1827; "New 
Views on Population," 1822 ; a vol. of essays 
in 1845, and a small vol. of poems, 1845. To 
Sparks's " Am. Biography," ho contrib. Lives 
of Warren and Patrick Henry. Also contrib. 
to the Democratic and Boston Qaarterly /Je- 



ered the Phi Beta Kappa poem on American 
Poets. Ord. pastor of the Brattle-st. (Boston) 
Unitarian Church, 9 Feb. 1814 ; accepted the 
chair of Greek literature at H. U. 5 Mar. 1815; 
visited Europe, where he studied 2 years at the 
U. of GiJttingen, and travelled extensively, re- 
turning in the spring of 1819, and entering 
upon the duties of his professorship. May 8, 
1822, he m. Charlotte Gray, dau. of Hon. Peter 
C. Brooks. In 1824, he delivered at Cam- 
bridge an oration on Amer. Literature, at 
which Laliiyette was present. M.C. 1825-35; 
gov. of Ms. 1836-40; minister toEng. in 1841- 
5; pres. H.U. 1846-9; sec. of State, as succes- 
sor of Daniel Webster, Nov. 1852-Mar. 1853, 
and U.S. senator from that time until his re- 
tirement to private life on account of ill health, 
in May, 1854. He subsequently wrote and lec- 
tured with great success in behalf of the Mt. 
Vernon Fund, for the purchase of the home 
and burial-place of Washington, that it might 
thenceforth belong to the American people. 
He was the candidate, in 1860, of the party of 
conciliation and compromise, for ihe vice-pres- 
idency. The Bell anil I'.verrtt lieket, however, 
had but39 electoral von , Am r ihe Uebellion 
began, he gave all his nitluene.' ami energies to 
the support of the FcJeial Guvt. Tiiough a 
remarkable example of varied culture, Mr. 
Everett is best known by his orations and ad- 
dresses, which are models of grace and elegance 
of style. His historical efforts are of great 
value. During his terra as gov. of Ms., the 
Board of Education was organized, normal 
schools founded, and scientific and agricultural 
surveys of the State were established. He 
visited Europe a second time in 1840-1, and 
was in 1843 app. minister to China, but de- 
clined. As minister to Eng., his management 



t, D.iviD, journalist, b. Princeton, 
Ms., March 29, 1770; d. Marietta, O., Dec. 
21, 1813. Dartm. Coll. 1795. While teach- 
ing a grammar school at N. Ipswich, he wrote 
the famous juvenile recitation commencing, — 



• age 

He studied law in Boston, and wrote for 
Russell's Gazette and Dennie's Farmer's Muse- 
um. His prose papers, " Common Sense in 
Dishabille," were collected in 1799, in a small 
vol., as was also his " Farmer's Monitor." He 
contrib. to a literary paper, the Nightingale, in 
1796. In 1800, ho produced a tragedy, " Da- 
ranzel, or the Persian Patriot," acted and pub. 
at Boston in 1800. He removed to Amherst 
in 1802, where ho practised law. Returning to 
Boston in 1807, in 1809 he edited the Boston 
Patriot, and in 1812 the Pilot. Author of an 
essay on " The Rights and Duties of Nations," 
and "Junius Americanus," in the Boston Ga- 
zette, in defence of John Adams. — Duuckinck; 
B.C. Alumni. 

Everett, Edward, LL.D., D.C.L., scholar 
and orator, b. Dorchester, Ms., U Apr. 1794; 
d. Boston, 15 Jan. 1865. H.U. 181 1. Son of 
Rev. Oliver. Tutor at H.U. in 1812, and deliv- 



boundary,and the MeLeoil and the Creole cases, 
reflected the highest credit upon his abilities. 
In Congress, he opposed the policy of removing 
the Indians without their consent, and advocat- 
ed free trade. Ho was one of the early editors 
of the N. A. Review, to which he contrib., 
among other important articles, that on Nullifi- 
cation, in Oct. 1830. In this periodical he suc- 
cessfully vindicated American principles and 
institutions against a crowd of British travel- 
lers and authors, who were endeavoring to 
bring them into contempt. His contnbs. to 
the N. y. Ledger in 1858 were afterward coll., 
and pub. as "The Mount Vernon Papers." 
His speeches and addresses were coll. and pub. 
in 4 vols., 8vo. He received the degree of 
D.C.L. from the Universities of Oxford and 
Cambridge. He was the intimate friend of 
Webster, and wrote the best Life extant of 
that distinguished man, whoso collected writ- 
ings he edited. — See Memoir of Everett, Bost., 
1865; Golden Age of Amer. Oruton/, 1857; 
Character and Characteristic Men, E. P. Whip- 
ple^ 

Horace, LL.D., lawyer and pol- 
b. 1780; d. Windsor, Vt., Jan. 30, 
1851. Brown U. 1797. He was successful in 
his practice at Windsor; was in the State 
legisl. in 1819-20, 1822-4, and 1834; State- 
atty. for Windsor Co., 1813-17 ; a prominent 



E'W^B 



313 



member of the State Const. Conv. of 1828, 
and M.C. 18J9-43. He distill^, himself in 
Consress by his zeal in behalf of the Indians. 

Ewbarik, Thomas, writer on practical me- 
chanics, b. Barnard Castle, Durham, Eng., 
March U, 1792 ; d. New York, Sept. 16, 1870. 
At 1.3, he was apprenticed to a tin and copper 
smith ; emigrated to New York ab. 1819, and 
in 1820 commenced the maniif. of metallic tub- 
ing there, from which business he retired in 
1836 to devote himself to literary and scien- 
tific pursuits. In 1842, he pub. " Descriptive 
and Historical Account of Hydraulic and other 
Macliines." In 1845-6, he visited Brazil, of 
which lie pub. an account in 1856, entitled 
"Life in Brazil." Comiiiiss. of ))iiicnts from 

1849 to 1832. He pub. .'iiun |,.,ii., al^o a 

wovUcntitled"TheWoiIM V, ,v is:,.-,; 

"Thouslitson Matter ami 1 I " l!e- 

mini^cences in the Patciu-i i:li i, ' \^<''.<. and a 
variety of essays on the philosophy and his- 
tory of inventions in the " Transactions of the 
Franklin Insiitnte." His " Experiments on 
Marine Propulsion, or the Virtue of Form in 
Propelling Blades," was reprinted in Europe. 
As a member of the commission to examine 
and report upon the strength of the marbles 
oflFered for the extension of the National Capi- 
tol, he discovered the method of greatly in- 
creasing the resisting power of building stones. 
Founder of the Ethnological Society. 

Ewell, Benjamin S., instructor, b. D.C., 
ab. 1810. West Point, 1832. Entering the 
4th Art., he was assist, prof, of math, at West 
Point, 1832-5; of nat. philos. 1835-6, and re- 
signed 30 Sept. 1836 ; assist, eugr. Bait, and 
Susq. Railroad, 1836-9 ; prof, math., Hamp. 
Sid. Coll., Va., 1839-42; prof. math, and 
milit. science, Wash. Coll., Lexington, Va., 
1846-8; prof, math., and acting president, Wm. 
and Mary Coll., Va., 1848-9; prof. math, and 
nat. science since 1849, and pres. since 1854. — 
Cnllum. 

Ewell, Richard Stoddakd, lieut.-gen. 
C.S.A., b. D.C. ab. 1820. West Point, 1840. 
Entering 1st Dragoons, he was brev. capt. for 
gallantrv at Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 
20, 1847 ; capt. Aug. 4, 1849 ; disting. in bat- 
tle witli Apaches, in N. Mexico, June 27, 1857 ; 
resigned May 7, 1861 ; entered Confed. service; 
made brig.-gen. ; took part in the action at 
Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 1861 ; and at Bull 
Run, com. the extreme right; afterward maj.- 
gen., and led a corps in the army of Va., and 
was at the battles of White-oak Swamp and 
Cedar Mountain. He accomp. Lee in his 
movement against Pope, Aug. 1862, and Aug. 
27 was defeated by Hooker at Kettle Run, near 
Manassas Junction. He was in the battles near 
Bull Run, Aug. 28-30, and also in the suc- 
ceeding Md. campaign, in which he was severe- 
ly wounded. On the death of Stonewall Jack- 
eon, he was, at his request, made a lieut.-gen. 
May 20, 1863, and assigned to the 2d corps; 
witii it he fought at Winchester, Gettysburg, 
and during the first day of the battle of the 
Wilderness, May, 1864, and in the subsequent 
operations of the campaign, at one timecomg. 
the dept. of Henrico ; captured by Gen. Sheri- 
dan, April 6, 1865, near the Appomattox 
River. 



Ewen, William, Revol. patriot, b. Eng. 
ab. 1 720 ; d. Ga. soon after the Revol. He 
came to Ga. about 1734 as an apprentice to 
the Trustees; was one of the earliest and most 
active of the Revol. leaders of Ga. ; a member 
of the council of safety ; and, as first pres. of 
the exec, council, performed the duties of gov. 
in 1775.— Ga. Hist. Colls., 199. 

Ewing, Charles, LL.D. (Jeff. Coll.), 
jurist, b. Burlington Co., N.J., Julv 8, 1780; 
d. Trenton, Aug. 5, 1832. N.J. Coll. 1798. 
Son of James Ewing, commiss. of loans for 
N.J. ; a Revol. patriot. Adni. to the bar in 
1802, he practised at Trenton with success; 
became a counsellor in 1812, and from 1824 to 
his d. was chief-justice of N.J. — See Nat, 
Port. Gall., vol. ii. 

Ewing, James, general, b. Lancaster Co., 
Pa., 1736 ; d. at his seat in Hellam township in 
March, 1806. He accomp. Braddock's exped. 
in 1755 ; July 4, 1776, he was elected a brig.- 
gen. of Pa. militia, and had a part assigned 
him in the surprise of Trenton, but was pre- 
vented, by the ice and a high wind, from cross- 
ing the Delaware as previouslyarranged. Vice- 
prcs. of Pa. under Pres. Dickinson in 1782-5, 
and was several times member of the State 
Icgisl. His name has been variously given as 
Irvine, Irwin, and Erwing. — Lossinq. 

Ewing, John, D.D. (Edinb.'U. 1773), 
scholar and divine, b. E. Nottingham, Md., 
June 22, 1732 ; d. Phila., Sept. 8, 1802. N.J. 
Coll. 1754. His emig. ancestors came from 
Ireland, and settled on the banks of the Sus- 
quehanna. Tutor in N. J. Coll., then instructor 
in philos. in the Phila. Coll., and on its being 
made the U. of Pa., in 1779, became provost, 
holding the position until his death. Ho be- 
came pastor of the 1st Presb. Churcli, Phila., 
in 1759 ; visited Eng. in 1773-5 to collect funds 
for the acad. at Newark, Del. ; vice-pres. of 
the Philos. Society, to whose " Transactions " 
he made several contribs. He was a commiss. 
to run the boundary-line of Del., and to settle 
the boundaries between Ms. and Ct., and be- 
tween Pa. and Va. His learning was various 
and profound, and as a preacher he was highly- 
popular. His collegiate lectures on nat. phi- 
losophy, with a biog. by Rev. R. Patterson, 
(2 vols., 1809), and a vol. of his sermons with 
a memoir, were pub. in 1812. — Sprarjue. 

Ewing, Thomas, LL.D., lawyer and states- 
man, b. near West Liberty, Ohio 'Co.,Va., Dec. 
28, 1789./^ Ohio U. 1815. George, his father, 
a Revol. officer, one of the founders of Ames- 
town, 0., d. Ind. ab. 1830. He received his 
early education chiefly from an elder sister, and, 
with his father's family, settled in the wilds 
of Ohio, ab. 1792. In 1814, he was a school- 
teaclier. He studied law, and was adm. to 
the bar in 1816 ; was a U.S. senator from 0. 
from 1831 to 1837 ; sec. of the treasury under 
Harrison in 1841 ; sec. of the interior under 
Pres. Taylor in 1849, and U. S. senator in 
1850-1, since residing in Lancaster, O. In the 
U.S. senate, he supported the protective system 
of Clay ; reported a bill from the com. on post- 
ofSces, which in 1835 resulted in the rc-organ- 
ization of the dept. He actively defended Tay- 
lor's administration, did not vote for the fugi- 
tive-slave law, helped to defeat Clay's com- 



314 



promise bill, advocated river and harbor appro- 
priations, a reduction of postage, and the aboli- 
tion of slavery in the District of Columbia. 
While sec. of the interior, he organized the 
dept. Differing with his party on the slavery 
question, he left the cabinet in July, 1850. Mr. 
Kwing's celebi ity as a lawyer and public speaker 
equals his reputation as a statesman. Dele- 
gate to the peace convention, 1861. — Applcton. 

Ewing, ThO-mas, Jun., lawyer, son of the 
preceding, b. Lancaster, O., 7 Aug. 1829. Ed- 
ucated at Brown U. and at Ciri. Law School, 
1855 ; private sec. to Pros. Taylor, 1849-50. 
He be-an practice in Cin.'in., fnit in 1856 re- 
moved to Leavenworth, Ks. ; member Leav. 
Const Conv. ; chief-justi('e of Ks. 1861-2; col. 
lull Ks. Inf. 15 Sept. 1802 ; brig.-gen. 12 Mar. 
18G;!. Juiniii;,' Gen. Bhint, be took part in the 
battlesof Fort Wayne, Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, 
and Van Buren ; com. the dist. of the Border, 
June, 1863-Feb. 1864, then took command of 
S. E. Mo., and made a gallant fight at Pilot 
Knob, Mo., ag.tinst the attack of Gen. Price, 
27 Sept. 1864, making good his retreat to RoUa, 
and receiving the brev. of maj.-gen. He has 
practised law in Washington, D.C., since the 
war. 

Exmouth, Edward Pellkw, Viscount, 
an ciuincnt British adm., b. Dover, 19 April, 
1757 ; d. Teignmouth. 23 Jan. 1833. He en- 
tered ihe navy in 1770 ; joined " The Blonde," 
frigate, wliich sailed to the relief of Quebec, 
and in the schooner " Carleton " disting. him- 
self in the battle, 11 Oct. I77G, on Lake Cham- 
plain, with the flotilla of Arnold, whom he 
came near making his prisoner. In com. of a 
party of seamen, he rendered great assistance 
to the army of Burgoyne in its difficult advance 
to Saratoga, and was sent home with despatch- 
es, and promoted. His brother John was aide- 
de-camp to Gen. Phillips, and was killed in this 
campaign. Made post-capt. May 31, 1782; 
knighted 5 Mar. 1796, for services in the war 
against France; made rear-adm. 1804; anni- 
hilated the Dutch naval force in the E. Indies 
in 1806; made Baron E.\mouth and adm. of 
the Blue in 1814, and 26 Aug., 1816, attacked 
Algiers, destroying the entire Algerine navy, 
compelling the submission of the dey, the lib- 
eration of 1,200 captives, and the payment of a 
large sum of money. For this service he was 
made a viscount; viceadm. of Eng., 15 Feb. 
1832. 

Fairbanks, Ekastus, manufacturer, and 
gov. of Vt. 1852-3 and 1860-1, b. Brimfield, 
Ms., Oct. 28, 1792; d. St. Johnshnry, Vt., 
Nov. 20, 1864. He had a common-school edu- 
cation ; taught school in St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; 
engaged in business with moderate success, and 
in 1825 formed a partnership with his younger 
bro. for the manuf. of platform scales. The 
enterprise proved extraordinarily successful ; 
and their scales attained a world-wide reputa- 
tion. Member of the legisl. in 1836-8; pres. 
of the Passumpsic and Ct. Elver It.R. Co. in 
1849. 

Fairchild, Lncics, gov. Wis. 1866-7, 
see. of State, 1864-5, b. Franklin Mills, Por- 
tage Co., 0., 27 Dec. 1831. Lieut.-col. 2d Iowa 
Inf. June, 1861 ; capt. I6th U. S. Inf 5 Aug. 
1861 ; com. an Iowa regt. in McClellan's and 



Pope's campaigns, and became brig.-gen. vols. 
5 Aug. 1861. 

Fairfax, Bryan, 8th and last baron of the 
name, b. ab. 1730 ; d. Mount Eagle, near Cam- 
eron, Aug. 7, 1802. Third son of the Hon. 
Col. William Fairfax, pres. of the Council of 
Va., and resided at Towlston Hall, Fairfax Co., 
though, forsome time during the latter part of 
his life, he was an Epis. clergyman at Alexan- 
dria. An affectionate intercourse existed be- 
tween him and Washington throughout life, 
notwithstanding his being a Loyalist. He 
succeeded to the title on the death of Rob- 
ert, 7th Lord Fairfax, in 1791. George Wil- 
liam, his bro., the early companion and as- 
sociate of Washington, d. Bath, Eng., 1787, 

a. 63. On the death of his father in 1757, he 
succeeded to his estate, m. a dan. of Col. Carey 
of Hampton, became a member of the council, 
and lived at Belvoir. In 1773, he went to Eng. 
— Sahhie. 

Fairfax, Doxald McN., capt. U.S.N., 

b. Va., Aug. 10, 1822. Midshipm. Aug. 12, 
1837; lieut. Feb. 26, 1851; com. Julv 16, 
1862; capt. July 25, 186G. During the Mex- 
ican war served under Dupont on the west 
coast of Mexico and Cal., and was at the 
capture of several towns. Com. steam gun- 
boat "Cayuga," West Gulf squad., 1862-3 ; on 
the Lower Mpi. from June, 1862, to Feb. 1863, 
under Farragut; S.A. block, squad., 1863, 
com. steamers " Nantucket " and " Montauk " 
in several attacks on defences of Charleston 
harbor, under Dupont and Dahlgren ; com. 
naval acad. 1864-5 ; com. fiag.>.hip " Rhode 
Island," N.A. squad., 1866-7, and steam-sloop 
" Susquehanna," 1867-8. — ILimerslij. 

Fairfax, Thomas, 6th lord and baron of 
Cameron, the friend and patron of Washing- 
ton's early life, b. Eng., 1691 ; d. at his seat 
at Greenway Court, Frederick Co., Va., Dec. 
12, 1781 ; son of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, 
and of Catharine, dan. of Lord Culpeper. 
Educated at Oxford, and aftcrward-i held a 
commission in the Blues. A contributor to 
Addison's "Spectator." Succeeding to the 
title and to the family estates in Va., inherited 
from his mother, between the Rappahannock 
and Potomac Rivers, and a great portion of the 
Shenandoah Valley, he settled in Va. in 1745, 
fixing his residence a few miles from Win- 
chester. Here he lived in a style of liberal 
hospitality, frequently indulging in the diver- 
sion of the chase. In 1748, he made the 
acquaintance of Washington, then a youth of 
16, and, impressed with his energy and talents, 
employed him to survey his lands lying west 
of the Blue Ridge. Though a frank and 
avowed Loyalist, he was never insulted or 
molested by the Whigs. His barony and 
immense domain, consisting of 5,282,000 
acres, descended to his only surviving bro., 
Robert, 7th lord, who d. at Leeds Castle, 
Eng., in 1791 ; but, as the domain was in 
possession of Lord Thomas during the Revol., 
it was confiscated. 

Fairfield, Genevieve Genevra, dau. 
of Sumner L., b. N. Y., 1832. Author of 
" Genevra, or the History of a Portrait," " The 
Vice President's Daughter," "The Wife of Two 
Husbands," " The Innkeeper's Daughter." 



FAJ. 



315 



Fairfield, John, lawyer (i 
b. Saco, Mc, Jan. 30, 1797; d. Washington, 
Dec. 24, 1847. He received a common school 
education ; practised law in his native town ; 
became distin;;. ; was in 1832 app. reporter of 
decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court ; was 
M.C. in 1835-9; fjov. of Me. in 1839-40, 
1842-3; and U.S. sen. from 1843 to his d. 
Author of " Supremo Court Reports," 1835-7, 

Fairfield, Sumner Lincoln, poet, b. 
Warwick, Ms., June 25, 1803 ; d. N. Orleans, 
March 6, 1844. Ho studied at Brown U. 
Was two years a tutor at the South, and, 
determining to lead a literary life, sailed for 
Lend, in liec. 1825. His poem, "The Cities 
of the Plain," appeared in the Oriental Herald, 
and at Versailles he wrote " P6re la Chaise " 
and " Westminster Abbey." Returning in 
July, 1826, ho soon after pub. " The Sisters of 
St. Clara," followed in 1830 by " Abaddon " 
and other poems. Having m. Miss Jane 
Frazec of Railway, N.J., he gained a pre- 
carious subsistence by writing for the press, 
until placed by some friends at the head of 
Newtown Acad., ab. 30 miles from Phila. 
The accidental drowning of one of his pupils 
threw such a gloom over him, that he gave 
up his situation, and removed to N.Y. By 
the exertions of his wife in soliciting sub- 
scriptions, ])rineipally in Boston, 1829-32, he 
was enabled to pub. in 1832 a new foem, 
" The Lust Night of Pompeii." He also pub. 
" Lays of Melpomene," 1824 ; and " The Heir 
of the World," &c., 1829. From 1833 to 
1838, he pub. the N. Amer. Mafjazine. In 1846, 
Mrs. Fairfield issued a small vol. containing a 
life of her husband, from her pen, and a few 
of his poems. He excelled as an instructor in 
history and belles-lettres. A vol. of his poems 
was published iu 1841. — Z)«//ci»ici. 

Fairman, David, Richard, and Gideon, 
engravers ol Phila.; d. respectively, Aug. 19, 
1815, a. 33; Dec. 1821, a. 34; and March 18, 
1827, a. 51. 

Falcon, Gen. Juan Christomo, Pres. 
of Venezuela in 1863 and 1865, b. Caracas; 
d. Martinque, May, 1870. He had been a 
successful soldier, and was elected vice-pres. in 
1861. In Aug. 1868, he was compelled to 
resign by the revolutionists under Mona- 
gas. 

Fales, Mrs. Almira L., philanthropist, b. 
N.Y.; d. Washington, D.C., Nov. 8, 1868. In 
mature life, she removed to la., whence slie 
went with her husband, Joseph T. Fales, to 
Washington, where he had a situation as ex- 
aminer in the patent-office. When the civil 
war broke out, she entered upon the care of 
sick and wounded soldiers. At Pittsburg Land- 
ing and other Western battle-fields, Mrs. Fales 
actively ministered to the wounded and dying 
soldiers. The govt, placed an ambulance at 
her command, and with this, laden with stores, 
she visited the hospitals and the fields of battle. 
Wherever she appeared, the brightness of her 
smile, and the cheerful tone of her voice, at 
once dispelled gloom and despondency. For 
some time, Mrs. Fales was charged by the govt, 
■with the superintendence of the sick and 
wounded sent from the hospitals in and around 



Washington to the hospitals in N.Y. and else- 
where. 

Faneuil (formerly prop. pron. FQn'-el), 
Peter, a liberal Boston merchant, b. of a 
French Huguenot family, NewRochelle, N.Y., 
1700; d. Boston, Mareli 3, 1743. In 1740, at 
a public meeting, he offered to bnild a suitable 
edifice for a public market-house, at his own 
cost, as a gift to the town. The building, com- 
menced in Dock Square in Sept. 1740, and fin- 
ished in 1742, comprised a market-house on the 
ground-floor, and a town-hall, with other rooms 
over it. In 1761, it was destroyed by fire ; in 
1763, it was rebuilt by the town ; and in 1775, 
during the British occupation of Boston, it was 
used for a theatre. In 1805, it was altered and 
enlarged. During the Revol. period, it was the 
usual place of meeting of the patriots ; and, 
from the stirring debates and important resolu- 
tions which were often heard within its walls, 
it gained the name of " the cradle of American 
]\berty."—Drahe's Hist, of Boston. 

Fannin, Col. James W., Texan revolu- 
tionist, b. N. C. ; killed at Goliad, March 27, 
1836. Oct. 28, 1835, he defeated a greatly su- 
perior Mexican force near Bexar, and was soon 
after promoted by Gen. Houston, col. of ariillery 
and insp.-gen. Attacked, March 19, at the Co- 
leta River, by a large Mexican force under 
Gen. Urrea, the Texans defended themselves 
with spirit until night, and renewed the battle 
on the 20th ; but, the Mexicans having been 
re-enforced, a capitulation was signed, by which 
it was agreed that the Texans should be treated 
as prisoners of war, and, as soon as possible, sent 
to the U. S. Having surrendered their arm.s, 
on the 26th an order was received from Santa 
Ana, requiring them to be shot. At daybreak 
the following morning, the prisoners, 357 in 
number, weie accordingly shot. Fannin was 
the last to suffer. 

Fanning, Alex. C. W.,lieut.-eol.U.S. A., 
b. Ms., 1788 ; d. Cincinnati, O., Aug. 18, 1846. 
West Point, 1812. Lieut. 3d Art. March, 1812; 
capt. March 13, 1813; severely wounded at 
capture of York, U. C, April 27, 1813; dis- 
ting. in repulse of British naval forces, St. 
Lawrence, Nov. 2, 1813 ; brev. maj. for gallant 
conduct in defence of Fort Erie, Aug. 15, 1814; 
acting insp.-gen. in Jackson's div., April 1, 
1818 ; maj. 4th Art. Nov. 3, 1832; brev. col. 
for gallant and meritorious conduct in battle, 
near the Onithlacoochie, and in defence of Fort 
Mellon, Fla., Feb. 8, 1837; lieut-col. 4th Art. 
Sept. 16, 1838. 

Fanning, David, a Tory desperado of 
N. C. during the Revol., b.Wake Co., N.C., ab. 
1756; d. Digby, N. S., 1825. A carpenter by 
trade, he led a vagabond life, trading with the 
Indians. In 1781, Fanning, having been robbed 
by a party of men who called themselves Whigs, 
joined the Tories, collected a small band of des- 
peradoes, laid waste the settlements, and com- 
mitted frightful atrocities, for which lie was 
rewarded by Major Craig, the British com. at 
Wilmington, with a commission of lieut.-col. 
of militia. By the rapidity and secrecy of his 
movements, he succeeded in capturing many 
prominent Whigs, hanging those who had in- 
eured his personal resentment. At one time, 
he dashed into the village of Pittsborough, 



FAN 



316 



where a court was then in session, and carried 
off the judges, lawyers, officers, and some of the 
citizens; 3 weeiss later, he captured Col. Al- 
ston and 30 men in his own house, and soon 
afterwanl, at Ilill.lioruu'jh, took Gov. Burke 
with lii^ vvlhilc Miit. , iuid a number of the prin- 
cipal inliiiliii.Miiv, His name was a terror to 
the wIidIi' I'.initry, and he was exempted from 
all acts of pardon. When the Whigs gained 
the ascendency in N. C, he went to Fla., and 
afterward to St. John, N. B., where he became 
a member of the Assembly. Sentenced to be 
hanged for rape ab. 1800, he escaped from pris- 
on, and was afterward pardoned. 

Fanning, Edmu.nd, LL.D. ( Y. C. 1803), 
loyalist, b. Long Island, 1737 ; d. Lond., Feb. 
28,1818. Y. C. 1757. Son of Col. Phineas. 
Settled as a lawyer in Hillsborough, N.C. ; soon 
became popular. App. col. of Orange Co. in 
1763, and m 1765 clerk of the Supreme Court, 
and member of the legisl. He married the dau. 
of Gov. Tryon, and soon after became very 
obnoxious to the people by his exorbitant 
charges for legal services, and by his zeal in 
quelling a rebellion against the severe exac- 
tions of the govt., and in bringing its leaders to 
the scaffold. To escape popular indignation, 
he accomp. Gov. Tryon to N. Y., as sec, in 
1771. Having subsequently applied to the N.C. 
legisl. for reparation for losses from destruction 
of his property, they unanimously rejected the 
petition, and rebuked the gov. for presenting 
it, thus "trifling with thedignity of the house." 
In 1774, he received from the British Govt, the 
lucrative office of surveyor-gen., as a reward 
for his services and losses in N. C. In 1776, he 
raised and com. "The King's American Regt. 
of Foot ; " was celebrated for talent, activity, 
and severity towards his countrymen, and was 
twice wounded. After the war, he went to 
Nova Scotia, of which he became councillor 
and lieut.-gov. Sept. 23, 1783; and from 1786 
until he went to Eng., in 1805, was gov. of 
Prince Edward Island. Maj.-gen. in the Brit- 
ish army in 1793, lieut.-gen. 1799, gen. 1808. 
His indiscretion in N. C. was ever after a sub- 
ject of regret to him. He was an able jurist 
and legislator. 

Fanning, Golbert, d. Tenn. 1810. Pub. 
" Correct Method of Searching the Scriptures." 
Editor of the Arjricutturisl, 5 vols., 8vo. Con- 
trib. to various agric. journals. — Allibone. 

Fargues, Thomas, M.D., a Canadian 
physician and scholar, b. Quebec, I "80 ; d. 
there Dee. 11,1847. H.U.1797. M.D.ofthe 
U. of Edinb., where he gave his valuable thesis 
on " Chorea." He resided some years in 
London, but in 1811 settled in Quebec, where 
he was" long a leading practitioner. — Monjan. 

Farley, Hakkiet, b. Claremont, N.H. 
Many years editor of and conirib. to the 
Louxtl Offerinq, a monthly sustained by the 
pens of the factory -girls there. Autlior of 
" Shells from the Strand," 1847, and "Mind 
among the Spindles," a selection from tlie 
Lowell Offering, with an Introd. by Charles 
Knight, pub. Lond., \U9. — Allibune. 

Farley, Michael, an active Rcvol. leader, 
b. Ipswich, Ms., 1719 ; d. there June 20, 1789. 
Several years a leading member of the General 
Court ; delegate to the Prov. Congress in 1774- 



5 ; member of the exec, council ; several years 
maj.-gen. of militia, and a (k-lcgatc to tlie con- 
vention for adopting the U.S. Constitution. 

Farmer, Hknrv T , iihvsician and poet, 
b. Kng. ; d. Charieston, S.C, ab. 1840, a. 46. 
Emigrating in early life to Charleston, he en- 
gaged in commercial pursuits ; afterward re- 
moved to N.Y., where he studied medicine 
under Drs. Francis and Hosack ; was grad. at 
the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons in 1821, and 
practised at Charleston until his death. In 
1819, he pub. "Imagination, the Mariner's 
Dream, and other Poems." — Ditydchick. 

Farmer, John, a celebrated genealogist 
and antiquary, b. Chelmsford, Ms., June 12, 
1789; d. Concord, N.H., Aug. 13, 1838. In- 
heriting a feeble constitution, he in early life 
devoted himself to study. He taught school 
10 years, and was subsequently engaged for a 
few years in business, but finally relinquished 
active pursuits, and devoted himself to literary 
and antiquarian researches with zeal and success. 
Member of various hist, and lit. bodies, and, at 
the time of his death, was eorresp. sec. of the 
N.H. Hist. Society, of which he was one of the 
founders. His publications were numerous: 
among the most important of them are his 
edition of Belknap's " Hist, of N. H.," and 
his " Genealogical Register of the First Set- 
tlers of New Eng.," 1829, a work of vast labor 
and research. He pub. also a History of 
Billerica, 1806; of Amherst, 1820; and 
" Gazetteer of N. H.," 1823, besides his com- 
munications to the " Hist. Colls." of the Hist. 
Societies of Ms. and N.H., and to the Amer. 
Qtiiirterli/ Rei/ister; and he was also the com- 
piler of the "N.H. Register." In 1822, in 
connection with J. B. Moore, E.sq., he com- 
menced the Colls. Hist.,Biog., Topog., &c., of 
N. H., of which 3 vols, were pub. 

Farnham, Eliza W. ( Bo rhaus), philan- 
thropist and author, b. Renssehterville, N.Y., 
Nov. 17, 1815; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 15, 1864. 
In 1835, she went to III., and in 1836 was m. 
there to Thomas J. {"arnham. In 1841, she 
returned to N.Y., and was employed in visiting 
prisons, and in lecturing to women, till the 
spring of 1844, when she accepted an appt. as 
matron of the female dept. of the State Prison 
at Sing Sing. She pub. " Life in Prairie 
Land," and edited Sampson's " Criminal Juris- 
prudence," while there. In 1848, she was con- 
nected with the Inst, for the Blind in Boston. 
She was in Cal. from 1849 to 1856, when she 
returned toN.Y., and pub. "California in Doors 
and out." She then studied medicine 2 years. 
In 1859, she organized a society to aid and 
protect destitute women in emigrating to the 
West, and went thither at different times with 
large numbers of them. She pub. in 1859 
" My Early Days," and subsequently returned 
to Cal. The " Era of Women," also pub. by 
her (1864), treated of social reforms in the 
position and rights of woman. — Dui/clcinck. 

Farnham, Kev. Luther, b.' Concord, 
N.H., Feb. 5, 1816. D.C. 1837; And. Sem. 
1841. Pastorof the Cong. Church, Northfield, 
Ms., 1844-5; and for some years had charge 
of the church at Marshficld. Sec. of the South. 
Aid Soc, 1855-61 ; and, since 1862, sec. of the 
General Theol. Library at Boston. Besides 



>^R 



317 



ministerial, editorial, and other labors, he has 
pub. a " Glance at Private Lihrarics," 1855; 
and has prep, a " Hist, of the Ms. Hort. Soc." 

Farnham, R.^lph, a soldier ofjhe Rcvol., 
b. Lebanon, iMe., July 7, 1756 ; d. Acton, Me., 
Dec. 26, 1861, a 104 yrs. 5 ms. 19 days. In 
1780, he settled at Acton, Me., of which town- 
ship he was the first inhabitant. He was in- 
vited to Boston in Oct. 1860; and a concert 
was given liim at Treniont Temple. 

Parnham, Thomas .J., traveller, husband 
of Eliza W., I.. Vt., lSO-4 ; d. Cal., Sept. 1848. 
A huvver l.y |,iv,lr,M,,n. In IS.io, li.-oiuMnized 
and Iril a Mil iM rxiHil, am,-^ tlic .■.luiiiirnt to 
Orefioii. II- unii I.I Cal llir -anir yar. and 

proCUlV'I ill' K I'M-.' Ill' a lal'^c llllllilirr of 

American ami EimU»li pn-unei's cif the Mexi- 
can Govt. Ill 1842, lie |>nb. " Travels in 
Oregon Territory;" in 1845, " Travels in 
California, and Scenes in the Pacific ;" "A 
Memoir of the Xorlh-west Boundary-Line," 
and " Mexico, its Geography, People, and In- 
stitutions," 8vo, 1846. 

Parnsworth, Benj.vmin Franklin, D.D. 
(Georgetown Coll.;, educator, b. Bridgeton, 
Me., Dec. 17, 1793 ; d. Louisville, Ky., June 4, 
1851. Dartm. Coll. 1813. Pastor of the Bap- 
tist Church at Edenton, N.C., two years ; prin- 
cipal of the Briilgewater (Ms.) Acad., Sept. 
1821 to 1823; then of a female high school, 
Worcester, Ms. ; next edited the Christian 
Watchman, Boston ; prof of theology at the 
New Hampton (N.H.) Theol. Inst, from May, 
1826, to 1833; taught two schools in Provi- 
dence, R.I. ; prcs. of Georgetown Coll., Ky., 
1836, and of Louisville U. from 1837 to his 
death. 

Farnsworth, Elon J., brig.-gen. vols., 
b. Livingston Co., Mich., 1835 ; killed at Get- 
tysburg, July 3, 1863. U. of Mich. Ho went 
to N. Mexico in 1857, and was connected with 
the U.S. commissary dept. there and in Utah. 
Returning liorae in the summer of 1861, he 
was made batt. quartermaster 8th III. Cav., 
and subsequently capt. He was in all the en- 
gagements on the peninsula and the campaign 
of Gen. Pope ; became aide to Gen. Pleasanton 
in May, 1863, and brig.-gen. June 29, 1863. 

ParragUt, David Glascoe, admiral, 
U.S.N., b.near Knoxville,Tenn., July 5, 1801 ; 
d. Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 14, 1870. George, 
his father, a native of Minorca, came to Amer- 
ica in 1776; served through the Revol. war; 
fought at the Cowpens ; attained the rank of 
major; afterwards settled in Tenn., and was a 
master in the U.S.N., serving under Patterson 
in the defence of New Orleans. David was 
app. midshipman. Dee. 17, 1810; first served on 
" The Essex," Capt. David Porter, in which, 
while still a boy, he witnessed her engagement 
with two Briti.shships-of-war. Before the cap- 
ture of " The Essex," he had served as acting- 
lieut. of "The Atlantic," an armed prize. Lient. 
Jan. 13, 1825. He went in 1833 to the Brazil- 
ian coast as executive officer of the sloop-of-war 
"Natchez." Commander, Sept. 8, 1841, and 
ordered to the sloop-of-war "Decatur," off Bra- 
zil. In 1847, he took com. of the sloop of-war 
" Saratoga." He became assist, insp. of ord- 
nance in 1851 ; com. of the Mare Island (Cal.) 
navv-yard. 18.54; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; and 



from 1858 to May, 1860, com. the steam sloop- 
of-war " Brooklyn." He com. the naval 
forces of the exped. against N. Orleans, sailing 
in " The Hartford " from Phila. in Jan. 1862. 
Arriving at the Gulf of Mexico, he organized 
the " Western Gulf blockade squad.," entered 
theMpi. in Mar,, and, after a terrific bombard- 
ment, passed forts Jackson and Philip, Apr. 24, 
destroyed a fleet of rebel gunboats, silenced 
two heavy batteries on the 25tK; and at noon 
of tliat day the city lay at his mercy. Farra- 
gnt then proceeded to Vicksburg, which, in con- 
junction with Flag-Officer Davis, heattempted 
to reduce; but the attack failed for want of a 
sufficient land-force lo co-operate. July 11, he 
received the thanks of both houses of Congress, 
and on the re-organization of the navy, July 
16, 1862, was placed first on the list of rear- 
admirals. While in com. of the Gulf squad, 
in the following autumn, he captured Corpus 
Christi, Sabine Pass, and Galveston. Mar. 
14, 1863, in his flag-ship "Hartford," he passed 
the batteries at Port Hudson, and, having com- 
mand of the river between Vicksburg and 
Port H., was enabled to blockade Red River, 
and thus intercept supplies from Texas for the 
rebel armies. He co-operated in the capture 
of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, in July, 1863. 
Aug. 5, 1864, he defeated the rebel fleet in Mo- 
bile Bay, which was followed in a few days by 
the fall of the forts, and the capture of the 
place. This exploit raised his fame to the high- 
est point. Dee. 21, 1864, he received the thanks 
of Congress, and the rank of vice-admiral, 
created expressly for him. Made admiral, July 
25, 1866. In 1867-8, in the U.S. steam-frigate 
"Franklin," he visited Europe, Africa, and 
Asia, and was everywhere received with the 
highest honors. 

Farrar, Eliza Ware, authoress, b. 1792 ; 
d. Springfield, Ms., Apr. 22, 1870. Dan. of 
Benj. Roteh of N. Bedford ; m. in 1828 to Prof. 
John Farrar of H.U. Author of " Children's 
Robinson Crusoe," "Life of Lafayette," 
" Howard," " Youth's Letter- Writer," " Young 
Lady's Friend," 1837, "Recollections of 70 
Years," 1866. 

Farrar, John, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1833), 

prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. at H.U., 
1807-31, b. Lincoln, Ms., July 1, 1779; d. 
Cambridge, May 8, 1853. H.U. 1803. App. 
Greek tutor at Harvard in 1805. In 1818, he 
pub. " Elements of Algebra," translated from 
the French of Lacroix, which was succeeded in 
the 9 following years by 11 other works, trans- 
lated from Legendre, Biot, Bezout, and others, 
on different subjects of mathematics and phys- 
ics, adapted for the course of instruction in 
the principal institutions of learning through- 
out the country. Contrib. to the N. A. Review, 
and to the memoirs of the Amer. Acad., of 
which he was recording sec. 1811-24, and vice- 
pres. 1829-30. In 1820, he m. Lucy M. Buck- 
minster, who d. in 1824. He was again m. in 
1828, to Eliza Rotch. 

Farrar, Timothy, LL.D, judge, b. Con- 
cord, Ms., July 11, 1747; d, Hollis, N.H., Feb. 
21,1849. H.U. 1767. He taught school, and 
settled in New Ipswich, N.H., in 1770. He 
participated in the early Revol. movements of 
the time, and was made a major, and a justice 



318 



7'^^/^ 



of the C.C.P. He filled the office of judge 
more than 40 years. App. chief justice Feb. 
22, 1802. Besides his judicial duties, he was, 
in 1782, a member of tlie N.H. Const. Conv., 
also one of the committee which drafted the 
State constitution. 

Farrar, Timothy, LL.D., b. New Ips- 
wich, Mar. 17, 1788. .Son of the preceding. 
Dartm. Coll. 1807. Xaw-partner of Daniel 
Webster from 1813 to 1816 ; judge of the N.H. 
Court of Common Pleas in 1S24-33; vicc-])res. 
of the N.E. Hist, and Geneal. Snc. 1853-8. 
In 1867, he pub. 'Manual of the U.S. Consti- 
tution," 8vo. He pub. in 1819 the Dartm. 
Coll. Case ; a Review of the Dred Scott Case 
in 1857 ; trial of the Constitution, 1863, in the 
A'. A. lieview, and several articles in the New- 
Ew/I<mder, 1862. 

Fasquelle, (Tas-kel), Jean Lonis, F.B., 
LL.U., b. France, 1808; d. Mich., 1862. Set- 
tled in the U.S. in 183-t. Prof, of languages, 
&c., U. of Michigan, 1846-62. Author of a 
" New Method of Learning the French Lan- 



guage 



N.Y., 1854, and of several 



ather 



French text-books for schools. 

Fauchet (fo'-sha'), Jean Astoine Jo- 
seph, Baion, diplomatist and author, b. St. 
Queutin, France, 1763. A law-student at Paris 
when the revol. commenced, he pub. a pam- 
phlet in defence of its principles ; was app. 
sec. of the Exec. Council, and was ambassador 
to the U.S. in 1794-6. Having subsequently 
produced an excellent work on the U.S., and 
on the connection of France with them (trans, 
by W. Duane, Pliila., 1797), the Directory 
nominated him a commissioner to St. Do- 
mingo, which he declined. Under Bonaparte, 
he was prefect of the Var, and in 1805 of 
the Arno ; was made a baron and a com. of the 
Legion of Honor, but lelt Italy when the 
French evacuated it in 1814. On Napoleon's 
return, he was made prefect of the Uironde. 
— Pa„theo„qftl>eA(je. 

Faugeres (fo'-zheers'), Margaeetta v., 
pniir.,, ii I'riii'KMiilk, near Albany, 1771 ; d. 
N.V i i, . I'iOl. Dau. ot' Ann Eliza 

Bl' . I III I ; ' ifi opposition to the wishes 
ol 111 r ! iiiii 1 ,mm| 1 1. Ill Is, she m. Peter Faugeres, 
a pliv-niau ul N.Y., whose dissipation, in a 
few years, brought her to poverty and wretched- 
ness'. Her mother died in 1783, and her father 
ill 1795. Iler contribs. to the A'^l'. Magazine 
and the Museum were much admired. In 1793, 
she pub., prefixed to the works of her mother, 
a memoir and some of her own poetry. In 
1795, she pub. " Belisarius," a tragedy. Soon 
after the death of her husband, in 1798, she be- 
came an assist, in a young ladies' acad. in New 
Brunswick, and afterwards taught in Brook- 
lyn. — Hardie. 

Fauquier, Francis, lieut.-gov. of Va. 
from 1758 to his d., March 3, 1768. The 
successor of Dinwiddie, his administration was 
eminently popular and useful. Jeflferson con- 
sidered liiin tlie ablest of the govs, of Va. He 
pub.. Loud., 8vo, 1757, "Raising Money for 
Support of the War," &c. 

Fay, Heman a., son of Dr. Jonas, b. 
Bennington, Vt., 1778; d. there 20 Aug. 
186.5. West Point, 1808. U.S. milit. store- 
keeper at Albany, 1818-42. Author of 



"Official Account of Battles of 1812-15," 
1815. 

Hard wick, 
Bennington, Vt., Mar. 
6, 1818. He received a good education. Was 
clerk of a Ms. company at Fort Edward in 
1756, removed to Bennington in 1766, and soon 
became prominent among the settlers on the 
N.H. grants, in their contest with N.Y. and 
with the muther-coiintry, aiul also in the or- 
ganization of the .Slate govt. He was their 
agent to N.Y. in 1772 lo inlorm Guv. Tryon of 
tlie grounds of their comphdiu ; elcrk to the 
convention of Mar. 1774, that resolved to de- 
fend by force Allen and others outlawed by 
the N.Y. Assembly; surgeon under Allen at 
the capture of Ticondeioga, and subsequently 
in Col. Warner's regt. ; member of the con- 
vention of Jan. 1777, which declared Vt. an 
independent State, and author of the declara- 
tion and petition announcing the fact, and their 
reasons tor it, to Congress ; sec. to the con- 
vention to form the State constitution in 
July, 1777, and one of the Council of Safety to 
administer the govt. ; member of the State 
Council, 1778-S5 ; judge of the Supreme 
Court in 1782; of Probate, 1782-7; agent of 
the State to Congress in Jan. 1777, Oct. 1779, 
June, 1781, and h'ah. 1782. In 1780, in con- 
junction with Ethan Allen, he pub. a pamphlet 
on the N.H. and N.Y. Controversy, printed in 
Hartford. — 17. Hist. Ga:., 171. 

Fay, Theodore Sedgewick, author and 
diplomatist, b. New York, Feb. 10, 1807. 
Adm. to the bar in 1828. Preferring a 
literary life, he became a contrib. to and sub- 
sequently edited the N.Y. Mirror. In 1832, 
he pub. " Dreams and Reveries of a Quiet 
Man." Hem. in 1833; spent 3 years travel- 
ling in Europe, and wrote the " Minute-Book," 
a journal of travels. His first novel, " Norman 
Leslie," appeared in 1835. He was U.S. sec. 
of legation at Berlin from 1837 to 1853; 
resident minister at Berne, Switzerland, 
1853-60. He pub. in 1840 "The Countess 
Ida ; " in 1843, " Hoboken," a romance of New 
York; in 1851, " Ulric, or the Voices," a 
poem in 19 cantos (to which a 20th was added 
in "The Knickerbocker Gallery" in 1855); 
" Sidney Clifton," 1839 ; " Robert Rueful," 
1844; "Views of Christianity," 1856; a 
series of papers on Shakspeare, a variety of 
fugitive pieces in prose and verse, and a 
" History of Switzerland." 

Fearon, Hknry Bradshaw, a London 
surgeon, author of " A Narrative of a Journey 
of 5,000 Miles through the Eastern and Western 
Stales of America," Lond., 8vo, 1818. 

Featherstone, W. S., bhg.-gen. C.S.A., 

b. Tenn. ; killed near Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 
1864. Emigrating to Mpi., he rep. that State 
in Congress in 1847-51. 

FeatherstOUhaugh, George William, 
F.K.S., author; d. Havre, France, 28 Sept. 
1866. Author of translationof the "Republic" 
of Cicero, 1628; " E.xcursion through the Slave 
States," 8vo, 1844; "Geology of Green Bay 
and Wisconsin," 1S36; " Geological Report," 
1834, ol the country between the Mo. and 
Red Rivers; " Observations on the Ashburton 
Treaty," 1842; "Canoe Voyage to the Min- 



319 



FEL 



ncsotn," 1847, 2 vols. ; " Gcol. Reconnoissance 
in 1S35 to COteau dc Prairie," 1836. Having 
resided many years in tlie West, wliich he liad 
extensively explored, he was made by the 
British Govt, a commissioner to settle the 
northern boundary of the U.S. under the Ash- 
burton Treat>% and was afterward Briti.-h con- 
sul to Calvados and Seine, France. 

Pebiger, Chrtstiav, omI. Ui^vol. armv, b. 
Denmark, 1747; .! ]•<■< , s, ,,t. 20, 1796. 
He had seen ser\ Ir ; ;;ii.', Apr. 23, 

1775, andat Bunk : i... , i ,i ; -n tion of Ger- 
rish's re^t., of wiiicii li.; h.is .hJi., to the scene 
of battle in seasun to du good service. He 
served with marked ability throughout the war ; 
accomp. Arnold to Quebec, and was made pris- 
oner in the attack on that citadel ; was con- 
spicuous at the capture of Stony Point, where 
he led a column of attack, and at Yorktown, 
where he com. the 2d Va. regt. From 1789 
until his death, he was treas. of Pa. 

Peehter (fek'ter), Charles, actor, b. 
Loudon, 1823. His father was a German, his 
mother English. He was educated in France, 
anil became a sculptor ; but, being drawn to the 
stage, made hisrf^ufat the Salle Molicre ; ap- 
peared at Berlin in 1846, and Oct. 27, 1S60, at 
the Princess Theatre, London, as Ruy Bias ; 
Mar. 19, 1861, he appeared as Hamlet; Jan. 
1, 1863, he leased the Lyceum, London, and 
opened as Lagadere, in "The Duke's Motto." 
He made his Atncrican d<Aut in Ruy Bias at 
Niblo's, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1870. In Oct. 1870, he 
opened at the Globe Theafre, Boston. 

Feke, Koeeut, one of the earliest Ameri- 
can artists. Descended from Henry, who emi- 
grated to Lynn, Ms., in 1630, a branch of 
whose family settled at Oyster Bay, L. I., 
whence, it is said, Robert came to R.I. He left 
home when young, and, according to a writer 
in the Hist. Mag. (1859-00), was taken prison- 
er, and carried to Spain, where he beguiled 
his captivity by making rude paintings, with 
the proceeds of whicli he returned home. Set- 
tled at Xenport, and made ])rofessional visits 
to N.Y., PhUa., and other cities. He d. in Bar- 
badoes, a. ab. 44. His first portraits are dated 
1 746. — Tuckerman. 

Felch, Ai.PHEns, jurist and statesman, b. 
Limerick, York Co., Me., Sept. 28, 1806. 
Bowd. Coll. 1827. He emigrated to Mich. 
when quite young ; was a member of the State 
legisl. in 1836-7 ; was bank commissioner in 
1838-9; auditor-gen. of the State in 1842; 
judge of the Supreme Court, from 1842 to 
1845 ; gov. of Mich, in 1S46-7, and U.S. sen- 
ator, 1847-53. One of the commissioners to 
settle land-claims in Cal., under the treaty of 
Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 185.3-6. Delegate to 
the Chicago Convention in 1864. — Lanman. 

Fell, J. Weldon, M.D., b. U.S. ; removed 
to London, where he was allowed to treat the 
patients of Middlesex Hospital for cancerous 
diseases upon a new plan. He pub. in 1857 
" A Treatise on Ciincer," Lond., 8vo. — Alli- 

Fellows, Ges. John, Rcvol. officer, b. 
Pomlret, Ct., 1733; d. Sheffield, Ms., Aug. 1, 
1 803. He saw service in the French war ; was 
a member of the Prov. Congress in 1775 ; led 
a regt. of minute-men to Boston immediately 



after the battle of Lexington, and. as a brig.- 
gen. of militia (app. June 25, 1776), com. a 
brigade at Long Island, at White Plains, and 
at Bemis's Heights, where he was instrumental 
in the capture of Burgovne. After the war, 
he was high sheriff of Berkshire. 

Fellows, Col. John, author, b. Sheffield, 
Ms., 17B0 ; d. N.Y. City, Jan. 3, 1844. Y.C. 
1783. He pub. a work on the auihorsliip of 
Junius, a " Life of Gen. Putnam," I2mo, 
1843, and " Exposition of the Jlysteries or Re- 
ligious Dogmas and Customs of the Ancient 
Egyptians, Pythagoreans, and Druids," also an 
" Inquiry into Freemasonry," 8vo. 

Felt, Ret. Joseph Barlow, LL.D., 
(Dartni. Coll. 1857), antiquarian scholar and 
author, b. Salem, Dec. 22, 1789; d. there Sept. 
8, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1813. Licensed to 
preach in 1815; pastor at Sharon, Ms., in 
1821-4, and at Hamilton, Ms., 1824-34. Com- 
missioned by Gov. Everett, in Apr. 1836, to 
arrange the lis. State papers, he had them clas- 
sified and bound. In 1845, he procured from 
the English archives duplicates of records 
which had been lost, completing his labors on 
the State archives in 1846. Pres. of the N.E. 
Hist. Gcneal. Society, 1850-3 ; librarian of 
the Ms. Hist. Soc., Boston, from Apr. 28, 1842, 
to 1858; recording sec. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 
1839-59, and member of many hist, societies. 
He pub. " Annals of Salem,"" 1827 ; " Hist, 
of Ipswich, Essex, and Hamilton," 1834; 
" Ecclesiastical History of N. England," 2 
vols., 1855-62 ; " Class of Alumni of Dartm. 
Coll., 1813 ; " '■ Hist, of Ms. Currency," 1839 ; 
" Notice of Roger Conant," 8vo, 1848 ; " The 
Customs of New Eng.," 8vo, 1853 ; " Genealo- 
gical Items for Gloucester and Lynn," 1850-1 ; 
" Memoir of Hugh Peters," 1851 ; " Memori- 
als of Wm. S. Shaw," 1852, and occasional 
addresses. 

Felton, CoRiTELHTS Contvat, LL. D., 
(Amh. Coll. 1848), scholar and writer, b. W. 
Newbury, Ms., Nov. 6, 1807; d. Chester, Pa., 
Feb. 26,' 1862. H.U. 1827. During a portion 
of his junior year, he taught mathematics in 
the Round Hill School at Northampton, Ms. 
After leaving coll., he taught in the Livings- 
ton High School, Genesee, N.Y. App. Latin 
tutor in H.U. in 1829, Greek tutor in 1830, 
prof, of Greek in 1832, Eliot prof, of Greek 
literature in 1834, and was inang. pres. 19 July, 
18C0. In 1833 he pub. an edition of Homer, 
with English notes, and Flasman's illustrations ; 
in 1840 a translation of Menzel's "Gcnnan 
Literature," 3 vols. ; a Greek Reader with Eng- 
lish notes and a vocabulary ; and in 1841 the 
" Clouds " of Aiistophanes. In connection 
with Profs. Sears and Edwards, he pnh. in 1843 
"Ancient Literature and Art." lie assisted 
Prof. Longfellow in " The Poets and Poctiy of 
Europe," in 1845 ; edited the Panerji/rinis of 
Isocrates and the Afjamemnon of JEschylus ; 
translated from the French Guyot's " Earth and 
Man," 1849; and edited the "Birds of Aris- 
tophanes," a selection from the writings of Prof. 
PopUin, in 1852 ; and pub. a toI. of selections 
from the Greek historians. In 1853-4 he 
made a European tour ; in 1855 he revised for 
publication Smith's " History of Greece," and 
en edition of Lord Carlisle's " Diary in Turk- 



320 






ish and Greek Waters." In 1S56 a selection 
by him from modem Greek writers was pub. 
He also compiled a work on Greek and Eoman 
metres ; was the author of a life of Gen. Eaton, 
in Spavks's "Amer. Bios," v^iriims occasional 
addresses, and of nuiini^ HI r,,ii;riluiuuiis to the 
N. Amer. lieview, ( !. / . and oth- 

er periodicals. A -> ! : ! n- articles 

on Spiritualism, in lli' /." '"■i ' " "/ m in 1857- 
8, proceeded from his pi n. He delivered 3 
courses of lectures before the Lowell Institute, 
Boston, on the history and literature of Greece, 
and was a contrib. to the New Amer. Cyclop. 
Member of the Board of Education, a regent 
of the Smithsonian Institution, and member 
of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Fendall, Josias, gov. of Md. 1656-60. 
Ordered in 1655, by Gov. Stone, to seize the 
public stores at Patuxent, Capt. Fendall was 
made a prisoner. Mar. 29, in the fight which 
ensued, and, having afterward raised another 
insurrection, was, as a reward for his supposed 
services to the Proprietary Govt., app. gov. 
July 10, 1656. Having turned against his pa- 
tron, be was superseded Dec. 1660, was tned 
in Feb. 1661, and sentenced to be banished, 
but, on his humble petition to the gov. and 
council, was pardoned, and moderately fined. 
In July, 1681, he was fined heavily, and ban- 
ished, for seditious practices. — Chalmers ; 
Bozman. 

Fennell, James, actor and author, b. 
London, 1766; d. Pliila. June 14,1816. He 
quitted the study of law for the stage, appear- 
ing in 1787 at the Edinb. Theatre as Othello, 
always his favorite part. He afterward played 
at York, and in 1789 at Covent Garden ; 
next wrote for the Tlwatrkal Guardian, and 
in 1791 pub. "Lindcl and Clara, or a Trip to 
Gibraltar," a comedy. He lived a while in 
Paris, ostentatiously, but in 1792 engaged with 
Wi;;ncll of Phila. Performed in many thea- 
tres, and, possessing a handsome figure and 
considerable talent, was the idol of the play- 
goers, but ruined himself by dissipation, and 
in 1602 was imprisoned for debt. About 180-t 
he retired from the stage, and established salt- 
works on an original plan, near New London, 
Ct., — a niinous enterprise. In 1806 he com- 
menced a starring tour. At one time, he kept 
an acad. in Charlestown, Bis. His other works 
are "The Wheel of Truth," "Picture of 
Paris," and "An Apology for My Life," 2 
vols. 1814. " His Othelio, Zanga, and Glen- 
alvon, were fine pieces of acting, and generally 
his villains appeared very natural." His fea- 
tures were very expressive, and wonderfully 
under his command. — Rces ; Clapp. 

Fenner, Akthuh, gov. of R.I. 1789- 

1805, b. Providence, 1745; d. there Oct. 15, 
1805. His ancestors were among the earliest 
inhabitants of Providence. Previously to his 
election as gov., he was clerk of the Superior 
Court. 

Fenner, James, LL.D. (B.U.), politician, 
b. Providence, 1771 ; d. there April 17, 1846. 
Brown U. 1789. Son of the preceding. U.S. 
senator 1805-7; gov. 1807-11, 1824-31, and 
■ ■ "844-5. 

Fenouillet (feh-noo'-ya'), Emile de, 
Hyeres, France ; d. Quebee, June 



iTcmics, and . , . J _ 
nt. Super-'' '? ^ 
1843; M.C. / 



30, 1859. He studied law; was a writer for 
the Paris press; came to Quebec in Oct. 1854, 
and edited the Journal de Quebec, and was prof. 
of history and literature at the Laval Normal 
School. He was the contrib. of able arliclcs to 
the Journal de I'liistruetion PuUique, — ilorqan. 

Fenton, BecbenE., politician, b. Canoll, / ■■)- 
Chautauque Co., N.Y., July 1,1819. Educated <l*'/i»*<* 
at Pleasant Hill and Fredonia Acaifcmics, and 
studied law, but became a merchant, 
visor of the town of CaiToll in 1 
1853-5 and 1857-65; gov. of N.Y. 1865-9; 
and was chosen U.S. senator in 18G9. 

Fenwick, Benedict J., R. C. bishop of 
Boston, b. St. Mary's Co., Md., 1782; d. Bos- 
ton, Aug. 11, 1846. Joining ihe Jesuits, he 
became prcs. of Georgetown Coll., and was 
consecrated, Nov. 1, 1825, bishop of Boston. 
His admini;^trative abilities were of the highest 
order. He found two churches and two priests 
in his diocese, which, at his death, had in- 
creased to fifty of the former, and sixty of the 
latter. 

Fenwiek, Edwaed, D.D., R. C. bishop 
of Ohio, b. Md. ; d. Wayne Co., O., Oct. 6, 
1832. Consecrated 1822. 

Fenwiek, Geokge, proprietor of part of 
Ct.; d. 1657,inEng. Came to America m 1 636 
to take charge of the plantation of Saybrook. 
Returning to England, be came back again in 
1639, and from that time, as one of the paten- 
tees, and agent for others, superintended and 
governed Saybrook till Dec. 5, 1644, when he 
sold its jui-isdiction and territory to the Ct. 
Colony. After his return to Eng. ho was app. 
one of the judges for the trial of Charles I. 

Fenwioke, John, Quaker, and founder 
of a colony in N. J., b. Eng. 1618; d. poor, in 
1683, after he had conveyed his claim to Wm. 
Pcnn. He obtained in 1673 a grant of land 
in West Jersey ; cmig. in 1675, and settled in 
Salem. His claim to the proprietorship was 
disputed by Gov. Andros, who arrested him in 
1678, and confined him in prison for two years. 
— See L. Q. C. Elmer, Early Settlement of 
Cumberland Co., N. J. 

Fenwiek, John K., brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Charleston, S.C, 1 780 , d. Marseilles, France, 
March 19, 1842. He was early in life distmg. 
for his literary acquirements, ha^^ng received 
an excellent education in Ene. App. licut. of 
marines, Nov. 10, 1799; capt. Aug. 1809; 
licut.-col. light art. Dec. 2, 1811; severely 
wounded in assault on Queensto^vn Heights, 
Oct. 13, IS 12, and made prisoner; brev. col. 
for gallant conduct on Niagara frontier. Mar. 
18, 1813; adj.-gen. March 18, 1813; col. 4th 
Art. May 8, 1822; brev. brig.-gen. March 18, 
\S23.— Gardiner. 

Fereira (fgr-ra'-e-rii), Alexandke Rod- 
RIGUES, Brazilian naturalist and traveller, b. 
Bahia, 1756; d. 1815. From 1784 to 1793, 
he explored Brazil. 

Ferguson, Elizabeth ; d. on her farm 
in Montgomery Co., Pa., Feb. 23, 1801, a. 61. 
Dau. of Dr. Thomas Graham of Phila., by 
Anne, grand-dau. of Gov. Keith. She was 
well educated, enjoyed the friendship of many 
eminent men, and'translated "Telemachus" 
into verse. Her husband joined the British 
in the Revol., and never returned to her. His 



321 



estate was confiscated; but a part of it was 
restored to her hy the legisl. in 1781. 

Ferguson, Major Patrick, a British 
officer; killed at the battle of King's Mountain, 
Oct. 7, 1780. Son of James Ferguson, an 
eminent jurist, and a nephew of Lord" Eli- 
bank. At the age of 18, he entered the army 
in Flanders; came to Amer. in the spring of 
1777 ; was engaged in the battle of Brandy- 
wine; was active on the Hudson in 1779, and 
so disting. himself at the siege of Charleston 
in 1780, that he was particularly mentioned 
by Sir H. Clinton, and app. major 71st regt. 
Detached hy Cornwallis in the Sept. following 
to the upper part of S. C, he soon found 
himself surrounded by the hardy mountaineers 
of that region ; and, after a gallant defence, 
he was defeated and sliiin. He was a brave 
and enterprising soldier, and reputed to be 
the best marksman in the army. — Lossim/. 

Ferland, L'Aebe, M. J. B. A., aiithor, 
b. Montreal, Dec. 25, 1805; d. Quebec, Jan. 
8, 1864. Educated at Kingston and the Coll. 
of Nicollet ; adm. to holy orders in 1823 ; 
served one year as under sec. to Cardinal 
Plessis; afterwards prof, of arts, rhetoric, and 
philosopliv, at Nicollet ; priest, 1823; vicar at 
Rivier de' Loup and St. Roch, Qnebec; first 
rhapl.ain of the marine hospital during the 
cholera of 18.34 ; successively cure of St. 
Isidore, St. Foi.\, and, in 1837, of St. Anne of 
Beaupre'; supt. at Nicollet, 1841, and superior 
in 1S47. In 1848, he became a resident of the 
archiepiscopal palace, Quebec. In 1855, he 
went to France to collect materials for the early 
hist, of Canada. Prof, at the Laval U., June 
10, 1855 ; and afterwards deacon of the faculty. 
He pub. " Observations on the History of 
Canada," 1851 ; "Notes on the Registers of 
Notre Dame de Quebec;" "A Voyage to 
Labrador;" "Courses of History of Canada, 
from 15.34 to 1G33;" "Journal of a Voyage 
to the Coast of Gaspe," with other narratives, 
and " Life of Bishop Plessis," 1863. 

Fernandez {f?r-nan'-dgth), Diego, Span- 
ish historian and soldier, b. Palencia ; embarked 
for Peru in 1545, and became, in 1555, histori- 
ographer of the viceroy, Hurtado-de Mendoza. 
His " Hist, of Peru," 1571, is said to be the 
best contemporary work on that subject. 

Fernandez, Joan, a Spanish pilot and 
navigator. Discovered in 1563 the two 
islands which hear his name, and planted a 
colony on the larger one ; d. 1 576. The 
adventures of Alexander Selkirk on this 
island are the basis of Defoe's " Robinson 
Crusoe." 

Ferry, Orris S.ijtFORD, lawyer and sen., 
b. Bethel, Ct., Aug. 15, 1823. Y. C. 1844, 
Adm. to the bar in 1846 ; began practice at 
Norwalk, Ct. ; app. judge of probate in 1849 ; 
State senator in 1855-6; in 1856-9, dist. attv. 
for Fairfield Co.; and in 1860-61, M.C. In 
July, 1861, as cul. of the 5th Ct. vols., he joined 
Gen. Banks's corps in Md. ; brig.-gen.Mar. 17, 
1862, and assigned a brigade in ShiekU's divis- 
ion, from whicii he was transferred to Peck's 
division of the 4th army corps under Gen. 
Kcyes. U.S. senator, 1867-73. 

Fersen, Axel, Count, Swedish soldier, b. 
Stockholm, 1755; d. there June 20, 1810. 



Educated at the military acad. of Turin ; 
accomp. his friend Stedingk to Versailles, and 
entered the " Royal Swedes." He came to 
Amcr. as an aide-de-camp on the staff of 
Rochambeau, fought under Lafayette, and 
received from Washington the badge of Cin- 
cinnatus. Returning to France, ho became 
col. of his old regt., and a favorite at court. 
In the memorable flight of the royal family to 
Varennes, he was the disguised coachman of 
the royal fugitives. On his return to Sweden, 
he was elevated to high trust and dignity. 
Ab. 1801, was made grand marshal of Sweden. 
He and his sister were favorites with the 
king and queen, but on that account were 
unpopular with the people. While marshal- 
ling the funeral pageant of the deceased Prince 
Christian, he was seized by the mob, and 
deliberately tortured to death, on suspicion of 
complicity in his death. 

Fessenden, Francis, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Portland, Me., 18 Mar. 1839. 
Bowd. Coll. 1858. Lawyer by profession. 
Son of Senator F. App. capt. ikh U.S. Inf. 
May 14, 1861 ; wounded at Shiloh ; col. 25th 
Me. vols. Oct. 1862 to Jan. 1863; com. 1st 
brigade, Abercombie's division, in the battle 
of Chantilly, Va. ; col. 30th Me. vols, in 
battle Sabine Cross Roads ; com. brigade in 
battles of Pleasant Hill and Monett's Bluff, 
La., and lost his leg ; brig.-gen. vols. May, 
1864; brev. maj.-gen. vols., and brev. maj., 
lieut -col., col., and brig., and maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
for gallant and merit, services in the civil 
war.; lieut.col. 28th U.S. Inf. ; retired 1 Nov. 
1866. — Ihnri/. 

Fessenden, Samuel, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 
1846), lawyer, b. Frvcburg, Me., July 16, 1784 ; 
d. near Portland, Me., Mar. 13, 1859. Dartm. 
Coll. 1806. Adm. to the bar in 1809, he began 
practice at New Gloucester, and soon took high 
rank as a lawyer. Member of the Ms. Gen. 
Court, 1814-16, and of the senate in 1818-19; 
maj.-gen. of militia, 1818-32. Removing to 
Portland in 1822, he was its representative in 
the Me. legisl. in 1825-6, and was some years 
Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Masons 
of Maine. One of the original members of ihe 
antislavery party in Me., and from 1845 to 1847 
was the candidate of the Liberal party for gov. 
Senator Fessenden was his son. He pub. two 
orations, and a treatise on the institution, 
duties, and importance of juries. — Aliunni of 
D. C. 

Fessenden, Thomas Green, poet and 
agrie. writer, b. VValpole, N.H., Apr. 22, 1771 ; 
d. Boston, Nov. 11, 1837. Dartm. Coll. 1796. 
He studied law ; but the popularity of a little 
poem, "Jonathan's Courtship," led bim to the 
pursuit of literature. While in Lond. in 1803, 
and in want of money, he produced " Terri- 
ble Tractoration," a popular poem in Hudi- 
brastic verse, advertising Perkins's metallic 
tractors, and satirizing the medical profession. 
In 1804, he settled in Boston, and pub. there, in 
1806, " Democracy Unveiled," a political satire 
in verse, and other pieces of a similar character ; 
then edited the Weekli/ Inspector at New York 
City two years. In 1812, he practised law at 
Bellows Falls, Vt. ; removed to Brattleboro' in 
1815, where he pub. the Reporter, a political 



ITES 



322 



FIE 



paper; and from ISI6 to 1822 edited at Bellows 
Falls the Intelligencer. From 1S22 till his 
death, he pub. at Boston the N. E. Farmer, a 
weekly ncrrie. journnl of gvent value, uNn piib- 



1822. 
Fessenden, Willi AM Pitt, LL.D.(Bowd. 

Coll. 1858), lawyer and senator, b. Boseawen, 
N.H., 6 Oet. 1806 ; d. Purtland, Me., 8 Sept. 
1869. Bowd. Cull. 182.3. Son of Gen. 
Samuel. Ailm. to the liar in 1S27 ; from 1829 
he praetiscd in Portland, attaininL; the first 
rank ; member of the lei;isl. in 18.32 and 184U; 
M. C. 1841-3; again in the State k-isl. in 
1845-7 and 185.3-5, and U.S. senator from 2.3 
Feb. 1854, to his death, excepting his term of 
office as sec. U.S. treas., July, 1864-Mar. 1865. 
Member of the conventions that nominated 
Clay, Taylor, and Seott for the presidency. 
He was one of the founders of the Repub. party 
in Me. Mar. 3, 1854, he made a most effective 
speech against the Nebraska Bill, and was prom- 
inent in debate, and a leading member of the 
finance committee. Throughout the Rebellion, 
as chairman of this committee, and as sec. of 
the treasury, he aided in maintaining the 
national credit. He was one of the few Repub. 
senators who voted for the acquittal of Pres. 
Johnson on his impeachment trial. He was 
one of the foremost senators of his time, and as 
a speaker excelled in clear and compact state- 

Feuillet (fuh'-ya'), Louis, French botanist 
and astronomer, b. near Forcalquier, Provence, 
1660; d. Marseilles, 1732. Companion of J. 
Cassini in a scientific tour to the Levant. In 
1703-12, he travelled in S. America. Author 
of a " History of the Medicinal Plants of Peru 
and Chili," 3 vols., 1714; and "Journal of 
Observations made on the Eastern Coasts of S. 
Amerira and the W. Indies," 2 vols., 1714. 

Few, Col. William, Revol. patriot, b. Bal- 
timore Co., Md., June 8, 1748; d. Fishkill, 
N.Y., July, 16, 1828. His ancestor, Wm. Ffew, 
came with Wm. Penn to Amer. In 1758, the 
family removed to Orange Co., N.C., where 
Wm. received a good education. Removing 
to Ga. in 1776, he was chosen to the conven- 
tion for framing a State constitution, and to 
the assembly, and app. one of the council. As 
a col., he disting. himself in several actions 
with the British and Indians; became in 1778 
surveyor-gen., and pres. judge of the Richmond 
Co. Court; delegate to the Old Congress 
from Jan. 1780, until 1783, and in 1786; 
assisted in framing the National Constitution 
in 1787, and in its adoption by his State. En- 
gaging in 1 784 in the practice of law, he soon 
became eminent in the profession. Member 
of the const, convs. of Ga. in 1796 and 1798; 
U.S. senator, 1789-93, and 3 years on the Ga. 
bench. Removing to N.Y. in the summer of 
1799, he became a member of the legisl., U.S. 
commissioner of loans, and mayor of the 
city. He rendered much service to" the State in 
adjusting difficulties with the Indians. 

Field, CvRua West, merchant, son of 



Rev. Dr. Field of Stockbridge, b. Stockhridge, 
Ms, Nov. 30, 1819. He went to NY. in 18i5, 
and from a clerkship rose to the head of a 
prosperous mercantile house. In 1853, he 
spent 6 months in S. Aincr. travrl. On his 
return, he became deeply iiiicr.',f d in tlii' pro- 
ject of a telegraph across tl r.-.wi. l.n ly in 

1854, he was instrumental in pKjruiiiig a 
charter from the legisl. of Newlouinlland, grant- 
ing an exclusive right, for 50 years, to establish 
a telegraph from the continent of America to 
Newfoundland, and thence to Europe, associat- 
ing himself with Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, 
and other citizens of N.Y., under the title of 
the "N.Y., Ncwioundlanil, and London Tele- 
graph Coni|iany." In 1856, he organized the 
" Atlantic Telegraph Company," to continue 
the line from Newfoundland to Ireland ; sub- 
sequently procured from the British and Amer. 
Govts, aid in money and ships, and accom- 
panied the expeds. in 1857 and 1858, for the 
purpose of laying the cable across the Atlantic 
Ocean. After two fivilurcs, Mr. Field and his 
coadjutors succeeded, and began to operate 
with the Atlantic Telegraph, in Aug. 1866 

Field, David Dudley, D.D. ( Wms. Coll. 
18.37), Cong, clcrgvman, b. E. Gnillbrd, Ct., 
May 20, 1781 ; d. Stoekbri.lue, M-., A|nll 15, 

1867. Y.C. 1802. Son .il'i •,,;,■ T T-rld, 

a Revol. officer. Mini~ti i ,11 I't., 

from Apr. 11, 1804, to isr , ,, -, ilue, 

Ms., from Aug. 25, 1819. i,. : i;,| ;ij;iin 

over the same clmrch at 11 ,:|,l,,:n l.-.ii-, ,\pril 
11, 1837, until l,"^,-.!, whrn ]„■ rrtunnd to 
Stockbridge. lie pnl.. a - Ili.i.,.v ..I' MnMle- 
sex County," 8vo, i -- ;,i , a •■ lli ,iui-i m! llrrk- 
shire County," 1,^-w ,iii ■ 11 ■:, m, i \,l I ■.. " 
at Middletown ; ■ : : ,1 it; 

and a "Geneali.Ljv , ' r. , :, ■ . ! , ■ , v," 

1857; also some <irr,,M,,n,iI <,n,,,.i:, ii| his 
sons, David Dudley is a Icailiiig lawyer of 
N.Y. ; Stephen J. is one of the judges of the 
U.S. Supreme Court; Cyrus W. is the 
originator of the Atlantic Trlegraijli ; and 
Henry M. is editor of the A. Y l.r>n^ , ,• 

Field, David DuDLin. 1 :i 11 ! I nn, 

Ct., Feb. 13, 1805. Will- ^ i-_i \un.. 

to the bar in 1828, he coniuiMi.r.l pum,,, in 
N.Y., where he has been consjiicuiius liir more 
than 40 years. In 1839, he pub. his first essay 
on law reform, followed by others in 1842, 
'44, '46, and '47. App. by the legisl. a 
commissioner on practice and pleadings, he 
took a leading part in preparing the code of 
procedure. In 1857, Mr. Field was app. by 
the legisl. of N.Y. at the head of a new com- 
mission to prepare a political code, a penal 
code, and a civil code, designed to contain the 
whole body of the law. Author of many 
political pam])hlets, and took a deep interest 
in the great questions of the day, and, in the 
late war, was active with voice, pen, and purse 
in aid of his country. 

Field, Henky Martyn, D.D. (Wms. 
Coll. 1862), clergyman and journalist, bro. of 
the preceding, b. Stockbridge, Ms., Apr. 3, 
1822. Wms. Coll. 1838. He became pastor 
of a church, Apr. 11, 1843, at St. Louis; re- 
signed in 1847, and travelled in Europe. Re- 
turning to America in the autumn of 1848, ho 
pub. an historical sketch of the Italian revolu- 



323 



xnnsr 



tioiis, and a letter from Rome on the " Good 
and tlie Bad in the Roman-Catholic Church." 
He pub. a book on tlie Irisli rebellion of 1798, 
entitled " The Irish Confederates," 12rao, 
1851. In Jan. 18.il, he settled at West Spring- 
field, Ms., whence, in Nov. 18.i4, he removed 
to New York to become one of the editors of 
tlio Evangelist. In 1858, he again visited 
Europe, and pub. " Summer Pictures from 
Copenhagen to Venice," N.Y., 1859; "Hist, 
of the Atlantic Telegraph." 

Field, JosKPii M., actor and dramatist, b. 
Eng. ; d .M"lnV, A!a , J, in .30, 1856. Possess- 
ing lino lit : :> t ■ ! 1 :iri|uisitions, he was 

anornaiiKi; i :i ; -^mn, bcingoneof the 

best coinnli 111, i umr. As a dramatist, 

several excellent local piucos, iln' N. ~i .,1 wljicli 
is " Tlie Tourist." As " !>tr,n\, " ul ihr A /r- 
Oileans Pi<:a</iine, he acquirnl ■^vrm crlrlnity, 
contributiiu r.i -.nn m us higitivo pieces of 
poetry tu i'- ' n i- . i ^'leat merit. Lat- 
terly he li:i I I 111. I proprietor of the 
St. Louis /. r. , , ;in [ It Ins decease was lessee 
and manager ol tlic Mobile Theatre. He pub. 
" The Dr ima in Pokerville, and other Stories, 
bv Everpoint," 8vo, Phila., 1847. Married 
Eliza Riddle in 1836." 

Field, Richard Stockton, LL.D. (N.J. 
Coll. 18.59), jurist, b. VVhitehill, N.J., 31 Dec. 
1803 ; d. Princeton, N.J., May 25, 1870. N. J. 
Coll. 1821. Nephew of Richard, signer of the 
Decl. oflndep. Son of Robert C. Prof. N.J. 
Law School, 1847-55; attv.-gen. of N.J. some 
years; U.S. senator, 1862-3, and U.S. dist. 
judge for N.J. from I8!J3 to his d. Delegate to 
the Phila. Convent, of 1866, and an unflinching 
advocate of the Union cause during the Rebel- 
lion. Author of " The Provincial Courts of 
N.J.," 8vo, 1849; addresses, and contrilis. to 
the Colls. N.J. Hist. Society. 

Field, Stephen Johnson, jurist, b. Had- 
dam, Ct., Nov. 4, 1816. Wms. Coll. 1837. 
Son of David Dudley. In his youth, ho trav- 
elled in Europe and the East ; studied law with 
his bro. David D. in N.Y., and was his partner ; 
went to Cal. in 1849 ; was in 1850 elected first 
alcalde of Marysville ; was in Oct. elected 
to the Jegisl. ; judge of the State Supreme 
Court, 1857-63, and chief justice ; app. judge 
of the U.S. Supreme Court, Mar. 10, 1863. 
, Fields, James Thomas, poet and publish- 

l iCjiil er, b. Portsmouth, N.H., 31 Dec. 1817. A.M. 
of H.U. 1858. In his 18th year, he delivered 
an anniversary poem before the Mercantile 
Library Association of Boston. In 1848 he 
read a poem, entitled " The Post of Honor," 
before the same society. He was a member 
of the Boston pulilishing-house of Ticknor 
& I*ields, afterwards Fields, Osgood, & Co. 
He collected and pub. De Quineey's writings 
in 20 vols. 16mo. Editor Atlantic Monthlij, 
1862-July, 1870. He pub. a volume of poeriis 
soon after his return from Europe in 1849; 
a similar vol., for private distribution, in 
1854; and another in 1858, entitled " A Few 
Verses for a Few Friends." 

Fillmore, Millard, 13th pres. of the 
U.S., b. Summer Hill, Cayuga Co., N.Y., Jan. 
». 6, /i/ 7^ 1800.^ At an early age," he was sent to Liv- 
ingston Co. to learn the clothier's trade, and 



about four months later he was apprenticed to 
a wool-carder in the town in which his father 
lived. During the four years that he worked 
at his trade, he did what he could to supply 
the defects of his early education. At the age 
of 19, he commenced the study of law, and 
devoted a portion of his time to teaching school. 
In 1821, he removed to Erie Co., and pursued 
his legal studies in Buffalo. Two years later, 
he commenced practice at Aurora; in 1827 
was adm. as an attorney, and in 1829 as a 
counsellor, in the Supreme Court ; and in 1830 
he removed to Buffalo. Here he associated 
with himself in business Nathan K. Hall, after- 
ward U.S. postmaster-general. He was a 
member of the assembly in 1829-32 ; M.C. 
I833-5 and in 1837-41, and took a prominent 
jiart ill the liusiness of the house. He disting. 
hiiuscif in ihe N.Y. legisl. by his .advocacy of 
the act toaliolisli imprisonment for debt, passed 
in 1831. In Congress, he supported the inter- 
nal improvement and protective tarilF policy 
of the Whig party. He supported Mr. Adams 
in the struggle upon the question of the recep- 
tion of petitions for the abolition of slavery ; 
opposed the annexation of Texas with slavery ; 
favored the abolition of the slave-trade between 
the States, and of slavery in the Dist. of Col. 
As chairman of the committee of ways and 
means in the 27th Congress, Mr. Fillmore was 
the author of the taritF of 1842. He then re- 
sumed his profession in Buffalo ; was iu 1847 
elected State comptroller ; in 1848 was nom. 
and elected by the Whigs as vice-pres., and re- 
mained in that position until the death of Pres. 
Taylor, July 9, 1850, by which he was elevated 
to the presidential chair. As vice-pres., he pre- 
sided during the controversy on the " omnibus 
bill " with his usual impartiality. During his 
presidency, the compromise measures, embra- 
cing substantially the provisions of Mr. Clay's 
bill, were passed. His administration is disting. 
by the exped. of Com. Perry to Japan, which 
sailed in the autumn of 1832, and which 
resulted in a favorable treaty with that country. 
He visited Europe in 1855-6. In 1856, he was 
the candidate of the American party for the 
presidency. Pres. Buffalo Hist. Soc. 

Findlay, Gen. James, soldier and poli- 
tician, b. Franklin Co., Pa., ab. 1775 ; d. Cin- 
cinnati, O., Dec. 28, 1835. He emigrated to 
Cin. in 1793; wasoneof the legislative council 
of the Territory in 1798; a prominent Deinoc. 
leader; often a member of the legisl. ; and was 
receiver of public moneys in Cin. Dist. from the 
first establishment of land-offices until 1824 ; 
col. 2d 0. vols, in 1812, serving under Gen. 
Hull at Detroit. M.C. 1825-33 ; candidate for 
gov. 1834. 

Findlay, William, bro. of James, gov. 
of Pa. 1817-20; U.S. senator, 1821-7; b. 
Mercersburg, Pa., 1768; d. Harrishurg, Nov. 
15, 1846. Another bro., John, was M.C. 
1823-7. 

Findley, William, politician, b. in north 
of Ireland, ab. 1750; d. Unity Township, 
Westmoreland Co., Pa., April 5, 1821. He 
came to Pa. in early life ; served in the Revol. 
war, and at its close moved to Western Pa. 
Intelligent, and a fluent speaker, he soon be- 
came a politician ; was a member of the legisl. 



Fiisr 



324 



FIR 



and of the State Const. Conv., and M.C. 1791- 
9, and 1803-17. With Gallatin he opposed 
the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, and in 
politics was a supporter of Jefferson. He pub. 
a '■ Review of the Funding System in 1794," 
a " History of the Insurrection in Western Pa. 
in 1796," and "Observations," vindic.iting 
relijious liberty against S. B. Wylie. 

Fink, Frederick, artist, grandson of 
Maj. F. of the Revol. army, b. Little Falls, 
N.Y., Dec. 18, 1817; d. 1849. Educated for 
a physician under Dr. Beck of Albany, he 
joined his hro. in mercantile pursuits, and later 
studied painting with Morse. At 18, he became 
known by his portrait of W. S. Parker, ob- 
tained commissions, and went to Europe. 
Among his excellent ijmire pictures are " An 
Artist's Studio," " Shipwrecked Mariner," 
"Youns Thieves," "Negro Wood-Sawyer," 
&o. — Tackerman. 

Finley, James Bradley, clergyman and 
author, b. N.C, July 1, 1781 ; d. Eaton, O., 
Sept. 6, 1857. His father was a Presb. minis- 
ter, and removed to ICy , where he opened an 
academy. The son entered the Ohio M. E. 
conference in 1809; was a missionary to the 
Wyandot Indians from 1S21 to 1827; was 
chaplain of the Ohio Penitentiary in 184.5-9, 
and was subsequently connected with a church 
in Cincinnati. Author of "Wyandot Mis- 
sion," 1840; "Prison-Life," "Autobiogra- 
phv," " Sketches of Western Methodism," and 
" Life among the Indians," 1860. 

Pinley, Robert, D.D., Presb. divine and 
philanthropist, b. Princeton, N. J., 1772; d. 
Athens, Ga., Oct. 3, 1817. N.J. Coll. 1787. 
D.D. 1817. James, his father, came from Scot- 
land in 1769. From 1793 to 1S17, he was 
connected with N. J. Coll. as tutor or trustee, 
and 16 June, 1795, was ord. pastor of Basking- 
ridge. He originated the ])lun of colonizing 
emancipated blacks in Africa, and was in-itru- 
mental in forming the Constitution, and in or- 
ganizing the Colonization Society. In July, 
1817, he was installed pres. of Fr.mklin Coll., 
Athens, Ga. He pub. sermons, and papers on 
colonization. — Sprarjue. 

Finley, SAMnEt., D.D. (U. of Glasgow, 
176i), scholar and Presb. divine, b. Armagh, 
Ireland, 1715; d. I'hila., July 17, 1766. He 
arrived in Phila., 28 Sept. 17.34, and was li- 
censed to preach, Au','. 5, 1740. Ord. at N. 
Brunswick, 13 Oct. 1742. He at once occupied 
himself in itinerant labors during the remark- 
able revival of that day. His zeal brought 
him into trouble; for preaching in N. Haven, 
Ct., contrary to a law of the Colony forbidding 
itinerants to enter parishes of settled ministers 
without their consent, he w.as seized by the 
authorities, and carried as a vau'rant beyond 
its limits, in Sept. 1743. From July 14, 1744, 
to 1761, he was settled at Nottingham, Pa., at 
the same time carrying on an acad., which ac- 
quired a high reputation. On the death of 
Pres. Davies, he was chosen his successor, re- 
moved to Princeton in July, 1761, and left the 
coll., at his decease, in a flourishing condition. 
He edited the sermons of Pres.Davies, ami pub. 
some sermons and discussions. Wji. Perro- 
NEAO FisLET, LL.D. 1849, pres. of Charleston 
Coll., is bis grandson. N.J. Coll. 1820. 



Finn, Henrt J., comedian and humorist, 
b. Sydney, Cape Breton, ab. 17S5 ; d. Jan. 13, 
1840'. In 179'.), he came to N.Y. ; studied law 
2 years, then sailed for Eng. on the invitation 
of a rich uncle residing there ; was shipwrecked, 
and, after many days' exposure in an open boat, 
was picked up, and taken into Falmouth. The 
death of his relative, who made no provision 
for him, obliged him to resort to the stage for 
support. Heplayed atthe H.avmarkct Theatre 
with success, and, returning to Amer. in 1311, 
made his first appearance at Montreal. He 
next performed in N.Y. In 1818, he visited 
Savannah, where he played Mercutio ; and 
in Jan. 1819, the Stranger, for his benefit, to 
a crowded house. In 1820, he was assoc. cd. 
and pub. of the Savannah Georgian. In 1821, 
he was again in London, where he lived by 
miniature-painting. He then attached himself 
to the Surrey Theatre as leading melodramat- 
ic tragedian ; but the manager failed, and Finn 
returned to America. Oct. 22. 1822, he first 
appeared at the Federal-st. Theatre, Boston, 
which he at one time managed, and where he 
long continued a fivorite. The bills for bis 
benefit-nights were usually made up of the 
most extraordinary puns. His forte was broad 
comedy. Besides being a great wit and pun- 
ster, he excelled in the more serious walks of 
the drama, and early in life played Richard, 
Othello, Mark Antony, &c., with success. 
In 1829, he gave entertainments similar to 
Mathews's " At Home," in Portland, and was 
very successful. He was on his way to his res- 
idence in Newport, when lost on the burning 
steamer " Lexington " in Long Island Sound. 
He pub. a " Comic Annual," a number of arti- 
cles in the periodicals, a successful drama, 
" Montgomery, or the Falls of Montmorenci," 
was a frequent versifier, and turned off a sung 
with great readiness. He m. Elizabeth, dau. 
of Snelling Powell, a well-known actor and 
manager of Boston. 

Finney, Rev. Charles G., a celebrated 
preacher, b. Warren, Ct., Aug. 29, 1792. The 
son of a farmer, on reaching manhood he left 
the paternal estate, and commenced the study 
of law in Jefferson Co., NY., which he quitted 
for the ministry, and was ord. in 1822. Great 
revivals followed his labors wherever he went. 
In 1835, he accepted a profe.ssorship in Oberlin 
Coll., O., of which he was pres. in 1852-66; 
since 1837, pastor 1st Cong. Church, Oberlin. 
Between 1848 and 1851, he resided in Eng., 
where his fervid eloquence created a powerful 
effect wherever he preached. He has pub. 
" Sermons on Important Subjects," 8vo, 1836 ; 
"Lectures on Revivals," 12mo, 1835; "On 
Sanctification," 16mo, 1840; "Systematic 
Theology," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847, and Lond., 1851 ; 
"Guide to the Saviour," 16mo, and several 
smaller works ; "Lectures to Professing Chris- 
tians," 8vo, 1836. 

Firmin, Giles, divine and author, b. 
Suffolk Co., Eng., 1615; d. Ridgwcll, Essex, 
Eng , Apr. 1697. He entered Cambridge U. 
in 1629, but left before graduating, and came 
to N.E. with Rev. John Wilson in 16.32. He 
returned to Eng. before Oct. 1633, and came 
again to N.E. in 1637. He and Rev. John 
Higginson, afterwards of Salem, Mass., were 



FIS 



325 



employed by the synod of 1637 to taUe notes 
of its proceedings. lie settled at Ipswich, 
where, Jiin. 4, 1638-9, he was granted 100 
acres of land, and practised medicine there ; 
adra. a freeman of Ms., May 22, 1639 ; m. Su- 
san, dau. of Ucv. Nathanlel'Ward, before Dec. 
26, 1639; clerk of the writs for Ipswich, 
from Dec. 1641 to June, 1642. Returning to 
Europe in the fall of 1644. he was wrecked 
near Cadiz, but arrived In Eng. in the follow- 
ing summer. He was at Colchester in 1646, 
and In 1651 was settled at Shalford, whence 
he was ejected In 1662. He subsequently prac- 
tised medicine, and preached at Ridgweil. His 
most famous work, " The Real Christian," 4 to, 
1670, was several times reprinted, — once in 
Boston. Author, al-o, of many theol. trea- 
tises. — See iJemoir,bij John Ward Dean. 

Fish, Hamilton, LL.D., lawyer and 
statesman, son of Col. Nicholas, b. N.Y. City 
in 1809. Columb. Coll. IS27. Adm. to the 
bar iu 1830; In 1837 was elected to the State 
leglsl. ; M.C. from 1843 to 1845; lieut-gov. 
N.Y. 1847-9; gov. in 1849-51; U.S. sena- 
tor from 1851 to 1857; sec. of State since 4 
Mar. 1869. 

Pish, Henrt CL.A.r, n.D., b. Halifax, Vt., 
1820. Pastor of the 1st Baptist Church, New- 
ark, N.J. Author of " Primitive Piety Re- 
vived," a prize essay, Bost. 1855 ; " History and 
Repository of Pulpit Eloquence," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1856; "Pulpit Eloquence of the 19th Cen- 
tury," 8vo, 1857; "Select Discourses from 
the German and French," 12mo, 1858. 

Fish, CoL. Nicholas, Revol. officer, b. 
New York, Aug. 28, 1758; d. there June 20, 
1S33. At the age of 16, he entered N.J. Coll., 
which he soon left, and commenced the study 
of law In the office of Jolm Morin Scott. In 
the spring of 1 776, he was app. aide-do-camp to 
Gen. Scott; June 21, major of brigade under 
the same officer; Nov. 21, major of the 2d 
N.Y. regt. ; and, at the close of the war, was a 
lleut.-col. He was in both battles of Saratoga ; 
in 1778 was a division inspector, under Steu- 
ben ; com. a corps of light inf. at the battle 
of Monmouth ; served in Sullivan's exped. 
against the Indians in 1779 ; was attachetl to 
the light inf., under Lafayette in 1780; and 
in 1781 took an active ])art with his regt. in 
tlie operations which resulted in the surrender 
of Cornwallis. He was major of the detach- 
ment, under Hamilton, which so gallantly 
stormed a British redoubt at Yorktown. Col. 
Fish was an excellent disciplinarian, and pos- 
sessed in a high degree the confidence of 
Washington. He was app. adj.-gen. of the 
St:ite In Apr. 1786, an office which he held 
many years. He was a supervisor of the reve- 
nue, under Washington in 1794, and an alder- 
man of N.Y. City from 1806 to 1817. He was 
an .iciive member of many of the benevolent, 
literary, and religious Institutions of his 
native city. He became pres. of the N.Y. So- 
ciety 'of the Cincinnati in 1797. — Am. Ann. 
Rer,. viil. 

Fishburn, Maj.-Gen. William, Revol. 
soldier, d. Walterborough, S.C.Nov. 3, 1819, 
a. 59. He was on the staff of Gen. Wayne, to 
whom he was aide-de-camp at the capture of 
Stony Point. Momber of the 



which framed the constitution of S.C., and 
subsequently a member of the State leglsl. 

Fisher, Alkxandek Metcalf, prof, of 
mathematics and nat. phllos. In Y.C., b. Frank- 
lin, Ms., 1794; d. Apr. 2i, I"?:. Y.rv ISI3. 
Tutor In 1815, and pr./ i I 17 till 

bis death. Sil/iman's ./- < ,wd 

(fo ylr(.« contains some 01 i,i, -.i-mm ,.■ |.,|,ers. 

Fisher, Alvan, painter, b. ^oeliilaln, Ms., 
Aug. 9, 1792 ; d. Dedham, Ms., Feb. 14, 1863. 
Ho was intended for a mercantile life ; but at 
18 his tastes led him to study his art with an 
ornamental painter named Pennyman. In 
1814, he began portrait-painting; afterward he 
produced cattle-pieces and landscapes, but re- 
sumed portrait-painting, which he carried on 
many years with success in Boston. His por- 
trait of Spurzhcira was much admired. 

Fisher, Chakles, D C.L., lawyer and 
statesman of N. B., b. York County, U.C. 
Grad. at King's Coll., N.B. Studied law, 
and was adm. to the bar. Elected to parlia- 
ment in 1837 ; In Mar. 1865, he was rejected 
for advocating a union of the British Prov- 
inces, but was elected again soon after. 
Member exec, council, 1848-51 ; app in 
1832 a commissioner to codify the prov. 
statutes; atly.-gen. Oct. 1854-May, 1856, and 
again in 1856-61, and since Apr. 1866; a 
delegate on the question of union in Oct. 

1864, and again in July, 1866, to London, 
where its terms were arranged ; and in July, 

1865, was a delegate to the great trade con- 
vention at Detroit. 

Fisher, Elwood, editor and statistical 
writer, l> Oct. 1, 1808; d. Atlanta, Ga., 
Oct. 1, 1862. Though of Quaker descent, he 
was long known as an ardent and extreme 
defender of slavery, and for years advocated 
with his pen the secession of the Southern 
States. In 1850, he established, with this 
avowed object, the Soulhern Press, In Wash- 
ington. — Ap/iteton. 

Fisher, John Charlton, LL.D., Cana- 
dian journalist; d. Sept, 1849, on board the 
steamer " Sarah Sands," whilst returning 
from Eng. After founding and editing the 
A', y. Albion, he went to Quebec In 1 823 to 
conduct the Official Gazette, but in 1831 was 
directed to suspend his political articles, as 
they were not In accordance with the views of 
the dominant party in Eng. ; and his paper was 
reduced to a mere official sheet. He then 
edited the Quebec Merciin/ some years, and in 
1841 started the Consm-atlve, a weekly jour- 
nal. Pres. of the Quebec Literary and Hist. 
Society, and a man of high literary attain- 
ments. — ilorqan. 

Fisher, John Dix, M.D. (H.U. 1825), 
eminent as an instructor of the blind; d. Mar. 
3, 18.50, a. 53. Brown U. 1820. He visited 
Europe, informed himself concerning the 
methods of instructing the blind, rendered 
efficient assistance in the organization and 
subsequent management of the Perkins Insti- 
tution for the Blind at Boston, and was also a 
visiting physician to the Ms. Gen. Hospital. 
Author of " Description of the Small Pox, 
Varioloid," &c., 4to, Boston, 1834, 13 col. 

Fisher, Jonathan, minister of Blue Hill, 



Me., from July 13, 1796, to his d., Sept. 22, 
1847; b. New Braintree, Ms., Oct. 17, 1768. 
U.U. 1792. Licensed to preach, Oct. 1, 1793. 
A severe Calvinist. His whole life was a " prc- 
constructcd, fore-ordained system," orderly, 
methodical, and precise. His own industry 
and thrift were emulated by his people, who 
were remarkable also for morality and good 
principles. He was a good farmer, labored 
in the buildins of his own house, made his 
own clock, painted portraits, was a prolilic 
poet, and engraved on wood, with his pen- 
knife, most of the animals mentioned in 
Scripture, and pub. them, with a description, 
in a book. He sometimes walked to Bangor, 
70 miles, and home again. He was a good 
linguist, and compiled a Hebrew lexicon. 

Fisher, Joshda, M.D., physician, b. 
Dedham, Ms., May, 1749; d. Beverlv, Ms., 
Mar. 21, 1833. H.U. 1766. Surgeon of a 
private armed ship in 1775; was captured, 
escaped to France, and afterwards settled in 
practice at Beverly. A zealous student of 
natural history, he bequeathed 820,000 to 
H.U. to found a professorship of that science. 
Pres. Ms. Med. Soc. He pub. a " Discourse 



sinnmg 
•s Med. 



pub. a brief memoir of him. — Williams'i 
Bio,. 
Fisher, Mtles, lawyer of Phila. ; d. 1819, 

a. 71. Member of the Society of Friends. A 
man of science, and an eloquent orator. He 
pub. an " Answer to Paine's Age of Reason." 

Fisher, Redwood, statistician, b. Phila., 
1783; d. tnere May 17, 1856. Some years a 
merchant of Phila., but removed to N.Y., 
edited a daily newspaper, and took an active 
part in public affiiirs. He pub. several vols. 
on "Political Economy," and possessed great 
information on statistical subjects. 

Fisher, Thomas, poet and scientific writer, 

b. Phila., Jan. 21, 1801 ; d. there Feb. 12, 1856. 
He entered upon commercial pursuits ; was an 
active member of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences; 
pub. a " Dial of the Seasons," 1835; " Mathe- 
matics Simplified and Made Attractive," 18.53; 
and, in 1850, "Song of the Sea-Shells, and 
other Poems." — .Simpson. 

Fisher, William Mark, painter, b. Bos- 
ton, 15 Dec. 1841. Studied first with George 
Innes; in 1864 at Paris, in the Life School 
and in the atelier of Gleyre ; again, in 1S67, 
studied from Nature in the environs of Paris, 
painting many genre pictures, also landscape 
and cattle. Is a conscientious student, and 
wields a vigorous pencil. 

Fisk, Fidelia, missionary to Persia, 
1843-58; d. Shelburne, Ms., 9 Aug. 1864. 
She had been a teacher, and pub. " Memorial 
of Mount Holyoke Seminary," " Woman and 
her Saviour in Persia," and at the time of her 
d. was eng.iged upon " Reminiscences of Mary 
Lyon." 

risk, James, a Democ. politician, b. ab. 
1762; d. Swanton, Vt., Dec. 1, 1844. Self 
educated. He studied law, rose to eminence 
in the profession ; was M.C. from 1805 to 
1809, and from 1811 to 1815: was app. judge 
of the Territory of Ind. in 1812, but declined 
the office; in 1815 and 1816 was one of the 
judges of the Supreme Court of Vt. ; U.S. 



in 1S17 and 1818; and subsequently, 
during 8 years, was collecior of customs in 
the Dist. of Vt. 

Fisk, James, Jun., financier, Opera-BouflTe 
and Erie manager, b. Pownal, Vt , April 1, 
1835. At the age of 18 he " managed " a ped- 
dler's wagon in the New-Eng. towns, and 
was afterwards a clerk, and then partner, in 
the Boston dry-goods house of Jordan, Marsh, 
& Co. In N.Y. his rise has been rapid and 
brilliant. In 1863, he purchased the old Ston- 
ington line of steamers, and in Aug. 1868 
placed on the route between Boston and NY. 
tbe magnificent Bristol line. In Oct. 1867, 
he was re-elected director of the Erie Railroad 
Co. In 1868, he bought Pike's Opera House, 
N.Y. ; purchased Bateman's interest in Opera 
Bouffe ; and erected a thea re on 24th St., near 
5th Av. Col. 9th N.Y.S.M. Assass. Jan. 6, 1872. 

Fiske, John, capt. in the Revol. marine, 
b. Salem, Ms., Apr. 10, 1744; d. there Sept. 
28, 1797. Son of Rev. Samuel of the First 
Church, Salem. He was in 1775 a master 
mariner, and was capt. of " The Tyrannicide," 
tlie first war-vessel commis. by the State of 
Ms., July 8, 1776. In her he made many 
successful cruises, and fought many sangui- 
nary conflicts. Dec. 10, 1777, he look com. 
of the State ship " Massachusetts," a larger 
and better vessel. He acquired fame and for- 
tune; after the war, engaged in commerce, 
and was made maj.-gen. of militia in 1702. 

Fisk, Nathan, D.D, (H U it'i-.m, .l.vine, 
b. Weston, Ms., Sept. 20, 17 i; : d. Xnv, i>4, 
1799. H.U. 17.54. Ord. pa-t.,r .J.l Chuuli in 
Brookfield, May 28, 1758. lie was a ciitical 
and learned scholar, though not a popular 
preacher. lie wrote a number of essays for 
the ^fs. Spt/, under the title of " The Worces- 
ter Speculator," also of " A Neighbor," and 
in the Ms. Mai/azine under that of " The 
General Observer," also for the Philanlhiopist 
in 20 Nos. His other works are " Sermon on 
the Settlement and Growth of Brookfield," 
1775; "Oration on the Capture of Corn- 
wallis," 1781; " Dudleian Lecture," 1796; 
"A Volume of Sermons," 8vo, 1794; and tho 
" Moral Monitor," 1801. — £://o(. 

Fiske, Nathan AVilby, prof, of intel- 
lectual and moral philos. in Amh. Coll., Ms., 
b. Weston, Ms., Apr. 17, 1798; d. Jerusalem, 
May 27, 1847. DC. 1817. He had charge of 
an acad. at New Castle for one year ; served 
as tutor in DC. for two vears; studied 
at the And. Theol. .Sem., and in 1823-4 
spent a winter in Savannah in missionary 
labors. Popular as a preacher. He was oflfered 
the professorship of mathematics and natural 
philosophy in Mid. Coll., Vt., which he de- 
clined, but in 1824 accepted the professorship 
of languages in Amh. Coll., from which ha 
was in 1836 transferred to the chair of philos. 
He pub. a " Manual of Classical Literature," 
from the German of Esclicnburg, with addi- 
tions, 3d edition, 1841; "Young Peter's 
Tour around the Worid," 16mo, N. Y. ; 
" Story of Aleck," &c., 18mo, Boston. 

Fiskj Pliny, missionarv, b. Shelburne, 
Ms., June 24, 179) ; d. Beirodt, Svria, Oct. 23, 
1825. Mid. Coll. 1814. He studied theology 
at Andover, and sailed as a missionary to Pal- 



327 



FIT 



estine, Nov. 3, 1819. At Smyrna, lie studied 
the Eastern languages; and in 1821 he went 
to Egypt, and thence across the deserts to 
Judaea[ studying and preaching till he died. 
During his last illness, he was engaged in com- 
pleting an English and Arabic dieiionarv. — 
See All-in Bond's Life of P. Fisk, I2mo, 1828. 

Fisk, Rev. S.4MCEL, cltrgvman, .inthor, 
and soldier ; d. Frederieksln 1 1 _ ! V,i , m'' u > „nuls 
atthobattleoftheVViM.niM , .J,1^G4. 
Amh. Coll. 1848. Aiiih i : - iiom 

Europe," written for the .V. - /, i (,-(in, 

signed "Dunn Browne." h\ Isol, he was 
pastor of a church at Madison, Ct., but entered 
the army ; fought bravely in several battles ; 
was for some time a prisoner at Richmond, and 
at his death held the rank of capt. 

Fisk, WiLBUK, D.D. (Aug. Coll. 1829), 
Methodist minister and educator, b. Brattle- 
boro', Vt., Aug. 31, 1792; d. Middletown, 
Ct.,Feb. 22, 1839. Brown U. 1815. Toenable 
himself to defray the cost of his coll. course, 
he became private tutor in Col. Ridgeley's 
family, near Bait. He studied law, hut entered 
the ministry in 1818, and became eminent, not- 
withstanding ill health. He labored 2 years 
in Craflsbury, Vt. In 1819, he was app. to 
Charlestown,Ms. Deleg. to the gen. conference 
in 1824, and chosen to write the address to the 
British conference. Principal of the Wesleyan 
Acad, at Wilbraham, Ms., 1826-31. Deleg. to 
the gen. conference of 1828, and elected bishop 
of the Canada conf., but declined. At the gen. 
conf. of 1832, his appeals in behalf of Indian 
missions resulted in the organization of the 
Oregon mission. He was instrumental in 
founding Williamstown Acad., and from 1830 
until his death was pres. of the U. of Middle- 
town, Ct. In search of health, he passed the 
winter of 1835 in Italy, and the summer of 
1836 in Eng. Elected bishop in 1836, but 
declined. He pub. " Notes of Travels in Eu- 
rope," 1 vol.Svo, illustrated, and some sermons 
and addresses. His Life and Writings have 
been pub. by Rev. Dr. Holdieh, 8vo, 1842, 
N.Y. 

Fitch, Ebenezer, D.D. (H.U. 1800), 
pres. Wnis. Coll. Aug. 1793-May, 1815. De- 
scended Irom James, minister of iSaybrook and 
of Norwich, Ct. ; b. Norwich, Ct., 26 Sept. 
1756; d. W. Bloomfield, N.Y., 21 Mar. 1833. 
Y.C. 1777. Tutor there, 1780-3 and 1786-91, 
and principal of the Williamstown school from 
Oct. 1791 until its erection as a coll. Ord. 17 
June, 1795; pastor of the Presb. Church of 
BloomHeld, N.Y., Nov. 29, 1815-Nov. 25, 1827. 

Fitch, Elijau, clergyman and poet, b. 
1745 ; d. Hopkinton, Ms., Dec. 16, 1788. Y.C. 
1 765. He received the honorary degree of A.M. 
from H.U. in 1770, and from 1771 to 1788 was 
minister of Hopkinton. He wrote " The 
Beauties of Religion, a Poem addressed to 
Youth," in 5 books, and a short poem entitled 
"The Choice," Providence, 1789. 

Fitch, J.\MES, first minister of Norwich, 
Ct., b. Booking, Essex, Eng., Dec. 24, 1622; 
d. Lebanon, Nov. 18, 1702. After receiving 
an excellent classical education, he came to 
N.E. at the age of 16 ; spent seven years under 
the instruction of Hooker and Stone; was 
pastor at Saybrook in 1646-60; and subse- 



quently of Norwich. He preached to the 
Moliegans in their own language, and gave 
them some of his land to induce ihem to culti- 
vate. He wrote " The First Principles of the 
Doctrine of Christ," Boston, 1679, and some 
sermons. — Hist. Mag., v., 217. 

Fitch, John, inventor, builder of the first 
steamboat in America, b. E. Windsor, Ct , 
Jan. 21,1743; d. Bardstown, Ky., July 2, 
1798. He had a common school education; 
followed various pursuits in his youth, and, 
having married unhappily, left what property 
he had to his wife and children, and sought a 
separate fortune. During the Revol., he was 
an armorer in the service, afterward a sutler, 
and as a silversmith, and manufacturer of silver 
and brass sleeve-buttons at Trenton, N.J., 
had amassed considerable Continental money. 
He was next a surveyor in Va., and, while 
exploring Ohio early in 1782, was taken by 
Indians, but returned to his home in Bucks 
Co., Pa., at the close of the year. During 
his Western explorations, in which he prepared, 
engraved on copper, and printed on a press of 
his own manufacture, a map of the N. W. coun- 
try, he conceived the idea that the great West- 
ern rivers might be navigated by steam. In 
1788, he applied for a patent for the application 
of steam to navigation, he having constructed 
a boat that could be propelled 8 miles an hour. 
July 27, 1786, his successful experiment led to 
the formation of a company in Phila., and the 
building of a small m mm pn 1,. r. \, inh con- 
veyed passengers until i: iiijpany 
failed. In 1793,he tiii i| ; i inojects 
in France without succr--, \\,.- liim , l„ mg un- 
propitious. He afterward went to Ky. to as- 
certain the condition of his Western property, 
which he found overrun with squatters, and lio 
encouragement for his steam-projects. He left 
in a sealed envelope, opened in 1823, a detailed 
history of his adventures in the steamboat en- 
terprise, inscribed " To my children and to 
future generations," with a journal and other 
papers, from which an interesting biography 
was prepared by Thompson Westcott, and pub, 
in Pbila. in 18C7. A Memoir, by C. Whittlesey, 
is in Sparks's "Am. Biog." 

Fitch, Thomas, gov. of Ct. from 1754 to 
1766, b. Ct., 1699; d. July 18, 1774. Y. Coll. 
1721. He devoted himself to the law, and 
filled successively, with unsurpassed integrity 
and wisdom, the offices of counsellor, judge of 
the Superior Court, clif. justice, 1750-4, lieut.- 
gov., and gov. In 1 765, he took the oath of office 
prescribed in the Stamp Act, and was driven 
into retirement, in consequence, the next year. 

Fitz, Henry, telescope-maker, b. Newbury- 
port, Ms., 1808; d. N.Y. City, Nov. 6, 1863. 
At first a printer ; afterward, for many years, a 
locksmith. In 1835, he made a reflecting tele- 
scope, and, in the winter of 1844, invented a 
method of perfecting object-glasses for refract- 
ing telescopes, making the first one of the 
bottom of an ordinary tumbler. The fair of 
the Amer. Institute in 1845 brought his in- 
struments into notice ; and he afterward devot- 
ed himself exclusively and successfully to their 
manuf., succeeding in making an instrument of 
16-iuch aperture. The delicacy of bis inven- 
tion was such as to detect the change in form 



328 



by expansion of an olyect-glass, effected by 
passing tlie finger over it on a frosty night. He 
died just as he was abont to go to Europe to 
select a glass for a 24-inch telescope, and to 
procure patents for a camera, involving a new 

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, b. Oct. 15, 
1763; d. June 4,1798. Entering the army, he 
became, in 1779, aide-de-camp to Lord Raw- 
don ; greatly disting. himself on several occa- 
sions, and was severely wounded at Eutaw 
Springs. In 1788, he was at Halifax with the 
54th regt., and travelled through the U.S. to 
N. Ork-.iiis. In 1792, he m. the beautiful and 
acoomplishod Pamela, the^ro»/^e and supposed 
dau. of Madame de Gcnhs. VVhile in Ameri- 
ca, he had imbibed republican ideas, and, being 
in Paris during the French Revol., publicly re- 
nounced his title in 1792. and was dismissed 
the army. Returning to Dublin, he connect- 
ed himself in 1796 with the revol. organ- 
ization known as the United Irishmen, and 
was killed while resisting the officers sent to 
take him. 

ritzhugh, Andrew, capt. U.S.N., b. Va., 
1795 ; d. Fairfax Co., Va., Oct. 2, 1850. Mid- 
shipman, June 8, 1811 ; lieut. April 21, 1816; 
master, Feb. 9, 18-37 ; capt. Feb. 14, 1843. 

Fitzhugh, William, member Old Con- 
gress liom Va., 1779-80 ; d. 1809, a. 83. 

Fitzpatriek, Benjamix, lawyer .and poli- 
tician, b. Green Co., Ga., Juno 30, 1802; d. 
Antauga Co., Ala., Nov. 25, 1869. Left an 
orphan, he emig. in 1815 to the valley of the 
Ala. River, near Montgomery, where he after- 
Ward resided. He received as good an educa- 
tion as new countries generally afford ; studied 
law, and was adm. to practice in 1821 ; was 
solicitor of the judicial dist. in which he lived, 
until, in 1829, his health compelled him to re- 
linquish his profession, and settle upon a farm. 
Gov. of Ala. from 1841 to 1845 ; U.S. senator 
in 1848-9 and 1853-61, and took an active part 
in the Rebellion. He seldom engaged in de- 
bate, was a man of cool judgment and agree- 
able manners, and was often called to the chair 
of the senate as president /ho tein. 

Fitzpatriek, John Bernard, D. D. 
(H. U. 1861), R.C. bishop of Boston, b. there 
Nov. 1812; d. Feb. 13, 1866. He was educat- 
ed at the Boston schools, a coll. at Montreal, 
and the Sulpician Coll., Paris. Ord. priest, he 
returned to Boston in 1840, was then pastor of 
St. John's Church, East Cambridge, became 
co-adjutor to Bishop Fenwick, March 24, 1844, 
and in 1846 succeeded him as bishop. He vis- 
ited Europe in 1854, and again in 1862. He 
ranked high as a scholar, and was a member 
of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Fitzsimmons, Thomas, statesman, b. 
Ireland, 1741 ; d. Phila., Aug. 1811. During 
the Revol., he com. a vol. company, and was an 
eminent merchant of Phila. His house (Geo. 
Meade & Co.) subscribed to supply the army, in 
1780, £5,000. Many years a member of the 
State. Assembly ; a delegate to the Old Con- 
gress in 1782-3, and to the Federal Const. 
Conv. in 1787; M.C. 1789-95; pros, of the 
Phila. Chamber of Commerce, and of the N.A. 
Insurance Co. 
Flaget, Benedict Joseph, D.D., R.C. 



bishop of Louisville, Ky. ; consec. Nov. 4, 1810 ; 
d. 1850. 

Flagg, Edmund, journalist and author, b. 
Wiscasset, Me., Nov. 24, 1815. Bowd. Coll. 
1835. After teaching at Louisville, where ha 
was a contrib. to Prentice's Louisville Journal, 
he travelled in 1836 over the prairies of III. 
and Mo., the results of which were pub. in 
1838, entitled " The Far West." He was adm. 
to the bar in 1837, and commenced practice in 
Mo. ; edited the St. Louis Daibj Commercial 
Bulletin, 1838 ; next assoc. himself with Pren- 
tice in the Louisville Literarij Neu-s-Letter, and 
in the sjjring of 1840 began to practise law 
with S. S. Prentiss at Vicksburg, Mpi. In 
1842, he conducted l\\a Gazette, at Marietta, O., 
and wrote two novels, " Carrero " and " Fran- 
cis of Valois." In 1844-5, he conducted the 
5/. Louis Eveninrj Gazette, and for several years 
was reporter of the county courts, publishing, 
in the mean time, the novels, " The Howard 
Queen," " Blanche of Artois," and several 
dramas. In 1848, he accomp. E. A. Hannegan, 
minister to Berlin, as sec, and travelled over 
Eng., Germany, and France. In 1850-1, he 
was consul at Venice, and, returning in Nov. 
1851, took charge of a Democ. paper at N. Or- 
leans. In 1852, he pub. " Venice, the City of 
the Sea," and a third vol., entitled "North Italy 
since 1849." In 1854, he contrib. sketches on 
the West to " The U.S. Illustrated," by Mayer, 
N.Y. He has since been chief clerk of a com- 
mercial bureau in the dept. of State, Wash- 
ington. In 1856-7, as chief of statistics, he 
prepared "A Report on the Commercial Rela- 
tions of the U.S. with Foreign Nations." He 
has pi-ep.ared for publication an historical novel, 
"The Last of the Military Templars." 

Flagg, George W., artist, b. N. Haven, 
Ct., June 26. 1816. Passing his boyhood in 
Charleston, S.C, he had the instruction of his 
uncle, Allston, and excited ailmiration by bi.s 
juvenile portrait of Bishop England. A 
picture of the " Murder of the Princes," from 
Richard III., procured him the support of Lu- 
man Read, through whose aid he made a three- 
years' visit to Europe, since which he has passed 
many years in Loud. Among his pictures are 
the '" Mouse-Boy," " Match-Girl," " Young 
Greek," " Jacob and Rachel at the Well," 
"Landing of the Pilgrims," "Landing of the 
Atlantic Cable," " Good Samaritan," "Scarlet 
Letter," and " Columbus and the Egg." — 
Tuck-erman. 

Flanders, Benjamin Franklin, b. Bris- 
tol, N.H., Jan. 26, 1816. Dartm. Coll. 1842. 
He went to N. Orleans in Jan. 1843, read law, 
and taught there ; edited the Tropic ab. a year ; 
sec. and trca.s. of the N.O.and Opclousas R.R. 
Co. from 1852 to Jan. 1862, when forced to 
flee North on account nf his Unionism ; re- 
turned on its capture; city treas. in 1862; 
M.C. 1863-7, and gov. of La. 1867-8. — ^ium- 
ni Dartm. Coll. 

Flanders, Henrt, author, b. Plainfield, 
N.H. ; has pub. " Treatise on Maritime Law," 
8vo, 1852; "Treatise of the Law of Ship- 
ping," 8vo, 1853 ; " Lives and Times of the 
Chief Justices of the U.S.," 2 vols. 8vo, 185.5-8 ; 
" Memoirs of Cumberland," 8vo, 1856 ; " The 
Principles of Insurance," &c. (in press 1871). 



329 



FLI 



Fleet, Thomas, printer, b. Shropshire, 
Eng., 8 Sept. 1685 ; d. Boston, July 21, 1758. 
He was a printer in Bristol, came to Boston 
in 1712, and soon after established himself in 
" Pudding Lane," now Devonshire Street. 
He was the putative father of the celebrated 
"Mother Goose's Melodies." In 17.33, he be- 
came proprietor and pub. of the Weekly Re- 
hearsal, newspaper ; which name was in 1735 
changed to the Boston Eoening Post. It was 
conducted by liijn and his two sons, Tiio.mas 
and John, who succeeded him till Apr. 24, 
1775, when it was discontinued. Ann Fleet, 
dau. of John, d. Boston, July 30, 1860, a. 89. 
Thomas d. Boston, Mar. 6, l"797, a. 65. ; John 
d. Boston, Mar. 18, 1806, a. 71. The first ed. 
of Hutchinson's " Hist, of Ms." was pub. at 
their press. From 1779 to 1801, they pub. 
Fleet's " Annual Register." 

Fleming, Col. Thomas, Revol. soldier; 
d. Aug. 1776. He com. the troops from 
Botetourt Co., Va., in the battle of Point Pleas- 
ant with the Indians, and was thrice wounded. 
Col. 9th Va. rcgt. in the Revol., app. March 2, 
1776. 

Fleming, William, of Cumberland, Va., 
statesman, b. 1734 ; d. Feb. 1824. Wra. and 
Mary Coll. Member of the House of Burgesses, 
and of the Va. conventions, in 1775-6; mem- 
ber of the committee on Independence in that 
of May, 1776 ; judge of the General Court, 
and presidin^c judge of the Court of Appeals ; 
member of the Old Congress, 1779-81. 

Fletcher, Richard, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1846), lawyer, b. Cavendish, Vt., Jan. 8, 
1788; d. Boston, June 21, 1869. Dartm. 
Coll. 1805. lie studied law with Daniel 
Webster; was adra. to the bar in 1809, and 
was settled aC Salisbury until 1825, when he 
removed to Boston, taking high rank at the 
bar. He was leading counsel for the War- 
ren Brid:;e proprietors in their famous case 
with the Charles River Bridge Co. He was 
often opposed by Webster and Mason, of whom 
he was a worthy antagonist, and was emi- 
nent in all branches of legal practice. Mem- 
ber of the Ms. legisl. ; M.C. 1837-9; judge 
of the Ms. Supreme Court, 1848-53. He be- 
queathed $100,000 to Dartm. Coll. 

Fletcher, William A., jurist, b. Ms. ; d. 
Ann Arbor, Mich., ab. 1855. He settled in 
Mich. ab. 1820; was many years a successful 
lawyer in Detroit; was at one time atty.-gen. 
of the territory ; in 1835, on the adoption of 
the first State Constitution, was app. chief jus- 
tice of the Sup. Court, and, retiring from the 
bench in 1842, resumed practice. He prepared 
the " Revised Statutes " of Mich., pnb. in 1838. 

Fleury, Lonis, Chevalierand Viscount de, 
a lieut.-col. in the Revol. army; d. a Hold- 
marshal in France. A descendant of the emi- 
nent cardinal, and educated as an engineer; 
became a ranj. in the rcgt. Ronergite, and, coming 
to Ainer., otfered his services to Washington, 
who gave him a captain's commission. For 
his gallantry at fort Mifflin, on the Del., and 
at the battle of Brandywine, he received from 
Congress the present of a horse, and was pro- 
moted to lieut.-col. Nov. 26, 1777. In the win- 
ter of 1777-8, he was sub-inspector under Steu- 
ben. Adj.-gen. of Lee's division, June 4, 1778. 



In July, 1778, he was second in com. of a light 
inf. corps in the R. I. exped., and afterward 
com. a batt. of light inf. under Washington. 
At the storm of Stony Point, in July, 1779, ha 
com. the van of the right column, was the first 
to enter the British works, and struck the 
British standard with his own hand. For his 
share in this brilliant exploit, Fleury received 
the thanks of Congress and a silver medal. 
When Rochambeau arrived in 1780, Fleury 
left the Amer. service, and became an officer 
under him, soon afterward returning to France. 

Flint, Abel, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1818), min- 
ister of tlve second church in Harllord, b. 
Windham, Aug. 6, 1765; d. Mar. 7,1825. 
Y.C. 1785. TutorB.U. 1786-90. Ord. Apr. 
20, 1791. He pub. " Geometry and Trisjo- 
nometry, with a treatise on Surveying," 1806, 
and a iranslation of some of the sermons of 
Massillon and Bourdaloue. 

Flint, Austin, M.D. (H U. 1833), physi- 
cian, b. Petersham, Ms., 1812. Educated at 
Amh. and llarv. Colleges. After practising 
successively in Boston and Northampton, he 
removed in 1836 to Buffalo; in 1844 became 
prof, of the institutes and practice of medicine 
in the Rush Med. Coll. at Chicago ; resigned 
1845, and- from 1846 to 18.56 edited the Buf- 
falo Med. Journal. In 1847, ho was one of the 
founders of the Buffalo Med. Coll., and was 6 



1856, he filled the chair of ihe theory anil prac- 
tice of medicine in theU. of Louisville, Ky., and 
then took the chair of pathology and clinical 
medicine at Buffalo. From 1858 to 1861, he 
spent the winters in N. Orleans as prof, of 
clinical medicine in the raed. school, and visit- 
ing physician to the charity hospital. Remov- 
ing to N.Y. in 1859, he was in 1861 made prof. 
of the principles and practice of medicine in 
the Bellevue Coll. hospital, and of pathology 
and practical medicine in the L. I. Coll. hos- 
pital, and visiting physician to Bellevue. He 
has pub. clinical reports on " Continued Fe- 
ver," 1852 ; " Chronic Pleurisy," 1853 ; " Dys- 
entery," 1853; "Physical Exploration and 



> of Diseases affecting the Re? 



piratory 



Organs," 1856; and "Practical Trea 
Diseases of the Heart," 1859. His essays on 
" The Variation of Pitch and Percussion and 
Respiratory Sounds," and on the " Clinical 
Study of the Heart-Sounds in Health and 
Disease," received the first prizes of the Amer. 
Med. Assoc, in 1852 and 1859. 

Flint, Austin, son of the preceding, b. 
Northampton, Ms., 1836. Jeff. Med. Coll. 
1857. Became prof, of physiologv, U. of 
BuiTiilo, 1858, and afterward in the L. L Coll. 
hospital. His essay on " The E.Kcretory Func- 
tion of the Liver" received from the French in- 
stitute a prize of 1,500 francs. Contrib. to the 
Amer. Jour, of Med. Science, &c. Author of 
" Physiology of Man," 4 vols. 8vo. 

Flint, Charles Lewis, sec. of the Ms. 
Board of Agriculture since its organization in 
1852, b. Middleton, Ms., 8 Mav, 1824. H.U. 
1849. Thomas, his ancestor, probably from 
Wales, came over ab. 1640, and settled in 
Salem Village. Charles L. was brought upon 
his father's farm, and by his own exertions 



FLI 



130 



I'he AL.M-iculture of Massachusetts, ' 
1, 1853-4; "Grasses and Forai^e 
357; ■■Milcli Cows anJ D.iiiy 

18.-,' .Ill .vr,l..,i II:i, )!,',■■ lii,eets 



acquired a colleyiiito education. He then 
studied law, but, having beeoine known by his 
conti-ibs. to aijric. papers, was induced to 
accept the position he has so long filled with 
disting. ability. Besides agric. reports, he is 
author of 
2 vols. S 
Plants," 
Fanning, 

Injurious to \' i , . i . :i i . o. B. 

Emerson, " -M i . . \ ii a text- 

book for sclioi.l-. — < / '.' '/. ,..!"'/ 

Flint, Hen-ry, tutorof llarv. Coll. 170.5-54, 
b. ]Jorchester, 1675; d. FeS. !.■), 1760. H.U. 
1693. Son of Josiah of D. App. Fellow of 
H.U. 1700. A vol. of 20 sermons by him was 
pub. 8vo, l~39.— Allen. 

riint, Henry M., writer, d. Camden, 
N.J , Uce. 12, 1868. He wrote for the N.Y. 
World, over tii'e signature of " Druid ; " also a 
" Life of Stephen A. Douglas," " Mexico 
under Maximilian," and " The History and 
Stali?*ics of the Railroads of the U.S." 

Flint, Jacob, minister of Cohasset, b. 
Reading, Ms., Aug. 7, 1768 ; d. Oct. 11, 1835. 
H.U. 1794. Ord. June 10, 1798. He pub. a 
history of Cohasset in Ms. Hist. Colls., 2 dis- 
courses on the history of Cohasset, 1821. 

Flint, JOSHOA Barker, M.O. (H U. 1825), 
an eminent surgeon, prof., and author, b. Co- 
hasset, Ms., Oct. 13. 1801 ; d. Louisville, Kv., 
Mar. 19, 1864. H.U. 1820. Son of Rev. 
Jacob. He practised in Boston in 1825-37; 
was prof, of surgery in the Louisville Med. 
Inst. 1837-49; and from 1849 to his d. filled 
the same chair in the Ky. School of Medicine 
at Louisville. Several years a member of the 
Ms. loglsl. Authorof" Practice of Medicine," 
8vo, 2.1 ed., 1868. 

Flint, MiCAH P., poet, son of Timothy, b. 
Lunenburg, Ms., ab. 1807; d. 18.30. He 
studied law, and was adm. to the bar at Alex- 
andria, M|)i. Inl826, he pub. at Boston "The 
Hunter and other Poems." He was a frequent 
contrlb. to the Western Review. 

Flint, Rev. Timothy, author, b. Reading, 
Ms.. July 11, 1730; d. Salem, Aug. 16, 1840. 
H.U. 1800. From Nov. 30, 1802, to June 19, 
1814, he was a Cong, minister at Lunenburg, 
Ms. ; went as a missionary to the Mpi. Valley 
in Sept. 1815, and was subsequently employed 
as a farmer and teacher at Cincinnati, and on 
the banks of the Red River, in La. In 1825, 
he returned to Ms., broken in health and for- 
tune ; but the change of climate soon restored 
the former, and he turned to literature to 
repair the latter. In 18.33, he want to N.Y., 
and edited a few numbers of the Knickerbocker 
magazine. In 1834, he removed to Cincinnati, 
where, in 1827-30, he edited the Western Re- 
view. He afterward resided in Alexandria, 
Va., and in La., but returned to N.E. May 1, 
1840, in ill health. He pub. "History and 
Geography of the Mississippi Valley," 2 vols., 
1828; "Francis Berrian," 1826; "George 
Mason, or the Young Backwoodsman," 1829 ; 
"Arthur Clenning," 1828; " Shoshoneo Val- 
ley," 2 vols., 1830; "Indian Wars in the 
AVest," 1833; "Lectures on Nat. History, 
Geology, Chemistry, and the Arts," 1833; 
" Memoir of Daniel Boone," 1834 ; " Recol- 



lections of the last 10 Years in the Valley of 
the Mississippi," 1826. He contrih. to the 
Land. Alhenceum, in 1835, a series of papers on 
American literature. He translated Droz's 
" L'Art d'Etre Heureux," and " Celibacy Van- 
quished." 

Flores, Gen. Vejjancio, pres. of Uruguay, 
assassinated in Montevideo, Feb. 22, 1868. A 
prominent military officer. In 1866, he headed 
a revol. which overthrew the govt, of Vidal, 
and became provis. pres. of the republic. Feb. 
15, he resigned the office, and refused to become 
a candidate tor re-election. His son, and other 
ambitious young men, irritated at his persistent 
refusal, conspired for his assassination. 

Flournoy, Thomas S., b. Va. ; M. 0. 
1847-9. Killed in battle in Va. in June, 1864, 
fighting for the Rebellion. 

Floy, James, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1847), 
clergyman and scholar, b. N.Y. City, Aug. 20, 
1806; d. there Oct. 14, 1863. Dick Coll. 
1841. He spent 3 years in Europe, im- 
proving his education, especially in botanical 
science, at the royal garden at ICew ; was adm. 
to the N.Y. Methodist Conf in 1835, and filled 
several important offices in the church, beside 
conducting the National Mapazine, and a 
paper called Good News. He edited the works 
of Dr. Olin ; was one of the committee of the 
Bible Society which prepared its standard 
edition of the Bible, and was a leader of the 
aniislavery party of his chnrch. Author of 
"Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden," 



Floyd, John, statesman, b. Jefferson Co., 
Va. ; d. Sweet Springs, Va., Aug. 16, 1837. 
Many years in the Va. legisl. ; M.C. 1817-29 ; 
gov. of Va. 1830-4. ^ 

Floyd, John, gen., b.BeaufOrt, S.C., Oct. 
3, 1769; d. Camden Co., Ga., Juno 24, 1839. 
Son of Col. Charles, who was ruined pecunia- 
rily by the Tories of the Revol. They moved 
to Ga. in 1791, and by boat-building, near the 
mouth of the St. Ilia River, acquired wealth. 
Brig.-gen. of Ga. militia, Aug. 1813 to Mar. 
1814; com. at the battle with the Creek Indians 
at Autossee, Ala., Nov. 29, 1813, in which he 
was severelv wounded, and in battle with the 
Creeks at Camp Defiance, Ala., Jan. 27, 1814. 
Often a member of the State legisl., and M.C. 
in 1827-9; maj.-gen. State militia. 

Floyd, John Bdchanan, politician, b. 
Montgomerv Co., Va., 1805; d. Abingdon, Va., 
Aug. 26, 1863. S. C. Coll. 1826. Son of 
Gov. John. Adm. to the bar in 1828 ; prac- 
tised law in Helena, Ark., in 1836-9; then 
settled in Washington Co., Va. ; member of 
the legisl. in 1847, '49, and '55 ; gov. of Va. 
1850-3 ; exerted himself in the Cincinnati 
convention in support of James Buchanan for 
the presidency, and was his see. of war from 
1857 to 1861. During the latter part of his 
administration, he secretly prepared the means, 
in munitions of war, to aid the plans of the se- 
cession leaders ; dispersed the army in the re- 
motest parts of the country, whence they could 
not be readily conveyed to the Atlantic coast, 
and transferred from' Northern to Southern ar- 
senals 113,000 muskets. Indicted by the grand 
jury of the Dist. of Columbia, as being privy to 
the abstraction of $870,000 in bonds from the 



331 



dcpf, of the- intrriir, in r'lr l:,tlcr part of 1860, 
ho left U';i.' I I '-■! '. '..:■ ■ '. ;!1l.' hrouu'lit to tri- 
al. Ill ivwinl ^.: I' ■-. I ■. ,i . , h. ilK'ConfeJcratos, 

en (ruin \\\r.t.in V a. Iiy dcii. Uosccrans in the 
autumn of 1 80 1 , anj defeated at Carnifcx Ferry, 
Sept. 10. He escaped from Fort Donclson tlie 
nijrlit lieforo its surrender, Feb. 16, 1862, and 
was officially censured by the Confed. Govt., 
and novcr a^'ain employed. 

rioyd, Gen. William, sisner of the 
I)rrlarali..ii of Independence, 1>. Suffolk Co., 
LI. I).. IT.irn; d. Oneida Co., N.Y., Aug. 
4,1^-1 11 I :1.' 1 . NicdioU. left him a large 
esiii 1': « 11 Mil was slight ; but he was 
naiina;:. i n .u - nt, and of an elevated char- 
acter, lie took ;in early part in the Revol. ; 
was a member of the NY. committee of corrcs. ; 
a member of Congress in 1774-7, and from 
Oct. 1778 till its dissolution, serving as a mem- 
ber of the boards of admiralty and the treasury, 
and was a member of the State senate in 1777- 
88. His family fled to Ct. while Long Island 
was in the hands of the British ; his house was 
occupied by them; and he was nearly 7 years 
an exile. He com. the Long Island injlitia, 
and di.-iplayed energy and daring in repelling 
the incursions of the enemy. M.C. 1789-91; 
member of the State Const. Convs. of 1801 
and 1820. He purchased in 1784 a fiirm at 
Western, Oneida Co., N.Y., and moved liis 
family thither in 1803. 

Flusser, Charles W., lleut.-commandcr, 
U.iS.N., b Annapolis, Md., 18-33; killed near 
Piyniduth, N.C., in a naval engagement, Apr. 

18, lf<64. In bis childhood, his parents removed 
toKy. Midshipm.July 19, 1847 ; liout. Sept. 
16, 1855; lieut.-com. July 16, 1862; assist, 
prof, in the Naval Acad, in 1857-9, and, at the 
breaking-out of the Uebellion, took com. of the 
gunboat " Com. Perry," in which he took part 
in the ciigageraont at Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 
1862. Oct. 3, 1862, he aided in the shelling 
of Franklin, Va., and at the time of his death 
com. " The Miami " in Albemarle Sound. Two 
of bis liros., officers in the rebel army, were 
killed ill battle durin.g the war. 

Fobes, Peres, LL.D., clergyman, and prof, 
of nal. philos. in the Coll. of K. I., now Brown 
U., b. Bridgewater, Sept. 21, 1752 ; d. Feb. 23, 
1812. H.U. 1762. Ord. at Raynham, Nov. 

19, 1766. In 1786, he was elected to the pro- 
fessor.-ihip. He pub. a sermon on the death of 
Pre-idcnt Manning, 1791; " Election Sermon," 
1795; and " Topog. Descript. of Eaynham," 
1794 (Ms. Hist. Colls., iii.). 

Fogg, George Oilman, b. Meredith, 
N.H., May 26, 1815. Dartm. Coll. 1839. 
Began to practise law at Gilraanton, N.H., in 
1842; edited the liidi-p. Democrat at Concord, 
1846-61 ; sec. of State of N.H. in 1846; U.S. 
minister to Switzerland, 1861-5 ; U.S. senator, 
1866-7. — £).C'. Alumni. 

Folger, Peleg, of Nantucket, b. Oct. 13, 
1733 ; d. May 26, 1789. Was many years em- 
ployed in the fisheries. Some of bis verses are 
in Macy's "History of Nantucket," and are 
very creditable to his taste and ability. After- 
ward a fanner. 

Folger, Peter, " a pious and learned " 
man, b. Eng., 1617; d. Nantucket, 1690. At 



the age of 18, he came with his father John 
from Norwich, and settled at Martha's Vine- 
yard, where John d. 1660. He was among the 
first settlers of Nantucket in 1663, and was one 
of the 5 commissioners to lay out land, being 
well qualified by his knowledge of survcyini'. 
From 1673, he was clerk of the courts. Hisdau. 
Abiab was the mother of Benjamin Franklin. 
He wrote a variety of small pieces, one of which, 
pub. in 1675, is entitled "A Looking-Glass for 
the Times, or the Former Spirit of N E. re- 
vived in this Generation," reprinted in 1763. — 
Dua/lcinclc. 

Follen, Chas. Theo. Christian, LL.D., 
scholar, b. Eomrod, Hesse Darmstadt, Sept. 
4, 1796; d. Jan. 13, 1840. U. of Cci^.scn, 
1818. Whileat the univci-it^, 1:. V,,,. i.od 
for his liberal sentiments, ami i: 1 ', A' 

to sx muon, or Biii-schensc/iaji. I >[ . i i! , ; ■to 

adefence. He also wrote plin -nnu, \iiihli, 

with others by his brother August, were pub. 
at Jena in 1819; and was one of the authors 
of " The Great Song," which was considered 
seditious. In the winter of 1818-19, ho deliv- 
ered at Jena a course of lectures on the Pan- 
dects of Justinian. Suspected by the Prussian 
Govt, of privity totheassassinatio'n of Kotzebue, 
he was arrested, examined, and liberated, but 
quitted Germany. Political surveillance fol- 
lowing him to France, Strasbourg, and Basle, 
where he was for some time prof, of civil and 
cedes, law, he came to N.Y., Dec. 19, 1824. 
He soon mastered the English language, and, 
by the instrumentality of Mr. Duponccau and 
Prof. Ticknor of Harvard U., was app. German 
teacher in that institution in Dec. 1825, and, in 
1830, prof. He lectured on civil law in Boston, 
where, in Sept. 1826, he opened a gymnasium. 
Ho m. Eliza Lee Cabot in 1828, aiid in that 
year was app. teacher of ecclcs. hist, and ethics 
in the Divinity School, and admitted to the 
ministry. lie resigned this position in 1830, 
lectured in Boston on moral philos. in 18.30, 
and on Schil cr in 1832. Quitting his profes- 
sorship at CriJi!! I-' i:i 1 :.i,'i, he (lovotcd him- 
II I II 1. iiiul clerical labors, 
I . I- ; i,iorofaUnita.ian 
I, I i.;:iiii. .\I.. In Dec. 1839, 
Ocrnian literature in N.Y., and, 
returning in " The Lexington," lost his life by 
the burning of that steamer on L. I. Sound. 
Dr. F. was an earnest adherent of the anti- 
slavery movement. He pub. "Psychology," 
an " Essay on Reliition and the Church," 1836 ; 
" German Reader," and a German versification 
of the Gospel of St. John, 12mo; "German 
Grammar," 1828, and was a frequent contrib. 
to the reviews. An edition of his works, with 
a Memoir by his widow, was pub. in 1842 in 

Follen, Eliza Lee, wife of the preced- 
ing ; b. Boston, Aug. 15, 1787 ; d. Brookline, 
Ms., Jan. 26,1860. Dau. of Samuel Cabot 
of Boston ; and m. Dr. Follen in 1828. After 
the death of her husband, she educated their 
only son, whom, with other pupils, she fitted 
for H.U. She edited from 1843 to 18.50 the 
"Child's Friend," pub. " Selections from Fe'nc- 
lon," and an entertaining book for children, 
" The Well-spent Hour." She was an inti- . 
mate friend of W. E. Channing, and a zealous 



and in Ma \ , 
church in 1^ 
he lectured o 



332 



antislavery woman. In 1829, she edited the 
"Christian Teacher's Manual." In 1835, she 
wrote the " Sceptic," for tlio " Sunday Li- 
brary." In the winter of 1838-9, she pub. 
" Married Life," " Little Songs," and a vol. of 
poems, and in 1841 her Memoir of Dr. Fol- 
len, as the Krst vol. of his collected works. In 
1857 she pub. " Twilight Stories," and in 1-859 
" Second Scries of Little Songs," and a com- 
pilation of " Home Dramas." 

Folsom, George, LL.D. (Vt. U. 1860), 
historian, b. Kennebunk, Me., Mav 23, 1802; 
d. Home, Italy, Mar. 27, 1869. II.U. 1822. 
He studied law, but, devoting himself to his- 
torical studies, pub. in 1830 a hist, of Saeo 
and Biddoford, Me., and about 1837 removed 
to N.Y. City, and became an active member 
and librarian of the Hist. Society. In 1841, 
ho edited a vol. of its colls. ; afterward trans- 
lated the Despatches of Hernando Curtcz ; 
in 1843 pub. "The Political Condition of 
Mexico;" and, in 1858, "Documents rel. to 
Early Ili.st. of Maine." Member of the State 
senate in 1844-8 ; diarg€-d'affaires to the Neth- 
erlands, 1850-4. His lecture, on the Discovery 
of Maine, to the N.Y. Hist. Soc., was pub. in 
the 2d vol. of its colls. Before this soc. he 
also delivered lectures on the Northmen, 1838 ; 



Barre. Prcs. of the Amer. Ethnol. Society. 

Folsom, Nathaniel, gen., b. E.xeter, 
N.ll., 1726; d. there May 26, 1790. Ho was 
son of Jonathan Folsom. Com. a company at 
Fort Edward, 1755; disting. himself in the 
action with Dieskau ; com. a regt. of mili- 
tia before theRcvol. ; as brig.-gen. of the N.H. 
forces, he served during the siege of Boston, 
until relieved by Sullivan in July, 1775. 
Member of the Cont. Congress, 1774-5 and 
1777-80; couTieillor, 1778; and pros, of the 
convention which framed the Constitution of 
N.H. in 1783. — ///s(. Gilnmnton. 

Folsom, Nathaniel S.mith, clergyman, 
b. Portsmouth, N.H., Mar. 12, 1806. Dartm. 
Coll. 1828; And. Sem. 1831. Old. at Brad- 
ford, Ms., Sept. 26, 1831 ; missionarj^ to Lib- 
ertv Co., Ga., in 1831-2; preached in Cleve- 
land, 0., in 1832-3; jirof. of Lane Sem. 1833; 
prof, of biblical lit.. West. Reserve Coll., Ohio, 
Sept. 1833 to 1836; pastor of the Cong, 
church, Francestown,N.H., from Oct. 12, 1836, 
to Aug. 21, 1838; of a church at Providence,- 
R I., irom Sept. 6, 1838, to 1840 ; and of a 
Unit. Cong, church at Haverhill, Ms., from 
Nov. 7, 1840, to 1847; resided at Charlestown, 
and edited the Christmn Register from 1847 to 
1849; prof, of literature and biblical interpre- 
tation at Mcadville Coll., Pa., from Sept. 1849 
to 1861. He pub. an address on Temperance 
in 1839; "A Critical and Hist. Interpretation 
of the Pro|ihec-ies of Daniel," 1842 ; and con- 
trihs. to reviews and magazines. 

Poote, Andrew Hull, rear-adm. U.S N. 
Son of Gov. S. A. Foote ; b. N. Haven, Ct., 
Sept. 12, 1806;- d. N.Y. City, June 26, 1863. 
Acting midshipman in 1822, he made his first 
cruise in the schooner " Grampus," sent in 
1823 to chastise the W. Indian pirates. Lieut. 
May 27, 1830; commander, Dec. 19, 1852. 
He was flag-lieut. in 1833 of the Medit. squad. ; 



and in 1838, as 1st lieut. of the "John Ad- 
ams," Com. Read, circumnavigated the globe, 
and took part in an attack on the pirates of 
Sumatra. While stationed at the naval asy- 
lum in 1841-3, he prevailed upon many of the 
inmates to give up ihiir spirit-niiions, being 
one of the first to introduce the principle of to- 
tal abstinence from iniii.xicating drinks in the 
navy, and continued this effort in " The Cum- 
berland " in 1843-5, besides delivering every 
Sunday an extemporaneous sermon to the crew. 
In 1849-52, in com. of the brig "Perry," he 
was on the African coast, successfully engaged 
in suppressing the slave-trade. He pub. in 
1854 "Africa and the American Flag." He 
com. in 1856 the sloop "Portsmouth," on the 
China station. Arriving at Canton just before 
the commencement of hostilities between the 
English and Chinese, he exerted himself in 
protecting American property, and having 
been, while thus engaged, fired upon by the 
barrier forts, received permission irom Com. 
Armstrong to demand an apology for this in- 
dignity. This being refused, he attacked the 
forts, 4 in number, witii the " Portsmouth " 
and " Levant ; " breached the largest, and, with 
280 sailors, landed, and carried it by storm. The 
remaining forts were successively carried, with 
a total loss of 40 to the attacking party. The 
works were of granite, with walls 7 Icet thick, 
mounting 176 guns, and garrisoned by 5,000 
men, of whom 400 were killeil ami wounded. 
In July, 1861, he became capt., and in Sept. 
flag-officer, of the flotilla titting out in the West- 
ern waters. Feb. 4, 1862, he sailed from Cairo 
with 7 gunboats, 4 of them iron-clads, to at- 
tack Fort Henry on the Tenn. River. With- 
out awaiting the co-operation of Gen. Grant, 
he attacked the fort at noon of the 6th, and in 
2 hours compelled its surrender. On the 14th, 
he attacked Fort Donclson ; but the fleet was 
obliged to haul off just as the enemy's water 
batteries had been silenced, two of the gun- 
boats having become unmanageable. Foote 
was severely wounded in the ankle by a frag- 
ment of a 64-lb. shot. Though on crutches, 
he proceeded down the Mpi. with his fleet, and 
a number of mortar-boats, to besiege Island No. 
10. Alter its rednetiofi, Apr. 7, he returned to 
N. Haven. Regaining his health, he was made 
chief of the bureau of equipment and recruit- 
ing. July 31, 1862, he was app. rearadm. on 
the active list. On Admiral Uupont's being 
relieved from his com. of the S. A. blockade 
squad.. May, 1863, Adni. Foote was app. to 
succeed him. 

Foote, Henry Stcart, statesman, b. 
Fauquier Co., Va., Sept. 20, 1800. Washing- 
ton Coll. 1819. Licensed to practise law in 
1822; removed in 1824 to Tuseumbia, Ala., 
where he edited a Democ. newspaper, and in 
1826 established himself at Jackson, Mpi. He 
was a U.S. senator in 1847-52, taking an active 
part in favor of the compromise measures; was 
elected gov. over Jeff. Davis in 1852; removed 
to Cal. in 1854 ; settled at Vieksburg, Mpi., in 
1858 ; and in May, 1859, at the Southern conv. 
at Kno.xville, Tenn., spoke against disunion. 
He was a member of the rebel Congress, and 
in 1866 pub. a "History of the Secession 
Struggle." Author of " Texas and the Tex- 



nns," 2 vols. I2mi, 1841. Ho hns been en- 
^'.ngcii in .3 duels, in 2 of which he was slightly 
woiuidcil. 

Foote, Joseph Ives, D.D. (Wash. Coll. 
1840), 1). Watcrtown, Ct., Nov. 17, 1796; d. 
April 21, 1840. Un. Coll. 1821; And. Som. 
1824. From Oct. 1826 to 1832, he was pastor 
of a Cong, societv in West Brookfield ; in 
Salina in 1833-5; and Cortland, N. Y., 18.35- 
7, and in May, 1839, of the church in Knox- 



lievieio: a vol. of his sermons w.as pub. with a 
Memoir, 8vo, N.Y., 1841. He pub. also an 
historic;il disconrse on the history of Brook- 
iicld, 1828. 

Foote, S.\MnEL AnousTus, LL.D. (Y. C. 
1834), Uemoc. politician, b. Cheshire, Ct., Nov. 
8, 1780; d. there Sept. 15, 1846. Y.C. 1797. 
Son of Rev. John. He engaged in mercantile 
pursuits at New Haven ; was often a member, 
and twice speaker, of the house; M.C. 1819- 
21, and again in 1823-5; U.S. senator from 
1827 to 1833, and in 1834-5 was gov. of the 
State. He it was, who on the floor of Con- 
gress, in 1830, offered the resolutions " on the 
public lands " which occasioned the great de- 
bate between Hayne and Webster. Father of 
Admiral And. H. Foote. 

Foot, Solomon, lawyer and senator, b. 
Cornwall, Vt., Nov. 19, 1802; d. Washington, 
March 28, 1866. Mid. Coll. 1826. Principal 
of Castleton Sem. in 1826 and 1828; tutor in 
Vt. U. in 1827; prof, of nat. pbilos. in the 
Vt. Acad, of Medicine, at Castleton, 1828-31 ; 
adm. to the bar in 1831, and settled at Rut- 
land ; member of the Vt. legisl. in 1833, 1836- 
8, and 1847; speaker in 1837-8 and 1847; 
member of the State Const. Conv. in 1836; 
State atty. for Rutland, 1836-42 ; M.C. 1843- 
7, and U.S. senator from 1850 to his death. 
President pro tern, of the senate during a part 
of the 36th and the whole of the 37 th Congress. 
He made many elaborate speeches in the sen- 
ate, and was conspicuous in ihc great Lecomp- 
ton debate of 1858. In 1854-5, as pres. of the 
Brunswick and Florida R. R. Co., he visited 
Eng., negotiated its bonds, and purchased the 
iron for the road. 

Foote, William Henry, D.D. (Ham. Sid. 
Coll. 1847), clergyman and historian, b. Col- 
chester, Ct., Dec. 20, 1794; d. Romney, Va., 
Nov. 28, 1869. Y. C. 1816. He was tutor in 
a familv in Falmouth, Va., until July, 1818; 



by the presbytery of Winchester in Oct. 1819, 
he preached in various places in Va., and was 
pastor at Woodstock from June, 1822, to Nov. 
1824; and of Mount Bethel, Springfield, and 
Romney, from 1824 to 1838, and from 1845 to 
1861. In the interval, he was agent of the 
" Central Board of Missions," and prepared 
" Sketches, Historical and Biographical, of the 
Presb. Church in Va." (2 vols., 1850-5), and 
in " N. Carolina," 1 vol., 1846. He also conduct- 
ed an aoad. while at Woodstock and at Rom- 
ney. During the war, he was a^jent for Hamp. 
Sid. Coll. in Lower Va., supplied vacant pul- 
pits, and was chaplain at Petersburg during 
the siege. — Ob. Record, Yale Coll., 1870. 



Forbes, Cordon, a British gen., b. 1738 ; 
d. Ham, Middlesex Co., Jan. 17,1828. En- 
sign 33d Foot, 1756; capt. 72d, 1762; served 
at Havana and in La.; major, 9 Nov. 1776; 
served in Burgoyne's exped., in which he was 
twice wounded; lieut.-eol. Sept. 1781 ; served 
in the E. Indies; col. 1785; maj.-gen. 1794; 
com. of the forces at St. Domingo, 1798-1800; 
lieut.-gen. 1801 ; gen. 1812. 

Forbes, John, a British general, b. Pe- 
tincrief, Fifcshire, Scotland, 1710; d. Phila., 
March 11, 1759. Having exchanged the med- 
ical lor the military profession, he was advanced 
to the rank of lieut.-eol. of the Scotch Greys 
in 1745. In the German war, he was on the 
staff of Lord Stair, Gens. Ligonier and Camp- 
bell ; was app. col. 71st Foot ; acted as 
quanermastcr-gen. of the armv under the 
Duke of Cumberland; and Dee. 28, 1757, 
was app. brig.-gen. in America. Nov. 25, 1758, 
with an army of 8,000 men. he took possession 
of the abandoned works of Fort Du Quesne, 
which he called Pittsburg, in compliment to the 
prime-minister ; and subsequently concluded 
treaties with the Indian tribes on the Ohio. — 
Stuart's Sketches. 

Force, Peter, historian, b. Passaic Falls, 
N.J., 26 Nov. 1790 ; d. Washington, 23 Jan. 
1868. Wm. his father, a Revol. soldier, re- 
moved in 1793 to N.Y.City,where Peterlearned 
the printer's trade, and was in 1812 pres. of 
the Typog- Soc. In Nov. 1815, be removed to 
Washington, where he pub the National Calen- 
dar in 1 820-36 ; estab. in 1 823 the National Jour- 
nal in support of Mr. Adams ; was some years 
city councilman and alderman ; mayor in 1836- 
40, and rose by successive steps to maj.-gcn. of 
militia in 1860; first vice-pres., afterwards pres., 
of the National Institute at W. His great 
work, " American Archives," 9 vols, of which 



documents illustrating the hist, of the Rcvol. 
He prepared a 10th vol., still unpub. He also 
pub. " Grinnell Land," 1852; "Record of 
Auroral Phenomena," 1856, and 4 vols, of 
rare Amer. Tracts. His large and valuable 
coll. of books, MSS., &c., relating to Amer. 
hist., now forms a part of the Congressional 
Library. His son, Manning Ferguson 
(H.U. 1845), was a brig.-gen. in the war for 
the Union, app. 11 Aug. 1863 ; brev. maj.-gen. 
13 Mar. 1865, for disting. services. 

Ford, Gabriel H., jurist, b. Morristown, 
N.J., 1764 ; d. there Aug. 27, 1849. N.J. Coll. 
1 784. He studied law ; was adm. to practise in 
May, 1789 ; was app. pres. judge of the C.C.P. 
for the Eastern Dist. of the State, and from 
Nov. 1820 to 1840 was justice of the Supreme 
Court. His family residence was the head- 
quarters of Washington in 1777. 

Ford, Seabdrt, lawyer and politician, b. 
Pomfret, Ct., Oct 15, l'801 ; d. Burton, O., 
May 8, 1855. Y.C. 1825. He practised law 
in Burton ; was often a member, and once 
speaker, of each branch of tlii; State legisl. 
Gov. of Ohio 1848-50, and maj.-gen. of militia. 

Ford, TnoMAS, gov. of III. 1842-6; d. 
Peoria, III., Jan. 1851. In 1804, while a child, 
his parents emig. to 111. He practised law 
successfully, and was a judge of the Supreme 



334 



FOR 



Court. Author of a " Ilist. of III. from 1818 
to 1847," 12mo, 1854. 

Foresti, E. Felice, LL.D. (U. of Bo- 
lo,L;n;i), Italian patriot and scholar; d. Genoa, 
14 Sept. IS.'JS. A lawyer at Ferrara. App., 
in ISIR, prtetor of Crospino; arresied 7 Jan. 
1819, being one of the Carbonari ; unprisoncd 
at Spiclber}; till Aug. 18.'i6, when he was per- 
mitteil to come to Amer. Piof of Italian in 
Col. Coll., N.Y., and a popular teacher more 
than 20 years. App. in 1858 U.S. consul at 
Geneva. Ab. 1856, ho pub. in the Watchman 
and Crusader an autobiog. sketch, entitled "20 
Years in the Dungeons of Austria." 

Forman, Ges. D.wid, Revol. patriot, 
b. near Englishtown, N.J. ; d. ab. 1812. He 
com. tlie N.J. militia at Germantown ; after- 
ward judge of a county court, and member of 
the council of State. 

Forney, John Weiss, journalist, b. Lan- 
caster, Pa., Sept. 30, 1817. In 1833, he was 
apprenticed in the office of the Lancaster Jour- 
tial, in 1837 became editor and joint proprietor 
of the Intellif/encer, and in 1840 united the 
two papers. In 1845, he went to Pliila., where 
he long edited the Peimsi/lmnian, a leading 
Dcnioc. journal. In 1851-5, he was clerk of 
the U. S. house of representatives; meantime 
editing the Union, a Democ. paper at Wash- 
ington, which he resigned in 1856. Aug. 1, 
1S57, he began the Press, an independent jour- 
nal ; ardcntlj' espoused the opinions of Mr. 
Douglas, and, on the Lecompton Constitution 
of Kansas, took an attitude of determined op- 
position to the administration of Huchanan, 
and was again made clerk to the 36th Congress. 
During the civil war, he powerfully supported 
the Federal Govt. Since 1861, he "has pub., in 
addition to the Press, a weekly paper in Wash- 
ington, the Chronicle: it began to appear daily 
in Oct. 1862. See. U.S. senate, 1861-8.j*<r 

Forrest, Edwin, tragedian, b. Phila., 
Mar. 9, 1806.^ In his 12th year, he performed 
female parts in the Old South-st. Theatre, 
Phila. He made his d^mt at the Walnut-st. 
Theatre, Nov. 20, 1820, as Young NorvnI. Af- 
ter a long professional tour in the West, he 
played successful engagements at Albany and 
Pbila. ; played Othello at N.Y. in July, 1826, 
and at once became popular. He has appeared 
in tiic |irincipal theatres of the Union as Othel- 
lo, iMacbcth, Hamlet, Richard IIL, and other 
proniiTu-nt Sliakspearian parts, and alsoinm.any 
American plays, the most successful of which 
were " Metamora," " The Gladiator," and 
" Brutus " He played a successful engage- 
ment in Eng. in 1836. During a second visit 
to Eng., in 1837, he was m. to Miss Sinclair, 
dau. of the well-known singer, and returned 
to the U.S. in 1838. In 1844-6 he was a third 
time in Eng. A quarrel with Macready, es- 
poused by Forrest's friends, led to the serious 
riot which occurred at the Astor-plaee Opera 
House, May 10, 1849, durin;,' the engagement of 
Macrraily. Iniiiii \ ,n, Mr Forrest Separated 
from 111- u il' :-: i liiicton her part. 

She Mili-ri|ih ! Ill action against 

him on tbr ^niiiinl .ii iiiii.l, lity, and in Jan. 
1852 obtained a verdict in her favor, with an 
annual allowance of $3,000 as alimony. He has 
accumulated a fortune by his professional la- 



bors. His fame rests chiefly upon his persona- 
tion of Jack Cade, Spartacus, and Metamora. 
He has given much encouragement to dramatic 
authors, offering liberal rewards to successful 
playwrights. 

Forrest, French, naval ofl^cer, b. Md., 
1796 ; d. Georgetown, D.C., Dec. 22, 1866. 
Midshipm. June 9, 1811 ; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817 ; 
com. Feb. 9, 1837; capf. Mar. :M), 18(4; ilis- 
missed Apr. 19, 1861. He foujlii Imivrlv in the 
war of 1812, distinguishing liiiii-,irin the 
battleon Lake Eric and in tbe ^inmn buvrni 
"The IIornet"and "Peacock,' F. i- .1, ]-]:'.: 
and in the Mexican war was :i>l| ^. n ni tlie 
land and naval forces. Wlieu \:i .. (.ilnl, he 
was ]urt at iho head of the navv d \ .i. , ...in. 
at the Norfolk navy-yard, was 'alienvanl com. 
of the James River squad., and then acting as- 
sist, sec. of the Confed. navy. 

Forrest, Gen. Uriah, Revol. officer, b. St. 
Mary's Co., Md., 1756; d. near Georgetown, 
D.C., July, 1805. He attained the rank of 
lieut.-col. in the Md. line, and received a wound 
at Gernuintown, from the elfccis of which he 
never recovered. App. auditor of Md., mem- 
ber of the Old Congress, 17SG-7 ; often a 
member of both branches of the State Icgisl. ; 
a maj-gen. of militia; M.C. 1793-5, and iu his 
death was clerk of the Circuit Court of D.C. 

Forry, Samuel, M.D., a physician and 
medical writer, b. Berlin, Pa., June 23, 1811 ; 
d. Nov. 8, 1844. U. of Pa. IS.",,-,. He was 
lOyears in the U, S. amn a- a i I .,ii_..ai 

war ; afterward pra'i I A .n \ \ i !! -n- 

trib. many articles to naa jniirnai-, ..i i/maird 
and conducted for two years the A > . Jnarnal 
of Medicine, ami in 1844 received from H.U. 
the Boylston prize for the best essay on the 
protecting power of vaccine. He pub. " Cli- 
mate of the U.S., and its Endemic Influences," 
&e., 8vo, N.Y., 1842; "Meteorology," N.Y., 
1843. 

Forsyth, Benjamin, col. U.S.A.; killed 
June 28, 1814, in an affair at Odeltown, N.Y., 
with a superior force of British and Indians. 
App. for N.C., Apr. 24, lieut. of inf , he be- 
came capt. of riflemen, July 1, 1808; com. in 
victorious assault on Gananoquc, U.C, Sept. 
21, 1812; maj. Jan. 20, 1813; com. in capture 
of a British guard, at Elizabethtown, U.C, Feb. 
7, 1813, for which brev. lieut.-col. Feb. G, 1813 ; 
disting. in the capture of Fort George, U.C, 
May 27, 1813.— Gardner. 

Forsyth, John, statesman, b. Fredericks- 
burg, Va., Oct. 22, 1780 ; d. Washington, D.C, 
Oct. 21, 1841. N. J. Coll. 1799. While he 
was quite young, his father, a native of Eng., 
but a soldier of the Revol., removed his family 
to S.C, and afterward to Augusta, Ga. John 
studied law. and from 1802" to 1808 disting. 
himself at the Ga. bar; app. alty.-gen. of the 
State in 1808; M, C. 1813-18 and 1823-7; 
US. senator, 181S-19, and 1829-.i7 ; gov. 
1827-9; minister to Spain, lji|',i-.'2 ; US. 
sec. of State, 1835-41. While ,S|,,ni.li min- 
ister, he conducted the ne.gotiatiMii- wlni h ^ave 
Florida to the U.S. Delegate to [he aiili-tar- 
iff convention at Milledgeville in 1832, but 
withdrew from it on the ground that it did not 
fairly represent the people of Ga. He opposeil 



moR 



835 



nuHificaUon in S.C. from its beginning; voted 
in lavoi- of Clay's compromise ait of 1833; 
supported Pres. Jackson in tlie debate in 1834, 
on the removal of the deposits from the U.S. 
Bank ; was a disting. orator, and possessed 
great elegance and dignity of manner. 

rorward, Walter, lawyer and statesman, 
b. Ct., 1786 ; d. Pittsburg, Nov. 24, 1852. In 
1803, lie removed to ritisljuig, where he 
studied law, and in 1805 Lr, mi. ili.. .■ ],!.,r i>( 
a Uemoe. newspaper, tlie /' / ll^; 

commenced tlie practice i.; ' i : , I , hm-; 
M. C. in 1822-5. Inlhi.-|M. ;. ,i- ,1 r!, , :inns 
of 1824 and 1828, hesnpp.»tr,i J. (J. A.l.uns, 
and was thenceforward idciitilied with the 
Whig party. He took an aitivc part in the 
convention to revise the conslitiiiiuii of Pa. in 
1337 ; in Mar. 1841, he was app. first compt. 
of the treasury ; was sec. of that dept. in 
1841-3; was in 1849-52 charge-d' affaires to 
Denmark, and was afterwards pres. judge of 
the Uist. Court of Alleghany Co. His report 
on the Tariff, in 1842, was pronounced an able 
document. 

rosdick, William Whiteman, poet, b. 
Cincinnati, Jan. 28, 1825; d. there, March 8, 
1862. Transylvania U. 1845. His mother, 
Julia Drake, was an actress of merit. After 
studying law, he began practice in Covington, 
Ky., and shortly after settled in Cincinnati. 
His first dramatic effort was " Tecum.seh." 
He travelled in Mexico in 1847-9, and there 
wrote the novel " Malmiztic the Toltec, and the 
Cavaliers of the Cross," pub. 1851. From 
1851 to 1858, he practised in N.Y., where, in 
1855, he pub. " Ariel and other Poems." He 
was a frequent contrih. of verse upon festive 
occasions, and edited the Sketch Club, an 
illustrated paper, supported by the artists of 
Cincinnati. — Ports and Poet nj of the West. 

Foster, Abiel, b. Andover, Ms., Aug. 8, 
1735; d. Canterbury, N.H., Feb. 6, 1806. H.U. 
1756. Pastor of the Cong, church in Canter- 
bury from Jan. 21, 1761, to 1779. He was in 
1780 a representative in the State legisl.; in 
1783 and '84, a delegate totheCont. Congress ; 
was app., under the new constitution of the 
State, in 1784, a judge of the C.C.P. for Rock- 
ingham Co., of which court he became chief- 
justice; was M.C. 1789-91 ; in 1791 was a 
delegate to revise the State constitution, as 
well as a representative to the Gen. Court, 
to which he was re-elected in 1792; in 1793 
and '94 was pres. of the State senate ; and was 
again M.C. in 1795-1803. 

Foster, Benjamin, D. D. (B.U. 1792), 
Baptist clergyman, b. Danvers, Ms., June 12, 
1750; d. N. Y. City, Aug. 26, 1798. Y. C. 
1774. Ord. minister of the Baptist church at 
Leicester, Ms., Oct. 23, 1776; was " 



Jan. 

Newport; and from the autumn of 1788, till 
his death, was minister of the First Baptist 
Church in New York. During the prevalence 
of yellow-fever, in 1798, he was active in the 
discharge of his duties, and fell a victim to 
the disease. He pub. " The Washing of Re- 
generation," " Primitive Baptism Defended," 
and " A Dissertation on the 70 Weeks of 
Daniel." 



, Ms., 



Foster.Dwir.iiT, jurist, b. Brookficld 
Dec. 7, 1757 ; d. there Apr. 29, 1823. Brown 
U. 1774. Son of Judge Jedediah. Practised 
law at Brookfield ; was county sheriff and 
judge of Common Pleas; was some time a 
member of the house and senate of Ms. ; M.C. 
179-i-9; U.S. senator, 1800-3; chief justice 
C.C.P., and a member of the exec, council. 
On the death of his father, he was chosen to 



Can 



Best. 



Foster, Hvnnui, d, Mn 

Dau. of (irant Wihstcr 
Foster, D. D. (H. U. 1815), minister of 
Brighton, Ms., from. Nov. 1, 1784, to Oct. 31, 
1827. D.C. 1783; b. Warren, Ms., Apr. 19, 
1763; d. Brighton, Sept. 15, 1829. She was 
author of " Eliza Wharton, the Coquette," — 
a story founded on fact. An edition, with a 
Preface by Mrs. Jane E. Locke, was pub. in 
1855. Author also of "Lessons of a Pre- 
ceptress," Boston, 1798. 

Foster, Jedediah, judge, b. Andover, 
Oct. 10, 1726; d. Oct. 17, 1779. H.U. 1744. 
Ho engaged in the practice of law in Brook- 
field ; was a delegate to the Worcester Co. 
convention, Aug. i774, and to the Prov. Con- 
gress, 1774-5, where he was active and 
infiuential," his name appearing on most of the 
important committees. Elected a councillor 
in 1774, he was negatived by Gov. Gage, but 
was re-elected in 1775. App. a judge of the 
Superior Court in 1776; he was also sometime 
a judge of probate, and a justice of the C.C.P., 
Worcester Co.; member of the conv. which 
framed the const, of Ms. 

Foster, John G., brev. raaj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.H., 1823. West Point, 1846. He in- 
herited military tastes from his father, who 
commanded the Nashua artillery. Entering 
the engineer corps, he was brev. 1st lieut. 
for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, 
Aug. 20, and capt. for Molino del Rey, Sept. 
8, 1847, where he was one of the party that 



lously 



pt. July 
.-col. 7 Ma 



stormed the Mexican works, and was s 
wounded ; was assist, prof, of i 
West Point, 1855-7 ; became 
1860 ; major. Mar. 13, 1863 ; lie 
1867. April 28, 1858, he took charge of the 
fortifications in N. and S. Carolina, where he 
remained till 1861. One of the garrison of 
Fort Sumter ; after its surrender, tie was em- 
ployed on the fortifications of N.Y. Made 
brig. -gen. of vols. Oct. 23, 1861, he com. a 
brigade in the exped. to N.C. under Gen. Burn- 
side, and took a leading part in the capture of 
Roanoke Island, Feb. 8, 1862, and of Newbern, 
March 14, of which place he was made gov. 
July 18: he was promoted to be a maj.-gen. of 
vols., and when, in July, Gen. Buniside joined 
the Army of the .Potomac, Gen. Foster became 
com. of that dept. and of the 18th corps. He 
was disting. at South-west Creek, Kinston, 
White Hall, and Goldsborough. In Dec. 1862, 
he was besieged in Newbern by a large reliel 
force under Gen. Hill, but held the post suc- 
.cessfuUy. July 16, 1863, he was app. to com. 
the dept. of Va. and N.C, with headquarters 
at Fortress Monroe. He subsequently com. 
the dept. of the Ohio, from which he was 
relieved Jan. 28, 1864, at his own request, on 



336 



account of wounds ; the dcpt. of the South, 2fi 
May, 1864, to II Feb. 186fi, and that of 
Florida, 7 Aug. 1S65, to 5 Dec. 1866. Brev. 
lioiit.-col. for capture of Roanoke Island ; col. 
for capture of Newbern ; bri;;.-n;en. for services 
in capture of Savannah, and maj.-p;en. for ser- 
vices in the field during the Rebellion. — 

Foster, Laf.\yette S.\bine, LL.D., law- 
yer and senator, h. Franklin, Ct., Nov. 22, 
1S06. Brown U. 1828. A lineal descendant 
of Miles Standish. Came to the bar in 18-31 ; 
member Ct. assemh. 1839-tO, '46-8, and '54; 
speaker, 1847-8 and '54 ; mayor of Norwich, 
1854-5 ; U.S. senator, 1855-67 ; pres. pro tern. 
of that body, 1866-7, and acting vice-pres. U.S. 

Poster, Randolph S., D.D., Methodist 
clergvman, b. Williamsbury, O., Feb. 22, 1820. 
Educated at Augusta Coll., Ky. Entered the 
ministry at the ageof 17 ; was received into the 
Ohio conference, and app. to the mountain re- 
gion of Western Va. While stationed at Cin- 
cinnati in 1848, he wrote a series of letters, en- 
titled "Objections to Calvinism." In 1853, 
he received the honorarv degree of D.D. from 
the Ohio Wcsl. U. In"l854, he pub. a work, 
" Clirisiian Purity," and in 1855 " Ministry for 
the Times." In '1856, he was elected pres. of 
the North-western U. at Evanston, 111. 

Poster, Stephen, pres. of the Coll. of E. 
Tenn., b. Andover, Ms., Feb. 15, 1798; d. 
Kno.'iville, Tenn.,Junell, 18.35. Dartm. Coll. 
1821 ; And. Sem. 1824. Ord. Oct. 1824 ; set- 
tled in Greenville, Tenn., and afterward in 
Knoxville, and was first prof, of Latin and 
Greek, then pres. of the coll. tliere. 

Poster, Stephen C, song-writer and musi- 
iposer, b. Pittsburg, Fa., July 4, 1826; 



of instruments, and studied the art thoroughly. 
He early gained reputation by his compositions 
for the negro melodists; and his " Old Uncle 
Ned," " O Susannah !" " Nelly was a Lady," 
" Camptown Races," &c., are world-renowned. 
He received 515,000 for his "Old Folks at 
Home." His later compositions were of a more 
refined and sentimental cast. Among them 
are " Willie, we have Missed You," " Come 
where my Love lies Dreaming," " Old Dog 
Tray," " Ella is an Angel," &c. His ballads 
have been translated into many languages, and 
pub. with his music. His best compositions 
have been collected into a vol. since his death. 

Poster, Stephen Symonds, a noted advo- 
cate of the abolition of slavery, b. Canterbury, 
N.H.,Nov. 17, 1809. Dartm. Coll. 1838. He 
studied theology, but devoted him-telf wholly 
for vears to the antislavery cause. He m. Abby 
Kelly, a kindred spirit, Dec. 21, 1845, and lives 
on a farm at Worcester, Ms. Author of " The 
Brotherhood of Thieves, a True Picture of the 
American Church and Clergy," and some arti- 
cles for periodicals. 

Poster, William S., col. U.S.A., b. N.H. ; 
d. Baton Hougc, La., Nov. 26, 1839. App. 
lieut. of inf. March, 1812 ; capt. March, 1813 ; 
brev. major " for gallant conduct in the de- 
fence of Fort Erie,'^' Aug. 15, 1814 ; major 4th 
Inf. July 7, 1826; lieut.-col. June 8, 18-!6; 
brev. col. " for disting. service in Florida, and 



particularly in the battle of Okeechobee," Dec. 
25, 1837. — Gardner. 

Powle, Daniel, printer, b. Charlestown, 
Ms. ; d. Portsmouth, N.H., June, 1737, a. 72. 
He was an apprentice with Samuel Kneeland ; 
commenced business in Boston in 1740. From 
1742 to '50, he was partner with Gamaliel Rog- 
ers, and, in 1748-50, joint publisher of the In- 
dependent Advertiser. In 1743-6, they pub. 
the American Magazine, and were the first in 
America to print the New Testament. In 
1755, he was arrested, by order of the house of 
representatives, on suspicion of having print- 
ed a pamphlet, entitled " The Monster of 
Monsters," severely animadverting on some of 
the members. Released in a few days, ho left 
Boston in disgust, went to Portsmouth, N.H., 
and Oct. 7, 1756, commenced the publication 
of the N. II. Gazelle. 

Powie, William Bentlet, teacher, and 
author of school te.\t-l)Ooks, b. Boston, Oct. 17, 
1795; d. Feb. 6, 186.5. His mother was the 
sister of Dr. Wm. Bentley, the eminent schol- 
ar of Salem. He was apprenticed to the book- 
seller Caleb Bingham, and after his death car- 
ried on the business until 1821, when he com- 
menced teaching. In 1842, he began to pub. 
the Common School Journal, and was its etlitor 
in 1848-52; member of the Ms. Icgisl. 1843. 
For list of his pubs, and memoir, see N. E. 
Hist, and Gen. Beg, Apr. 1869. 
' Powler, Okin, clergyman and M.C., b. 
Lebanon, Ct., July 29, 1791 ; d. Washington, 
D.C., Sept. 3, 1852. Y. Coll. 1815. Son of 
Capt. Amos F., a Revol. soldier. He studied 
theology under Dr. Dwight, performed an ex- 
ten-ive missionary tour in the valley of the 
Mpi., and in 1819 settled as pastor in I'lain- 
field, Ct. He was twenty years a pastor in 
Fall River, which he represented in both branch- 
es of the State legist, for several vears, and w.is 
M.C. from 1848 until his deatli. He replied 
ably to Mr. Webster's speech of March 7, 1850, 
and was a decided opponent of intemperance 
and slaverv. He pub. " A Treatise on Bap- 
tism," 1835 ; " Hist. Sketch of Fall River," 
1841. — iV. E. Hist, and Gen. Reg., vii., 131. 

Powler, Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. 
Cohoeton, N.Y., Oct. 11, 1809. Amh. Coll. 
1834. He supported himself at college by saw- 
ing wood for his fellow-students, and by teach- 
ing during vacations. Turning his attention 
lo |iIiivii.i1mj\ . Iir -moi] 1 > LTan to Iccturc upou 
i : • r .1 in 1838, in connec- 

I. ' ! ', ihe Amer. Phrennl. 

,/" ' ■ \in"ii : I.: ]iii iiHutions are"Memorv 



1841 



'Ph 



iology. Animal and Mental," 1842; " Jlatri- 
monv, or Phrenolosy applied to the Soleciion 
of Companions," 1842; " Self-Culture and Per- 
fection of Character," 1843; "Hereditarv De- 
scent," 1843; " Love and Parentage," 1844; "A 
Home for All. or the Gravel- Wall and Octagon 
Mode of Building," 1849. In connection with 
hii bro Lorenzo, he has written " Phrenology 
Proved, Illustrated, and Applied," 1836; and 
the " Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Phys- 
iology," 1849. He has leci ur.;d in almost every 
part of the U.S. and in Canada. — A/ipleton. 

Fowler, Wi lli am CuAnNCE y, LL. D. ( Laf. 
Coll. 1861), b. Clinton, Ct., 1 Sept. 1793. Y.C. 



1816. Tutor in Y.C. 1819-23 ; prof, of rheto- 
ric and oratory In Mid. Coll. 1 1 years ; prof, 
of rhetoric, Amh. Coll., 5 years ; pastor at 
Greenfield, Ms.,_ 31 Aug. 1825 to 1827. De- 
scended from William of Milford, and m«ter- 
nally from Pres. Chas. Chauncey. Member Ms. 
leglsl. 1851, and of the Senate" of Ct. in 1864. 
Author of " The Sectional Controversy," 8vo, 
1863; "Chauncey Memorial," 1858; "History 
of Durham," 1866, and of a series of (rrammars. 
Contrlb. to periodicals ; editor, in 1845, of the 
University edition of " Webster's Dictionary." 
— Bio;,. Shirhrs, C/nsso/- 181 6, Y.C. 

Fowles, Rev. Jame3 H , b. Nassau, New 
Providence, 1812; d. 1854. Y.C. 1831. Son 
of Lieut. Henry F. of the British army. Li- 
censed by the N.Y. presbytery In 1833; sub- 
sequently ordained by Bishop Bowen of S.C, 
and, after oflBciatini in several parishes In that 
State, settled In 1845 over the Church of the 
Epiphany, Phila. Author of " Prot. Epis. 
Views (if Baptism," &c., 1846; "30 Sermons," 
with a Memoir of the author, 8vo, 1855. 

Fox, Chakles James, lawver and author, b. 
Antrim, NIL, Oct. 11,1811 ;'d. Nashua, N.H., 
reb.17,1846. Dartm. Coll. 1831. Bccamelaw- 
partner with Hon. Daniel Abbot of Nashua in 
1834; member of ihe N.H. lcj;isl. in 1837; 
county solicitor, 1835-44; one of a commis- 
sion to revise the N.H. statutes In 184-1-2; 
went to Ejrypt in 1843, and to the \Y. Indies 
in 1844 ; compiled, with Rev. Samuel Ossrood, 
" ThcN. H. Book of Prose and Poctrv," 1842 ; 
pub. " The Historv of Dunstable," 1846, and 
"The Town-Officer," 12mo, 1843. 

Fox, Rt. Hon. Henet Stephem, a British 
diplomatist; d. Oct. 13, 1846, at Wiishington, 
D.C. Son of Gen. Henry Fox, and nephew to 
thedlstinK- Charles James. The first minister- 
plenl|)o. of Great Britain to Buenos Ayres, he 
was transferred to Rio de Janeiro, and thence to 
the U.S. in 1836. He conducted the difficult 
negotiations growing out of the burning of the 
steamer " Caroline," the case of McLeod, &c., 
which he brought to a happy conclusion, pre- 
serving the friendly relations of the two coun- 
tries. 

Fox, Luke, an English navigator, b. ah. 
1585 ; d. after 1635. A seaman from his 
youth, his thonghts were early turned towards 
tlie discovery of a north-west passage, which 
to the day of his death, and notwithstanding his 
ill success, he believed practicable. Having 
procureil from Charles I. a vessel, furnished 
with whatever was necessary to the enterprise, 
he left Deptford, May 5, 1631 ; arriving at 
Hudson's Bay June 22. During the e.xplo- 
rition of this bay, he discovered, July 27, an 
Island, which he named " Sir Thomas Rowe's 
Welcome," and named the cape which bounded 
its northern extremity " Wostenholme's Ulti- 
ma Vale." Proceeding northward, he discov- 
ered and named various points .situated in the 
large island since known as " Cumberland Is- 
land ; " but, despairing of penetrating the Polar 
Sea by Hudson's Bay, he determined to return, 
and arrived in the Downs Oct. 21. He pub. 
the relation of his voyage, Lond., 1635, 4to, 

Foxcroft, TnOMAS, pastor of the First 
Church, Boston, from Nov. 20, 1717, to his d.. 



June 18, 1769; b. Cambridge, Ms., Feb. 26, 
1697. H.U. 1714. Son of Hon. Francis of 
Cambridge. He was learned, devout, a strong 
reasoner, polite and elegant in manner, and 
universally admired. His writings, 32 in num- 
ber, evince clear perception, lively imagination, 
and sound judgment Among them are "Ob- 
servations, Hist, and Practical, on the Rise and 
Primitive State of N.E., a Century Sermon," 
Aug. 23, 1730. His son Samuel, 28 years 
minister of New Gloucester, Me., d. Mar. 2, 
1807. H.U. 17.54. 

Prailey, Ja.mes Madisoj?, commodore 
U.S.N, b. Md., Mav 6, 1809. Midshipman, 
May 1, 1828; lieut. Sept. 8, 1841; command- 
er, 1861 ; capt. Feb. 6, 1866. Lieut. F. served 
in the naval battery before Vera Cruz ; com. the 
steamer " Quaker City," So. Atlantic block, 
squad., 1862-4, which was struck by a shell, 
and partly disabled, in attack by rebel rams 
off Charleston, Jan. 31, 1863; com. " Tusca- 
rora " in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and 
com. steam-sloop "Saranac,"N. Pacific squad., 
1S67-8; commo. March 2, 1870; app. to com- 
mand League Island naval station, Apr. 30, 
1870. Retired 6 May, 1871. 

Franchere, Gabkiel, h. Montreal, 1786. 
Author of " Travels in Oregon," 1st edition in 
French, 1819-20; translation, N.Y., 1854. — 
Allibone. 

Franeia, Jose Caspar Rodriguez, dic- 
tator of Paraguay, b. Asuncion, 1757; d. there 
20 Sept. 1840. ills fiithcr was a French propri- 
etor, bis mother a Creole. He studied at the U. 
of Cordova, obtained the degree of LL.D., and 
acquired an extensive law-practice. App. in 
1811 see. to the patriot junta, in 1813 consul 
with Ycgros as his colleague, and in 1814 dic- 
tator : tlie improved state of affairs under his 
management led the people, in 1817, to confer 
upon him despotic authority. His measures, 
though arbitrary and severe, were adapted to 
the condition aiid wants of the country. His 
most extraordinary measure was to close the 
country against all foreign intercourse. — See 
Carhilc in Ediub.Iieviem, 1843 ; Franeia' s Reicin 
of Terror, 1839, and Letters on S. Amer. 1843, 
by Robertson. 

Francis, Conveks, D.D. (HU. 1S37), 

clergyman and author, b. W. Cambridge, Ms., 
Nov. 9, 1795 ; d. Camb. April 7, 1863. H.U. 
1815. He studied at the Camb. Div. School; 
was pastor of the Unitarian church. Water- 
town, from June 23, 1819, to 1842 ; and from 
1842, to his death, was " Parkman Prof, of 
Pulpit Eloquence and the Pastoral Care in 
H.U." Brother of Mrs. Lydia Maria Child. 
He pub. "Errors of Education," a discourse. 
May, 1828; hist, sketch of Watertown, 1830; 
a discourse at Plymouth, Dec. 22, 1832; a 
Dudlcian Lccture'at Cambridge, 1833 ; Lives 
of Rev. John Eliot and Sebastian IJale in 
Sparks's "Am. Biography; " Memoir of Rev. 
John Allyn, 1836, of Dr. Gamaliel Bradford, 
1846, and of Judge Davis, 1849, pub. in Ms. 
Hist. Colls., besides articles in religious peri- 
odicals. 

Francis, Ebenezer, col. nth Ms. regt. 
Revoi. army ; killed In battle of Hublmrdton, 
7 July, 1777. 

Francis, John Bkown, politician, b. 



FRA. 



338 



FHA. 



Pliila., Mny 31, 1794 ; d. Warwick, R.I., Au";. 
9,1864. Brown U. 1808. Losing his father in 
infancy, he was reared by his maternal grand- 
father, Nicholas Brown, one of the founders 
of Brown U. He acquired a mercantile edu- 
cation in the house of Brown & Ives of Provi- 
dence, and attended the Litchfield Law School. 
In 1821, he settled at Spring Green as an ag- 
riculturist. Member of the State legisl. in 
1821-9; State senator in 1 831 ; gov. in 1833-8 ; 
State senator in 1842; U.S. senator, 1844-5; 
State senator again in 1849-56; trustee in 
Brown U. 1823 to 1857, and chancellor from 



M.D., 



1854. 



Francis, John Wake 
LL.l). (Trin. Coll. 1850), j.hysician and au- 
thor, b. New York, Nov. 17, 1789 ; d. there Feb. 
.8, 1861. Col. Coll. 1811. M.D. of Col. of 
Phys. and Surgs. In his youth, he was cm- 
^ ployed as a printer ; but in 1807 began to study 
medicine under Dr. Hosack, and was his 
partner till 1820. From 1810 to 1814, they 
pub. the Amer. ifed. and Plutos. Register, a 
quarterly. In 1813, he was lecturer on the 
institutes of raed. and materia medica at the 
Coll. of Phys. and Surgs.; soon after received 
the chair of materia medica from Col. Coll. ; 
visited Europe, where he was a pupil of Abcr- 
nethy ; became prof, of the institutes of med. 
on his return ; prof, of med. jurisprudence in 
1817, also of obstetrics from 1819 to 1826, 
and for 4 years filled the chair of obstet- 
rics in tlie Rutgers Med. School. He after- 
ward devoted himself to practice and to lite- 
rary pursuits. In 1822-4, he was one of the 
editors of the Med. and P/ii/sical Journal. He 
actively promoted the objects of the N.Y. Hist. 
Society, the Woman's Hospital, the State Ine- 
briate Asylum, and the typographical guild. 
Author of biog. sketches of many of the dis- 
ting. men of his time, articles in medical peri- 
odicals, and pub. "Use of Mercury," 1811 ; 
" Cases of Morbid Anatomy," 1814 ;' " Febrile 
Contagion," 1816; " Notice of Thomas Ed- 
dv,' 1821 ; "Denman's Practice of Midwifery," 
1825 ; " Letter on Cholera Asphyxia of 1832 ; " 
" Observations on the Mineral Waters of 
Avon,'' 1834; "The .VnntMmv of Ilrunken- 
ness;" "Old N.Y., n, i;, ,:..:^, ->,,.. of the 
past 60 Years," 1857 ; M ; i i i .li^topher 
Colles, in the A'niHcf . , i>.")5;and 

numerous discourses l.i.oio iuci.nv societies. 
He was one of the founders of the'N.Y. Hist. 
Society; was first pres. of the N.Y. Acad, of 
Med. in 1847, and a member of many scientific 
bodies at home and abroad. Of his son, John 
W.. )un., wlio d. .Lin. 20, 1855, a "Memorial " 
WM-; wMtirii hy H. T. Tuckcrman, N.Y., 1855. 

Frauciseb, IIi.nrt, b. France; d. near 
AVIiitcliall. X.Y., Nov. 1820, a. 134. He came 
to the US. about 1740, and served through 
the o;.l French and Revul wars. Present at 
the enniiiation of Queen Anne. 

Francisco, Peter, Revol. hero, sergeant- 
at-anii-, Va. II. of Delegates; d. Richmond, 
Va., J.in. 17, 18.TI. — See Garden's Anecdotes. 
, Frankland, Sir Charles Henrv, ban., 

b l!..'.ij:d, May 10, 1716; d. Bath, Eng., Jan. 
II, 1 7('i>;. His father was gov. of the E.I. Co.'s 
f.irtoiy at Bengal. A pp. collector of tlie port 
of Boston in 1741. Ho was at Lisbon, Nov. 1, 



1755, the day of the great earthquake, and h 
said to have been rescued from the ruins which 
had buried him by Agnes Surriage, to whom 
he was shortly afterward married. In 1757, 
he was app. consul.-gen. at Lisbon, and re- 
signed his Boston office. He had bought a 
fine estate at Hopkinton, Ms., upon which 
Lady F. resided until the breaking-out of the 
Revol., when she went to Eng., where she d. 
Apr. 23, 1783. Holmes lias versified the story 
of Lady F. — See Memoir hi/ Ellas Nasou. 

Franklin, Benjamin, philosopher and 
statesman, b. Boston. 17 Jan. 1706 ; d. Phila., 
17 Apr. 1790. Josiah, his father, u tallow- 
chandler and soap boiler, came I'rom Eng. in 
1682. Mary, his mother, was dau. of Peter 
Folger, the Quaker poet of Nantucket. Ap- 
prenticed to his brother James, a printer, he 
made occasional contribs. to a newspaper pub. 
by him, but, not agreeing with him, clandes- 
tinely left home at 17, and established himself 
as a printer ill Phila. Deceived by the repre- 
sentations of Gov. Keith, he went to Eng., 
where he worked as a journeyman more than a 
year; returned in 1726, and in 1729 estab- 
li.shed himself in business in Phila ; became 
editor and pro])rietor of the Pa. Gazette; ra. 
Deborah Reed in 1730; commenced publish- 
ing, as " Richard Saunders," an almanac, com- 
monly called " Poor Richard's Almanac," 
which acquired a wide celebrity; and soon 
established for himself a high reputation for 
public spirit, as well as for w-isdom and fore- 
sight. He founded the Phila. Library in 
1731, became clerk of the Gen. Assembly, 1736, 
postmaster of Phila. 1737, dep. postmaster- 
gen, of tlieBriti.sh Colonies, 1753, agent of the 
people in opposing ihe claim of the proprietary 
govs., of exemption from taxation in Eng., 
1757-62, and received the thanks of the As- 
sembly for the able and successful performance 
of his mission. In 1752, he made, l>y means 
of a kite, the great discovery of tlie identity of 
lightning with the electric fluid. This pro- 
cured him the membership of the Royal 
Society, the Copley gold medal, and the degree 
of LL.D.in 1762 i'rom O.xford and Edinburgh. 
In 1755, lie furnished transportation for Brad- 
dock's exped. Commissioner in 1754 to the 
Albany Congress, he drew up the plan of 
union for the common defence adopted by that 
body. He bad been many years a member of 
the Assembly, by whom ho was, in 1764, sent 
to England as agent, in which capacity he 
afterward acted for several other colonies. In 
the examination before the house of com- 
mons, in 1766, his information, sense, and 
wisdom were shown conspicuously ; and the 
obnoxious Stamp Act w.is soon repealed. He 
earnestly endeavored to prevent the rupture 
with the mother-country, and did not leave his 
post until war was inevitable. Arriving in 
Phila. 5 May, 1775, he was immediately 
elected to Congress ; was one of the committee 
to prepare, and a signer of, the Declaration of 
Independence; and from the close of 1776, 
until his return in Sept. 1785, was aml.a^ador 
to France. To hini i. •}»•-■ \\,r< i.i-ini-iv, :! -T.-.lit 



procuring the ti • 
lied at Paris, 6 1 ■ 
iependence of iIr 



IT'RA 



339 



FR.A. 



also took an important part in the neg 
with Kng., and signed the preliminarv articles 
of peace at Paris, 30 Nov. 1782. Tlic definitive 
treaty was signed 3 Sept. 1783 by Franlclin, 
Adams, and jay. Ho afterwards negotiated 
with Prus>ia a treaty, in which he inserted an 
ariicle against privateering. Gov. of Pa. 
17SG-8 ; delegate to tlie convention to form a 
Con>titution for the U.S. in May, 1787. His 
lavt piihlic act was tlie signature of a memorial 
10 Congress by the Abolition Society, of 
liicU lie was the founder and pres. His 



dinary. He founded the first fire-company in 
1738, organized a voluntary assoc. for the de- 
fence of the province iu 1744, was col. of a 
regt,, and built forts for the protection of the 
fioiitier in 1755; invented the harmonica, a 
musical instrument, and the Franklin stove. 
in 1773, he forwarded the letters of Hutchin- 
son, Oliver, and others, to the legisl. of Ms., a 
disclosure which had important results. In 
1776, he was pres. of the convention which 
formed the constitution of Pa. He left one 
son, William, who was gov. of N.J. , and adau., 
Saruh Baehe. Franklin left an interesting 
autiiUiography, which is prefi.\cd to the edition 
of his entire works by Jared Sparks, 10 vols. 
8vo, 1^50. — See John Bitjelow's corrected 
edilion of Franklin's Autoliior/., 1868; Parlon's 
Life of'FrwtkUn, 2 vols., 1864 ; Historic Amer- 
icans, l«i Theodore Parker, 1870. 

Franklin, Jesse, statesman, b. Surry 
Co., N.C., 1758; d. there Sept. 1823. A 
major in the Revol. war; member of the H. of 
delegates in 1794; M.C. 1795-7; H. of dele- 
gates, 1799 to 1805; State senator, 1805-6; 
U.S. senator, 1807-13 ; gov. of N.C. 1820-1; 
a commissioner to treat with the Cliickasaws 

rranklin, Sir John, an Eng. navigator 
and uretic explorer, b. Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 
Apr. 1786; d. 11 June, 1847. Entering the 
navy ab. 1800, he served with distinction at 
Trafalgar, and was slightly wounded in the 
attack on N. Orleans, Jan. 1815. As a lieut. he 
com. " The Trent " in the arctic exped. of 1818, 
under Capt. Buchan. In 1819, he led an over- 
land exped. to trace the coast line of N. Amer., 
an account of which he pnb. on his return, and 
was made a capt. In 1825 he renewed this 
enterprise, tracing the coast from the mouth 
of the Coppermine Biver to the 15Uth meridian, 
for which service he was knighted. Gov. of 
Van Dieman's Land in 1836-42. In May, 
1845, he sailed with " TheErebus" and " Ter- 
ror" to discover a north-west passage, and never 
returned. Several expeds. were sent in search 
of him from Eng. and Amer., without success ; 
but Dr. Rae found in 18.54 some relics of the 
party. In the summer of 1859, Capt. McClin- 
toek discovered on the shore of King William's 
Land a record, deposited in a cairn by the sur. 
vivors of Franklin's company, dated 25 Apr. 
1848, stating that Sir John d. 11 June, 1847 ; 
tliat the ships were abandoned 22 Apr. 1848, 
wlien the survivors, 105 in number, started tor 
the (ireatFish River. Many relics were found 
uf this jiarty, who perished on their journey, 
pruli.ililv soon after leaving their vessels. 

Franklm, William, only son of Dr. F., 



and the last roy. gov. of N J., b. Pliila. 1730 ; 
d. Eng. Nov. 17, 1813. He served as post- 
master of Phila., as clerk of the Pa. Assem- 
bly, and, as capt. in the French war, gained 
praise for his conduct at Ticonderoga. At the 
close of the war he went to Eng. with his 
father, studied law in Lond., and was adm. to 
the bar in 1758, and, visiting Scotland, became 
acquainted with the Earl of Bute, who recom- 
mended him to Lord Fairfax. The latter gave 
him, unsolicited, the app. of gov. of N.J. in 
1762. For a time, he enjoyed considerable 
popularity, but was deposed by the first Prov. 
Cong., in July, 1776, declared an enemy to his 
country, and was confined at E. Windsor, Ct. 
Released in Nov. 1778, he served for a short 
period as pres. of the Board of Loyalists in^» ' 
N.J., but in Aug. 1782 went to Eng., where ^ft 
he obtained a pension. In 1784, the father 
and son, after an estrangement of lOyears, be- 
came- reconciled. His son, William Temple 
Franklin, editor of the works of Dr. F., b. ab. 
1760, died at Paris, May 25, 1823. He 
accomp. his grandfather to Paris, acting as his 
secretary. 

Franklin, William Benjamin, brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. York, Pa., Feb. 27, 1823. 
West Point (1st in his class), 1843. Entering 
the topog. cngs. in the summer of 1845, he 
accomp. Kearney's exped. to the South Pass 
of the Rocky Mountains. He served on Gen. 
Taylor's staff at Buena Vista ; was brev. 1st 
lieut. lor that battle, and from June, 1848, to 
Jan. 1852, was assist, prof of nat. philos. at 
West Point. Feb.^une, 1852, he was prof, 
of nat. philos. and civil engineering at the 
N.Y. City Free Acad. Capt. July I, 1857. 
In 1859, he became supt. of the Capitol and 
post-office extensions at Washington ; and in 
March, 18G1, of the extension of the national 
treasury building; col. 12th U.S. Iiif. May 
14, 1861; brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 18G1, and 
assigned in July a brigade in Heintzelinan's 
division. At the battle of Bull Run, he wa« 
"in the hottest of the fight." On the re- 
organization of the army in Sept., he received 
a division in the Army of tlie Potomac. Ho 
re-enforced McClellan after the evacuation of 
Yorktown, transporting his division by water 
to West Point, on York River, and repulsed 
the enemy under Gens. Whiting and G. W. 
Smith, who attempted to prevent his landing, 
May 8, 1862. May 15, he was app. to com. 
the'Oth Army Corps. He participated in the 
operations before Richmond, repulsing the 
enemy on the right bank of the Chickahominy, 
June 27 and 28, and again, in conjunction 
with Sumner's corps, at Savage's Station, 
June 29. He com. at the battle of White-oak 
Bridge, June 30 ; made maj.-gen. of vols. 
July 4, and brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. June 30, 
1862. At South Mountain, Sept. 14, he 
disting. himself by storming Crampton's Gap. 
He was in the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 
and in Dec. was placed in com. ot the left 
grand division, and was in the battle of 
Fredericksburg. He com. at Baton Rouge, 
La., July-Aug. 1863; exped. to Sabine Pu»s, 
Tex., Sept. 1863; and from 15 Aug. 1863, to 
29 Apr. 1864, com. the 19th Annv Corps, 
dept. of the Gulf; took part in the Red River 






340 



FI^E 



^ campaign under Banks, and engaged at Sabine 

j 0-5 Cross Koads, where he was wounded, 8 Apr. 

V _ 1864; Ple;isant Hill, Apr. 9, 1864, and Cane 

\3 ^1 ^ River, 23 Apr. 1864. Brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 

.N AT, ^ 1865; resigned 15 Mar. 1866. Vice-pres. and 

V ^.^ or gen. agent Colt's Fire Arm Co., Hartford, Ct., 

N^ '^^ • since 15 Nov. 1865. — CuUum. 

X 5 ^ Praser, Charles, artist, b. Charleston, 

'v^ S.C, Aug. 20, 1782; d. there Oct. 5, 1860. 

J >-I , , At the age of 12 or 14, he made sketches of 

^ N* the scenery of Charleston and vicinity. He 

\e) ■ ^ Studied law, however; was adm. to practice in 

> 1807; at the end of 1 1 years retired with a com- 

Ni >• petency, and thenceforth devoted iiiiiisclf to art. 

._; He attained eminent success in miniature-paint- 

^ .^ ing. In 1825, he painted the portrait of La- 

^ 'jj fayettc, and during 50 years had painted nearly 

(«^ ^tevery (listing, citizen of S.C. He also pro- 

P«^-|^duced many landscapes, interiors, liistorical 

^ pieces, and pictures of rjenre and still life. Mr. 

, -x Fraser was also a writer of periodical litera- 

g ture, poetry, and occasional addresses. In 

^ Jan. 1857, an exhibition of liis collected works 

J I was opened in Charleston, numbering 313 min- 

^ (' iatures, and 139 landscapes and otlier pieces in 

^ oils. He was for a short time a resident of 

^ Boston. Author of " Reminiscences of Charles- 






«(^ 



^ 



coo, John, sculptor and architect, b. 
v, N.J., Julv 18, 1790; d. N. Bedford, 
Ms., M'arch 3, 1852. In early life he was a 
farmer and stone-cutter, and, removing to N.Y., 
was long unsurpassed in the beauty and finish 
of his monuments, tablets, ornamental mantles, 
and the delicacy of his lettering. Turning his 
attention to sculpture, he produced a mural tab- 
let and bust of John Welles for St. Paul's 
Church, a most elaborate and highly-finished 
piece. At the request of the trustees of the 
Boston Athenaeum, in 1834 he modelled a 
series of busts of eminent men in that city, 
■which now adorn its lihrarv : thev were of 
Webster, Bowditeh, Prescott,'Story,J. Lowell, 
and T. H. Perkins. He also produced heads 
of John Marshall, Jackson, Lafayette, DeWitt 
Clinton, Jay, Bishop Hobart, Dr. Milnor, Dr. 
Stearns. Architect of the N. Y. custom-house, 
in which he was some time an officer. 

Prazer, Simon, a Brit. gen. ; killed at the 
battle of Bemis Heights, Oct. 7, 1777. Said 
to be the youngest son of Hugh of Balnain, 
and to have served in one of the Scotch regts. 
in the pay of Holland. Capt. 2d Highland 
Batt. Jan. II, 1757 ; served with distinction in 
Germany; major 24th Foot, March, 1761; 
lieut.-coi. July, 1768; col. Sept. 6, 1777, and 
app. brig.-gen. by Carleton, June 22, 1776, in 
which capacity he uccomp. Burgoyno's exped. 
He pursued the Americans in theirVetreat from 
Ticondcroga, and, overtaking them, gained the 
victory of Hubbardton, July 7, 1777. He took 
part in the first battle of Stillwater, Sept. 19, 
1777 ; and in the seiond battle, fought on the 
same ground, was shot by a rifleman. He was 
a brave and skilful soldier. 

Preeman, George Washington, D.D., 
missionary bishop of Ark. and the Indian Terr, 
south, with supervision of the church in Texas. 
Conscc. Oct 26, 1844; d. Apr. 29, 1858, a. 69. 

J Freeman, James, D.D. (H.U. isii), 
T clergyman, b. Charlestown, Ms., Apr. 22, 1759 ; 



d. Newton, Ms., Nov. 14, 1835. H.TJ. 1777. 
In 1782 he was lay-reader, and Oct. 18, 1782, 
was chosen pastor, of the Episc. society wor- 
shipping at the Stone Chapel, Boston. Dis- 
carding the doctrine of the Trinity while lay- 
reader, his sentiments were adoj)ted by the 
greater part of his hearers, who resolved to 
alter their liturgy, and ordained him as their 
minister, 18 Nov. 1787. Dr. Freeman was the 
first minister in the U.S. who openly assumed 
the name of Unitarian. A vol. of his sermons 
was pub. 1832. One of the founders of the 
Ms. Hist. Society. 

Freeman, James E., artist, b. Nova Sco- 
tia ; was at a very early age brought by liis par- 
ents to Otsego, N. Y'. Through difficulties 
and hardships he made his way to N.Y., stud- 
ied at the National Acad., soon became a mem- 
ber, and m. the sister of Latilla, an artist of 
merit, who devoted himself to rural architect- 
ure, and d. a few years since at Chautauqua, 
N.Y. Freeman has resided many years in 
Italy, and has a decided genius for expression. 
Among his pictures are " The Beggars," " Tlie 
Bad Shoe," " The Crusader's Return," " Flow- 
er-Girl," " Savoyard Boy," " Young Italy," 
and " Study of an Angel." His wife is a 
sculptor of promise. — Tuckerman. 

Freeman, Nathaniel, juri.st and physi- 
cian, b. Dennis, Ms., Apr. 8, 1741 ; d. Sand- 
wich, Ms., Sept. 20, 1827. He studied medi- 
cine, and in 1765 settled in Sandwich, where 
he studied law under his relative. Col. James 
Otis. An early patriot of the Revol., he head- 
ed a regt. of militia in the cxped. to R. I. He 
perfonnc I inipnrtn-ir -pw-r- ■; i-i -hf lr-i-1 ; was 



of] 



Freeman, Samuel, judge, b. Portland 
Me., June 15, 1743; d. there June 15, 1831 
Son of Judge Enoch, who d. Sept. 2, 1783, i 

81. " 

struggles. Sec. of the Cumb 
vention in 1774; an industrious and useful 
member of the Prov. Congress in 1775, and of 
the house of representatives in 1776 and 
1778. In 1775, on the reorganization of the 
courts, he was app. clerk, continuing 45 j-ears. 
Register of probate also, until commissioned 
judge in 1804, continuing until 1820. Post- 
master of P. 1776-1805. An active and efli- 
cient friend of Bowd. Coll. Pub. " Town Of- 
ficer," "American Clerk's Magazine," "The 
Massachusetts Justice," 8vo, 1803; "Pro- 
bate Directory," I2mo, 1803. He edited the 
Journal of Rev. Thos. Smith, pub. 1821. 

Frelinghuysen (fre-ling-hi'-zen). Gen. 
Frederick, Revol. soldier, and an eminent 
lawyer, b. N. J., Apr. 13, 1753; d. Apr. 13, 
1804. N.J. Coll. 1770. Son of Rev. John 
of Raritan, N. J. Member of the Cont. Con- 
gress in 1775, 1778-9, and 1782-.3. Served as 
a capt. and col. in the army, was at Trenton 
and Monmouth, and was said to have shot the 
Hessian commander Rahl. He served through 
the war, afterward filled various State and 



county 



offices, and in 1790 was 



by 



341 



FRE 



Wasliin};ton a maj.-gcn. in an exped. against 
the Western Iniii:ins. U.S. senator, 1793-6. 

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, LL.D. (N. 
J. Coll. 180.3), statesman and sciiolar, son of 
Frederick, b. Millston, N.J., Mar. 28, 1787; 
d. N. Brunswick, N. J., Apr. 12, 1862. N. J. 
Coll. 1804. Adm. to tlie bar in 1808, he soon 
attained high repute as a lawyer. He was a 
capt. of vols, in the war of 1812 ; was in 1817 
chosen atty.-gcn. of the State by a legisl. op- 
posed to him in politics, and in 1829-35 was a 
U. S. senator. In this body he heartily sup- 
ported all acts tending to ameliorate the con- 
dition of the poor and oppressed, or to elevate 
their moral or religious character. He advocat- 
ed bills for the improvement of the condition 
of the Indian tribes, the suppression of Sun- 
day mails, and supported Mr. Clay in the tar- 
iff and compromise acts of 1832. Mayor of 
Newark, N. J., in 1837 and 1838. Chancellor 
of the U. of N.Y. from 1838 to 1850. In 1844, 
he was nominated by the Whig party for Vice- 
Pros, on the ticket with Henry Clay. From 
1850 until his death, he was pres. of Rutgers 
Coll. N. J. He filled many places of honor 
and of trust, Pres. of the Board of Missions 
and of the Bible Societv. — 5ee T. W. Cham- 
bers's Memoir of Fre/ini/huijsen, 1863. 

Fremont, John Charles, explorer and 
eoldier, b. Savannah, Ga., 21 Jan. 1813. 
Charles. Coll. 1 830. His father was a French- 
man, his mother a Virginian. Instr. in math- 
ematics in the navy in 1833-5. He accomp. 
Capt. Williams, U.S.A., in a survey of the 
Cherokee countrj', in the winter of 1837-8, 
and in 1838-9 assisted Nicollet in exploring the 
country between the Missouri and the British 
line. App. 2d lieut. topog. cngs. 7 July, 
1838; and 19 Oct. 1841 he m. Jessie, dau. of 
Thomas H. Benton. In May, 1842, he began, 
under the authority of govt., the exploration 
of an overland route to the Pacific; examined 
the South Pass of the Uocky Mts. ; ascended 
in Aug. the highest peak of the Wind River 
Mts., now called Fremont's Peak, and, return- 
ing in the autumn of 1842, pub. a report com- 
mended by Humboldt in his " Aspects of Na- 
ture." In the summer of 1843, in anotlier 
txped., he explored the Great Salt Lake ; 
leaching Fort Vancouver, near the month of the 
Columbia River, in Nov. Attempting to re- 
turn by a inore southern route, Ids progress 



ging his cour.-ie, he returned through the Great 
Basin and the South Pass, having exhibited 
a fortitude and during rarely surpassed, and 
was brev. capt. 31 July, 1844. In a third ex- 
I ed. in 1845, he explored the Sierra Nevada, 
California, &c. In Mar. 1846, he successfully 
repelled an attack by Mexican.?, near Monte- 
rey ; was niaj. comg. batt. of Cal. vols. July- 
Nov. 1846; app. lieut.-col. mounted rifles, 27 
May, 1846, and was app. gov. of Cal. by Com. 
Stockton, whose authority was disputed by 
Gen. Kciirney. Arrested by the latter, he was 
tried by a court-martial, and found guilty of 
mutiny and disobedience. Pardoned by the 
Pres., but declined the jjardon, and resigned his 
commission. In 1 848, he undertook a new ex- 
ped. across the continent. His guide lost his 



way ; and, after encountering incredible hard- 
ship, he returned, with the loss of onetbird of 
his party, to Santa Fe. Renewing his efforts, 
he successfully encountered the hostile Apaches, 
and in 100 days reached the Sacramento. In 
1849 he settled in Cal., where he had purchased 
the auriferous Mariposa tract, the title to which, 
after much litigation, was confirmed by the U.S. 
Sup. Court in 1855. Commissioner in 1S49 
to run the boundary-line between the U. S. 
and Mexico. He used his influence to make 
California a free State, and was her U.S. sen- 
ator in 1850-51. In 1850, he received for his 
scientific services a gold medal from the King 
of Prussia, and another from the Roy. Geog. 
Soe., Lend. In 18.53, he led, at his own ex- 
pense, a 5th exped., and succeeded in finding 
a new route to the Pacific, ab. lat. 38° north. 
Repub. nominee for the presidency in 1856, he 
received 1 14 votes against 174 for his successful 
competitor, Buchanan. In the fall of 1860, he 
visited Europe. App. maj.-gen. U.S A., 14 
May, 1861, and assigned to com. the Western 
dist. In Aug. he issued an order emancipating 
the slaves of those who should take arms against • 
the U.S., which was annulled by the Pres. as 
premature. He was in pursuit of the insur- 
gents, whom he had just overtaken at Spring- 
field, Mo., when he was removed from the 
com., 2 Nov. 1861. App. to com. the moun- 
tain dept., including parts of Va., Ky., and 
Tenn., in Feb. 1862, and June 8 fought an 
indecisive battle at Cross Keys. Recalled 
from the pursuit of Jackson, he resigned his 
com., and was nom. to the pres. by the Cleve- 
land Conv. in 1864. — .See Lives, bi/ John Bige- 
low, 1856, wid C. W. U/itiam, 1856, Fremont's 
Explorations, 2 vols., 1839. 

Prench, Ace. C, lawyer, gov. of Illinois, 
1846-53. Law prof, in McKendree Coll., 111. ; 
b. N H. ; d. Lebanon, 111., Sept. 4, 1864. 

French, Benjamin F., hist, writer, b. 
Richmond, Va., June 8, 1799. He received a 
classical education, and studied law, but aban- 
doned it on account of ill health. In 1825, hav- 
ing previously contrib. css.nysand poems to va- 
rious periodicals, he pub. "Biographia Ameri- 
cana," and soon after " Memoirs of Eminent 
Female Writers." Though actively engaged in 
planting and commercial pursuits, he has pub. 
5 vols. 8vo of " Historical Colls, of Louisi- 
ana," 1846-53. He has also in preparation 
2 vols, of " Hist. Annals," relating to the 
h*st. of N. America from its discovery to 
1850. Before taking up his residence in N. 
York, he gave most of his extensive private 
library to the Fisk Free Library of N. Or- 
leans. Author, also, of " History and Prog- 
ress of the Iron Trade of the U.S.," 1821-57, 
8vo, 1858; "Beauties of Byron, Scott, and 
Moore," 2 vols., 1828, Phila. — Oui/ckinrk. 

French, L. Virginia, poetess, b. on the 
Eastern Shore of Va., at the conntry-scat of her 
maternal grandfather, Capt. Thos. Parker, a 
Revol. officer, ab. 1830. With her sister, she 
was educated at the Washing-ton Female Sera., 
Pa.; and in 1848 they established themselves 
as teachers in Memphis, Tenn. Under the 
signature of " LTnconnue," Virginia contrib. 
articles to the journals and magazines of that 
region, and in 1852 was assoc. with others in 



FRB 



342 



FRI 



the pub. of the " Southern Ladies' Book." 
J«n. 12, 18.5.3, she m. John H. French of Mc- 
Minnville Tenn., where she has since resided. 
She pub. in 1856 " Wind Wliispers," a collec- 
tion of her poems; and has since written a 
series of historical " Legends of the South, 
also a five-act tragedy, "Iztalilxo, the Lady of 
Tala." She succeeded Mis. Bryan as editress 
of the Crusader, of Atlanta, Ga. 
>. French, William Henry, brcv. niaj.-Ken. 
t.S.A., b. Md. ab. 1818. West Point 1837. 
Entering ihe 1st Art., he served in the Florida 
war in 1837-8; was assist adj.-gen. to ben. 
Patterson, and aide to Gen. Pierce ""184^; 
WIS brev. capt. for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, 
and major for Coutreras and Churubusco 



his countrymen in the darkest days of '76, and 
cheered the .lesponding soldier as he fought 
the battles of freedom. Campbell anil Scott 
borrowed from him ; and Jeffrey predicted that 
the time would come when his poetry, like Hu- 
dibras, would command a commentator like 
Gray " He pub. " A Translation of the Travels 
of the Abbe llobin " in N.Y. 1783 ; " Poems 
Phila. 1786 ; " Miscellaneous Works, 1J88 j 
" Poems written between 1768 and 1794,[ 
Mount Pleasant, N.J., 1795 ; " Letters on Vari- 
ous Subjects," &c., by Robert Slender, Plula. 
1799- a new edition of his Poems, 1809; 
" Poems written between 1 797 and 1 81 5," 2 vols., 
N.Y. 1815. An edition of his Revol. Poems, 
with'a Memoir and Notes, by E. A. Duyckiiick, 
was pub. in N.Y. in 1865. Peter, his bro., 



^mMmMM WM^i^^JB 



of vols. -^-^- 

Art. ; enga;;ed in the Pi 

Va., — at Yorktown, Fai. , 

Gaines's Mill, Peach Orchard, Savage Sta- 
tion, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. In " •" 



linsular'campaign in of loans for S.C. ; had been sec. ot Stt 
rOaks.pak''GW. S.C.;d.Oct..8.4a57.-I>.,Vct,n<*. 



ba les of Antietam and of Fredericksburg, he tiac, Mich «.u^ x.e oeca.. 
J-. .-.:«« «r <inmnpf'*i iirmv coros : 2a, came to tlie U-o. in loio, 
com. a division ol sumnci s iiimy <-u. [/^ , ^, ,_..• mv „„.i q 



Frey, Rev. Joseph Samuel C. F., b. 
Germany, of Jewish parentage, 1772 ; d. Pon- 
Mich., 1850. He became a Chri-stian at 
was some time a 
uently, as a 



Nov 29 862; n^aged at^Chancel- Presb. preacher in NY., and subsequently, s 
.°^ t\ armv coVs from 7 July, Baptist, labored bo li m Eng.,and the U.S 



lorsvUle ; com. 3d army co°ps from 7 July 
1863 ; engaged at Manassas Gap, 23 July; in 
the Rapidun campaign, Oct.-Dec. 1863 ; en- 
gao-ed at Auburn, 7 Oct. ; com. 2d anil M 
corns in forced passage of the Rappahannock at 
Kelly's Ford, 7 Nov. ; of 3d corps in opera- 
tions at Mine Run. Nov. 1863; in com. at 
Havre de Grace in July, 1864; lieut.-col. 2a 
Art. 8 Feb. 1864; brev. lieut.-col. for T) air 
Oaks, col. tor Antietam. brig.-gen. for Chan- 
cellorsville, and maj.-gen. for gallant anU 
merit, services in the Rebellion.— Cullum. 

Freneau, Philip, poet of the Amer. 
Revol., b. N.Y. City. Jan. 2, 1752; <ll- Mo"- 
mouth.N.J.,Dec.l8,1832. N.J. Coll. 1/71. Of 
Huguenot descent. His grandfather Andrew 
was a merchant of N.Y. ; and Peter, his a- 
ther, a wine-seller. At 17. Philip wrote ;| The 
Poetical History of the Prophet Jonah. In 
1776, he went in a mercantile capacity^^to the 
W. Indies, remaining some time. In 1779, he 
was a leading contrib. to the U. S. Maijazine, 
edited by H. H. Biackenridge at Phila. In 
1780. while on a voyage to the W. Indies, he 
was captured by the' British, and experienced 
the horrors of' a prison-ship in N.Y., after- 
ward the subject of one of his poems. On his 
release, he became a frequent contrib. of patri- 
otic verses to the Freeman's Journal ot Plula. 
From this unprofitable employment he turned 
to mercantile affairs, and made frequent voy- 
ages to the W. Indies. In 1791, he edited the tic 
Dailu Adrertlser in N.Y., which m Oct. he in} 
left for the Nalhnal Gazette of Phila.. being vo 
at the same time employed by Jefferson as to 
translating clerk in the State dept.. and un- 
sparingly assailing in his journal the policy ot 
Washington. Freneauwasazcalous I) 
He retired to N.J. in 1793, and May 
began at Mount Pleasant the Jersej Chronicle, 
discontinued at the end of the year. In 1797. 
he edited at N.Y. the Ti,m-im-ce and literary 
Compmion. He m., ab. 1782. Elinor, dan. of 
Samuel Forman of N.J.. by whom he had 4 
daughters. Ereueau's productions " animated 



ptlSt. . . „ , T 

a missionary for the conversion ot the Jc..-. 
Author of "Narrative." Lond., 1809 ; " Van- 
derbooght's Heb. Bible," 8vo, 1811; Bib- 
lia Hebraica. a Hebrew Grammar in the Lng 
Lang.." 1812; "Joseph and Benjamin. 2 
vols. 12mo; "Judah and Israel.' 183/; 
Jewish Intellit/encer, vol. 1 ; " Lectures on the 
Scripture Types," 2 vols., 1841. 

Frezier (fra'-zea'), Amedee FRAsgoia, 
French military engineer, b. Clianibery, 1682; 
d. 1773. In 1706, he pub. a "Treatise on Fire- 
Works;" and in 1716. "Voyage to the South 
Sea and the Coasts of Chili and leru in 
1712," which was often reprinted. Cliiet en- 
gineer of the fortifications constructed in Brit- 
tany after 1740. ^ , . 

Frick, Charles. M.D., b. Baltimore, 
Au" 8 18'^3; d. ilieie Mar. 25, 18G0. M.D. 
U.'of'Md. 1845. His father. Wm. Flick, 
judge of the Bait. Sup. Court, d. 1855 He 
received a classical education at Bait. Coll., 
studied engineering, but adopted the medical 
profession, and opened, an oftice m Baltimore 
in 1845. In the fall of 1847. he organized the 
Md. Med. Institute, in which he taught i.racti- 
cal medicine; was physician to the .\ld. lem- 
tentiary in 1849-56; was prominent in the 
Bait. Pathol. Society in 1855-6; was prof, of 
mat. med. in the Md. Coll. of Pharmacy in 
1856-8- and prof, of mat. med. and therapeu- 
tics in 'theU. of Md. in 1858-60. also liav- 
ino- charge of the Bait. Infirmary. He pub. a 
vol on " Renal Diseases" in 1850. and contrib. 
the Journal of Med Scieitce. and other sci- 
entific pcribdicals. — Gross's Med. B/07. 

Frisbie. Levi, scholar, b. Ipswich. Ms., 
Sept 15, 1783 ; d. Cambridge. July 9. 1822. 
H. U. ite. Son of Levi, minister of Ips- 
wich, missionary to the Delaware Indians 
west of the Ohio; d. Feb. 25, 1806. a. 56. 
Dartm. Coll. 1771. The son was a teacher in 
Concord. Ms., and commenced the study ot 
law, but became Latin tutor in H. U. m 1805 ; 
prof, of Latin in 1816, and Nov. 5, 1817, AUord 



343 



Prof, of moral pliilosopliy and political econo- 
my. A coll. of his writinss, with some notices 
of his life, was pub. Boston, 1823, 8vo, by 
Andrews Norton. One of his poem*, a gener- 
al favorite, " A Castle in the Air," first ap- 
peared ill the Monthlij Anlhohrjij. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin-, an eminent 
navii,'ator, b. near Doncaster, in Yorkshire, ab. 
15.36 ; d. Plymouth, 7 Nov. 1594. Brought up 
to the sea, and acquirins great skill in navi- 
gation, the idea of the discovery of a north- 
west passage to the Indies excited his ambition ; 
and, after many fruitless attempts to induce 
merchants to favor his project, he was enabled 
by the ministers and courtiers of Queen Eliza- 
beth to fit out a private adventure, consisting 
only of two barks of 25 tons each, and a pin- 
nace of 10, with which hesailcd from Deptford 
in June, 1596. In this enterprise he entered 
the strait ever since called by his name, and 
returned to Eng. with some black ore, which, 
being supposed to contain gold, induced the 
queen to patronize a second voyage, and lend 
a sloop of 200 tons from the royal navy for the 
purpose. The delusion was kept up to a third 
exped.; hut they all proved fruitless. In 1585, 
Frobisher arcomp. Sir Francis Drake to the W. 
Indies; and, at the defeat cit tlie Spanish Arma- 
da, he com. oni- nf (In ,11-' -I -liips of the fleet, 
and wai hononM . ' "nl for his ser- 

vices. In the M I , . com. a squad- 

ron against tin- S;. ihin 1-, .:'i ! ii.nk many rich 
prizes. In 1594, he was siiit with four ships- 
of-war 10 the assistance of Henry IV. of France 
against the Spanish and Leaguers, when, in an 
attack on a Ibrt near Brest, Nov. 7, he received 
a wound, of which he died on his return home. 
An account of his voyages is in Pinkerton's 
Coll., vol. 12, 

rromentin, Eligius, judge ; d. New Or- 
leans, of the vellow-fever, Oct. 6, 1822. U.S. 
senator from La. in 181.3-19 ; he was iti 1821 
judge of the Criminal Court of N. Orleans, 
and was app. judge of the western dist. of Fla. 
He subsequently resumed the practice of law 
at N. Orleans. He pub. " Observations on a 
Bill respecting Land-Titles in Orleans." — Al- 
len : Limnian. 

Frontenac (fron'-teh-nak'), LoiJis de 
BuADE, Count de, gov. of Canada, b. France, 
1620; d. Quebec, Nov. 28, 1698. Entering the 
military service, he was a col. at 17, and a 
lieut.-gen. at 29, h.iving been greatly disting., 
and covered with scars and honors. He learned 
the science of war under Maurice of Nassau, 
serving In Italy, Flanders, and Germany, and 
was selected by Turenne to he.id the troops 
sent to relieve Canada. He succeeded Cour- 
cclles as gov. In 1672, built Fort Frontenac 

arbitr.irv m ■■- -. ■ "•••i i- 1 '•-_' 1 1 

conraLj'' ':■;!. • : i . : -■ ;,, , i . •■ 

Mpi. \-,i . .. . M i,. iM.,- „: N , ^,,.., M .,.,. 

ments, and controlledtheliidians. Ke-appoint- 
cd in 1688, when her insufficient resources had 
led the Colony to the brink of ruin, he carried 
on a vigoi-ous war against the English settle- 
ments in N.Y., and their Indian allies the 
Iroquois, who made several successful inroads 
to Canada. In 1690, he defeated Admiral 



Phlps and the English fleet before Quebec, in 
commemoration of which Louis XIV. caused 
a medal to be struck. Frontenac followed up 
his success by Invading the Mohawk country, 
and leading an exped. in person against Onon- 
daga and Oneida; while on the coast he men- 
aced Me. and N.Y. He had all the qualities 
of a great man. He was the terror of the Iro- 
quois ; and his activity was only equalled by 
his courage. His wife, who survived him, had 
been one of the beauties of the French court, 
and was a friend of Mme. de Maintenon, the 
relative of her husband. 

Frost, Major Charles, b. Tiverton, Eng., 
1632; d. July 4, 1697. Ab. 1636, he accomp. 
his father, Nicholas, to the Pascataqua HIver, 
and settled at the head of Sturgeon Creek. 
Member of the Gen. Court, 1658, '69; an assist, 
in 1680, and in 1693-7 a councillor ; col. of the 
Me. regt., and participated In the Ind. wars. 
Ambushed and killed by them In consequence 
of his having treacherously seized some of 
them, who were either hung, or sold Into 
slavery, in a time of peace. — N. E. H. and G. 
lieq.. Hi., 249. 



com. in the R. N., who d. 1732. Brought up 
In the counting-house of his uncle. Sir Willlain 
Pepperell, ab. 1740 he enteredoncof his vessels 
as supercargo, followed the sea about 20 years, 
and, becoming a partner with Geo. Richards 
of Lond., sailed to and from that port. Ab. 
1760, he returned to his old home in Newcastle, 
and resided there until his m., in 1764, to 
Mrs. Margaret Smith of Durham, where he 
in 1769 fixed his permanent residence. Judiie 
of the C.C.P. of Stafford Co. 1773-91. He 
was many years chief justice ; was a delegate 
to Congress in 1776-7 and 1779, and councillor 
from 1781 to 1784. — N. E. II. and G. Ren., v., 
167. 

Frost, Joiix, LL.D. {Mar. Coll. 1843), a 
prolific bookmaker, b. Kenncbunk, Me., Jan. 
26, 1800 ; d. Pliila. Dee. 28, 1859. H.U. 
1822. He taught school at Cambridgeport, 
Boston, and Phila., until 1845. Ho pub. 
" Pictorial History of the World," 3 voh. 8vo; 
"Lives of American Generals," 1848; "Naval 
Commanders," " Book of the Army," " Book 
of the Navy," " Pict. Hist, of the U.S." &c. 

Frothi'ngham, Nathaniel Lasgdon, 
D.D., elcrgvinan and poet, b. Boston, Julv 23, 
1793; d. there Apr. 3, 1870. H. U. I'sil. 
After teaching in the Boston Latin School, he 
became In 1812 instructor in rhetoric and 
oratory at H.U., an office he was the first to 
hold. Mar. 15, 1815, he was ord. pastor of 
the First Cong. (Unit.) Ch., Boston. Ill health 
r,.,„yi|.' ! !•■:< r.-i_'-iation in 1850. Author of 
' .1; .. - I ,, .:,,ial sermons, also of a vol., 

~- I ' iiider of a Twelvemonth," 
I - II' ' ■ iny artirlcs to rcligloua 

While a st'udenrat ( •.. .' . ' ' ^ ivried a 

poem at tlie installatioM ■: I' U .ml, and 
he subsequently eontri. sx.r.ii \ iins from 
the German, and original jiouins, to luMgjzines. 
In 1855, these were collected and pub. under 
the title of "Metrical Pieces, Translated and 
Original." 



FRO 



344 



of the prc-ced.nfT, a cier.i.^man of .mlepemlent su q ^„^„is,ioner on the boundary-line 
ir/^^a\^oV,'i;'^^h„trs;.^^:Ma"o,r4 b:uveenYa.and N,C, With Pe.o,- Jeffe.on. 
He removed to N.Y. in 1859, and since icb, 
1860 luis biiii ij:islor of the Tl 

•^ . _- . . . .. ,. ^ "X.neu. tijiain^i- «-"^ --'^ ",'.'' ' , 1 

vliile conduclins it to the Ohio, at the place 



he made a map of Va., and 

rd Unitarian commissioner to treat with the Indians at 

e'lno^t nulieal phase Logstown. _ Intrusted "if^.'^e eo"). of the 

of ra,ion:Ui;-ie Unit.rianism in the U.S., and, exped, aga,nst_the F-nchm^ 1754.^ he_ died 

though ditfering widely from 'l'l>e"''";'= }^'''; 



may be regarded as his successor, 
occasional sermons 



Author of afterward known as Fort Cumberland. Col. 
of militia in 1750, and a member of the govern- 
or's council. 

Fry. William Henry, composer and 

journalist, b. Phila. Aug. 1815 ,; d. Santa 

" " Dec. 21, 1864. His father, 

852-65 was managing «.iior,'a.d .he_chief WiUi.m J,^, was V^o,.-..or ^o^^ t^^o^/oW 



Frothingham, Richard, Jun., historian 
and iournalist, b. Charlestown, Ms., Jan. ^1, 
18r2. Many years connected with the fios(o« JOurna>^t,o 
Post, of which he is still a proprietor and in Cruz W. L, 
' -.,' .-^ ,;„„ oriifnr nnd the chief William iiy 



Gazette 



contributor to its columns, a^ prominent 

' "■ I®d!ie'*at'e' w' fhe EmmetsburgT'MdT '" His musical talent was 

ana au. in lo.;., .- "»- a i'<i'<"gate to inc mknifested, and in 1835 he received 

Democ Nat.onal Conv™ he -J^ -;|fp-^„„,.„„^i. Society of Phila an 

was a delegate to the <:"'"«"' °_^^ '° "^^^y^^ \f honorary medal for 4 overtures performed by 

State constitution; in 1851 3; '^>«>°^ °^ ^^^^ k became connected with the iVu(,o«ai 

cSfto;:":-' l";8;''''History of'thTkege Ga..«e in 1 839 : was editor of the Phila. L.</,e. 
of Boston," 1849 ; " Life of Gen. Joseph Wa 



ren," 8vo, 1865, and " Rise of the Republic, 
1871 ; " Tribute to Thomas Starr King,^ 1865; 
" The Com. in the Battle of Bunker s Hill, 
&c.," 1850; Member of the Ms. Hist. Society, 
and for several years has been it) 



... 1844, and afterward wrote for the Sun. 
His opera of " Leonora " was produced at the 
Chestnut-street Theatre in June, 1845, and an 
Italian version at the Acad, of Music, N.Y., in 
the spring of 1858. From 1846 to 1852, Mr. 
Fry was in Europe, chiefly residing m Pans, 
-Hh the N. i. Tnbun- 



^PrtZ^tZ^'^ t SO^K^a^u^Suen^y^n^ectldKt: 
oceedings ot the Amer. Antiq. boc, JNo. D-,, ^^^,^^^ ^((/^^..andothernewspaper.s. In 1852, he 



Proceedi 

Frye, Col. James, Revol. officer, b. An- 
dovei-r Ms., 1709; d. Jan. 8, 1776. He sus- 
tained several municipal offices ; served at the 
capture of Louisburg in 1755 ; com. the Essex 
recrt. at the opening of the Revol., taking an 
acdve p-irt at the battle of Bunker's Hill, and 
afterward com. the 6th brigade of the army in- 
vesting Boston. . ., 
Frve. Gen. Joseph, b. Andover, April, 
1711 • d Fryeburg, Me., 1794. Justice of the 
peace and rei)resentative to the Gen. Court of 
ks. ; ensign in Halo's regt. at ihe capture 
of Louisburg in 1745; a eol at the taking of 
Fort William Henry by Montcalm in 1-57 
and escaped by killing tlie Indian who had 
charge of him, and reached Fort Edward in 
safety; app. maj.-gen. by the Prov. Congress 
of Mass. June 21, 1775, and brig.-gen. by the 
Cont. Congress, Jan. 10, 1776, but resigned on 
account of infirmity, April 23, 1776. He was 
an early settler of Frveburg. 

Fry. Joseph Reese, banker, and music 
and art connoisseur, bro. of William H ; d 
Phila. June, 1865. Son of William, pub. of 
the National Gazette. He translated and 
adapted the opera of " Norma," from the Italian, 
for the Wood English Opera Troupe, wrote the 
libretto of his brother's opera " Leonora, and 
also of the opera of " Notre Dame. An accom- 
plished scholar and linguist, he was well versed 
in the history and literature of music ami 
wrote with ease and taste. He was largely in- 
strumental in raising the Union League Bri- 
gade at a gloomy period of the c'"' wa''- 
Author of '■ Life of Zachary Taylor, 1848. 

Fry. Col. Josiida, b. Somersetshire, Eng. ; 
d at the mouth of Wills Creek, Md., 31 May, 
1754. Educated at Oxford, he was some time 



delivered in N.Y. a series of 10 lectures on the 
history of music, illustrating them by two new 
symphonies, " The Breaking Heart, and a 
"Day in the Country." These, with two 
others, " Santa Claus " and " Childe Harold,_ 
were also soon after played by Jullien 3 
orchestra in various parts of the U.S. He also 
wrote the music to an ode for the opening of 
the great industrial exhibition at N.Y. in 1853, 
andli stabat mater, composed in 1855. He was 
also a political orator, and a popular lecturer 
on miscellaneous subjects. Hepub. "Artifieial 
Fish-Breeding," ISmo, N.Y., 1854. 

Fuca (foo'-kii), Juan de, a navigator, 
whose real name was Apostolos Valcrianos, b. 
Cephalonia ; d. Zante, 1632. For upwards of 
40 vears, ho acted as a pilot in the Spanish- 



Ainer. possessions, 



and i 



1 592 he ■ 

idore till 



the viceroy of Mexico to i 
of N.A. The account oi iii> ui-.^i... ^ "..;. 
mingled with such romantic t.il. -, I'lH " re- 
mained disbelieved until tin' n.i imjM --' Is 
which frequent this coast in ilir lin-ii;i.l.' 4is- 
covcred the inlet mentioned by De Fiua. be- 
tween the 48th and 49th parallel. Tlii^ stnnt 
was thoroughly explored by Vancouver in 
1792. His name has been given to llie strait 
which connects the Pacific with the Gulf of 
Georgia. . 

Fulford, Francis, D.D., Pr. Ep. bishop 
of Canada, b. Sidmouth. Eng., 1803; d. Mon- 
treal, Sept. 9, 1868. Educated at Tiverton 
grammar-school, and Exeter Coll., Oxford, 
where ho prad. B.A. 1824, and was elected a 
Fellow in June, 1825; received the degree of 
D.D. in 1850 ; w.as rector of Trowbridizc Wilts 
from 1832 to 1842 ; rector of Croydon from 1842 
to 1845 ; minister of Curzon Chapel, London, 



njx. 



345 



from 1845 till his consecration in 1850; was 
also chaplain to the Duchess of Gloucester, 
and in 1859 was app. metropolitan bishop of 
Canada. He pub. Sermons, and a work on 
" The Progress of the Reformation," and was 
an eloquent preacher. — Morgan. 

Fuller, Akthur BccKMiNSTER, Unitarian 
clergyman, b. Cambridgeport, Ms., Aug. 10, 
1822; killed at Fredcrioksburg, Va., Dec. 11, 
1862. H. U. 184.3. Son of Hon. Timo., and 
bro. of Maigaret, who fitted him for coll. In 
his boyhood he lost an eye. After studying 
theology at Cambridge, he was for some years 
a teacher and missionary in Illinois. From 
1848 to 18.53 was pastor of a Unit, church in 
Manchester, N. H. ; from 1853 to 1859 was 
settled over the New North Church, Boston, 
and then settled as pastor at Watertown. 
Chaplain 16th Ms. vols. Aug. 1, 1861. He 
volunteered to join a forlorn hope in crossing 
the Rappahannock, and fell while driving the 
rebel sharpshooters out of Fredericksburg. 
He edited his sister's works, and pub. " Hist. 
Discourse del. in the New N. Church, Boston, 
Oct. 1 , 1S54," — .S'C Memoir of Chaplain Falter, 
b,/h\l,ro. /!. F. Fuller, 1864.' 

Fuller, lIiitAM, h. Plymouth Co., Ms. 
Pub. and ediun- of the A'. 1'. Mirror for 14 
years; pub. "The Groton Letters" in 1845, 
and in 1858 " Belle Brittan," a series of lively 
letters. Now (1870) ed. of a Lond. weekly 
gazette, the Cosmopolite. Before his removal to 
N.Y. City, he was principal of a young ladies' 
sem. and a bookseller at Providence. 

Fuller, John W., brev. maj.-gen. vols., b. 
Cambridge, Eng., Jnly, 1827. His father, a 
Baptist minister, came to N.Y. in 1833. The 
son was a bookseller at Utica, and afterward 
at Toledo, 0. Col. 27th O. regt. Aug. 1861; 
served under Pope at New Madrid and Island 
No. 10 ; com. a brigade at luka, and with spe- 
cial distinction at Corinth, in Oct. 1862; cap- 
tured Decatur, Ala., in Mar. 1864; com. 1st 
brig. 4th div. 16th corps in the Atlanta cam- 
paign, and for his brilliant services at the Chat- 
tahoochee River, July 21, 1864. was madebrig.- 
gen. In Oct. he fought Hood at Snake Creek 
Gap; com. the first division 17th corps in 
Sberraiin's march to the sea ; was present at 
Johnston's surrender, and was brev. maj.-gen. 
— ReiiVs Ohio in the [Var. 

Fuller, RiCHAKD, D.D., Baptist clergy- 
man, b. Beaufort, S.C, Apr. 22, 1804. H.U. 
1824. At the age of 20, he was adm. to the 
bar of S.C. His enjoyment of a lucrative 
practice was interrupted by ill health. On re- 
covering, he studied for the ministry. Ord. in 
18.33. He exchanged, in 1847, his charge at 
Beaufort for that of the 7th Baptist Church in 
Bnltitnoie, where he still remains. He has 
pub. " Curresp. with Bishop England concern- 
ing the Roman Chancery," " Corresp. with Dr. 
Wayland on Domestic Slavery," " Sermons," 
and " Letters," " Argument on Baptist and 
Close Communion," 1849, and " The Psalm- 
ist," a hymn-book in general use among Bap- 
tists. 

Fuller, Richard Frederic, lawyer and 
scholar, b. Cambridge, Ms., May 15, 1821 ; d. 
Wayland, Ms., May 30, 1869. H. U. 1844. 
Bro. of Margaret. He pub. a biography of 



his bro. Rev. A. B. Fuller, and " Visions in 
Verse." 

Fuller, Sarah Margaret, Countess 
D'Ossoli, b. Cambridge, Ms., 23 Mav, 1810; 
d. 16 July, 1850. Her father, Hon. Timothy 
Fuller, M.C., gave her the education of a boy, 
and at 17 she read fluently Fiench, Italian, 
Spanish, and German. The death of her father 
in 1835 compelled her to rely upon herself; 
and she became a teacher in Boston. In 1837, 
she was principal in the Green-st. School, Prov- 
idence. In 1839, she formed, in Boston, classes 
of young ladies for conversation, in which she 
took the lead, and for which she possessed re- 
markable capacity. In 1840-2, she edited the 
Vial, to which she contrib. papers upon the 
social condition of woman, subsequently pub. 
as " Woman in the 19th Century." In 1843, 
after a Western trip, she pub. " A Summer on 
the Lakes. In 1844, she was literary editor of 
the N. Y. Tribune, some of her contribs. to 
which were pub. as " Papers on Art and Lit- 
erature," 1846. In 1846-7, she travelled in 
England and France, and, visiting Italy, m. the 
Marquis d'Ossoli, and sympathized deeply with 
the revol. then in progress. In the summer of 
1850, with her, husband and child, she took 
passage for N.Y. and was wrecked on the coast 
of N. J. — See Memoirs bt^ her brother Arthur, 
also bij R. \V. Emerson and \Vm. H. Clianning, 2 
vols.,' 1851. 

Fuller, Timothy, lawyer and politician, 
b. Chilmark, Ms., 11 July, 1778; d. Groton, 
1 Oct. 18.35. H.U. 1801. Son of Timo., min- 
ister of Princeton, Ms. He studied law in tho 
office of Levi Lincoln; practised with success 
in Boston; was a State senator in 1813-16; 
M. C. 1817-25; speaker of the Ms. legisl. 
1825, and member of the exec, coimcil in 1828 ; 
eminent as a Democ. politician and orator. Ho 
was the instructor of his celebrated dau. Mar- 
garet. He pub. Oration 4 Jnly, 180D, speeches 
on the Seminole war. Mo. Compromise, &c. 

Fulton, Robert, inventor and successful 
introducer of steam-navigation ; b. Little Brit- 
ain, Lancaster Co., Pa., 1765; d. New York, 
Feb. 21,1815. Of Irish descent. Hisfatberd. 
when he was but 3 years old. He received a 
com. school education, went to Phila. in 1782, 
and in 1785 was a miniature-painter there, 
making money enough to buy a small farm in 
Washington Co., upon which he placed his 
mother. He then went to Eng., studied sever- 
al years under Benj. West, adopted the profes- 
sion of a civil engineer, and, while at Birming- 
ham, familiarized himself with the steam-en- 
gine, then just improved by Watt. Here he 
devised an improved mill for sawing marble, a 
machine for spinning flax and making ropes, 
and an excavator for scooping out the channels 
of canals and aqueducts. In 1795, he furnished 
to the Lond. Morning Star essays on canals, 
and, early in 1796, jiub. in Lond. a work on the 
improvement of canal-navigation. He went to 
Paris in 1797, resided 7 years with Joel Barlow, 
and studied languages and the sciences connect- 
ed with his profession. He offered his inven- 
tion of the submarine torpedo to the French 
and Eng. Govts, without success, and in Dec. 
1806 arrived in New York. lie had, in Sept. 
1793, addressed a letter to Earl Stanhope " re- 



346 



GrJLD 



Bpectinjj the moviiii; of ships hy the means of 
steam," and had been aided in Fiance in his 
experiments bv Chancellor Livingston, who 
had procured aii net of the N.Y. le'iisl. giving 
to Fulion and himself the exclusive privilege 
of navigating the waters of the State by steam. 
Iti 1807, " The Clermont " was built, and trav- 
ersed the Hudson at the rate of 5 miles an 
hour, coinpKu I » ^ i.iMi Iiini; tlie utility of the 
invention. Il:- '. ' ■ . lint on the Hud- 
son was "Tin < , I N J : iiih'," also built in 
1807. In Isd'J, I'a'tn, iniird bis first pat- 
ent from the U..S., and in 1811 took out a sec- 
ond for some improvements in his boats and 
machinery. Tliey were limited to the simple 
means of adapting paddle-wheels to the axle 
of the crank of Watt's engine. Fulton con- 
structed ferry-boats to run between N.Y. and 
N.J., a boat for Long Island Sound, .'5 for the 
Hudson River, and several for different parts 
of the U.S., some of them for the Ohio and 
Mpi. Rivers. In 1811, he was commissioned 
by the legisl. to explore the route of an inland 
navigation from the Hudson to the Lakes, and 
reported in favor of the proposed canal. Hav- 
ing taken out a patent for improvements in 
maritime warfare, he was in 1814 app. engi- 
neer for building floating batteries for coast de- 
fence. The first U.S. war-steamer, called " The 
Demologos," afterward " Fulton the First," 
was unwieldy, and attained a speed against 
the current of only 2 1-2 miles an hour; but, as 
the pioneer of the steam-navies of the world, 
it was regarded as a marvel, and as a most po- 
tent engine of defence. Fulton m. in 1806 
Harriet Livingston, a relative of the chancellor. 
He possessed uncommon tact, energy, patience, 
and enthusiasm, and was eminently popular. 
Congress, in 1846, paid $76,300, in full, of the 
claims of Fulton against the U.S. for inven- 
tions and improvements in the application of 
steam to navigation. Lives of Fulton have 
been pub. by C. D. Golden in 1817, and in 
Sparks's " Am. Biog.," by Renwick. 

Pulton, William S., statesman, b. Cecil 
Co., Md., June 2, 1795 ; d. Rosewood, near 
Black Rock, Ark., Aug. 15, 1844. Bait. Coll. 
181.3. During the war of 1812, he was a vol- 
unteer, and was in Fort McHenry during its 
bombardment. Removing to Tcnn., he be- 
came sec. to Gen. Jackson, studied law, and 
then settled in Ark. When the territorial 
govt, was organized in 1829, he was first sec.; 
was gov. in 1835-6, and from its admission in 
1836, until his death, U.S. senator. 

FurneSS, William Hunhv, D.D., clergy- 
man and author, b. Boston, April 20, 1802. 
H. U. 1820. Ord. pastor of the First Cong. 
Unit. Church in Phila. Jan. 12, 1825. He 
has pub. " Remarks on the Four Gospels," 
1836; "Jesus and his Biographers," Phila. 
1838; a "History of Jesus," 1850; "Thoughts 
on the Life and Character of Jesus of Naza- 
reth," Boston, 1859; a vol. of prayers, entitled 
" Domestic Worship ; " a vol. of" Discourses," 
1855, besides liymns and other devotional 
pieces in verse ; translations from the German ; 
a vol. of " Gems of German Verse," and a 
vol. entitled " Julius, and Other Tales from the 
German," 1856. He edited for 3 years "The 
Diadem," a Phila. annual : has been a contrib. 



to the Christian Examiner, and is the author of 
a number of published sermons, many of which 
are in support of the antislavery cause, in 
which he took great interest. 

FurnesS, William Henry, son of the 
above, portrait-painter, b. Phila. 1827 ; d. 
Cambridge, Ms., March 4, 1867. After study- 
ing his art at Dusseldorf, Munich, Dresden,and 
Venice, he established himself in Phila. as a 
portrait-painter, married, and removed to Bos- 
ton, where he attained a high rank in his pro- 
fession. He first gained reputation by bis cray- 
on-drawing. Among his portraits are Mrs. 
Lathrop of Boston, Miss Emerson of Concord, 
Wilde the artist, Dr. Fnrncss bis father, Lucre- 
tia Mott, Chas. Sumner, and Rev. Dr. Barnes. 

Gadsden, Chkistopheb, Revol. states- 
man, b. Charleston, S. C, 1724; d. there 
Aug. 28, 1805. Educated in Eng. under the 
care of relatives; clerk in a counting-house in 
Phila. until 21, and after a second visit to Eng. 
became a merchant in Charleston, and his suc- 
cess enabled him to repurchase the largo estate 
which his father had lost in play with Adm. 
Anson in 1733. A delegate to the Stamp-act 
Congress at N.Y. in 1765, he was one of the 
first in S.C. to foresee the improbaliility of a 
reconciliation to Great Britain, and who openly 
advocated republican principles, and desired 
the independence of America. He was a cor- 
resp. of Samuel Adams, and, like him, was one 
of the boldest and most resolute of the patriot 
leaders. A member of the Congress of 1774- 
5, he was thanked for his services by the S.C. 
legisl. on his return. Chosen a col. in 1775, he 
was actively engaged in the defence of Charles- 
ton in 1776; was made a brig -gen. Sept. 16, 
1776, and resigned in 1779; was one of the 
framersof the State constitution in 1778, and, 
as lieut.-gov. of the State, signed the capitula- 
tion when Charleston was taken by Sir Henry 
Clinton in 1780. Carried to St. Augustine, 
he suffered a rigorous eonHnement of 42 weeks 
in the dungeon of the castle; was exchanged 
in June, 1781, and sailed to Phila. Elected 
gov. in 1782, but declined on account of age 
and infirmity. Although himself a large loser 
in property by the Revol., he strenuously op- 
posed in the a,ssembly and council the law con- 
fiscating tJie estates of the Tories. 

Gadsden, Christopher Edwards, 
D.D. (S.C. Coll. 1815), Prot. Epis. bishop of 
S.C, b. Charleston, Nov. 25, 1785; d. there 
June24, 1852. Y. C. 1804. Grandson of the 
preceding. Deacon in 1807; priest in 1810; 
rector of St. John's, Berkeley, 1808 ; after- 
ward assist, minister of St. Philip's Church, 
Charleston, of which he was rector from July, 
1814, until his dejith, and was conscc. bishop 
June 21, 1840. Bishop Gadsden pub. a num- 
ber of sermons and charges, and an essav on 
the life of Bishop Dehon (1833); and ed'ited 
the Gospel Messenger, which contained many 
contributions from his pen. 

Gadsden, Gew. James, statesman, b. 
Charleston, S.C, Mav 15, 1788 ; d. there Dec. 
26, 1858. Y.C. 1806. Grandson of Christo- 
pher. Engaged in commerce till the war of 
1812, when he was made a lieut. of engineers ; 
served in Canada, and, at its close, was confi- 
dential aide to Gen. Jackson. He accomp. him 



347 



clliirunl \vi;li 111.' roii-inif tiun wl ^vn^k^ Tor the 
dclLMicc nl' tli.-Ciiir liMiitirr. A|i|i. iii^p.-gen., 
rank of i"l.. (),t, 10, 1320- On ilie ii-iliiction 
of the army in 1822, he was reheved, and lor 
some months assisted Mr. Calhoun, sec. of 
war. He then became a planter in F\a. ; was 
a member of the territorial conncil, and, as a 
commissioner, effected a treaty for the removal 
of ihe Sominolcs from northern to southern 
Fla., and was afterward occupied in commerce 
and in rice-eultnre near Charleston. App- 
mini«ter to Mexico in 185.3, he negotiated the 
" Gadsden Purchase," now known as Arizona, 
for SIO.OUO.OOO. 

Gage, Fr.vnces Dana, philanthropist and 
reformer, b. Marietta, 0., Oct. 12, I80S. Her 
father, Joseph Barker of N. H., was an early 
pioneer to the West, and she assisted him in 
his traile of a cooper, having few opportunities 
of ciliicatioii. At 21, she m. .James L. Gafre, 
a lawyer of .MiConnellsvillc, O. She was an 
early advocate wilh pen and voice for temper- 
ance, antislavery, and woman's rights. Pre- 
sided over a woman's rights convention in 
Akron, 0., in 1851 ; and her opening speech 
was remarkable for its sense and pathos. In 
185.3, she mos-ed to St. Louis, but was branded 
as an abolitionist, was often threatened with 
violence, and was thrice a sufferer from incen- 
di.irism. She next edited an agrie. paper in 
O. ; but on the breaking-out of the war, in 
which 4 of her sons were engaged, she went 
South, and ministered to the soldiers and taught 
the freedmcn, working without pay, and was 
an unsalaried agent of the Sanitary Commis- 
sion at Memphis, Vicksbnrg, and Natchez. 
She was afterward seriously crippled by the 
overturning of a carriage at Galesburg, 111. 
She subsequently lectured on temperance, but 
was stofiped in her career of usefulness by a 
stroke of paralysis, in Aug. 1867. Under the 
nomine de jtliime of " Aunt Fanny," she has 
written many beautiful stories for children, 
stanzas and sketches. She was an early con- 
trib. to the Salurrlay Visitor, and has written 
for the N. Y. liidi-/ieiideni. A vol. of " Poems." 
and a temperance tale, " Elsie Magoon," are 
her latest works. 

Gage, THO.MAS, or Friar Thomas of St. 
Mary, missionary and author, was an Irishman, 
educated at St. Omer's, and joined the Domin- 
icans ; b. 1597 ; d. 1655. In 1625, he set out 
with some missionaries from Spain, destined 
for the Philippine Islands, but, not relishing so 
distant a mis-ion, went to Guatimala, where, 
and in other neighboring places, he was a mis- 
sionary to the Indians. In 1637, he .settled as 
a Protestant minister at Deal, Eng. He pub. 
" A New Survey of the W. Indies," giving an 
account of his mission to New Spain, and of 
his travels, 1648, 4tli ed., 1699. Author of 
" Hist, of Mexico," Paris, 1696. 

Gage, Thomas, a British gen., b. ab. 1720; 
d. 2 Apr. 1787. Second son of the first Vis- 
count Gage. Entering the army young, he 
became lieut -col. 44th Foot, 2 Mar. 1750. At 
Braddock's defeat at the battle of Mouonga- 
hela, 9 July, 1755, he led the advance, and 
was wounded. Dec. 8, 1758, he m. Margaret, 



dan. of Peter Kcmble, pres. of the council of 
N.J. She d. Lond. 9' Feb. 1824, a. 90. He 
was in tlie exped. under Amherst against 
Ticonderoga; was made maj.-gen. in May, 
1761, and gov. of Montreal; succeeded Am- 
herst in com. of the British forces in Amer. in 
1763; licut.-gen. 1770; and in Apr. 1774 suc- 
ceeded Hutciiinson as gov. of Ms. Bay. He 
occupied Boston with 4 regiments soon after 
its port had been closed by the British minis- 
try; issued a proclamation against the Solemn 
League and Covenant, June 24, and forbade 
the holding of town-meetings. 19 Apr. 1775, 

and ammunition at Concord, which caused the 
Lexington battle and the opening of the Revol. 
war. June 12, Ga;;e proclaimed martial law, 
offering panlon to all rxiTpt Samuel Adams 
and John Ilnnurk. June 17, the battle of 
Bunker's Hill u.is lon^ht, and the royal army 
was shut up in Do^itoii by the American 
militia. Oct. 10, 1775, Gage resigned, and re- 
turned to Eng., where ho became a gen. and 
col. 2d Foot. He was an amiable and benevolent 
man, and possessed respectable militarv talent. 

Gaillard, John, U.S. senator in" 1804-26, 
and 1 1 years its pres. officer, b. St. Stephen's 
disf.. SC. ; d Washington, 26 Feb. 1826. 

Gaine, Tltinn, printer and bookseller, b. 
IrHan I; .1. N. V. .\pril 25, 1807, a. 81. He 
coniiii.nrr,! l.nMn.-s in New York in 1750. In 
17,'i2, li.' !-t.iriril Ihe N.Y. Mercnrtj, which ap- 
peared every Monday. He soon after opened 
a bookstore, with the sign of the Bible and 
Crown, in Hanover Square, which remained in 
his hands 40 years. Gaine was compositor, 
pre^-man. folder, and distributer of his paper, 
whirl, liiil a rir, niaiion of 300-400. A Whig 
at lii -I, \\r -nli-ripii.-ntly devoted the Mercury 
to 111.' support, of the royal cause. At the 
close ol the war, his petition to remain in 
the city was granted; but ho gave up his 
paper, and continued bookselling, acquiring a 
handsome estate. 

Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, maj.-gen. 
U.S.A.. b. Culpeper Co., Va., March 20, 
1 777 ; d. N. Orleans, June 6, 1 849. James, 
his father, led a company in the Revol. war ; 
was in the N.C. legisl. and the convention 
which ratified the Federal Constitution. 
Nephew of Edm. Pendleton. The family 
moved in 1790 to Tenn. Entering the army 
as ensign, Jan. 10, 1799, he became eapt. Feb. 
1807 ; maj. 8th Inf. March 24, 1812 ; lieut.-col. 
24thlnf July 6, 1812; col. 25th Inf. March 12, 
1813; adj.-gen., rank col., Sept. 1813; hrig.- 
gen. March 9, 1814; brev. maj.-gen. for gal- 
lantry at Fort Erie, Aug. 15, 1814, where he 
was severely wounded Aug. 28, and for which 
he received the thanks of Congress Nov. 3, 
1814, and a gold medal. He was in the battle 
of Chrystler's Field, Nov. 11, 1813; served 
under Jackson in the Creek war, and was 
wounded in an action with Seminole Indians 
on the Ouithlacoochie, Feb. 29, 1836. For 
calling out a large number of the Southern 
militia without orders, at the breaking-out of 
the Mexican war, he was tried by court-mar- 
tial, but not censured. He was a man of 
extreme simplicity of character, and unques- 
tioned integrity. 



348 



Gaines, Major John P., soldier and 
politician cfKy. ; d. Oregon, 1858. Major in 
Marshall's Ky. vol. cav. in the Me.xican war; 
made prisoner at Incarnacion, Jan. 1847; vol. 
aide to Gen. Scott, and disting. at El Moh'no ; 
M.C. from Ky. 1847-9 ; gov. of Oregon Terr. 
1850-3. 

Gaither, Henbt, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Md. 
1751 ; d. Georgetown, D.C., June 22, 1811. A 
capt. Revol. army, and engaged in nearly every 
battle of the war ; app. muj. in the " Levies of 
1791 ; " served under St. Clair against the 
Miami Indians, Nov. 1791 ; lieut.-col. 3d sub- 
legion, Oct., 1793, to June 1, 1802. He was an 
excellent disciplinarian. His son. Gen. Wil- 
liam LiNGAN, a prominent politician of Md., 
frequently member of the legisl., and president 
of the senate, d. Montgomery Co., Md., Aug. 
2, 1858. 

Gale, Benjamin, physician, b. L.I. 1715; 
d. Killingwoi-ih, Ct., May 21, 1790. Y.C. 
17.33. He studied medicine with Dr. Jared 
Elliot, whose dan. he m., and, like him, was a 
scientific and practical agriculturist, having 
received a medal from a society in. Eng. for 
the invention of an improved drill plough. 
He took great interest in politics, writing many 
political essays for the newspapers. Ab. 1750, 
he pub. "A Dissertation on Inoculation." He 
also pub. some essays in the Trans, of the N. 
Haven Med. Society, and wrote " A Dissertation 
on the Prophecies." — Tliackcr. 

Gales, Joseph, journalist, b. Eckington, 
near Sheffield, Eng., 10 Apr. 1786; d. Wash- 
ington, 21 July, 1860. U. of N.C. Joseph, 
his father, came to the U.S. in 1794, pub. the 
Indep. GazMe. in Phila. (Aug. 179.i-99), the 
2_ Raleigh (X.C.) Ret/ister ( 1799-I8.'?|f) ; d. 24 
Aug. 1841. The son settled in Washington 
in 1807, connected himself with the National 
Inlefti(jenccr, became sole proprietor in 1810, 
took as a par-tner his bro.-in-Iaw, W. W. 
Beaton, in 1812, and in Jan. 1813 began to 
issue the Inlelliqencer daily. He wrote with 
great force and clearness. 

Galitzin, Demetrids AnonsTiNE, a 
Russian noble, afterward a missionary, b. at 
the Hague, Dec. 22, 1770; d. Loreito, Pa., 
May 6, 1840. His father, while ambassadorin 
Paris, embraced the principles of Voltaire and 
Diderot; but the son, in 1787, joined the R.C. 
Church. In 1792, he was aide to Gen. Van 
Lilien in Brabant. Dismissed from the Aus- 
trian service as a foreigner, he resolved to 
travel in America. Soon after landing in 
1792, he entered the theol. seminary in Balti- 
more, and March 18, 1795, was ord. priest by 
Bishop Carrol. He first officiated at Cone- 
wango. Pa , also in Pa., Md., and Va., until 
1798, wlien he founded a Catholic colony in 
Cambria Co., Pa. Here he purchased a large 
tract of land, erected saw and grist mills, and 
founded the town of Loretto, expending 
SI50,000. His rank was concealed under the 
assumed name of " Father Smith." His 
charge extended over a wild and extensive 
region, through which he made incessant 
journeys. He also composed several contro- 
versial works, and was several times proposed 
for the episcopacy, but would not .accept the 
honor. His name has been given to a village 



near Loretto ; and a monument was erected be- 
fore the clnircli in 1848. 

Gallagher, Cai-t. John, U.S.N., b. Md.; 
d. Wilmington, Del., Nov. 1, 1842, a. 58. App. 
lieut. July 24, 1813; master Mar. 2,1825; 
capt. Dec. 22, 1835. He was a lieut. of tl;e 
frigate " United States " in the action with 
the British frigate " Macedonian," Oct. 25, 
1812. 

Gallagher, William D., poet and jour- 
nalist, b. Phila. Aug. 1808. His father, an 
Irish rebel of 1798, soon after emigrated to 
Phila. The son removed to Cincinnati in 
1816, where, in 1821, he entered the printing- 
office of a newspaper; and in 1824, while an 
apprentice, edited and pub. a small literary 
paper. He became known as a writer in 1828 
by the publication, in the Cincinnati Chronicle, 
of a " Journey through Ky. and Mpi." He 
successively edited the Backwoodsman at Xenia, 
0., 1830; the Cincinnati Mirror, 1831; the 
Western Literary Journal and Monthli/ Revirw, 
1836 ; the Hesperian, 1838 ; from 1839 to 18S0 
■was assoc. editor of the Cincinnati Gazette; and 
in 1853 was one of the editors of the Louis- 
ville Dailij Courier, but has since resided on a 
farm near that city. He pub. 3 small vols, of 
poetry, entitled " Erato," 1835-7 ; " Selections 
from the Poetical Literature of the West," 
1841. In 1849 he was pres. of the Ohio Hist, 
and Philos. Society, and delivered a valuable 
address on the " Progress and Resources of the 
North-west." In 1850 he accompanied Sec. 
Corwin to Washington as his confidential 
clerk. He has written much on agriculture, 
and has collected materials for " A Social and 
Statistical View of the Mpi. Valley." — Poets 
and Poetrfi of the West. 

Gallatm, Albert, LL.D., statesman, b. 
Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 17G1 ; d. As- 
toria, L.I., Aug. 12, 1849. U. of Geneva, 
1779. His parents, both of whom were of dis- 
ting. families, d. while he was an infant. 
Sympathizing with the Americans in the 
struggle for liberty, early in 1780 he came to 
Ms., and for a Icw'months com. the fort of Paii- 
samaquoddy. In 1783 he taught French at 
H.U. ; and in 1784, having received his patri- 
monial property, invested it in land in Western 
Va. In 1786 'he bought some land on the 
banks of the Monongahela, Fayette Co., Penn. ; 
settled there ; was in 1 789 a member of the 
State Const. Conv. ; member of the legisl. in 
1790-2, giving strong indications, while in that 
body, of the financial ability he possessed; 
sent to the U.S. senate in 1793, he was declared 
ineligible. He took part in the " Whiskey In- 
surrection " in 1794, and by his tact, courage, 
and firmness, aided in brinirin*; about a peace- 
ful settlement of the difficulty. M C. 1795- 
1801 ; sec. U.S. treasury. May 15, 1801-13; 
sent in 1813 as one of the commissioners to 
St. Petersburg, the Russian Govt, having of- 
fered t& mediate between the U.S. and Great 
Britain ; commissioner to Ghent, where the 
treaty of peace was made Dec. 24, 1814 ; and 
took part in the commercial convention with 
Great Britain soon afterward ; minister to 
France, 1815-23; and deputed on special 
missions to the Netherlands in 1817, and to Eng. 
in 1818. Ou his return, he declined the iiom- 



349 



GrJLL. 



ination of vice-pies, from the Democ. party. 
Envoy-extr. to Great Britain from 1826 to 
Dec. 1827, wlieii he tooli up his residence in 
New York. He prepared tlie argument in be- 
half of tlie U.S., to be hiid before tlie king of the 
Netherlands, as an umpire on the Mc. boun- 
dary question. In 1830 he was chosen prcs. of 
the council of the U. of N.Y. In 1831 he 
pub. " Considerations on the Currency and 
Banking-System of the U.S.," advocating a 
regulated bank of the U.S. A member of ihe 
free-trade convention at Phila. in 1831, and 
prepared for it the memorial to Congress. 
Pres. of the N.Y. National Bank 1831-9, and 
of the N.Y. Hist. Society in 184.3-9. A found- 
er, and first pres., of the Ethnological Society 
in 1848. During the Oregon difficulties in 
1846, he pub. letters on the " Oregon Ques- 
tion," and in 1848 a pamphlet, strongly op- 
posing the Mexican war, which had a large 
circulation and great influence. In Congress, 
where he was a recognized leader of the Dem- 
oc. party, he opposed the British treaty in an 
able speech, April 26, 1796 ; and it was on his 
motion that the committee of ways and 
means was first organized as a standing com- 
mittee in 1795. His other important speeches 
were on "Foreign Intercourse," Mar. 1, 1798; 
on the "Alien Law," Mar. 1, 1799; and on 
the "Navy Establishment," Feb. 9 and 11, 
1799. He gave his financial views in two 
pamphlets, "A Sketch of Finances," 1796, 
and " Views of Public Debt," &c., 1800. He 
was eminently successful in the treasury dcpt., 
and was one of the first financiers of the time. 
He opposed the increase of the national debt, 
systematized the mode of disposing of the 
public lands, and was a zealous advocate of in- 
ternal improvements. Offered the State dept. 
in 1809, but declined. Opposed to the war of 
1812, and, as a member of the cabinet, exerted 
himself strenuously to restore peace. He was 
an early student of the ethnology and philolo- 
gy of the American Indians, and at Hum- 
boldt's request wrote an essay on the subject 
in 1823. He afterward pub. " Synopsis of the 
Indian Tribes," &c., in vol. 2, Archaologia Amer- 
icana, Worcester, 1836, and " Semi-civilized 
Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central 
America,"N.Y. 1845; also author of "Reports 
and Letters on the U.S. Bank," 1810-11; 
" Reminiscences " of Mr. Gallatin were pub. 
by John RiLssell Burtlett, N.Y. 1841. 

Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, LL.D. 
(VV. Res. Coll. 1851), a pioneer in the instruc- 
tion of the deaf and dumb, b. Phila. Dec. 10, 
1787; d. Hartford, Sept. 9, 1851. Y.C. 1805; 
And. Theol. Sem. 1814. Tutor at Y.C. 
1808-10. Of Huguenot descent. His mother, 
who was a Hopkins, descended from one of 
the first settlers of Hartford, Ct. Ill health 
compelled him to relinquish the study of law, 
after devoting a year to its acquisition. Li- 
censed to preach in 1814. Becoming inter- 
ested in the education of deaf-mutes, he visited 
Europe in 1815-16; and Apr. 15, 1817, com- 
menced his labors with a class of seven pu- 
pils. He was one of the most disting. and use- 
ful men of his time, and lived to see, as the re- 
sult of his labors, more than 1.000 individuals 
receive the benefits of instruction in bis own 



private asylum, as well as to witness the estab- 
lishmentof similar institutions in different parts 
of the country. Resigning tlie office of principal 
in the Deaf and Dumb Asylum in 1830, he was 
chaplain to the Retreat for the Insane at Hart- 
ford from Jan. 1838 to the time of his death. 
He pub. many public addresses andcontribs. to 
periodicals ; a vol. of " Discourses," Lond. 
1818, preached to an English congregation in 
Paris ; a series of " Biblo-Stories lor the 
Young," " The Child's Book of the Soul," 
" The Youth's Book of Natural Theology," 
and other similar works; and edited 6 vols, of 
the Aimals of the Dm/ and Dumb, Hartford. 
A discourse in commemoration of him, deliv- 
ered at Hartlurd, by Hon. Henry Barnard, in 
Jan. 1852, was pub. N.Y. 1857. — See Life of 
Gidlamhl by H. Humphreij, and Barnard's Dis- 

Gallison, John, lawyer and philanthro- 
pist, b. Marblehead, Oct. 1788; d. Dec. 25, 
1820. H.U. 1807. Nephew of Chief Justice 
Sewall. After practising law a short time at 
Marblehead, he came to Lioston, where he was 
esteemed for his ability and integrity, and 
where he had a good share of business. He ed- 
ited the WeeUy Messenger for a year or two; 
and pub. 2 vols, of reports in" the Circuit 
Court, 1807; 2d ed. with addit. notes and 
references, 2 vols. 8vo, 1845. — See a Memoir in 
ihe Christian Disciple, Boston, iii. 15. 

GalliSSOniere (gii'-le'-so'-neair'), RoL- 
LAND Mi(;HAELBERRiN,Marquis, a French ad- 
miral, b. Rochefort, Nov. 11, 1693; d. Nemours, 
Oct. 26, 1756. Entering the navy in 1710, he 
served with distinction; became capt. in 1738; 
com.-gen. of artillery at Rochefort in 1745; 
gov. of Canada 1747-9; and in 1756, while 
commanding a squadron designed to capture 
Martinique, had a severe engagement near that 
island with Admiral Byng, whom he defeated. 
His administration was marked by severe dis- 
putes with the English relative to their right 
of way in Nova Scotia and the Ohio region. 
In 1749 ho was one of the commissioners for 
settling the boundaries of Acadia. In 1751 he 
pub. a memoir of the French colonies in Amer- 
ica. He was a devoted student of natural 
science, had a great heart and mind, but was 
low in stature, and deformed in person. He 
was a strenuous supporter of the Abbe' Dfe La 
Loutre, and, after his return to France, is said 
to have furnished him with money and supplies 
for his work in Acadia. 

Galloway, Joseph, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1769), loyalist, b. Md. ab. 1730 ; d. Eng. Aug. 
29,1803. Son of Peter. He was well educated, 
had a good estate, practised law in Pliila., be- 
came eminent in the jirofes-^ion, and held 
many important trusts. In the Pa. legisl., of 
which he was a member in 17C4, and at one 
time speaker, he made an able speech in favor 
of changing the govt, from the pro|)rictary to 
the royal form, in opposition to that of John 
Dickinson. Member of the Congress of 
1774, he actively participated in its leading 
measures, and proposed to it a plan of settle- 
ment, which was rejected. He abandoned his 
countrymen on the question of Independence, 
joined the British army in N. Y. in Dec. 1776, 
and in June, 1778, went to Eng. with an only 



GAX. 



350 



daughter. Franklin, wlio confided in his 
p.itrioiisin, had, on going abroad, left in his 
cliarge his valuable letter-books and papers, 
which were lost. He was the most violent and 
proscrii»tive, and perhaps the most able, of the 
loj-alists ; and the evil effects of his powcrlu! 
intluence were often felt both in America and 
Eng. His evidence before the British house 
of commons in 1779 was very damaging to 
Sir Win. Howe. He pub. " Observations on 
the Conducto! Sir Win. Howe," "A Letter to 
Howe on his Naval Conduct," "Xetters to a 
Nobleman on the Conduct of the War in the 
Middle Colonies in 1779," " Reply to the Ob- 
servations of Gen. Howe," " Cool Thoughts on 
the Consequences of American Independence," 
" Candid Examination of the Claims of Great 
Britain and her Colonies," " Reflections on the 
American Rebellion," a work on Revelations, 
Loud. 1802; " Speecli in Answer to John Dick- 
inson," Svo, 1764; " I'lophetic and Anticipat- 
ed History of Rome," Svo, 180.3. A new edi- 
tion of his " Examination by a Com. of ihe 
House of Commons " was pub. I'hila., Svo, 
1855, by the Seventy-six Society. 

Gallup, Joseph Adam, physician and 
author, b. Stonington, Ct., Mar. 30, 1769 ; d. 
VVoodstock,Vt.,Oct. 12, 1S49. D.C.1798. He 
practised in Hartlandand Betliel.Vt., whence he 
removed to Woodstock in Jan. 180U. He first 
became known as a writer in the 17. Gazette; 
from 1820 to 182-3 was pres. of and prof, in 
the Castleton Med. Acad., and was several 
years a lecturer in the medical dcpt. of the U. 
of Vt. He established at Woodstock in 1827 
the institution subsequently known as the Vt. 
Med. Coll., incorporated in 1835. He pub. 
"Sketches of Epidemic Diseases in Vt."(I815), 
to which are added " Remarks on Pulmonary 
Consumption," which was repub. in Eng ; 
" Piitholoyieal Reflections on the Supcrtonic 
State of Disease," 1822, and in 18.39 "Outlines 
of tlie Institutes of Medicine," 2 vols. 

Gait, Alexandisr Tilloch, Canadian 
statesman and financier, son of John the au- 
thor, b. Chelsea, Eng., 6 Sept. 1817; elected to 
the Canadian parliament in 1849; minister 
of flnance under Cartier in 1858-May, 1862, 
Mar. 1864-Aug. 1865, and under tlie" Domin- 
ion govt. 1S67-8; a delegate to confer with 
the Iinperial govt, on the subject of confedera- 
tion, and was prominent in all measures tend- 
ing to unite and consolidate Brit. Amer. Au- 
thor of "Canada, 1849-59," Lond. 1860.— il/en 
of the Time. 

Galusha, Jonas, gov. Vt. 1809-13 and 
1815-20; d. Shaftsbury, Vt., Oct. 8, 18-34, a. 
83. He was a Revol. soldier, having served at 
Bennington ; member of the General Assembly 
in 1800; was a mem. of the council in 1793-8 
and 1801-5, and was judge of the Supreme 
Court 1795-7 and 1800-6. 

Galvez (gal'-vgihl, Doy Blrnakdo de, 
gov. of La. 1777-83, b. Mala-a, 1756 ; d. Mcxi- 
CO, Aug. 1794. His father, Don Mathias,was 
viceroy of Mexico ; and his uncle, Don Joseph, 
was sec. of State, and pres. of the council of 
tlic Indies. Bernardo was made col. of the regt. 
of La. in 1776, and succeeded to the govt. 
Feb. 1, 1777. In Sept. 1779 he com. an exped. 
which captured from the English Baton Rouge 



and Natchez; another, which captured Mobile, 
Mar. 14, 1780 ; and a third, which captured Pen- 
sacola. May 9, 1781 ; and received the grade of 

of La. and Fla. Early in 17S5 he was made 
capt.-gen. of Cuba, but, on the death of his 
lather in the summer of that year, succeeded 
him as viceroy of Mexico. — Gai/aire. 

Gambler, James, a Brit, adm., b. in the 
Bahamas 1756 ; d. Apr. 19, 18.33. His father, 

Revol. war, d. 1790. In 1778 lie com. " The 
Thunder," bomb, which was captured by 
D'Estaing's fleet. Oct. 9, he was made post- 
capt., and com. " The Ralcigh,"32. At Charles- 
ton, S.C., he served with the brigade of seamen 
until its reduction. In 1781 he captured " The 
Mitflin," an American 20-gun ship. Disting. 
in Lord Howe's victory, June 1, 1794 ; became 
full adm. in 1805 ; com. the flcetagainst Copen- 



idcd with 



a peer 



age. In 1814, he was i.laced at the head of 

the U. S., which was settled at Ghent, and rat- 
ified at Washington Jan. 17, 1815. Made 
adm. of the fleet in 1830. 

Gamble, Thomas, capt. U.S.N., son of 
Mnj. Wm., a Revol. officer; d. Oct. 10, 1818, 
while in com. of " The Krie," In tliu Mediterra- 
nean. Midshipman Apr. 2, 18U4 ; lieut. Apr. 
27, 1810 ; com. Apr. 27, 181C. His bro. John 
M., col. U.S. marines, served under Porter in 
"The Esse.x," d. Broi.klvn, X.Y., U Sept. 
1S36, a. 45. Peter, a .■;ii bro., was killed in 
the battle on Lake Cliainplain, while acting 
first lieut. of the flagship. Lieut. PitASCIS G., 
U.S-N-, another bro., d. in tiic W.' Indies, Sept. 
29, 1824. 

Gammell, WiLi.TAM, LED. (Roch. 1859), 
author, b. Mcdfield, Ms., 10 Feb. 1812. B.U. 
1831. Sonof Rev. Wm. of Newport. Tntorat 
Brown U. in 1835, assist. ])ruf. of rhetoric, and 
in 1836 prof. ; Irom which post he was trans- 
ferred, in 1850, to tllMf uf hiNrnry and political 
economy. He has pn!. > . i. (.; iii.ms and 
discourses on Iitei:n , , i : , li .-uhjects, 

also numerous article , : ; .iiid maga- 
zines, especially the cV./,.,;,ii/i 7.' (,ti.', of which 
he was several years one of the editors. To 
Sparks's " Amer. Biog." he has contrib. Lives 
of Roger Williams and Gov. Saml. Ward. 
He is also the author of " A History of Ameri- 
can Baptist Missions," Svo, 1850. 

Gannett, Ezra Stiles, D.D. (H.U. 1843), 
clergyman, b. Cambridge, Ms., May 4, 1801 ; 
d. 26 Aug. 1S71 bv a niih-nad accident at Re- 
vere, Ms. II r' I -J" Son of Rev. Caleb 
of Cambiiihjr i 1 7 1.')- I - 1 ^). Ord. colleague 
with Dr. Cli.iiiiiin:: -Inn.- .;o, 1824; and, with 
the exception ol 2 year^' absenre in Europe 
from ill health, continued pastor of the church, 
formerly in Federal St., now in Arlington St., 
until his death. Besides publishing many oc- 
casional discourses, and editiii;; the M,.t,r!fli/ 
Miscelluny from 1844 to 1849, lir was a-M,-. 
with Dr. A. Lamson in the care cii \',i'- ' ' !.-■>, m 
Examiner, the leading Unitarian i-rnuilnal in 
the U.S. Dr. Gannett held a bi^li rank m his 
denomination, in which he was prominent in 
all religious and benevolent enterprises. 

GanOjJoHN, Baptist aniini9ter,b. Hopewell, 



GJ-^^jsr 



351 



CJ^R 



N. J. ; d. Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 10, 1804, a. 77. 
His ancestors, who were French, settled iit New 
Rochelle, N.Y. He began to preach in Va., 
and labored also in N. J. and the Carolinas. 
In Dec. 17G0 he was setllod c.v.t the Baptist 
church in Phila. ; and in \'''i .■ ;, , r,. i the 
first Baptist church in N V ' , liirli 

hewasord. Tlie Hevol. hinl,, ,,,,;;, ,:,,,irh; 
and iic became a chaplain m :lu; .unu , uiiiciat- 
iiig in the brigade of Gen. Clinton through- 
out tlie war. He afterward collected his scat- 
tered fiock, but in 1788 removed to Ky. In 
1790 he wrote a sketch of his life, pub. N.Y., 
1806, 12mo, by bis son, Rei-. Stephen. 

Gansevoort, Guert C., commo. U.S.N., 
b. N.Y. 1812 ; d Schenectady, .July 1.5, 1868. 
Educated at the Naval Acad. Midsliipm. Mar. 
4, 1823; lieut. Mar. 8, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 
1835; capt. July 16, 1862; romnio. 1866; re- 
tired 1867. He com. " The John Adams" dur- 
ing the Mexican war, and subsccjuently coin. 
the ironclad " Roanoke." 

Gansevoort, Peter, Jan., brig.-gen. Rev- 
ol. armv, b. Albany, July 17, 1749 ; d. July 2, 
1812. 'App. by Congress, July 19, 1775, a 
maj. in the 2d N.Y. regt. ; and in Aug. joined 
the army under Montgomery which invaded 
Canada. Mar. 19, 1776, he was made lient- 
col.; Nov. 21, oil. of the 3d regt. In Apr. 1777 
he took com. of Fort Schuyler, and gallantly de- 
fended it against the British under St. Leger, 
who, after beseiging it from the 2d to the 22d 
of Aug., retreated. By preventing the co-opera- 
tion of that officer with Biirgoyne, he contrib. 
essentially to the embarrassment and defeat of 
the latter, and obtained the thanks of Congress. 
Inthespringof 1779 he was ordered to join Sul- 
livan in the Western e.\ped. At the heail of a 
chosen party from tiie whole army, he distlng. 
himself by surprising the lower Mohawk castle, 
capturing all the Indian inhabitants by the 
celerity of his movements. In 1781 the"Stato 



of N.Y. 



-gen. He afterwards 



filled a number of important offices, among 
which were commissioner of Indian affiiirs, 
and for IbriiCying the frontiers. Military agent 
and brig.-gen. in the U.S.A. in 1809. 

Garay (j;ari'), Jous DE, a brave Spanish 
officer, b. Badajos, 1541 ; killed on the banks 
of the Parana ah. 1592. He was see. to the 
gov. of Paraguay, where he displayed so ranch 
enterprise and talent, that he was raised to the 
rank of lieut.-gen. and gov. of Assumption. 
He (bunded Santa Fe', rebuilt and fortified Bue- 
nos Ayres in 1580, and endeavored by kind- 
ness to civilize the Indians. 

Garay, Jose DE,b. Mexico, Sept. 21, 1801 ; 
d. N.Y. City, Sept. 21, 1858. Projector of 
the Tchuantepec transit route, for which he 
obtained the grant from Santa Aiia in 1841. 
Author of an "Account of the Isthmus of 
Tehauntepec," 8vo, Lond. 1846. 

Gareilaso de la Vega (garthelii'-so da 

lava'-ga), suruamed the Inca, because, by his 
mother's side, he was desiended from the roy- 
al family of Peru ; b. Cuzco 1540; d. Cordo- 
va, Spain, 1016. His father, one of the con- 
querors of Peru, d. Cuzco 1559. Philip II., 
dreading (he influence of Gareilaso among the 
natives, summoned him to Spain in 1560. Ho 
wrote an interesting and faithful history of 



Peru, 1609-16 (an English translation, by Ry- 
cant, was pub. Lond. 1688), and also a histo- 
ry of Fhi. 1605. 

Garden, Alexander, M.D., F.R.S., nat- 
uralist, b. Scotland, 1728; d. Lond. Apr. 15, 
1791. U. of Aberdeen 1748. He studied 
medicine under Dr. John Gregory; settled as a 
pliysician in Charleston, S.C., in'l752, and ac- 
quired a fortune, which w;\.: .nnli-'-ii^-l, when 
he went to Eng., a loyal i' im i:- lb- ac- 
quired distinction by hi.- 1 : ii i il I I ilcige, 

and became a corresp. ol 1, i i i;, ; , 'i, who 

gave the name of GanlLUiu :l. o.il: ..i ,iic most 
beautiliil and fragrant of the llowcring-shrubs. 
He introduced into medical use the pink-root 
as a vermifuge, and in 1764 pub. an account 
of its properties, together with a botanical de- 
scription. He also pub. accounts of the helesia ; 
of the male and female cochineal injects ; of 
the mud iguana, or siren of S.C., an amphibi- 
ous animal ; of 2 new species of tortoises; and 
of the Gi/iimotus eleciricus. To extend his 
knowledge of n.itural history, he accomp. Gov. 
Glen into the Indian country, and discovered 
an earth which was deemed in Eng. equal to 
the finest porcelain. The knowledge of the 
spot has, however, been lost. Elected a mem- 
ber of the Hoy. Society in 1773, afterward vice- 
pres. of that body. 

Garden, Major Alexander, RcvoI. 
solilier and author, b. Charleston, S.C., Dec. 4, 
1757; d. there Feb. 29, 1829. Son of Dr. 
Alexander. Educated at Westminster and 
the U. of Glasgow ; then travelled on the Con- 
tinent, returning in July, 1780. His father 
being a loyalist, he left home in Nov. 1780; 
joined Col. John Laurens; was at one time 
aide-de-camp to Gtii. Greene; was a lieut. in 
Lee's Legion in Feb. 1782, and was in many 
skirmishes. The Stale of S.C. returueil to 
him lil^ ( Kill r'~ il i;- 1 |iiMicrty. He pub. 

1822, ai II, I : repub. in 4to, 

186.T. I.M-' ai ■ aii:!i.ai'i. ■ lor the history 
of the period, coiit. lining iiiuch original infor- 

Gardiner, John, lawyer, son of Sylvester, 
b. Boston, 1731 ; drowned off Cape Ann, Oct. 
15, 1793, by the loss of a packet in which he 
took passage to Boston. He studied law at 
the Inner Temple, Lond.; was adm. to prac- 
tice in the courts of Westminster Hall, and 
was intimate with Churchill and w;ith Wilkes, 
in whose cause he appeared as junior counsel. 
He practised a short time with success in the 
Welsh circuit, and then proiured the app. of 
atty.-gen. at the Island of St. Christopher in 
the VV. Indies, whither lie removed with his 
family ab. 1766, and was very successful. 
After the peace of 1783, he removed to Boston ; 
practised law there with much cclcliriiy ; re- 
moved in 1786 to an estate left by bis father at 
Pownalboro', in theithen Dist. of Mc, where he 
also practised law, and was its rc|iii-entative 

to the -M-. I.L'..|. I , i:-;i 1.1 lii.il.atli. In 

the Ir.:.- :, 1. ' , ■, , i!ir n i:ii. . ■ law- 

rcfonii , !i . . .1, ' •■•I I il •.':•■ , . . J, ilie 



peal of the law against tlic 
tions. His speech on the 
afterwards pub. in a small 



■al niirescnta- 
;er subject he 
vol. In con- 



352 



GA.R 



nection with the latter subject, he pub. " A 
Dissertation on the Ancient Poetry of the 
Romans," and an accompanying speech. He 
delivered the oration in Boston, July 4, 1785. 
He was a thorough republican; was a violent 
Whig in jiolitics ; possessed an astonishing 
memory ; was an admirable belles-lettres 
scholar, learned in his profession, and par- 
ticularly disting. for wit and eloquence. 

Gardiner, John Sylvester John, D.D. 
(U. uf I'a. 1813), clLM-gvuian and scholar, b. 
Haverford West, .South Wales, June, 1765; d. 
Harrovvgate. Eng. July 29, 1830. At the age 
of 5 be was sent to his grandfather, Dr. 
Sylvester Gardiner, in Boston, for education, 
who placed him under the charge of Master 
Lovell ; but, shortly before the commencement 
of the Kevol., he was removed to Eng., and 
placed under the care of the celebrated Dr. 
Tarr. In 1787 ho was ord. deacon, and 
assigned the pastoi-al charge of the parish of 
St. Helena, near Beaufort, S.C. He removed 
thence in 1791; took priest's orders ; was settled 
as assist, minister of Trinity Church, Boston, 
Apr. 22, 1792 ; and in 1804-5 succeeded 
Bishop Parker as rector of that church, in 
which station he remained until his death. 
While assist, minister, he kept a classical 
scliool, which was celebrated. He was disting. 
for pulpit eloquence, was in the first rank of 
classical and bellesdettres scholars, and was 
pres. of the literary club which for a number 
of years conducted the Anlholor/i/ and ifonthli/ 
Review, the precursor of the N. A. Review, to 
which he was a liberal contributor. 

Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, b. 
Kingston, R.I., in 1707 ; d. Newport, Aug. 8, 
1786. Having studied medicine in London 
and Paris, he engaged in practice at Boston, 
where he also lectured on anatomy. Acquiring 
a large estate by the sale of drugs, he invested 
in the Kennebec purchase, and purchased for 
himself, and settled, the tract now occupied by 
the city of Gardiner. He procured emigrants 
from Germany to cultivate the soil, furnishing 
them annually with the needed supplies. He 
contributed liberally to the erection of King's 
Chapel, Boston, of which he was a warden ; 
promoted the introduction of inoculation for 
the small-pox ; printed and distributed an 
edition of an excellent book of prayers prepared 
by himself; built and endowed a chnrch at 
Gardiner^ and presented that town with a 
valuable library, which was afterwards scat- 
tered. Notwithstanding his advanced age, he 
left Boston when it was evacuated by the 
British army during the Revolution, taking 
with him, of all his great estate, but about 
i400. His lands, about 100,000 acres, were 
confiscated and sold; but his heirs, through 
some informality, were re-invested with the 
property. He returned to Newport in 1785. 
One of his daughters was m. to Col. Browne, 
bro. of the first Marquis of Sligo; a younger 
one was the wife of Robert Hallowell, and the 
estates of Dr. Gardmer in Me. were entailed 
on her infant son, Robert, who took the sur- 
name of his maternal granilfather. 

Gardner, Charles K., col. U.S.A., b. 
Morris Co , N.J,, 17S7; d. Washington. D.C , 
Nov. 1. 1869. Ensign 6th Inf. May 3, 1803; 



capt. 3d Art. July, 1812; hrig.-mnjor to Gen 
Armstrong, Aug. 4, 1812; assist, adj. -gen. 
Mar. 18, 1813; major 25th Inf June 26, 1813. 
adj.-gen. Apr. 12, 1814; brev. lieut.-col. foi 
disting. service, Feb. 5, 1815; maj. 3d Inf., 
and adj.-gen. div. of the North ; resigned Mar. 
17, 1818. He was in the battles of ChrystlerS 
Fields, Chippewa, and Niagara, and at the 
siege and defence of Fort Erie. In 1822-3 he 
edited the New York Patriot. Author of a 
"Compendof Inf. Tactics," N.Y. 1819; "Dic- 
tionary of the Army of the U.S.," N.Y. 1853, 2d 
ed. 1860. Senior assist, postmaster-gen. Sept. 
11, 1829; auditor of the treasury, Julv, I8:J6, 
to March, 1841 ; postmaster at Washington 
City, March, 1845, to July, 1849; surveyor- 
gen, of Oregon 1849-53, and afterward in'tbo 
treas. department at Washington until 1867. 
Father of the rebel Gen. Franklin Gardner, 
who surrendered Port Hudson 9 July, 1863. 

Gardner, John Lane, brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Ms.; d. Wilmington, Del., Feb. 19, 
1869. Son of Col. Robert. App. lieut. of inf. 
May 20, 1813 ; wounded in attack on La Cole 
Mill, Mar. 30, 1814; aide-decamp to Gen. 
Smith, 1814; capt. Nov. 1, 1823; disting. in 
battle of Wahoo Swamp, Nov. 21, I83C; maj. 
4tb Art. Oct. 13, 1845 ; com. his rcgt. in i\lc.\i- 
co in 1847; brev. lieut.-col. for the battle of 
Cerro Gordo, Apr. 18, 1847 ; brev col. for bat- 
tle of Contreras, Aug. 20, 1847 ; lieut.-col. 1st 
Art. Aug. 3, 1852 ; col. 2d Art. July 23, 1801 ; 
retired Nov. 1, 18G1 ; brev. brig.-gcn. for long 
and faithful service in the army, 13 Mar. 1865. 
— Gardner. 

Gardner, Samuel Jackson, editor and 
author, b. Ms. 1788; d. at the White Moun- 
tains, N.H., 14 July, 1864. H.U. 1807. Ho 
practised law in Roxbury, Ms., many years ; 
some time dep. grand master of Masons in Ms.; 
removed to Nownrk, N.J., in 1838, and edited 
the /*(./</ .-Vln-rliser in 1850-61. Author of 
" Aulunin Li-avos." a vol. of essays. 

Gardner, Col. Thomas of Cambridge, b. 
1724 ; d. July 3, 1775. He ranked among the 
most zealous sous of liberty in 1774-5; a mem- 
ber of the Prov. Congress and of the committee 
of safety ; raised a regt. in M.iy, 1775; was 
commissioned col., and was mortally wounded 
at the battle of Banker's Hill. 

Gardner, William H., coramo. U S.N., 
b. 1800; d. Phila. 18 Dec. 1870. Midship- 
man 1814 ; lieut. 1825; com. 1841 ; capt. 1855; 
commo. 1803. He com. the Irigate "Colora- 
do " in 1855, the Marc Island station in 1861, 
and was an officer of much merit. 

Garesohe (giir'-I-sha'), Jclids P., col. and 
chief of staff of Gen. Rosecrans, b. Cuba, of 
Amer. parents, 1821 ; killed at Stone River, 
Dec. 31, 1862. West Point, 1841; A. M. of 
Georget. Coll., D.C, 1842. 2d lieut. 4th Art. 
July,1841; 1st lieut. June, 1846 ; A..\.G.,rank 
capt., Nov. 9, 1855 ; m.ijor 3 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.- 
col. 17 July, 1862. He served in the Mexican 
war, and, previously to joining Rosecrans, de- 
clined a commission of brig.-gcn. One of the 
founders of the Soriety of St. Vincent de Paul 
in Washington. 

Garfield, James Abram, soldier and M.C., / 
b. Orange, Cuyahoga Co., O., Nov. 19, 1831. d. 
Wms. Coll. 1850. At first a day-laborer, he 



353 



CrAJR 



was afterward a driver, and then boatman, on 
the Pa. and O. Canal. In 1849 he attended an 
acad., and taught a district school in the fol- 
lowing winter. He was in 18.56 made teacher 
of languages in the Eclectic Institute at Hi- 
ram, O. The next year he became pies, of that 
institution, which office he held until 1861. In 

1859 he was elected to the senate of O., and in 

1860 was adm. to the bar. In the autumn of 

1861 he was made col. 42d Ohio vols., and 
was sent to Eastern Ky., where, with his own 
and the 40th Ohio regt., he defeated Humphrey 
Marshall; made brig. -gen. vols. Jan. II, 1862, 
the date of his victory at Prestonburg. In 
March, 1862, he attacked the enemy at Pound 
Gap, destroying their camp, and inflicting se- 
vere loss upon them. He com. the 20th brigade 
at the battle of Shiloh, and soon after made chief 
of staff to Gen. Rosecrans ; app. maj.-gen. " for 
gallant and meritorious services in the battle 
of Chickamauga, Ga.," from Sept. 19, 1863; 
resigned Dec. 5, 1863. In Oct. 1862, he was 
elected to Congress from the 19th district, which 
he still represents. 

Garland, Hcgh a., lawyer, b. Nelson Co., 
Va., June I, 1803 ; d. St. Louis, Oct. 14, 1834. 
Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1825. Grandson of Gen. John 
Garland. He was prof, of Greek in H. S. Coll. 
in 1825-30. In 1831 he commenced the prac- 
tice of law at the county seat of Mecklenburg, 
where he soon became a noted lawyer and pol- 
itician. He was 5 years a member of the Va. 
legisl. ; was clerk of the H. of representatives at 
Washington; and in 1841, having acquired a 
competence by his profession, retired to his farm 
near Petersburg, engaged in business, was un- 
successful, and was reduced to poverty. At the 
age of 40, he removed to St. Louis and recom- 
menced practice, attaining eminence. Author 
of" Life of John Randolph," N.Y. 18.50; "Life 
of Jeflfer.son." His son, Hdgh A., Jan., a law- 
yer of St. Louis, col. of a rebel regt., was 
killed in one of the battles between Hood and 
Thomas in Tenn. in 1864. 

Qarland, Gen. John, b. Va. 1792; d. 
N.Y. Citv, June 5, 1861. Lieut, of inf. Mar. 
31, 1813; capt. May, 1817 ; major 1st Inf. Oct. 
30, 1836; lieut.-col. 4th Inf. Nov. 27, 1839; 
col. 8th Inf. May 7, 1849 ; disting. under Col. 
Worth in Florida war; brev. lieut.-col. "for 
gallant conduct in battles of Palo Alto and 
Resaca de la Palma," May 9, 1846; com. a 
brigade at Monterey, and through Scott's cam- 
paign in Mexico,' from May, 1846, to Oct. 1847; 
brev. brig.-gen. " for battles of Contreras and 
Churubusco," Aug. 20, 1847 ; disting. in storm- 
ing El Molino del Rey ; disting. and severely 
wounded in capture of Mexico City. — Gard- 

Garland, Robert R., gen. C S.A. ; killed 
at the battle of South Mountain, Md., Sept. 14, 
1862. App. from Mo. 2d lieut. 7th inf. Dec. 
30, 1847 ; became 1st lieut. March, 1855, and 
capt. in 1860; dropped from the army-rolls 
May 23, 1851, and was app. a brig.-gen. in the 
Confed. army. 

Garneaiix, Francis Xavier, b. Quebec, 
1809. Author of " Histoire du Canada," 3 
vols. 1832; "Voyage en Angleterre et en 
France dans les annee's 1831-3." D. 5 Feb. 1866. 

Garuett, James Mkrcer, educator and 



agriculturist, b. Elmwood,Va., Junes, 1770 ; d. 
there May, 1843. He received excellent,train- 
ing from his parents ; served at various periods 
in the legisl. of his State ; was M. C. in 1805- 
9; and was also a member of the convention 
of 1829 to revise the State constitution. Ho 
acted with the Democ. party, and engaged in 
a controversy with Matthew Carey, the protec- 
tionist. For more than 20 years, he presided 
over the Agric. Society of Fredericksburg, de- 
livered many addresses, and contrib. liberally 

Garnett, Richard Brooke, brig.-gen. 
C.S.A., b. Va. 1819; killed at Gettysburg, 
Julv 3, 1863. West Point, 1841. 2.1 lieut. 6th 
Inf. 1841 ; served in the Florida war in 1841-2; 
aide-de-camp to Gen. Brooke from 1846 to 
1831; capt. May 9, 1855; resigned 17 May, 
1861.' Entering the Confed. service in 1861, 
he participated in most of the battles in Va. ; 
was a col. under Pegram and Floyd in West- 
ern Va., but soon after joined Lee's army, and 
was made brig -gen. 

Garnett, Robert Selden, gen. in the ser- 
vice of Va., b. Elmwood, Va., 1820 ; killed in 
the battle of Carrick's Ford, July 14. 1861. 
West Point, 1841. Entering the 4th Art., he 
was assist, instructor in inf. tactics at West 
Point, 1843-4; disting. himself in the battles of 
Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma ; became 
1st lieut. in Aug. 1845 ; was aide to Gen. Tay- 
lor from June, 1846, to Jan. 1849; was brev. 
capt. for gallantry at Monterey, and mnj. for 
gallantry at Buena Vista ; capt. March, 1851 ; 
com. of cadets, and instructor in inf. tactics at 
West Point, from Nov. 1852 to July, 1854 ; 
maj. 9th Inf. March 27, 1855 ; disting. himself 
in operations against the Indians in Washing- 
ton Terr, in 1856-8 ; visited Europe on ac- 
count of ill health in 1860, but returned, and 
resigned his commission, April 30, 1851. He 
was app. adj.-gen. of the Army of Va., and 
com. of the Confed. forces in the western part 
of the State. Having been defeated at Rich 
Mountain, and a part of his force under Col. 
Pegram surrounded, he was attempting to es- 
cape with the remainder, when his forces were 
routed, and he was killed. 

Garrard, Col. James, gov. of Kv. 1796- 
1804, b. Stattbrd Co., Va., Jan. 14, 1749; d. 
Mt. Lebanon, Bourbon Co, Kv., Jan. 19, 
1822. He was an officer of the Rcvol., after- 
wards a member of the legisl. of Va., where he 
contrib. to procure the passage of the religious 
freedom bill, and was one of the first settlers 
of Ky. In 1782 he settled near Paris, Bour- 
bon Co., and was often in the Ky. legisl. Col. 
TuEOPiiii.trs T. Garrard, his son, was the 
hero of the battle of "Wild Cat," in 1802. 
Another son, Gen. James, d. Bourbon Co., 
Ky., Sept. 1, 1838, a. ab. 64; many years a 
member of the Ky. legisl. ; an officer in the 
militia in the war of 1812, and a disting. agri- 

Garrard, Kennee, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Ky. 18;i0. West Point, 1851. Capt. 2d 
cav. 27 Feb. 1861, and made prisoner by the 
rebels at San Antonio, Texas, when the war 
broke out; exchanged 27 Aug. 1862; com. the 
146th N.Y. regt. at Fredericksburg and Chan- 
cellorsville, and, for gallantry at Gettys'mrg, 



354 



was made brig. -gen. Ji 
ties of Rappah 
com. the 2d c;iv. aivi 
beiiand, in tlie Atlanta 
1864 assigned to tliL> 2 
he com. in tlie biittlr n 
efBciency ami gallaiiti ■ 



k St: 



B63 ; in the bat- 
>nd .Mine River; 
my ol tlie Cum- 
n ; wiis in Nov. 
;tli r,„ns which 



nd for his 
•, Dec. 15- 
t lie Mobile 

Fort Bliikelv, 9 Apr.' 186.5 ; "maj. 3d cav. 2 
Nov. 1815.3 ; iircv. col U.S.A. 22 Jnly, 1864, for 
exped. to Covin^'ton, Ga. ; brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for services in tlio Rebel- 
lion ; resiirned 9 Nov. 1S6G. — Cullum. 

Garrett, Thom.vs, pldlantliropist, of Qua- 
ker parenta-e, b. Darhv, D, 1. Co., Pa., 21 Aug. 
1783 ; d. Wilmiiigtnn, Ik 1 , V. l"i .l,,n. 1871. 
Bred a scythe and (I ] J i i i .' ■ i li ■ ncqnired 

a competency, and in ■ , i Wilming- 

ton. He became :in ;iN'i!ii:i.i]i~t :ili. 1807, 
through the kidnapping; of a colored woman 
from his father's family ; and thenceforward as- 
sisted all fugitives who applied to him on their 
way to freedom. May, 1848, in a suit brought 
against him by the owners of some slaves whom 
he had aided to escape, he was convicted ; and 
the damages awarded swept away every dollar 
of his property. Commencing business anew 
in his 65th year, he amassed a competence. He 
lived to be honored in the community by which 
he had formerly been execrated, and to see his 
hopes for universal freedom realized. 

Garrison, William Lloyd, leader of the 
emancipationist movement in the U.S. 



-fH^1 l^^/^yfNewhxtrypon, Ms., 12 Dec. 1804., Appren- 
> '/ ticed to a shoemaker, and afterwardto a cabi- 



ker : lie preferred the printer's trade, 
h he learned in the office of the Newbury- 
Ilerald. He also contrib. to its columns 
to those of the Snlem Gazette, in which he 



the Free Press at Newburyport, soon discon- 
tinued. In 1827 he edited' the National Phi- 
laiilhropist in Boston, the first journal to advo- 
cate total abstinence. In 1828 he started 
at Bennington, Vt., the Siurit of the Times, 
advocating temperance, peace, abolition, and 
the election of J. Q. Adams to the presidency. 
Towards the close of 1829, he became assistant 
editor of Lundy's Genius of Universal Emanci- 
pation at Baltimore : previously the advocate 
of gradual abolition. Garrison made it at once 
the organ of the doctrine of immediate eman- 
cipation. For denouncing as " domestic pira- 
cy " the taking of a cargo of slaves from Bal- 
timore to La., he was fined, and imprisoned 49 
days, and until Arthur Tappan paid the fine. 
After delivering a series of lectures on slavery 
in the principal cities, he established in Boston, 
1 Jan. 1831, the Liberator, a weekly, of the 
most decided and uncompromising antislavery 
views, discontinued in Dec. 1865, the object 
for which it was established having been fully 
accomplished. His denunciations of slavery 
and slaveholders excited intense exasperation 
at the South. Tlie Ga. legi-sl. oHered a reward 
of S5,000 for his arrest and conviction under 
Ilie laws of that State, which greatly increased 
his notoriety and the number of his followers. 
la the spring of 1832 he pub. " Thoughts on 



African Colonization," in opposition to that 
scheme. He soon after visited I'^ng., where he 
was warmly received by Wilberlbrce, Broug- 
ham, and their associates. While attending 
an antislavery meeting in Boston, 21 Oct. 
1835, he was seized by a mob of "gentlemen 
of property and standing," from whoso violence 
he was only saved by being locked up in jail, 
and on the following day was conveyed by the 
city authorities to a place of safety in the coun- 
trv. Founderof the Ainer. Antislaverv Societv 
I'jan. 1832, and its pres. 1843-65. "Founder 
in 1838 of the N. E. Nonresislanee Society. In 
1840 he attended the Worid's Antislavery Con- 
vention in Lond., but refused to take his seat 
because the female delegates from the U. S. 
were excluded. After long and arduous labor, 
Mr. Garrison has lived to see his hope of eman- 
cipation realized, though not, as he hoped, by 
moral suasion alone, and witliout bloodshed. 
His friends raised and presented to him in Mar. 
1868, as a national testimonial fur his arduous 
labors in the cause of antislavery, ab. $30,000. 
A vol. of his " Sonnets and other Poems " was 
pub. in 1843; "Selections from his Writings 
and Speeches," 12mo, 1852. — See Mrs. Stowe's 
Men of Our Times, 1868. 

Garth, George, a Brit, gen.; d. 1819. 
Son of John, M. P. for Devizes, and bro. of 
Gen. Thomas. He entered the first Foot 
Guards in Sept. 1758; was made brev. col. 
Feb. 19, 1779; maj.-gen. Nov. 20, 1782; gen. 
1801 ; afterwards gov. of Placcntia ; a Inig.- 
gen. in Amer. during the Revol. war. In July, 
1779, he was second in com. of Tryon's exjied. 
which plundered and destroyed Fairfield and 
Norwalk, Ct., and served under Clinton in the 
exped. against Charleston in 1780. 

Gartland, Francis X., first R C. bishop 
of Savannah; eonsec.Nov. 10, 1850; d. Sept. 
20, 1854. 

Gaston, William, LL.D. (U. of Pa. 
1819), statesman and jurist, b. Newbern, N.C., 
Sept. 19, 1778; d. Raleigh, Jan. 23, 1844. 
N.J. Coll. 1796. His father, Dr. Alexander, 
of Huguenot ancestry, and an ardent Whig, 
having been shot by Tories Aug. 20, 178i, 
his early education was conducted by his moth- 
er. Adni. to the bar in 1798, he attained the 
head of his profession in the State. In 1799 
he was elected to the State senate from Craven 
Co.; in 1808 to the H. of delegates, over which 
he was chosen to preside ; and M.C. from 1 813 
to 1817, where he ranked with Lowndes, Ran- 
dolph, Calhoun, Clay, and Webster. His 
speeches upon the Loan Bill and the previous 
question present some of the finest displays of 
reasoning and eloquence which our country 
has furnished. Some of the best statutes of 
N.C., as well as its judicial organization, are 
the result of his wisdom. Judge of the Su- 
preme Court of N.C. from 1834 to his d. He 
assisted the convention in 1835 in amending 
the State constitution, nearly all the reforms 
in which he is said to have suggested and elab- / 
orated ;'rspoke and voted against the propo- 1/ 
sition to deprive free colored men of the right 
of suffrage, which at that time they possessed ; 
and was tendered, but declined, the U.S. sena- 1 
torship in 1840. V ^ -^ 

Gates, tloBATio, maj.-gen., I), at Maiden . 






GA.T 



355 



in Essex, Eng., in 1723; d. N.Y. Apr. 10, 
1806. Son of a clergyman, and godson of 
H. Walpole. At an early age ho entered the 
army ; rose rapidly to the rank of maj. ; and in 
1755 was stationed at Halifax; but, joining 
Braddock's unfortunate exped. in the latter 
year, he was shot through the body, and for a 
long time disabled. He recovered, however, in 
season to join his regt. in the exped. against 
Martinico in Jan. 1762, in which he was aide 
to the com.-in-chief Monckton, and rendered ef- 
ficient service, establishing his reputation as a 
brave and prudent officer. Maj. 60th Royal 
Americans, Oct. 27, 1764. After the peace, 
ho purchased a fine estate in Berkeley Co., Va., 
and devoted himself successfully to agricultu- 
ral pursuits. At the commencement of the 
Revol. war, he tendered his services to Con- 
gress, who in July, 1775, app. him adj.-^cn. 
with the rank of brigadier ; ami in the Colluwiiig 
June, having' in May been made maj. -gen., re- 
ceived the chief com. of the army, which had 
just retreated from Canada. His first step, 
the withdrawal of the entire American force 
from Crown Point, was severely censured by 
many, and considered highly injudicious by 
Washington, as it opened to tiie enemy the un- 
disputed navigation of Lake Champlain. A 
few months after, Gates again joined the com.- 
in-chief; and the northern army was assigned 
to Seliuyler. He continued with Washington 
until Mar 1777, when he resumed his command 
on the northern frontier, where he was super- 
seded by Schuyler in May, but was reinstated 
Aug. i. It was fortunate for Gen. Gates thal^ 
the retreat from Ticonderoga had been con- 
ducted under other auspices than his, and that 
he took the command when the indefatigable 
but unrequited labors of Schuyler, and the 
courage of Stark and his mountaineers, had 
already insured the ultimate defeat of Bur- 
goynei who, notwithstanding his unfavorable 
prospects, would not think of retreat. The 
severe conflict of Sept. 19, and the defeat of 
Oct. 7 at Saratoga, were followed by the sur- 
render of 13urgoyne, with his whole force, on 
the 16th, perhaps, in its consequences, the most 
important achievement of the whole war. Con- 
gress passed a vote of thanks to Gen. Gates and 
his army, and also voted a gold medal for him, 
with suitable inscriptions. His glory was soon 
obscured by the intrigues then progressing for 
elevating him to the station occupied by Wash- 
ington. Nov. 27, 1777, he was made pres. of 
the new board of war and ordnance, and Oct. 
22, 1778, com. of Eastern Dept. In June, 
1780, he received the chief com. of the south- 
ern districts. After collecting 3,600 troops, 
principally militia, he advanced against Corn- 
wallis, whom he met Aug. 16 at Camden, and 
was totally defeated. Tliis battle terminated 
the military career of Gen. Gates, whose sin- 
gular fortune it was to conduct the most pros- 
perous and the most disastrous of the military 
enterprises in this war. He was removed 
from com. and suspended from service until 
inquiry should be had as to his conduct. He 
retired to his farm in Berkeley Co., and, 
after a long and tedious inquiry, he was finally 
acquitted, and reinstated in his com. in 1782. 
When peace was made, he retired to his Va. 



estate, and in 1790 removed to N.Y., having 
first emancipated all his slaves, and provided 
for such of them as could not provide for them- 
selves. He was then presented with the free- ' 
dom of the city, and in 1800 was elected to the 
State legisl., but did not serve. 

Gates, William, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Ms. 1788; d. N.Y. Oct. 7, 1868. West 
Point, 1806. Son of Capt. Lemuel, Revol. of- 
ficer of Ms., who d. Oct. 1, 1806. Ciipt. 1st 
Art. 3 Mar. 1813; maj. 1st Art. May 30, 
1832; lieut.-col. 3d Art. Dee. 17, 1836; col. 
Oct. 13,1845; military gov. of Tampico, Mex., 
Oct. 1846 to June, 184'8; brev. brig.-gen. U.S. 
A. 13 Mar. 1865. He was at the capture of 
York, Canada, and in the bombardment of 
Fort George; was stationed at Fort Moultrie 
during the nullification troubles in 1832; took 
an active part in all the Indian wnrs ; personal- 
ly took Osceola prisoner; escorted the Chero- 
kees to the Indian country ; com. the 3d Art. 
in the Mexican war ; and had been 62 years in 
service. His son Collinson Reed, disting. 
in the Florida and Mexican wars, d. Fredericks- 
burg, Texas, June 28, 1849, a. 33. West 
Point, 183G. 

Gay, Ebenezer, D.D., cleraryman, b. 
Dedliarn, Ms., Aug. 26, 1696 ; d. March 18, 
1787. H.U. 1714. He was settled over the 
church at Hingham, Ms., June 11, 1718, to 
which he ministered 69 years and 9 months. 
On his 85th birthday he preached a sermon 
from the text, " Lo, I am this day fourscore 
and five years old," which, under the title of 
" The Old Man's Calendar," has been frequent- 
ly repub. in America, went through several 
editions in Eng., and was translated into one 
or two of the languages of Continental Eu- 
rope. Many of his sermons were pub., and 
had, in their day, a high repute. He was a 
man of great learning and wit. Liberal in 
theology. He was a Tory in politics, and suf- 
fered persecutions from his own parishioners 
during the Revol. 

Gay, Martin, M.D. (H.U. 1826), a dis- 
ting. chemist and physician. Great-grandson 
of Rev. Ebenezer. B. Boston, 16 Feb. 1803 ; d. 
there 12 Jan. 1850. H.U. 1823. 

Gay, WiNCKWORTH Allan, landscape- 
painter, bro. of Martin, b. Hingham, Ms., Aug. 
18, 1821. While young, he became a pupil of 
Weir, prof, of drawing of West Point Acad., 
and subsequently studied 5 years in Europe, 
part of the lime under Troyon in Paris. His 
style is that known as the modern French. 
"A scene in the White Mountains," painted 
for the Boston AtheniEum, and another, called 
" Near Fontainebleau," well exemplify his 
style. His views of Nantasket Beach and 
rocks have attracted much attention ; and he 



excels m ( 

Gayarre (gi' a'-ri'), Charles E.Arthur, 
lawyer and historian, b. N. Orleans, Jan. 3, 
1805. Educated at the Coll. of N. Orleans. 
In 1S26 he went to Phila. and studied law; 
was adm. to the bar in 1829; in 1830 was 
elected to the legisl. ; in 1831 was app. dep. 
attv.-gen. ; in 1833 pres. judge of the City 
Court ofN. Orleans ; and in 1835 he was elect- 
ed a U.S. senator ; but ill health prevented him 
from taking his seat. After visiting Europe, 



GrAJV 



356 



G-BKT 



on his return in 1843, he was ajrain sent to the 
State legist., and from 1846 to 1853 was sec. of 
State. Author of a " History of La.," 1847 ; 
"Romance of the History of La.," 1848; 
" Spanish Domination in La.," 1 854 ; " Hist, of 
La." (French domination), 2 vols. 1854 ; " La., 
its History as a French Colony," 1851-2; a 
dramatic novel called " The School of Poli- 
tics," 1854 ; a work on " The Influence of Me- 
chanic Arts ; " and an address to the people 
of the State on the late frauds perpetrated at 
the election, Nov. 7, 1853. In 1830 he pub. in 
French " An Historical Essay on La." 

Gavle, John, judge and statesman, b. 
Sumter Dist., S.C, Sept. 11, 1792; d. Mo- 
bile, Al;i., July 20, 1859. S.C. Coll. He em- 
jj,,..,';,.,) ,,, \].; i>ji'i. In 1817 he was app. a 
inni;' .' •!- 1 1 1 le^^isl.; was solicitor of the 
jii-,, ,1: I I ,1 ' nil iiT-ganization of the State 
i-cn I ,ii 1 - ; ..a^ elected judge of the Su- 
preme tuia t , ui 1S-J9 was speaker of the 
house; guv. Iroru 1831 to 1835; M.C. from 
1847 to 1849, when he was app. a judge of the 
U.S. Dist. Court of Ala. — Lmmmn. 

Gayler, Chahit's, .irnmifnt. b. New 

York, 18--'0. lie I-:, r, -: i-r rhe Stage 

while editing a nr„ . . , , :: < . mmii, and 

since 1830 lias hern i> i ■ i the press 

of New York. He hii- wi.u. u up.vards of 40 
successful pieces. Among them are "The 
Gold-Hunters," a drama ; the operetta of the 
" Frightened Fiend ; " " Taking the Chances," 
a comedy ; " Galieno Faliero," a tragedy ; and 
" Isms, ' a comedy. 

Geary, John W., soldier and politician, 
b. Westm. Co., Pa., ah. 18«3. He taught 
school; became a merchant's clerk in Pittsburg; 
afterward studied at Jetf. Coll. ; finally became a 
civil eng., and was several years connected with 
the Alleghany Portage Railroad. He was 
lieut.-col. of Roberts's i-cgt. of Pa. vols, in the 
Mexican war, and commanded his regt. at 
Chapultepec, where be was wounded, but re- 
sumed his com. the same day nt the attack on 
the Belen Gate, previous to the capture of the 
city of Mexico. For gallant and meritorious 
conduct on that occasion, he was made first 
commander of the city of Mexico after its cap- 
ture, and col. of his regt. Removing to San 
Francisco after the war, he was made post- 
master there in Jan 1849; was soon after 
first alcalde of that city, and its first mayor. 
In 1852 he returned to Pa., and settled on Ins 
farm in Westmoreland Co. From July, 1856, 
to March, 1857, he was gov. of Kansas. He 
tlicn returned to Pa., and early in 1861 raised 
and equipped the 28th Pa. Vols.; com. in 
several successful engagements in the fall of 
1861; occupied Leesburg.Va., in March, 1862; 
became brig.-gen. of vols. April 25, 1S62 ; was 
severelv wOundcd in the arm at the battle of 
Cedar "Mountain ; led the 2d division of the 
12th corps at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, 
and Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863 ; com. the 
2d division 20th corps in Sherman's Georgia 
and S.C. campaigns; app. military gov. of 
Savannah on its capture, 22 Dec. 1864 ; gov. 
of Pa. since 1867. 

Geddes, John, gov. of S.C. 1818-20; 
speaker of S.C. house of rep. ; d. Charleston, 
S.C, Mar. 5, 1 828, a. ab. 55. 



Gee, JoSHtTA,ministerof the "Old North" 
Church, Boston, from Dec. 18, 1723, to his d.. 
May 22, 1748; b. Boston, June 29, 1698. 
H.U. 1717. He had a penetrating mind, strong 
reasoning powers, and considerable learning. 
His wife, the accomp. dau. of Rev. Mr. Rogers of 
Portsmouth, d. 1730, a. 29. He was one of the 
assembly of ministers who met in Boston, July 
7, 1743, and gave their attestation to the pro- 
gress of religion in this country. He pub. in 
1743 a letter to Natbl. Fells, moderator of 
this assembly, containing some remarks on 
their printed testimony against disorders in 
the lanil. 

Geffrard, Fabke, pres. of the Republic of 
Havti, li. L'Anse-ii-Veau, Hayti, 19 Sept. 
1806. His father was one of Dessalme's 
generals, and aided Petion in framing the 
Havtien Constitution. Entering the army at 
the" age of 15, young Getfiard became lieut.- 
gen. in 1845, an"d disting. himself by military 
tact and humanity. In the contest between 
tlie blacks and mulattoes of llayti, he took 
the part of the latter, though himself a ffrijp!. 
In the campaign of 1856 lie particularly disting. 
himself in the retreat from San Juan. Created 
a duke by Soulouque, and placed in com. of 
the army, he gained some important victories 
over the Dominicans, but aroused Soulouqne's 
jealousy, and was obliged to fly. Proclaiming 
himself pres. 21 Dec. 1858, he" joined a party 
of revolutionists, landed at Gonaives Jan. 1, 
1859, and soon became master of the northern 
part of the island. Entering the capital, Jan. 
15, he made prisoners of Soulouque and his 
familv, whom he protected, and sent to King- 
ston, 'Jamaica. The republic was restored, 
and GeflTiard made pres. He at once instituted 
important reforms, some of which met with 
great opposition. His life was attempted ; and 
in Mar 1867 he abdicated. 

Geisinger, David, commo. US N., b. 
Md. 1790; d. Phila. March 5, 1860. Mid- 
shipman 1809; lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; com- 
mander, March 11,1829; and cnpt. May 24, 
1838. During the war of 1812, he saw much 
active service, and was in " The Wasp ' during 
her brilliant cruise on tlie English const in 
1814, in which she captured the sloop " Rein- 
deer," Juno 28. Sent to Charleston in com- 
mand of the prize brig " Atalanta," he escaped 
from the fate allotted to "The Wasp," which 
was never after heard of. 

Genest, or Genet (zheh-na'), Edmond 
Charles, a French diplomatist, b. Versailles, 
Jan. 8, 1763 ; d. Jamaica, L.I., July 14, 1834. 
At the age of 12 he received a gold medal and 
a flatteiing letter from Gustavu^, III. for a 
translation of the history of Eric XIV. into 
Swedish, with notes by himself. Though 
brought up at the French court, and the bro. 
of Mme. Campan, he was a republican, and, 
on his return from a Russian mission, was in 
Dec. 1792 sent as ambassador to the U.S. He 
endeavored to excite a war with Eng., and 
even went so far as to fit out privateers from 
Charleston to cruise au'ainst the vessels of 



nations then 



peace ' 



th the U.S., and to 



project hostile expeditions against Fla. and La. 
Washinn-ton was constrained to ask his recall, 
which took place in 1794. Genest remained in 



357 



the U.S., was naturalized, and in 1794 m. Cor- 
nelia, dau. of Gov. Geor^je Clinton. She dying 
in Mar. 1810, he m.adau. of Samuel Osgood. 
Ho took a great interest in promoting im- 
provements iu agriculture and the arts and 



Gentry, Richard, maj.-gen. Mo. militia; 
col. of Mo. vols, in Florida war, Oct. 6, 1837 ; 
disting. and killed in battle of Okeechobee, 
Dec. 25, 1837. 

George, Esos, a Methodist bishop, b. Va. 
1768; d. Aug. 23, 1828. His father's family 
removed to N.C., where he entered the min- 
istry of the Muth. church ; was in 1791 app. to 
a circuit; in 1796 received the app. of presid- 
ing elder, which office he filled in various locali- 
ties u-.itil 1816, when he was made bishop. 

Gerard, Conrad Alexander, LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1779), chevalier, a French diplomatist; 
d. Strasburg, April, 1790. One of the French 
secretariesof State in 1777; as such, arranging 
and signing the treaty between France and the 
U.S., Feb. 6, 1778; app. ambassador to the 
U.S., he arrived at Phila. earlj; in July, 1778, 
and was succeeded by Luzerne in Sept. 1779. 

Gerhard, w. w., M.D., b. Phiia. i809. 

Lecturer on clinical med. in the U. of Pa. Bro. 
of Benjamin, a lawyer of Phila. Author of 
" Clinical Guide," Phila. 8vo ; " Diseases of 
the Clicst," 1842, new ed. 8vo, 1854. Edited 
" Graves's Clinical Medicine," with notes and 
additions, 8vo, Phila. Also contrib. many 
articles to the medical Journals. — Allihone. 

Germaine, Lord George, Viscount Sack- 
ville, an Kn;;lish statesman, b. 26 Jan. 1716; 
d. 26 Aug. 1785. Third son of the 1st Duke 
of Dorset. Educated at Westminster and at 
Trin. Coll., Dublin, his father being lord-lieut. 
of Ireland. He served with reputation in the 
army in Germany, attaining the rank of licut.- 
gen., but was dismissed the service for disob. 
of orders at the battle of Mindcn. Entering 
parliament in 1761, he became, in Nov. 1775, 
colonial sec. of State, which post he filled 
throughout the Amer. revol. war. He zealously 
supported all the rigorous measures against 
the Americans, sternly opposed every attempt 
to effect a termination of hostilities, and be- 
came so unpopular, that, during the London 
riots in 1780, he was obliged to barricade his 
house. His conduct was rash and impolitic, 
but so consonant to the views of the king, that 
he was a great favorite at court. One of the 
supposed authors of Junius Letters. Made vis- 
Gerry, Elbridge, a signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and vice-pres. U.S., b. 
Marblehead, Ms., July 17, 1744; d. Washing- 
ton, Nov. 23, 1814. H. U. 1762. Having 
acquired by mercantile pursuits a competency, 
he took an" early and active part in the Uevol. 
struggle; in 1772 represented his native town 
in the State legisl., and, although one of the 
youngest members of that body, took a prin- 
cipal part in the debates ; was placed on the 
important committee of corresp. ; and was an 
efficient member of the committee of safety. 
Placed at the head of a committee for procur- 
ing supplies, he was the first to pi-opose in the 
Prov. Congress a law for cncoura;;iTig the 
fitting-out of armed vessels, and establishing a 



Court of Admiralty ; and was chairman of the 
com. app. for its preparation. On tiie estab- 
lishment of courts by the province in Nov. 
1775, the lucrative post of maritime judge was 
offered to Gerry, who declined it. Feb. 9, 1776, 
he took his scat in the Continental Congress, 
in which he continued, with lew intermissions, 
until Sept. 1785. In 1777 he was app. one of 
a com. to visit Washington at Valley Forge. 
The report of that com. had a great effijct upon 
Congress, and caused more efficient measures 
to be taken for the relief and support of the 
army. Up to the time of the organization of 
the treasury board, in 1780, of which he was 
made presiding officer, he was generally chair- 
man of the com. of the treasury ; and in the 
latter part of 1779 was one of the delegates to 
Phila. for the purpose of devising some cor- 
rective for the sad condition of the currency. 
Displeased with the action of Congress in assess- 
ing supplies from the several States, Gerry left 
his seat in Feb. 1780, and returned home, but 
resumed his post in 1783, and was one of the 
committee to whom was referred the definitive 
treaty of peace. Chosen a delegate to the 
convention which met at Phila. in 1787 to 
frame the Constitution of the U.S., Gerry was 
one of those who refused to affi.\ their signa- 
tures to the instrument adopted. M.C. 1789- 
93. In 1797 he was sent on a special mission 
to France, accorap. by Gen. Pinckney and Mr. 
Marshall, with the object of preserving peace. 
In Oct. 1798 Gerry returned home, and be- 
came the Democ. candidate for gov., and again 
in 1801, but was not successful until in 1810, 
after a violent contest. The following year he 
was reelected, but in 1812 was defeated. In 
the same year he was chosen vice-pres. of the 
U. S. Member of the Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences. He married Ann, dau. of Charles 
Thomson, sec. of Congress, who d. New Haven, 
March 1 7, 1 849, a. 86. — See Memoirs, bij James 
T. Austin, Boston, 8vo, 1828. 

Gesner, Abraham, M.D., geologist, b. 
Cornwallis, N.S., 1797 ; d. Halifax, N.S., Apr. 
29, 1864. He studied medicine in Lond., grad- 
uating M.D. in 1827. His father. Col. C. 
Gesner, was a loyalist and a refugee. The 
son early acquired considerable reputation as a 
naturalist, and was app. by the legisls. of the 
Lower Provinces of Brit. N.A. to explore and 
report on their geological resources. His chief 
works are " On the Mineralogy and Geology 
of Nova Scotia;" "On the Industrial Resources 
of Nova Scotia ; " " New Brunswick, with 
Notes for Emigrants," 1847 ; " Geology of 
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and P. E. 
Island ; " " Fisheries of the Provinces," com- 
pleted just before his death ; and " A Prac- 
tical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and other 
Distilled Oils." Dr. G. was also a disting. 
chemist, and patented the discovery of kerosene 
oil, obtained from a species of bituminous 
asphaltum, which he was the first to introduce 
into use in the U S. 

Getty, George W., brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. DC. West Point, 1840. Entering 
the 4th Art., he became 1st lieut. 31 Oct. 1845; 
capt. 4 Nov. 18.53; lieut.-col. and A.D C. 
28 Sept. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 25 Sept. 1862 ; 
niaj. 5tb Art. 1 Aug. 1863; col. 37th Inf. 28 



GEY 



358 



July, 1866 ; brev. capt 20 Aug. 1847, for Con- 
treras and Churubusco, Mex. ; en^'aged at 
Molino del Rev, Chapultepec, and capture of 
Mexico, 14 Sept. 1847, and in Seminole hos- 
tilities in Fla. 1849-50 and 1856-7; com. 4 
batteries at Yoiktown, Gaines's Mill, and Mal- 
vern Hill, 1 July, 1862; engaged at South 
Mountain, Antictam, and Fredericksburg; 
brev. lieut.-col. 19 Apr. 186.1, for services at 
siege of Suffolk, Va. ; severely wounded and 
brev. col. 5 May, 1 864, for battle of Wilder- 
ness; engaged in the siege of Petersburg; 
action at Ueam's Station ; Shenandoah cam- 
paign, Aug.-Dec. 1864; engaged at Opequan, 
Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek, and brev. maj.- 
gen. vols. 1 Aug. 1864; engaged in the siege 
of Petersburg, and brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 
Mar. 1865, for its capture; and was in the 
battle of Sailor's Creek, and at surrender of 
Lee at Appomattox, 9 Apr. 1865 ; brev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services 
during the Rebellion. — Ciil/um. 

Geyer, Henrt Sheffie, jurist, b. Fred- 
ericktown, Md., Dec. 9, 1790; d. St. Louis, 
March 5, 1859. He began the practice of law 
in his native town in 1811 ; was an officer in 
the war of 1812, after which he settled in St. 
Louis, then a frontier village. Member of the 
terr. legisl. of Mo. in 1818; was 5 times elected 
to the legisl. of the State, and was speaker of 
the house in the first three gen. assemblies of 
the State. As one of the revisers of the statutes 
in 1825, he contrih. largely to the adoption 
of a code in Mo. superior to' that of any other 
Western State of that time. In 1850 the post 
of sec. of war was tendered him by Pres. Fill- 
more; but he declined it. In 1851-7 he was 
U.S. senator. Author of " Statutes of Mis- 
souri," 1818. 

Gholson, WiLLi.\M Y., jurist, d. Cincin- 
nati, O., 21 Sept. 1870. Formerly a resident 
of Mpi. ; many years a successful lawyer in O., 
having few equals in the State ; and was an 
effective political speaker. Judge of the 
Superior Court 1854-9, and of the Supreme 
Court in 1860-5. Author of " Ohio Digest." 

Gibbes, Robert Wilson, M.D., physi- 
cian and author, b. Columbia, S.C, July 8, 
1809; d. there Nov. 15, 1866. S.C. Coll. 
1827. He studied and practised medicine; was 
at one time assist, prof of chemistry at S.C. 
Coll.; was twice mayor of Columbia; and was 
pres. of the S.C. "Medical Association. He 
contrib. largely to medical and seientitic jour- 
nals ; received honorable mention both from 
Hnmboldi and Audubon ; and bis plates on 
paleontology and fossil remains were pub. at 
its own cost by the Smithsonian Institute. He 
wrote and compiled 3 vols, of" The Document- 
ary Hist, df S. C." (1764-81), and tor several 
years edited the Columbia Soutli-Carolinian. At 
the burning of Columbia in 1865, bis fine man- 
sion, with its valuable coll. of paintings, fossil 
remains, and geol. specimens, fell a prey to the 
flames. He pub. " Memoir of Jas. DeVeaux," 
1845 ; " Sketch of Chas. Fra.ser the Artist ; " a 
"Memoir on Mososaurus," &c.,4to, 1850. In 
1842 he pub. in Amer. Journal of Med. Science 
an article on Pneumonia, which revolutionized 
its treatment by opposing the use of the lancet. 

Gibbon, John, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. 



Pa. 1826. West Point, 1847. Entering the 3d 
Art., he served in the Mexican war ; became 1st 
lieut. 12 Sept. 1850; assist, in^tr. in art. at 
West Point in 1854-6; capt. Nov. 2, 1859; 
brig.-gen. of vols. May 2, 1862, and com. a 
brigade in King's division of McDowell's army 
corps. He was highly commended for good 
conduct in the engagement at Gainesville, Aug. 
28 ; took part in the battles of South Moun- 
tain, Antietam, Chancellorsville; and at Fred- 
ericksburg led a division in Sedgewiek's corps, 
and was wounded. He com. the 2d corps, and 
was severely wounded at Gettysburg, for which 
he was brevctted col. 4 July, 1863. In the 
Richmond campaign, he com. a division 2d 
corps till Jan. 15, 1865, and subsequently of 
the 24th corps, lieing engaged in battles of the 
Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, To- 
lopotomy, and Cold Harbor, and operations 
about Petersburg, June, 1864, to Apr. 1865; 
maj-gen. vols. 7 June, 1864; brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A. 12 Mar. 1865, for Spottsylvania, and 
maj.-gen. for the capture of Petersburg, Va. ; 
col. 36th Inf. 28 July, 1866. He pub. " The 
Artillerist's Manual," N.Y. 1859. 

Gibbons, Gen. Edward, b. Eng.; d. Bos- 
ton, Dec. 9, 1654. He came to Amer. bcf. 1629, 
was a tnercbant of Boston, a representative in 
1638-47, maj.-gen. 1649-51, assist. 1650-51, 
and capt. of the A. and H. Art. company. He 
advanced more than 2,500 pounds to La' Tour, 
secured by mortgage of his fort and lands in 
Acadia, which he lost on its capture by D'Au- 
bray. In 1643 he was one of the N. E. com- 
missioners who formed a confederation, which 
met annually for many years to consult for tha 
common peace and prosperity. 

Gibbs, Alfred, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. April 23, 1823; d. Fort Leavenworth. 
Ks., Dec. 26, 1868. West Point, 1846. En- 
tering the mounted rifies, he earned the brevets 
of lieut. and captain for gallantry at Cerro 
Gordo, Contreras,«nd Belen Gate; next served 
in Cal. on the staff of Gen. P. F. Smith, and, 
in com. of a detachment, greatly distinguished 
himself in conflict with the Mimbres Apaches, 
in which he was severely wounded March 9, 
1857. Capt. 3d cav. May 13, 1861 ; maj. 7th 
cav. 28 July, 1866; brig.-gen. vols. 19 Oct. 
1864. When the Rebellion broke out, he was 
serving in Texas, and was taken prisoner. 
Exchanged in Aug. 1862, he took com. of the 
130th N.Y. vols., and served under Sheridan in 
the latter part of the war, participating in all 
the battles of the Army of the Potomac. Com. 
cav. reserve brigade ; brev. major for battle of 
Trcvillian Station, 11 June, 1864; lieut.-col. for 
Winchester, 19 Sept. 1864 ; col. for Five Korks, 
13 Mar. 1865; maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. — 
Cultum. 

Gibbs, George, grandson of Oliver Wol- 
cott, b. Newtown, LI, 8 July, 1817. H.is 
pub. " Memoirs of the Administration of Wash- 
ington and John Adams," edited from the 
Sapers of Wolcott, 2 vols. 8vo, 1846; "The 
udieial Chronicle," Camb., 8vo, 1834. — Al- 
libone. 

Gibbs, JosiAii WiLLARD, LL.D. (N. J. 
Coll. 1853), philologist, b, Salem, Ms., Apr. 30, 
1790; d. N. Haven, March 25, 1861. Y. Coll. 
1809. Tutor there from 1811 to 1815, and, 



i.l«]- 



359 



GIB 



from 1824 to his d.. prof, of sacred literature. 
Librarian of Y. Coll. 1824-43. He pub. a 
translation of Storrs's " Essay on the Hist. 
Sense of ihe New Test.," 1817, and of Gcsc- 
nius' " Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testa- 
ment," 1824; "Manual Hebrew and Enf;lish 
Lexicon," abridged from Gesenius, 1828; 
" Pliilological Studies," 1857; " Latin Analyst," 
18.'J8; "Teutonic Etymology," 1860. Author 
of several sections of Prof. W. C. Fowler's 
work on the Enjjlish language, and oontrib. to 



1861. 
Gibbs, Sir Samuel, K.C.B., a Brit.maj.- 

gen. ; killed at the battle of N. Orleans, Jan. 8, 
1815. App. ensign 102d Foot, Oct. 1783; 
lieut.-col. 10th \V. I. regt. 1802 ; brev. col. 
July, 1810; maj.-gen. June, 1813. He was 
maileprisoneratOstcndia 1798; com. tlic 11th 
regt. at the attack of St. Martin's in the cxped. 
against the Danish and Swedish islands ; 



the cxpt'd. to Java, and, as second in com., ac- 
comp. Sir E. raekcnham to N. Orleans in 
Dec. \8\i. — Phil,/M,t. 

Gibbs, WiLLi.vM Chaining, gov. R.I. 
1S21-4; d. Newport, R.L, 21 Feb. 1871, a. 84. 

Gibson, Col. George, b. Lancaster, Pa., 
Oct. 1747; d. Fort Jefferson, Dec. 14, 1791. 
After receiving an academical education, ho 
entered a mercantile house in Phila., and made 
several voyages to the W. Indies as super- 
cargo. On the breaking-out of the Revol., he 
raised a company of 100 men at Fort Pitt, and 
was app. a captain in one of the State regis. 
His men, known in the army as " Gibson's 
lambs," were disting. for individual bravery 
and independence, and, being all sharpshooters, 
did good service in repelling Lord Dunmoro's 
attack on Hampton, Oct. 25, 1775. In order 
to obtain a supply of gunpowder, then alarm- 
ingly scarce, he undertook a journey to N. 
Orleans; descended the river with 25 picked 
men of his corps, with a cargo of flour, osten- 
Bibly as a trader, and, after various encounters 
with hostile Indians, succeeded in accomplish- 
ing his mission. App. to the com. of a Va. 
regt., he joined Washington shortly before the 
evacnation of York Island ; was at the battle 
of Trenton, and in nearly all the principal 
battles until the close of the campaign of 1778. 
After the war, he retired to his farm in Cum- 
berland Co., and held the office of county 
lieut. until, in 1791, lie was offered by Wash- 
ington the com. of one of the regts. then rais- 
ing for St. Clair's exped. In the disastrous 
battle of the Miami, Nov. 4, 1791, he received 
a mortal wound at the close of the action. — 
Hopers. 

Gibson, Gen. George, son of Col. 
George, b. Pa. ; d. Washington, D.C., Sept. 
21, 18G1. App. capt. 5th Inf. May 3, 1808; 
major 7th Inf. Nov. 9, 1811 ; lieut.-col. 5th Inf. 
Aug. 15, 1813, and served through the war of 
1812-15; quartermaster-gen. April 29, 1816; 
assigned to Jackson's division ; commissary- 
gen. April IS, 1818 ; brev. brig-gen. Apr. 29, 
1826 ; brev. maj.-gen. for meritorious conduct 
in the Mex. war, May 30, 1848. He admin- 



istered the commissary department over 40 
years, to the entire satisfaction of the army. 

Gibson, Col. James, merchant of Boston, 
b. Lond. ab. 1700 ; d. ab. 1752. Entering the 
British army, he served at Barbadoes, where, 
Oct. 30, 1730, he became possessed, by marriage, 
of a large plantation in Jamaica; soon after 
retired from the service, and settled as a mer- 
chant in Boston. He accomp. the Louisburg 
exped. in 1745 as a "gentleman volunteer," 
and superintended the removal of the prisoners 
to France. In 1748 parliament voted him ^547 
15s. to re-iraburse him for expense incurred 
by him ; but it was never paid. Returning to 
Boston, he embarked in the W. India trade, 
and d. while on a visit there. lie pub. " An 
Account of the Louisburg Exped.," Lond. 
1745, which was repub. in Bo.ston in 1847 by 
a descendant, L. D. Johnson, under the title 
of " A Boston Merchant of 1745." 

Gibson, Col. James, b. S. Milford, Sus- 
sex Co., Del. ; d. Sept. 18, 1814, of a wound 
received in Brown's sortie from Fort Erie 
Sept, 17. We»t Point, 1803. Capt. 2 May, 
1810 ; assist, inspect.-gen. April 2, 1813 ; 
inspector-gcn. (rank of col.) July 13,1813; and 
col. 4th Rifles, Feb. 21, 1814. Participated in 
the attack on Queenstown Heights, U C, 13 
Oct. 1812; and in the campaign on the Niagara 
frontier of 1814. 

Gibson, Ges. John, bro. of Col. George, a 
Revol. officer, b. Lancaster, Pa., Mav 23, 1 740 ; 
d. Braddock's Field, near Vincenncs, Apr. 10, 
1822. After receiving a classical education, ho 
joined, at the age of 18, Gen. Forbes's exped., 
which took Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg). 
Settling at Fort Pitt as an Indian trader at 
the peace, he was soon after taken prisoner by 
the Indians, and was preserved from the flames 
in which his unfortunate companions perished, 
by an aged squaw, who adopted him in place 
of her son, who had been killed in battle. 
Remaining several years with the Indians, he 
became familiar with their languaie, manners, 
customs, and traditions. At the close of hos- 
tilities, he again settled at Fort Pitt. In 1774 
lie acted a conspicuous part in Dunmore's 
cxped. against the Shawnee towns, partienlariy 
in negotiating the peace which followed, and 
restored many ca])tives to their friends. On 
the breaking-out of the Revol., he was app. to 
the com. of a continental regt. ; served with the 
army at New York, and in the retreat through 
Jersey ; but for the rest of the war com. on the 
western frontier, a post for which he was 
peculiarly qualified. In 1788 he was a mem- 
ber of the Pa. Const. Conv. ; was subsequently 
a judge of the C.C.P. of Alleghany Co., and 
also a major-gen. of militia. In 1800 he re- 
ceived from Pres. Jefferson the app. of see. of 
the Territory of Ind., which office he held 
until it became a State, and was acting gov. in 
1811-13. — ii'or/e/s. 

Gibson, John Bannister, LL.D., jurist, 
b. Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 8, 1780; d. Phila. May 
3, 1853. Dick. Coll. 1800. Son of Col. 
George. He studied law ; was adm. to the 
bar of ('umberland Co. in 1803 ; pnictised sue 
cessively in Carlisle and Beaver, Pa., and in 
Hagerstown, Md. ; was in the legisl. in 1810- 
11 ; was in July, 1813, app. Judge of the 11th 



360 



Dist. ; was promoted to the Supreme Court in 
1816 ; ami held the office of chief justice from 
1827 to 1851, when the amendment to the 
Constitution made the judiciary elective; and 
he was immediately elected to the Supreme 
Bench hy a larae majority. 

Gibson, William, M.D. (U. of Edinb. 
1809), LL.D., snrgeon and author, b. Balti- 
more, 1788; d. Savannah, Ga., March 2, 1868. 
He settled in practice in Baltimore, and was a 
professor of surg. in the U. of Md. He ren- 
dered essential service in the riots in Baltimore. 
Fond of military surgery, he was present at 
the battles of Corunnaand of Waterloo, where 
he was slightly wounded. For more than .30 
years he filled" the chair of surgery in the U. 
of Pa., and performed repeatedly all, or nearly 
all, of the great operations of the profession ; 
having, in 1S12, taken up the com. iliac artery. 
He twice successfully performed the Cassarean 
section upon the same woman. At the age of 
70 he retired from practice, and removed to 
Newport, R.I. Author of " Principles and 
Practice of Surgery," 1824-5; "Rambles in 
Europe in 18-39," being sketches of prominent 
surgeons; and, in 1841, "A Lecture on the 
Eminent Belgian Surgeons and Physicians." 
For over 60 years he kept a daily journal. 

GiddingS, Joshua Reed, statesman, b. 
Athens, Pa., Oct. 6, 1795; d. Montreal, May 
27, 1864. His parents were among the first 
settlers of Ashtabula Co., 0. In 1812 he en- 
listed as a substitute for an elder hro.. and was 
in two severe engagements with the Indians 
near Sandusky i3ay. He afterward taught 
school; was ad m. to the bar in 1820; was a 
member of the legisl. in 1826; and M.C. from 
1838 to 1861. An active abolitionist, he sup- 
ported John Quincy Adams npon the right of 
petition, and became a prominent champion 
of the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade 
in the District of Colu'mbia and the Ter- 
ritories. Feb. 9, 1841, he delivered his first 
antislavcry Speech upon the Indian war in 
Fla., which he contemled was a ijroshivery 
contest. His resolutions of March 21, 1842, 
in reference to " The Creole," a vessel, which, 
while engaged in transporting slaves from Va. 
to New Orleans, was captured by them, and 
taken into Nassau, created intense excitement. 
A resolution censuring the conduct of Mr. 
GiddingS having been adopted by 125 to 69, 
ho instantly resigned his seat, but was re- 
elected hy a large majority. He opposed the 
annexation of Texas. In 1850 he took a 
prominent part in opposing the " Compromise 
Measures," especially the fugitive-slave law; 
lus also in t" " " 
Mo. Compi 

upon the subsequent troubles in Kansas. May 
8, 1836, while addressing the house, he sud- 
denly fell to the fioor in a state of unconscious- 
ness, from which, however, he soon revived. 
Jan. 17, 1858, he fell again in the same way, 
and was compelled, for a time, to be absent 
from his post. Consul-gen. to Canada from 
1861 to his death. In 1843 he wrote a series 
of political essays signed "Pacificus." A vol. 
of his speeches was pub. in 1853; in 1858 
"The Exiles of Florida;" and in 1864 "A 
History of the Rebellion, 1861-3." 



Gignoux, FRAsgois Regis, landscape- 
painter, b. Lyons, France, 1816 ; studied under 
Delaroche and Vernet. Came to the U.S. in 
1840, settled in N.Y., and was first pres. of the 
Brooklyn Art Acad. Among his noted pic- 
tures are " Niagara in Winter," " Virginia in 
Indian Summer," " Four Seasons in America," 
" First Snow," " Dismal Swamp," " A Win- 
ter in Vermont," " Niagara by Moonlight," 
and " First Snow in the Adirondacks." — 
Tiicherman. 

Gifford, Sanford R., landscape-painter, 
b. Saratoga Co., N.Y. His father is proprietor 
of extensive ironworks at Hjidson. He stud- 
ied the elements of his art with John R. Smith 
in N.Y., and continued his studies in Europe. 
He did duty with the N.Y. 7th regt. in 1861. 
His best works are " The Wilderness," " The 
Coming Rain," " Coming Storm," " Quebec," 
" Camp of the 7th Regiment," " On the Hud- 
son," " First Skating of the Season," " Mount 
Washington," and " Morning in the Moun- 
tains." — Tiicherman. 

Gilbert, Sm Humphrey, a disting. Eng- 
lish navigator, b. Dartmouth, Devonshire, in 
1539 ; d. at sea, Sept. 9, 1583. After studying 
at Eton and Oxford, he embraced the military 
profession. For his services in Ireland in sup- 
pressing a rebellion, he was made com.-in-chief 
and gov. of Munster, and knighted hy the lord- 
doputy in 1570. He soon afterwards returned 
to Eng., where he m. a rich heiress. In 1572 
he sailed with a re-enforcement of 9 ships for 
Col. Morgan, who at that time meditated the 
recovery of Flushing; and, on his return, pub. 
his " Discourse to prove a Passage by the 
North- West to Cathaia and the E. Indies." 
June H, 1578, Gilbert obtained from Queen 
Elizabeth letters-patent, empowering him to 
discover and possess any lands in N.A. then 
unsettled. This was the first colonial charter 
granted by Eng. He accordingly sailed to 
Newfoundland in 1579; but a violent storm 
compelled him to return. June 11, 1583, he 
sailed a second time with 5 ships, and, landing 
at Newfoundland, took posses.',ion of the har- 
bor of St John's. By virtue of his patent, he 
granted leases to several families ; but, though 
none of them remained there at that time, they 
afterwards settled in consequence of these 
leases: so that Sir Humphrey deserves remem- 
brance as the real founder of England's Amer- 
ican possessions. In this exped. his half-bro. 
Raleigh was a joint adventurer. Aug. 20, 
1583, Gilbert put to sea again in a small sloop 
to explore thecoast : ho then steered homeward ; 
but his small bark foundered at sea, and all on 
board perished. 

Gilbert, Mr. and Mrs. John Gidbs. 
Mr. G. was b. Boston, 1809. Made bis debut 
at the Trcmont, Nov. 28, 1828, as Jaffier iu 
" Venice Preserved ; " and became highly popu- 
lar in his native city, particjilarly in old men 
and in the higher walks of comedy. In 1847 he 
played at tlie Princess's Theatre, Lond. At 
present (1870), he is acting-maiiaicr of Wal- 
lack's Theatre, N.Y. Mrs. G., b. Phila. 1801 ; 
d. N.Y. Apr. 27, 1866. Made her first appear- 
ance at the Trcmont as Sophie in "Of Age 
To-morrow." She accomp. her husband to 
Eng. in 1847. — Brown's Anier. ISlwje. 



361 



a-iL 



nisi prius 
of N.H. 



Gilbert, Raleigh, a patentee of N. En^., 
nephew of Sir Walter R. ; com. a vessel in 
the exped. to settle at the mouth of the Ken- 
nebec in 1607. Arriving at Monhegan Island, 
Aug. 11, they built fort St. George at Cape 
Small Point, now in Phipsburg. George Pop- 
ham was pros., and Gilbert adm. In the fol- 
lowing spring, having become by the death of 
his bro., Sir John Gilbert, heir to his property, 
he returned to Eng. ; and Mr. Popham having 
died, and the storehouse being burnt, tlie whole 
Colony went back with him. 

Gilchrist, John James, jurist, b. Medford, 
Ms., Feb. 16, 180a; d. Washington, Apr. 29, 
1858. H.U. 1828. Son of Capt. James. He 
settled as a lawyer in Cliarlestown, N.H. ; be- 
came disting. ; was in the N. H. legisl. ; was 
register of probate for Sullivan Co. ; m. a duu. 
of Gov. Hnbhard; became assoc. in 1840, and 
in 1848 chief justice of the N.H. Supreme 
Court, and in 1855 of the U.S. Court of 
Claims. He was pre-eminent as a. nisi 
judge. In 1846 he pub. a di; 
Reports. 

Giles, Henry, lecturer and author, b. 
Craanlord, We.\ford, Ireland. Nov. 1, 1809. 
Educated at the Acad, of Belfast. Though 
bred in the II. C. Church, he became a Unita- 
rian, and was pastor in Greenock for 2 years, 
and in Liverpool for 3 years. In 1840 he 
came to Amer., where he has lectured and oc- 
casionally preached. He delivered 4 of the 13 
lectures in the celebrated Liverpool controver- 
sy between the Episcopalians and the Unitari- 
ans in 1839. He pub. " Lectures and Essays," 
2 vols., Boston, 1845; "Christian Thoughts 
on Life," 1850; and "Illustrations of Genius 
in some of its Applications to Society and 
Culture." 1854. He has addressed many lite- 
rary societies and library associations, and gave 
one course of lectures before the Lowell Insti- 
tute in Boston on " The Genius and Writings 
of Shakspeare." He has resided for several 
years in Qnincy, Ms. 

Giles, William Branch, statesman, b. 
Amelia Co., Va., Aug. 12, 1762 ; d. Richmond, 
Dec. 4, 18.30. N.J. Coll. 1781. Adm. to the 
bar, and practised at Petersburg, but ab. 1790 
embarked in politics, first as a Federalist, af- 
terward as a Democrat; M. C. in 1790-8 and 
1801-2; U.S. senator from Aug. 1804tol815 ; 
gov. of Va. 1827-30, and member of the legisl. 
1829-30. He separated frotn the Federalists 
on the question of establishing a US. bank in 
Dec. 1790. Jan. 23, 1793, he charged Hamil- 
ton with corruption and peculation. In 1796 he 
opposed the creation of a navy and the ratifi- 
cation of Jay's treaty, and the proposed war 
with France in 1 798. In that year he declined 
a seat in Congress that he might aid Madison in 
passing the celebrated resolutions of '93 in the 
Va. legisl. He was an able debater, supported 
the administration during the war of 1812-15, 
and was disting. in the deliberations of the 
State Const. Conv. of 1829. As a parliament- 
ary tactician he was unrivalled. He pub. "A 
Speech ou the Embargo " in 1808 ; " Political 
Letters to the People of Va." in 1813 ; an in- 
vective letter against President Monroe, and 
others to John Marshall and J. Q. Adams. 

Gillem, Alvan C, brev. inaj.-gen. U.S.A., 



b. Tenn. West Point, 1851. Entering the 
1st Art., he served against the Seminoles in Fla. 
in 1851-2; capt. 19th Inf. 14 May, 1861, de- 
clined; capt. and asst. quartcrm. 12 July, 1861; 
col. lOth Tenn. vols. 13 May, 1862; brig.-gen. 
vols. 17 Aug. 1863; col. 1st. Cav. 28 July, 
1866; brev. maj. 19 Jan. 1862, for Mill Springes, 
Ky. ; engaged at Shiloh and Corinth; com. 
brigade in Tenn. 24 Dec. 1862 to 1 June 1863; 
adj.-gen. State of Tenn. 1863-5; com. exped. 
to E. Tenn. Aug. 1864 to Mar. 1865, and en- 
gaged in various afl'airs there ; brev. lieut.-col. 
16 Dec. 1864, for action at Marion, Va. ; vice- 

5 res. of the convention to ru-organize Tenn. 9 
an. 1865; com. cav. division 18 Mar. to July 
3, 1865, and in exped. to N.C., participating 
in action at and capture of Salishurv, N.C., 
and action near Asheville, 22 Apr. 18(;5 ; com. 
dist. of Mpi. 1867 ; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 
Mar. 1865, for merit, services in the Rebellion, 
and brev. maj.-gen. for battle of Salisbury, 

Gillespie, William Mitchell, LL.D., 
author and civil engineer, b. New York, 1816 ; 
d. there Jan. 1, 1868. Col. Coll. 1834. After 
having spent about 10 years in Europe, partly 
in prosecuting his studies, and partly in travel 
and observation, he was prof, of civil engineer- 
ing in Un. Coll. 1845-68. He pub. in 1845 an 
entertaining volume, " Rome as seen by a New- 
Yorker in 1843-4;" "Roads and IS ail roads, a 
Manual for Road-Mnking; " "The Philosophy 
of Mathematics," from the French of Comte, 
1857 ; and in 1855 a work on " The Principles 
and Practice of Land-Surveying." 

Gillette, Abraham Dunn, pastor of Cal- 
vary Church, N.Y. Citv, b. Cambridge, N.Y., 
1809. Has pub. " History of the 1 1 th Baptist 
Church, Phila.; " " Memoir of Rev. Daniel H. 
Gillette ; " " Pastor's Last Gift." Edited " So- 
cial Hymns" and "Minutes of Phila. Bapt. 
Assoc. Iron) 1707 to 1807 ." — A lliljoite. 

Gilliss, James Melvin, capt. U. S. N., 
astronomer, b. D.C. 1810; d. Washington, 
D.C, Feb. 9, 1865. Midshipman March 1, 
1827; becamecapt. July 16, 1862. Inl838he 
organized the first working observatorv in tho 
U.S., and in 1843 pub. the first vol. of " Amer- 
ican Astronomical Observations." In Sept. 
1842 Lieut. Gilliss began the construction of a 
naval observatory, finished in 1845. Author 
of " The U.S. Asiron. Exped. to the Southern 
Hemisphere in 1849-52,"4to. 2 vols. 185.5. He 
visited Peru in 1858, and Washington Territo- 
ry in 1860. April 22, 1861, he was put in 
charge of the National Observatory in place 
of Maury, which, under his charge, became a 
first-class institution. Shortly before his death, 
he made a report upon the parallax of the plan- 
et Mars. He made valuable improvements in 
the instruments of astronomical science. 

GiUis, John P., commo. U.S.N., b. Wil- 
mington, Del. A resident of Illinois. Mid- 
shipman Dec. 12, 1825; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; 
com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; 
commo. Sept. 1867; light-house insp. fourth 
dist. 1870; had charge of "The Decatur's " 
boats at the capture of Tuspan ; com. schoon- 
er " Tampieo " and the flotilla on Alvarado 
River, and was acting gov. during the Mexi- 
can war; in Perry's Japan exped. 1853-4; 



362 



com. steamer " Monticello " in the Hatteras 
Inlet tight ; com. " The Seminole," and ren- 
deriid efficient service at capture of Port Royal ; 
in "The Fernandina" exped. ; in attack on 
Sewoll's Pnint, M;iv,I862; joined West Gulf 
siliiiil i'l ■■ I 'i I i-H|)ee ; " com. a division off^ 
RImI, - I uas retiri-d on account of 

sitL ■■ I I ii the service. — Hamersli/. 

Gillmore, i-ibiNCY Adams, brev.maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., h. Ulack Kivcr. Lorain Co., 0.,Feb. 28, 
1823. , West Point (1st in his class), 1849. 
He entered tlie en!,'r. corps, became 1st lieut. 
in 1856, capt. Aug. 6, 1861, and raaj. June 1, 

1863. From 1849 to 18.i2, he was employed 
on the fortifications of Hampton Roads, Va., 
and was then for 4 years assist, instructor of 
engineering at West Point. In Oct. 1861 he 
was app. chief engr. of the exped. against the 
Southern coast under Gen. T. W. Sherman. 
Ho superintended the construction of the forti- 
fications at Hilton Head, and planned and ex- 
ecuted the operations resulting in the capture 
of Fort Pulaski, Apr. 11, 1862, an account of 
which he pub. in 1863, 8vo, N.Y. April 28, 
1862, he was made brig.-gen. of vols. In 
Sept. 1862 he was assigned to the com. of the 
dist. of Western Va. ; com. at the battle of 
Somerset, Ky., 30 Mar. 1863, and brev. col. 
U.S.A. for that exploit. June, 1863, he suc- 
ceeded Gen. Hunter in the command of the 
dept. of S.C., and was promoted to raaj.-gen. 
10 July, 1863. He operated against the de- 
fences of Charleston harbor, silencing Forts 
Sumter and Wagner; but the navy failed to 
take advantage of his successes. In May, 

1864, he joined Butler in his disastrous opera- 
tions up the James River, in com. 10th army 
corps ; com. the 19th corps, in pursuitof Early, 
in July, and subsequently com. the dept. of 
S.C. ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for capture of 
Forts Wagner and Gregg. Author of " Limes, 
Cements, and Mortars," 1863 ; " Engineer and 
Art. Operations against Charleston," 1863. — 
Cullum. 

Gillon, Commodore Alexavdeb, a naval 
officer of the Revol., b. Rotterdam, 1 741 ; d. 
Oct. 1794. He belonged to a wealthy com- 
mercial fiimily ; was some time a resident of 
Lond. ; came to Charleston, S.C, in 1766, and 
became a prosperous merchant. In May, 1777, 
in an armed ship, he captured 3 British cruisers, 
boarding them one after the other. App. com- 
mo. in the navy of S.C. in 1778, he sailed for 
France, where he hired a frigate, which he 
named the " South Carolina," in which he 
took many valuable prizes. With a large fleet, 
partly Spanish, he com. the exped. which in 
May, 1782, captured the Bahama Islands. He 
was a man of engaging person, and great en- 
terprise. M.C. 1793-4 ; often in State legisl., 
and member Const. Conv. of S.C. — Johnson's 
Recoils. 

Gilman, Caroline, authoress, wife of 
Eev. Samuel, b. Boston, Oct. 8, 1794; dan. 
of Samuel Howard of Boston, and was ed- 
ucated at various schools in Concord, Cam- 
bridge, and other towns of Ms. At the age of 
16 she wrote a poem, " Jephthah's Rash Vow," 
and soon after " Jairus s Daughter," which 
was pub. in the iV.^1. Review. In 1819 she m. 
and removed to Charleston, S.C, where she 



has since resided. In 1832 she began to edit 
the Rosebud, a juvenile weekly, afterward 
named the Southern Rose, containing articles 
of ranch literary merit. From this she re- 
printed her " Recollections of a New-England 
Housekeeper," " Recollections of a Southern 
Matron ;"Ruth Raymond, or Love's Progress ; " 
"Poetry of Travelling in the US.," 1838; 
"Verses of a Lifetime; " " Mrs. Oilman's Gift- 
Book," and other vols. She has also |iub. " Or- 
acies from the Poets," 1847 ; and " The Sibyl, 
or New Oracles from the Poets," 1848. Mis. 
Gilman has edited the "Letters of Eliza Wil- 
kinson during the Invasion of Charleston," in 
Mrs. Ellett's" Women of the Revol." In 1860 
she ))ub. a memorial of her husband, entitled 
" Records of Inscriptions in the Ccmetcrv and 
Building of the Unitarian Church, Arclid.ile 
Street, Charleston, S.C, from 1777 to 1860." 
Her dau., Mrs. Caroline Howard Glover, b. 
1823, and educated in Charleston, m. in 1840. 
Besides contrib. poems and tales to the maga- 
zines of the South, she pub. in 1858 " Ver- 
non Grove," a novel, contrib. to the Southern 
Literary Messenger. 

Gilman, Chandler Robbins, M.D., phy- 
sician and author, b. Marietta, 0., Sept. 6, 
1802 ; d. Middletown, Ct., Sept. 26, 1865. U. 
of Pa. 1824. His father and grandfather 
(Judge Gilman) were among the earliest set- 
tlers of 0. He studied medicine, and practised 
many years in N.Y. From 1841 till his d., he 
was prof, of obstetrics in the Coll. of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, N.Y., and, after the death 
of Dr. Beck, prof, of med. jurisprudence. 
Early in life, he, with his relative, C. F. Hoff- 
man, had charge of the Amer. Motithli/. In 
1835 he pub. " Legends of a Log-Cabin," rem- 
iniscences of his Western life, and " Life on 
the Lakes." He prepared for the press Dr. 
Beck's " Lectures on Materia Medica;" edited 
his "Medical Jurisprudence; "wrote "A Sketch 
of the Life and Character of Dr. J. B. Beck," 
1851 ; " The Relations of the Medical to the 
Legal Profession," 1856; a "Medico Legal 
Examination of the Case of Charles B. Hun- 
tington;" "Tracts on Generation;" and 
numerous contributions to medical maga- 
zines. 

Gilman, John Taylor, statesman. Son 
of Nicholas, b. Exeter, N.H., Dec. 19, 1753 ; 
d. Sept. 1, 1828. On the morning after the 
news of the battle of Lexington, he with 100 
others marched to Cambridge. Ho was sub- 
sequently assist, to his father, the treasurer of 
the State; in Oct. 1780 was a delegate from 
N.H. to the convention at Hartford to provide 
for the common defence ; a delegate to the 
Cont. Congress in 1782-3; State treasurer, 
1783-92; gov. 1794 to 1805 and 1813-16, and 
a State representative in 1810-11. In politics 
he was a decided Federalist. Under the confed- 
eration, he, with Irvine and Kean, was a com- 
missioner to settle the accounts of the different 
States. 

Gilman, Nicholas, statesman, son of 
Nicholas, treas. of N.H.; d. Phila. May 2, 
1814, a. 52. He was a delegate from N.H. to 
the Cont. Congress from 1 786 to 1788 ; and after 
the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, of which 
he was one of the framers, was M.C. from 



GIR 



1789 to 1797, anil was a U.S. senator from 
180.5 to \SH. — Lanma7i. 

Oilman, Sa.«uel, D.D. (H.U. 1837), Uni- 
tarian cler;.''vm:in and scholar, b. Gloucester, 
Ms., Feb. 16, 1 791 ; d. Kingston, Ms., Feb. 9, 
1858. H.U. 1811. He was tutor in mathe- 
matics at Cambridge from 1817 to 1819, and 
was pastor of the church in Charleston, S.C, 
from Dec. 1819 until his death. He contrib. 
largely to the N. A. Review and other periodi- 
cals on a wide range of subjects, a vol. of 
which was pub. in 1856 under the title of 
"Contributions to Araer. Literature." One 
of his well-known productions is the " Me- 
moirs of a N. E. Village Choir," 1829 ; another 
is " Pleasures and Pains of a Student's Life," 
1852. He translated the Satires of Boileau, 
and pub. some original poems, among them 
the " History of a Ray of Light," and a poem 
read before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of 
H.U. He took a prominent part in Charleston 
in promoting the temperance cause, as well as 
the interests of literature. Husband of Caro- 
line (Howard) Oilman. An interesting biog. 
sketch of Dr. Oilman is in the Monthly Reli- 
gious Mwjazine, Boston, Apr. 1858. 

Gilmer, George R., lawvcrand legislator, 
b. Wilkes Co., Ga., Apr. II, 1790; d. Lexing- 
ton, Ga., Nov. 22, 1859. He received an aca- 
demical education, studied law, and settled in 
Lexington, Oglethorpe Co., Ga. In 181.3 he 
served as a lieut. in the Creek war. He was 
in the State legisl. in 1818-19 and 1824; was 
gov. in 1829-31 and 1837-9, and, during the 
latter term, removed the Cherokees from Ga. 
M.C. from 1821 to 1823, from 1827 to 1829, 
and from 1833 to 1835, and was for 30 years 
trustee of the Ga. Coll. Author of a book 
pub. in 1855 entitled " Georgians," which con- 
tains much useful and interesting information 
touching the early settlement of his native 
State. — Lanman. 

Gilmer, Thomas W. of Charlottesville, 
Va., sec. of the U.S. navy ; killed by the ac- 
cident on board the U.S. steamer " Princeton," 
Feb. 28, 1844; gov. of Va. 1840-41; M.C. 
from 1841 to 1843. 



N.H., April 17, 1867. He was brought up on 
a farm; at 15 went to Boston, and entered a 
store ; became interested in railroads, both as a 
builder and manager; and, through these and 
his mining-interests, eventually acquired a 
large fortune. He returned to N.H. in 1843 ; 
Bupt. of the Manchester and Lawrence R.R. 
from Aug. 1853 to Dec. 1856, and also of the 
Concord and other connecting lines until Aug. 
1866. State senator in 1858-9 ; pres. of that 
body in 1859 ; and was gov. of N.H. in 1863- 
June, 1865. 

Gilpin, Henry D., lawyer and author, b. 
Phila 1801; d. there Dee. 29, 1859. U. of 
Pa. 1819. He studied law, and began practice 
in Phila. in 1822; was U.S. atty. for his State 
in 1832; solicitor of the U.S. treasury in 
1837 ; and U.S. atty.-gen. in 1840-1. In 1837 
he pub. a vol. of reports of cases in the east- 
ern dist. of Pa., and in 1840 " Opinions of the 
Attorney-Generals." From 1826 to 1832 he 
edited "The Atlantic Souvenir," said to be 



the first American literary annual. He was 
pres. of the Pa. Acad, of Fine Arts, and vice- 
pres. of the Hist. Society; contrib. to the lead- 
ing periodicals of the day ; wrote several of the 
biographies ot the signers of the Declaration 
of Independence, beside other biographies, dis- 
courses, and addresses on various public occa- 
sions ; and also supervised the publication by 
Congress of the Madison Papers. — See Me- 
morial of H. D. Gilpin, 1860. 

Ginibrede, Thomas, miniature-painter 
and engraver, and teacher of drawing at West 
Point from 5 Jan. 1819 to his d. 25 Dec. 1832, 
b. France, 1781. 

Girard, Charles, naturalist, b. Mulhouse, 
France, 1822. In 1809 he was a pupil of 
Agassii at Neuchatel ; became one of his as- 
sistants, and came with him to America, re- 
maining his assist, until 1850, when he went 
to reside in Washington. He has pub. in the 
Smithsonian Contributions "Contributions to 
the Natural History of the Fresh-water Fishes 
of North America.; " in the Journal of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., a 
memoir on " The Embryonic Development of 
Planocera Elliptica;" " Herpetoloi,'y of the 
U.S. E.xpl. Exped. 1838-42," with a fol. atlas; 
and has .contrib. articles on fishes and reptiles 
to the reports of Stansbury, Siigreaves, Maury, 
Gillis of the Mex. boundiiry and Pacific R. R. 
surveys, and to the proceedings of various scien- 
tific bodies. One of his latest works is his 
" Ichlhyological Notices." — A/ipleton. 

Girard, Stephen, merchant and banker, 
b. near Bordeaux, France, May 21, 1750; d. 
Phila. Dec. 26, 1831. He sailed as cabin-boy 
to the W. Indies and N.Y. ab. 1760; rose to bo 
master and part owner of a coasting- vessel ; and 
earned enough to establish himself in business 
in Phila. in 1769. He traded to the W. Indies 
until the war, when he opened a grocery and 
liquor shop, at first in Phila. and afterward at 
Mount Holly, where he made money out of the 
American soldiers. In 1780 he resumed his 
dealings with the W. Indies and N. Orleans; 
was for a time in partnership with his brother 
John, but laid the foundation of his wealth by 
a profitable lease of a range of stores, and by 
the negro insurrection in St. Domingo. Two 
of his vessels were then in one of the ports of 
the island ; and many of the planters placed 
their treasures in them for safety, but were 
afterward cut off with their entire families. 
About $50,000 worth of property, whose own- 
ers could not be found, thus remained in Mr. 
Girard's hands. By his remarkable capacity 
for business and his strictness in money-matters 
he became one of the richest merchants in the 
country. During the prevalence of the yellow- 
fever in Phila. he not only made liberal dona- 
tions of money, but performed in person the 
duties of physician and nurse Having in 
1812 purchased the building and much of the 
stock of the old U.S. Bank, ho commenced 
business as a private banker. During the war 
of 1812, he took the whole of a govt, loan of 
$5,000,000. He contrib. liberal.ly to all public 
improvements, and adorneil the city of Phila. 
with many handsome buildings. Of his prop- 
erty, amounting at his death to nearly 9 millions, 
comparatively little was bequeathed to his rela- 



tives. 



Besides large bequ 
gavi 



to various public 
/of Phila., torim- 
iroveiiient of its streets, buildings, &e., $500,- 
000; for the improvement of canal-navigation 
in Pa., $300,000. His principal bequest was 
the sum of $2,000,000, besides the residue of a 
certain portion of his estate, togetlier with a 
plot of ground in Phila., for the erection and 
support of a coll. for orphans. It was opened 
Jan. 1, 184S. The main building is the finest 
specimen of Greci.in architecture in America. 
By a provision of his will, no ecclesiastic, mis- 
sionary, or minister, of any sect whatever, is to 
hold any connection with the coll., or be adm. 
to the premises even as a visitor ; but the offi- 
cers of the institution are required to instruct 
the pupils in the purest principles of morality, 
and leave them to adopt their own religious 
opinions. — See Life bij S. Simpson, 12mo, 
Phila. 1832. 

Girardin, L. H., app- prof- of mod. lan- 
guages of Wm. and Mary Coll. in 1803 ; wrote 
a continuation of Burke's "Hist, of Virginia." 
He afterward pub. in the Gleaner, a Richmond 
periodical, a long Latin poem, "Maiomachia 
— Sivc Duello." 

Gird, Henrt H., scholar, b. N.Y. 1801 ; 
d. N. Orleans, June 1, 1845. West Point, 
1822. Assist, instructor inf. tactics at West 
Point, 1822-i; adj. there 1824-7; resigned 
Nov. 1829 ; prof, mathematics and nat. philos. 
La. Coll. 1829-43 ; prcs. of the coll. 1831-42; 
ia the U.S. mint, N. Orleans, 184.3-5. 

Gist, MoEDECAi, brig.-gen. Rcvol. armv, 
b. Baltimore, Md., 1743; d. Charleston, S.C"., 
Sept. 2, 1792. His ancestors were early emi- 
grants to Md. He was a merchant at the 
breaking-out of the Rcvol. ; was capt. of the 
first corps raised in .Md. ; major, Jan. 1776, of 
Sniallwood's batt. ; he com. the regt. at the 
battle of Long Island, Aug. 1776, in the ab- 
sence of its col. and lieut.-col; promoted to 
col. in 1777 ; he was in the battle of German- 
town in Sept. of that year ; was made brig.- 
gen. in Jan. 1779, and with his brave Mary- 
landers bore the brunt of the disastrous battle 
of Camden in 1780. Present at the surrender 
of Cornwallis. After the war, he resided on 
his plantation near Charleston. His tall 
and graceful figure, symmetrical proportions, 
great strength, and expressive features, liglited 
bv eyes of singular brightness, indicated the 
chivalrv of his character. 

Gladden, Auley H., gen. C.S.A., b. S.C. ; 
mortally wounded at the battle of Shiloh, 
April 6, 1862. Slajor in Col. Butler's Pal- 
metto regt. of S. C. vols, in the Mexican war, 
and became lieut.-col. and comm.imler of the 
regt. at Churubusco, where both his superior 
officers were killed. He was severely wounded 
in the confi:ct at the Bclen Gate. App. in 
1861 brig.-gen. in the Southern army; he was 
assigned a brigade in Withcrs's division of 
Bragg's corps ; was wounded on the first day of 
the battle of Shiloh, and died soon afterward. 

Gladwin, Henry, a Brit, maj.-gen. ; d. 
Stubbing, near Chesterfield, Derby, Eng., 
June 22, 1791. He became a lieut. in the 48th 
Foot, Aug. 28, 1753; was wounded in the exped. 
of Braddock, 1755 ; capt. in the 80th, Dec. 25, 
1757; major of that regt. June 20, 1739 ; was 



next dep. adj.-gen. in Amer. (which post he 
filled until 1780), and served with great dis- 
tinciiou during the war. His gallant defence 
of Detroit against Pontiac was rewarded by 
promotion to lieut.-col. Sept. 17, 1763; col. 
Aug. 29, 1777; and maj.-gen. Sept. 26, 1782.— 
O'Callaf/han. 

Glasson, John J., conimo. U.S.N., b. 
N.Y. City. Midshipm. Feb. 1.1823; lieut. Feb. 
9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; commo. Sept. 
28, 18G6. Served under Com. Porter in the 
suppression of piracy in the W. Indies in 
1823 ; com. schooner " Falcon " at capture of 
Vera Cruz ; relieved a French vessel, " L'Asie," 
from peril off the coast of Yucatan ; com. store- 
ship "Lexington" in Perry's Japan exped. 
1833-4; com. Norfolk Navy-Yard, 1864-6. 
Ret. 1 Oct. 1864. — Hamerslfi. 

Gleig, George Robert, author and 
clergyman, b. Stirling, Scotland, 20 Apr. 1796. 
Son of Bishop G., and educated at Oxford. 
He entered the British army in 1812; served 
under Wellington in the Peninsular war, and 
in America at Baltimore, Washington, andN. 
Orleans, and was wounded in the battle of 
Bladensburg. He pub. " Life of the Duke 
of Wellington," " The Subaltern in America," 
and " Campaigns of Washington and New Or- 
leans." He afterward took orders ; was chap- 
lain of Chelsea Hospital for some time, and 
was made chaplain-gen. to the forces in 1846. 
One of the most voluminous authors of the 
day. 

Glenn, James, gov. of S.C. from Jan. 
1744 to 1755. Near the close of his admin- 
istration, he concluded a treaty with the 
Cherokces in their own country, by which a 
large extent of territory was ceded to the king, 
contributing greatly to the interest and safety 
of the colony. He pub. " A Description of 
S.C." Svo, Lond. 1761. 

Glentworth, George, physician and 
surgeon, b. Phila. Julv 22. 1733 ; d. there 
Nov. 4, 1792. a. of Edinburgh, 1738. He 
was a surgeon in tlie Brit, army during the last 
French war in America. In 1777 he relin- 
quished his extensive practice, and became 
surgeon of a regt. ; afterward senior surgeon 
in the Amer. army; and subsequently di- 
rector-gen. of hospitals for the middle division. 

Gliddon, George Robixs, arehieologist, 
b. Devonsliire, Eng., 1809 ; d. Panama, NlG., 
Nov. 16, 1857. He passed a large part of his 
life in Egypt, where he succeeded bis father as 
U.S. consul, exploring the ruins of the country, 
and made valuable contribs. to learning, both 
by lectures and publications. After leaving 
Egypt, he came to the U.S.. and lectured at 
Boston, New York, and Phila. on Egyptian 
antiquities. He pub. " An Essay on the Pro- 
duction of Cotton in the Valley of the Nile ; " 
" An Appeal to Europe against the Destruction 
of Egyptian Monuments by Mehemet Ali," 
1841 ; " Discoitrses on Egyptian Archaeology," 
1841; "Otia ^gypttaca," 1849; "Ancient 
Egypt," 1830; "Indigenous Races of the 
Earth," also partly written by Dr. Nott and 
others, 1857; "Review of the American in 
Egvpt."froni theiV.y. World, Aug. 6, 1842. 
One of his latest works was " The Types of 
Mankind," 1834, which he prepared in COQ- 



&or) 



nection with Dr. Nott of Mobile. At the time 
of his death, he was connected with the Hon- 
duras Inter-oceanic Railroad Co. 

Glisson, Oliver S., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Ohio, Jan. 18, 1809. Midshipman Nov. 1, 
1826; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; command. Sept. 
14, 18."i5; capt. Julv 16, 1862; commo. Jul/ 
25, 1866; rear adni. 6 Julv, 1870. Com. 
schooner " Reefer," home squadron, during 
the Mexican war, 1 847 ; steam-frigate " Pow- 
hatan," E.I. squadron, Japan exped., 185-3-.^; 
com. steamer " Mount Vernon," N. Atl. 
block, squad., 1861; steam-sjoop "Iroquois," 
West Gulf squad., 1852 ; steam-sloop "Mohi- 
can," I86-J-4; steamer "Santiago do Cuba," 
1864-5 ; and in the two attacks on Fort 
Fisher, Dec. 18fi4 and Jan. 1865; com. naval 
station, Lfaunio Island. Penn., 1867-70. Ret. 



Ila 



■.hi. 



Glover, 
Salem, X..v. 
1797. Diminutive iu person, he was active 
and energetic, ahd possessed considerable 
military ability. At the outset of the war he 
raised 1,000 men of Marblehetid, and joined 
the army at Cambridge, where he was of great 
service in organizing and disciplining the 
troops. The rcgt. he com. first numbered the 
21st, afterward the I4th, was one of the first 
raised, as well as one of the best in the Con- 
tinental army. At the retreat from Long 
Island, this •' amphibious " rcgt. manned the 
boats, and brought the entire army off in safety. 
It also led the advance in crossing the Del. on 
the memoral)le night before the victory of 
Trenton. Made brig. -gen. Feb. 21, 1777; 
joined Schuyler in July ; did good service in 
the campaign against Burgoyne, and conducted 
the captive army to Cambridge. He joined 
Greene's division in N.J. in 1778, and was de- 
tached to R.I. under Sullivan. Ordered to 
Ms. in 1780 to superintend the drafts from 
that State. — See Memoir by William P. Up- 
ham, Salem, 1863. 

Goddard, Calvin, judge, b. Shrewsbuiv, 
Ms., July 17, 1768; d. Norwich, May 2, 1842. 
Dartni. Coll. 1786. He passed two years as a 
teacher in the Plainfield Acad ; commenced 
the practice of law there iu Nov. 1790, and, 
aided by a commanding person and a graceful 
elocution, became disting. in his profession. 
He was often a member of the State legisl. ; 
was in 1799 and 1800 speaker of the lower 
house; M.C. 1801-5; member of the Siate 
council from 1303 to 1815; was States atty. 
for New London Co. for 5 years; 17 years 
mayor of Norwich, whither he removed in 
1807; member of the Hartlord Convention in 
1814; and in 1815-18 was judge of the Su- 
preme Court of Ct. 

Goddard, Paul B., M.D., b. Baltimore, 
Jan. 26, 1811. Wash. Coll. 1828. Authorof 
" Anatomy, &c., of the Teeth," 4to. 1 844 ; " On 
the Arteries ; " " On the Nerves ; " editor 
of "Wilson's Anatomy;" "Wilson's Dis- 
sector;" " Moreau's Midwifery," 8vo, 1844; 
" Rieord on Syphilis," 8vo, 1851 ; " The Icono- 
graphic I^ortion of Riiyer on the Skin," 1845 ; 
"Ashwellon Diseases of Females," 8vo, 1850. — 
Allihone. 

Goddard, Williah, printer, son of Giles 



G., physician and postmaster at N. London, 
Ct., b. 1740; d. Providence, R. I., Dec. 23, 
1817. Oct. 20, 1762, he established the first 
printing-press at Providence, where he com- 
menced the Gazette ; was soon afterwards one 
of the publishers of the N.Y. Gazelle and Post- 
B(>ii ; removed to Phila. in 1766, where, with 
Galloway and Wharton, he pub. the Pennsi/tm- 
nla Chronicle, and in 1773 wont to Baltiiiiore, 
and started the Manjland .Iwirnal. He was ac- 
tive in organizing the ]iost-nffii-e, and was app. 
by Franklin, in 177."s surveyor of roads, and 
comptroller. In 1792 he sold his press, and 
retired to a farm in Johnston, IM., Iiut subse- 
quently resided in Providence His friend, 
a portion ( ' 
He pub. 
Hist, of the Pa. Chronicle, 1770. — Th. 
Hist, of Printing. 

Goddard, William Giles, prof, of mor- 
al philos. and metaphvs. at Brown U. 1825- 
34, and of rhetoric and belles-lettres 1834-42. 
Editor and prop. R. I. American, 1814-25 ; b. 
Johnston, R. I, .Jan. 2, 1794; d. Providence, 
Feb. 16, 1846. Brown U. 1312. Son of Win., 
editor. He had been a member of the R. I. 
legisl. His miscellaneous writings were edited 
and pub. .by his son, F. W. Goddard, 2 vols. 
8vo, 1870. 

Godfrey, Thomas, inventor of the quad- 
rant coMimonlv called Hadlev's, b. Phila. ; d. 
Dec. 1749. He was by trade a glazier. By 
his own unaided cfforts,'he mastered such math- 



Gen. Charles Lee, bequeathed bin 

his extensive landed estate in Va. He pub. a 



vaj', anc 
light ac 



wards learned Latin that he mignt acqna 
himself with the mathematical works in that 
language. He borrowed Newton's " Princi- 
pia" of Sec. James Logan, to whom, ab. the 
year 1730, Godfrey communicated the improve- 
ment he had made in Davis's quadrant, by 
which he was so much struck, that in May, 
1732, he addressed a letter to Dr. Edmund 
Halley in Eng., describing fully the construc- 
tion and uses of Godfrey's instrument. No 
notice, however, was taken of it by Halley ; 
and, after an interval of a year and a half, Lo- 
gan transmitted a copy of the letter, together 
with Godfrey's account of his invention, to 
Peter Collinson, engaging him to place them 
before the Royal Society. This was according- 
ly done ; but Mr. Hadley, the vice-pres. of the 
society, had already presented there a paper, 
datedMay 13, 1731, and inserted in " The Phil- 
os. Transactions " for that year, describing a 
reflecting quadrant of the same character, 
which he claimed as his invention. It was 
decided that both were entitled to the hon- 
or of the invention ; and the society sent to 
Godfrey, as a reward, household furniture to 
the value of £200, instead of money, on ac- 
count of his habits of intemperance. 

Godfrey, Tho.mas, poet, son of the pre- 
ceding, b. Phila. 1736; d. 26 July, 1763, near 
Wilmington, N.C. Abandoning'tlie tr.ade of 
his fiither, as well as that of watchmaking, to 
which he had been apprenticed, he obtained a 
lieutenancy in the provincial troops rai.sed in 
1 758 for an exped. against Fort Duquesne, and 
afterward established himself as a factor in 
N.C. His early productions in the American 
Magazine, pub. at Phila., manifested considera- 



GOX> 



366 



GOI 



We poetic talent. His principal poem is the 
" Court of Fancy ; " and, among his minor 
pieces, his " Epistle from Fort Henry," and 
several of his pastorals and elegies, evince taste 
and culture : but his principal claim to distinc- 
tion is the fact that he was the author of the 
first American drama, " The Prince of Par- 
thia," a tragedy. His poetical writings were 
pub. in Phila. in 1767, with a biog. preface by 
N. Evans ; also an anonymous critical analysis 
of the poems, written by Dr. Wra. Smith, 4to, 
224 pp. 

Godman, John D., anatomist and natu- 
ralist, b. Annapolis, Md., Dec. 2, 1794; d. 
Germantown, Pa., Apr. 17, 18.30. Losing 
Ills parents at an early age, he was apprenticed 
to a |iiinior in B;iltimore. In the autumn of 
1SI4 h . iir. 1, I 1- ;i sailor on board the flotil- 
la I . II , . I ii ^:ipeake Bay. At the close 
ol til I , i. iiiliLil medicine in Baltimore 
wiili l-ii. Ij.imJ-c, and was chosen to fill the 
place of his jireceptor, who was prof, of anat- 
omy in the U. of Md. while the latter was 
disabled by sickness. After obtaining his de- 
cree in Feb. 1818, he practised successively in 
New Holland, Pa., Anne Arundel Co., Sid., 
in Baltimore, and Phila. In Oct. 1821, he re- 
moved to Cincinnati, where he commenced a 
medical periodical, projected by Dr. Drake, 
entitled the Western Ciuarterly Reporter, of 
which 6 nnmbers were issued. In 1822 he 
settled in Phila. as a physician, and private 
teacher of anatomy, and was some time assist, 
editor of Dr. Chapman's Medkaljonmal.. He 
pill), ill 1826 his popular " Natural History of 
Aniurifan Quadrupeds," in 3 vols. 8vo. In 
182C> lie became prof of anatomy in Kutgers 
Mc'd. Coll.. N.Y. His practice as a surgeon 
wa-i extensive, and the coll. flourished ; but, 
during his second course of lectures, a severe 
illness obliged him to relinquish his pursuits, 
and he removed in 1829 to Germantown, Pa., 
where he d. He wrote the articles on natu- 
ral hi.story for the Amer. Enci/ctopcedia to the 
end of the letter C. Contr'ib. to the Amer. 
Qnai-trrli/ Re.vieio, besides numerous papers in 
the periodical journals of the day. He pub. 
" K'anihlcs of a Naturalist," "Account of Ir- 
reguhirilies of Structure and Morbid Anato- 
my ; " " Contributions to Physiological and 
P^'itholou'ical Anatomy;" " Bell's Anatomy," 
Willi notes ; a translation of Lcvasseiir's 
" Account of Lafiiyette's Progress through the 
U.S.;" "Anatomical Investigations," 1824; 
addresses on various public occasions. — T. G. 
Ricltnj'dson, in Gross's Mecf, Biog. 

Godon, Stlvanus W.,rear-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Pa. June 18, 1809. Midshipm. Mar. 1, 
1819; lieut. Dec. 17, 1836; com. Sept. 14, 
18.i.i; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. Jan. 2, 
18(13; ivar-adm. July 25, 1866. He was at- 
tached to the bomb brig " Vesuvius " at the 
siege of Vera Cruz in 1847 ; was executive 
officer of steamer " Sustjuehanna," E. I. squad., 
1 8.^1 1-3 ; com. sloop-of-war "Powhatan" in 
Dupont's expcd. to Port Royal ; and com. 
" The Su.squehanna " and the fourth division of 
Porter's fleet at the two battles of Fort Fisher 
in Dec. 1804 and Jan. 1865 ; com. S.A. squad., 
coast of Brazil, 1866-7 ; N.Y. navy-yard, 
1868-70; retired 18 June, 1871. — Uamersly. 



Godwin, Parke, journalist and author, 
b. Patcrson, N.J., Feb. 2.5, 1816. N.J. Coll. 
1834. His father was an officer in tlie war of 
1812, and his grandfather a soldier of the 
Kevol. He studied law, and was adm. to the 
barof Ky., but did not practise. From 1837 
to 1853, excepting one year, ho was the co-iid- 
jutor of his father-in-law, William C. Bryant, 
on the Evening Post. In 1843 he issued the 
Pathfinder, a weekly periodical, discontinued 
at the end of 3 months. He contrib. many 
articles to the Democ. Review, in which he first 
advocated the important reforms afterward 
carried out in the constitution and code of 
N.Y. He has translated from the German 
Zschokke's Tales, and the first part of Goethe's 
Autobiography. Author of " A Popular View 
of the Doctrines of Charles Fourier," 1844; 
" Constructive Democracy ; " " Vala, a My- 
thological Tale," founded on incidents in the 
lifeof Jcnnv Lind, 1851 ; and "A Handbook 
of Universal Biog.," 1851. Editor ot Pulnam's 
Month!//, to which he contrili. many literary 
and political articles. The luticr were pub. in 
1858 in a separate vol. In 1S6U he |iub. the 
first vol.of " A History of France," embracing 
"Ancient Gaul," terminating with the era of 
Charlemagne. In 1865 he was again assoc. 
with Mr. Bryant in the editorship of the N.Y. 
Evening Post. He is understood to be engaged 
on a book to be entitled " The History and 
Organization of Labor ; " and another, " The 
Nineteenth Century, with its Leading Men and 
Movements." He has also promised a book 
of travels, " A Winter Harvest," the result of 
a visit to Europe. Under Mr. Polk's presi- 
dency he was dep. coll. of New York, but, was 
subsequently a Republican, serving the party 

ith tongue and pen. As a political essayist 



he has attained a high reputation. 






Icinclc. 

Gofie, William, maj.-gen. under Crom- 
well, and a regicide, b. a'b. 1605 ; d. Iladley, 
Ms., 1679. He was a fervent Puritan, a de- 
voted adherent of Cromwell, and one of the 
best officers of the Parliamentary army. He 
left London before the Restoration, and with 
his father-in-law. Gen. Whalley, arrived in 
Boston, July, 1660. Weil received by Gov. 
Endccott, they resided at Cambridge till Feb. 
1661, wlien, learning that they were not in- 
cluded in the act of indemnity, they removed 
to N. HaTeii, and were secreted by Dep.- 
Governor Leet and Mr. Davenport. They 
afterwards lived in a cave at West Rock, 
and in tlie neighboring towns, eluding their 
pursuers by removing from house to house, 
living in mills, in the clefts of rocks on the sea- 
shore, and in forest-caves; but in Oct. 1664 
removed to Hadley, and were concealed 15 
years in the house of Rev. Mr. Russel. When 
the Indians attacked that town, Sept. 1, 1675, 
Goffe, placing himself at the head of the towns- 
people, attacked and repulsed them. He im- 
mediately disappeared ; and the astonished in- 
habitants, to whom he was unknown, regarded 
him as an angel sent for their deliverance. 

Goicouria, Gen. Do.mingo de, a Cuban 
revolutionist, b. Cuba, 1799; garroted at Ha- 
vana, 7 May, 1870. Driven from Cuba nearly 
thirty years before for bis liberal views, ho 



GOL 



367 



GOO 



made his home in Mpi., whence he co-operated 
in the fillibustering expeds. of Lopez in 1849- 
52 ; that of Quitman, which was abandoned ; 
and tliat of Walker against Nicaragua. Prom- 
inent in the late Cuban revol., and manager of 
expeds. from the U.S., in an evil hour he 
visited the insurgent camp, was made prisoner, 
cruelly treated, and executed the next day. 

Goldsborough, Charles W., gov. of 
Md. in 1818-19, and M.C. 1805-17; d. Shoal 
Crock, Md., Dec. 13, lS3i. —Lanman. 

Goldsborough, Charles W., chief of 
the bureau of provisions and clothing of the 
navy dept., b. Cambridge, Md., April 18, 1779 ; 
d. Wa.sbington, D.C., Dec. 14, 1843. Chief 
clerk of the navy dept. under Stoddert, 
Smith, and Hamilton ; succeeded Paulding as 
sec. of the naval board until separate bureaus 
were established. Author of "U.S. Naval 
Chronicle," 8vo, 1824. 

Goldsborough,JoHNR.,eommo.U.S.N., 
b. Washington, D.C., July 2, 1808. Midshipm. 
Nov. 6, 1824; licut. Sept. 6, 1837 ; com. Sept. 
14, 18fi.') ; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. April 
13, 1867; ret. 2 July, 1870. While in the 
sloop "Warren," Mediterranean squad., 1824- 
30, was engaged against the Greek pirates, 
capturing, in a launch with 18 men, the pirate 
schooner " Helene," of 4 guns and 58 men ; at- 
tached to coast-survey, 1844-.50; sloop " Sarato- 
ga," E.I. squad. 1851-4 ; com.steamcr " Union," 
1861 ; blockading off Charleston, Savannah, 
and Cape Hatteras, and in Potomac flotilla; 
captured and sunk the rebel piratical schooner 
" York," and bombarded a rebel fort off 
Mathias Point, Potomac River ; com. steamer 
" Florida," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862 ; steam- 
frigate " Colorado," W. Gulf block, squad., 
1863 ; steam-sloop " Shenandoah," E.I. squad., 
1SS6-8. — Uamersly. 

Goldsborough, Louis Malesherbes, 
rear-adm. U S.N., b. Washington, D.C., Feb. 
18, 1805. Son of Charles W., gov. of Md. 
Mid.shipm. June 18, 1812; lieut. Jan. 13, 
1825. Obtaining leave of absence, he passed 
some time in study at Paris, and in 1827 joined 
the " North Carolina," Capt. Rodgers, in the 
Mediterranean. While cruising in the schoon- 
er " Porpoise " in the Grecian Archipelago, 
Lieut. G., with 35 officers and men, in the 
schooner's boats, captured a pirate vessel, after 
killing 90 of the pirate crew. In 1833 he re- 
moved to Fla., taking with him a colony of 
Germans to cultivate lands belonging to his 
father-in-law, William Wirt. During the 
Seminole war he com. a company of mounted 
vols, and also an armed steamer. Sept. 8, 
1841, he was promoted to be commander. He 
was second in command of the " Ohio " at 
the bombardment of Vera Cruz ; com. a body 
of the " Ohio's " crew detailed for shore ser- 
vice at the taking of Tuspan ; and, after the 
Mexican war, was senior naval member of 
the joint commission of army and navy officers 
to explore California and Oregon, and report 
on various military matters. Sept. 14, 1855, 
he became capt. ; supt. U.S. Naval Acad, at 
Annapolis, 1853-7; in Aug. 1861 he was 
app. flag-officer, and placed in com. of the 
N. A. block, squad, in " The Minnesota." 
With Gen. Burnside, he com. the joint cxped. 



to the sound.s of N.C., and, for his services in 
the capture of Roanoke Island, received iho 
thanks of Congress. He dispersed and de- 
stroyed the Confederate fleet under Com. 
Lynch in the N.C. waters. Rear-adm. July 16, 
1862; com. European squ.adron, 1865-7.' In 
1862 he prepared a code of regulations for the 
naval service. — Hamersh/. 

Goldsborough, Robert, atty.-gen. of 
Md. until 1768; a delegate to the tirst Cont. 
Congress in 1774-5; d. Cambridge, Md., Dec. 
31,1788. Phila. Coll. 1760. 

Gomara (go-ma'-ra), Francisco Lopez 
DE, b. Seville, 1510; d. ab. 1560. Author of 
" Cronica de la Nueva Espafia," 1553, written 
in concise and elegant language. 

Gooch, Sir William, gov. of Va. 1727- 
49, b. Yarmouth, Eng., Oct. 21, 1681 ; d. Dee. 
17, 1751. He was an officer of superior mili- 
tary talents ; served under Marlborough and in 
the rebellion of 1715 ; and in 1740 com. in the 
unsuccessful attack on Carthagena, where his 
wounds and the climate greatly impaired his 
health. He was app. a brig.-gen. in 1746 in 
the army raised for the invasion of Canada, 
but declined the office ; was the same year 
created a ban. ; in 1747 a maj.-gen. ; and re- 
turned to Eng. in Aug. 1749. It was said of 
him that he was the only gov. abroad against 
whom inhabitant or merchant never com- 
plained. — Betham. 

Goodell, William, D. D. (Ham. Coll. 
1854), missionary, b. Templeton, Ms., Feb. 14, 
1792 ; d. Phila. 'Feb. IS, 1B67. Dartm. Coll. 
1817; And. Theol. Sem. 1820. He labored as 
a missionary among the Cherokces and Choc- 
taws ; wasord. Sept. 12, 1822; was stationed 
at Beirout 5 years, passing through great perils ; 
removed to Constantinople in 1831, narrowly 
escaping with life from a great conflagration 
there; and was obliged, from pestilence, perse- 
cutions, &c., to pack up and move his residence 
33 times in 29 years. In Nov. 1841, be fin- 
ished translating the Old Testament into the 
Armeno-Turki.sh language, and the New two 
years later. He revised this labor, completing 
it in Feb. 1863, and returned to the U.S. in 
1865. His "Reminiscences of the Missiona- 
ry's Early Life " was pub. in the N.Y. Observer. 

Goodenow, Johx M., b. Ms. ; d. Steuben- 
ville, O. An early settler in Jefferson Co., O.; 
served in the legisl., and held other offices ; 
M.C. 1829-31 ; judge Supreme Court 1831-2. 
He had a large practice at the bar. He pub. 
in 1819 " American Jurisprudence in Contrast 
with the Doctrine of Eng. Common Law." — 
A. T. Goodman. 

Goodhue, Bexjamin, merchant and poli- 
tician, b. Salem, Ms., Oct. 1, 1748 ; d. there Ju- 
ly 28, 1814. H. U. 1766. State senator from 
1784 to 1789 ; M.C. 1789-91, and, assisted by 
Mr. Fitzsimraons of Phila., formed a^code of 
revenue laws, the majority of which have never 
been abrogated; U.S. senator 1796-1800. 

Goodrich, Rev. Charles Augustus, au- 
thor, b. Kidgclield, Ct., 1790; d. Hartford. Ct., 
Jan. 4, 1862. Yale Coll. 1812. Son of Rev. 
Samuel, and elder brother of Samuel G., with 
whom he was associated in preparing his books 
for the voung. Ord. in 1816, he was pastor of 
the 1st "Cong. Church, Worcester, in 1816-20, 



ooo 



then settlcil in Berlin, and in 1848 at Hartford. 
He was once a member of tlic State senate. 
He devoted himself to literary pursuits, wrote 
" The Lives of the Sij;ncrs," a school " History 
of the U.S.," "Universal Traveller," and 
"Biljje History of Praver;" " Familv Tour- 
ist," 1848; "Great Events of American His- 
tory;" "View of all Religions," 8vo, 1829 ; 
" Family Encyclopedia ; " " Outlines of Ge- 
ography," and " Family Sabbath Day Miscel- 
lany," 'Svo, IS.'iS. 

Goodrich, Charles Rcsn, of Flushing, 
L.I. ; d. 18.55. Y. Cull. 1849. A chemist and 
naturalist of great attainments; jiuh. "The 
World of Science, Art, and Industrv, edited l>v 
B. Silliman and C. R. G. ; " " Practical Science 
and Mechanism inustrated,"4to, 1834. — ^W- 

Goodrich, Chauncet Allen, D.D. 
(Brown U. 18.35), thcolo-ian and lexicogra- 
pher. Son of Elizur; b.'N. Haven, Oct. 2.3, 
1790; d. there Feb. 25, 1860. Y. Coll. 1810. 
Tutor there 1812-14; studied theology; was 
settled at Middlotown 1816-17, but leit from 
ill bcalili. Prof, of rhetoric at Y.C. 1817-39, 
afterward prof, of the pastoral charge. While 
tutor, he pub. a Greek grammar, which went 
through many editions ;" in 1832 his "Latin 
and Greek Lessons;" in 1829 he established 
the Christian Quarlerli/ Spectator, of which he 
was sole editor until about 1836. In 1852 he 
pnb. a compilation entitled " Select British 
Eloquence." In 1828 Dr. Noah Webster (his 
fathcr-in-Iaw) intrusted to him the superintend- 
ence of the abridgment of his large diction- 
ary by J. E. Worcester, with discretionary 
power to conform the orthography more nearly 
to the common standard. His revised editions 
of Webster's Dictionaries were issued in 1847, 
the University edition in 1856, and in 1859 the 
supplement enriched with an elaborate collec- 
tion of synonymos. At the time of his death, 
he was engaged on a radical revision of Web- 
ster's Dictionary, which was pub. in 1864. He 
was one of the largest pecuniary benefactors 
of the theol. dept. of Y. C. In 1 820 he was 
chosen pres. of Wms. Coll., but declined. A 
commemorative discourse, by Pres. Woolsey, 
has been pub. in pamphlet form, N. Haven, 
1860. — iJiitfchinrk. 

Goodrich, Elizur, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1783), clergyman and scholar, b. Wcthersfield, 
Ct., Oct. 26, 17.34; d. Norfolk, Ct., Nov. 21, 
1797. Y.C. 1752, and tutor there in 1755. A 
descendant of Wra., one of the first settlers of 
Wethersfield, who came from Watertown about 
1636, and d. in 1676. From his ord. in Nov. 
1756, till his death, he was minister of the Cong. 
church in Durham. Fond of mathematics 
and astronomy, he calculated the eclipses of 
each successive ye.ar; and, when the aurora bo- 
realis of. 1780 appeared, he drew up a full and 
" it. He pub. several ser- 



Goodrich, Elizur, LL.D. (Y.C. 1830), 
jurist, b. Durham, March 24, 1761 ; d. New 
Haven, Nov. 1, 1849. Y C. 1779. Son of the 
preceding. Was tutor at Yale 2 years ; en- 
tered on the practice of law in New Haven in 
1783; was M.C. 1799-1801; Judge of the 
County Court 12 years; was a judge of probate 



17 years; was 9 vears prof, of law in Y.C, 
and' mayor of New Haven 1803-22. Prof. 
Channcey Allen Goodrich was his son. 

Goodrich, Frank Boot, author, son of 
S.G.,b. Boston, Dec. 14,1826. H.U. 1845. He 
corresponded from Paris with the N.Y. Times, 
under the name of " Dick Tinto," for some 
years ; and his letters, entitled " Tricolored 
Sketches of Paris," were pub. N.Y. 1854. He 
has since pub. the " Court Napoleon, with 
Portraits of its Beauties, Wits, and Heroines," 
N.Y. 1837; "Man upon the Sea, or a His- 
tory of Maritime Adventure, Exploration, and 
Discovery," Phila. 1858; and an illustrated 
vol. entitled " Women of Beauty and Hero- 
ism," N.Y. 1839. 

Goodrich, Samuel Griswold ("Peter 
Parley"), author, bro. of Charles Augustus, 



1793; 



N.Y. 



b. Ridgefield, 
City, May 9, 1860. He 
business as a publisher, in Hartford, in 1824, 
but soon removed to Boston; from 1828 to 
1842 he edited "The Token;" from 1827 to 
1837 he pub. tales under the name of " Peter 
Parley." He pub. many vols, of historical 
and geographical school-books; volumes of 
poems in 1836 and '51 ; in 1857 " Recollections 
of a Lifetime, or Men and Things that I have 
seen; "in 1838 a vol. of counsels to parents, 
entitled " Fireside Education ; "in 1841 a selec- 
tion from his contribs. to annuals and maga- 
zines, entitled " Sketches from a Student's Win- 
dow ; " " History of all Nations," 2 vols. Svo. 
He established Merrifs Museum and Parley's 
Mag., and edited it from 1841 to 1854. Of 
170 volumes written or edited by him, 116 
of which bear the name of Peter Parley, ah. 
7,000,000 copies have been sold. He was at one 
time in the senate of Ms., and was consul at 
Parisduring Fillmore's administration. While 
at Paris, be pub. in French a treatise on Amer. 
geograpliy and history. On his return, he pre- 
pared an elaborate illustrated " History of the 
Animal Kingdom," 2 vols. 1859. He had 
crossed the Atlantic 16 times. 

Goodwin, Ichabod, b. S. Berwick, Me., 
May 25, 1743 ; d. there May 25, 1829. Thos., 
his grandfather, came over in 1660, and settled 
in Berwick. His father, Ichabod, b. 1700, 
was a member of the Gen. Court in 1754, was 
a capt., and was wounded at Ticonderoga in 
1758. Hisson, whoaccomp. him in thisexped., 
became an active Whig ; was a member of 
the Prov. Congress in 1775-7; lieut.-col. of 
Gerrish's York Co. regt., having charge of the 
Saratoga prisoners ; maj. -gen. of militia, 1783- 
1815; member of the Gen. Court in 1792, 
and sheriff of York Co. 1793-1820. Gov. Ich- 
abod of N.H. (ISCO-I) is a nephew. 

Goodwin, Isaac, lawyer, b. Plymouth, 
Ms., 1786; d. Worcester, Sept. 16, 1832. He 
studied law in the office of Judge Thomas of 
Plymouth ; settled first in Sterling, and in 1826 
in Worcester. He pnb. " The Town Officer," 
a work on the duties of sheriffs, coroners, 
and constables; was a councillor of the Amer. 
Antiquarian Society, and was well informed in 
the antiquities of N. England. Anthor of 
" History of the Town of Sterling." — N.E. 
Maq. iii.. 349. 

Goodwin, John Noble, b. S. Berwick, 



GOO 



3G9 



G-OR. 



Me., Oct. 18, 1S24. Dartm. Coll. 1844. Be- 
gan prat-ticc of law at S. Berwick in 1848; 
was a State sen-ator in 1854; M.C. 1861-3; 
chief justice of Arizona Tenitory 1863; gov. 
from Ang. 1S63 to Sept. 1865 ; its delegate to 
Conj;rc>s 18G5-7. 

Goodwin, N.4Th.iniel, genealogist, b. 
Hartlord, Mar. 5, 1782 ; d. there May 29, 1855. 
Descended from Ozias, one of the first settlers 
of H., who d. 1683, a. 87. He was apprenticed 
to a printer in Albany, and was a teacher and 
a land-surveyor. At Ilariford he was many 
years treasurer, judgeofprobate,andclerk; was 
much employed in the settlement of intestate 
estates; and was a man of great probity. He 
pub. an account of the " Descendants of Thos. 
Olcott," " The Foote Family," and " Genea- 
lugical Notes of Some of the First Settlers of 
Ct. and Ms.," 1856, to which a Memoir is pre- 
fixed. 

Goodyear, Charles, inventor, b. New 
Haven, Ct., Dec. 29, 1800 ; d. N.Y. City, July 
1, 1860. He attended a public school, and as- 
sisted his father in the manufacture of hard- 
ware. His early experiments in the manufac- 
ture of india-rubber were carried on at New 
Haven, Roxbury, Lynn, Boston, and Woburn, 
Ms., and N.Y. City. His first important dis- 
covery was in 1 836, being a method of treating 
the surface of native rubber by dipping it into 
a preparation of nitric acid. This process 
was used extensively in the manufacture of 
shoes, until it was superseded by his discovery 
of the superior method of vulcanization, ab. 
Jan. 1839. This process soon occupied his 
whole attention. His patents were more than 
60 in number. His first vulcanization patent 
was issued in France, Apr. 1 6, 1844. He had bef. 
his death, in an advanced stage of preparation, 
a vol. upon India-Rubber and Vulcanization. 
Goodyear obtained the great council medal of 
the Exhibition of all Nations at Lond. in 1851; 
the grand medal of the World's Exhibition at 
Paris, and the ribbon of the Legion of Honor, 
presented by Napoleon 111. in 1853, returning 
to the U.S. in 1858. " He lived to see his ma- 
terial applied to nearly 500 uses, and to give 
employment in Eng., France, Germany, and 
the U.S., to 60,000 persons,"— See D. K. Pierce, 
Trials of an Invenlo,; .V.Y. 1866; Pwtons 
Famous Afitericans, 1867. 

Gookin, Daniel, soldier and author, b. 
Kent, Eng., ab. 1612; d. Cambridge, Ms., 
Mar. 19, 1687. He came with his father to 
Va. in 1621. During the terrible Indian 
massacre of Mar. 1622, Gookin, with 35 men, 
held his plantation, now Newport News, 
against the savages. In May, 1644, in conse- 
quence of his sympathy with the Puritans, he 
settled in Ms. ; was soon after app. a capt. of 
militia; member from Cambridge of the house 
of deputies; speaker in 1651 ; and in 1652 was 
chosen assist, or magistrate. In 1656 he be- 
came sujjt. of all the Indians who had submit- 
ted to the govt, of Ms., and became unpopular 
for the protection, which, as a magistrate, he 
extended to the Indians. He visited Eng. in 
1 656, and was authorized by Cromwell to invite 
the people of N. Eng. to colonize Jamaica. 
He went there again in 1657. Returning 
in 1660 with the fugitive regicides Gofife and 



Whalley, he protected them in 1661 ; was one 
of the licensers of the Cambridge printing- 
press in 1662; and in 1681 was made m.nj.- 
gen. of the Colony. He took an active part 
on the side of the people against the meas- 
ures which terminated in the withdrawal 
of the Colonial charter in 1686. He d. so 
poor, that John Eliot solicited from Robert 
Boyle a gift of £10 for his widow. His 
" Historical Collections of the Indians of Ms.," 
written in 1674, was pub. by the Ms. Hist. So- 
ciety in 1 792 ; also author of a " Hist, of New 
England," never pub., the fate of which is uu- 

Gordon, George Henry, lawyer and sol- 
dier, b. Chariest., .Ms., 19 July, 1825. West Pt. 
1846. Entering the mounted ri9es, he served 
under Gen. Scott in the Mexican war, and was 
brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, 
where he was severely wounded. Made 1st lieut. 
in 1853, he resigned in 1854; entered the Cam- 
bridge Law School ; was adm. to the bar ; prac- 
tised in Boston until 1861, when he raised the 
2d Ms. vols., was made col., and was made mil- 
itary gov. of Harper's Ferry. In 1862 he 
com. a brigade under Gen. Banks, and, for his 
conduct in the retreat from Stiasburg to Wil- 
liamsport, was made brig.-gcn. of vols. June 9, 
1862. He was at the second battle of Bull 
Run, and at Antietam fought with his bri-ade 
in Gen. A. S. Williams's division of Mansfield's 
corps; engaged in operations ab. Charleston 
harbor, Aug. 1863 to Apr. 1864; against Mo- 
bile in Aug. 1864; and brev. maj. -gen. vols. 
9 Apr. 1865 for merit, services. Counsellor at 
law in Boston since 1865; now U.S. collector 
7th dist. — Cullum. 

Gordon, Sir James Alexander, a Brit, 
adm ; d. gov. of Greenwich Hospital, 8 Jan. 
1869, a. 87. Entering the navy in 1793, he 
became fleet-adm. in 1868; gov. of Gr. Husp. 
1853. He was in the battle of the Nile, the 
battle of Lissa, for which be received a gold 
medal and a pension ; lost a leg iu the capture 
of the French frigate " La Pomone ; " in Aug. 
1814 com. the squad, which entered the Po;o- 
mac, and captured Alexandria, D.C. ; and was 
in the operations against N. Orlcins 1814-15. 

Gordon, Rev. James Bentley, author 
of *' An Hist, and Geog. Memoir of tiie N. 
Amer. Continent, its Nations and Tribes, with 
an Acct. of his Life, by Thomas Jones," Dub- 
lin, 4to, 1820. 

Gordon, Patrick, gov. of Pa. from June, 
1726, to bis d. Phila. Aug. 5, 1735, a. 72. He 
was bred to arms, and served from his youth 
to near the close of Queen Anne's reign with 
a high reputation, and was a popular gov. He 
pub. " Two Indian Treaties at Conestogoe, 
1728," Phila. fol. 1728. 

Gordon, Thomas, b. Pitlochie, Scotland ; 
d. Amboy, N. J., 1722. He came to N.J. in 
16S4,and settled at Scotch Plains. Atty.-gen. 
of E. Jersey, 1698; chief sec. and register 
1702; licensed as an attorney in 1704; rep- 
resentative and speaker of the assembly ; app. 
chief justice in 1709 ; and was afterward receiv- 
er-gen. and treasurer of the Province. — Fieljs's 
Prov. Courts in N.J. 

Gordon, Thomas F., histoiical and lesal 
writer, b. Phila. 1787; d. Beverly, N.J., Jan 17, 



GOR 



370 



18G0. Member of the Phila. bar, and author 
of " A Di','est of the Laws of the U.S. ; " " His- 
tory of Pa. to 1776," 1829; " History of N.J. 
to i789," 1834 ; " Historv of America," 1831 ; 
" Caliinet of American History;" " History of 
Ancient Mexico," 1832 ; " Gaz. of N.J.," 1834 ; 
" Gaz. of N.Y.," 8vo, 1835 ; and of Pa. 1839. 

Gordon, William, DO. (N J. Coll. 
1778), clergyman and historian, b. Hitchin, 
Eng., 1730; d. Ipswich, En;.'., Oct. 19, 1807. 
He was settled over a lar^e Independent socie- 
ty at Ipswicli ; afterward at Old Gravel Lane, 
Wapping ; and came to Amer. in 1770. After 
preaching a year to the 3d Church in Rox- 
bury, he was ord. there July 6, 1772. During 
the Revol. he took an active part in public 
measures, and, while chaplain to the Prov. 
Congress of Ms., preached a Fast sermon, 
strongly expressing his political sentiments. 
He was dismissed from this post, as the legisl. 
regarded his prayers as intended rather to 
dictate their measures than to implore the 
divine direction on them. Returning to Eng. 
in 1786, he in 1788 pub. his " History of the 
Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the In- 
dependence of the U. S.," in 4 vols. 8vo, a 
minute and generally faithful narrative of 
facts. This work produced him 300 pounds. 
Its value, however, was impaired by the expur- 
gation of such passages as might endanger 
prosecution. Subsequently settled a; St. Neot's, 
Huntingdonshire. The fiiiUire of his mental 
powers caused his resignation, and removal to 
his connections at Ipswich. He pub. a plan of 
a society for making provision for widows by 
life-annuities, 1772; the first anniversary ser- 
mon after the Decl. of Indep. July 4, 1777 ; an 
abridgment of Edwards on " The Affections; " 
and a number of sermons. — is'ee Wulerhouse's 
Junius. 

Gore, Christopher, LL.D. (H.U. 1809), 
gov. of Ms. in 1809, b. Boston, Sept. 21, 1758 ; 
d.Waltham, Mar. 1,1827. H.U. 1776. Son of 
Capt. John Gore. He studied law with Judge 
Lowell, and soon acquired a lucrative practice. 
In 1789 he was app. by Washington the first 
U.S. atty. for the dist. of Ms.; which post he 
held until 1796, when he, with Wm. Pinckney, 
was app. commissioner under Jay's treaty to 
settle the Amer. claims upon Eng. for spolia- 
tions. Left by Rufus King in 1803 charge 
d'affaires, he in 1804 returned home. Was 
a member of both branches of the legisl., and 
U.S. senator in 1814-17. He made valuable 
bequests to the Amer. Acad, and the Hist. Soc, 
of which ho was a member ; and he made Harv. 
Coll., of which institution he had been a 
fellow and trustee, his resid. legatee. He was 
for a time the legal tutor and adviser of 
Daniel Webster. He pub. a Masonic oration 
-t 1783. 

Gorges (gor'-jgz). Sir Ferdinando, of 
Ashton Phillips, Somerset Co., Eng., lord-pro- 
prietary of the Province of Me. ; d. at an ad- 
vanced age in 1647. He participated in the 
conspiracy of Essex, against whom he tes- 
tified on his trial in 1601 ; served in the navy 
during the war with Spain ; and after the 
peace, in 1604, was app. gov. of Plymouth. 
In 1606 the London and the Plymouth Com- 
panies were incorporated, between which was 



divided the territory extending 50 miles in- 
land, from the 34th to the 45th parallel N. 
lat. His portion was styled North Virginia. 
He sent several unsuccessful expeditions, un- 
der Capt. John Smith and others, to colonize 
this territory ; but in 1616 sent Richard Vines 
with a party, which encamped on the River 
Saco through the winter; and in 1619-20 
Capt. Dermer made the voyage. The Lond. 
Company, from whom the Pilgrims obtained 
their original patent, having incurred the re- 
sentment of the king. Gorges and his associates 
obtained in 1620 an increase of territory ex- 
tending westward from sea to sea, between the 
40th and 48th parallels N. lat. With John 
Mason, he took grants of the district called 
Laconia, bounded by the Merrimac, the Ken- 
nebec, the ocean, and " the r'ver of Canada ; " 
and settlements were attempted. His son, 
Capt. Robert Gorges, was in 1623 app. by the 
council for N.E. "gen. gov. of the country." 
This council resigned its charter to the king in 
1635. Sir F. obtained from the king a charter 
constituting him lord-proprietary of the Prov- 
ince of Maine, with extraordinary govern- 
mental powers ; and sent his nephew Thomas to 
be dep.-gov. The province was divided into 
2 counties, of which Agamenticus (now York) 
and Saco were respectively the principal set- 
tlements. On Gorges's death, the people re- 
peatedly wrote to his heirs; but, as no answer 
was received, they formed themselves into a 
body politic, and submitted to the jurisdiction 
of Ms. The account of his connection with 
the settlement of N.E. is contained in the 
work of his grandson Ferdinando. 

Gorges, Ferdinando, of Westminster, 
son of John, and grandson of Sir Ferdinando, 
b. Loftas, Essex ; d. Jan. 25, 1718, a. 89. He 
m. Mary, eldest sister of Gov. John Archdale 
of S. C. He pub. " America Painted to the 
Life," Lond. 1659. In 1677 he sold to Ms. for 
1,2.50 pounds his rights to the Prov. of Me. 

Gorham, Benjamin, lawyer, b. Charles- 
town, Ms., Feb. 13, 1775 ; d. Boston, Sept. 27, 
1855. H.U. 1795. Son of Nathaniel, pres. 
of Congress. He studied law with Theophilus 
Parsons, and rose to eminence at the Boston 
bar. M.C. 1820-3, 1827-31, and 183.3-5. lie 
was afterwards, for a short time, member of the 
State legisl. 

Gorham, John, M.D., physician, b. Bos- 
ton, Feb. 24, 1783; d. there March 29, 1829. 
H.U. 1801. He studied in Edinburgh; was 
made adjunct prof, of chemistry and materia 
mcdica at H.U. in 1809; and in 1815 prof, of 
chemistry and mineralogy. He pub. " Ele- 
ments of Chemical Science," 2 vols. 8vo, 1819; 
"Inaug. Address," 1817. 

Gorham, Nathaniel, statesman, b. 
Charlestown, Ms., May 27, 1738; d. June 11, 
1796. With a com. school education, he set- 
tled in business in his native town ; was its 
representative in 1771-5 ; delegate to the Prov. 
Congress, 1774-5; again a member of tl»e 
legisl., and a member of the board of war from 
1778 until its dissolution; a delegate to the 
Slate Const. Conv. in 1779; a delegate to 
the Old Congress in 1782-3 and in 1785-7, 
and chosen its pres. June 4, 1786; several 
years a judge of the C.C.P. In the conven- 






GOR 



371 



tion which framed the Federal Constitution 
he took high rank, and, when in com of the 
wliolc, was called by Washinston to fill the 
chair for 3 months. He afterward exerted a 
powerful influence in securing the adoption of 
the Constitution in the State Convention. In 
connection with Oliver Phelps, he purchased an 
immense tract of land on the Genesee River, 
now comprising 10 or 12 counties in the State 
of N.Y. Of this tract, his eldest son Nathaniel 
was a pioneer settler. He d. at Canandaigua, 
Oct 22, 1826. 

Gorman, Willis Arnold, lawyer and 
soldier, b. near Flemingsburg, Ky., Jan. 12, 
1814. He studied law, and in 182.5 began 
practice at Bloomington, Ind. In 18.37-8 he 
was clerk of the Ind. senate ; was several years 
in the State legisl., and, on the breaking-out 
of the Mexican war, became maj. 3d Ind. vols. 
At Buena Vista he com. an independent batt. 
In 1847 he raised the 4th Ind. vols., which he 
com. in several battles; and in 1848 was civil 
and military gov. of Pnelila. He was a Democ. 
M.C. in 1849-53 ; and was gov. of Minnesota 
Terr, in 18.53-7 ; member of its const, conv. in 
1857; and practised law at St. Paul until in 
1861 chosen col. 1st Minn. vols. App. brig.- 
gen. Sept. 7, 1861. He was in the battles of 
Bull's BiuflF and West Point; led a bayonet 
charge at Fair Oaks, and had a brigade in 
Howard's division of the 2d corps at Antietam. 

Gorton, Samuel, the first settler of War- 
wick, R.I , b. Gorton, Eng., ah. 1600; d. R.I. 
Nov. or Occ 1677. He had some education, 
and wiis a clothier in Lond. until 1636, when 
he embaikcd for Boston, where he remained 
until religious disputes caused him to remove 
to Plymouth. He there began to preach such 
peculiar doctrines, that he was banished from 
the Colony for heresy in the winter of 1637-8. 
He then with a few followers went to Aquidneck 
(R.I.), but was publicly whipped for calling 
the magistrates "just asses," and for other 
contemptuous acts, and ah. 1641 was forced to 
take refuge with Roger Williams at Providence, 
Becoming obnoxious here by involving him- 
self in the disputes of the colonists on questions 
of boundary, he removed in Sept. 1642 to Shaw- 
omet, on the west side of Narragansett Bay, 
where he bought land of the sachem Mianto- 
nomo. In June, 1643, two infcrior sachems 
contested his claim to the land, and applied to 
Boston for assistance. Forty soldiers were 
marched to Shawomet ; and Gorton and 10 of 
his followers taken prisoners to Boston, Oct. 
13, where they were tried as " damnable here- 
tics," and sentenced to confinement, and hard 
labor in irons. In March, 1644, they were re- 
leased, and ordered to leave the colony. Gor- 
ton went to Eng. for redress, and procured 
from the Earl of Warwick an order that his 
people should be allowed peaceable possession 
of their lands at Shawomet. Returning to his 
colony in 1643, he named it Warwick. He 
discharged many important civil offices ; and 
on Sundays preached to the colonists and In- 
dians. Samuel, one of his sons, lived to the 
age of 94. His sect survived him about a 
century. Gorton pub. " Siinplicitie's Defence 
against Seven-Headed Policy," a vindication 
of his course in N.E. 1646 ; " An Incorruptible 



Key composed of the CX. Psalm," 1647 , 
" Saltmarsh returned from the Dead," 1655; 
"An Antidote against the Common Plague of 
the World," 1657; "Certain Copies of f^etters." 
&c. He also left in MS. "A Commentary 
on a Part of the Gospel of St. Matthew." — 
See his Life, by J. M. Maclcie, in Sparks's 
Amer. Biotr 

Gosnold, Bartholomew, an English 
voyager to Amer. ; d. Va. Aug. 22, 1607. 
After the failure of Raleigh, in which he was 
concerned, to colonize Va., he com. an exped., 
fitted out at the cost of the Earl of South- 
ampton, for planting a colony in N.E. Mar. 
26, 1602, he sailed from Falmouth with one 
small vessel and 20 colonists. Instead of 
sailing, as usual, by the Canaries and West In- 
dies, he steered directly across the Atlantic, 
reached Ms. Bay 14 May, and landed on Cape 
Cod, which he named. Sailing around the 
Cape, and stopping at the island now known 
as No Man's Land. Gosnold landed at the 
mouth of Buzzard's Bay, and planted his 
colony on an island which he christened Eliz- 
abeth, and now known by its Indian name of 
Cuttyhunk. The hostility of the Indians, 
scarcity of provisions, and disputes ab. a divis- 
ion of profits,.di3Couraged them ; and they re- 
turned to Eng., where they arrived 23 July, 
taking a cargo of sassafras-root, then highly 
esteemed as a medicine, cedar, furs, and other 
commodities. Gosnold then organized a com- 
pany for colonization in Va., led by Wing- 
field, Hunt, and Capt. John Smith. A charter 
was granted them by James I., Apr. 10, 1606 
the first under which the English were planted 
in Amer. ; and Dec. 19, 1606, he sailed with 3 
small vessels and 105 adventurers, only 12 of 
whom were laborers. After a tedious voyage, 
they sailed up the James River, which they 
named after the king ; landed ab. 50 miles above 
its mouth, and founded Jamestown, notwith- 
standing the remonstrances of Gosnold on ac- 
count of its unhealthy situation on low, marshy 
ground. Sicknessand other causes destroyed 50 
of their number before autumn, among them 
the projector of the colony. 

Gosse, Philip Henkv, an Eng. zoijiogist, 
b. Worcester, Apr. 6, 1810. He resided in 
Newfoundland in 1827-35, occupied in mer- 
cantile pursuits, and collecting insects, and 
making colored drawings of them. He re- 
moved to L. Canada, where he studied ento- 
mology 3 years, and afterwards travelled in 
the U.S., making in Alabama numerous draw- 
ings of its lepidoptera. Returning to Eng. in 
1 839, he pub. " The Canadian Naturalist," 1 840. 
Visiting Jamaica in 1844, he pub. "Birds of 
Jamaica," and " Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamai- 
ca; " in 1849 an " Introduction to Zoology ; " 
" Rambles of a Naturalist on the Devonshire 
Coast" in 1853; the " Aquarium," 1854 ; the 
first part of a " Manual of Mosaic Zoiilogy " 
in 1856; in 1859 "Letters from Alabama," 
chiefly upon natural history ; and in 1860 
"Historyof British Sea-Anemonesand Corals." 
Chosen a fellow of the Roy. Soc. in 1850. 

Gottschalk, Lonis Moreau, pianist and 
composer, b. N. Orleans, 8 May, 1829; d. near 
Rio Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1869. Sent to Paris for 
music in 1841, he made his first 



372 



o-orr 



appeared pe 



js4 



public appearance as a pianist in Apr. 1845. 
After several professional tours in Europe, he 
returned to the U.S. Jan. 185.3; gave his first 
n N.Y. in Feb. 185.3; and afterward 
eriodieally there and in other Amer. 
composed the Bamboula, Boiuvinier, 
Banjo, and other pianoforte pieces renrcscntin;; 
Southern life, also the Apoth^ose, Munihe ik 
Nuit, Chant de Soldat, &c. His style of playiu}; 
was brilliant in the extreme. He eontrib. to 
the Athmtic Monthly " Notes of a Pianist." 

Gouge, William M., editor PA*i. Gazette, 
author, and for 30 years connected with the 
treasury dept. Washington, b. Phila. Nov. 
10, 1796; d. Trenton, N. J., July 14,1863. 
He pub. " A Fiscal History of Texas," 8vo, 
1852; "History of the Amer. Banking Sys- 
tem," 1835 ; " Expediency of dispensing with 
Bank Agency and with Bank Paper," 1837. 
He edited several journals, and for 30 years 

^ , eontrib. articles on banking to various journals. 

if-td- /t' Gough, John B, lecturer on temperance, 
^ • -' b. Sandgate, Kent, Eng., Aug. 22, 1817^ His 

parents were poor, and he eontrib., by exercis- 
ing his talent as a reader, to their scanty re- 
sources. At 12 he came to Amer. as appren- 
tice to a tradesman, with whom ho settled 
on a farm in Oneida Co., N.Y. In Dee. 1831 
lie obtained employment in N.Y. City as a 
bookbinder. He soon fell into habits of dissi- 
pation, and was frequently thrown out of em- 
ployment. To such degradation did he sink, 
that, night after night, he sang comic songs, 
and played the buffoon, to the habitues of the 
lowest grog-shops, who In return supplied hirn 
with drink. He m. in 1839, and became a 
bookbinder on his owu account; but intemper- 
ance prevented his success. He had suffered 
from delirium tremens, had lost his wife and 
child, and was reduced to the utmost misery, 
when a Quaker invited him in the street to take 
the temperance pledge. Hiving told his story 
at a temperance-meeting, he at once became a 
leading orator in the temperance cause. In 

1842 some of his former companions induced 
him to violate his pledge ; and he confessed the 
fact !it a public meeting at Worcester. Since 

1843 he has labored incessantly in behalf of 
temperance, with ability and success. In I8.>3 
he went to Eng.. spokeand lectured in London 
and in the principal towns, creating a remark- 
able impression. His Autobiography and a 
vol. of his orations were pub. in 1845. A 
sketch of his life, by Rev. W. Reid, was pub. 
in 1854. 

Gould, AtrousTtTS Addison, M.D. (H.U. 
1830), naturalist and physician, b. New Ips- 
wich, N.H., Apr. 23, 1805; d. Boston, Sept. 
15, 1866. H.U. 1825. He practised in Boston, 
lectured frequently on scientific subjects, and 
for 2 years taught botany and zoology at 
H.U. In 1855 he delivered the annual dis- 
course before the Ms. Medical Society, entitled 
" Search out the Secrets of Nature," and in 
1856 became a visiting physieifln to the Ms. 
Gen. Hospital. Member of many learned so- 
cieties, and pre-eminent as a conchologist. 
He pub. a translation of De Lamarc's " Genera 
of Shells," 1833; "System of Nat. Hist.," 
1833; translation of Gall's works; the "In- 
vertebrate Animals of Ms.," 1841; " Principles 



of Zoiilogv," 1848 ; " Mollusca and Shells of 
the U.S. Explor. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes," 
18.52 ; the completion of Dr. A. Birney's 
" Land Mollusks of the U.S.," 1851-5 ; " The 
Mollusca of the N. Pacific E.xped. under Capts. 
Ringgold and Rogers;" and numerous articles 
in medical magazines, the Boston Journal of 
Nat. Hist., the Amer. Journal of Science, and 
the Christian Review. In 1863 he pub., under 
the title Otla Conchologlca, all the original de- 
scriptions of new species of shells pub. in his 
various works. He pub. in 1852, in connection 
with F. Kidder, " A Hist, of N. Ipswich, N.H." 
Gould, Bexjamis Aptiiorp, Jun., astron- 
omer, b. Boston, Sept. 27, 1824. H.U. 1844. 
Gottingen, 1848 ; Assoc. Roy. Astron. Soc. 
1854. App. director nf ibe Dudley Observatory 
1856. In I s I'l 1„. rstablished the .\slronomlcal 
.huninl, uhirl, ]•,,■ lus >incc edited. He pub. 
" The Sul.u I'.uMll ,N ; " " U.S. Naval Astron. 
Exp.,"4tu, 1S.J7; ■■ History of the Discovery of 



Planet Neptune,' 
trib. to scientific joni 
Gould, EDWAnr 
b. Litchlield, Ct , M:i 
Jas. Gould. \V,i- -, 
sketches to the A 
World, the .1/., 
other journals, ami j 
French works. I 



1850 ; and has con- 
merchant and writer, 
ISii"*. vSon of Judge 

!'iili. of tales and 

1/-./., to theiVw; 
/ -.-/ World, and 
tr.iu,l.uorof several 
8.3L .le lectured before the 



N.Y. Mercantile Lib. Assoc, on " American 
Criticism in American Literature." In 1843 
he pub. " Tlie Sleep Rider," also an abridg- 
ment of Alison's " History of Europe," and in 
1850 a comedv, entitled "The Very Age." 
John W. Gould, bro. of Edward S., b. Nov. 
14, 1814, d. at sea Oct. 1, 1838, was also a 
successful writer of tales and sketches, some 
of which, entitled " Forecastle Yarns," were 
pnb. in 1843. A volume also containing these, 
a biog. sketch, and his private journal of the 
voyage on which he died, wai^ issued by his 
brothers for private circulation in 1839. — 
Dmirklnck. 

Gould, Hannah Flagg, poetess, b. Lan- 
caster, Ms., 1789; d. Ncwburyport, Sept. 5, 
1865. Dau. of a Revol. soldier, and sister of 
Benjamin A. Giuild, a merchant of Boston, 
who d. Oct. 25, 1860. She removed in early 
life to Newburyport. Volumes of her poems 
were pub. in 1832, 1836, and 1841, and were 
much admired. She was afterward a constant 
contributor to the periodical literature of the 
day. In 1846 she pub. " Gathered Leaves," a 
collection of prose articles. "The Diosnia" 
appeared in 1850, ' The Youth's Coronal " in 
1851, and " Hvinns and Poems for Children" 
in 1854. 

Gould, James, LL.D. (Y.C. 1819), jurist, 
b. Branfonl, Ct., 1770; d. Litchfield, May 11, 
1838. Y.C. 1791. Ho became disting. in 
early life as a lawyer; was raised to the office 
of judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, 
from which office he was displaced by the ado|)- 
tion in 1818 of the new Constitution ; was for 
40 years assoe. with Judge Tapping Reeve as a 
prof, in the Litchfield Law School ; and, after 
the death of Judge Reeve, continued to conduct 
the school till within a few years of his death. 
He pub. " Principles of Pleading in Civil Ac- 
tions," 1832. 



373 



G-KA 



Gould, Nathaniel D., of Boston, b. Bed- 
fiiij, Ms. His name was oiiginally Duren. 
He took that of his uncle Gould in 1806. 
Father of Dr. A. A. Gould. Has pub. " Com- 
jianion to the Psalmist," " National Church 
Harmony," " Sab. School Harmony," " Social 
Harmony," " Sacred Minstrel," " Beauties of 
\V ri lin^'," " Writing-Master's Assistant," " Pro- 
gressive Penmanship," " History of Church 
Music in America," I2mo, 1853. 

GourgUeS de (deh-goor;;). DOMINIQDE, 
a celebrated French seaman, b. Mont de Mar- 
ean ab. 1530; d. 1593, while on a journey to 
Lond., whither he was invited by Queen Eliza- 
beth to take com. of an English fleet. Hear- 
ing of the atrocious massacre by the Spaniards 
of the French colonists in Florida, he with 
some assistance equipped a small fleet, and with 
upwards of 200 followers sailed in 1567 for 
that country. In conjunction with his Indian 
allies, he totally defeated the Spaniards, and 
took a number of prisoners, whom he hanged. 
The head of Gourgues was demanded by the 
Spanish king, and he was for a long time con- 
cealed in France. 

Gourlay, Robert, Canadian statistician, 
b. Scotland, 1778 ; d. Edinbureh, 1 Aug. 1863. 
He came to Canada in July, I8I7. In 18-22 he 
pub. " A General Introduction to a Statistical 
Account of Upper Canada, &c." His political 
principles being obnoxious to the ruling powers 
of Canada, he was arrested and imprisoned, 
and finally compelled to retire to the U.S., and 
afterward to Eng. He played a prominent 
part in defence of the right of free speech and 
printing, in opposition to a tyrannical faction 
in Canada. 

Gouvion, Jeav Baptiste, a French gen., 
b. Toul, Jan. 8, 1747; killed June 11, 1792, 
near Grisnelle, before Maubcnge. Son of a 
lieut. of police at Toul. Was a lieut. at the 
military school of Mezieres in 1769, and engi- 
neerinl77I. Hecameio Amcr. in 1777; served 
on the staff of Lafayette, whose " military 
tutor" he was called; was app. major and af- 
terwards lieut. -col. of engineers forvaluable ser- 
vices; and received a pension for his conduct at 
Yorktown. On his return to France in 1783, 
he was made maVre-de-camp, and in 1787 adj.- 
gcn. Selected in 1789 by Lafayette for maj.- 
gen. of the national guard, of which he was 
commander. He was a dep. in the Nat. As- 
sembly in 1791-2, and was serving as lieut.- 
gen. under Lafayette in the Army of the Cen- 
tre at the time of his death. 

Graham, David, lawyer of New York ; 
d. Nice, Italy, May 27, 1852, a. 46. He was 
skilful in criminal cases, and was a commis- 
sioner for framing the new code of procedure 
of N.Y. Author of " Courts of Law and 
Equity in N.Y.," 8vo, 18.39; "New Trials," 
8vo, 1834 ; new ed. by Graham and Waterman, 
3 vols. 1856 ; " Practice of the N Y. Supreme 
Court," 8vo, 1836, 3d ed., 8vo, 1847. 

Graham, Isabella, philanthropist, b. Lan- 
arkshire, Scotland, July 29, 1742; d. N.Y. 
July 27, 1814. Miss Marshall received an ex- 
cellent education, married Dr. John Graham 
in 1765, and accompanied him with his regt., 
first to Fort Niagara, and afterwards to Anti- 
gua, where he d. in 1774. She returned to 



Scotland, but in 1789 came to N.Y. and estab- 
lished a school for the instruction of young 
ladies, which she continued many years with 
success. She disting. herself during the latter 
years of her life by her charities, by encoura- 
ging the (bunding of charitable societies, and 
the establishment of benevolent institutions. 
The most important of them was the Widow's 
Soc, the Orphan Asylum "Soc, and the Soc. 
for the Promotion of Industry, and the first 
Sunday school for ignorant adults. She aided 
also in organizing the first missionary society 
and the first monthly missionary prayer-rncet- 
ing in the city ; was the first pres. of the Mag- 
dalen Society ; systematically visited the in- 
mates of the hospital and the sick female 
convicts in the State Prison ; and distributed 
Bibles and tracts long before there was a Bible 
or tract society in N.Y. Memoirs of her life 
were pub by Dr. Mason. 

Graham, James Duncan, col. U.S.A., 
b. Prince Wni. Co., Va., April 4, 1799; d. 
Boston, Dec. 28, 1865. West Point, 1817. 
His elder bro.. Col. Wm. M. Graham, fell at 
Molino del Uey, Mexico. Lieut, of art. July, 
1817; asisst. topog. engineer, with rank of 
capt., Jan. 15, 1829; topog. engineer, rank 
of major, Sept. 14, 1834; major, July 7, 1838; 
lieut.-col. 6 Aug. 1861 ; col. eng. corps, I 
June, 1863. U.S. astronomer in the joint 
boundary demarcation between the US. and 
Texas, l"839-40 ; U.S. commiss. for the ex- 
ploration and survey of the N.E. bound. iry 
of the U.S. Aug. 1840 to March, 1843; U.S. 
astronomer in the joint boundary demarcation 
between the U.S. and Brit. Provinces, April, 
'43, to Dec. '47 ; for which brev. lieut.-col. Jan. 
1, 1847 ; U S. astronomer in the joint hound, 
com. of U.S. and Mexico, 1851. Author of 
" Report to Joint Commisfiions of Md., Pa., 
and Del., relating to Intersection of Boundary- 
Lines of those States," 1850. Member of nu- 
merous historical societies, of the Am. Philos. 
Soc, the Acad, of Natural Sciences, and fellow 
of the Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Graham, John Andrew, LL.D., advo- 
cate and author; b. Southbury, Ct., June 10, 
1764; d. N.Y. Aug. 29, 1841. Son of Dr. 
Andrew, Revol. patriot, who d. 1785. He re- 
moved to Rutland, Vt., immediately on his 
admission to the Ct. bar in 1785. Sent to 
England as agent of the diocese to obtain the 
consecration of Bishop Peters from the English 
bishops, he was unsuccessful. Returning to 
Eng. in 1796, he pub. there in 1797 " A De- 
scriptive Sketch of the Present State of Vt.," 
and received the degree of LL.D from Aber- 
deen. From 1805 he resided in N.Y., where 
he became disting. for his ability in the defence 
of criminals. A small volume of his ablest 
speeches was pub. in 1812. 

Graham, John H., commo. U.S.N , b. Vt. 
Midshipm. June 18,1812; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817; 
command. Feb. 28, 1838; capt. Mar. 7, 1849; 
commodore (retired list) July 16, 1862. Served 
under Macdonough in his victory on Lake 
Champlain, Sept. II, 1814. 

Graham, Gen. Joseph, Revol. soldier, b. 
Chester Co., Pa., Oct. 13, 1759; d. Lincoln 
Co., N.C., Nov. 12, 1836. At the age of 7 he 
accomp. ills widowed mother to N.C. Was 



GR^ 



374 



GRA. 



educated at Charlotte ; enlisted in the 4th 
N.C. regt. ill May, 1778; was in the battle of 
Stono in 1779; app. adj. of the Mecklenburg 
regt. in 1780; and in an action at Charlotte 
in the autumn of 1780 received 6 sabre and 
3 bullet wounds. Recovering, 2 months after 
he raised a company of mounted riflemen, 
with whom he defended the passage of Cowans 
Ford, and performed a series of heroic deeds, 
commanding in 15 engagements, attaining the 
rank of major. Elected sheriflTof Mecklenburg 
after the war ; frequently represented that coun ty 
in the State senate ; and subsequently engaged 
in the manuf. of iron in Lincoln County. He 
com. against the Creek Indians in 1814 with 
the rank of maj.-gen. His youngest son, Wm. 
A., was sec. of the navy. 

Graham, Lawrence Pike, brev. brig.- 
pen. U.S A., b. Va. Entered 2d dragoons 
Oct. 13, 18.37; became 1st lieut. Jan. 1839; 
engaged in battle of Lockahatchee, Fla., in 
1842; capt. Aug. 1843; brev. maj. for gallantry 
at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 
1846; major, June 4, 1858 ; lieut.-col. 5th cav. 
Oct. 1, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 31, 1862; 
brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallantry and good 
conduct during the war ; col. 4ih U.S. cav. 
May, 1864; and retired 9 May, 1864. 

Graham, Svlvester, vegetarinn, b. Suf- 
field, Ct., 1794; d. Northampton, Ms., Sept. 
11, 1851. Son of Rev. John ; and in child- 
hood was extremely feeble. At 19 he became 
a teacher, continuing until disabled by illness. 
In 1823 he entered Amh. Coll., intending to 
enter the ministry ; but, having exhibited great 
powers of elocution, he was denounced ns a 
stage-actor and mad enthusiast. In 1826 he 
m. ; soon after became a preacher in the Presb. 
church ; was engaged in 1830 ns a temperance 
lecturer; and studied physiology and anatomy. 
He pub. in 1832 his " Essay on the Cholera ; " 
delivered a course of lectures, pub. in 1839, 
entiiled " Graham Lectures of the Science of 
Human Life." lie also wrote " Bread and 
Breadmaking ; " " A Lecture to Young Men on 
Chastity;" and "The Philosophy of Sacred 
History," 12mo, only one vol. of which he lived 
to complete. 

Graham, William Alexander, states- 
man. Soil of Gen. Joseph, b. Lincoln Co., 
N.C. Sept. 5, 1804. He was trained to the 
law; entered public life in 1833 as a member 
of the State legisl., of which he was several 
times elected speaker ; was a U.S. senator in 
1841-3; gov. in 1845-9; sec. of the navy under 
Pres. Fillmore until June, 1852; and subse- 
quently candidate for the vice-presidency on the 
tickpt with Gen Scott. 

Graham, William Montrose, lieut.-col. 
U.S.A.. b. Prince Wm. Co., Va. ; killed at 
Molino del Rey, 8 Sept. 1847. West Point, 
1817. Maj. 2d Inf. 16 Feb.; lient.-col. 11th 
Inf. 3 Mar. 1847 ; disting. at Fort King and nt 
the battle of Onithlacoochie in the Seminole 
war, and severely wounded ; and in all the 
principal battles of Mexico; and brev. maj. and 
lient.-col. 

Grahame, James, LL.D. (H U. 1839), his- 
torian, b. Glasgow, Dec. 21, 1790; d. Lond. 
July 3, 1842. St. John's Coll., Cambridge. 
lu 1812 was admitted an advocate at the 



Scottish bar. After 14 years' practice, he 
sought from ill health a milder climate; settled 
in the south of Eng., and commenced a History 
of the U.S. The first two vols appeared in 
1827; a new edition, 4 vols. 8vo. in 1836, bring- 
ing the History to the year 1776 ; but its thor- 
oughly American spirit interfered with its suc- 
cess in Eng., and for several years it was little 
known in the U.S. In 1841 a genial notice 
of his History, by W. H. Prcscott, appeared in 
the N. A. Review. A Phila. edition of his 
work, in 4 vols. 8vo, appeared in 1845; one in 
2 vols, in 1846andl848; the former containing 
a memoir of Grahame by Josiah Qiiincy. Mr. 
Quincy also pub. a work entitled " The Mem- 
ory of the Late James Grahame, the Historian 
of the U.S., vindicated from the Charges of Mr. 
Bancroft," Svo, Boston, 1846. In 1837 Mr. 
Grahame undertook to continue the History to 
the close of the Revol., but was compelled by 
ill health, toward the close of the year, to ab- 
stain from literary labor of all kinds. His last 
work was a pamphlet entitled " Who is to 
Blame ? or Cursory Review of the American 
Apology for American Accession to Negro 
Slavery," Svo, Lond., 1842. 

Granger, Trancis, politician, b. Suffield, 
Ct., Due. 1,1792; d. Canandaigua, N Y., Aug. 
28, 1868. Y. C. 1811. Son of Gideon, post- 
mr.-gen. Removing to Canandaigua, where be 
practised law, he was prominent in the anti-Ma- 
sonic movement ; and was in 1826-31 a member 
of the Gen. Assembly of that State; M.C. in 
1835-7, 1839-40, from N.Y. ; app. in Mar. 1841 
U.S. postmaster-general. 'This position he re- 
signed in July, 1841. on Mr. Tyler's action re- 
specting the U.S. Bank ; deleg. to the Peace 
Convention in Feb. 1861 ; and took an active 
part in the effort to avert the Rebellion. 

Granger, Gideon, lawyer and politician, /ti.ct* 
b. Sufficld, Ct., July 19, 1767; d. Canandai- ' — 
gua, N.Y., Dec. 31, 1822. Y.C. 1787. Adm. ^ <JA^, 
to the bar of the Sup. Court of Ct. in 1788, J^ 
where he acquired celebrity; was from 1793 v - 
several years a member of the legisl. ; disting. 
himself by his exertions to create its school- 
fund ; U.S. postmaster-srcn. from 1801 to 1814, 
when he removed to N.Y. ; State senator from 
1819 to 1821 ; and a promoter of internal im- 
provements. He gave 1,000 acres of land for 
the benefit of the Eiie Canal. He was an able 
speaker and political writer. 

Granger, Gordon, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. ab. 1825. West Point, 1845. Enter- 
ing 2d Inf., he was transferred to the mounted 
rifles, July 17, 1846; was brev. 1st lieut. (or 
gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 
20, and capt. for gallantry at Chapultepcc, Sept. 
12,1847; disting. himself in conflict with the In- 
dians on the Nueces River, April 13,1856; capt. 
3d Cav. May 5, 1861 ; rol.2d Mich. Cav. 2 Sep. 
1861; brig.-gen. vols.Mar.26,1862. Heservcd 
in the West under Gens. Halleck and Grant ; 
took part in the battles of Wilson's Creek, luka, 
and Corinth; was made maj.-gen. Sept. 17, 
1862; commanded the dist. of Central Ky., 
where he did good service ; was especially 
disting. at Chiikamauga, after which battle he 
received the com. of the 4th army corps ; en- 
gaged in the operations about Chattanooga ; 
battle of Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1863 ; 



GiUA. 



375 



brcv. co!. for Chnttanooga, 24 Nov. 1863 ; com. 
division ami engaged at Foit Gaines, Ala., 
Aug. 1864, and Fort Morgan ; com. dist. of VV. 
Fla. and Dcpt. of Gulf, 1864-5, and 1.3tli army 
corps in operations ending in c ipture of Mobile, 
12 Apr. 186.5, for which he was brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 ; col. 15th Inf. July 28, 
1866. — Cullum. 

Granger, Robebt S., brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., I>. Ohio, ab. 1817. West Point, 1838. 
Entering the 1st Inf., was assist, instructor in 
inf. tactics at West Point from July, 1843, to 
Aug. 1844 ; capt. 8 Sept. 1847 ; major Sept. 9, 
1861, and brig.-gen. vols. Oct. 20, 1862. He 
served with distinction in Ky. ; was brev. col. 
9 Oct. 1862, for the battle "of Lawreneeburg, 
Ky. ; joined the Army of the Cumberland in 
Jan. 1863 ; was assigned to Northern Ala. 
June 1, 1864 ; defeated Hood at Decatur, Oct. 
27, and earned the brevet of maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 
1865. He captured Gen. Roddy's camp near 
Courtland, Julv, 1864, and expelled the rebel 
Wheeler from Middle Tenn., Aug.-Sept. 1864 ; 
lieut.-col. 1 6th Inf. 12 June, 1865. — VulJum. 

Grant, Anne, of Laggan, authoress, b. 
Glasgow, Scotland, 21 Feb. 1755; d. Edin- 
burgh, 7 Nov. 1838. Capt. McVicar, her father, 
took her while an infant to America, where 
she remained till 1768, and, by her intelli- 
gence and conversational powers, obtained the 
friendship of Madam Schuyler and oti>er emi- 
nent inhabitants of New York. In 1779 she 
m. Rev. Mr. Grant of Laggan, by whose d. in 
1801 she was left with the care of a nu- 
merous family. Taking up her pen as a sup- 
port, she pub. " Memoirs of an American 
Lady," 2 vols. 1808, a faithful picture of Colo- 
nial manners and scenery; "Letters from the 
Mountains," 3 vols. 1808 ; and " Essays on the 
Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland," 
2 v(,ls. 1811. 

Grant, Jvmes, of Ballendalloch, a British 



^pr. 13, 1806. 
Highlanders i 



1757. In 
Sept. 1758, Maj. Grant marched with 800 men 
to reconnoitre Fort Duquesne ; was surprised 
and defeated, and with 19 other officers made 
prisoner. App. gov. of East Florida in 1760, 
and lieut.-col, 40th Foot; eol. May 25, 1772; 
maj.-gen. 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 1782; gen. May, 
1796. In May, 1761, he led the e\ped. against 
the Cherokees, defeating them in a severe bat- 
tle at Etchoe. At the battle of Long Island, 
Aug. 1776, liecom. the 4th and 6ih brigades of 
the British army. In Dec. 1776 Howe gave 
him the com. in N.J. at a most critical period : 
the American victories at Trenton and Prince- 
ton immcdiiitely followed. In 1777 he com. 
the 2d brigade of Howe's army; led the 1st 
and 2d at the Brandy wine; and atGermantown, 
Oct. 4, forced the left of the American army lo 
give way. In May, 1778, he was detached with 
a strong force to cut off Lafayette on the 
S 'huylkill, butwas unsuccessful. He defeated 
Lee at Monmouth, and Nov. 4 sailed in com- 
mand of the troops sent against the French 
W. Indies. In Dec. he took St. Lucia; and in 
1791 was made gov. of Stirling Castle. Many 
years amember of parliament, where, before the 
Revol., he made the boast that he would lead a 
British regt. from one end of the Colonies to the 



other, the Americans were such cowards. Late 
in life he was a notorious gourmand, requiring 
his cook to sleep in the same room with him. 

Grant, Ulysses Simpson, Prcs. of the 
U.S., b. Point Pleasant, Ohio, Apr. 27, 1822. 
West Point, 1843. Son of Jesse R. and Han- (X ■ 
nah Simpson Grain of Pa. Entering the 4th j 
Inf , he joined Taylor on the Rio Grande in ^'^ 
1846, and was in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca 
dela Palma, and Monterey. Subsequently join- 
ing Scott before Vera Cruz, Grant took part 
in every engagement fought between that city 
and Mexico, receiving brevets of 1st lieut. and 
capt. for meritorious conduct at Molino del 
Rcy and Chapultepec. Made capt. 5 Aug. 
1853, while serving in Oregon ; he resigned .31 
July, 1854, and settled in St. Louis. In 1859 
he removed to Galena, 111., where he was en- 
gaged in commercial pursuits when the civil 
war began. He was one of the first to offer 
his services to his country, and as col. of the 
2 1 St 111. vols, served actively in Mo. Made 
brig. -gen. May 17, 1861, he was in Aug. as- 
signed to the com. at Cairo. He at once oc- 
cupied Paducah, Ky. ; and at Belmont broke 
up the enemy's camp, opposite his stronghold 
at Columbus. In Feb. 1862 he received com. 
of the land-force destined to attack Fort Hen- 
ry on the Tenn. River. Too late to participate 
in its reduction, he immediately moved upon 
Fort Donelson. For his conduct at the siege 
and capture of this post, he was promoted to 
maj.-gen. Feb. 16. He advanced to Pittsburg 
Landing, where, while awaiting the arrival of 
BucU with re-enfbrcements, he was attacked on 
the morning of Apr. 6 by Gens. A. S. John- 
ston and Beauregard. After an obstinately- 
contested battle. Grant was driven back toward 
the river, where, by massing his artillery, and 
with the aid of the gunboats, he made asuccess- 
ful stand. Rc-enloreements arrived during the 
night, the battle was renewed next day, and 
the confederates repulsed withtgreat slaughter. 
He was afterward second in com. to Gen. Hal- 
leck. In Sept. 1862 he was app. to the com. 
of West Tenn., and fixed his headquarters at 
Jackson. His force there constituted the 13th 
army corps. He com. at luka, 19 Sept. 1862 ; 
in the Vicksburg campaign, Nov. 4, 1862, to 
July 18, 1863; and maile maj.-gen. U.S.A. 4 
July, 1863, the date of the capture of Vicks- 
burg with its garrison of 31,500; com. the 
division of the Mpi. 16 Oct. to 2 Mar. 1864, 
when made lieut.-gen. for the Chattanooga 
campaign; gen.-in-chief. Mar. 17, 1864 ; in the 
Richmond campaign. May 4, 1864, to Apr. 9, 
1865, the date of Lee's surrender; gen. U.S.A. 
25 July, 1866 ; see. of war ad interim 12 Aug. 
1867 to Feb._1868; inaug. President 4 Mar. 
1869. Grant's most brilliant campaign was 
that in which, throwing himself upon the rear 
of Vicksburg, he defeated in detail the armies 
of Johnston and Pemberton, and, cooping up 
the latter in Vicksburg, caused its speedy sur- 
render. At Mission. Ridge, 25 Nov. 1863, he 
won a splendid victory over Bragg's army, re- 
ceiving therefor the thanks of Congress, 17 
Dee., also a gold medal. — See Badeaus Milil. 
Bint, of Gen. Grant ; Lives of Grant, bi/ C. A. 
Phelps, A. D. Richardson, and II. Coppie; and 
Men of Our Times, bt/ Mrs. H. B. Stowe. 



GrRA. 



376 



Grasse, Tilly (de gias), Frani^ois Jo- 
seph Paul, Cointe de, a French adm., b. Pro- 
vence, 1723; d. Jan. 11, 1788. At 15 he en- 
tered the navy. In 1742, while lieiit. of a 
frifjute, he was captured by a British ship, and 
confined in Eng. until exchanged. He served 
under La Galissoniere during tlie 7-years' war, 
and assisted at the tal;ing of Minorca ; was en- 
gaged under D'Ache in the tliree actions with 
Pococke in the E. Indies ; and towards the 
end of the war he was made a capt. When 
France came to the assistance of America in 
her .struggle for liberty, De Grasse was made a 
rcar-adm., and com. the second division under 
D'Orvilliers in the action of July 27, 1778. 
He subsequently served with La Motte Picquet 
and De Guichen ; and in the engagement of 
May 18, 1780, displayed great skill and enter- 
prise. Raised at length to the chief com., he 
assisted at the capture of Tobago, Sept. 1781, 
and sailed immediately to Amer., the great ob- 
ject of his exped. His conduct off the Chesa- 
peake, in the action with Adm. Graves, and in 
the capture of Yorktown, procured for hini the 
thanks of Congress (28 Oct.), and a present 
of i pieces of cannon taken at Yorktown, 
and gained him laurels at home. His subse- 
quent services were great ; his action with Sir 
Samuel Hood evinced the greatest address 
and skill ; and the assistance rendered by him 
to llie enterprising Bouille deprived Britain 
of many of her valuable possessions in tlie W. 
Indies. The action of the 12th of Apr. 1782, 
in which lie suffered a complete defeat by the 
6u]ierior force of Rodney, finished his naval 
career. Chef d'escadre, 1779. 

Gratiot, Charles, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Mo. 1788; d. St. Louis, 18 May, 1855. 
West Point, 1806. Entering the engineer 
corps, he was app. capt. 2.3 Feb. 1808; chief 
engineerof Harrison's army in 1813 and 1814; 
brev. col. Mich, militia, Oct. 5, 1814 ; engaged 
in the defence of Fort INIeigs, Apr .-May, 1813 ; 
and attack on Fort Mackinac, 4 Aug. 1814; 
maj. Feb. 9, 1815; lieut.-col. Mar. .31, 1819; 
col. and principal engr. May 24, 1828 ; brevet 
brig.-gen. May 24, 1828; "dismissed Dec. 6, 
1838 ; inspector Military Academy, May, 1828, 
to Dec. 1838. 

Grattan, Thomas Collet, novelist, b. 
Dublin, 1796; d. Lond. 4 July, 1864. He 
studied law. Commenced authorship in 1819 
with "Philibert," a poetical romance; removed 
to Paris ; contrib. to the Edinb. Review and to 
the A''. MoHtkly Mag. ; was consul to Ms. in 
1839-53; and besides novels, and histories of 
Switzerland and the Netherlands, wrote " Civ- 
ilized America," 2 vols. 1859, a bitterly abusive 
book ; " England and the Disrupted States of 
Amer." 1861 ; and a dratna, " The Woman of 
Color." 

Graves, Thomas, rear-adm., b. Ratcliff, 
Eng., 6 June, 1605; d. Charlestown, Ms., 31 
July, 1653. He was in 1632-5 master of sev- 
eral ships sailing between Eng. and this coun- 
try, and with his wife, Catharine Coytmore, 
was adm. to the church at Charlestown 7 
Oct. 1639. In 1643 he was master of "The 
Tryal," the first ship built in Boston ; and 
for the capture of a Dutch privateer in the 
English Channel, during Cromwell's protec- 



torate, was given the com. of a ship-ofwar, 
and made a rcar-adm., the owners of his 
ship presenting him with a silver cup. — Sew- 
all's (rolwn. 

Graves, Thomas, Lord, a Brit, adm., b. 
1725; d. Jan. 31, 1802. After having succes- 
sively served on various important occasions un- 
der Hawke, Anson, and other disting. admirals, 
he obtained in 1759 the com. of "The Uni- 
corn " frigate, from which in 1761 he was re- 
moved to "The Antelope "on iheN. Amer. sta- 
tion, and app. gov. of Newfoundland, in which 
capacity he acted with such promptitude, pru- 
dence, and energy, on the capture of St. John's 
by a French squad, in 1762, that the place was 
speedily retaken. In 1779 he became rear- 
admiral of the Blue; in 1780 he sailed to 
Amer. with a re-enforcement of 6 ships-of-the- 
line for Adm. Arbuthnot ; Sept. 26 he was 
made rear-adm. of the Red ; and in July, 1781, 
on Arbuthnot's return to Eng., he took the 
chief com. on the Amer. station. Sept. 5, he 
came to a partial engagement with De Grasse, 
which resulted in disabling many of the Eng. 
ships. He became second in com. under Lord 
Howe in the engagement, June I, 1795; and 
as a reward for his conduct in this battle, dur- 
ing which he received a wound, he was raised 
to an Irish peerage ; adm. of the White, June 
1, 1795. 

Gray, Alonzo, LL.D., chemist, b. Town- 
send, Vt., 1808; d. Brooklvn, N.Y., Mar. 10, 
1860. Amh. Coll. 1834. Prof of chem. and 
nat. philos. And. Acad. 1837-43; prof chem. 
Mar. Coll. ; prin. Brooklyn Heights Fem. Sem. 
Author of" Elements of Chemistry," 40th ed. 
12mo, 1853; "Elements of Scientific and 
Practical Agriculture," 12mo, 1842; "Ele- 
ments of Natural Philos," 12mo, 1851. In 
conjunction with C. B. Adams, " Elements of 
Geology," 12mo, 1852. 

Gray, Asa, botanist, b. Paris, N.Y., Nov. 
IS, 1810. Grad. M.D. at the Fairfield Med. 
Coll. in 1831. Since 1842 he has been Fisher 
Prof of nat. hist, in H.U. His elementary 
works, " Elements of Botany," 1836, and 
especially his later series, " How Plants Grow," 
" Botany for Young People," " Lessons in 
Botany," and " Structural and Systematic Bot- 
any," 1858, " are unsurpassed in the lantjuage 
for precision, simplicity, perspicuity, and com- 
prehensiveness." He has contrib. much to the 
principal scientific journals and academical 
memoirs of the day. Dr. Gray, with Dr. John 
Torrey, commenced in 1838 the pub. of "A 
Flora of N. America," but discontinued it. 
They described in the govt, reports the botani- 
cal treasures of the govt, expcds. to the Pacific 
coast. In 1848 Dr. Gray began his " Genera 
of the Plants of the U.S." and the "Manual 
of the Botany of the Northern United States," 
and in 1854 pub. the first vol. of " The Botany 
of the U.S. Pacific Exploring E.xped. under 
Capt. Wilkes." Prof Gray has delivered 
three courses of Lowell Institute Lectures in 
Bo.-^ton. LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 1860). 

Gray, Francis Calley, LL.D. (H.U. 
1841), b. Salem, Ms., Sept. 19, 1790; d. Bos- 
ton, Dec. 29, 1856. H. U. 1809. Son of 
Lieut.-Gov. William. He was educated to the 
law; was private sec. to J. Q. Adams while 



377 



GRA 



mini>ter to Russia ; was frequently in the 
le^isl., and a member of the exec, council in 
1839 ; corresp. ecc. of tlie Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences ; and a member of many literary 
bodies. An elegant and accomplished writer, 
he was an early contrib. to the N.A. Review; 
edited several vols, of the CoUs.of the Ms. Hist. 
Soc. ; pub. a pamphlet entitled " Remarks on 
the Early Laws of Ms. Bay," and in 1848 one 
on " Prison Discipline," taking strong ground 
against the separate or solitary system of impris- 
onment. He bequeathed $50,000 for the estab- 
lishment and maintenance of a museum of com- 
parative zoology in connection with H.U. The 
building was dedicated Nov. 1859. He deliv- 
ered, besides other addresses, an Oration before 
the town-authorities of Boston, July 4, 1818; 
a Discourse at I'lyrnoiitli, .M<., on the 19'Jlh 
anniv. of the lamliJi;,' of tlie I'ilgrims, Dec. 22, 
1819; Oration liclore the .\Is. legist, on the 
100th anniv. of the birth of Washington, Feb. 
22, 1832. 



of Daniel Huutington in 1838; went to Eu- 
rope in 1839, returning in 1843; and, after 
another absence abroad in 1845-6, established 
himself in N.Y. Among his pictures are, 
"Roman Girl," "Billet-Dunx," " Tnching a 
Child to Prav," " Pros.riiii.e :in^l Il.uchus," 
"Cupi.l beg-'ing his A.r..w-.' ■■\V,i_.s of 
War," "Apple of Discord, ' " l;lrs„M .uc the 
Pure in Heart," an illustrai'uu of living's 
" Pride of the Village," " Hagar and tlie 
Angel," " Susannah," " Truth," " Greek 
Lovers," and " Twilight-Musings." Hchasalso 
painted more than 250 portraits. — Taclcermun. 

Gray, Capt. Rouekt, discoverer of the 
Columbia River, b. Tiverton, R.I., 1755 ; d. 
Charleston, S.C, 1806. Sept. 30, 1787, the 
ship " Columbia," Capt. John Kendrick, and 
the sloop " Washington," Capt. Gray, sailed 
from Boston to trade with the natives of the 
N. W. coast. They were fitted out by Joseph 
Barrel!, Samuel Brown, Charles Bulfinch, 
John Derby, Crowel Hatch, and J. M. Pin- 
tard, Boston merchants ; and took for dis- 
tribution among the natives coins struck for 
the purpose, bearing on one side a ship and a 
sloop under .sail, with the words "Columbia" 
and " Washington, com. by John Kendrick ; " 
and on the reverse, " fitted out at Boston, N. 
America, for the Pacific Ocean, by," encircling 
the names of the proprietors. Returning in 
1790 in the "Columbia," via Canton, Gray 
was the first to carry the Amer. flag round the 
globe. Gray made a second voyage, and May 
U, 1791, in'lat. 46° 10', discovered the mouth 
of the great river, to wliich was given the name 
of his ship. He afterward com. trading-ves- 
sels from Boston until his death. 

Gray, William, an eminent merchant, b. 
Lynn, Ms., June 27, 1750 ; d. Boston, Nov. 4, 
1825. Apprcnticcdin youth to a merchant at 
Salem, he was afterward in the employ of 
Richard Derby. Beginning business for him- 
self, he amassed great wealth, having at one 
time more than 60 sail of square-rigged vessels 
on the ocean. A Democrat in politics, he 
evinced his sincerity by taking side with Jef- 
ferson during the embargo, notwithstanding 



its unpopularity in N. England, and its pecu- 
niary injury to his business. Removing to 
Boston, he was lieut.-gov. of Ms. in 1810, hav- 
ing previously been a State senator. 

Graydon, Alexander, author, b. Bristol, 
Pa., April 10, 1752; d. Phila. May 2, 1818. 
Educated at Phila. He began to study law, but 
in 1775 entered the patriot army as capt.; 
joined the army at N.Y.,and was made prisoner 
in the action on Harlem Heights. He was con- 
fined in New York and at Flatbush, and was 
exchanged in 1778; prothonotary of Dauphin 
Co., and lived at Harrisburg from 1785 to 1799, 
when he removed to a farm near that citv, 
from which he returned to Phila. in 1816. in 
1811 he pub. his Memoirs, an entertaining and 
well-written work illustrative of Revol. man- 
ners and history ; it was repub. in Phila. in 
1846, with annotations by J. S. Littell. Gray- 
don contrib. to the Portfolio in 1813 and '14 
a series of papers entitled " Notes of a Desul- 
tory Reader." 

Grayson, John Breckenridge, gen. 
C.S.A., b. Ky. 18U7; d. 1862. West Point, 
1826. Entered the artillery, but was app. 
assist, commis. Aug. 1834; in Seminole Indian 
war of 1835-6; commis. (rank capt.) 7 July, 
1838; capt. U Dec. 1838; chief of commis- 
sariat of Scott's army in Mexico, 1847-8 ; brev. 
major for gallantry at Contreras and Churu- 
busco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; brev. lieut.-col. for 
Chapultepec. Sept. 13, 1847; commis. (rank 
of major) Oct. 21, 1852; resigned July 1, 
1861, and app. a brig.-gen. in Confed. army. 

Grayson, William, soldier and states- 
man, h. Prince William Co., Va.; d. at Dum- 
fries, Mar. 12, 1790. U. of Oxford. Studied 
law at the Temple, Lond., and settled in Dum- 
fries ; app. aide-de-camp to Washington, Aug. 
24, 1776; col.ofa Va. regt. Jan. 1, 1777 ; com- 
missioner on the board of war in 1780-81 ; a 
commissioner to treat with Sir William Howe 
respecting prisoners while the army was at 
Valley Forge; and at Monmouth com. his 
regt., behaving with valor; M.C. in 1784-7; 
member Va. convention of 1788, called to con- 
sider the Federal Constitution ; was, like Pat- 
rick Henry, its zealous opponent ; and was in 
1789 one of the first U.S. senators from Va. — 
Loisinr]. 

Grayson, William, Democ. politician of 
Md., gov. in 1838-Jl, b. Md. 1786; d. Queen 
Anne's Co. July 9, 1868. He w.is a planter; 
served with distinction in both houses of the 
Md. assembly, and took a prominent part in 
the successful struggle to obtain a new and 
more liberal constitution for the State in 1838. 
Grayson, William J., son of William, 
lawyer and author, b. Beaufort, S.C, Nov. 
1788; d. Newbern, Oct. 4, 1863. S.C. Coll. 
1809. He was bred to the legal profession ; 
was a commissioner in equity of S.C. ; and a 
nieinber of the State legisl. 1813. In 1831 he 
was a State senator, and, while opposing the 
tariff act, was not disposed to push the collision 
to the extreme of civil war. M.C. in 1833-7, 
and in 1841 was app. by President Taylor col- 
lector of customs at Charleston. Afterward 
a planter. During the secession agitation of 
1850, he pub. a " Letter to Gov. Seabrook," 
deprecating disunion, and pointing out the 



GrRE 



378 



GRE 



evils which would follow it. Was a contrib. 
to the Southern Review. He pub. " The Hire- 
ling' and the Slave," 1856 ; " Cliicora anil other 
Poems;" a poem entitled "The Country;" 
and is supposed to be the author of a narrative 
poem eiiiiiied "Marion." 

GreathOUSe, Lucien, brig.-j^en. U. S. 
vols., h. Carlinsville, 111., 1843; d. of wounds 
in battle ne^ir Atlanta, Ga., July 21, 1S64. 
Bluomington Coll. He practised law ; entered 
the army a private ; passed through every iu- 
term. grade to that of col. 48tli Ills, regt., and 
bore a conspicuous part in the achievements of 
the Army of the Tenn. ; brig.-gen. July, 1864. 

Greaton, Johm, brig.-gen. Revol. armv, 
b. Uo.\hury, Ms., Mar. 10, 1741 ; d. there Feb. 
1784. IJcfore the war, he was an innkeeper 
and an officer ot militia in Roxburv ; col. 24th 
rcgt.JulvIS, 1775; col. 36th, Oct."l775; after- 
ward col. 3(1 Ms. on the Continental esialjli>h- 
nient. During the siege of Boston, he led an 
exped. which destroyed the buildings on Long 
Island in Boston harbor. Apr. 15, 1776, he 
was ordered to Canada ; Dec. 7, 1776, he joined 
Washington in N.J. ; and was afterward in 
Heath's division at West Point ; app. by Con- 
gress brig.-gen. Jan. 7, 1783. 

Greeley, Horace, a leading journalist, 
b. Amiicrst, N.H., 3 Feb. 1811. Son of a poor 
fartner, who in 1821 moved to Vt. He at- 
tended a coin, school ; evinced great fondness 
for reading ; and learned the j>rinter's tratle at 
Poultiicv, Vt., in 1826-3U. After working a 
few months as a printer in Erie. Fa., be went 
in Aug. 1831 to N.Y. Citv, where he worked 
at his trade. 1 Jan. 1833. in partnership with 
Francis Story, he began the Aforning Post, the 
fii>t penny daily ever published, soon discon- 
tinued. In Mar. 18.34. with Jonas Winchester, 
he founded the New-Yorker, a literary weekly, 
neutral in politics, of which he was editor. It 
lived 7 years, but was not profitable pecuniarily. 
In 1838-9 he edited the Jeffersoitian, and in 
1840 the Log-Cabin (Whig campaign papers), 
which gave him a reputation as an able polit- 
ical writer. Apr. 10, 1841, he founded the 
N. Y. Tribune, of which Henry J. Raymond 
was assist, editor, which soon took the stand it 
has since maintained as a thoroughly-appointed 
independent and spirited journal. He advo- 
cated Clay's election in 1844; afterward as- 
sumed a more decidedly hostile attitude to 
slavery ; and as a member of Congress in 1848- 
9 opposed the abuses of the mileage system. 
He supported in successive presidential cam- 
paigns Gen. Scott in 18D-2, J. C. Fremont in 
1856, and Abraham Lincoln in 1860; having 
exerted his influence against the nomination 
of W. 11. Seward in the Chicago convention 
of that year. He favored universal amnesty 
and universal suffrage at the end of the civil 
war, and offered himself as bail for Jefferson 
Davis in May, 1867. In 1851 he visited Eu- 
rope, and was chairman of one of the juries at 
the World's Fair. His letters to the Tribune, 
describing his travels, were pub. with the title, 
" Glances at Europe." In 1859 he went to 
California by way of Kansas and Utah. He 
has gained special distinction by his efforts 
toward the emancipation of labor, endeavor- 
ing to free it from ignorance, vice, servitude. 



and poverty. He is a zealous champion of 
protection, and is always found in the front 
rank of social, industrial, and political reform- 
ers. He pub. in 1850 " Hints toward Reforms," 
including many of his lectures on temper- 
ance, labor, education, &c. ; " Association Dis- 
cussed," by Greeley and Raymond, 1847 ; " Art 
and Industry as represented in tlie Exhibition 
at the Crystal Palace," N.Y. 18.53; "History 
of the Struggle for Slavery-Extension from 
1787 to 1856;" "History of the American 
Conflict," 2 vols.Svo, 1864-6 ; " Recollections 
of a Busy Life," 1868; "Overland Journey 
from N.Y. to San Francisco in 1859," 12mo, 
1 860 ; " Essays on Polit. Econ." — See Barton's 
Life of Greelei/, IS55 ; D. W. BartlM's Modern 
Aijilutors; Dum/ai/'s Offhand Takings, 1854. 

Greene, Albert Collins, lawyer, b. E. 
Greeiuvicb, R.I., 1792; d. Providence, Jan. 8, 
1SC3. Son of Perry, bro. of Gen. Nathl. 
Greene. Member of the R.I. Assembly in 
1815; member of the State senate; speaker 
of the house; mnj.-gen. of militia two years; 
atty.-gen. 1825-43, and U.S. senator in 1845- 
51. 

Greene, Albert Gorton, lawyer and 
poet, b. Providence, R.l, Feb. 10, 1802; d. 
Cleveland, O., Jan. 3, 1868. Brown U. 1820. 
Many years clerk of the Municipal Court of 
Providence; clerk of the common council ; and 
judge of probate. Author of the popular bal- 
lad of " Old Grimes; " "The Militia Muster;" 
a ballad entitled " Canoneliet," pub. in Up- 
dike's " Hist, of the Narragansett Church ; " and 
" The Baron's Last Banquet," one of the finest 
poems in our language. In 1833 be pub. the 
Literary Journal, quarterly, but discontinued 
it after one year. Pres. of the R.I. Hist. Soc. 
from 1854 until his death. 

Green, Alexander, LP., D.D. (U. of 
Tenn. 1846), a minister of the ME. Church 
South, b. Sevier Co., Tenn., June 26, 1807. 
He connected himself with the Tenn. conf. ; 
was ord. elder in 1828, and since 1832 has 
been a delegate to the general conf. Promi- 
nent in the discussions of 1844 wliieh resulted 
in a division of the church. Author of " The 
Church in the Wilderness." 

Greene, Dr. Asa, phvsician and author, 
b. Ashburnham. Ms., 17S8 ;' d. N.Y. Citv, 1 837. 
Wms. Coll. 1813. He went to N.Y. a'b. 1830, 
and established himself as a bookseller. Author 
of " The Travels of Ex-Barber Frihbleton," 
a satire on Fidler and other scribbling English 
tourists; "The Life and Adventures of Dr. 
Dodimus Duckworth,'.' 18.33; " The Perils 
of Pearl Street," 1834 ; " A Glance at New 
York," 1837; "A Yankee among the Nul- 
lifiers," 1835 ; " Debtor's Prison," ISnio, 1837 ; 
and was some time editor of the Evening Tran- 
script, a New- York daily. 

Green, AsiiDEL, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1792), 
LL.U. (U. of N.C. 1812), scholar and divine, 
b. Hanover, N. J., Julv 6, 1762 ; d. Phila. May 
19, 1848. N.J. Coll 1783. In early life he 
performed military duty, and was in imminent 
danger at the attack on Elizabethtown Point. 
Tutor in N.J. Coll. 178.3-5; prof of math, 
and nat. pliilos. from 1785 to May, 1787, when 
he became assoc. pastor of the Second Presb. 
Church of Phila.; in 1790 he was a member 



379 



GRE 



of the Gen. Assembly ; in the summer of 1791 
he made a tour in N. England ; from 1 792 
to 1800 ho was chaplain to Con;,'ress ; in 1809 
he was one of the founders of the Phiia. Bible 
Society, the first society of the kind formed in 
the U.S. During the 2.^ years of his ministry, 
ho was regarded as the first pulpit orator con- 
nected with the Presb. church in the U.S. In 
1812-22 he was prcs. of N. J. Coll. He sub- 
sequently resided in Phila., conducting for 12 
years the Chnstian Adi-oiate, and also, for 2j 
years, preaching to an African congregation. 
For a number of years he exercised a control- 
ling influence over the affairs of the Presb. 
church ; was influential in the organization of 
the Home Missionary and other boards of the 
church ; and took an active and decided part in 
the measures which led to the division of the 
church in 1836-7. While pres. of the coll., he 
originated, with a few otliers, the Theol. Sem. 
at Princeton, and, at the time of his death, was 
pres. of its board of directors. Prcs. of the 
trustees of the Jefferson .Med. School of Phila.; 
member of the Amer. Philos. Soc. He pub. 
a "Discourse delivered in the Coll. of N.J., 
with a History of the Coll ," 1822 ; " A Histo- 
ry of Presbyterian Missions;" "Lectures on 
the Shorter Catechism," 2 vols. ; 11 original 
discourses, besides addresses, reports, &c. ; an 
Autobiographv, commenced at the age of 82, 
pub. by Joseph H. Jones, N. Y., 1849.— 
Sprague. 

Green, Baktholomew, the first newspa- 
per primer in Amer., b. Cambridge, Ms., 12 
Oct. 1666 ; d. Boston, Doc. 23, 1732. He was 
a son of Samuel Green, printer, and succeeded 
to his business. He first set up his press in 
Cambridge, afterward at Boston, where it was 
destroyed by fire, 16 Sept. 1690. In the win- 
ter of 1692-3 he resumed business in Boston. 
Apr. 24, 1704, he issued the first number of 
the Boston News-Letler, a publication continued 
by him during his life. He also pub. the 
Weekbi News-Letter, \v\i\c\\ was afterwards com- 
bined with the other; and it was then styled the 
Doslon WccUi/ News-Letter. His descendants 
were printers in Boston till the Rcvol., and in 
Ct. long afterwards. 

Greene, Charles Gordon, journalist, b. 
Boscawen,N.H., July 1,1804. His father dying 
in 1812, he was placed under the care of his bro. 
Nathaniel, subsequently postmaster of Boston, 
who sent liim to Bradford Acad. He entered 
his hro.'s printing-oflice in Haverhill ; followed 
him to Boston in 1822, and was engaged in 
the office of the Statesman ; settled at Taunton 
in 182.T as pub., and afterward editor, of the 
Free Press; in 1826 pub. in Boston a literary 
journal, the Boston Spentator ; soon after re- 
sumed an engagement with the Statesman; re- 
moved to Phila in 1827; in 1828 became con- 
nected with Duff Green's paper, the U. S. Tel- 
egraph ; in 1829 succeeded Ins bro. as pro])ric- 
tor and |)ub. of the Statesman; and Nov. 9, 
1831, commenced the publication of the Boston 
Morning Post, which has long been a leading 
Democ. organ, and noted for its wit. Naval 
officer for Boston 1853-7 ; and has been a mem- 
ber of the legisl. 

Greene, Christopher, lieut.-col., a Rev- 
el, officer, h. Warwick, U. I., 1737 ; killed May 



13, 1781. Son .of Judge Philip Greene. He 
received a good education, and was several 
years a member of the R. I. legisl. ; lieut. in 
the " Kentish Guards ; " in May, 1775, was 
chosen by the legisl. maj. in the " Army of Ob- 
servation ;"com. a company under Montgom- 
ery alter accompanying Arnold through the 
wilderness; and in the attack upon Quebec was 
made a prisoner. Promoted in June to the 
majority of Varnum's rcgt., in Oct. 1776 he 
succeeded to the com., and was selected by 
Washington to take charge of Fort Mercer on 
the River Delaware (Ued Bank), which was 
assaulted by the Hessians under Count Donop, 
Oct. 21, 1777, who were repulsed with heavy 
loss, and their commander slain. Congress 
voted him a sword, which in 1786 was pre- 
sented by Knox, then see. of war, to Job Greene, 
his eldest son. He took part in Sullivan's at- 
tempt on R. I. in 1778. In the spring of 1781 
his quarters on the Croton River were sur- 
prised by a party of refugees, and he was slain. 
— Rogers. 

Green, Ezra, physician, b. Maiden, Ms., 
June 17, 1746 ; d. Dover, N.H., July 25, 1847. 
H.U. 1765. He began practice in Dover ab. 
1768; joined the army as a surgeon in June, 
1 775 ; was in the c.xped. to Canada ; was sur- 
geon in the sloop-ofwar " Ranger," under Paul 
Jones; continued in the Revol. navy until 
1781, when he engaged in trade. A delegate 
to tlie State Const. Conv. of 1820, and a firm 
Federalist. 

Green, Francis, merchant of Boston, b. 
Sept. 1, 1742 ; d. Medford, Ms., Apr. 21, 1809. 
H.U. 1760. Son of Benjamin of Halifax. 
He lived in Eng. from 1776 to 1799. Ho pub. 
a dissertation on the art of imparting speech 
to the deaf and dumb, Lond. 1783. Ho after- 
ward pub. essays on the same subject in the 
papers, and translated the letters ot the Abbe' 
L'Epe'e. He was an officer in the British 
forces at the taking of Havana in 1 762. 

Green, Franciss Harriet, author, nge 
Whipple, b. Smithlicld, R. I. ; contrib. ot poe- 
try to the periodicals of the day, 1830-5. Au- 
thor of " Memoirs of Eleanor Elbriilge, a Col- 
ored Woman;" "The Mechanic,^' 1841; 
" Might and Right," an account of the Dorr 
Insurrection, 1844; "Nanuntenoo, a Legend 
of theNarragansetts," 1848; " Analytical Class- 
Book of Botany," 1855. She has contrib. 
largely to reform periodicals; in 1842 edited 
the Wampanoag, and in 1849 the Young Peo- 
ple's Journal. — AlUbone. 

Greene, George Sears, soldier and en- 
gineer, b. Warwick, R. I., May 6, 1801. 
West Point, 1823. Entering the 3d Art., ho 
was assist, prof, of math, in the military acad. 
from 1823 to 1826; assist, prof, of engineering 
1826-7 ; became 1st lieut. in 1829; and resigned 
in 1836. He then became a civil engineer, and 
was employed on railroad and other works in 
various parts of the country, and on the High 
Bridge and new Croton Reservoir in N.Y., 
until Jan. 18, 1862, when he was app. col. 60th 
N.Y. vols. ; hrig.-gen. vols. Apr. 28, 1862, and 
assigned a com. in Gen. Augur's division of 
Banks's army corps. On Gen. Augur's promo- 
tion, he took com. of the division, and fought 
with great gallantry uuder Gen. Mansfield at 



GRE 



Antietam ; was engaged at Chanccllorsville 
and Gettysburg ; in com. of Muifreesborough 
Oct. 1863; combatofWanhatchic, and severely 
wounded, 28 Oct. 1863 ; in operations in N.C. 
in 1865 ; actions of Kinston and Goldsboroiigh, 
and since 1 May, 1866, a civil engineer in N.Y. 

Greene, Geohge Wasihngtox, author, 
grandson of Gen. Natbl. Greene, b. E. Green- 
wich, R. I., Apr. 8, 1811. Compelled by ill 
health to leave Brown U. in 1827, he resided 
in Europe until 1847. From 1837 to 18+5 he 
was U.S. consul at Rome; between 1835 and 
1850 he pub. a series of essays in the N. A. Re- 
view, chiefly on Italian literature and history, 
which were coll. in a vol. entitled " Historical 
Studies," N.Y., 1850. On his return to the 
U.S. he became prof, of modern languages in 
Brown U., and edited Putz and Arnold's "An- 
cient (ieography and History," N.Y., 1849, and 
a " History and Geography of the Middle 
Ages," 1851. In 1852 he removed to N.Y., 
where he has contrib. many papers to maga- 
zines, and edited in 1854 a complete edition of 
Addison's works, in 6 vols. He wrote the Life 
of Gen. Greene in Sparks's " Amer. Bing.," 
and has pub. his Official Papers and Public and 
Private Letters, with a new and elaborate 
Biog. of him, 1867-71, 3 vols. 8vo. In 1866 he 
pub. an Exam, of some statements concerning 
Gen. Greene in Bancroft's U.S., vol. 9. 

Green, Henry WooDiiuLL, LL.D. {N.J. 
Coll. 1850), chief justice of N.J. ; has pub. 
" Reports of Cases in Court of Chancerv of 
N. J.," 2 vols. 8vo, 1842-6. N. J. Coll. 1820. 

Green, Horace, M D., LL.D. ( LI. of Vt.), 
physician, U. Chiitiu.lrii, Vt., ])•>■. 24, 1S02; 
d. GriT,,i,H.nnt, Sinu- Sinu, \ V , Xnv. 29, 
1866. .Mhl Coll, 1--J4, llr,-!ii.lh'.l iiH Wirinein 
Rutland, \'t. ; |.i;KTi~c'l ili^Tc G ,m.:u . ; attend- 
ed lectures at the U. of Pa. in is.'io-l ; and 
subsequently practised 5 years more iu Rutland, 
afterward settling in N.Y. He completed his 
medical education at Paris in 1838. From 
1840 to 1843 he was a prof, in the med. coll. 
in Castleton, Vt. ; and in 1850 assisted in 
founding the N.Y. Med. Coll., in which he was 
pres. of the faculty and trustees, and emeritus 
prof, of the theory and practice of med. until 
1860. Author of " Treatise on the Diseases 
of the Air-Passages," 1846 ; " Pathology and 
Treatment of the Croup," 1849; "Surgical 
Treatment of the Polvpi of the Larynx, and 
the CEdema of the Glottis," 1852; " Report of 
106 Cases of Pulmonary Diseases treated by 
Injections into the Bronchial Tubes with a So- 
lution of Nitrate of Silver," 1856 ; and " Selec- 
tions from the Favorite Prescriptions of Living 
American Physicians," 1858; also of many 
papers in medical journals. 

Green, Jacob, minister of Hanover, N.J., 
b. Maiden, Ms., Jan. 22, 1722; d. Hanover, 
May 24, 1790. H.U. 1744; N.J. Coll. 1749. 
Licensed Sept. 1745 by the N.Y. presbytery, 
and ord. at Hanover Nov. 1746. He was in 
1757 miule vice-prcs. of N.J. Coll., and was 
for some months at its head. He also engaged 
in the practice of medicine. A zealous patriot, 
he was sent to the Prov. Congress in 1775, and 
was chairman of the com. which drafted the 
State constitution. Besides sermons, he pub. 



" A View of the Constitution of the Jewish 
Church," and " A View of a Christian Church 
and Church Govt." A MS. Autobiography, 
extending to 1777, was pub. by his son Rev. 
Ashbel Green, in the Christian Advocate, vol. 
X. — Spragiie. 

Green, Jacob, M.D., physicist, b. Phila. 
July 26, 1790; d. there Feb. 1, 1841. U. of 
Pa. 1800. In his boyhood he made a large 
collection of plants. He pub. soon after leav- 
ing the university, in connection with a young 
friend, a treatise on electricity, which gave 
him a reputation. He also studied law, and 
was licensed to practise, but in 1818 accepted a, 
professorship in N.J. Coll. of chemistry, phi- 
losophv, and nat. history. Prof, of chemistry 
in the"jcflr. Med. Coll. from 1822 to the close 
of his life. He pub. " Chemical Diagrams ; " 
"Chemical Philosophv," 1829; "Treatise on 
Electro-Magnetism ; " " Astronomical Recrea- 
tions ; " "A Syllabus of a Course on Chemis- 
try ; " two works on " Trilobitcs," with wax 
illustrations; a work on the " Botany of the 
U.S., with a Li,st of the Botanical Productions 
of NY. ; " " Notes of a Traveller," giving an 
account of a visit to Europe in 1828, 3 vols. 
1831 ; " Diseases of the Skin," 8vo, Phila. 
1841 ; and contribs. to Sitliman's Journal. 

Green, Joseph, wit and poet, b. Boston, 
1706; d. London, Dec. 11, 1780. H.U. 1726. 
Though in 1775 proscribed and exiled for ad- 
herence to the crown, in 1 764 he was a member 
of the com., with Samuel Adams, to report in- 
structions to the Boston representatives, and, 
when app. by Gage a mandamus coun.^ellor, de- 
clined the honor. One of a club of wits who 
watched every passing event, ni'itln r Gov. 
Belcher nor the legisl, was spared by tlio.se keen 
satirists, who turned every ihiiii.' to Tiicirimcnt 
that was susceptible of i't. I U' liis liuuiorous 

Iiuhli< ,i:i>.||, |||,;\ Ir III .ii!!..!! -^1 till' llUVlCSque 

0.1 :< ]■ n I. ..I :., ../. Dr. i;>]rs; Ridi- 
ciil- .. I . -I, , .. ,- i , ■ I ,. Lilt. Ttininiicnt for 
aWi 1 ~ l,.'i.inL', iiii;.'ii: and " Lamenta- 
tion on the Death of Mr. Uld Tenor," paper- 
money. 'ialiine. 

Green, James Stephen, lawyer and Dem- 
ocratic politician, b. Fauquier Co.,Va., Feb. 28, 
1817 ; d. St. Louis, Jan. 18, 1870. With an 
ordinary education, he in 1836 went to Ala. ; 
thence to Canton, Mo., in 1837, where in 1840 
he was adm. to the bar, and rapidly acquired 
reputation. Member of the State Const. Conv. 
in 1845; M.C- 1846-50; charqg d'affaires to 
New Granada lS.)3-4, returning home on ac- 
count of ill health ; again chosen to Congress 
in 1856, and U.S. seiuitor in 1856-61, where 
he was chairtnan of the com. on territories. 
He was conspicuous in the debate on the ad- 
mission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- 
stitution, which he favored, and. during the last 
session of the 36lh Congress, was on all occa- 
sions the advocate of the cause of the seceding 
States, and resisted in their interest all at- 
tempts to settle the existing difficulties. He 
was afterward a constant promoter of civil war 
in Missouri. 

Green, Joseph F., commo. U.S.N., b. Me. 
Nov. 24, 1810. Midshipman Nov. 1, 1827; 
lieut. Feb. 28, 1838; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
capt. July 16,1862; cotnmo. July 24, 1867; at- 



381 



taclie J to "The Ohio ; " served through the Mex- 
ican war, taking part in the important actions 
on the Paiific coast; com. steam-sloop " Ca- 
nanila)L;ua," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862-i, and 
participated in tiie bombardment of Fort Wag- 
ner ; com. Southern squadron with Atlantic 
fleet 1870. — //aHirrs/y. 

Green, Ret. L. W., D.D., Presb. clergy- 
man, b. ab. 1802; d. Danville, Ky., 26 May, 
1863. Transylv. U. Entered the ministry ab. 
1825; prof, successively of Centre Coll. and 
of Hanover and Allegh. Seminaries ; pres. of 
Washington Coll., Transylv. Coll., and of Cen- 
tre Coll , Danville, from 1857 to his death. 

Green, Martin E., brig.-gen. C.S.A., of 
Lewis Co., Mo. ; killed at Vicksburg, Mpi., June 
27, 1863. He was a class-leader in the Mcth. 
Church. He organized a regt. near Paris, 
Mo., jjined Price's army, and contrib. largely 
to the capture of Lexington, Mo., and the gar- 
rison under Col. Mulligan. His men rolled 
hemp-bales up the steep bank of the river, and 
converted them into movable breastworks. 
He was conspicuous in all Price's battles in 
Mo. ; was in the battles of Farmington, Inka, 
Corinth, Big Black, and Baker's Creek. At 
"Vicksburg he had a presentiment he would be 
killed. 

Greene, Nathaniel, maj.-gen., one of the 
most disting. oflicers in the Rcvol. war, b. 
Warwick, R.I., May 27, 1742; d. June 19, 
1786. Fourth in descent from one of the early 
settlers of N.E. He was ed ucated a member of 
the Society of Friends, among whom his father 
was a preacher; received the mere rudiments 
of an English education, and was variously em- 
ployed in the field, the mill, or at the anvil. 
He early manifested a love for books, and made 
himself master of Euclid. At the age of 20 
he began to study law. He was the first to es- 
tablish a public school in Coventry. Elected to 
the R.I. legisl. in 1770 and each succeeding year 
until he took com. of the Southern army.'and 
a leading and popular member. On tiie ap- 
proach of the Revol. he studied tactics; was 
dismissed from the Society of Friends, and 
became a member of the " Kentish Guards." 
After the battle of Lexington, the Colony of 
K.I. embodied 3 regts. of militia, whichj as 
brig.-gen., he led to Cambridge, where their su- 
periority of equipment and discipline made them 
conspicuous. Here he gained the confidence and 
friendship of Washington, which he retained 
through life. Made a brig.-gen. in the Continen- 
tal army, June 22, 1775, and maj.-gen. Aug. 9, 
1776. At Trenton hecommanded the left wing, 
seized the artillery of the enemy, and cut off 
their retreat to Princeton ; was at the battles 
of Brandy wine (where, by a rapid march and 
successful stand, he preserved the army from 
utter destruction) and Germantown ; and in 
March, 1778, accepted, though with great reluc- 
tance, the app. of quarterm.-gen., stipulating 
that he should not lose his right to command in 
action. Of this he availed himself at the bat- 
tle of Monmouth and in the retreat from R.I. 
In Aug. 1780 he reigned the office, a poorer 
man than when he assumed it. June 23, 17S0, 
he checked, with 2 brigades and a small 
body of militia, the advance of a corps of 
5,000 of the enemy in the battle of Sprinjjfield. 



He was in com. of the army during Washing- 
ton's visit to Hartford in Sept. 1780. and sat as 
pres. of the Court of Inquiry upon Miij. Andre'. 
App. to succeed Gates, Oct. 1 4, 1780, he found, 
on arriving at Charlotte Dec. 2, the Southern 
army a mere skeleton, without artillery, bag- 



gage, or stores. 



In his front 



an enemy 



flushed with victory, and well provided; around 
him an exhausted country, whose inhabitants 
were divided into hostile parties. Adapting 
his operations to his means, he detached Mor- 
gan, who, after defeating Tarleton at the Cow- 
pens, marched to rejoin Greene, and was pur- 
sued by Cornwallis, but without success. Foiled 
in the attempt, he vigoronsly pursued Greene, 
who was moving in a direction to unite with 
Morgan. It is this celebrated retreat from 
S.C. across K.C. into Va. which has won for 
the American commander a high rank in the 
estimation of military men. Assuming the of- 
fensive, Greene attacked Cornwallis at Guilford 
Court House, March 15, 1781. The British 
remained masters of the field, but lost 600 men, 
and were obliged to retire, leaving their wound- 
ed. Greene then marched into S C, and, mov- 
ing towards Camden, took post at Hobkirk's 
Hill, April 20. Here he was attacked on the 
morning of the 2.")th by Lord Rawdon, and, 
after a sanguinary conflict, was obliged to aban- 
don the field. He next undertook, unsuccess- 
fully, the siege of Ninety-Six, and then with- 
drew to the high hills of Santee to indulge his 
army in a short repose during the heat of the 
summer. Sept. 8 he fought the battle of Eu- 
taw Springs, described by him as the most ob- 
stinate and bloody he had ever seen. In this 
battle, which prostrated their power in S.C., 
the British lost upwards of 1,000 men, and 
abandoned the entire State except Charleston 
and vicinity. When peace was restored, Greene 
returned to his native State. He everywhere 
met with enthusiasm and expressions of 
gratitude and admiration. On his arrival at 
Princeton, where the Congress was then in ses- 
sion, 'they presented him with two pieces of 
ordnance taken from the British army, " as a 
public testimony of the wisdom, fortitude, and 
military skill which disting. his com. in the 
Southern dept." They had previously voted 
him a British st.andard and a gold medid com- 
memorative of the battle of Eutaw. The State 
of Ga. presented him with a fine plantation a 
few miles from Savannah, to which he removed 
with his family in the fall of 1785 ; and S. C. 
conveyed to him a valuable tract of land. A 
monument was voted by Congress, but was 
never erected. His son Nath. Rat, b. Morris- 
town, N.J., Jan. II, 1780, d. Greensdale, R.I., 
June 1 1 , 1859. — See Life, Utters, mid Papers 
of, hii G. W. Greene, 3 vols. 8vo, 1867-71. 

Greene, Natiiaxi EL, editor, b. Boscawen, , i, , 
N.ll., May 20, 1797.^ In July, 1809, he entered d-Jil/V.rj 
an apjjrentice to Isaac Hill of the y.H. Patriot ; ' 

at the age of 15 became editor of the Concord 
Gazette; removed to Portsmouth in Jan. 18U, 
having charge of the N.H. Gazette; removed 
to Haverhill in April, 1815, where for two 
years he had charge of the Gazette; and in 
May, 1817, edited and pub. a new Democ. 
paper, the Essex Patriot. He established, Feb 
6, 1821, the Boston Statesman, wliieh soon be- 



came the leading Democ. journal of the State. 
Postmaster of Boston 1829-40 and 1845-9. In 
18-33 he pub. an address before the Ms. Char- 
itable Society ; a compendious " History of 
Italy," translated from the Italian, 18;!6; 
"Tales from the German," 2 vols. 18.37; 
"Tales and Sketches from the German, Ital- 
ian, and French," 1843 ; " Improvisations and 
Translations," 12mo, Boston, 1852. He has 
been a contrib. to several annuals. 

Green, Samoel, one of the first printers 
of N.E., b. Eng. 1615; d. Cambridge, Ms., 
Jan. 1, 1702. He succeeded Day in the print- 
ing-house at Cambridge ab. 1648. He printed 
the Cambridge Platform in 1649 ; the Laws in 
1660; and, in the Indian language, the Psal- 
ter, Eliot's Catechism, Baxter's " Call to the 
Unconverted," the New Testament, and 1,000 
copies of the Bible in 1683. 

Greene, Samuel Stillman, b. Belcher- 
town, Ms., May 3, 1810. B.U. 1837. Some 
time teacher in the Worcester, Springfield, 
and Boston schools; several years supt. of the 
Providence schools ; prof, of math, and civil 
engineering B.U. in 1855 ; transferred in 1864 
to the chair of nat. philos. and astron. Author 
of " Analysis of Sentences," " Eng. Gram- 
mar," " First Lessons," and " Introduction " 
to Eng. grammar, " Descendants of Thomas 
Greene of Maiden," 1858. — Di(i/ckiiicL: 

Greene, Theodore P., co'mmo. U.S.N., 
b. Montreal, Canada, Nov. 1, 1809. Midshipm. 
Nov. 1, 1826 ; lieut. Dec. 20, 1837; com. Sept. 
14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 
24, 1867. Attached to frigate " Congress," 
Pacific sqund., during the Mexican war, 1846- 
8; sloop " Cyane," home squad., 1852-3; 
lighthouse insp. 1858-60; com. steam-sloop 
"Richmond," W. Gulf squad., 1865; steam- 
eloop "Powhatan," Pacific squad., 1867. — 
IlamcrsI,,. 

Green, Thomas, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. Va. 
1816 ; killed at Blair's Plantation, La., Apr. 14, 
1864. Son of Chief Justice G., pres. of the Leba- 
non Tenn. Law School. He was in thoTc.xan 
rangers in the war of Independence and the 
Mexican war, and was afterward clerk of the 
Sup. Court of Texas. He com. the 5th Texan 
cavalry ; was in the battle of Valverde ; in the 
attack on Galveston, and capture of " The 
Hariict Lane;" in the battle of Bisland ; 
commanded the cavalry of Dick Taylor's army ; 
defeated Gens. Gn.ver and Weitzcll at Bayou 
La iMnirrlnv and wis made a maj.-gen. for his 
brilli.iiii Mi\ir, s, ami [lilt in command of the 
cavaliv ut ilif I'lan^ ^iississippi dopt. He had 



1, Gen. Thomas J., C.S.A., b. 1801 ; 
d. at his residence in Warren Co., N.C., Dec. 
13, 1863. He was a gen. in the Texan war 
of independence, a member of the Texan Con- 
gress, the leader of the " Mier expcd.," and 
one of the band of " Mier prisoners." He was 
subsequently a State senator in Cal., and maj.- 
gen. of its militia. Author of " Journal of the 
Texan Expedition against Mier," &.C., 8vo, 
N.Y., 1845. 

Greene, William, gov. of R.I. from 1743 
to his death, Feb. 23, 1758, a. 62; many years 
clerk of the County Court of Providence, and 
dep.-gov. in 1740. 



Greene, William, gov. of R.I. 1778 to 

1786, b. 1732; d. Warwick, R. I., Nov. 30, 
1809. He had been speaker of the assembly, 
and chief justice. 

Green, Right Rev. William Mercer, 
D.D., first Prot.-Epis. bishop of M,.i., b. Wil- 
mington, N.C., May 2, 1798. U. of N.C. 
1818. Ord. deacon, 1821 ; priest, 1822; app. 
prof, of rhetoric in the U. of N C. in 1837 ; 
consec. bishop at Jackson, Feb. 24, 1850. 

Greene, Zachariah, Revol. soldier and 
clergyman, b. Stafford, Ct., 11 Jan. 1760; d. 
Hempstead, L.I., June 20, 1858. Dartm. Coll. 
1781. He served in the army, and was en- 
gaged on several occasions, until by a bullet- 
wound in his shoulder, at the battle of White 
Marsh, in Dec. 1777, he was cotnpcllcd to re- 
tire from the service. He then studied for the 
ministry; was pastor of the Fresb. ch. at 
Cutehogue, Soulhold, L.I., from June 28, 

1787, to 1797, and at Setauket, Hempstead, 
L.L, from Sept. 27, 1797, until his death. He 
was a chaplain in the army in the war of 1812. 

Greenhow, Robert, M.D. ( 1821 ), schol- 
ar, b. Richmond, Va., 1800 ; d. San Francisco 
in the spring of 1854. Wm. & M. Coll. 1816. 
His father Robert was mayor of Richmond ; 
and his mother perished at the burning of its 
theatre, Dec. 26, 1811. In 1815 he went to 
N.Y., where he studied medicine. He sub- 
sequently visited Europe, and on returning to 
N.Y. delivered a course of lectures before the 
Literary and Philos. Society. He was in 1828 
app. translator of languages in the dept. of 
State ; in 1837 be preiiared by order of Con- 



upon 



N.W. 



coast of N.A. ; in 1848 lie presented to the 
N.Y. Hist. Soc. a paper in relation to the sup- 
posed missionary laliors of Archbp. Fcnelon 
(since found to have been tho-eof a bro.)among 
the Iroquois Indians of N.Y. ; in 1850 be re- 
moved to Cal.; in 1853 he was app. assoc. 
law-agent to the U.S. Lanil Com. He was a 
man of talent, and possessed an extraordinary 
memory. He pub. a " Historv ol' Oregon and 
California," 1844; "Hist, of Tripoli, &c.," 
1835. His widow, Rosa 0. H. Gueenhow, 
became a spy for the rebels ; was for a time in 
the Old Capitol Prison, but finally lost her life 
in attempting to land from a blockade-runner 
in Wilmington harbor, N.C, Sept. 20, 1864. 

Greenleaf,BENJAMiN, teacher, and author 
of a series of math, text-books, b. Haverhill, 
Sept. 25, 1786; d. Bradford, Ms., Oct. 29, 
1864. Dartin. Coll. 1813. Principal of Brad- 
ford Acad. 1814-36, and of the Bradford Teach- 
ers' Seminary from 1839 to 1848; represented 
Bradford in the legisl. in 1837-9. 

Greenleaf, Jonathan, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1863), b. Newburyport, Sept. 4, 1785; d. 
Brooklyn, N.Y., Apr. 24, 1865. Edward, 
his ancestor, settled in N. in 1635. Moses, 
his father, was a capt. in the Revol. army. 
Jonathan wiis licensed to preach in Sept. 1814 ; 
was Old. over the church in Wells, Mar. 8, 
1815 ; dism. Sept. 1828 ; then took charge of 
the Mariners' Church, Boston ; and was sec. 
of the Seamen's Friend Society. In Dec. 
1833 he removed to N.Y., where he edited the 
Sailor's Magazine ; and was sec. of the same 
society until Nov. 1841. He organized and 



<3-R.E 



was pastor of the Wallahoiit Presh. Church, 
Brooklyn, from Mar. 8, 1843, until his death. 
Author of " Sketches of the Eccles. Hist, of 
Maine," 1821 ; " Hist. of New-YorkChurches," 
18+6; "Gene.al. of the Grcenleaf Family," 
N.Y., 8vo, 1854. — xV. E. II. Sr G. Req. 1867. 

Greenleaf, Moses, LL.D., hro. of the 
precedln;.',authorof " Statistical Viewof Me.," 
1816; "Survey of Me.," 1829; and the best 
map of that State; b. Newliuryport, 1778 ; d. 
Williamshurg. Me., Mar. 20. 18.34. 

Greenleaf, Simon, LL.D. (EI.U. I 834), 
an eminent jurist, hro. of the preceding, b. 
Newliuryport, Dee. 5, 1783; d. Cambridge, 
Oct. 6, i853. Adm. to the bar in June, 1806, 
he commenced practice in Standish, whence he 
soon removed to Gray, where he lived 1 1 years, 
during which period, by unwearied industry, 
•he laid the foundations of his great legal learn- 
ing. In 1818 he removed to Portland, and 
entered upon a more extended practice. Upon 
the separation of Me. from Ms. and the estab- 
lishment of the Sup. Court, he was app. its re- 
porter. Traversing the circuit with the judges, 
his services were in demand in all parts of the 
State ; and Ins practice became very extensive. 
His Reports, in 9 vols., contain the decisions 
of the court from 1 820 to 1832, and exhibit full 
proof of his industry and accuracy. In the 
Hummer of 1833 he was app. Royall Prof, of 
law at Cambiid'/e at the suggestion of Judge 
Story, whom he succeeded in 1 846 as Dane Prof. 
In 1848 he resigned, and was made emeritus 
prof. Many years pres. of the Ms. Bible So- 



ciety. 



The beauty of his style and hi; 



irect 



expositions of law have placed him as an author 
by the side of Blackstone and Kent. Author 
of a "Treatise on the Law of Evidence," 3 
vols. ; " Remarks on the Exclusion of Atheists 
as Witnesses ; " " An Examination of the Tes- 
timony of the Four Evangelists by the Rules 
of Evidence administered in the Courts of 
Justice, with an Accountof the Trial of Jesus," 
and "Testamentary Counsels and Hints to 
Christians on the Right Distribution of their 
Property by Will ; " a " Treatise on the Origin 
and Priuciplesof Freemasonry," 1820; " Over- 
ruled, Denied, and Doubted Decisions and 
Dicta," I vol. 1840, afterward expanded to 3 
vols. ; Grimes's " Digest of the Law of Real 
Property," 1849. 

Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, b. Bos- 
ton, Sept. 6, 1805; d. Somerville, Ms.. Dec. 
18, 1852. H.U. 1825. Son of a Boston 
merchant. His ideas of form were strongly 
marked in his youth ; and he had a mechani- 
cal aptitude at imitating the objects which 
impressed themselves on his mind. At 
Harvard he became acquainted with Wash- 
ington Allston and others, who encouraged 
him in his design of becoming an artist; and 
he went to Italy in the autumn of 1825. He 
returned to Boston in 1826, and, after model- 
ling several busts, returned to Italy, fixing his 
residence in Florence. His industry was great ; 
and the following comprise but a part of the 
works upon which his fame rests : a statue 
of "Abel," statue of Byron's " Medora," the 
"Chanting Cherubs," "Ascension of the 
Infant Spirit," " Genius of America," statue 
of " Washington upon the Public Grounds of 



the National Capitol," the " Angel Ahdiel," 
two ideal busts of " Hdloise," ideal bust of 
the " Graces," b.is relief of " Castor and 
Pollux," monument to " Guisti the Italian 
Poet," " The Genius of Love," ideal bust of 
" Lucifer," of our " Saviour Crucified," 
monument to Mr. and Mrs. Gibbs, portrait 
statue of Miss Grinnel, statuette of " Venus 
Victrix," and of " Venus contending for the 
Golden Apple." He also executed busts of 
John Adams, John Qiiincy Adams, Henry 
Clay, Josiah Quincy, Samuel Appleton, Jona- 
than Mason, Thomas Cole, John Jacob Astor, 
Judge Marshall, and many others. The ori- 
ginal design for the Bunker's Hill Monument 
was by him. Congress appropriated $20,000 
for the monument to Washington, much com- 
mended for its purity of taste, loftiness of con- 
ception, accuracy of anatomical study, and 
mechanical skill The colossal group, " The 
Rescue," for the National Capitol, occupied the 
artist 8 years, and consists of four figures. 
He was a noble, kindly, and generous man. 
His Life and Essays were pub. in 1853 by H. 
T. Tuckerman. Richard S. Greknough, a 
younger brother, is a successful sculptor. 

Greenup, Col. Chhistopiier, gov. of 
Ky. (1804-8), b. Va. 17.50 ; d. Frankfort, Ky., 
April 27, 1818. He served through the Revol. 
as a private and as an officer; at its close re- 
moved to Ky., where he was clerk of the Dist. 
Court; member of the legisl. ; M.C. 179.3-7; 
clerk of the State senate, and had the reputa- 
tion of a .sound lawyer. 

Greenville, Sir Richard, navigator, b. 
Cornwall, Eng., 1540 ; d. 1591. In his youth 
he served in the imperial army against the 
Turks, and was knighted in 1571. Joining 
Raleigh, his relative, in hi^ colonization 
schemes, he sailed in 1585 for Amciim, wiih 7 
vessels carrying 108 colonists, .lunr 20 lie made 
the mainland of Carolin I : ilmi.m v i reaped 
wreck on the cape, to i-. . i ^ i .|iience, 

he gave the name V:\]v i . nd the 

the colonists under Ralph Lane, saikvl for 
Eng. The next year he recrossed the Atlantic 
with 3 ships laden with supplies, and found 
the colony broken up and the settlers gone, 
having been taken olf by .Sir I'raiieis Drake. 
To keep possesion oC tile coiinirv, \v left 15 
men on Roaimke 1-1, nel; retinn'M lo Eng., 
and was made viee-ailmirul. In l.VJl, in con- 
junction with Lord Howard, he w.is commis- 
sioned to intercept a rich Spanish fleet. With 
only 5 ships, he attacked the enemy's fleet of 
62 sail off the Azores. He sunk 4 of them, 
and killed 1,000 of the Spaniards ; but, when 
his own ship was about to sink, ho was carried 
on board the Spanish fleet, where he died, three 
days after, of hi- wounds. 

id-reenwood, Francis William Pitt, 
D.D., Unitarian clergyman and scholar, b. 
Boston, Feb. 5, 1797 ; d. Aug. 2. 1843. H.U. 
1814. He studied theology under Dr. Ware; 
became, Oct. 21, 1818, pastor of the New South 
Church, Boston, withdrawing on account of 
ill health the next year; then resided a year 
in Europe, and, after his return in 1821, lived 
2 years in Baliimore, where he edited the 
Unitarian Miscellany. His health being partial- 



ORE 



384 



ly restorcil, he became, Aug. 29, 1824, nssoc. 
minister with the Rev. Dr. Freeman of King s 
Chapel, Boston, of which in 1827 he became 
sole pastor. In 1 837-8 he was assoc. editor ot 
the Christian Examiner, and also contnb. to the 
N Amer. Reriew and to the Christum Disciple. 
In 1837 he visited Cuba for his health, and re- 
turned somewhat restored. He was learned m 
the natural sciences, especially conchology and 
botany ; and was an early member of the Bos- 
ton Society of Natural History, to whose Jour- 
nal he was a contrib. In 1827 he pub. '• Lives 
of the Apostles ; " in 1830 a Coll. of Hvmns ; 
in 18-33 " Discourses on the History ot Km.- s 
Chapel; " " Sermons for Children ; " and " ^> r 
mons of Consolation," 1842. Hon. S. A^ 
Eliot edited 2 vols, of his sermons, prchKin;,' 
them with a Memoir; and a vol. of his miscel- 
laneous writings was pub. by his son, 12mo, 
Boston, 1846. 

Greenwood, Isaac, the first prof, of 
mathematics and natural philoso|ihy in Amer- 
ica, b. May 7, 1702; d. Charlestown, Ms. 
Oct 22 1745. H.U. 1721. Hollis Prof, at 
HU 13 Feb. 1728-13 July, 1738. He pub. 
an arithmetic, 1729; and a philos. discourse 
occasioned by the death of Tliomas Hollis, 
the founder of the professorship, m Apr. 1/31. 
— Eliot. 

Greenwood, Miles, manufacturer, b. 
Jersey Citv N.J., March 19, 1807. He re- 
moved to the West with his father in 1817, and 
settled near Cincinnati. In 1832 he com- 
menced, on the Miami Canal, the Kagle Iron 
Work's, which speedily became the largest 
manufactory of the West. It was dcst ' 
by fire in 1845, but was soon rebuilt 



Station, Boydton Plank-RoaJ, &e. ; 1 
maj.-gen. vols. 1 Aug. 1804, for dist. con. 
particularly in reconnoissance Charles 
Uoad. Farmer near Milford, Del., since 1 

""Gregg, John, brig.-gen. C.S.A., b, 
1828; killed near Petersburg, Va., Oc 
1864. Cora, a Texas brigade. 

Gregg, John I., brev. brig.-gen. U.. 

Pa. Capt. nth U.S. Inf Mexican 



capt. 6th U.S. Cav. May, 1861 ; col. 16th Pa. 
Cav Oct. 1862; com. cav. brigade, Army of 
the Potomac, Apr. 1863 to Apr. 1865, in 
n.' ii-lv all the principal battles in Va., includ- 
lii_- IvMv's Ford, Aldie, Gettysburg, Sulphur 
,^|,riii,' Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom (severely 
u,,iiih1.'i1) Five Forks, Amelia C.H. (wound- 
ed) Sailor's Creek, and Farmville; brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, service 
during the war ; col. 8th U. S. Cav. July 28, 

Gregg, Maxcy, gen. C.S.A., b. Columbia, 
SC, 1814; killed in battle Dec. 13, 1862. 
S.C. Coll. 1836. Son of James Gregg, aii 
eminent lawyer of Colnml.ia. He studied 
law, and was adm. to the bar in 1839; app. 
major 12th Inf. March 24, 1847, and served 
until the close of the Mixican war. Many 
years col. of a regt. of S.C. militi.i, and was a 
prominent member of the St:^te convention in 
Dec. 1860, in which he was one of the com. to 
prepare the ordinance of secession. He sub 
sequently entered the Confed, service as col 
1st S.C. regt. ; was made a brig.-gen. soon 
afterward ; was disting. in several engagements 
in Va. ; and was killed at the battle of Freder- 
icksburg. — re/mey, Hi.':!, of the RiMlion. 
o" 'the originators of the Ohio Mechanics' Gregory, PnA^-cisHre.u-am^UJ 

■■ "• '■^'•S<='y '." 'he enaction of \^'-;^^^ ^.',-r. He .i,st e.uer^d the mer! 

Jan. 16, 



ed 



He 



M. C. 1791-1807; U. 
president ;)?'o (€m. 1809. 



Institute; contrib. largely to the erection 
their present building; and was mainly in- 
strumental in introducing steam fire-engines. 

Greeg. Andrew, U.S. senator, b. Carlisle, 
Pa June 10, 1755; d.Bellefontc,May 20, 183.5. 
He' received a classical education, and lor 
several years was tutor in the U. of Pa. In 
1789 he removed to the then wilderness ot 
Penn's Valley, where he engaged in agricuj 
tural operat' 
senator, 1807 , , 

1814 he removed to Bellefbnte; and lu loiu 
was app. sec. of the Stale of Pa. 

Grees. David McM., brev. maj.-gen. U.b. 
vols., b Pa. 1834. West Point, 1855. En- 
tering the 1 st Dragoons, he served in the cam- 
paii-ns of 1858-60 against the Indians of 
Washington and Oregon ; capt. 6th Cav. 14 
May, 1861 ; col. 8th Pa. Cav. 24 Jan. 1862; 
brio-.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862. He was in the 
batrfes of the Peninsular campaign. Mar .-Aug. 
186'- com. division of cav in Army of the 
Potomac, Dec. 1862, to June, 1863; and en- 
"an-ed at Beverley Ford, Aldie, Gettysbur- 



X.Y., 



dsliipma 

1809; lieut. June 28, 1814; com. Apr. 28, 
1828; capt. Jan. 18, 1838; rearadm. (retired 
list) July 16, 1862. His first services were 
near the Balize, where he captured an English 
brig having 1 20 slaves on board, also a schoon- 
er fitting for piratical purposes ; had a nis'"" 
action with a privateer, which he disabled and 
drove off the coast ; and took a Spanish pirate 
of 14 guns. While serving on Lake Ontario 
under Chauncey, in the war of 1812, he was 
captured in Ang. 1814 ; sent to Eng., and con- 
fined 18 months. He ne.\t served 3 years in 
the Mediterranean under Com. Shaw, whose 
dau. he married. From 1821 to 1823 he com. 
" The Grampus " in the W. Indies. _ Near St. 
Croix he captured the notorious pirate brig 
" Panchita," a vessel far superior to his own 
in weight of metal and number of men. He 
com. The frigate " Raritan " in the Mexican 
His last sea-service was in com. ot the 
During the Rebellion he 
of iron-clads. 
Greive, George, b. Eng. 1750 ; d, France 
after 1793. Translatorof Cbastellux' Memoirs; 



Afri< 



squadron. 



Rapidan Station, and New Hope Church, 27 sup^erintejided tlu;__co_,istnu-ti 
Nov. 1863; com. 2d cav. division, 6 April, 
1864, to 3 Feb 1865, in the Richmond cam- 
paign, and in all the principal actions of that 
Dcriod in Army of the Potomac ; com. the 
of that army from Aug. 1, 1864, 



ill his 
I'eb. 1865, "and engaged at 
Todd's Tavern, Hawes Shop, Trevillian Sta- 
tion, Darbytown, Deep Bottom, Reams s 



resignation. 



sec. of the Bill of Rights Club ; was in Amer. 
in 1781-2; lived afterward in France, engaged 
in lit. pursuits. — Hist. Maq. 1870. 

Grellet, Stephen, a Quaker preacher, b. 
France, 1773; d. Burlington, N J., Nov 16 
1855. His parents being of the household ot 



&KE 



385 



Louis XVI., he was brought up in the Catholic 
faith, and educated at the Military Coll. of 
Lyons. At the age of 17 he became one of 
the body-gnard of the king; made his escape 
from the horrors of the Revol. ; and in 1795 
came to N. Y. He shortly alter juined the 
Quakers; removed to Pliila. ; and, during the 
prevalence of the yellow-fever in 1798, was in- 
defatigable in ministering to the sick, the dying, 
and the afflicted. During this trying season 
he became impressed with the idea that it was 
his duty to go abroad, and publish the gospel ; 
for which purpose, in 1800 he made an exten- 
sive tour through the Southern States as far as 
Ga., and in 1801 through N.E. and Canada. 
In 1799 he returned to N.Y., where he estab- 
lished himself in business; and in 1804 m. Ke- 
bccia, dan. of Isaac Collins, publisher. Con- 
tinuing his ministrations, Grellet, in 1807, 
went to the south of France, in 1812 to Eng. 
and Germany, in 1816 to Hayti.and in 1818on 
a tour through Europe. At Rome he stood, 
together with bis companion Wm. Allen, before 
Pius VII., who listened to the exhortations of 
Grellet with the greatest respect and courtesy. 
He returned home in Aug. 1820. In 1831-4 
he made another missionary excursion through 
Europe. His lUcmoirs, by Bcnj. Seebohm, were 
pub., 2 vols. 8vo, 1860. 

Grenier, Johx, author of the famous 
" Log-cabin Songs " of the polit. campaign of 
1840, b. 1810; d. Toledo, O., 13 May, 1871. 
AVent when a boy to Ohio ; was at one time 
cilitor of the State Journal, and afterward of the 
Gazette at Columbus, and of the Zanesville City 
Timi's. A]ip. Indian agent by Prcs. Taylor. 

Grenville, George, an Eng. statesman, 
reputcil author of the famous Stamp Act, 
b. Oct. 14, 1712 ; d. Nov. 13, 1770. Educated 
at Cambridge U., where he acquired great pro- 
ficiency in mathematicJ. He studied law, and 
represented Buckingham County in parliament 
from 1741 till his death. After filling several 
subordinate offices, he was made sec. of state 
in 1762, and was chancellor of the exche- 
quer and first lord of the treasury in 1763-.5. 
He was far the ablest man of business in the 
Houseof Commons, and disting. for knowledge 
and eloquence. His son Thomas (175.5-1846) 
was one of the agents employed in negotiating 
the treaty of peace between Great Britain and 
theU.S.'in 1782-.3. 

Grevyle, Lord Charles Montague, 
gov. of S.C. 17G6-7.3, b. May 29, 1741 ; d. 
Jan. 1781. Second son of Robert, 3d Duke of 
JIanchester. He was a knight of the shire for 
Huntington, and was at one time gov. of Ja- 
maica. 

Grey, Charles, Earl, a British gen., b. 
Oct. 23, 1729; d. Nov. 14, 1807. Aide-de- 
camp to Prince Ferdinand in Germany and to 
Wolfe at Quebec ; app. lieut.-eol. June 27, 
1761; com. the 98th regt. at the capture of 
Belle Isle in 1 763 ; col. Dec 20, 1 772 ; and ac- 
companied Howe to Boston in 1775, who gave 
him the local rank of maj.-gen. On the night 
of SetJt. 21, 1777, he surprised Gen. Wayne 
near Paoli, and defeated him with great slaugh- 
ter, using only the bayonet. He took an active 
pait in the battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777; 
destroyed the shipping and stores at Now Bed- 



ford and Martha's Vineyard in the autumn 
of 1778; and Sept. 7; 1778, surprised and cut 
to pieces Baylor's dragoons at Tappan. For 
these and other important services in this war, 
he was made a licut-gen. and app. com. -in- 
chief in N. A. in Jan. 1783. He wms employed 
in Flanders in 1793 ; captured Martinique and 
St. Lucie in 1794; niaile gen. in 1795; was 
raised to the peerage in 1801; and in 1806 be- 
came an earl. His eldest son was the celebrat- 
ed statesman of the same name. 

Gridley, Jehemv, a disting. law. of Bost., 
b. ab. 1705; d. Brookline, Ms., Sept. 10, 1767. 
H.U. 1725. He was some years an assist, in 
the grammar-school in Boston ; studied theolo- 
gy; and occasionally preached. He then de- 
voted himself to the law, and, soon after his 
admission to the bar, instituted a weekly news- 
paper called the Rehearsal, the first number of 
which appeared Sept. 29, 1731. At the end of 
a year he was compelled to relinquish this un- 
dertaking by the increase of his professional 
business. Having been elected a member of 
the General Court from Brookline, he became 
a decided opponent of the measures of the 
British ministry; notwithstanding which he 
was app. atty.-gen. of the Province of Ms. Bay, 
in which capacity he was obliged to defend the 
obnoxious " writs of assistance," and encoun- 
tered the powerful opposition of his former 
pupil, James Otis. Besides his high legal sta- 
tion, he was col. of militia, grand master of 
Freemasons, and pres. of the Marine Soc. He 
was a man of great legal attainments, of fine 
talents, of disting. learning and virtue. 

Gridley, Maj -Gen. Richard, a disting. 
soldier, bro. of Jeremy, b. Canton, Ms., 1711 ; 
d. there June 20, 1796. He had great reputa- 
tion as an artillerist; was chief engr. in the 
reduction of Louisburg in 1745; again entered 
the army as chief engr. and col. of inf in 
1755; was engaged in the exped. to Crown 
Point in 1756, under Gen. Winslow ; and 
planned the fortifications around Lake George. 
He served under Amherst in 1758, and, with 
Wolfe, ascended to the Plains of Abraham, and 
fought the French at the capture of Quebec. 
For his services the British Govt, gave him 
Magdalen Island, with half-pay, which was 
continued to him during his life. He es- 
poused the patriot cau.se with ardor in 1775, 
and was app. chief engineer and com. of the 
artillery of the Colonial army. He it was 
that laid out so skilfully the works on Bun- 
ker's Hill the night before the battle of 
June 17, 1775. Though then 65 years old, he 
was exposed to the severest fire of the enemy 
during the whole engagement. Late in the 
day he was wounded by a musket-ball in the 
thigh. He was active in planning the fortifica- 
tions around Boston ; commissioned maj.-gen. 
by the Prov. Congress, Sept. 20, 1775'; and 
com. of the Continental art., but was in Nov. 
superseded by Knox. He was active on the 
memorable night when Dorchester Heights 
were fortified. — iVor/ott- Dnn. Aug. 27, 1841. 

Grier (greer), Robert Cooper, jurist, b. 
Cumberland Co., Pa., March 5, 1794; d. 
Phila. Sept. 26, 1870. Dick. Coll. 1812. His 
fttther, a Presb. clergyman, removed to Lyco- 
ming Co. in the fall of 1794, and, being a 



superior scholar, taught his son Latin and 
Greek. He taught the grammar-school of the 
coll. till 1813, when he returned to Northum- 
berland, Pa., to aid his father in his college 
duties. After his father's death in 1815, he 
sucieeded him as principal ; studied law at the 
same time ; and in 1817 commenced practice in 
Bloomsburg, Columbia Co., Pa. Settling in 
Danville in 1818, his practice rapidly increased; 
and Mav 4, 1838, he was app. pres. judge of 
the Dist." Court of Alleghany Co. He removed 
to Pittsburg in Oct. of the same year, and re- 
sided in Alleghany City till Sept". 1848, when 
he removed to Phila. Aug. 4, 1846, he was 
nominated by Pies. Polk one of the justices of 
the U.S. Supreme Court. He possessed sound 
judgment, great legal knowledge, and thorough 
integrity. He resigned his seat in 1869, on 
account of infirm health. 

Grier, William Nicholson, brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. West Point, 1835. Enter- 
ing the 1st Dragoons, he became capt. 23 Aug. 
1846 ; maj. 2d Drags. 20 Apr. 1861 ; lieut.- 
col. 1st Cav. 15 Feb. 1862 ; col. 3d Cav , and 
ret. 31 Aug. 1866 ; brev. br.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. 
He saw much frontier service ; won the brev. 
of maj. 16 Mar. 1848 for gallantry at Santa 
Cruz de Rosales, Mexico; in the Apache cxped. 
1849-50, and wounded ; in exped. against the 
Indians in Wash. Terr. 1857-8 ; and com. his 
regt. in the Peninsular campaign, Mar.-Ang. 
1862; and was wounded at the battle of 
Williamsburg, Va., 5 May, 1862. — Cullum. 

Grierson, Benjamin H., brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Pittsburg, Pa., July, 1837. Emig. 
at an early age to Trumb. Co., O. ; afterward 
in the produce-business at Jacksonville, III. 
When the civil war broke out he went on the 
staff of Gen. Prentiss ; was made maj. 6th 
111. cav. ; col. 28 Mar. 1862 ; and in Dec. took 
com. of a cav. brigade. He was engaged in 
nearly all the cav. skirmishes and raids in W. 
Tenn. and N. Mpi., and made a successful 
cavalry raid from La Grange (17 Apr.-2 May, 
1863) to Baton Rouge to facilitate Gen. 
Grant's opei-ations on Vicksburg, destroying 
railroad-bridges, depots, and rolling-stock ; 
brig.-gen. vols. 3 June, 1863; maj.-gen. 27 
May, 1865; brev. brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. 
2 Mar. 1867 for his raid of Dec. 1864 in Ark. ; 
col. 10th U.S. Cav. 28 July, 1866. 

GrifB.n, Charles, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Licking Co., O., 1826; d. Galveston, Sept. 
15, 1867. West Point, 1847. Entering the 
4th Art., he became 1st lieut. June 30, 1849 ; 
capt. 5ih Art. Apr. 25, 1861 ; and brig.-gen. 
vols. July 9, 1 862. With his battery, he fought 
with heroic bravery at the first Bull Kun; 
served in Morell's "division of Fitzjohn Por- 
ter's corps in the campaign of the Chickahom- 
inv, winning especial distinction at Gaines's 
Mill and at Malvern Hill ; was present at the 
second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 28, 1862, and 
was charged by Gen. Pope in his report with 
having refrained from taking part in the action, 
while he "spent the day in making ill-natured 
strictures upon the com. gen." He was ar- 
rested i for trial on this charge, but was released 
that he might take part in McClellan's cam- 
.paign in Md. in Sept., and took a distinguished 
pactat Antietam. In Dec. he took com. of a 



division ; fought under Burnside at Freder- 
icksburg ; bore himself gallantly through 
Hooker's brief campaign in Va. ; was present 
at Gettysburg ; and was conspicuous in all the 
engagements from the Wilderness to the Five 
Forks, where he so discing, himself as to be 
assigned to the command of the 5th corps, in 
which capacity he received the arms and colors 
of the Army of Northern Va. July 28, 1866, 
he was made col. 35th Inf ; maj.-gen. U.S. 
vols. 2 Apr. 1865. In the following winter he 
was ordered to Galveston to take com. of the 
depart, of Texas. He was brev. maj. U.S.A. 
for Bull Run ; lieut.-col. for the battles of the 
Wilderness ; col. for battle of Weldon Rail- 
road ; brig.-gen. for Five Forks; and maj.-gen. 
13 iMar. 1865 for merit, services during the 
Rebellion. 

Griffin, CvRHS, jurist, b. Va. 1749; d. 
Yorktown, Va., Dec. 14, 1810. Educated in 
Eng., and connected by marriage with a noble 
family there, he yet gave early adhesion to the 
patriot cause ; was a member of the Va. legis. ; 
member of the Old Congress in 1778-81 and 
in 17S7-8, and its pres. in 1788; pres. of the 
Sup. Court of Admiralty until its abolition ; 
commis. in 1789 to the Creek Nation ; judge of 
the U.S. Dist. Court for Va. from Dec. 1789 
until his death. — /'or^/oAo, Dec. 1811. 

Griffin, Ed.mund" Dork, scholar, b. Wy- 
oming, Pa., Sept 10, 1804; d New York, 
Sept. 1, 1830. Col. Coll. 1823, with the first 
honors. Son of George, a leading member 
of the N.Y. bar, by a dan. of Col. Zebulon 
Butler. He studied law a short time; then 
studied divinity; and in Aug. 1826 was adm. 
to de.icon's orders; assist, minister of St. 
James's Church, Hamilton Square, near N.Y. 
City, and of Christ Chvirrh in the city, when 
he was compelled by a threatened .iffcction of 
the lungs to abandon the labors of the church 
and the study; and in Oct. 1828 sailed for 
Europe, and returned to N.Y. in April, 1830. 
In the following May and June he delivered 
lectures upon Roman, Italian, and English 
literature. His bro. Francis pub. two vols, of 
his " Remains," with a Memoir by Rev. John 
MacVicar, 1831. 

Griffin, Edward Dorr, D. D. (Un. 
Coll. 1808), divine, b. E. Haddam, Ct., 6 Jan. 
1770; d. Newark, N.J., 8 Nov. 1837. Y.C. 
1790. He studied theol. under the second 
Pres. Edwards at N. Haven ; was pastor of the 
Cong, church of N. Hartford, 4 June, 1795- 
1800; of the Presb. church, Newark, N.J., 20 
Oct. 1801-1809 ; of the Park-street Church, 
Boston, 31 July, 1811-1815; of the 2d Presb. 
Church, Newark, 1815-21; prof of rhetoric 
And. Theol. Sem. 21 June, 1809-11; pres. 
Wras. Coll. 1821-36. Author of " Lectures 
del. in Park-street Church, Boston," 8vo, 
1813 ; and a vol. of Sermons, 1844. A selec- 
tion from his works, with a Memoir of his Life 
by Rev. Dr. Spragne, was pub. 2 vols. 1839 ; 
" Recollections of Rev. E. D. Griffin," by Par- 
sons Cooke, 8vo, 1856. 



May, 1860. Y.C. 1797. Bro. of Edw. \1o\r 
Griffin. Litchf. Law School. Adm. to the bar 
1799; practised in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 6 years. 



387 



G-RI 



Bud subsequently in N. Y. City. He pub. 
" Sufferinjjs of Our Saviour," " Evidences of 
Chiistianity," and " The Gospel its owu Ad- 
vocate," 1 850. — Necrol. Yule Coll. 

Griffith, John, preacher of the Society 
of Friends ; came to Amer. in 1726, and trav- 
elled through N.J., Pa., &c. ; author of " Brief 
Remarks," Lond. Svo, 1764; "Journal of 
Life, Travels, and Labors," Svo, 1779. — 
AUilione. 

Griffiths, John Willis, b. N. Y. City, 
Oct. 6, 1809. Senior editor of the Nautical 
Magazine. Author of " Treatise on Naval and 
Marine Architecture,"" N.Y., 4to. 18.50; "Ship- 
Builder's Manual and Nautical Referee," N.Y., 
4 to. — AUihone. 

GriffittS, Samuel Powell, M.D., phy- 
sician anil philanthropist, b. Pliila. July 21, 
17.'i9; d. there iMay 12, 1826. He received a 
classical education at the Coll. of Phila. : stud- 
diei! medicine in the schools of Paris, Mont- 
pellier, London, and Edinliursh, during three 
years, returning to Phila. in the fall of 1784, 
and establishing himself in practice there. In 
1786 he founded the Phila. Dispensary; was 
vice-pres. of the Coll. of Physicians from 1817 
till his death ; prof, of materia medica in the 
U. of Pa. from 1 792 to 1 796 ; physician to the 
dispensary 7 years, and was an active member 
of the Humane Society, the Philos. Society, 
and the Pa. Society for the Abolition of Sla- 
very. At a general convention forthe formation 
of a Pharmacopcicia, held at Washington, June 
1, 1820, he laid before that body an " Essay of 
a Pharmacopoeia," of which he was the prin- 
cipal author. In the great pestilence of 1793, 
and the epidemics of 1797-9, 1802, and 1805, 
he remained at his post regardless of personal 
danger, and performed the most laborious and 
hazardous services. He displayed great zeal 
and activity in relieving the suffering and 
destitution of the French emigrants from St. 
Domingo in 1793-4, and collected $12,000 for 
their aid. He was also active in establishing, 
under tlie auspices of the Phila. Yearly Meet- 
ing of Friends, an institution for the relief of 
persons mentally deranged. One of the editors 
of the Edertic Repc-rtqri/, and was a man 
of great industry, huinanity, and piety. — 
T/i(ir!ier. 

Griggs, John, an eminent publisher, b. 
Cornwall, Eng., 1792; d. Phila. 2 Aug. 1864. 
Left an orphan, he followed the sea; came to 
Richmond, Va. ; became a bookseller's clerk 
in Phila. in 1816 ; commenced the business on 
his own account in 1823; was highly success- 
ful, and withdrew with a large fortune in 1850. 
The business of this house, now one of the 
largest in the U.S., is carried on by Messrs. J. 
B. Lippincott& Co. His .son, John Warner, 
d. Aug. 1869, leaving to various charities in 
Phila. $117,000. 

Grigsby. Hugh Blair, LL.D. (Wm. & 
M. Coll. 1855), historical writer, b. Norfolk, 
Va., 1806. Chancellor of Wm. & M. Coll. 
1S71. Sonof Rev. Benj. Member of the Va. 
convention of 1829-30, respecting which he 
delivered an address in 1853 before the Va. 
Hist. Soa. He also del. a discourse on the 
Va. convention of 1776 before the Coll. of 
Wm. and Mary, July 3, 1855, pub. 8vo, 1855; 



and on L. W. Tazewell before the bar of Nor- 
folk, 29 Juno, 1860. Among his contribs. to 
the Southern Lit. Messenger is a paper on the 
Randolph Library. — Allibone. 

Grijalva (gre-hal'-vii), Juan de, the first 
Spanish navigator who landed on the coast 
of Mexico, b. Cuellar; slain by the Indians 
in Nicaragua, Jan. 21, 1527. Velasquez, gov. 
of Cuba, his uncle, gave him the com. of a 
fleet of 4 vessels, which. May I, 1518, sailed 
from St. Jago de Cuba to complete the dis- 
coveries made by Fernandez de Cordova in 
Yucatan in 1517. He coasted the Peninsula 
of Yucatan ; explored as far as the Province 
of Panuco, giving his name, and that of his 
companion Alvarado, to two rivers on the 
coast. On his return, he was reproached by 
Velasquez for having neglected to plant colo- 
nies on the coast. Grijalva, a man of integrity 
and prudence, had acted strictly in accordance 
with his instructions, and against his owu 
judgment. 

Grimes, James Wilson, LL.D. (Dartm. 
Coll.), statesman, b. Dcering, N.H., Oct. 20, 
1816. Dartm. Coll. 1836. Emigrating to the 
West, he began to practise law at Burlington, 
Iowa, in 1836 ; was in 1839, and often after- 
ward, a member of the Iowa Terr. Assembly; 
gov. of Iowa, 1854-8 ; U.S. senator, 1859-71 ; 
delegate to the Peace Congress in 1861. 

Grimke, Frederic, jurist, bro. of T. S., 
b. Charleston, S.C., Sept. 1, 1791; d. Chil- 
licothe, 0., Mar. 8, 1863. Y.C. 1810. Some 
years pres. jnilge of the C.C.P. of Ohio. In 
1836-41 he was a judge of the O. Supreme 
Court. Author of a work on the " Nature and 
Tendencies of Free Institutions," 1848, and 
of an essay on " Ancient and Modern Lite- 
rature." 

Grimke, John Faucheraud, LL.D, 
(N.J. Coll. 1789), judge of the Sup. Court of 
S.C. ; d. Aug. 1819. A col. in the Revol. 
army. He pub. a "Revised Edition of the 
Laws of S.C. to 1789," "On the Duty of 
Justices of the Peace,"" AProbate Directory," 
" Public Law of S.C," Phila. 1790, 4to. 

Grimke, Thomas Smith, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1830), .scholar and philanthropist, son of 
Col. John F., b. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 26, 
1786; d. of cholera near Columbus, Ohio, 
Oct. 11, 1834. Y.C 1807. He studied law at 
Charleston under Langdon Cheves, and rose 
to eminence at the bar and in the politics of 
his State. Among his more noted efforts were 
a speech in the State senate on the tariff ques- 
tion in 1828 in support of the Gen. Govt., and 
an argument on the constitutionality of the 
S.C. test act of 1834. He became one of the 
first classical scholars in the country. He 
contrib. both by purse and pen to the Amer. 
Peace Society, of which he was an able and 
disting. advocate, holding the opinion that 
even defensive warfare is wicked. He pub. 
several addresses and orations on various sub- 
jects, a volume of which was pub. at N. Haven 
in 1831. 

Grimshaw, William, author of school 
histories and grammar, b. 1782, Greencastle, 
Ireland ; d. Phila. 18.52. Emig. to Amer. in 
1815, and lived many years in Phila. He pub. 
"Life of Napoleon;" "Etymological Die- 



GRI 



tionary," 1821; "Gentlemen's nncl Ladies' 
Lexicons," 1829; " Merchant's Law-Book ; " 
" Form Book," " American Chesterfield," &c. 

Grinnell, Moses H., merchant, b. New 
B.'.in.i-.l, M- , M;ir. .3, 1803;^\vas educated at 
jii ' ! iiid at Friends' Acad. ; was 

In II and frcqnentlv went abroad 

a^ ,n|.r,, ,u:;n llic distin-. firm of Grinnell, 
Mintnrn, .v Co., took thattitlein 1829, though 
tounded many years before bv Joseph Grinnell 
and Preserved Fish. He was one of the pro- 
moters of Dr. Kane's arctic exped. ISS'i-S ; 
collector of the port of N.Y. 1869-71 ; M.C. 
ISSO-ll. Joseph, his bro., also a disting. 
merchant, and M C. from Ms. 1844-52 ; b. 17 
Nov. 1788. 

Griscom, John, LL.D., educator, b. Han- 
cock's Bridge, Salem Co., N.J., Sept. 27, 1774; 
d. Burlington, N.J., Feb. 2G, 18.32. He be- 
longed to a family of Friends. Began to teach 
at the age of 17, at the same time laboring on 
a farm; studied at the Friends' Acad, at I'iiila. ; 
had charge of the Friends' monthly meeting 
school in Burlington 13 years; delivered a 
course of public lectures on chemistry in his 
schoolroom in 1806 ; removed lo N.Y. "in 1807, 
and taught there 25 years. In 1818-19 he 
travelled extensively in Europe, jjublishing, on 
his return, " A Year in Kurope," 2 vols. i823. 
He was instrumental in founding the Society 
for the prevention of Pauperism in 1817 ; was 
6 years its sec, and the author of many of its 
reports and appeals. He aNu )nnj(rted tlie 
N.Y. high school, which was iniilr, h,s snper- 
vision. He was a short time prnf n| ,.l,..,„„trv 
in Rutgers Med. Coll, and d.liv.ivd a 
course of lectures on nat. philos. before the 
Mercantile Library Assoc, in the winter of 
1829-30. In 1832 he taught a Friends' board- 
ing-school at Providence, R I. ; also lecturing 
on chemistry and nat. philos. The latter part 
of his life was spent in Burlington, N. J , dis- 
charging the duties of town supcrinteiulent, 
and trustee of the public schools, and ri'-organ- 
izing the common-school system of N. J. His 
Memoir, by his son, was pub. in N.Y. 1859. — 
Dui/rk-inch, 

Griscom, John Hoskins. physician, son 
of I he preceding, b. N.Y. Aug. 14, 1809. U. 
of Pa. 1832. He studied medicine under Profs. 
Godman and Valentine Mott; became res. 
physician of the N.Y. Hos])ital ; was prof of 
chemistry in the N.Y. Coll. of Pharmacy from 
183G to 1840, and has been visiting phvsician 
of the N. Y. Hospital since 1843. Frorn 1848 
to 1851, 'he was gen. agent of the commission- 
ers of emigration. He has pub. "Animal 
Mechanism and Physiology,"! 839 ; "Sanitary 
Condition of the Laboring Cl.asses of N.Y. ;" 
"Uses and Abuses of Air, and the Means for 
the Ventilation of Buildings," 1850; an Ora- 
tion before the Acad, of Medicine, 1854 ; and a 
Memoir of his father, 1859. 

Griswold, Alexander Vietts, D.D. 
(B.U. and N. J. Colls. 1811), Pr. Ep. Bishop 
of the Eastern Diocese, b. Simsbury, Ct , Apr. 
22, 1766; d. Boston, Feb. 15, 1843. He fol- 
lowed the occupation of his father, who was a 
farmer, for many years, devoting all his leisure 
time to study, until the age of 29, when he was 
adin. to holy .orders. He officiated in his na- 



tive State ; and in May, 1804, removed to Bris- 
tol, R. I., where he became rector of St. Mi- 
chael's Church, also teaching school. In 1810 
the Eastern Diocese was organized ; and May 
29, 1811, Dr. Griswold was consec. its first 
bishop. Though a man of great simplicity of 
manners, he soon became known as one of the 
most sagacious as well as learned ecclesiastics 
of the country, and was for 10 years chancellor 
of Brown U. In 1829 he removed to Salem, 
Ms., and became rector of St. Peter's Church 
in that city, and, a few years suliscquently, to 
Boston, where he resided until his death. On 
the death of Bishop White, in 1S36, ho became 
presiding bishop. He pub. " On the Reforma- 
tion and the Apostolic Office," 1843; "Ser- 
mons," 8vo, Phila. 1830; "Prayers," N.Y. ; 
" Remarks on Social Prayer-Meetings." A 
Life of Bishop Griswold has been pub. by Rev. 
J. S. Stone, D.D., Phila., 8vo. 

Griswold, C. C, landscape-painter, b. 
Delaw.are, O., 1834. His grandfather was a 
bro of Bishop G. Ezra, his father, assisted in 
editing and publishing the first newspaper in 
Columbus, O. C. C, the youngest of 5 bros., 
went at 17 to Cincinnati to learn wood-engrav- 
ing; came to N.Y. in 1850; exhibited at the 
Nat. Acad, of Design in 1857 ; and became an 
.academician in 1867. His only instruction 

best cfli'.jrts arc "December," " Winter M"'orn- 
i.ig." " Last ol the Ice," and an " August Day, 
Newport." — Tuckerinan. 

Gl'iswold, John A., merehant, and M.C. 
from N.Y. 18C3-9, b. Rensselaer Co.,N.Y., ab. 
1822. Iron-merchant and banker. One year 
mayor of Troy. An energetic supporter of the 
Union during the civil war. To his efforts it 
was pi-incipally due that Ericsson's famous 
monitor was built. 

Griswold, M.\tthew, LL.D. (Y. C. 
1779), gov. Ct. 1784-5, b. Lyme, Ct., 1716; d. 
there April, 1799. His patriotism and love of 



He was several years lieut.-gov. of the State, 
and judge of the Supreme Court ; and was 
pres. of the convention which ratified and 
adopted the Federal Constitution in 1788. 

Griswold, Roger, LL.D. (Y.C. 1812), 
gov. of Ct. (1811-13), b. Lyme, Mav 21,1762; 
d. Norwich, Oct. 23, 1812. Y.C. 1780. Son 
of Gov. Matthew. Adm. to practise law in 
1783; M.C. from 1795 to 1805; warmly at- 
tached to' the principles of the Federal partv, 
and a powerful advocate of its measures. In 
1801 he declined the office of sec. of war; in 
1807 was app. a judge of the Sup. Court of 
Ct. ; was lieut -gov. 1809-1 1 , and was reganlcd 
as one of the first men in the nation in talents, 
political knowledge, force of eloquence, and 
profound legal ability. 

Griswold, Rufcs Wilmot, D. D., au- 
thor, b. Benson, Rutland Co., Vt., Feb. 15, 
1815; d. N.York, Aug. 27,1857. Much of his 
early life was spent in voyaging about the 
world ; and before he was 20 he had seen the 
most interesting portions of his own country, 
and of Southern and Central Europe. He was 
at first a printer's apprentice, but studied divin- 
ity, and became a Baptist preacher. He soon 



became associated in the editorship of periodi- 
cals in Boston, N.Y., and Phila., such as the 
New-Yorker, Brother Jonut/ian, and tlie New 
IToiW. In 1841 he pub. an anonymous vol. 
of poems and a vol. of sermons ; in 1842-.3 
he edited Graham's Magazine, and from 1850 to 
1852 the Inlernalional Magazine in New York. 
Author of " Poets and Poetry of America," 
1842; " Prose- Writers of America," 1846; 
" The Biographical Annual," 1842 ; " Christian 
Ballads and other Poems," 8vo, 1844 ; and 
" Scenes in the Life of the Saviour," 8vo ; 
" Female Poets of America," 1849; " Siicrcd 
Poets of En^'land and America," 1849 ; " Po- 
ets and Poetry of Enj^land in the 19th Centu- 
ry," 1854; "Curiosities of American Litera- 
turi'," ii|.p''ii'li'il to Disraeli; "Washington 
aiiil tlir I nun, lis of tlie Revolution," in con- 
juiic iiuii witli Siiiiins, Ingraham, and others, 
2 viils ist7 ; " Xa|joleon and ihe Marshals of 
the Ernpi.c," with H. B. Wallace, 1847; and an 
illustrated vol. entitled " The Republican Court, 
or A.nericaii Society in the Days of Washing- 
ton," 1854. He edited the first American edi- 
tion of the prose-works of Milton, and was one 
of the editors of the works of Edgar A. Poe. 
He was engaged upon an illustrated Life of 
Washington at the time of his death. 

Griswold, Stasley, jurist, b. Torring- 
ford, Ct., Nov. 14, 1763 ; d. Shawneetown, 111., 
Aug. 21, 1815. Y.C. 1786. He was pastoral 
New Milford from 1790 to 1802, when he re- 
signed on account of political animosity occa- 
tioTjed by his Democratic views. He afterward 
preached a short time in Greenfield; edited in 
1S04 a Democratic paper at Walpole, N.H., 
with spirit and ability ; and in 1805 was app. 
bv Jelii.Tson see. of .Michigan Terr. Remov- 
ing to Ohio, he was U.S. senator in 1809, and 
was afterward, for a short time, U.S. judge for 
the Noith-west Territory. He pub. some politi- 
cal sermons in 1800-2. 

Gross, John Daniel, D.D., prof of moral 
philos. at Col. Coll. 1787-95, ofGennan, 1784- 
'j5, and minister in New York, h. Geimai.y, 



ajuli 



Ma 



been a |uipil ot Kern, and became the instruct- 
or of the accomplished Milledoler. During 
the Rcvol. he was pastor of a D. R. church 
on the frontier, and exposed to many perils. 
At its close he removed to New York. He 
|iub. " Natmal Principles of Rectitude," a sys- 

Gross, Samuel D., M.D. (1828), physician 
and surgeon, b. near Easton, Northampton Co., 
P.I., July, 1805. He began practice in Phila., 
translating Holland's " General Anatomy," 
Hatin's "Manual of Obstetrics," Hilden- 
brand on " Tvphus-Fever," and Tavernier's 
" Operative Surgery." His first original work 
was "l)ise:iscs and Iniurics of the Bones and 
Joints," 1830. He moved to Easton in 1830, 
but in the fall of 1833 went to Cincinnati as 
demonstrator of anatomy in the Med. Coll. of 
Ohio. He became prof, of patliological anat- 
omy there in 1833, delivering the first systemat- 
ic course of lectures on morbid anatomy ever 
given in this country ; and pub. '• Elements of 
Pathological Anatomy," 2 vols. 1839. Prof, 
of surgery in the Louisville U. 1840-50. Prof, 
of surgery in the U. of N.Y., but i 



chair in Louisville shortly after. Since 1856 
he has filled the chair of surgery in Jeflf. 
Coll. Phila. His other works are " Wounds 
of the Intestines," 1843; "Diseases, Injuries, 
and Malformations of the Urinary Organs," 
1851 ; " Foreign Bodies in the Air-Passages," 
1854; "Report on the Causes which retard 
the Progress of American Medical Literature," 
1856; " System of Surgery, Pathological, Di- 
agnostic, Therapeutic, and Operative," 2 vols. 
1859. He pub. in 1861 " Amcr. Medical Biog- 
raphy." In conjunction with Dr. Uicharijso i, 
he founded and edits the N. A. Medico-Chirur- 
gical Review, AwA has eontrib. numerous papers.- 
to various medical periodicals. 

Grover, CuviEit, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Bethel, Me., July 24, 1829. West Point, 
1850. Entering the 1st Art., he became in 1855 
Istlieut. 10th Inf. ; Sept. 17, 1858, capt.; brig.- 
gen. of vols. April 14, 1862; maj. 3d Inf. 31 
Aug. 1863 ; lieut.-col. 38th Inf. 28 July, 1866. 
He was assigned a brigade in Heintzelman's 
corps of the Army of the Potomac. At the 
second battle of Bull Run, his brigade fought 
under Gen. Hooker, and disting. itself by a 
bayonet-charge. When Hooker took command 
of the troops at Fairfax, Grover took Hooker's 
division. He com. a division 19Lh corps Dept. 
of the Gulf, 30 Dee. 1862,toJuly, 1864; and in 
the Shenandoah campaign, Aug.-Dec. 1864, 
being engaged at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and 
at Cedar Creek, where he was wounded ; and 
com. dist. of Savannah, Ga., Jan-June, 1865; 
brev. lieut.-col. for Williamsburg, col. for Fair 
Oaks, brig.-gen. for Cedar Creek, and maj.- 
gen. for merit, services during the Rebellion. 
— Cullum. 

Groves, Webber, author of a work on 
" Commercial Intercourse between Great Brit- 
ain and America ;"d.N.H., Mar. 1793, a. 97. 

Grow, Galusiia A., politician, b. Ashford, 
Ct., Aug. 31, 1823. Amh. Coll. 1844. Adm. 
to the bar in 1847 ; settled among the moun- 
tains of Pa. for his health, and was in 1850 
a surveyor of wild lands; M.C. 1851-3. '5.5- 
7, and 1859-63 ; chairman of the com. on Ter- 
ritories, 1859-61 ; delegate to the Bait, con- 
vention 1864 ; speaker of 37th Congress. 

Grund, Francis J., author, b. Germany 
ab. 1803; d. Phila. Sept. 29, 1863, from apo- 
plexy induced by alarm at an apprehended as- 
sault by a mob. He had been long a resident 
of Phifa., and was a frequent eontrib. to the 
public prints. Under Pres. Buchanan he held 
a foreign app. ; and in 1861 was consul at 
Havre. Returning to Phila. soon after, he es- 
tab. there a new paper, The Age. The even- 
ing before his death, he made an able speech 
at the Union League in Phila. Author of 
" The Americans in their Moral, Social, and 
Political Relations," 1837; "Aristocracy in 
America," 1839 ; " Algebraic Problems ; " ele- 
ments of " Chemistry," and of " Nat. Philos- 
ophy ; " and " Plane and Solid Geometry." 

Grundy, Felix, jurist and statesman, b. 
Berkeley Co., Va., Sept. 11, 1777; d. Nash- 
ville, Tenn., Dec. 19, 1840. His father, an 
Englishman, settled in Ky.in 1780. Felix w.ts 
educated at the Bardstown Aead. by the cele- 
brated Priestley ; studied law, and became emi- 
nent, especially in criminal cases. Member of 



390 



gttm: 



the Ky. Const. Conv. in 1799 ; member of the 
legisl.' 1800-5 ; chosen judge of the Sup. Court 
in 1806; and soon afterward chief justice. Re- 
moving to Nashville in the winter of 1807-8, 
he held there the first rank in liis profession ; 
M.C. 1811-14, and a firm supporter of the ad- 
ministration during the war with Great Brit- 
ain ; several vears in the Tenn legisl. ; U.S. 
senator 1829-38, and again in 1840 ; and U.S. 
atty.-gen. 1838-40. He was a zealous support- 
er of Gen. Jackson. — Nat. Port. Gallen/. 

Grymes, John R., an eminent lawyer, b. 
Orange Co., Va., 1786; d. N. Orleans, Dec. 
4, 1834. Removing to La. in 1808, he took a 
prominent part in all public transactions ; was 
a vol. aide to Gen. Jackson at the battle of N. 
Orleans; was his counsellor in the subsequent 
legal proceedings which obtained such histori- 
cal notoriety ; held at times the office of U.S. 
dist.-atty. and of atty.-gen. ; and served in the 
State legisl. and in tlie State Const. Conv. He 
was engaged, directly or indirectly, in nearly 
every case of magnitude in the courts where 
he practised ; was a man of acknowledged 
learning and eloquence; and was counsel for 
Mrs. Gaines, in opposition to Mr. Webster. 

Guardiola, Santos, pres. of Honduras, 
b. Tegucigalpa, 1812. Entering the army at 
an early age, his daring and cruelty in the 
civil wars of Central America earned him the 
name of the " Tiger of Honduras." In an ef- 
fort to overthrow the govt, of his native State 
in 1850, lie was defeated and banished. In 
1856 he joined the Nicaraguan forces as gen. 
of division. Defeated, first by Walker, then 
by Munoz, and returned to Honduras, where, 
by a revol. movement, aided from Guatimala, 
he was raised to the presidency. 

Guatimozin (gwa-te-mo"'-zin), last king 
of Mexico; d. 1522. Nephew of Montezuma, 
on the death of whose bro. Queilevaca, in 1520, 
he was unanimously raised to the throne. He 
exerted himself with vigor in the defence of 
his capital, and repulsed an attempt by Cortes 
to take it by storm. Attempting to retreat 
across the lake, he was intercepted by the brig- 
antines posted for that purpose, and made pris- 
oner. When brought before Cortes, he con- 
ducted himself with the calm dignity of a 
prince who was conscious of having done all 
in his power to save his country, and was will- 
ing to fall along, with it. Irritated by the 
smallncss of the treasures found in the ca]:- 
tured city^ Cortes inhumanly ordered Guati- 
mozin to be put to the torture in order to force 
a discovery of more. He, with his chief favor- 
ite, was stretched upon burning coals. He en- 
dured the pain in silence, and observing his 
companion to cast a piteous look, as if desirous 
to relieve himself by a disclosure, he darted an 
indignant glance upon him, exclaiming, " Do I 
lie upon a bed of flowers? " Ashamed of his 
cruelty. Cortes rescued the king, and remanded 
him to prison. Some time after, upon an in- 
surrection of the Mexicans, the Spaniard, upon 
a baresuspicion that Guatimozin was concerned 
in the plot, caused him to be hanged without 
trial. 

Guerard, Ben.iamin, gov. of S.C. 1783- 

5 ; speaker of the house, 1783 ; d. Charleston, 
S.C, Jan. 1789. 



Guerrero (gSr-ra'-ro), Vicente, pres. of 
Mexicol829; d. Feb. 14, 1831. BybirthaCre- 
ole. At the commencement of the revol he took 
arms against the royalists. From 1819 to 1828, 
Gen. Guerrero repeatedly became the rallying- 
point of the liberal or popular party, the Yor- 
kinos, and was repeatedly called into active 
service in his military capacity. Having been 
successful in various contests, he at length in 
1829 was elected to the presidency. The ex- 
ped. of Barradas soon gave employment to the 
new govt., and, the better to enable the pres. to 
meet the exigency, he was invested with extraor- 
dinary powers ; but after the victory over the 
Spanish troops, and when the invading expedi- 
tion was destroyed, Guerrero evinced an unwill- 
ingness to relinquish the dictatorship, which 
became the pretext of another revol. ; and 
Bustamente, the vice-pres., awumed the reins 
of government. Guerrero, having been desert- 
ed by his troops, resigned his office to Busta- 
mente. In Sept. 1830, Guerrero collected a 
large force at Valladolid, and established a form 
of govt, in opposition to that of Bustamente ; 
but he was soon after defeated by Gen. Bravo, 
taken, and shot at Cailapa. 

Guess, Geokge, or Sequoyah, a Chero- 
kee half-breed, inventor of the Cherokee alpha- 
bet, b. ab. 1770; d. San Fernando, Northern 
Mexico, in Aug. 1843. He cultivated a small 
farm in the Cherokee country of Ga., and was 
known as an ingenious silversmith, when in 
1826 he invented a syllabic alphabet of the 
language of his nation, of 85 characters, which 
was applied to writing and printing with com- 
plete success. Cherokee children were able to 
master the alphabet in a short tiuie, and to 
write letters to their friends ; and a newspaper 
Q^lled the Plicemx was established in 1828. He 
accomp. his tribe in their emigration beyond 
the Mpi., and resided for some time in Brain- 
erd. 

Guest, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Mo. March 
7,1821. Midshipman Dec. 16, 1837; licut. 
Dec. 24, 1850; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 
25, 1866. Attached to steamer "Poinsett," 
snrvey of T.ampa Bay, 1844-5; to frigate 
" Congress," Pacific squad, in Mexican war, 
1845-8; boarded at Shanghai in 1854 a Chi- 
nese man-of-war, and liberated a pilot-boat's 
crew who were nnder the protection of the 
Amer. flag ; second in com. of " The Plym- 
outh " in a severe action with the Chinese at 
Shanghai, April, 1854 ; in com. of the boats 
of " The Niagara," cut out rebel schooner 
" Aid," under the guns of Fort Morgan, Aug. 
1861 ; com. steamer " Owasco " at capture of 
N. Orleans and battles on the Mississippi, in- 
cluding Vicksbnrg, 1862 ; com. iron-clad " Le- 
high " 1863, and steamer " Iosco " at both at- 
tacks on Fort Fisher. 

Guild, Reuben A., librarian of Brown U. 
since 1848, b. West Dedham, Ms., 1822. B.U. 
1847. Has pub. "Life of James Manning," 
1864; "Librarian's Manual," 1858; "Hist. 
Sketch of Brown Univ.." and " Account of 
the Writings of Roger Williams," 1862. 

Gummere, John, teacher, b. Willow 
Grove, Pa., 1784; d. 1845. He taught school 
over 40 years successively at Horsham, Ranco- 
cus. West Town, Burlington, and Havcrford. 



391 



GAVI 






Upon liis retirement from the Friends' Coll. at 
Haverford, he resumed his boarding-school at 
Burlington (previously conducted by him in 
1814—33) in connection with his eldest son 
Samuel J. His celebrated Treatise on Survey- 
ing passed through many editions. His As- 
tronomy was pub. 1822. A Memorial of his 
Life was privately printed by W. J. Allinson 
of Burlington, 1845. A.M. of N.J. Coll. 1825 ; 
U. of Pa. 1826. — ^Wiojie. 

Gunnison, John W., captain U.S. engi- 
neers, b. Nil. 1811 ; killed bv the Utah Indians 
Oct. 26, 1S5:3, on the Sevier River, while su- 
perintending a govt, survev. West Point, 
1837. He served in the Seminole war, and for 
about lU years was employed in the survey of 
the North-western Lakes and in the improve- 
ment of the harbors ; in 1849-51 he was asso- 
ciated with Capt. Stansbury in the survey of 
the Great Salt Lake Region, and made an able 
report thereon. Author of a work on the 
Mormons, Phila. 8vo, 1852. 

Gurney, Gen. Francis, b. Bucks Co., 
Pa., about 1738; d. May 25, 1815. After re- 
couiury-school education, he vol. in 
tlie Provincial army ; participated in the ex- 
ploits and danu'crs of Putnam and other parti- 
san ufficLTS ; and took part in the capture of 
Cape Breton and the W. India islands. After 
the war, he settled as a merchant in Phila.; 
■was among the first to raise his voice in behalf 
of the liberties of his conniiy : \va^ liiL-ldv in- 
strumental in forming and d;-. i ■ !■! ,i;^ i;ii.i[:ii y 
corps. App. acapt. Mav 'J.'!, :'r. I • a\w 
in 1776 licut-col. in the II 1' :;nd 

was at the battles of Iron ll:!, I!r,n: !-, v, nic, 
and Germantown. He rc-nnicd mercantile 
pursuits at the peace. Was warden of the port 
of Phila., alderman, pres. of the select council, 
representative and senator in the State legisl., 
a trustee of Dick. Coll., and brig. -gen of mili- 
tia. He com. a regt. emploved in quelling the 
" Wliiskev Insurrection " iii 1794. —Portfolio, 
1815. 

Gurowski, Codnt Adam de, b. Palati- 
nate of Kaleig. Poland, Sept. 1 0, 1 805 ; d. Wash- 
ington, May 4, 1866. Son of Count Ladislas 
G., who lo,~t most of his estates in consequence 
of the insurrection of 1794. Adam was in 
1818, and again in 1819, expelled from school 
for patriotic ebullitions. From 1820 to 1825 
he studied in various German universities. He 
was several times imprisoned by Constahtine 
for opposition to Russian influence. From 
1836 to 1844 he was employed in Russia by the 
emperor, first in his private chancery, and after- 
ward in the department of public instruction ; 
and lectured 2 years at the U. of Berne on 
Polit. Econoniv. He came to the U. S, in 1849, 
and wrote for the .V. V, r.ih,,,,. He ,.nh "F.a 
Verity sur hi Hiis.f. ;■ 1 - Ti ; '■ I ' < :: ^::-..,iinn 
et la Russir," 184M; / . 1 

Polonais," 1841 ;■ ,' - , .." 

1846; "PanslavisMi," l^ts, " liu^.^iaa., n Is," 
1854 ; " A Year of the War," 8vo. N.Y., 1855; 
" America and Europe," 1857; and a " Diary," 
1862-4. Count G. spoke 8 languages fluently. 

Guthrie, James, LL.D., lawyer and states- 
man, b. near Bardstown,' Nelson Co., Ky., 
Dec. 5, 1792; d. Louisville, Ky., March 13, 
1869. Of Scotch desceut. His father. Gen. 



Adam Guthrie, was an early pioneer to the 
West from Va. ; bore a disting. part in the 
struggles with the Indians, and represented his 
county in the Ky. legisl. for 8 or 10 years. 
James, after completing his academical course 
at Bardstown, became a trader on the Mpi., 
but afterwards studied law, and acquired a 
lucrative practice in Louisville, Kv., where he 
settled in 1820. Mr. Guthrie for 15 years 
represented that city in the legisl. with great 
ability, integrity, and zeal. He was disting. 



as a debater and business-man, and 

the convention which formed the 

stitution of Ky. in 185^ 

under Pierce in 1853-7. 

the Chicago Democ. Cc 

elected to the U.S. sena 

from ill health in Feb, 

fiistly loyal during the 

preventing Ky. from jo 

Though 



pres. over 



; sec. of the treasury 
He was a delegate to 
vention in 1864 ; was 
! in 1865, but resigned 
866. He was stead- 
ar, and was active in 
ling the Confederacy. 
:d to antislaverv agi- 



in secession as ; 



tation, he did not believe 



Guthrie, Dr- Samuel, chemist, d. Sack- 
tt's Harbor, N.Y., Oct. 19, 1848. He is said 






cussion-pills, which, uiih "caps," have en- 
tirely supersedeil the old flintdock fire-arm. In 
his experiments he nearly lost his life from 
accidental explosions. He is noted for being 
one of the three Independent discoverers of 
chloiolorm, which was simultaneously obtained 
by Soubcirau in France.and Liebigin Germany, 
although itsansestheiic properties were unknown 
for a long time after. 

Guyot (§e'-o'), Arnold Henry, Ph. D., 
LL.D.. naturalist, b. near Neuchatel, Switzer- 
land, Sept. 8, 1807. Berlin U. 1835. He was 
eaVly acquainted with Agassiz, with whom he 
studied; and quitted theol. for scientific pur- 
suits. His thorough investigations into the ge- 
ology of the Alps, particularly upon the trans- 
portati^jn of bowlders, were pub. Paris, 1848. 
From 1839 to 1848 he was prof, of history .and 
physical geography at the Acad, of Neuchatel. 
The political disturbances of the times caused 
him to emigrate to the U.S. A course of lec- 
tures delivered at Boston in the winter of 
1848-9, on the Relations between Physical 
Geography and Historv, were pub. with the title 
"Earth and Man," l'849. He subsequently 
m.ide scientific tours in the U.S., and delivered 
lectures in the Ms. normal schools. In 1855 
he became prof, of physical geography in N.J. 
Coll. Also authorof " Directions for Meteoro- 
logical Observations," 8vo, 1 850 ; " Meteorolo- 
gical Tables," 8vo, 1852; and of a series of 
maps and of school geographies in general use. 
— Diiyckinck. 

Gwin, William McKendry, politician, 
b. Sumner Co., Tenn, Oct. 9, 1805. Transylv. j'. - 
U. Kv. He studied medicine; settl^ at Vicks- ^ , 



was commis. of public buildings to superintend 
the erection of the N. Orleans custom-house 
in 1847: removed to Cal. in 1848; was a mem- 
ber of the convention for framing the constitu- 
tion of Cal. in 1849; and was one of the first 
U.S. senators from that State, having been 
elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1856. Early 



in I8G1 he was arrested for disloyalty, but was 
released in 1863. In Jan. 1865 he was at the 
head of an emigration scheme for the settle- 
ment of secessionists in Sonora, under the aus- 
pices of Maximilian. 

Gwin, William, commander U.S.N., b. 
Columbus, Inil., 18'U: d. Jan. 3, 1863, from 
wounds received at Haines Bluff. Midshipm. 
1847; licut. Sept. I.'j, 1850; July 16, 1862, 
lieut. commander, lie com. the " Cambridge " 
block.ader on the Atlantic coast; in the " Tj-- 
ler ; " served at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, the Yazoo exped., and the attack on 
Haines Bluff. 

Gwinnett, Button, signerof the Declara- 
tion of Independence, b. Eng. ab. 1732; d. 
May 27, 1777. After receiving a good educa- 
tion, and engaging in mercantile pursuits at 
Bristol, in 1770 he emig. to Charleston, S.C. 
In 1772 he purchased a plantation with a 
number of negroes on St. Catherine's Island, 
Ga., and gave his attention to agriculture. 
Though an opponent of British oppression, 
yet he was one of those cautious, doubting 
men, who viewed the success of the Colonies 
in an open rupture with Eng. as highly prob- 
lematical. Shortly after the commencement 
of the Kevol., he took an active part in politi- 
cal affairs ; and in 1776 the Gen. Assembly of 
the Province elected him a representative to 
the Gen. Congress. In Feb. 1777 he was app. 
a member of the State Const. Conv. ; and is 
said to have furnished the basis of the instru- 
ment afterwards adopted. He was soon chosen 
pres. of the prov. council, and in this station 
displayed personal enmity in thwarting the 
operations of Gen. Mcintosh, by whom he was 
mortally wounded in a duel. May 15. In May, 
1777, Gwinnett was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the office of gov. of the State. 

Gwyn, Francis Edward, a British gen. ; 
d. Jan. 1822. App. ensign 17th Dragoons, 
Feb. 1760; capt. 16th Drags. July, 1769; raaj. 
Aug. 1775 ; lieut.-col. 20th Drags. May, 1779; 
col. March, 1794; maj-gen. Dec. 1793'; lieut.- 
gen. June, 1799; gen. Apr. 1808; gov. of 
Sheerness, 1815. He served in three cam- 
paigns in America under Howe, Clinton, and 
Cornwallis, in com. of the British cavalry. — 
Pliilipart. 

Gwyn, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Md. ; d. 
Palermo, Sicily, Sept. 4, 1849. Midshipm. 
Mav 18, 1809 ;"lieut. Apr. 27, 1816; com. Feb. 
9, l'837; capt. Apr. 17, 1842. 

Habersnani, James, statesman, b. Bever- 
ly, Yorkshire, Eng., 1712; d. N. Brunswick, 
N. J., Ang. 28, 1775. He accomp. his friend 
Geo. Whitefield to Savannah, where they ar- 
rived May 7, 1738. There he opened a school 
for orphans and destitute children; but in 1744 
became a merchant. In 1750 he was app. with 
Pickering Robinson a commissioner to advance 
the culture of silk in the colony; in 1754 he 
was app. sec. of the province, and one of the 
councillors ; in 1767 he was pres. of the upper 
house of assembly ; in 1769-72 the duties of 
gov. devolved upon him in the absence of Sir 
James Wright. Three of his sons, James, Jo- 
seph, and John, were zealous patriots. — Ga. 
Colls. 197. 

Habersham, Major John, d. Chatham 



Co., Ga., Nov. 19, 1799, a. 45. Maj. 1st Ga. 
cont. regt. ; member Cont. Cong. 1785-6; col- 
lector ot the port of Savannah 1789-99. 

Habersham, Col. Joseph, statesman, 
son of James, b. Savannah, Ga., July 28, 1751 ; 
d. there Nov. 17, 1815. In July, 1774, he was 
a member of the first com. app. by the friends 
of liberty in Ga. ; was one of those who in 
1775 seized the powder in the arsenal for the 
use of the patriots ; in June was app. to the 
council of safety; and in July com. a party 
which captured a govt, ship with munitions of 
war, including 15,000 pounds of powder. Jan. 
18, 1776, while a member of the Assembly, he 
raised a party of vols., who took Gov. Wright 
prisoner, and confined him to his house under 
a guard. App. Feb. 4, 1776, maj. of the 1st 
Ga. batt., he defended Savannah from a Brit- 
ish naval attack early in March. When Sa- 
vannah was taken in 'the winter of 1778, he re- 
moved his family to Va., but, on the landing 
of D'Estaing, engaged in the disastrous at- 
tack in Sept. 1779. At the close of the war, 
he held the rank of lieut.-col. In 1785 and 
again in 1790 he was speaker of the Assembly. 
App. by Washington postmaster-gen. in 1795; 
resigned 1801. Pres. of the U.S. Branch Bank 
at Savannah from 1802 until the expiration 
of its charter. A county of his native State 
bears his name. — iVu(. Porl. Gallery. 

Hackett, Horatio Balch, D.'D., LL.D. 
(Amh. 1862), biblical scholar, b. Salisbury, 
Ms., Dec. 27, 1808. Amh. Coll. 18.'50. lie 
studied theol. at Andovcr until 1834, and then 
at Halle and Berlin in Germany ; was a tutor 
one year at Amh. Coll. ; 4 years pruf of an- 
cient languages at Brown U. ; and IVuui 1839 
to 1868 occupied the chair of biblical litera- 
ture in the Newton Theol. Inst. Ho travelled 
in Europe in 1851-2; and in 1858-9 studied 
modern Greek at Athens to aid him in inter- 
preting the New Testament, besides visiting 
Grecian cities of biblical interest. He has pub. 
Plutarch, with notes, 1844 ; a translation 
of Winer's Chaldee Grammar, with additions, 
1845; "Hebrew Grammar," " Hebicw Pveailer," 
1847; " Commentary on the Acts," 18.J1 and 
1858; "Illustrations of Scripture, suggested 
by a Tour through the Holy Land," 1855, re- 
printed in Eng. and Scotland ; and " Christian 
Memorials of the War," 12mo, 1864. He has 
contrib. much to the Christian Review and the 
Bibliotheea Sacra, 

Hackett, James Henry, comedian, b. 
N.Y. Mar. 15, 18U0. At first engaged in 
trade, and in 1819 m. Catharine Leesugg, a 
popular actress at the Park Theatre, who d. 

cock, in " Love in a Village," and soon became 
a favorite in broad comedy. In 1828, again 
in 1832, and 1845, he played in Eng. with suc- 
cess ; and in the intervals performed in most 
of the Amer. cities. In 1849 he was a joint 
manager, with Win. Niblo, of the Astor-place 
Opera House during the engagement of Mac- 
ready, which resulted in the Astor-place riots. 
He was in Lond. again in 1851. He was one 
of the first to introduce the Yankee type of 
our character upon the stage, and was i)0])ular 
in such parts as Nimrod Wildfire in " The Ken- 



HLA.C 



tuckian," Fulstaff, and other humorous Shak- 
spearian cliaracters, and is a great mimic. 
Author of " Notes, Criticisms," &c.. on Shak- 
speare, 1863. D. Jamaica, L.I., 27 Dec. 1871. 

Hackleman, Pleasant Adam, brig.-gen. 
vols., b. Franklin Co., Ind., 1817 ; killed at the 
battle of Corinth, O^t. 4, 1862. He was a 
prominent lawyer, and edited the Rashville Re- 
publican from 1840 to 1861. In 1841 he was 
a member of the Ind. lefiis!., and for several 
years after clerk of Rush Co.; in 1860 he 
was a member of the Ilepub. Nat. Conv. at 
Chica_i;o ; member of the peace conference at 
Washington, Feb. 4, 1861 ; entered the ser- 
vice in May as col. 10th Ind. vols., and, after 
the first bat'tle of Bull Run, served under Gen. 
Banks in Va. Made brig.-gen. Apr. 28, 1802, 
he was in June ordered to report to Gen. 
Grant in the S.W. He took an active part in 
the battle of luka ; and at Coiinth fell in the 
second day's fight. 

Haekiey, Charles W., clergyman and 
teaclier, li. Herkimer Co., N.Y., Mar. 9, 1809 ; 
d. N.Y. Jan. 10, 1861. West Point, 1829. 
Acting assist, prof, of math, at West Point to 
Sept. 183.3. Prot.-Epis. clergyman from 1834 ; 
prof. math, in Uuiv. of NY. 18.3.3-9 ; pres. of 
Jeff. Coll. Mpi. 1839 ; prof. math, and astron. 
Col. Coll. 1843-61. Author of " Treatise on 
Algebra," 1846 ; " Elementary Course of Ge- 
ometry," 1847 ; and " Elements of Trigonom- 
etry." He was a contrib. to many scientific 
periodicals as well as to the journals of the day, 
and was active in the establishment of an as- 
tron. observatory in N.Y. City. 

Hadden, James M., a Brit. gen. ; d. Eng. 
Oct. 28, 1817. He was a loyalist; served un- 
der Burgoyne and Cornwallis; app. lieut. art. 
July 7, 1779; capt. Mar. 1784; col. 1804; 
maj.-gen. 1811; sec. to the Duke of Richmond 
in 1793 ; adj.-gen. under Sir Charles Stuart 
in Portugal. 

Haddock, Chakles Brickett, D. D., 

belles-lettres scholar, b. Franklin, N.II., June 
20, 1796 ; d. W. Lebanon, N.H., Jan. 15, 1861. 
Dartm. Coll. 1816; And. Sem. 1819. His moth- 
er was a sister of Daniel Webster. He occu- 
pied the chair of rhetoric and belles-lettres at 
Dartm. Coll. from 1819 to 1838, and that of 
intell philos. and polit. econ. from 1838 to 
1854. He was charqi d'affaires from the U.S. 
to Portugal from i85I to 1855. He was 4 
years in the N.H. legisl., where he introduced 
and carried through the present common-school 
system of the State, and was the first school 
commiss. under it. He was the father of the 
railroad sys'.cm in N.H., had written with abil- 
ity on almost every subject, and was thorough- 
ly versed in public law. His anniv. orations, 
lectures, reports for 15 years on edncation, ser- 
mons, writings on agriculture, rhetoric, &c., 
are quite numerous. He pub. a vol. of address- 
es and other writings, including occasional 
sermons, 8vo, 1846 ; and was a contrib. to the 
Bill. Repertori/, the Bibliotheca Sacra, and other 
periodicals. 

Hadley, James, LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1866), 
scholar, son of James, prof of chcm. of Geneva 
Coll. (1840-53), b. Fairfield, Herkimer Co., 
N.Y., 30 Mar. 1821. Y.C. 1842. Assist, 
prof, of Greek at Yale, 1848-51 ; since which 



he has been full prof. Married in Aug. 1851 a 
dau. of Stephen Twining of N. Haven. Author 
of a Greek grammar, 1860, founded on the 
German work of G. Curtius, and " Elements 
of the Greek Language," 1869. Contrib. to 
various lit. and sclent, periodicals, especially 
the Netv-Ent/hmder. — Thomas. 

Hagner, Peter v., brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. D.C, West Point, 1836. Enter- 
ing the 1st Art., he was trans, to the ordnance 
corps in 1838; became capt. 10 July, 1851 ; 
maj. 3 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 1 June, 1863; 
col. 7 Mar. 1867; brev. capt. 18 Apr. 1847 
for Cerro Gordo; brev. maj. 13 Sept. 1847 
for Chapulrepec; and brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 
1865 ; wounded at the San Cosme Gate in 
assault on and capture of City of Mexico, 14 
Sept. 1847. — Cu//um. 

Hague, William, D.D. (B.U. 1849), 
clergyman and author, b. N.Y. ab. 1805. Ham. 
Coll., N.Y., 1826. He has been pastor of 
Baptist churches in Boston, Providence, New- 
ark (N.J.), Albany, N.Y. City, Chicago, (111.) ; 
and is now (1870) at Orange, N.J. Besides 
many occasional addresses and minor works, he 
has pub. the "Baptist Church Transplanted 
from the Old World to the New," 1846; 
"Christianity and Statesmanship," 1855; 
" Home Life," 1855 ; " Guide to Conv. on the 
Gospel of St. John; " " Review of Drs. Way- 
land and Fuller on Slavery;" Hist. Dis- 
course, 200th anuiv. 1st Bapt. Ch., Prov., 7 
Nov. 1839. 

Hahn, Michael, gov. of La. 1864-8, b. 
Bavaria, Nov. 1830. Brought to La. when a 
child, and educated in New Orleans ; became 
a lawver; and was M.C. in 1862-4. LL.B. 
U. of La. 

Haight, Henry Hcntly, gov. Cal. 1867- 
71, b. Rochester, N.Y., 20 May, 1825. Y.C. 
1844. Son of Fletcher M. Adm. to the bar 
of St. Louis in Oct. 1846 ; settled in the prac- 
tice of law in San Francisco in 1850 ; U.S. 
district judge of Cal. under Pres. Lincoln. 
Gov. H. practised law successfully in St. Louis, 
and afterward in San Francisco; and early in 
the war was a Repub., but was elected gov. by 
the Democ. party. 

Haines, Charles Glidden, lawyer and 
politician, b. Canterbury, N. H., 1793; d. 
Blooraingdale, N. Y., July 3, 1852. Midd. 
Coll. 1816. He began to practise in N.Y. in 
1818; and was a political supporter of DeWitt 
Clinton, and adj.-gen. of the State. He pub. 
" Considerations on the Canal," 1818 ; " Me- 
moir of T. A. Emmet," 1829. — xV. Y. Stales- 

Hakluyt (bak'-loot), Richard, one of the 
Corp. of adventurers for the prosecution of 
discoveries in N. A., b. 1555; d. Eaton, 
Herefordshire, Nov. 23, 1616, a. 61. He com- 
menced his education at Westminster School. 
Removing in 1575 to Christ Church Coll., Ox- 
ford, he became so eminent for his acquaintance 
with cosmography, that he was app. public 
lecturer on that science. He pub. in 1582 a 
" Collection of Voyages and Discoveries," 
which was the basis of a subsequent work on 
a larger scale. In 1587 he translated into 
English a French account of Florida by Capt 
Laudonnier, which he dedicated to Sir W. 



894 



Raleigh. After his return from Paris in 1539, 
where he had been five years chaplain to the 
English ambassador, and during which absence 
he had been nominated to a prebend in Bristol 
Cathedral, he was chosen by Raleigh a member 
of the corporation, to whom he assigned his 
patent for the prosecution of discoveries in 
Amer. In consequence of this, he prepared 
his grand work, " The Principal Navigations, 
Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, 
made by Sea or Overland within the Compass 
of these 1500 Years." The first vol. in folio 
was pub. in 1589, the third and last in 1600. 
In 1605 Hakluyt was promoted to a prebend at 
Westminster, which, with the rectory of Weth- 
eringset, Suffolk, was his only ecclesiastical 
preferment. He pub. several geographical 
works besides those above mentioned ; among 
them " Virginia richly valued by the Descrip- 
tion of Florida," London, 1609, 4to, which 
is both scarce and curious ; a " Historie of the 
West Indies," translated from Peter Martyr ; 
a translation of Leo's " Description of Africa," 
and Antonio Galvano's " History of Dis- 
coveries " from the Portuguese. The mann- 
script papers of Hakluyt were used by Purchas, 
another geographical collector. The name of 
this author has been perpetuated by a contem- 
porary navigator, Henry Hudson, who gave 
the name of Hakhiyt's headland to a promon- 
torv on the coast of Greenland in 1608. — Biog. 
Brit. 

Haldeman, S. S., naturalist and philol- 
ogist, b. near Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa., 
1812. He studied at Dick Coll. until 18-30; 
was app. an assist, in the N.J. geol. survev in 
1836, and in that of Pa. in 1837. While thus 
engaged, he discovered the oldest fossil then 
known, the " Scotilhus Linearis." He held the 
chair of natural history in the U. of Pa. from 
1851 to 1855, and since then in Del. Coll., 
Newark. He is also prof, of geol. and chem. 
to the Agric. Society of Pa. at Harrisburg, and 
is a disting. entomologist. In the " Biblio- 
graphia " of Agassiz is a list of 73 memoirs, by 
Haldeman, of subjects in conchology, entomol- 
ogy, and paleontology, pub. in various scientific 
journals. His recent investigations have been 
into the philos. of language. They are em- 
bodied in an essay, " Analytic Orthography," 
which obtained in Eng. in 1858 the highest 
Trevellyan prize over 18 European competitors. 
His memoir on the relations of the Chinese 
and English languages appeared in the " Pro- 
ceedings " of the Amer. Assoc, for the Ad- 
vancement of Science in 1856. He has also 
pub. " Zoological Contributions," Pliila. 1842- 
3 ; " Report on Linguistic Ethnology," 8vo, 
Camb. 1856. 

Haldimand, Sir Frederick, K.B.. a 
British gen., b. in canton of Neuchatel, Oct. 
1718; d. at Yeverden, Switzerland, June 5, 
1791. He early entered the Prussian service, 
but in 1754, with his friend Bouquet, entered 
the British army ; and he was app. lieut.-col. of 
the 60th Roy. Amer. Regt. Jan. 4, 1756, and 
came to Amer. in 1757. He disting. himself 
signally in the attack on Ticonderoga, July 8, 
1758 ; and, by his defence of Oswego in 1759 
against the attack of 4,000 French and Indians 
under La Corne, won high renown. He ac- 



comp. the army under Amherst from Oswego 
to Montreal in 1760; and in 1762 was pro- 
moted to be col. Employed in Fla. in 1767, 
immediately on his arrival at Pensacola he 
caused the fort to be considerably extended, 
widened the streets, and otherwise improved 
the place. May 25, 1772, he became maj.-gen. 
in America, and, in Oct. following, col. of 
the 60th Foot. He returned to England in Aug. 
1775 for the purpose of giving information to 
the ministry on the state of the Colonics, and 
was commissioned a gen. in America, Jan. 1, 
1776; in 1777 lieut.-gen. in the army, and 
licut.-gov. of Quebec, where he succeeded 
Carleton as gov. in 1778, and administered its 
affairs in an oppressive and arbitrary manner 
until the close of 1784, when he returned to 
Ensrland. 

Hale, Benjamin, D.D., educator, b. New- 
bury, Ms., Nov. 23, 1797; d. July 15, 1863. 
Bowd. Coll. 1818. On leaving college, he be- 
came principal of the Saco Acad. ; then studied 
theology at Andover ; was licensed to preach 
as a Congregationalist in Jan. 1822; became 
tutor in Bowd. Coll. in 1823, and principal of 
the Gardiner Lyceum 1822-7; prof of chem- 
istry and mineralogy in Dartm. Coll. from 
1827 to 1835; spent the winter of 1835-6 in 
St. Croix, W.I. ; and was pres. of Geneva 
Coll., N.Y., from 1836 until from ill health 
compelled to resign, Jan. 19,1858. While at 
Dartm. Coll. he took orders in the Prot.-Epis. 
Church ; delivered lectures on chemistry, 
pharmacy, raed. jurisprudence, and nat. philos., 
and founded its valuable geol. and mineral, 
cabinet. He pub. " Introduction to the Me- 
chanical Principles of Carpentry," 1827; and 
" Scriptural Illustrations of the Liturgy," 
1835 ; besides sermons, addresses, and educa- 
tion.al pamphlets. 

Hale, Charles, journalist, b. Boston, 
June 7, 1831. H.U. 1850. Son of Nathan. 
In 1852 he established and edited To-Daij, a 
literary journal ; was subsequentlv editor of 
the Boston Daily Advertiser; and' was U.S. 
consul to Egypt 1 864-70. Author of several 
pamphlets; contrib. to the N. Amer. Rev. and 
the Amer. Almanac. 

Hale, D.wiD, journtilist, b. Lisbon, Ct., 
Apr. 25, 1791 ; d. Fredericksburg, Va., Jan. 
20, 1849. Son of Rev. David of South Cov- 
entry. After teaching school for a time, he 
removed to Boston in 1809, and in 181.') com- 
menced business there, but was unNucccssful. He 
was avigorous writer, and a frequent contrib. to 
periodicals. In 1827 he removed lo N.Y., and 
became the assoc. editor of the Journal of Com- 
merce, and afterwards a joint proprietor in it. 
He was a prominent advocate of free-trade, the 
sub-treasury, and other financial measures of 
the Democratic party. In 1840 he purchased 
the Broadway Tabernacle, a large public hall, 
where an Orthodox Cong, church on the N. 
England plan of individual freedom was estab- 
lished. He gave liberally to other churches, 
and maintained missionaries in several of the 
thinly-settled portions of the country. A 
Memoir, with some of his writings, was pub. by 
Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, 8vo, 1845. 

Hale< Edward Everett, clergyman and 
author, b. Boston, Apr. 3, 1822. H.U. 1839. 



395 



Pastor of the Church of the Unity, Worcester, 
from Apr. 29, 1846, to 1856 ; and of the South 
Cong. Church, Boston, since that time. Son 
of Hon. Nathan Hale. Has pub. " The Ro- 
sary," 12mo, 1848; " Margaret Perceval in 
America," 12mo, 1850 ; " Sketches of Christian 
History," 1 2mo, 1850 ; " Kansas and Nebraska," 
12mo, 1854; "Letters on Irish Emigration," 
1852; "Man without a Country;" "If, Yes, 
and Perhaps," 1868; "Ingham Papers;" 
"Ten Times One are Ten," 1870; "Life of 
Sir Ralph Lane," in Trans. Autiq. Soc. v. ; 
" Sybaris and Other Homes." Editor and 
contrib. to the C/iristian Examiner, Old and 
New, and many other periodicals. 

Hale, Enoch, M.D. (II. U. 1813), physician, 
h. VVesthamptoii, Ms., Jan. 19, 1790; d. Bos- 
ton, Nov. 12, 1848. Son of Rev. Enoch, first 
minister of Westhampton (1779-1837). Heat- 
tended Prof. Siiliman's lectures on chemistry ; 
studied med. under Drs. Bigclow and Warren ; 
and afier practising until 1816 at Gardiner, 
Me., removed to Boston, where he continued 
to practise extensively until the close of his 
life. He was long an active member and 
officer of the Ms. Med. Soc. ; one of the 
physicians of the Gen. Hospital, Boston ; a 
member of the.Ainer. Acad, of Arts and Sci- 
ences, and of other scientific, religious, and 
benev. associations. He pub. a dissertation 
on Animal Heat and Respiration ; Hist, and 
Descrip. of the Spotted Fever, whicli prevailed 
at Gardiner, Me., in 1814; two Boylston 
Prize questions in 1819 and 1821 ; on thc"Cora- 
munication between the Stomach and the 
Urinary Organs; a work on the Typhoid 
Fever ; and also various contribs. to the med. 
and scientific journals of the day. — See Me- 
moir in Dost. Med. and Surg. Jour. 

Hale, John, first minister of Beverly, Ms., 
from Sept. 20, 1667, to his d., May 15, l'700, b. 
Charlestown, Ms., June 3, 1636. H.U. 1657. 
Chaplain in the Canada exped. in 1690; one 
of the approvers of the judicial murders during 
the witchcraft troubles in 1692; but in 1702 
pub. " A Modest Inquiry into the Nature of 
Witchcraft," indicating a change of opinion. 
A memoir of him is in Ms. Hist. Coll. iii. 7. 

Hale, John Parker, senator, b. Rochester, 
N.H.,3lMar. 1806. Bowd. Coll. 1827. Adm. 
to the bar in 1830 ; member of the N.H. legist. 
1832; dist. atty. for N.H. 18.34-42; M.C. 
1843-5 ; again member of the N.H. legisl., and 
speaker, 1846 ; U.S. senator (elected by acom- 
bination of Whigs and antislavery Democrats) 
1847-53 and 185.5-65 ; minister to Spain in 
1885-9. In Congress Mr. Hale sided with the 
opponents of slavery. In a pub. letter in Jan. 
1845, he strongly denounced, on antislavery 
grounds, the annexation of Texas, and was de- 
clared a traitor to the Democratic party. This 
defiance of party dictation gave him a strong 
hold on the favor of the people. On taking his 
Beat in the U.S. senate he was almost the only 
man elected on antislavery grounds, and dis- 
connected with either of the great parties. He 
stood almost alone tin the slavery question; 
was a ready speaker, and by his wit and 
humor often succeeded in turning aside the at- 
tacks of proslavery senators, and in mitigating 
party animosity. Counsel for the defendants 



in the important trials growing out of the 
rescue of the slave Shadrach at Boston in 1851. 
Candidate of the Liberty party for the presi- 
dency in 1852, and received 157,680 votes. On 
leaving the senate in 1853, he established him- 
self in his profession in New York. 

Hale, Nathan, capt. Revol. army, b. Cov- 
entry, Ct., June 6, 1755 ; executed as a spy in 
New York, Sept. 22, 1776. Y. C. 1773. He 
engaged in teaching, first at E. Haddam, and 
afterward at N. London, but, soon alter the 
Lexington alarm, entered the army as a lieut., 
and became a capt. in Knowhon's rcgt. While 
with the troops near Boston, he was vigilant 
and faithful in every point of duty. In Sept. 
1776, when in New York, he, with an associate, 
planned and eflfected the capture of a British 
sloop laden with provisions, taking her at mid- 
night from under the guns of a frigate. After 
the retreat from Long Island, Washington ap- 
plied to Knowlton to furnish him with Informa- 
tion of the strength, situation, and future 
movements, of the enemy. Capt. Hale offered 
himself a vol. for this hazardous service, 
passed In disguise to L.I., examined every part 
of the British army, and obtained the best pos- 
sible Information respecting its situation and 
future operations. While on his return, he was 
apprehended, carried before Sir Wm. Howe, 
and ordered for execution the next morning. 
This order was carried out in the most unfeel- 
ing manner. Hewas denied the attendance of 
a clergyman ; was not permitted the use of a 
Bible ; and his letters to his mother and other 
friends, written on the morning of his execu- 
tion, were destroyed by the provost-marshal, 
" that the rebels should not know they had a 
man in their army who could die with so much 
firmness." His dying observation was, that 
" he only lamented that he had but one life to 
lose for his country." Dwight has celebrated 
his virtues both In prose and verse. — See Stu- 
art, Life of Nathan Hale, 1856. 

Hale, Nathan, LL.D. (H.U. 1853), jour- 
nalist, nephew of the preceding, son of Rev. 
Enoch, b. Westhampton, Ms., Aug. 16, 1784; 
d. Brookline, Ms., Fob. 9, 1863. Wms. Coll. 
1804. He studied law ; served two years as in- 
structor in Exeter Acad., then removed to 
Boston ; was adm. to the bar in 1810, and prac- 
tised law 4 years. He then, with Henry D. 
Sedgwick, edited the Weeklt/ Messenger, devot- 
ed to politics and literature. March 1,1814, 
he purchased the Boston Dailg Advertiser, the 
first daily in N. England, and for many years 
the only one, and established the principle of 
editorial responsibility distinct from that of in- 
dividual contributors. Its Influence was great, 
at first as a Whig print, and latterly as a Repub- 
lican organ. Its Influence was given in 1820 
against the Mo. bill, and in 1854 to oppose the 
Nebraska bill. It was the first journal to sug- . 
gest the Immediate free colonization of Kansas. 
In 1825 he pub. a map of N. E., which is still 
a standard authority. In 1828 he pub. a work 
on the protective policy. He was an early ad- 
vocate of railroads in N.E.; and in 1828 was the 
acting chairman of the Ms. Board of Internal 
Improvements. First pres. of the Boston and 
Worcester R. R. Co., and continued 19 years. 
In 1846 he was app. chairman of the commiss. 



liAJL, 



396 



for introducing water into tlie citv of Boston. 
Editor and pub. of the Monthly Cluonccle 1840- 
2. He was one of ihe club which luiindcd 
the N. A. Review and the Cluislian Examiner ; 
often served in both branches of the JIs. ley ibl. ; 
was a member of both the later Const. Convs. ; 
and was an active member of the Hist. Soc. 
and of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. In 
1816 he ra. Sarah Preston, sister of Edward 
Everett. His son, Nathan, Jun., b. Boston, 
12 Nov. 1818, d. 9 Jan. 1871. H. U. 1838. 
Adm. to the bar 1841. Editor of the Boston 
Miscellant/ 1842, co-editor Boston Dailij Adver- 
tiser 1842-53 ; latterly connected with Old and 
Neio, a monthly periodical. 

Hale, Col. Robert, b. Beverly, Ms., Feb. 
12, 1703; d. March 20, 1767. H. U. 1721. 
Grandson of Rev. John Hale of Beverly ; edu- 
cated a physii ian, and practised extensively in 
his native town. He com. a re^-t. under Pep- 
perell at the capture of Louisburg in 1745. 
App. in 1747 by the legisl. of Ms. commiss. to 
N.Y. to adopt measures for the pen. defence, 
and in 1755 commiss. to N.H. to concert an 
cxped. against the French. App. sheriff of 
Essex Co. in 1761. He was a leading man in 
the ProviTice, and 13 years a member of the 
legisl. —Stone's Beverli/. 

Hale, Salma, politician, b. Alstead, N.H., 
March 7, 1787; d. Kcene, Nov. 19, 1866. A 
printer at Walpole, N.H. ; at 18 he edited the 
Political Ohservaton/ there ; subsequently stud- 
ied law. From 1812 to 1834, with the excep- 
tion of a few years, was cleik of the Superior 
and County Courts of Cheshire; M.C. 1817- 
19 ; afterward practised at the bar; and was a 
member of the legisl. in 182.3-5; see. of the 
Board of Commiss. under the treaty of Ghent. 
He pub. " Hisiorv of the U.S.," for schools, in 
1823; "Annals of Keene," 8vo, 1826; "His- 
tory of the U.S.," Lond., 8vo, 1826; and fre- 
quentlv wrote lor periodicals. His son Geoege 
S. Hale (H.U. 1844) is an eminent lawyer of 
Boston. 

Hale, Sabah JosEPHA (Buel), authoress, 
b. Newport,N.H., 24 Oct. 1790. Ab. 1814 she 
ra. David Hale, an eminent lawyer, who d. in 
1822, leaving her 5 children, the oldest of whom 
was but seven, to support by her pen. She 
pub. " The Genius of Oblivion and other Origi- 
nal Poems," 1823; "Northwood, a Tale of 
N. England," 1827 ; removed to Boston in 
1828, and edited the Ladi/'s Magazine, till in 
1837 it was united with the Ladi/'s Book of 
Phila., of which she was many years the litera- 
ry editor, residing in Phila. since 1841. While 
in Boston she originated the Seaman's Aid Soci- 
ety, the parent of many similar organizations 
in various ports. Her other works are, — 
"Sketches of American Chancter," 1830; 
"Traits of American Life," 1835; "Flora's 
Interpreter ; " " Good Housekeeper," a manual 
of cookery ; " Grosvenor, a Tragedy," 1838, 
founded on tlie martyrdom of Col. Isaac Hayne; 
metrical romances, entitled " Alice Ray," 
1846; " Three Hours, or the Vigil of Love," 
1848; and "Harry Gray," 1848; a " Complete 
Dictionary of Poetical Quotations," 1832; 
"The Judge, aDramaof Anieiican Life; " and 
"Woman's Record, from the Creaiion to A.D. 
1854," N.Y. 1855. She has also edited several 



annuals, and the letters of Mme. Se'vigne' and 
of Lady Jlontague. 

Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, D.C.L. 
(Oxf U. 1858), an English humorous writer, 
b. Windsor, N.S., 1797 ; d. Isleworth, Aug. 27, 
1865. Educated at King's Coll., and adm. to 
the bar in 1820. He practised law in N.S. many 
years ; was member of the Assembly ; and be- 
came a judge of Common Pleas in 1829, and 
from 1840 to 1842 of the Supreme Court; 
M.P. for Launceston, Eng., 1859-65. In 1835 
he contrib. to a newspaper in Nova Scotia a 
series of arti'l'- ■:ri-i7.--i-- the Yankees, which 
became popiKi ' l -■ and in Eng., and 

werepub.il] 17' liiiuns and altera- 
tions, as"Tih I ,"1. liii.ri; or, Savings and 
Doings of Saii.uei b.ak ul SlickviUe." He 
went to Eng. in 1S42 ; and in 1843 pub. " The 
Attache', or Sam Slick in Eng." His other 
works are, "An Historical and Statistical Ac- 
count of Nova Scotia," 2 vols., 1S2S; " The 
Clock-Maker," 2d series, 1838, and 3d series, 
1840; "Bubbles of Canada," 1839; "The 
Old Judge, or Life in a Colony," 1839 ; " Let- 
ter-Bag of the Great Westerri," 1839 ; " Yan- 
kee Stories," 1852 ; " Traits of American Hu- 
mor," 1852; "Nature and Human Nature," 
1855; "Rule and Misrule of the English in 
America," 1851 ; " Letters to Lord Duihara," 
and " Wise Saws." 

Halkett, John, author, b. Lond. 1768; d. 
Brighton, Eng., Nov. 1 852. Nephew of Sir 
Peter. App. gov. of the Bahamas, Dec. 5, 
1801, and of Tobago, Oct. 27, 1803 ; and was 
chaiiman of the board of commiss. of W. India 
accounts from 1814 (o I8I9. Being the son-in- 
law of the Earl of Selkirk, he pub. in Lond., 
1817, a " Statement respecting his Settlement 
upon the Red River." He visited Amer. in 
1821 or 2 ; and in 1823 pub. in Eng. " Histor- 
ical Notes respecting the Indians of North 
Amer." — Hist. Maq. iii. 50. 

Halkett, Sir Peter, of Pitferran, Fife- 
shire, hart, of Nova Scotia, son of Sir P. Wcd- 
derburne of Gosford, who assumed his wife's 
name. M.P. for Dunfermline, 1734 ; lieut.- 
col. of the 44th at Sir John Cope's defeat in 
1745. Being released on parole, and ordered 
by Cumberland to serve again against the Jac- 
obites, he refused, saying that " his royal High- 
ness was master of his commission, but not of 
his honor." He became col. of his regt. Feb. 
26, 1751, and was killed at its head in the bat- 
tle of Monongahela, July 9, 1755. — Sargent's 
Exp. against Fort Duqiiesne. 

Hall, Allen- A., journalist and diplomat, 
b.N.C; d.CcRhaiiam'l.a, l;<.li^ia,Mayl8,1867. 
He practised law at .\'.i>li\ ille, and was for 30 
years connected wiili ilic leading papers there; 
charge d'ujhirts to Veiicv.iKia IS41-5; assist.- 
see.of the U.S. treas. 1849-50 ; edited the lie- 
public at Washington ; afterward edited the 
Dailg News, 1857-9, at Nashville, and was min- 
ister to Bolivia 1863-7. 

Hall, Capt. Basil, traveller, b. Edinburgh, 
1788; d. Portsmouth, Eng., Sept. 11, 1844. 
Eniering the roy. navy in 1802, he became a 
post capt. in 1817. He com. the brig "Lyra," 
which accomp. Lord Amherst in his mission 
to China, and wrote his first work, entitled " A 
Voyage of Discovery to the Western Coast of 



ItAJl. 



397 



HAJL 



Corea, ami the Great Loo Clioo Islaml in the 
Japan Sea," pub. in 1818. lie was stationed 
off the Pacific coast of Amer. during the rev- 
el, of the Spanish Colonies, and on his return 
to Eng. pub. " Extracts from a Journal writ- 
ten on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, 
in 1820-22," 2 vols. 1824. lie also puh. " Trav- 
els in N. Amer. in 1S27 and 1S28" (.3 vols. 
1829), severely commented upon hy the Amer. 
press, and " Travels in So. Amer.," 8vo, 1841. 
In the latter part of his life, his intellect be- 
came impaired, and he d. insane. 

Hall, BATNAr.D Rust, D.D., educator, b. 
Phila. 1798 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 23, 1863. 
Uii. Coil. 1820. Princeton Tlieol. Sem. Son 
of Dr. John Hall, who was at one time on the 
staff of Washiuyton. S".no virs ,.:,sior of 

a church, and prcs. of a ill m P, nm-ton, 

Ind. ; afterward pastor ol :i..<i_r .i .ii,and 
principal of a largo acaJ n; 1; ,;..; i I'.i, At 

ai iu.-t.'. ^ ■■: r."H-iit!.wn 'and ' Ti'Jnton, 

N.J., :r, I i' ., , i i^r and Xewburgh, X.Y. 
Ab. Is.-^J H 1. I, 1 I.. Brooklyn ; was prin- 
cipal ol il.c l'd]l> luotitutc; and for the last 
few years of his lile preached to the poor. 
He pub. a "Latin Grammar," 1828; "The 
New Purchase," 1843 ; " Something lor Every- 
body ; " " Teaching a Science ; " " Frank Free- 
maii's Barber Shop," 1852. — N. Y. Times, Jan. 
27, 1863. 

Hall, DojiTxiCK Augustine, jurist, b. 
S.C. M''.' ; 1 X. ())!, ans, Dec. 19, 1820. He 
coram'- I c of law in Charleston, 

S.C, ^;i- : , • jidge of Orleans Terr. 
Irom l-'i' i;ii n In < amc the State of La. iu 
1812, wijcn he was app. U.S. judge of the 
State, in which position he continued during 
his life. Dec. 15, 1814, his court was ordered 
to be adjourned lor 2 months, " owing to the 
military operations of tlie British foices against 
New Orleans." In Mar. 1815, while the city 
was under martial law. Judge Hall was arrested 
by Gen. Jackson for having granted a writ of 
habeas corpus to a person arrested by his au- 
thority. Judge Hall was released Mar. 14, 
and immediately summoned Gen. Jackson to 
answer for a contempt of court, resulting in a 
judgment against him, and a fine of $1,000, 
which he paid. It was, however, refunded to 
him, with interest, in 1844, by act of Congress. 

Hall,Ej5WAKD BKOOK.S, D.D. (H.U. 1848), 
■Unitarian clergyman, b. Medford, Ms., Sept. 
2, 1800; d. Providence, Mar. 3, 186G. H.U. 
1820. Camb. Theol. School, 1824. He had 
charge of the Garrison Forest Academy, near 
Baltimore, 1 year ; preached at Northampton, 
Ms., where he was ord. Aug. 16, 1826 ; resigned 
Dec. 3, 1829; and was settled at Providence, 
Nov. 14, 1832, until his d. He pub. Memoir 
of Mary L. Ware, Bost. 12mo, 1852 ; Centu- 
ry Discourse, 1st Cong. Ch., Prov., 19 June, 
1836. 

Hall, Frederick, M.D. (Castlet. Med. 
School 1827), LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1842), ed- 
ucator, h. Grafton, Vt., 1780; d. Peru, III., 
July 27, 1843. Dartm. Coll. 1803. Tutor 
there 1804-5, and at Mid. Coll. 1805-6 ; prof, 
of nat. philos. and math, in Mid. Coll. 1806- 
24 ; prof, of chemistry and mineralogy at 
Trin. Coll., Hartford ; pres. of Mt, Hope Coll., 



near Baltimore, Md. ; prof, of chemistry in 
Col. Coll., Washington, at the time of his 
death. He gave to Dartm. Coll. a cabinet 
of minerals, and' some thousands of dollars. 
He pub. a eulogy on Solomon M. Allen, 
1318; statistics of Middlebury, in Ms. Hist. 
Colls., 2d scries, vol. ix. ; " Letters from the 
East and from the West," Bait., 8vo, 1840. 

Hall, Gordon, the first Amer. missionary 
to Bombay, b. Tolland, Ms., Apr. 8, 1784; d. 
of cholera in India, Mar. 20, 1826. Wms. 
Coll. 1808. He studied theology, and having 
been ord. at Salem, Feb. 6, 1812, sailed for 
Calcutta, arriving at Bombay Feb. II, 1813; 
he spent 13 years in missionary laliors there. 
He possessed great force of mind, and decision 
of character, and was devoted to his work, for 
which he was eminently qualified. He pub. 3 
or 4 sermons and tracts, and, with S. Newell, 
" The Conversion of the World," 8vo, 1818. 
His " Appeal in Behalf of the Heathen " is a 
masterpiece of argument aiid eloquence. A 
Memoir of him was pub. 12rao. 

Hall, Harrison, editor of the Poilfolio, 
1815-27, bro. of Judge James, b. I7S7'; d. 
Cincinnati, Mar. 9, 1866. He pub. a work on 
" Distilling," 1815. Ed. a vol. of the writings 
of his mother, Sarah Hall, in 1833. 

Hall, HiLAND, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1859), 
lawyer, b. Bennington, Vt., July 20, 1795. 
Hespent his boyhood on his father's farm; 
was adni. to the bar in 1819; was in 1827 
elected to the State legisl., and afterwards for 
several years was State any. ; M.C. from Vt. 
in 1833-43; bankcommiss. in 1S43-6 ; 4 years 
judge of the Supreme Court; in 18.">0 second 
conipt. of the treas. ; from 1851 to 1854 land 
commis. for California; gov. of Vt. 1858-60, 
and delegate to the Peace Congress, Mar. 
1861 ; author of " Hist, of Vt.," Svo, 1868. 

Hall, James, judge and author, b. Phila. 
Aug. 19, 1793; d. near Cincinnati, July 5, 
1868. His mother, Mrs. Sarah Hall (b. Oct. 
30, 1760 ; d. Apr. 3, 1830), dau. of Dr. John 
Ewing, wrote " Conversations on the Bible," 
and was a contrib. to the Portfolio from the 
commencement, and during the editorship of 
her son. A vol. of her writings was edited 
and pub. by Harrison Hall in 1833, with a 
memoir by Judge Hall. He began the study 
of law, but left it to join the army in the war 
of 1812, and was disting. at Lundy's Lane, 
Niagara, and the siege of Fort Erie. At the 
close of the war, he was app. an officer in the 
bomb vessel which accomp. Decatur's squad, 
against the Algerines, but resigned in 1818, 
and resumed the study of law at Pittsburg, 
Pa. In 1820 he removed to Shawneetown, 
111. ; practised at the bar, and edited a weekly 
newspaper, the Illinois Gazelle. He was app. 
atty. of a circuit of 10 counties, and wrote 
interesting sketches of his mode of life and 
adventures. 4 years after, he was elected judge 
of the circuit court, over which he presided 3 
years. He was also 4 years State treasurer ; 
had a large legal practice, and edited the Il- 
linois Intel iiijencer, weekly, with other literary 
lahors. Removing from Vandalia in 1833 to 
Cincinnati, he became in 1836 cashier, and in 
185.3-65 was pres., of the Commercial Bank. 
In 1 820 he began for the Portfolio a series of 



" Sparks's Biography" (2d series, vol. 
and " Romance o( Western History,' 



" Letters from the West," which in 1828 were 
coll. and pub. in Lend, without his concur- 
rence. He edited and contrib. largely to the 
IVestern Souvenir, 1829, the first annual pub. 
in the West. In 1830 he established at Van- 
dalia the Illinois Monthly Magazine, whieh was 
continued at Cincinnati from 1833 to 1837, 
under the title of the Western Monthli/ Mayazine. 
He pub. also "Legends of the West," 1832; 
"Soldier's Bride and other Tales," 1832; 
" The Harpe's Head, a legend of Ky," 1833; 
" Sketches of the West," 2 vols. 1835 ; 
" Tales of the Border," 1835 ; " Statistics of 
the West," 1836, and a new edition entitled 
" Notes on the Western States," 1838 ; " Life 
of Harrison," 1836; "History of the Indian 
Tribes " (with T. L. McKenney), 3 vols. 
1838-44, a costlv and elegant work ; " Wilder- 
ness and the War-Path," 1845 ; an address 
before the Mercantile Library Assoc, of Cin- 
1846 ; a "Life of Thomas Posey" in 

185?! 
iform edition of his writings appeared in 
4 vols. \%53. — Duycki.ick. 

Hall, James, State geologist of N.Y., b. 
Hingham, Ms., of English parents, in 1811. 
He studied the natural sciences at the Rens- 
selaer school in Troy, N.Y., from 1831 to 1836. 
App. one of the N.Y. State geologists, he in 
1837 began to survey the western dist. of the 
State. His report was pub. in 1843. Direct- 
ing his attention to the several paleozoic for- 
mations of the Western States, he pub. in 
1847-59 3 vols, of " The Paleontology of 
N.Y.," describing ab. 1,000 species of fossils 
from the lower and middle silurian rocks. In 
1855 he was invited to take this dept. of the 
Canadian survey under the direction of Sir 
Wm. E. Logan. App. State surveyor of 
Iowa in 1855, and of Wis. in 1857, his Cana- 
dian investigations were chiefly limited to the 
study of the graptolites, of which he has de- 
scribed 25 new species. Of the Iowa report, 
2 vols, have been pub. In 1850 Mr. Hall was 
elected a foreign member of the Geol. Society 
of Loud., which society in 1 858 conferred upon 
him the distinction of the Wolhiston medal. 
He is a member of many European and Araer. 
scientific societies, and has contrib. to their 
" Transactions." The description of fossils 
in the govt, reports of many of the Western 
surveys are by Prof. Hall. 

Hall, John, jurist, b. Staunton Co., Va., 
1769; d. Warrcnton, N.C., Jan. 29, 1833. 
Wm. & Mary Coll. He settled in Warrcnton 
in 1 792 ; became eminent as a lawyer ; was a 
judge of the Superior Court of N.C. from 
1801 to 1S18, and judge of its Supreme Court 
from 1818 to 1832. His son Edward, a 
di.^ting. lawyer, was raised to the bench in 
1840. 

Hall, John E., bro. of Judge James, 
author, b. Dec. 1783 ; d. June 11, 1829. Edu- 
cated at N.J. Coll , he studied law, and com- 
menced practice in Baltimore in 1805. He 
soon became prof, of rhetoric and belles-lettres 
in the U. of Md. ; wrote a Biography of Dr. 
John Shaw prefixed to an edition of his poems 
(1810), and prepared an edition of Wirt's 
" British Spy," to which he contrib. several 



letters. He acted with the Federalists, and 
was severely wounded in the Baltimore riot 
of 1811, being one of the nine thrown on a 
heap as killed. From 1808 to 1817 he pub. 
the American Law Journal (6 vols. Phila.). 
Removing to Phila., fjom 1816 to 1827 he 
edited the Portfolio, to which he contrib. the 
" Memoirs of Anacreon," which attracted 
much attention. In 1827 he edited the Phila. 
Souvenir, and pub. " Memoirs of Eminent 
Persons." He also edited " Practice and Juris- 
diction of the Court of Admiralty," 8vo, 1809. 
Dr. Thomas Mifflin Hall, a younger bro. 
of Harrison, James, and John E., contrib. 
poetry and some scientific articles to the Port- 
folio.' In 1828 he embarked on board of a 
S. Amer. ship-of-war to which he was surgeon. 
The vessel was never heard of after. — Duiic- 
Icinck. 

Hall, Louisa Jane, poetess, b. Newburr- 
port, Feb. 7, 1802; m. Rev. E. B. Hall ofPro'v. 
in 1840. Her father, Dr. John Park, in 1811 
opened a school for young ladies in Boston, at 
which she received a good education. She 
commenced writing at an early age. In 1825 
she wrote " Miriam," a dramatic poem, pub. 
in 1837. In 1831 she removed with her father 
to Worcester, where, though almost totally 
blind for 4 or 5 years, she wrote "Joanna of 
Naples," a tale, and a Life of Mrs. Elizabeth 
Carter. — Duyckinck. 

Hall, Lyman, signer of the Decl. of Indep., 
b. Ct. 1725 ; d. Burke Co., Ga., Oct. 19, 1790. 
Y.C. 1747. His father possessed a competent 
fortune, and gave him a good education. He 
studied medicine ; m. and establis ed himself 
at Sunbury, Ga., where he was a very success- 
ful practitioner. Member of the Ga. Repub. 
conventions of 1774-5, he was influential in 
causing Ga. to join the Confederacy. Sent as 
a delegate to Congress in March, 1775, by the 
parish of St. John's, he was in July elected by 
the whole Province. He remained in Congress 
until 1780, when the invasion of the State by 
the British called him home. Gov. of Ga. in 
1783. His property was confiscated by the 
British while in temporary possession of the 
Province. 

Hall, Nathan K., U.S. postmaster-gen. 
(1850-4), b. Marccllus, Onondaga Co., N.Y., 
March 28, 1810. He retid law in the office of 
Mr. Fillmore, and became his partner at Buf- 
falo, Erie Co., N.Y., in 1832. He has held 
different administrative and judicial offices in 
Ills native State ; served as a member of the 
legisl. ; was M.C. from 1847 to 1849; after- 
ward judge Dist. Court of Western N.Y. 

Hall,"RoBERT Pleasants, poet and law- 
yer, b. Chester District, S.C, Dec. 23, 1825; 
d. Macon, Ga., Dec. 4, 1854. Removing with 
his parents to Ga. in 1837, he was adm. to the 
bar in 1848, and in 1849 removed to Macon, 
where he held a high legal reputation till his 
death. In 1848 he pub. in Charleston 
" Poems by a South-Carolinian." His numer- 
ous unpub. writings in prose and verse include 
a contemplative poem on Andre' Chenier; a 
legend of the Dacotahs, entitled " Winona;" 
and " The Cherokee," describing the scenery 
of Upper Georgia. — See Miller's Bench and 
Bar of Georgia. 



HAX. 



399 



Hall, Samuel, printer, b. Medford, Ms., 
Nov. 2, 1740; d. Boston, Oct. 30, 1807. He 
served' his apprenticeship with his uncle, 
Daniel Fowle of Portsmouth, N.H. In 1761-8 
he was in partnership with Ann, widow of 
James Franklin, at Newport, R.I. In 1768 he 
pub. the Essex Gazette at Salem ; removed m 
1775 to Cambridge, where he pub. the N. E. 
Chronicle; removed to Boston in 1776; pub. 
tlie Su/em Gazette a^ain in 1781, and in 1785 
the Ms. Gazette; in 1789 he opened a book- 
store in Boston, which in 1 805 he sold to Lin- 
coln & Edmands. His patriotic journal was 
of frreat service to the cause of liberty. — 
Brooks's Medfird. ^ , , , 

Hall, Samuel Read, clergyman and edu- 
cator, b. Crovdon, N.H., Oct. 27, 1795. He 
commenced teaching in Rumford, Me., in 1814, 
and in 182-2 taught an acad. at Fitchlmrg, Ms., 
being also licensed as a Cong, preacher. Re- 
moving as a missionary to Concord, Vt., in 
1823, he organized the first school in the U.b. 
for the training of teachers, which he kept till 
1830, when he was chosen principal ot the 
English dept. of Phillips Acad., Andover. In 
182"^ lie aided in founding the Amer. Institute 
of Instruction. In 1837 he removed to Plym- 
outh, N.H. ; kept a teachers' sem. there till 
1840, when he removed to Craftsbury, Vt., 
and established there a teacher's dept. in con- 
nection wiih the acad., where lie taught till 
1846 Author of "Instructor's Manual, or 
Lectures on School-keeping," 1829 ; "Lectiiros 
on Education," 12mo ; " Geography for Chil- 
dren " He now resides at Bennington, Vt. 

Hall, WiLLABD, jurist, b. Westford, Ms., 
Dec. 24, 1780. H.U. 1799. He studied law 
in the office of Samuel Dana of Groton, and 
was adm. to the bar of Hillsborough Co. 
N H in Mar. 1803. In May, 1803, he settled 
in' Dover, Del., and practise'd there 20 years. 
From 1811 to 1814 he was sec. of State; M.C. 
from 1817 to 1821; again sec. of State in 1821 ; 
in 1822 a member of the State senate ; and 
May 6, 1823, he was app. by Pies. Monroe 
U.S. dist. judge for Del. Upon the applica- 
tion of the Gen. Assembly of Del. he revised 
the statutory laws of the State, completing the 
work, in 6 vols. 8vo, in 1829. In 1831 he was 
a member of the State Const. Conv. While 
sec of State he advocated the establishment 
of pulilic schools, and suggested a plan which 
in 1829 was adopted with slight variation. 

Hall, Gen. William, b. 1774; d. Sumner 
Co., Tenn., Oct. 1 856. He was a col. of Tenn. 
militia in the U.S. service, Dec. 1812-Beb. 
1813; brig.-gon. Tenn. vols. Sept. 26, 1813; 
and M.C. from Tenn. in 1831-3, 

HaU, William W., b. Paris, Ky., 1810. 
Centre Coll. 18.30. M.D. of Transylv. Coll. 
1836 Author of Treatises on Cholera, Bron- 
chitis and Kindred Diseases (8vo, 1853), 
Conslimption, Health by Good Living, Sleep, 
Health and Disease, Coughs and Colds. 
Editor of Hall's Jouruai of Health. 

Hallam Family, pioneers on the Ameri- 
can sta"-e. William, called the father of the 
American stage, was an actor of great repute 
at Goodman's Fields Theatre, Eng., and succes- 
sor of Garriek. Came with his family to Amer. 
in 1750; sold out his interests here to his bro. 



Lewis ; and d. in Eng. Lewis, his bro., also 
a favorite at Goodman's Fields, made his ddiul 
at New York, 26 Feb. 1750, in the play of 
-Richard III.," and Sept. 5, 1752, at Williams- 
burg, Va., as Launcelot Gobbo and Tubal 
in the " Merchant of Venice ; " went to the 
Island of Jamaica in 1756, where he soon after 
died. His wife, afterward well known as Mrs. 
Douglas, app. Sept. 5, 1752, as Portia; re- 
tired Irom the stage in 1769, and d. Phila. Aug. 
1773. Lewis, son of the preceding, and one 
of the best actors of his time, b. Lond. 1740 ; 
d. Phila. Nov. 1, 1808. He appeared in Lord 
Ogleby in 1768, a part he performed for 40 
years, his last app. in it being at the Park, 
N.y., in 1807. Master Adam Hallam made 
his dehid in New York, Sept. 17, 1753, at the 
New Nassau-street Theatre, as Daniel in 
" The Conscious Lovers." The Hallam Com- 
pany opened at Phila. 15 Apr. 1754, with 
"The Fair Penitent." 

Halleck, Fitzgreene, poet, b. Guilford, 
Ct., Julys, 1790; d. there Nov. 19, 1867. His 
moilier, Mary Eliot, was a descendant of John, 
the " Apostle to the Indians." He acquired a 
good academical education in his native town. 
Atthe age of 18 he became a clerk in the bank- 
ing-house of Jacob Barker, New York, where 
he remained many years. He was also " in the 
cotton-trade and sugar-line." He was long en- 
gaged in the business-affairs of John Jacob 
Astor (1824-49), who made him a trustee of 
the Astor Library. He wrote verses from boy- 
hood. His lines to "Twilight" appeared in 
the Eveninq Post in ISl^S; and in the follow- 
ing March' he assisted Joseph Rodman Drake 
in contributing, under the signature of "Croak- 
er, jun.," to the humorous series of " Croaker 
Papers," also for the Post. The death of 
Drake in 1820 was commemorated by Halleek 
in one of his most touching poems. In the 
latter part of 1819 he wrote his longest poem, 
" Fanny," a satire in the measure of Byrgn's 
" Don juan." It was completed and printed 
within three weeks of its commencement, and 
was highly popular. In 1822-3 he visited Eu- 
rope ; and in 1827 pub. an edition of his po- 
ems, including "Alnwick Castle" and " Burns." 
It also included the spirited lyric " Marco Boz- 
zaris," oiiginally pub. in the iV. Y. Review. 
In 1864 he pub."" Young America," a poem of 
some 300 lines. A remarkable characteristic 
of his poetic genius was its versatility. Late 
in life he became a Roman Catholic. — See Life 
and Letters of Halleck, btj James Grant WUson, 
1859. 

Halleck, Henry Wager, maj.-gen. U. . , 
S.A., b. Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y., 1814. CL-^]'^^- ' 
West Point, 1839. Son of Hon. Joseph H., and C 

grandson of Peter of Long Island Revol. mem- 
ory. Receiving an academical education, he 
studied a short time at Un. Col. before enter- 
ing West Point. Entering the engineer ser- 
vice, he was, until June, 1840, assist, prof, at 
West Point. From 1841 to 1844 he was em- 
ployed on the fortifications in N.Y. harbor ; and 
in 1845 visited the milit.iry establishments of 
Europe. In the winter of 1845-6 he delivered 
at the Lowell Institute of Boston a series of 
lectures on the Science of War, since pub. as 
" Elements of Military Art and Science." Dur- 



400 



ing the war with Mexico, he sorvci! in Califor- 
nia and on the Paeitic loa-t, l^t lieut. in 
1845, he was lirev. c.ipt Im -allanti v al I'ulas 
Prietas and Urias, Nuv. 1 ■< anj r.i, i-17; and 
afterward greally distin-. liiDiodl at .San An- 
tonio and Todos Santos, Mareh, 1848. He 
also acted on the siatF of Com. Shubrick, par- 
ticipating in the capture of Mazatlan, of whieh 
he was made lient.-governor. Sec. of state of 
the province of California from Aug. 13, 1847, 
to Uec. 20, 1849, acting also as auditor of the 
revenue; member of the convention in 1849, 
as one of the drafting committee, he had a 
large sharr in |.rc|iaiin- the State constitution ; 
afterwanl |ucl-r aihurate and insp. of li,.;ht- 
houses ; (apt ol lll^ineers, Ijuly, 1853 ; here- 
signed An;;. 1, 1854, and began to practise law 
in San Francisco. For many years he was the 
senior partner of one of the largest law-firms 
in Cal., and director-gen. of the N. Almaden 
quicksilver mines. In 1855 he was pres. of the 
Pacific and Atlantic Road, from San Francisco 
to San Jose'. App. maj.-gen. U.S.A. Au^'. 19, 

1861, he succeeded Fremont in command of 
the Western dept. in Nov. Early in April, 

1862, he took com. of the army before Corinth, 
the investment of which was soon followed by 
its capture. After the disastrous campaign of 
tlie Chiekahoininv, he was app. (July U) gen.- 
in-ehief. He ordered the advance of Gen. 
Pope, under cover of which McCIellan was 
enabled to retire unmolested to Yorktown. 
Chief of staff U.S.A. 12 Mar. 1864, to Apr. 19, 
1865; com. milit. div. of the Pacific since Aug. 
1865. Gen. H. has also pub. a "Practical 
Treatise on Bitumen and its Uses," 1841; a 
report on Military Defences; translations of 
the "Mining Laws of Spain and Mexico;" 
De Fooz on the Law of Mines," a treatise en- 
titled " International Law and the Laws of 
War ; " and Jomini's " Life of Napoleon." 

Hallett, Benjamin F., politician and law- 
yer, b. Barnstable, Ms., Dee. 2, 1797 ; d. Boston, 
Sept. 30, 1862. Brown U. 1816. Adm. to the 
Boston bar, he was afterward an editor in Prov- 
idence and in Boston, where he edited the anti- 
Masonic Boston Advocate. After the decline of 
the anti-Masonic party, he joined the Democ. 
party, over which he e.xerted a powerful influ- 
ence, being a delegate at most of its national 
conventions, and many years chairman of its 
national committee. He aided in the nomina- 
tion of Franklin Pierce (who made him U.S. 
dist. atty. for Ms.) and James Buchanan ; and 
was the author of the Cincinnati platform of 
1856. 

Hallook, Gerard, journalist, son of Her. 
Moses, b. PlainHeld, Ms, March 18, 1800; 
(1. New York, Jan. 4, 1866. Arah. Coll. 1819. 
In early life he taught Hebrew and German. 
In 1824 he established the Boston Telecjraph, 
which he united with the Boston Recorder in 
V825. He became half proprietor of the N.Y. 
Observer in 1 827, and, in partnersliip v/h\\ David 
Hale, became proprietor of the A''. Y. Journal 
of Commerce in 1828, which he continued to 
conduct until 1861. In 1828 Messrs. Hale and 
Ilallock fitted out a schooner to cruise off 
Sandy Hook, and intercept European vessels 
for news. In 1 833 they established a horse ex- 
press from Phila. to N.Y., by whieh they were 



enabled to publish congressional news one day 
in advance of their contemporaries. He ex- 
pended over $50,000 in the erection and support 
of a church in N. Haven, and by personal ex- 
ertions he founded the Southern Aid Society. 

Hallock, Jeremiah, clergyman, b. Brook- 
haven, L.I. , March 13,1758; d. West Simsbury, 
Ct., June 23, 1826. When 8 years old, his fa- 
ther removed to Goshen, Ms.; and before he was 
21 he was twice called to enter the Revol. army. 
He entered the school of Dr. Dnight ; and in 
April, 1784, was licensed to preach, and was 
installed pastor of (he congregation in West 
Simsbury, Oct. 26, 1785, where he remained 
till his denth. — See Life, bi/ Rev. Cjrus Yale, 
Hartford, 8vo, 1838. 

Hallock, Moses, clergyman, bro. of Jere- 
miah, b. Brookhaven, L.I.,"Feb. 16, 1760; d. 
July 17, 1837. Y.C. 1788. He was first pas- 
tor of the church in Plainfield from July 11, 
1792, until his death. He was a man of patri- 
archal simplicity, and devoted himself to the 
education of young men for the ministry. A 
sketch of his life has been pub. by the Tract 
Society. 

Hallowell, Benjamin, loyalist, commis- 
sioner of the revenue in Boston before the 
Bevol. ; d. 1799. His estate was confiscated. 
One of his sons, B. Carew, was a distinguished 
British admiral ; another. Ward Nicholas 
(Boylston), was a benefactor of Harvard Coll. 
His bro. Robert, a considerable landholder in 
Maine, d. Gardiner, Me., April 23, 1818, a. 80. 

Halpine, Charles G. ("Miles O'Reil- 
ly,"), author and jiolitician, b. (Ildeastle, Co. 
Meath, Ireland, Nov. 1829 ; d. N.Y. Citv, Aug. 
3, 1868. Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1846. 'His la- 
ther, a clergyman and scholar, edited the Dub- 
lin Evening Mail, the leading ])aper in the Prot- 
estant interest. Upon his father's death he 
connected himself with the press, but in 1847 
came to New York, where he wrote for the 



the Carpet Batj in Boston ; and was ( 
with the press of New York and Boston until 
April, 1861, when he volunteered in the Union 
army, and rose to the grade of brig.-gen. of 
vols., and maj. in the regular service. He re- 
signed in 1864. He became editor of The 
Citizen; supported Mr. Lincoln's re-election; 
and at the time of his death, which was occa- 
sioned by an overdose of chloroform, was regis- 
ter of the Co. of N. York. He wrote " Poems 
by the Letter H ; " two volumes of humorous 
writings under the nam de plume of " Private 
Miles O'Reilly," while serving at the South ; 
and a volume of war-songs and humorous 
verses. These songs became favorites with the 
army. One of his most famous pieces, entitled 
" Tear down the Flaunting Lie," has, since his 
death, been claimed by another. He was a man 
of creat versatility and of convivial habits. 

Hamblin, Thomas Sowerbv, actor, b. 
Lond. May 14, 1800; d. New York, Jan. 8, 
1853. First appeared in 1819 at Sadler's 
Wells, Loud., and, Dec. 26, as Truman in 
" George Barnwell," at Drury Lane. His first 
American performance was Hamlet, at the 
Park Theatre, in Oct. 1825. He then starred 
through the States until Aug. 1830, when he 
became manager of the Bowery Theatre, and 



continued in that capacity in various N.Y. 
tlieaires until his death, lli-^ il.inl uifr, Miss 
Medina, wrote tlie dramas ..| '■ l,:,.t Davs of 
Pompeii," " Ricnzi, "&(;.—/;."» „^ . I „„,. X„7?. 
Hamer, Thomas L., lawwv :iii.i politician, 
b. Pa.; d. Monterey, Mc.\., 2 iJec. 1846. 
Emig. in early life to O. He practised law with 
success; served in several sessions of the legisl., 
and was speaker diirinr; one term ; M.C. 1833- 
9; apji. hii-. -eii. 1 .Inly, 1846; distin^'. in the 
battle (if M.iii[i'ir\ , ami com. the division after 
Gen. Bcitlri- wa. woniMlcd. Congress, in testi- 
mony of lii^ ^;.ill:inny, presented a sword to his 

Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, ora- 
tor, and soldier, b. in Nevis, one of the W.I. 
Islands, 11 Jan. 1757; killed in a duel with 
Aaron Burr, 12 July, 1804. His father, James, 
was a Scotch merchant; his mother, whoso 
name was Fauectte, was of Huguenot descent. 
In 1769 he entered a couniing-house in St. 
Croix; in 1772 attended the school of Francis 
Barber, at Elizabethtown, N. J. ; and in 1773 
entered King's Coll. In July, 1774, he made 
a speech to the people of N.Y., and was highly 
applauded, also aiding the popular cause by his 
writings. Applying himself to the study of 
tactics, he was in Mar. 177G made a capt. of 
art., and served with credit at L. I., White 
Plains, Trenton, and Princeton ; became aide- 
de-camp to Washington in Mar. 1777, gaining 
his special f ivor and confidence; and was em- 
ployed as his sec, also assisting in planning 
campaigns. He was highly praised for his 
conduct at Monmouth, and was second to Col. 
Laurens in the duel with Lee whieh grew out 
of it. In Dec. 1780 he tn. Eliza, dan. of Gen. 



Schuyler, and i 
ington's staff ir 
he thought un 
draw his resign 
him an apology 
the com 



um Wash- 
il'iike which 
■I'd to with- 
' 1 liiiigton sent 
SI, he obtained 
N.Y. batt., with which he cap- 
It, Oct. 14, 1781, a redoubt at 



Yorktown. Upon the surrender of Cornwalli 
he applied himself to the study of law ; was 
a member of Congress in 1782-3, and often 
chairman of important committees ; began to 
practise law in N.Y. City ab. Aug. 1783, and 
soon took the lead in his profession. He ex- 
erted himself to protect the Tories from perse- 
cution; was active in establishing the N. York 
bank ; and was one of the founders nf an anti- 
slavery society ; member of the N.Y. legisl. in 
Jan. 1787, and a delegate to the Pbila. conv. 
in May, 1787, to form a Federal Constitution, 
an instrument which he had a principal share 
in devising, supporting, and causing to be 
adopted. With the aid of the able pens of 
Madison and Jay, he advocated its adoption in 
a series of essays under the signature of " Pub- 
lius," afterwards collected in a vol. called " The 
Federalist," of whieh he wrote the larger half. 
App. in Sept. 1789 first sec. of theU.S. treas- 
ury, he presented to Congress in Jan. 1790 a 
report on public credit and a plan for its sup- 
port, which became the basis of the financial 
system. He proposed plans for funding the 
national debt, for assuming those of the re- 
spective States, for establishing a U. S. bank 
and a mint, and for obtaining a revenue. He 



advocated the encouragement c 
manufactures by a protective t.iriff. Having 
restored public credit, and witnessed thcrevivid 
of trade and industry, he resigned 31 Jan. 
1795, and resumed practice at the bar. He 
advocated strict neutrality in the French 
revol. struggle in his papers signed " Pacifi- 
cus," and, under the signature of " Camillus," 
powerfully supported Jay's treaty. He assist- 
ed Washington in the preparation of his 
" Farewell Address." He declined the position 
ofchiefjusticeof theU.S. In 1798, the French 
Directory having provoked the American peo- 
ple by acts of hostility, the army was re-organ- 
izcd, Washington taking the chief command, 
and Hamilton second as inspee.-gen., with the 
rank of maj.-gen. On the death of Washing- 
ton in Dec. 1799, Hamilton succeeded him as 
com-in-chief ; but the army was soon disbanded. 
When the house of representatives were to de- 
cide between Jefferson and Burr, which should 
be pres., he advised his friends to prefer the 
former. Burr beitig in 1804 a candidate for 
gov. of N.Y., Hamilton opposed his election, 
expressing his opinion tliat Bnrrwas a danger- 

Defeau"ri'i'"hi"!!.!,!.ii'iM,i'; prljcc'tsrCuiTdml- 
lenged IIamilt<iii, i\ ho, iImmiuIi utterly condemn- 
ing the practice ut diiialin-, accepted the chal- 
lenge, was mortally wounded atHohoken, 11 
July, 1804, and died the next day. His death 
was deeply and generally lamented. His 
widow Elizabeth, b. 9 Aug. 1757, d. Wash- 
ington. D.C., 9 Nov. 1854. His youngest son. 
Col. Wm. Steven, U.S. surveyor of public 
lands in 111., subsequently engaged in mining 
in Cal., d. Sacramento, Cal., 7 Aug. 1850, a. 
50. Hamilton's works, edited by his son John 
C, were pub. 7 toIs. 8vo, 1851." — See Life hy 
Renwick, 1841; by J. C. Hamilton, 2 vols. 1834- 
40 ; J. C. Hamilton's Hislory of the Republic of 
theU.S., i-c, 6 vols. 1858-60; Reminiscences 
of ./as. A. Hamilton, 1869. 

Hamilton, Andrew, gov. of N.J. 1692- 
8, 1699-1701, dep.gov. of Pa. Nov. 1, 1701, 
to his d. in Phila. Jan. 1709. Originally a 
merchant of Edinburgh, he emig. to N.J. ab. 
1685; was one of the council of Lord Neil 
Campbell, whom he succeeded, as dep. gov. in 
1686 ; and in 1689;, while on a voyage to Eng., 
was made prisoner, and detained 'some time by 
the French. He devised the scheme for the 
establishment of post-ofBces in the Colonies ; 
and was app. Apr.. 4, 1692, dep. postmaster for 
all the plantations. — Whitehead's E. .h-mnj. 

Hamilton, Andrew, an eminent lawyer, 
d. Phila. Aug. 4, 1741. He acquired distinc- 
tion at Zenger's trial in N.Y., and filled many 
public stations, including that of speaker of 
the Assembly, whieh he resigned in 1739 from 
age and infirmity. 

Hamilton, Andrew J., politician, b. 
Madison Co., Ala., Jan. 28, 1815. He had a 
common school education ; worked on Iiis fa- 
ther's farm ; was some years clerk of the Circuit 
Court of the Co., and a merchant, but was sub- 
sequently adm. to the bar; and in 1846 settled 
in Texas. He was atty.-gen. of the State ; 
frequently a member of the legisl. ; M.C. 1859- 
61 ; military gov. of Texas 1862-5; and pro- 
vis, gov. 1865-6. He opposed the secession of 



iia:m 



402 



Texas, and was an active friend of the U.S. 
Govt, during tlie Rebellion. 

Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., b. N.Y. ab. 
IS24. West Point, 1843. Entering the 2d 
Inf. he became 1st lieiit. June 30, 1845 ; was 
bivv. ca|)t. lor gallanirj' at Contreras and 
Cliiiruluisco, Aug. 20, and severely wounded at 
Molino del Rev, Se|it. 8, 1847 ; resigned Apr. 
.30, 1S.')3, and 'settled in Fond du Lac, He 
coin, tlie 3d vol. rcgt. from Wisconsin in May, 
18GI, and bucanio brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 
18131; cndircd to tlie army of the Mpi., and dis- 
ting. at the battle of Corinth, and took com. of 
the dist. of W. Tcnn. Oct. 20, 1862, and 16th 
army corps, Jan.-A|)r. 13, 1863, when he re- 
signed; maj.-gcn. Sept. I'J, 1862. Since then 
manuf. of Colza oil at Fond du Lac, and re- 
gent Wise. State University. — Culliim. 

Hamilton, Col. Henry, an English co- 
lonial officer; d. Antigna, Sept. 29, 1796. He 
■was an officer in the Brit, army ; and during 
the war of the Revol. was lieut.-gov. of De- 
troit. In 1778 he was actively engaged in in- 
citing the Western Indians to join the British. 
Early in Jan. 1779 he recaptured Vincennes, 
but in the following month was, with the en- 
tire gmrison, surprised bv Col. Clarke, and 
carri^'d prisoner to Williamsburg, Va., where 
he underwent a rigorous confinement. He re- 
tired Irom the army in 1783. In 1785 he be- 
catne lieut.-gov. of Quebec, but was succeeded 
ill 1786 by Lord Dorchester, and was subse- 
quently gov. of Dominica. 

Hamilton, James, gov. of Pa. 1748-Ort. 
1754, 1759-63, and 1771; b. Phila. ; d. N.Y. 
Aug. 14, 1783. Son of Andrew, an eminent 
lawyer. He held several other offices of distinc- 
tion in the Province, and enjoyed the esteem 
and confidence of the people, but was a loyal- 
ist, and removed to N.Y. 

Hamilton, Gen. James, politician, b. 
Charleston, S.C., .May 8, 1786; d. Oct. 15, 
1857, by a stiMiiib.iat collision, near the coast 
of Texas. IIi< fitlier, ilaj. James, a favorite 
aid- nf \v.,-i|l"jt.in. d. Nov. 26, 1833, a. 82. 
I.ii; 'I' : I . ,'.,1, ho adopted the law 



of ; 



the 



(.1111 , 1 ii. 1 as a maj., and practised law 

in Ciiniic->iuii, » here he was some years mayor. 
By his vigilance the formidable negro conspir- 
acy in 1822, led by Denmark Vesey, was de- 
tected. Often a member of the State legisl., 
and M.C. 1822-9, and the ultra advocate of 
free-trade and Southern riglits, and of direct 
taxation. An active partisan of Gen. Jackson, 
who in 1828 offered him the post of sec. of 
war, and minister to Mexico, both of which he 
declined. He urged arriied resistance to the 
tariff act of 1828, and, while gov. of S.C. 
(1830-2), recommended to the legisl. the pas- 
sage of the nullification act, whieli placed the 
State in collision with the Federal Govt. ; app. 
by Gov. Hayne his successor, com. of the 
State troops. He took an active part in the 
affairs of Texas; procured the recognition of 
her independence liom Eng. and France in 
1841; subsequently aided in procuring her ad- 
mission into the tfnion, and at the time of his 
death was U.S. senator elect. With his usual 
courtesy and generosity, he yielded his own 
chance of safety to a lady among the passen- 



gers, to whom he was an entire stranger. lie 
was one of the founders of the Soidliern Qmir- 
terly Review and of the Bank of Charleston, 
and took an active part in railroad enterprises, 
and in the extension and elevation of Southern 
commerce. 

Hamilton, James, artist, b. Ireland ab. 
1820; came to the U.S. in infancy; established 
himself as a marine painter in Pliila., and ex- 
celled in sea-fights. He is well known as the 
spirited illustrator of Dr. Kane's Arctic Expid. 
Among his pictures are " Capture of the Sci- 
apis," " Old Ironsides," " An Egyptian Sun- 
set," " Wrecked Hopes," Coleridge's " Ancient 
Mariner," and many subjects from the Arabian 
Nights. — Tuckerman. 

Hamilton, James Inglis, a British gen. ; 
d. Murdostown, July 27, 1803. He entered 
the army in 1755; served at Fort St. Philip 
in the exped. to St. Malo in 1758, and 
against Belle Isle in 1760; major 1761; 
Mar. 1774, lient.-col. 21st; and proceeded to 
Canada in 1776 ; com. the 2d brigade in Bur- 
goyne's exped. ; made prisoner at Saratoga ; 
became maj.-gen. 1787 ; licut.-gen. 1797 ; gen. 
\%0-2. — Bur;iuijne's Orel. Book. 

Hamilton, John, member of the council 
of N.J. 1713-46; coin.-in-chief of the Province 
1736-8; gov. 1746; d. 1746. Son of Gov. 
Andrew. 

Hamilton, John Church, son of Gen. J T « 
Alexander, b. Phila. 1792. Col. Coll. 1809. ^- '^Ij 
Counsellor at law ; aide to Gen. Harrison ; Q 9 

resigned June, 1814. Author of " Memoirs of riyfyyiOil 
Alexander Hamilton," 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1834-on -, €, 
40; "Works of A. Hamilton," 7 vols. 8vo, (pA ' 
1851; " History of the Republic," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1853. 

Hamilton, Paul, see. U.S.N. 1809-1813, 
b. S.C. ; d. Beaufort, June 30, 1816. He ren- 
dered important services during the Revol. ; 
was compt. of S.C. from 1799 to 1804, im- 
proving the financial svstera of the State ; and 
was gov. of S.C. in 1804-6. 

Hamilton, Gen. Schityleb, sonof John 
C, and grandson of Alexander, b. N.Y. July 
25, 1822. West Point, 1841. Entering the 
1st Inf., he was severely wounded at Monterey ; 
was brov. 1st lieiit..; and carlyin 1847, joining 
Seott in the Valley .Of Mexico, was app. act- 
ing aide to the ,coni.-in-chief. Aug. 13, while 
on a hazardous reconnoissancc, he was ntrnckcd 
near Milflores by a superior f ir p rf M -:i, an 
laneers, and in a desperate ' v ! • ' ' . n- 
counter was severely OTOuiiii : II i v 

capt. for gallantry in this allui. ;ui<i ; mi 1 

on Scott's staff until 1854; resigned in l^o5, 
and took up his residence at Branford, Ct. 
After the fall of Sumter, he joined the 7th 
N.Y. regt. as a private ; was aide to Col. Lef- 
ferts, and also to Gen. Butler at Annapolis. 
On reaching Washington, he entered the mili- 
tary family of Scott, with the rank of col. ; 
became brig.-gen. Nov. 12, 1861; accomp. Gen. 
Halleek to Mo. in Oct., and com. the dist. of 
St. Louis; in Feb. 1862 he com. a division 
in Pope's army, and was greatly instrumental 
in the capture of New Madrid. Gen. Hamilton 
com. the reserve at the action of Farmington. 
Made maj.-gen. Sept. 17, 1862, for " merito- 
rious services at New Madrid and Island No. 



403 



HA-M 



Ten ; " resigneil Feb. 27, 1S63. Author of a 
" History of the National Flag of the U.S.," 
N.Y. 18.52. 

Hamilton, Capt. Thomas, author of 
"Meu and Manners in Amer.," b. 1789; cl. 
Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 18+2. Author of " Cyril 
Thornton," " Annals of the Peninsular Cam- 
paigns," and a noted eontrib. to Blackwood. 
He served in the Peninsular war and that of 
1812 with the U.S. 

Hamlin, Hannibal, statesman, b. Paris, 
Oxlbid Co., Me., Aug. 27, 1809. He prepared 
himself for coll. ; but the death of his father 
compelled him to take charge of his farm. At 
21 he became a printer; was admitted to the 
bar in 1803, and continued to practise until 



frnm 



Feb. 20, 



1848; was a member 

18.36 to 1840; speaker ii 

M.C. in 184.3-7; State re 

U.S. senator from 1S4S i 

Mc. from Jan. 7 until lii- 

1857, liaving been I. IS. senate; 

vice-pres. 1861-5 ; r. lurtheport 

of Boston 1865-0 ; 1 - - -lu.n -m™ 1869. 

Hamline, Lkosius Lent, i).L).,M. Ep. 
bisliop 1844-.i2; b. Uiulington, Ct., 10 May, 
1797; d. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 23 Mar. 1865. 
Of Huguenot descent. His father, Mark, was 
a farmer, and designed him for the ministrv. 
He entered that of the M. E. Church in 1828, 
ofliciating in Ohio ; and was co-editor of the 
Western Christian Advocate, and editor of the 
Ladies' Repositori/^ 8 years. He devoted his 
ample fortune to the interests of his church, 
giving in one month $60,000 to two colleges. 

Hammond, Charlks, lawver and iour- 
nalist, b. Baltimore Co., Md., Sept. 1779; d. 
Cincinnati, 3 Apr. 1840. His father moved 
to Ohio Co., Va., in 1785. He worked on a 
farm, but studied law ; was admitted to the 
bar in 1801 , and opened an office in Wellshurg ; 
frequently contributed political articles to the 
newspapers. He first obtained notice by a 
series of able articles in the Scioto Gazette in 
defence of Gov. St. Clair. He was a resident 
of Belmont Co., 0., in 1813; pub. the Oliio 
Federalist at St. Clairsville from Aug. 1813 to 
1817; and from 1825 to his death was editor 
of the Cincinnati Gazette ; member Ohio legisl. 
1816-18 and 1820; removed to Cincinnati 
in 1822 ; reporter Ohio Sup. Court 182.3-38, 
and pub. its Reports 1821-39 in 9 vols. 8vo 
(1833—40). He was an earnest advocate of a 
system of internal improvements, and of a 
thorough common school system. A specimen 
of his verse is in " Poets and Poetry of the 
West." 

Hammond, Jabez D., LL.D. (H,im. Coll. 
1845), author an. I politician, b. N. Bedford, 
Ms., Aug. 2, 1778; d. Cherry Valley, N.Y., 
Aug. 18, 1855. With a limited education, he 
taught school at 15 ; studied and practised 
medicine in Reading, Vt., in 1799 ; and in 1805 
settled as a lawyer in Cherry Valley. M.C. 
1815-17; State senator 1817-21; practised in 
Albany in 1822-30 ; comraiss. to settle the 
claims of N.Y. on the Gen. Govt, in 1825-6; 
visited Europe in 1831; re-established himself 
at Cherry Valley on his return ; chosen county 
judge in 1838. He pub. "Political History 
of N.Y.," 2 vols. 8vo: "Julius Melbourn," 



1851; and "Life and Times of Sil.is Wright." 
Though a Democ, he sustained J. Q. Adams 
for the presidency. 

Hammond, James Hamilton, politi- 
cian, b. Newbury dist., S.C, Nov. 15, 1807 ; d. 
Beach's Island, S. C, Nov 13, 1864. S.C. 
College 1825. His father Elisha, a native of 
Ms., grad. at Dartm. Coll. in 1802, and became 
prof, of languages, and afterward pres. in that 
of S.C. James practised law from 1828 
to 1830, and edited the Southern Times, whk-h 
maintained the doctrine of State rights, and ad- 
vocated the tariff nullification. Becoming a 
member of the gov.'s staff, he aided in organiz- 
ing the force which S.C. raised in 1833 to re- 
sist the Federal Govt.; M.C. 1835-7; app. 
gen. of militia 1841 ; gov. of S.C. 1842-4 ; 
and U.S. senator 1857-61. In a speech in the 
U.S. senate in March, 1858, he spoke contempt- 
uously of the laboring-classes of the country. 
Sept. 15, 185', in an elaborate speech at Co- 
lumlila nil [MiMh' .ttl'.Liis. he abandoned extreme 
nulliHe.iiM.il u|iiiiii.ii,, and opposed re-opening 
the slavi-tniili-. Oil ihe ,sece.ssion of S.C, he 
left the senate, and quietly superintended his 
large estates. His letters to Clarkson and 
others on slavery, with other essays on the 
same subject, were pub. at Charleston in 1853, 
and entitled " The Proslavery Argument." He 
also pub. several discourses on agriculture, 
manufactures, railroads, banks, and literary 
topics ; and wrote an elaborate review of the 
life, character, and public services of Calhoun. 
Pres. of S.C. Coll. 1861. 

Hammond, Le Rot, a Rcvol. officer, b. 
Richmond Co., Va., ab. 1740; died ah. 1800. 
In 1765 he removed to Ga., and thence to S.C, 
where he became a tobacco-merchant. He 
took up arms against the loyalists early in the 
war, acting as a col. ; engaged in the famous 
" Snow campaign, "and in the campaign of 1776 
against the Cherokees, in which he was especial- 
ly disting. He was afterward often employed, 
both by Cong, and the State of S.C, a< Imlian 
agent. In 1779 he took the field with his rcgt. ; 
was conspicuous in the battle of Siono Ferry; 
and, after the fall of Charleston, adopted, like 
Marion and others, a desultory warfare, ami 
was constantly engaged with the loyalists, Brit- 
ish, and Indians; in 1780 he operated in con- 
cert with Col. Clarke of Ga. ; in 1781 was at 
the siege of Augusta ; thence he proceeded 
to that of Ninety-six, under Greene, after 
whose failure he served with his regt. under 
Pickens. After the battle of Eutaw, he was 
active in guerilla warfare. Col. Hammond ac- 
quired high reputation as a partisan leader. 

Hammond, Samuel, Kevol. officer, h. 
Richmond Co., Va., Sept. 21, 1757; d. near 
Augusta, Ga, Sept. 11, 1842. lie nieived a 

good uilii.'aniHi : -n ■, .■.! w ii;i .1; ■u\i~-ii the 

battle m! [• -, ; I I , 1'.' ..L'o ; 

raised a . : ^ (,.n. 

Lincoln. N'.,,. ;,i .:k I.::: . ■■' ^^aM, II. ■ was 
assist.-qnarti'nn at the siege of Savannah ; and 
after the fall of Charleston, in May, 1780, kept 
the field with a small cav. force, keeping up an 
active partisan warfare. He was in the actions 
of Cedar Springs, Musgrove's Mills, Ramsay's 
Mills, King's Mountain, Guilford, Blackstocks 
(where he had 3 horses shot under him), the 



HLAJSr 



Cowpens, and was wounded at the siege of Au- 
gusta and at Eutaw Springs. Sept. 17, 1781, 
he was made col. of cav., and surved under 
Greene till the end of the war. He then moved 
to Ga., where he was surveyor-gen ; led a vol. 
corps in the Creek Country in 179.3; M. C. 
1803-5; and from 1805 to 182+ was civil and 
milit. com. of Ui)per La.; returning to S.C. 
in 1824, he was a member of the legisl. ; was 
app. surveyor-gen. in 1827, and in 1831 sec. 
of state. 

Hammond, William A., M.D., surgeon, 
b. Annapolis, Md., 28 Aug. 1828. M.D. of 
U. of N. Y. 1848. Assist, surgeon U. S. A. 
June, 1849-1860 ; app. prof, of anatomy and 
phvsiul. U. of Md. Oct. 1860; assist, surgeon 
U.'S. A. 28 May, 1861 ; surgeon-gen. April, 
lsr,L>-Aug. 1864. Among his publications are 
■' Military Hygiene," 1863 ; " Sleep and itsDe- 
ranL'finents," 1869 ; and " Venereal Disea.ses." 

Hamond, Sir Andrew Snape, a Brit- 
ish naval oHicer, b. Blackheath, Dec. 17, 1738; 
d. near Lvnn, Norfolk, Oct. 12, 1828. He en- 
tered the' navy in 1753; served under Lord 
Howe, and became a post-captain in 1770; at 
the commencement of the Revol. war he joined 
" The Roebuck," 44; was present at the reduc- 
tion of N. Y. ; destroyed " The Delaware," friL'- 
ate, with other vessels engaged in obstructing 
the Del. River; was in the unsuccessful attack 
on Mud Island, Oct. 1777 ; in that which proved 
successful in Nov. ; and at the close of 1 778 
received the honor of knighthood for his " very 
disting. conduct." He acted as capt. of the 
fleet at the reduction of Charleston, S.C, in 
1780; and late in the year was app. lieut.-gov. 
and cora.-in-chief of Nova Scotia. He re- 
turned to Eng. in 1783, and was made a bar- 
onet; and was in 1794 a comjitroller in the 



vith : 



pen 



Wilkin- 



Hampton, Wade, maj-gen. U. S. A., h. 
S.C. 1754; d. Columbia, S.C., Feb. 4, 1833. 
During the Revol. war be (listing, himself as a 
partisan under Marion and Sumter ; was M.C. 
in 1795-7 and 180.3-5; app. col. U.S.A. in 
Oct. 1808; brig.-gen. Feb. 1809; and maj.-gen. 
March 2, 1813; resigned April 6, 1814. Sta- 
tioned in 1809 at N. Orlians, he was almost 
constantly quarrclli 
and was, inconseqin 
son in 1812. During : !_', liecom. 

a force on the north. m ii..:Kh r, with which, 
Oct. 26, 1813, he attacked Ccn. Prcvost , com. 
a iiiui h inferior force at Chateauguay, and 
was repulsed. The attempt on Montreal was 
frnstrnted by Hampton's unwillingness to co- 
operate with Wilkinson, with whom he had 
long been at enniity. He owned 3,000 slaves, 
ami had amassed a large fortune. His son. 
Col. Wade, app. licut. of drags. 1813, acting 
insp.-:;cn and aide-de-camp of Jackson at N. 
Oi runs, ,Ian. 1815, d. at a plantation on the 
Mpi. Feb. 10, 1858. 

impton. Gen. 

tician, b. Columbia, S.C, 
Grandson of the preceding. He had served 
in both branches of the State legisl. He com. 
a regt. known as the Hampton Legion in the 
first battle of Bull Run, where he was wound- 
ed ; was promoted to brig.-gen. ; fought in the 
Peninsular campaign, and was again wounded 



at Seven Pines ; was in the army which invad- 
ed Md under Gen. Lee in Aug" 1862 ; fought 
at Antietam; was in the com. of Stuart wiien 
Md. and Pa. were invaded by him in Oct. 
Severely wounded at Gettysburg ; afterward 
made licut. -gen.; and com. the cavalry of Lee's 
army in Va. in the summer of 1864 ; at Bovd- 
ton Plank Road, 27 Oct. 1864, attacked the 
Union forces in the rear, and afterward served 
in S.C. His bro.. Col. Frank Hampton, 
succeeded to the com. of the Legion, and was 
killed in May, 1863. 

Hamtramck, John Francis, col. U.S. 
A., b. Canada, 1757; d. Detroit, Apr. 11,1803. 
A capt. in Dubois's N.Y. regt. in the Revol. 
war; maj. of inf. Sept. 29, 1789; lieut.-col. 
com. 1st sub legion, Feb. 18, 1793; com. the 
left wing under Gen. Wayne, and disting. in 
his victory on the Miami, Aug. 20, 1794 ; col. 
Apr. 1, 1802. He was an exemplary discipli- 
narian. John F., son of the above, b. Fort 
Wavne, Ind., 1797, d. Shepherdstown, Va., 
Apt'. 21, 1858. West Point, 1819. He served 
with Taylor, then a capt. on the Indian fron- 
tier; was U.S. Indian agent for Osage tribe 
1826-31 ; col. 1st Va. regt. in Me\ican war; 
com. a brigade in 1847 ; mavor of Shepherds- 
town 1850-4; and justice of Jeff. Co. Court 
1853-8. 

Hancock, John, minister of Braintree 
from Nov. 2, 1728, to his death. May 7, 1744 ; 
b. Lexington, Ms., June 1, 1702. H.U. 1719. 
(Son of Rev. John, minister of Lexington 
from Nov. 2, 1698, to his death, Dec. 6, 1752.) 
He pub. a century discourse, Sept. 16, 1739, 
and some sermons. Father of Gov. John. 

Hancock, John, Revol. patriot, b. Quin- 
cv, .Ms., 12 Jan. 1737 ; d. there 8 Oct. 1793. 
A. M. of H. U. 17.54 ; LL.D. 1792. Son of 
Rev. John of Braintree, after whose death he 
was educated by his uncle Thomas, a wealthy 
merchant of Boston, in whose counting-room 
he was placed; and at his death (Aug. 1, 17C4) 
inherited his large fortune and extensive busi- 
ness. Visiting Eng. in 1760, he witnessed the 
coronation of George III. The seizure of bis 
sloop "Liberty " in 1768, for evading the laws 
of trade, occasioned a riot; several officers of 
the customs narrowly escaping with their lives. 
Member of the Prov. legisl. from 1766, he 
warmly opposed the measures of the British 
ministry, and. together with Samuel Adams, 
was exempted from pardon in Gov. Gage's 
proclamation, 12 June, 1775. He delivered 
the oration, 5 Mar. 1774, commemorating the 
Boston Massacre, fearlessly and powerfully 
reprobating the conduct of the soldiery, ex- 
ceeding in its eloquence the expectations of 
evervone; and gave additional umbrage to the 
gov.' by declining the app. of councillor. Cho- 
sen pres. of the Prov. Cong, in Oct. 1774, be 
was sent to the Gen. Cong, at Phila. in 1775, 
of whii-h body he was pres. 24 May, 1775-Oct. 
1777, being the first to sign the Declaration of 
Independence. Pres. of the Ms. Com. of Safety 
in 1774-5. He possessed a fine address anil 
great impartiality, and by his experience in 
public business made a good presiding officer. 
Feb. 6, 1778, he was app. first maj.-gen. of the 
Ms. militia; and in Aug. took part in Sullivan's 
exped against R. I. Member of the State 



HLA-lsr 



405 



Const. Conv. of 1780 ; gov. of Ms. from 1780 
to 1785, and from 1787 lo his dciith. Pros, of 
the conv. which adopted the Federal Constitu- 
tion. He gave £300 towards funiisliing a new 
library and philos. apparatus when llarvaid 
Hall was burnud in 1764. In 1775 lie m. 
Dorotliy, cousin of Josiah Quincy the patriot. 

'iltiifL Hancock, Wixfield Scott, maj.-gen. 

/ ,U.S.A.,b. Montgomery Co., Pa., Feb. 14, 1824. 

^/fif* West Point, 1844. Entering the 6th Inf., he 
was brev. 1st lieut. for good conduct at Cluiru- 
bu'ico, leaving Mexico quarierma<t(.r of his 
regt. 7 Nov. 1855, he was app. cipt. in the 
quartern), dept., and ordered to Fluri(l;i during 
the campaign against the ScminolL's. Sopt. 
23, 1861, 1r' was made l.ri_'.-S' n. ; served un- 
der Gen. Fi,iiii.;iii aiiijij :!,. P. n Insular cam- 
paign : .li- ^ I 



nrg. He 
ad Antie- 
dson was 
Sumner's 
the battles of 



placed in com. of his div 
army-corp.s, which he led 
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. June 
29, 1 86.3, he received the com. of the 2d army 
corps ; and in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., 
July 3, was severely wounded. Maj -gen. vols. 
Nov. 29, 1852 ; com. 2d corps Army of the Po- 
tomac in battles of the Wilderness, Spottsvl- 
vaniu. North Anna, Tolopotomy. Cold Har- 
bor, operations around Petersburg ; com. in 
battles of Deep Bottom, Reams's Station, and 
Boydton Plank Road, and engaged in siege of 
Petersburg; com. middle dept. 186.5-6; dept. 
of Mo. 1866-8; brig-gen. U. S. A. 12 Aug. 
1864; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for battle 
of Spottsvlvania ; and maj.-gen. U.S.A. 26 July, 
1866. — C'H//"»i. 

Hand, Edw.ird, brig.-gen., b. CIvdnff, 
King's Co., Ireland, Dec. 31, 1744; d. Kock- 
ford, Lancaster Co., I'.i . S .t. '., I--!!-' In 
Oct. 1774 he aero ;i , ; , !- , I; ,11 -Ii) 
regt. to Amer. as ^11 - i _ :!iis 

tice of his profession ; and at the ont.'^ct of the 
Kevol. joined Thompson's rifle regt. as lieut.- 
col., and served at the siege of Boston. March 
1, 1776, he was promoted to be col., and led his 
regt. in the battle of L. I. and at Trenton ; 
a])p. brig. -gen. Apr. 1, 1777, he succeeded Gen. 
Stark in the com. at Albany in Oct. 1778; and 
soon after was engaged in Sullivan's exped. 
against the Indians of Central N.Y. On the 
formation of the light inf. corps in Aug. 
1780, the com. of one of the two brigades of 
which it was composed was assigned to Gen. 
Hand. Near the close of the year he succeeded 
Scammell as adj.-gen. After the war he held 
offices of civil trust; member of Old Congress 
1784-5 ; and his name is affixed to the Pa. con- 
stitution of 1790. In 1798, when Washington 
accepted the com. of the army raised in anti- 
cipation of a war with France, he recommended 
the app. of Hand as adjt.-gen. He was re- 
marked in thearmv for his noble liorscinanship. 
Handley, GiioitCK, gov. Ga. 1788. b. near 
Sheffield, Eng., Feb. 9,1 752 ; d. Rao's Hall, Ga., 
Sept. 17, 1793. He arrived in Savannah in 
May, 1775; and in 1776 joined the Ga. Cont. 
Bat. as capt., and rose to be lieut.-col. During 
the whole war he was actively engaged in S.C. 



and Ga. ; captured at Augusta, he was sent to 
Charleston as a prisoner cf war. He was 
sheriff of Richmond Co. ; repeatedly a member 
of thelegisl.; insp.-gen. 1787; and also com- 
miss. to the state of Franklin ; coll. of the port 
of Brunswick from Aug. 1789 till his death. — 
Ga. CV/s. 218. 

Hanger, George, Lord Coleraine, noted 
for eccentricity, b. 1750; d. Lond. March 21, 
1824. Younger son of a noble family, he was 
educated for the army, and served through the 
American war, attaining the rank of major in 
Tarlcton's famous legion. In a fight with Maj. 
Davie's dragoons at Charlotte, Sept. 25, 1 780, 
his corps was roughly handled, and himself 
wounded. His reputation in America was that 
of a sensualist. He pub. in 1789 a reply to 
Mackenzie's " Strictures on Tarlcton's History 
of the Campaignsof 1780and 1781," 8vo. He 
was a Ijoon-coinpanion of George IV. ; and, on 
succeeding to his title in 1814, refused to as- 
sume it. He pub. his " Life, Adventures, and 
Opinions " in 1801, with a portrait of himself 
hamring by the neck. 

Hannegan, Edwaed A., lawyer and sen- 
ator, b. Ohio; d. St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 25, 1859. 
He received a good education ; studied law, 
and was adin. to the bar in his 23d year, 
settling in Ind. He was frequentlv a member 
of the State legisl.; M.C.I 833-7; U.S. senator 
in 1843-9; minister to Prussia in 1849-53. 
While under the influence of liquor, he killed 
his hro.-in-law, Capt. Duncan, in 1852. 

Hanson, Alexander Contee, lai 
and politician; d. Belmont,, April 23, 1819, 
a. 33. Grandson of Joht ■ 
(15 years chancellor of Md. 
ton's milit. family in the Revol. war ; d. Annap- 
olis, Jan. 1806). He edited at Baltimore the 
Federal Republican, bitterly opposing the ad- 
ministration, and in 1812 pub. an article which 
so irritated the populace, that his printing-of- 
fice was destroyed. The attempf to re-issue the 
paper next day brought on another attack. 
Mr. Hanson and his friends were, for security, 
placed by the civil authorities in jail, which 
was also attacked : he and others left by the 
mob were supposed to be dead, and his friend.% 
Gens. Lingan and Lee, were wounded. M.C. 
1813-16; U.S. senator 1816-19. Apersonof 
this name pub. Laws of Maryland (1765-84) 
fol. Annap. 1787. . Report Case Bapt. Irvine, 
Bait. 8vo, 1808. '' 

Hanson, Johx, delegate to the Old Con- 
gress 1781-3, and its pres. 1781-2, b. Md. ; d. 
Prince George Co., Md.. Nov. 13, 1783. 

Hanson, Roger, of Ky., brig.-gen.C.S A. ; 
killed at the battle of Stone River 31 Dec. 
1862. 

Haraden, JosATnAV, a naval officer of 
the 14evol., b. Gloucester, Ms., 1743 ; d. Salem, 
Nov. 26, 1803. He was at first employed by 
Mr. Cabot of Salem, but, on the brcakin--oii't 
of the war, joined "The Tyrannicide" of 14 
guns as 1st lieut. He soon became capt., and took 
com. of " The Pickering," in which he made 
many captures. In the Bay of Biscay, he cap- 
tured in the night a British privateer of 22 guns 
and 60 men. lie soon after beat off " The 
Achilles,"a London piivateerof42 guns and 14U 
men, after a severe battle. On one occasion, he 



nt.^April 23, 18'l9, 
and son of Alex."* 
. ; sec. in Washihg- 









406 



HAR 



came up with 3 armed vessels, which formed in 
line, — a sloop of 12, a brig of 14, and a ship of 
16 guns. He captured them one after the other 
with ease. Off the capes of Del. he fell in with 
an English brig-of-war of equal force, which 
struck to him almost immediately. He is said 
to have taken 1,000 cannon from the English 
during the war. Toward its close, he, with ilia 
prizes, was captured by Rodney at St. Eusta- 
tia. He afterward com. "The Julius Coesar." 
— Hunt's Merchant's. 

Harbaugh, Henry, D.D. (Un. Coll. 
1860), divine and author, b. near Waynes- 
borough, Pa., Oct. 28, 1817; d. Mercersburg, 
Pa., Dec. 28, 1867. His great-grandf;ithercame 
from Switzerland ab. 1736. He worked on his 
f^uhn's firm until 19, when he went to the 
We>t, « Ih 1 1 h- wurked at the trade of a oar- 
ix'iiiri II. ■ t.nijlit.-rhool winters, and attended 



Mr 



jIous 



as the " Mercer.sburu' 1 : , . 

bvDr. Nevin. In L--* . ;■ •> i ..,-; i 

the German Ref. Ciuird. ... Ll-w.m.u.- 1';,.; 
in April, 1850, was called to the First Ger- 
man Ref Chureh in Lancaster; and in I860 
to St. John's Church, Lebanon, Pa. Jan. 1, 
1864, he was made prof, of theol. in the 
sem. at Mercersburg. He pub. " Heaven, or 
an Earnest and Scriptural Inquiry into the 
Abode of the Sainted Dead," 1848; "The 
II-i>. >i'. i; > i_iiirioii,"lS51; "The Heavenly 
ir-, 1 Tnion with the Church," 

l,s-. : 1 I;, ^ Ml the Bible," 1854; "Life 
of I;. V Ml hhi ^rhlatter," 1857 ; " The Fa- 
thers of tlie German Ref. Church in Europe 
and America," 3 vols., 1857-8; "The True 
Glory of Woman;" and the "Plea for the 
Lord's Portion of a Chri,tian's Wealth, in Life 
bv Gift, in Death by Will," 1858; " Poems," 
1860; "The Golden Censer," 1860; "Hvmns 
and Chants," 18G1 ; " Christological Theol- 
ogy," 1864. He edited the Mnreislmrg Review 
the year before his death, also contributing the 
lives of German Reformed ministers to the 
Theol. CvdopiEdia of Dr. M'Clintock. His 
poem called "Das Alt Scbulhaus on Der 
Kriek," an attempt to preserve the vernacular 
of the Pa. Germans, enjoyed a wide popularity. 
From Jan. 1850 he edited the Guardian, a 
monthly magazine. 

Harby, Is.\ac, man of letters, b. Charles- 
ton, S.C, 1788; d. New York, Nov. 14, 1828. 
He was the grandson of a lapidary of the Em- 
peror of Morocco, who fled to Eng , and whose 
son emigrated to S C. After studying law, he 
taught a school on Edisto Island ; and at dilTcr- 
ent times edited the Quiver, Investigntor, South- 
ern Patriot, and other newspapers, and became 
favorably known as an essayist and dramatic 
critic. 'He was the author of several orations, 
and of plays, entitled " Alexander Severus," 
"The Gordian Knot, or Causes and Effects" 
(1807), and " Albeni," 1819. In 1828 he re- 
moved to N.Y., where he contrib. to the Evening 
Post and to periodicals. A selection from his 
writings, with a Memoir, was pub. at Charles- 
ton in 1829. — Dni/ckinclc. 

Harcourt, William. Earl, a British gen., 
b. March 20, 1743 ; d. June 18, 1830. He en- 



tered the army in 1759, and served in Amcr., 
where, in 1779, he was made col. of the 16th 
Dragoons, at the head of which he disting. him- 
self in several actions, and, with a patrol of 30 
men, took prisoner Gen. Charles Lee. This 
brilliant exploit procured Col. Harcourt the 
appoint, of aide-de-camp to the king. Maj- 
gen. 1782; licut.-gen. 1793; com. of the Brit, 
forces in Holland, 1794; gen. 1798; in 1809 
succeeded to his title, and took his seat in the 
house of peers ; and became a field-marshal. 

Hardee, William J., lieut.-gen. C.S.A., b. 
Savannah, Ga., ab. 1818. West Point, 1838. 
Entering the 2d Drags., he became 1st lieut. 3 
Dee. 1839; capt. 13 Sept. 1844; maj. 3 Mar. 
1855; lieut.-col. 1st Cav. 28 Jan. 1860; res. 
31 Jan. 1861. Brev. maj. for gallantrv at Me- 
dellin, Mex., 25 JIarch; and lieut.-col. for San 
Augustine, 20 Aug. 1847, anil disting. also at 
Molino del Rev. Com. of cadets and instr. in 



Foil 



corps, and promoted to lieut.-gen. fur services 
at Pcnyville, 8-9 Oct. 1862; com. the 3d 
corps at Stone River, Dec. 29, 1862-3 Jan. 
1863 After Chiekamauga, Gen. Hardee, who 
com. the second corps, re-organized the Confcd. 
army, and threatened Chattanooga. He com. 
the right at the defeat of Mission. Ridge in Nov. 
1863, and succeeded Bragg in the chief com. 
until relieved by Joe Johnston, under whom 
he served until the fall of Atlanta. He com. 
at Savannah and at Charleston at the time of 
their capture by Gen. Sherman, whom he fought 
at Averysborough and Bentonville. SX\, and 
to whom he surrendered with Julinston's army, 
27 Apr. 1865. Retired to his plantaiion in Ala. 

Hardenbergh, Jacohus Rotsun, d.D., 

clergyman ; d. N. Brunswick, N. J., Oct. 30, 1 790, 
a. 52. N,J. Coll., 1770. His early education 
was limited; but perseverance enabled him 
to acquire extensive learning. " ' ' ' ■ 



the Dutch Church denominated ill 
was a zealous preacher, and, with Di 



part; 
Cceti 

Livingston, exerted himself successfully i 
iug the Dutch churches in 1772. During the 
Revol. be was a firm patriot ; and at it> close, 
while minister of the D.R. church in N. Bruns- 
wick, was made pres. of Queen's College, N.J. ; 
which jiost he filled till his death, at the same 
time discharging his pastoral relation. 

Hardie, James, teacher, a graduate of 
Marischal Coll., Aberdeen ; died of cholera, 
N.Y., 1832. Tutor in Col. Coll. 1787-90. In 
Mar. 1814 he issued a ))rospcctus of a tnag., 
of which he was projirietur and editor. He had 
been an inmate of Dr. Beattie's family, at whoso 
suggestion he came to N.Y. He 'finally ob- 
tained a livelihood as a SMpernumcrary of the 
Board of Health, but died in great in'digence. 
He pub. " Curdnii Colluijuia." 2d cd., N. Y., 
12mo, 1805; "Epistolary Guide" for the use 
of schools, 1817; "Freemason's Jlonitor,'' 
1818; "Ace. of Malignant Fever in X.Y.," 1799; 
Do. of 1805 ; " Vtus Illuslrilms Urhis liumce," 
1818; "Dictionary of Wonders of Art and 
Nature, especially those in America," 12mo, 
1819: " Account'of the Y'ellow Fever in X.Y. 



407 



HAR 



in 1822," &c., 1822 ; "Description of the City 
of N.Y.," I2mo, 1827; "Biographical Diction- 
ary," 4 vols. 8vo. 

Hardie, James A., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. West Point, 1843. EnteVing the 1st 
Art., he was assist, prof, at West Point in 1844- 
6; maj. 1st N.Y. vols, in Mex. war; capt. 3d 
Art. 5 Oct. 1857 ; transferred to 5th Art. 14 
May, 1861 ; lieut.-col. and A.D.C. 28 Sept. 
1861 ; and served on McClellau's staff during 
tlie Peninsular and Md. campaigns ; on that of 
Burnsiile in the Fredericksburg campaign ; as- 
sist, adj.-gcn. (ranis of maj.) 19Fcb. 18B3; col. 
and iusp.-gen. 24 Mar. 1864; brcv. brig, and 
maj. gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for services in 
the Rebellion, and in tliu insii. duyit. — Culluin. 

Hardin, Col. .I-hn, ii l ,iu-]iiior Co., Va., 
Oct. 1, 1753; d. 17.'- II iraine an ex- 

cellent marksman ; - 1. , I , (ii-iiuction in 
the Indian wars ol \'.i., ai. 1 .i= .i lirut. in Mor- 
gan's ride corps in the lievul. ; settled in Wash- 
ington Co., Ky., in 1786. He com. a detach- 
ment of Ky. militia under Gen. Harmar at his 
defeat in Oct. 1 790 ; com. Gen. Scott's advance ; 
and (listing, in his successful exjjed. against the 
Indians on the Wabash, in May, 1791. Mur- 
dered by Indians, while bearing a flag of truce 
near Shawneetown, O., for liis horse and equip- 
ments, which were very fine. 

Hardin, Jouk J., col. 1st III. vols., b. 
Fraiiklort, Kv., 1810; killed at the battle of 
Bueiia Vista,'Mex., Feb. 23, 1847. Transylv. 
U. Sonof Maj. M.D. Hardin. Practised law 
at Jacksonville, III., and was prosec.-atty. ; 
member III. legisl. 1836-42; M.C. 1843-5. 

Hardin, Martin D., lawyer, son of Col. 
John, b. on the Monongahela Kiver, Pa., June 
21, 1780 ; d. Franklin Co., Ky., Oct. 8, 1823. 
Educated at Transylv. Acad.; studied law; 
several years a member of the Ky. legi.-il. ; sec. 
of state in 1812; a maj. under Harrison in the 
nonh-western army in 1812; U.S. senator 
1810-17. He pub. Rep. of Cases in Ky. Court 
of Appeals, 18U5-8, Frankfort, 8vo, 1810. 

Harding, Chester, portrait-painter, b. 
Conway, Ms., Sept. 1, 1792 ; d. Boston, Apr. 1, 
1866. His family, who were poor, removed to 
Hatfield, and subsequently to Western N.Y., 
where he worked on a farm and at chair-mak- 
ing. He served in the war of 1812, and sub- 
sequently engaged in cabinet-making and oth- 
er pursuits in Caledonia, N.Y., and at house 
and sign painting at Pittsburg. While thus 
occupied, lie sat for his portrait to a Mr. Nel- 
son, who refused to give him any inlbiniation 
as to his art. With such coarse paints as he 
had, Harding attempted his wife's picture. 
This Nelson pronounced a dead failure ; but 
other critics declared it an excellent likeness, and 
satfor thcirown portraits. He went soon after 
to Paris, Ky., where he painted 100 portraits in 
6 months, and then went to Phila. for instruc- 
tion in Ills art. Ab. 2 years later he returned 
to Caledonia, paid off his old debts, and bought 
a farm lor his family. He went to Eng. in 
Aug. 1823, remained 3 years abroad ; next re- 
sided in Boston; again went to Eng. in 1843, 
and afterward lived in Springfield, Ms. Among 
his sitters were Presidents Madison, Monroe, 
and J. Q Adams, John Marshall, Charles Car- 
roll, Wm. Wirt, Clay, Webster, Calhoun, 



Washington Allston, David Rieardo, Samuel 
Rogers, Lord Aberdeen, the Dukes of Norfolk, 
Hamilton, and Sussex, and Daniel Boone ; at 
the time of his death he was engaged upon a 
likeness of Gen. Sherman. He left a MS. en- 
titled " My Egotistography." 

Hardy, Sir Charles, a Brit, adm., gov. 
of N.Y. 1755-7; d. Spithead, Eng., May 18, 
1780. Capt. R. N. 10 Aug. 1741 ; gov. and 
com.-in-chief at Newfoundland in 1744; rear- 
adm. of the White, and second in com. at the 
taking of Louisburg in 1758 ; vice-adm. of 
the White in Hawke's victory of Belle Isle, 
1759; gov. of Greenwich Hospital 1771-80. 
His bro. Josiah, an eminent merchant of Lon- 
don, was gov. of N. Jersey in 1761-3. 

Hare, J. I. Clark, jurist, b. Pliila. 1816. 
U. of Pa. Adm. to the bar in 1S41. Judge 
of the Phila. Dist. Court 1851-69 ; pres. judge 
since 1869. Editor of Smith's Leading Cases 
with H. B. and J. W. Wall.ace ; of Amer. 
Leading Cases, 2 vols. 8vo; and of White and 
Tudor's Leading Cases in Equitv, 3 vols. 8vo. 

Hare, Robert, M.D. (Y^C. 1806 and 
H.U. 1816), chemist, b. Phila. Jan. 17, 1781 ; 
d. there May 15, 1858. U. of Pa., where ho 
filled the chairof chemistry from 1818 to 1847. 
Prof, of riat. philosophy and chemistry in 
Wm. and Mary Coll. 1818. In early life he 
managed the extensive brewery of his father; 
but his tastes led him to scientific pursuits. In 
18u2 he invented the compound or oxy hydrogen 
blow-pipe, for which he received the Kumford 
Medal from the Amer. Acad, at Boston. His 
subsequent achievements in the fusing of met- 
als, and kindred successful experiments, gave 
him a high rank in chemical science. He con- 
trib. to the materia medica his process of denar- 
cotizing laudanum^ and to toxicology his meth- 
od of detecting mniute quantiiies of opium in 
solution. Hiscourseof instruction was marked 
by originality and simplicity. One of the 
most useful of his inventions is the valve cock, 
or gallows screw, by means of which perfectly 
air-tight communication is made between cavi- 
ties in separate pieces of apparatus. He also 
constructed improved forms of the voltaic pile. 
In 181 6 he invented the calorimeter, with which 
the first application of voltaic electricity to 
blasting underwater was made in 1831, under 
his direction. He became a convert to Spiritu- 
alism a few years before his death, and lectured 
and published in its advocacy. He also pub. 
" Brief Views of the Policy and Revenues of 
the U.S.," 1811; "Chemical Apparatus and 
Manipulations," 1836 ; "liauy's Elements of 
Experimental Chemistry," 2 vols ; " Experi- 
mental Investigations of the Spirit Manifesta- 
tions," &c., 8vo, 1856 ; besides moral essays in 
the Portfolio, and communications to the s'cien- 
lific periodicals. He was a member of the 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences, of the Philos. Soc, 
and of the Smithsonian Inst. 

Harker, Charles G., brig.-gen. vols., b. 
Swedesborongh, N. J., Dec. 2, '1837 ; killed at 
Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1804. West 
Point, 1858. He entered the 2d Inf, and became 
1st lieut. 15th Inf May 14, 1861 ; capt. Oct. 
24, 1861 ; lieut.-col. 65th Ohio vols., and col. 
Nov. II, 1861; brig.-gen.Sept. 20, 1863. Join- 
ing Buell's Army of the Ohio, he participated 



HAR 



408 



in the battle of Sliiloh, siege of Corinth; led 
a bri;j;iule in chase of Buell ; fought bravely at 
Stone River, and was recom. for prom., but 
did not receive it until after Chickamauga 
and C'hnttanoot;a, in both of which battles he 
was hi^'hly dieting. He com. a brigade under 
Gen. Howard in the Ga. campaign, and held 
the Peak of Rocky Face Ridge on May 7, 
1804, in spite of determined efforts to dislodge 
him; distinguishing himself also at Mission. 
Ridge and at Resaca, where he was wounded. 
Harker, Samuel, pastor of a church at 
Blackriver, E.Jersey, settled Oct. 31, 1752. 
He pub. in 1761 "Predestination Consistent 
with General Liberty," for which he was ex- 
cluded, and disqualified to preach by the svnods 
of N.Y.andPhila. In 1763 he pub. an"" Ap- 
peal from the Synod to the Christian World." 



Harlan, James, statesman, b. Clarke Co., 
111., Aug. 25, 1820. Ind.AsburyU. 1845. He 
became a lawyer; was supt. of public instruc- 
tion in la, in"l847 ; pres. of the la. Wesleyan 
U. in 1833; U. S. senator in 1855-63 and 
1867-73; sec. of the interior from Mar. 1865 
to Sept. 1806 ; delegate to the Phila. Loyal- 
ist Conv. of 1866. 

Harlan, Richard, M.D., a physician, and 
writer on natural history, b. Phila. Sept. 19, 
1796; d. New Orleans, Sept. 30, 1843. Pre- 
vious to receiving his med. deg. in 1817, he 
made a voyage to Calcutta as surgeon of an 
E. India ship. Beside his private practice in 
Phila., he was in 1822 elected prof, of eomp. 
anatomy in the Phila. Museum, where he de- 
livered 'lectures on that science. In 1825 Dr. 
Harlan pub. his "Fauna Americana;" in 
1833 "Medical and Physical Researches;" 
" Observations on the Genus Salaraandra," 
8vo, 1824; "American IleVpetologv," 8vo, 
Phila. 1827. In 1838 he visited Europe a 
second time ; and on his return, near the close 
of 1839, he established himself in N. Orleans. 

Harmar, Gen. Josiah, b. Phila. 1733; 
d. there Aug. 20, 1813. Educated chie^v at 
Robert Proud's Quaker school, Phila. Made 
capt. 1st Pa. regt. in Oct. 1776; was its lieut.- 
col. in 1777, and until the close of the Revol. 
He was in Washington's army in the campaigns 
of 1 778-80 ; served under Greene in the South 
in 1781-2; and was made brev. col. 1st U.S. 
regf. Sept. 30, 1783. In 1784 he took to France 
the ratilication of the definitive treaty. As In- 
dian agent for the North-west Territory, he 
was present, Jan. 20, 1 785, at the treaty at Fort 
Mcintosh. Lieut.-eol. of inf. under the con- 
federation, Aug. 12, 1784 ; brev. brig.-gen. (by 
resolve of Congress, July 31, 1787), and gen.- 
in-chief of the army (29 Sept. 1789) ; com. an 
exped. against the Miami Indians, Sept. 30, 
1790, and partially defeated Oct. 22, 1790 ; re- 
signed Jan. 1, 1792 ; adj. -gen. of Pa. 1793-9 ; 
and active in preparing and furnishing the Pa. 
troops for Wayne's Indian campaign, 1793-4. 
— A. T.Coodwan^s Memoir. 

Harnett, Cornelius, a Revol. patriot, 
b. Eng. Apr. 20, 1723 ; d. Wilmington, N.C, 
Apr. 20, 1781. He was a man of wealth and 
consideration ; lived in the neighborhood of 
Wilmington, where he owned a large landed 
estate; aud was among the first in N.C- to 



denounce the Stamp Act and other kindred 
measures ; from which period, to the close of 
his life, he took a deep interest in public affairs. 
Memberof the Provincial Assembly in 1770-1, 
and was chairman of the most important com- 
mittee of that body. As early as 1773, Josiah 
Quincy of Boston pronounced Mr. Harnett, 
to whom he had paid a visit at Wilmington, 
the Samuel Adams of N.C. In Dec. 1773 he 
was placed on the com. of corresp. ; was a 
memberof the Prov. Congress, 1775; was pres. 
of the Prov. Council in 1775; and, on the 
abdication of Martin, he became the actinggov. 
of the State; was a member of the Prov. 
Congress at Halifax in the spring of 1776; 



and was chairman of the com. whose 



report 



on the usurpations of the British Govt, con- 
tained a resolution empowering the delegates 
of N.C. in Congress to use their influence in 
favor of a decl. of indep. Shortly after this 
occurrence. Sir H. Clinton, commanding a 
British force lying in Cape Fear River, issued 
a proclamation offering pardon to the inhabit- 
ants of N.C. on condition of returning to their 
allegiance, excepting only Cornelius Harnett 
and Robert Howe. In the autumn of 1776 he 
was a member of a com. app. to draft a State 
const, as well as a bill of rights; and to his 
liberal spirit the people are indebted for the 
clause concerning religious liberty. Under 
the new constitution, Harnett became one of 
the council; was in 1778 elected to fill Gov. 
Caswell's ]jlace in Congre-is ; and liis name 
is attached to the articles of confederation. 
When the British subsequently held possession 
of the country adjacent to Cape Fear River, 
Mr. Harnett was made prisoner, and died while 

Harney, John H., editor, and author of 
an excellent treatise on algebra ; d. Louisville, 
Ky., 26 Jan. 1868. Many years connected 
with the press, and latterly editor of the Louis- 
ville Democrat. Previous to his removal to 
Louisville in 1837, he was prof, of math, in 
Indiana U. His son Wm. Wall.ice, b. 20 
June, 1832, is a poet and editor at Louisville. 
— See Poets and Poetn/ of the West. 

Harney, John M., M.D., poet, b. Sussex 
Co., Del., Mnr. 9, 1789; d. Bardstown, Ky., 
Jan. 15, 18:^5. Second son of Thomas, a 
Revol. officer. In 1791 the family emigrated 
to Tenn., afterward to La. John studied 
medicine, and settled at Bardstown, Ky. The 
death of his wife in 1818 weighed so seriously 
upon him, that he abandoned bis practice, and 
travelled in Europe. Receiving a naval app., 
he spent several years at Buenos Ayres. He 
next conducted a political paper at Savannah, 
Ga., a few months. " Crystallina, a Fairy 
Tale," appeared in 1816. Others of his poems 
were contrib. to the Western Liteiari/ Journal. 
Among them " Echo and the Lover " attained 
a wide celebrity. — Poets and Poetrii of the 
West. " 

Harney, William Selbt, brev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. La. 1798. Bro. of John M. 
2d lieut. in 1818 ; 1st lieut. in 1819 ; capt. in 
1825, and participated in the Black Hawk war 
in 1 S.33. He was made lieut.-eol. 2d Drags. Aug. 
15, 1836 ; col. June 30, 1846. In the Florida 
war he was disting. in action at Fort Mellon, 



409 



^^tV:\ 



and in defence of a trading-house at Cailoosa- 
hatciiie, July 23, 1839; com. an exped. into 
the Everglades in Dec. 1840 ; and in 1841 was 
brev. col. " for gallant and meritorious conduct 
in Florida." He also disting. himself at Medel- 
lin, Mexico, Mar. 2.5, 1847, and was brev. biig.- 
gen. in 1848 for Ceno Gordo, Apr. 18, 1847. 
Sept. 3, 185 
Indians at 

Platte River. June 14, 1858, he was made 
brig.-gen. and com. of the dept. of Oregon ; 
and July 9, 1859, took possession of the Island 
of San Juan, near Vancouver, which was 
claimed by the English as included within the 
boundaries of British Columbia. A dispute 
with Great Britain and the recall of Harney 
followed. He then com. the dept. of the West ; 
and in Apr. 1861, while on his way from St. 
Louis to Washington, was arrested at Harper's 
Ferry by the secession authorities of Va., and 
taken to Uiclimond, where, however, he was 
promptly released. On his return to St. Louis, 
he i.ssued several proclamations, warning the 
people of Mo. of the danger of secession, and 
of the evil effects of the dissolution of the 
Union. May 21 he entered into an agreement 
with Gen. Sterling Price, commandingthe State 
militia, to make no military movement so long 
as the peace of the State was preserved by 
its authorities ; and was soon after relieved of 
his com. Retired Aug. 1, 1863; brev. maj.- 
gen. Mar. 13, 1865; member of the Indian 
commission in Aug. 1867. 

Harper, J.imks, John, Joseph Wesley, 
and Fletcher, founders of the publishing- 
honse of Harper and Brothers, b. Newtown, 
L.L, respectively in 1795, 1797, 1801, and 1804; 
were sons of a substantial farmer. At the 
age of 16, James and John were apprenticed to 
printers in New York ; afterwards established 
themselves in business, at first performing 
the greater part of the composition and press- 
work wiih tlieir own hands, and soon became 
the Icadinir publisliing-bouse in America. Wes- 
ley and Fletcher had been, in the mean time, 
apprenticed to their elder brothers, and in 
1825 were adm. as partners; and the style of 
the firm was changed from J. & J. llarper 
to Harper &. Brothers. In 1853 their estab- 
lishment occupied 9 contiguous buildings, the 
whole of which were (Dec. 10) burned to the 
ground. Tlie loss amounted to $1,000,000, 
upon which there was only S250,000 insur- 
ance. Their present building covers about 
half an acre of ground, extending from Cliff 
Street to Franklin Square in Pearl Street. In 
1850 they commenced the publication of Har- 
per's New Monilili/ ila'jazlne. In 1857 they 
commenced the issue of Harper's WeeUi/, an 
illustrated newspaper. Their catalogue of 
publications embraces about 2,000. James, 
the senior partner, was elected mavor of N.Y. 
in 1844; d. March 27, 1859. J.'W. d. Feb. 
14,1870. 5tuCi-W rL. l<<--^ 

Harper, Rodert Go2i>loe, LL.D., scna- 

Q 

an. nJ7iB2D. rv.j.i^oll. 
His parents, who were poor, emig. 
while he was young to Granville, N.C. He 
displayed in his boyhood great vivacity and 
versatility of talent, and at the age of 15 joined 



a troop of horse, with which he participated in 
Greene's campaign, acting as quartermaster. 
He procured admission into N. J. Coll., where 
he taught the interior classes while gaining 
instruction and distinction in the upper. He 
studied law in Charleston, S.C. Removing 
into the interior, he soon acquired political 
consideration as a writer; was the following 
year elected to the legist.; and in 1794-1801 
was a member of Congress. Here he sided 
with the Federalists, zealously supporting the 
policy and measures of Washington. Soon 
after the defeat of his party, he m. the dau. of 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton ; resumed the 
practice of the law in Baltimore, where he soon 
became eminent in his profession. His defence 
of Judge Chase, wlien impeached by the house 
of representatives, was a masterpiece. Mr. 
Harper was subsequently elected bv the legisl. 
of Md. to the U.S. senate (1815-16) ; and was 
made a maj.-gen. in the State militia. In 
1819-20 he with his family visited England, 
France, and Italy. After his return, and until 
his death, he employed himself chiefly in plans 
of a public character, such as the promotion of 
internal improvements and the colonization 
of the blacks. One of the reports of tlie 
Colonization Society contains a long and able 
dissertation which he wrote. A vol. of Mr. 
Harper's addresses and speeches was pub. Bal- 
timore, 1814. His pamphlet, pub. in 1797, 
entitled " Observations on the Dispute between 
the U.S. and France," acquired great celebrity. 
He also pub. an address on the British Treaty, 
1796; Letters on the Proceedings of Congress; 
Letters to his Constituents, 1801; Corresp. 
with Robert Walsh respecting Germany ; Ad- 
dress on the Russian Victories, and on the 
Triumphs in Germany in 1814. His son, 
Charles Cabholl Harper, sec of legation 
at Paris, d. near Paris, France, June 23, 1837, 
a. 35. His widow d. Feb. 1861. 

Harper, William, jurist, b. Island of An- 
tigua, Jan. 17, 1790; d. S.C. Oct. 10, 1847. 
S.C. Coll. 1808. He went to school in Balti- 
more ; and in 1802 moved with his father to 
Columbia, S.C, where he afterward practised 
law; moved to Mo. in 1818, and was made 
ehancellorin 1819; memberof the State Const. 
Conv. in 1821. Returning to Columbia in 
1823, he was State reporter 2 years, and pub. 
a vol. of Reports. U.S. senator in 1826; 
afterwards a memberof the legisl., and speaker 
of the house in 1828; and chancellor of the 
State from 1834 till his death. App. in 1831 
a judge of the Court of Appeals. He prac- 
tised law in Charleston in 1826-8. His literary 
performances were an article on Colonization 
in the Southern Review, a speech in Congress 
on the " Panama Mission," a eulogy on Chan- 
cellor De Saussiire, and several speeches in 
fiivorof nullification, which doctrine ho warmly 
espoused. 

Harriman, Walter, gov. N. H. 1 867-9, b. 
Warner, N.H., ah. 1817. He was a school- 
teacher, subsequently a trader, and an active 
politician, having held important oflices in the 
gift of the Democ. party. In Aug. 1862 he be- 
came col. IlthN.H. regt., which he led through 
the war with reputation ; sec. of state of N.H. 
1865-7. He is a popular public speaker. 



liA-R 410 ILVR 

Harrington, Charles Stanhope, 2d action of Lfxington and in the battle of Bun- 
Earl, a British gen., b. 1753; d. Brighton, ker's Eill. Iii the latter he was severely 
Sept. 15, 1829. In 1769, being then Lord wounded in the head, and in consequence was 
Petersham, he entered the Foot Guards ; in trepanned, and went home, but returned in 



Feb. 1776, as a capt. in the 29th, he arrived at time to take the field previously to the landii 

■ - - ■ ' . I. i" ' ' "" " 

present at the ; 
was his aide at the close of the campaign, and in the skirmishes on the Island of New York ; 



Quebec, and served in all the operations of of the army on L. I. in July, 1776. Capt. 
~ rgoyne until the surrender at Saratoga ; Harris was present at the affair of Flatbush ; 



carried his despatches to Eng. He suceeeded in the engagement at White Plains ; at Iron 
to the earldom in April, 1779. He afterward Hill (where he was shot through the leg; but, 
served in the \V. Indies, and became a gen. in notwithstanding the severity of his wound, he 
1803. mounted a horse, and went in pursuit of the 

Harrington, Samuel Maxwell. LL.D. enemy) ; and in every action up to the 3d Nov. 
(1854), jurist, b. Hover, Del., Feb. 5, 1803; d. 1778,'except that of Germantown. In the lat- 
Phila. Nmv. 28. 1865. Wash. Coll., Md., 1823. ter year he was aop. to a majority in his regt., 
Having studied law, he became in 1829 sec. of and in that rank served under Brig.-Gen. 
state; and in 1831, at the age of 28, chief Meadows at St. Lucie. In 1779 he embarked 
justice of the Supreme Court of Del. When with his regt. as marines, and was present in 
this court was merged into the Superior Court, the engagement off Grenada, under Admiral 
he became an assoc. justice on its bench, con- Byron. He afterward served in India; and in 
tinning until 1855, when again app. chief jus- Fell. 1798 was made gov. of Madras. In Dec. 
tice ; and from 1857 till his death he was 1798 he was placed at the head of the army 
chancelli)r of the State. In 18+9 he was the against Tippoo Sultaun, and captured Seringa- 
head of the commis. to codify the laws of the patam, for which service he received the thanks 
State, receiving the thanks of the legisl. for of both houses of parliament; was promoted to 
the able manner in which he fulfilled the im- the colonelcy of the 73d Foot, Feb 14, 1800; 
portant task. He pub. " Reports of the Sup. lieut.-gen. Jan. 1, 1801 ; gen. Jan. 1, 1812; and 
Ct. of Delaware," 3 vols. 8vo, Dover, 1837-44. was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord 

Harriot, Thomas, an English mathema- Harris, Aug. 11, 1815. 
tician and astronomer, b. Oxford, 1560; d. Harris, George W. ("Sut Lovingood "), 
July 21, 1621, at Sion College, where he re- jurist and humorist, b. Tenn. 1805; d. near 
sided several years. Educated at Oxford, Knoxville, Tenn., Dec. 11, 1869. Author of 
where he took the degree of B.A. in 1579; a number of works written in a witty and Im- 
afterward became intimate in the family of Sir morons style. A George W. Harris pub. " Re- 
Walter Raleigh, and his tutor in mathematics, jiorts of the Supreme Court of Pa.," 1849-56, 
In 1585 he was sent by him to Va. with the Phila. 12 vols. 

colony under Sir Richard Grenville; remained Harris, Ira, jurist, b. Charleston, Mont- 
about aycar; and on his return pub. as the re- gom. Co., N.Y.,3i May, 1802. Un. Coll. 1824. 
suit of his observations, " A Brief and True Traces his lineage to the colony of Roger Wil- 
Report of the New Found Land of Va.," 4to, liams. Settled in the practice of law in Al- 
1588. He received a pension from the Earl bany; member legisl. 1844-6; of the Const. 
of Northumberland, who received him into his Convs. of 1845 and 1867 ; judge of the Su- 
family, and with whom, as well as Raleigh, he preme Court of N.Y. 1847-60, and U.S. sena- 
passed much of his time while they were in the tor 1862-8. 

Tower. Harriot invented the presentimprovcd Harris, Isham G., gov. of Tenn. 1857-62; 
method of algebraical calculation, first made MC. 1849-53. He took part in the Rebellion, 
public in a posthumous work pub. in 1631. alter which he settled as a merchant in Livcr- 
A tract of his, entitled " Ephemeris Chyromet- pool. 

rica," said to be preserved in the library of Harris, Samuki,, Baj.ti-t minister, called 
Sion College, indicates his merit as an astrono- the "Apostle of \'ir^iiiia," li, Hanover Co. 
mer. —Biog. Brit. Jan. 12, 1724. Reiiioviiii; id Pitisvlvania Co., 

Harris, Cuapin A., M. D., b. Pompey, he was col. of militia, captain of May's Fort, 
Onondaga Co., N.Y., 1806. Prof, of dental and commiss. for the fort and army. ' lie was 
surgery in Baltimore Coll., founded by him- baptized about 1758, and preached diligently, 
self, and chartered 1839. Author of "Diseases but was not oid. until 1769. His pious zeal 
of the Maxillary Sinus," 8vo, 1842; "Charac- caused him to be persecuted, knocked down, 
teristics of the Human Teeth," 8vo, 1841; pulled from the stand while preaching, and 
"Dictionary of Dental Science," 8vo, 1849, 2d dragged by the hair. He devoted ninch of his 
ed. enlarged. 1854; "Dental Surgery," 8vo, property to charity, resigning his worldly of- 
1839 ; " Fox's Diseases of the Teeth," 8vo, fices, as he ascribed to them the diminution of 
1846; and some transls. from the French, his religious enjoyments. He exercised great 
Editor of the ./oitrnal of Dental Srience since its power over his bearers. In 1774 the gen. assoc. 
commencement in 1839; contrib. to the Md. of separate Baptists chose Mr. Harris (j/)os(/e, 
Jom: of Med. and C'/iii:, Jour, of Med. Science, and ord. him by the hands of every minister in 
N. Y 'Denial Recorder, &c. — Allibone. that body. 

Harris, George, Lord, a disiing. English Harris, Samuel, D.D., pres. Bowd. Coll. 
gen., b. March 18, 1746; d. Belmont, Kent, 1867-71. Bowd. Coll. 1833 ; Wms. Coll. 1855. 
May 19, 1829. He was educated at Westmin- Teacher Machias Acad. 1838-41 ; ord. Dec. 22, 
ster ; entered the army in 1759; became 1841; settled at Conway, Me., 1841-51; at 
capt. in 1771 ; came to America with his regt. Pittsfield, 1851-5 ; prof, theol. Bangor Theol. 
Ithe 5th Foot), where he was engaged in the Sem. 1855-67. 



411 



HIAJR 



Harris, Thaddeds Mason, D.D., clergy- 
man and author, b. Charlestown, Ms, July 17, 
1768; (1. Dorchester, Ms., Apr. 3, 1842. H.U. 
1787. After graduatint;;, he taught school at 
Worcester, and was invited to become the pri- 
vate sec. of Washington, but was prevented l>y 
illness. He then studied theol. at Cambridge, 
where he delivered in 1790 a Phi Beta Kappa 
Oration on " Learned A.ssoci;itions." Librari- 
an of H.U. from 1791 to 1793; ).astor of the 
First Church at Dorchester from Oct. 23, 1793, 
to 1839. In 1790 he pub. an elegy, "The 
Tnumphs of Superstition ; " in 1803 "a" Jour- 
nal of a Tour into the North-west Territory 
in 1803;" "The Minor Encyclopasdia," 4 vols. 
1803; "Natural History of' the Bible," 1820; 
" Memoii-s of Oglethorpe," 1841 ; " Hymns for 
the Lord's Supper," 1320; numerous Sermons 
and Addresses ; " Discourses in Favor of Free- 
masonry," 8vo, 1801 ; " Memorials of the Firsl 
Church in Dorchester," 8vo, 1830. — See Biorj. 
Notice bji Dr. Frothimjham in Ms. Hisl. Coll., 4th 
series, vol. ii. 

Harris, TiiAnnEas William, M.D., ento- 
mologi>t, li. Dcirclii'.irr, \1, , .\,-i I _> 17',)'); d. 
Cambri.l-'-, .M>^, ■'hi. h. I . !l 1 I .I.".. 
Sonoflhr|irrr,.,|,,,- ]].- i ;,, , ,i„,l 

began to |.i:iriiM. m .Miliun. l.r.,.,iMii ..| 11. U. 
from 1831 to his d. Foi; several years he gave 
instruction in botany and natural history in the 
coll. ; and he origiuated the Harv. Natural His- 
tory Society for the students. He was a learned 
botanist; but it is as an entomologist, to which 
science he was especially devoted, that his Eu- 
ropean fame is owing. In 1837 he was app. one 
of the commiss. for a zoological and botanical 
survey of Ms., the result of which was his 
" Systematic Catalogue of the Insects of Ms." 
(8vo, 1832), enumerating 2,350 species. His 
extensive collection of N. Amor, insects, to- 
gether with the catalogues and drawings relat- 
'iig to them, were purchased by subscript' 



Injurious to Vegetation," 1841, is a permanent 
contrib. to science of the highest value. A 
new and enlarged ed. was pub. in 1852. He 
took a deep interest in antiquarian researches. 
More than 50 of his papers have been pub. 
in the N. E. Fanner, Horticultural Magazine, 
Mi. Ploughman, " KncyclopoBdia Americana," 
" Trans." of the Phila. Acad, and of the Hart- 
ford Natural History Society ; the " Journal " 
of the Boston Society of Natural History ; 
" The N. E. Hist, and Geneal. Reg.," " The 
Cambridge Chronicle," &c. He was one of the 
founders of the Ms. Hortic. Society. 

Harris, Tho.mas L., lawyer, and M. C. 
1849-55, b. Norwich, Ct., Oct. 29, 1816; d. 
Petersburg, III., Nov. 24, 1853. Trinity Coll., 
Hartford, 1841. He studied law in Ct. ; com- 
menced practice in 1842 at Petersburg, III.; 
State senator 1846; muj. 4th 111. regt. in the 
Me.\. war, and disting. at Cerro Gordo. 

Harris, Tiio.mas L., author of " Arcana 
of Christianity," and loundcr of a community 
of Spiritualists at Brocton, Lake Erie, N. Y., 
b. Stony Stratford, Eng., 1824. Einig. to the 
U.S. in early life. Among his works is an 
" Epic of the Starry Heavens," 1854 ; " Mod- 
ern Spiritualism, its Truths and its Errors ; " 



" Truth and Life in Jesus, 12 Sermons ; " and 
"The Millennial Age, 12 Scritions." Editor 
and chief contrib. to the Herald of Li<jht, a 
monthly Spiritual journal. 

Harris, William, D.D., prcs. of Col. 
Coll. (1811-29), b. Springfield, Ms., April 29, 
17G5; d. N. Y. Oct. 13, 1829. H. U. 1786. 
Ord. in 1791, and took charge of St. Michael's 
Church, Marblehead, as well as of the acad. in 
that place. From 1802 to 1316, he was rector 
of St. Mark's, N. Y., and established in its 
neighborhood a classical school of the highest 
order. The establishment and complete suc- 
cess of the Col. Coll. grammar school was the 
realization of one of bis favorite plans. 

Harris, Willia.m Thaddeus, hist, schol- 
ar, b. Milton, Ms., Jan. 25, 1826; d. Cam- 
bridge, Oct. 19, 1854. H. U. 1846. Son of 
Dr. 'P. W. Harris. He early evinced a fond- 
ness for books. whiL-li, in corisoqiicncc of ])hysi- 



,,hy 



■ ()M Bu- 
ll lor the 
lubl.ard's 



rying-liruiuiil at Ca:nl.ii.lji> 
Ms. Hist. Society a new edit 
Hist, of N. E.," to which lie -.vUWa iiKiiiy im- 
portant notes, 1848; and in 1849 edited the 3d 
vol. of the N. E. Hist, and Gen. Reg. He was 
a member of many literary societies. Edwaud 
D. Harris, his bro., has pub. geneals. of the Vas- 
sal, Bascom, and Brattle fains., and Watertown 
Epitaphs. — A'. E. H. and Gen. Reg., i.x., 100. 

Harrison, Benjamiji, statesinan, b. City 
Point, on the James River, ab. 1740; d. there 
Apr. 1 791. A student, but not a grad., of Wm. 
and M. Coll. In 1764 he was a member of 
the State legisl., of which he was soon chosen 
speaker; member of the com. in 1764 which 
prepared the memorials to the king, lords, and 
commons; an opponentof the Stamp-Aet reso- 
lutions of Henry; a member of the Mercantile 
Assoc, of 1770, of the com. of corrcsp., and of 
all the conventions held until the govt, under 
the Constitution was established. He was of- 
fered a seat in the exec, council ; but bis attach- 
ment to the patriot cause prevented his accept- 
ance of it. He was a delegate to the first gen. 
Congress of 1774, and immortalized his name 
by affixing it to the great charter of American 
liberty. Mr. Harrison rendered valuable ser- 
vices as chairman of the board of war, and on 
other important committees. Resigning his seat 
in 1777, he was elected to the H. of burgesses 
of Va.,and was chosen speaker. This position 
he retained until 1782, when he was made gov. 
of the State, and was twice re-t-lccted. Ho 
was a member of the first council of slate in 
1776. In 1788 he became a mcniljer of the 
convention of Va. that ratified the Constitnlion 
of the US. He advocated its adoption with 
certain amendments, but voted against it. Ho 
m. Eliz., dau. of Col. Wm. Bassett; and was 
the father of Pres. Wm. H. Harrison. His 
bro. Charles (Wm. and M. Coll. 1760) was 
a gen. of the Revol. Commiss. col. of art. Nov. 
30, 1776, and served to the end of the war. 

Harrison, Napoleon B.,capt. U.S.N., b. 
Va. Feb. 19, 1823; d. Key West, Fla., Nov.l, 
1870. Midshipm. Feb. 26, 1338; lieut. Jan. 6, 
1853; comm. July 16, 1862; capt. Apr. 28, 



412 



1S68. Served in Cal. durin"; the Mexican war; 
com. " Ciiyu.sa," flagsliip of Capt. Bailey, and 
led the line in passage of Forts Jackson aiid St. 
Philip to the city of N. Orleans; and specially 
commended for gallantry and skill in official 
reports. Com. steamer "Mahaska" in James- 
Uiver flotilla ; steani-friirate " Minnesota," N. 
All. block squad., 1862-3; attached to So. Atl. 
block, squad. 1863-5 ; and took part in the op- 
erations on the S.C. coast up to the fall of 
Charleston; commandt. of Midshipmen Naval 
Acad., Annapolis, 1868-9. — Hamersly. 

Harrison, R- A., a Canadian lawyer, b. 
Montreal, Aug. 3, 1833. Lawyer of Toronto. 
Called to the bar in IS.i.i. Author of " Digest 
of Cases in the Queen's Bench, U.C." 1823- 
51; "Common Law Procedure Act," 1856; 
"Statutes of U.C. to 1856; " " Sketch of the 
Legal Profession in U.C," 1857; " Rules of 
Practice and Pleading in the Courts of U.C," 
1858; "Municipal Manual of U.C," 1859. 
Connected with the Law Journal since July, 
1856. — Moiqan. 

Harrison, Richard, 55 vears auditor of 
the U.S., 5 vears consul to Ca'diz, b. 1750; d. 
Washington", July 10, 1841. 

Harrison, Robeut Hansom, jurist, b. 
Mil. 1745; d. at residence on the Potomac, 
Charles Co., Md., Apr. 2, 1790. Educated to 
the law. He succeeded Joseph Reed as sec. to 
Washington, Nov 6, 1775, with the rank of 
lieut.-col., and continued in the familv of Wash- 
ington until the spring of 1781. In'Nov. 1777 
he was app. by Congress a member of the board 
of war, but declined. He became chief justice 
of the Gen Court of Md. Mar. 10, 1781; and 
in 1789 declined the app. of judge of the Sup. 
Court of the US. 

Harrison, William Henry, 9th Pres. of 
the U.S., h. Berkclev, Charles Co., Va.,Feb. 9, 
1773; d. Washington, DC, April 4, 1841. 
Son of Gov. Benjamin. Educated at Hamp. 
Sid. Coll., and studied medicine. In April, 
1791, he received from Washington the com- 
mission of ensign ; was in 1792 promoted to a 
lieutenancy, and fought under Wayne, who 
made himonc of his aides. After the desperate 
battle at the Miami Rapids and the treaty of 
Greenville, in 1795, he was made capt., and was 
placed in com. of Fort Washington, the site of 
the city of Cincinnati. In 1797 he resigned, 
and was app. sec. of the North-west Territory ; 
became its delegate to Congress in 1799; first 
gov. of the Territory of Ind. 1801-13; and was 
also supt. of Indian affairs, concluding in the 
course of his administration 13 important trea- 
ties with the different tribes. Nov. 7, 181 1, he 
gained over the Indians, led by Tecumseh, the 
celebrated battle of Tippecanoe ; com. as maj.- 
gen. of Ky. militia the north-western army 
during the war of 1812; and bore a disting. 
part in the campaign of 1812-13, the defence 
of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the Thames, 
Oct. 5, 1813; brig.-gen. Aug. 22, 1812; maj.- 
gen. Mar. 2, 1813. Resigning in 1814, he, in 
conjunction with Shelby and Cass, treated with 
the Xorth-western Indians at Greenville; and in 
1815 he was placed at the head of a commission 
to treat with various other important tribes; 
M. C in 1816-19 from Ohio; member of the 
Ohio senate 1819-21; U.S. senator 1825-8; 



and in 1828 he was minister to the Republic 
of Columbia. On his return, he took up hia 
residence at North Bend, on the Ohio. Nomi- 
nated by the Harrisburg Convention in Dec. 
1839 for the presidency, mass meetings and 
processions were first brought into vogue ; and 
the slur which had been cast upon Gen. Harri- 
son, that he lived in a log-caliin, with nothing 
to drink but " hard cider," was seized upon as 
an electioneering appeal. He was triumphantly 
elected, receiving 234 out of 294 votes, lie 
entered upon the duties of his office with an un- 
common degree of popularity ; and his death, 
which took place just a month after his inau- 
guration, caused a deep sensation throughout 
the countrv. Author of a " Discourse on the 
Aborigines" of the Vallev of the Ohio," Cin., 
8vo, 1838. His wile, dau. of John Cleves 
Symmcs, d. North Bend, 0., Feb. 26, 1864. 
His dau. Lucy D., wife of Hon. D. K. Este, 
noted for piety and benevolence, b. Richmond, 
Va., d. Cincinnati, 7 Apr. 1826. A Memoir 
of Harrison, by iloscs Dawson, was pub. in 
8vo, Cincinnati, 1824 ; and another, bv James 
Hall, 18mo, 1836. 

Harrod, Col. James, a Kentucky pioneer, 
b. Va. Emig. to Ky. in 1774. Built the first 
log-cabin upon the presentsite of Ilarrodsburg. 
One of the most efficient of the early military 
leaders of Ky. E.xpert in the use of the rifle, 
he was a successful hunter, and a dangerous an- 
tagonist of the Indian. He was at the battle 
of Point Pleasant in 1774. He survived the 
stormy scenes of his youth, and late in life ab- 
sented" himself from home on hunting-excur- 
sions, from one of which he never returned. — 
Collins. 

Harsha, David Addison, author, b. Ar- 
gyle, N.Y., Sept. 15, 1827. He received a clas- 
sical and tlieol. education, but, owing to a bron- 
chial affection, never entered the ministry. He 
has pub. " The Heavenly Token," 1 856 ; " Lives 
of Orators and Statesmen," 1854; "Star of 
Bethlehem," &c., 1864; "Manual ofEuglish 
Sacred Literature," and Lives of Charles 
Sumner, Doddridge, Baxter, Addison, and 
Bunyan ; and Lives and Select Works of Isaac 
Watts, George Whitefield, James Hcrvcy, and 
Abraham Booth ; " Devotional Thoughts of 
Eminent Divines," 1 869. — Dui/clcinck. 

Harte, Francis Bret, poet ami humorist, 
b Albany, N.Y., 1837. He lo^t his lather, a 
prof, in the Albany F'emale Seminary, when a 
child. At 17 ho went to Calilornia,"where he 
taught school, became a miner, and then a 
compositor in a newspaper office at Eureka. 
Returning to San Francisco, he was a composi- 
tor, and afterwards editor of the Golden Era. 
He held positions successively in the surv.- 
general's office, the U.S. marshal's office, and 
the branch mint; and was concerned in the 
management of tlie Californmn. He became 
known to the public by his poems and character- 
istic pictures of California life in the Overland 
Moiitlilij, founded and edited by him in July, 
1868. ' Author of " Luck of Roaring Camp, 
and Other Tales," 1869; a vol. of Poems, 1870, 
and " Condensed Novels." 

Hart, James M., landscape-painter, b. Kil- 
marnock, Scotland, 1828; came to Albany 
with his family in 1831, where he was a coach- 



413 



HAR 



maker's apprentice, and afterward an artist 
under the instruction of his hro. Wm. In 1851 
he went to Dusscldorf; returned to Albany in 
1852,and in 1856settledinN.Y. City. Among 
his pictures are " Autumn in the Woods," 
" Moonrise in the Adirondacl;s," " Peaceful 
Homes," and " Sunday Afternoon in Berk- 
shire." Became an academician in 1859. — 
Tuckerman. 

Hart, Joel T., sculptor, b. Clark Co., Ky., 
1810. In his boyhood he worked as a mason, 
and had but one quarter's schooling, but was 
an indefatigable render. In 1830 he worked at 
stone-cutting in Lexington ; soon began model- 
ling busts in clay, and succeeded in obtaining 
good likenesses of many persons at the West ; 
among others. Gen. Jackson and C:i=^iiis M. 
Clay, who gave him his lir^t i-Mnniii^Mnn for a 
bust in marble. His statur mI II(nn (.'lay 
was shipped from Florenci- to tin- l^S. Aug. 
29, 1859. He has executed many busts uf em- 
inent men, some ideal works, and was long en- 
gaged u])on a colossal bronze statue of Henri- 
Clav for the city of N. Orleans. Among hi's 
works is " Angelina," " Woman Triumphant," 
and ■' II IVn.suroso." 

Hart, John, signer of the Dccl. of Indep., 
b. Hopewell, N. J., 1708; d. there 1780._ A 
respectable farmer with an ordinary education. 
He was for many years a member of the colo- 
nial legisl. of N. J., and was disting. for good 
sense, patriotism, integrity, and moral excel- 
lence. He was a delegate to Congress from 
1774 to 1777, and suffeVcd much at the hands 
of the loyalists, who used special exertions 
to take him prisoner. He fled from his family, 
and wandered through the woods from cot- 
tage to cottage, and from cave to cave, con- 
stantly hunted by his enemies; so that he never 
ventured to sleep twice in the same house. The 
capture of the Hessians by Washington al- 
lowed him to return to his estate, where he 
passed the rest of his life. Great confidence 
was reposed in the wisdom and judgment of 
" honest John Hart." 

Hart, John Seely, LL.D., b. Stockbridge, 
Ms., Jan. 28, 1810. N. J. Coll. 18.30. Prof, 
of ancient languages there since 1864. Prin- 
cipal of Phila. High School 1842-58. Author 
of essay on " Spenser and the Fairy Queen," 
8vo, 1847 ; "Female Prose Writers of Ameri- 
ca," 8vo, 1 85 1; " Class-Book of Poetry," 12mo, 
1844; "Class-Book of Prose," 1844; "Ex- 
position of the U.S. Constitution for Schools," 
1845 ; " Greek and Roman Mythol.," 1853 ; 
editor of Pa. Comm. Sch.Jour.y 1844; Saiinin's 
Mag., 1849-50 to July, 1851 ; "The Iris," an 
annual for 1850, '51, and '52 ; " White's Uni- 
versal Hist. ; " and other works. He has also 
contrib. to the periodicals. — Allibone. 

Hart (or Heart), M.\jor Jonathan, 
U.S.A., b. Kensington, Ct., 1748; killed in bat- 
tle with the Indians, Nov. 4, 1791. Y.C. 1768. 
Son of Ebenezer Heart. His bro.. Dr. Josiah 
of Marietta, 0. (Y.C. 1762), d. Aug. 1812, 
a. 74. Ji.na. taught school in N. J. ; settled in 
Farmington in 1773 as a merchant; was a pri- 
vate soldier at Bunker's Hill; and served 
through the Revol. in the 1st Ct. rcgt., attain- 
ing the rank of capt. and brig.-qnarterm. En- 
gaging in surveying, he was in 1785 app. capt. 



1st U.S. regt., and served at various Western 
posts, and in the Indian campaigns of Scott and 
Harmar. App. major 2d U.S. Inf. Mar. 4, 
1791, and accomp. St. Clair's exped. Near the 
sources of the Miami of the Lakes, in what is 
now Darke Co., O., St. Clair's army was sur- 
prised, and totally defeated. Hart commanded 
the regulars in this battle. While covering the 
retreat of the shattered remnant of the army, he 
was ordered to charge with the bayonet ; and, 
in gallantly performing this perilous duty, he, 
with nearly all his com., were killed. Ho con- 
trib. " Observations on the Ancient Works of 
Art," " The Native Inhabitants of the Western 
Country," to the Tmns. Amcr. Soc, iii. 214. 

Hart, CoL. JosErn C, author of" Miriam 
Coffin," and " Romance of Yachting," N.Y. 
8yo, 1848; consul at Santa Cruz; d. there 
Julv 23, 1855. 

Hart, Levi, D.D. (N.J.CoIl. 1800), minis- 
ter of Preston, Ct., from Nov. 4, 17G2, to his 
d., Oct. 27, 1808, a. 69. Y.C. 1760. Son of 
Thos. of Southinglon. He studied with Dr. 
Bellamy, whose dun. Rebecca he aftenvard m., 
and trained many young men for the ministry. 
He pub. occasional sermons, 1771-1803.— 
Spraf/ue's Anuals. 

Hart, Oliver, Baptist minister of Charles- 
ton, S.C, from 1749 to Feb. 1780, I). War- 
minster, Bucks Co., Pa., Julv 5, 1723; d. 
Hopewell, N. J., Dec. 31, 1795. Ord. at South- 
ampton, Oct. 18, 1749. He was a patriot, and 
was sent with Wm. Tennent by the Council of 
Safety to reconcile some of the disaffected fron- 
tier settlers to the change in public affairs con- 
sequent upon the Revol. In Dec. 1780 he 
settled at Hopewell. He had strong powers 
of mind, and sound judgment ; was something 
of a poet, and pub. a number of sermons and 

Hart, William, ])ainter, b. Paisley, Scot- 
land, 1823. Emigrating with his parents to 
the U.S. in 1831, he settled in Albany; and 
in a few years was apprenticed to Eaton and 
Gilbert, coachmakers in Troy, by whom he 
was employed to paint coach-panels. He sub- 
sequently painted landscapes, portraits, and 
even window-shades ; and paid a visit to his 
native country. Since 1848, he has been an 
associate and aregularexhibiterat the National 
Acad . of Design , of which in 1 858 he was elected 
an academician. Aresidentof N.Y. City ; pres. 
of the Brooklyn Acad, of Design. Among 
his pictures is "Coming from the Mill," 
" Little Spring," " Gloaming," " Up among 
the Hills," "Peace and Plenty," " October 
Golden Hours," " Close of Day on Mt. Desert," 
" Autumn in the Valley," ""Storm Clearing 
Off," "Melrose Abbey," "Lake among the 
Hills," and " The j6y of Autumn." His 
latest work is a scries representing the sea.sons. 

Hartley, David, an English politician 
and inventor, b. 1729 ; d. Bath, Dec. 19, 1813. 
He was the son of the celebrated writer on 
metaphysics; was educated at Oxford ; some 
time M. P. for the town of Kingston-upon- 
Hull ; and uniformly displayed as a senator 
liberal and enlightened views. His steady 
oppo-ition to the war with the Amcr. Colonies 
led to his being app. one of the plenipoten- 
tiaries to treat with Dr. Franklin at Paris; 



HAR 



414 



HJLR 



and some of his letters on that occasion 
were pub. in the corresp. of that statesman in 
1817. It has been conjectured that Hartley 
procured for Dr. Franklin the letters of Hutch- 
inson and others. In the House of Commons, 
Hartley was one of the first promoters of the 
abolition of the slave-trade. His scientific 
knowledge was exhibited in many useful in- 
ventions. He pub. " Letters on the Ameiican 
War," 1776, and other polit. tracts. — Aikin, 
Gen. Biog. Did. 

Hartley, Thomas, M.C. from 1789 to 
1800, b. Reading, Pa., Sept. 7, 1748; d. at 
York, Pa., Dec. 21, 1800. He studied and 
practised law in York ; was commis. lieut.-col. 
of Irvine's regt. Jan. 9, 1776; col. 6th Pa. 
1776-9. He com. anexped. in Oct. 17 78 against 
the savages who were concerned in the Wyo- 
ming massacre. Hedestroyed theirscttlemcnts, 
killed some of the Indians, and recovered con- 
siderable of the spoil they had carried off. He 
was in the Pa. Assembly in 1778; one of the 
council of censors, 178.'3; delegate to the Pa. 
convention in 1787 to adopt the U.S. Consti- 
tution. — Lrinman. 

Hai'trauft, John Fbedebick, brev. maj.- 
gcii. vols., b. Morristown, Montgom. Co., Pa., 
Dec. 16, 18.30. Un. Coll. 18.53. He practised 
lawuntil 1861; com. the 51st Pa. regt. in Burn- 
side's exped. and capture of Newbern in Mar. 
1862; was in all the engagements of the 9th 
corps, incltiilirig Vicksburg; was made brig.- 
pcn. 1-J Mir, l"^!'!!: I'fl ilio famous charge 
that r,:: ! \:' -Ml i: : I (• ; and in com. 
of til ■ I ' i I I -dj, 1865, gal- 

lanili I' < i| -i I'll •.' riiii.m in the lines 

beloio KichiiiuiiJ, lui Hiutli he was brev. maj.- 

Hartshorne, Edward, M.D. (U. of Pa. 

184U), U. Pliila. 1S18. N.J. Coll. 1837. Son 
of Df. Joseph H. Author of " Notes," &c., to 
Tayloi's" iMed. Juiisprudcncc," 8vo, 18.54 ; to 
Joiifb's " Ophthaluiic Medicine and Surgery," 
12mo, 1S5G. Conlribs. to many medical jour- 

Hartshorne, Heney, M.D., son of Dr. 

Joseph, and bro. of Edward, b. Phila. 1823. 
Author of " Water vs. Hydropathy," Phila. 
1847; prize essay on " The Arteritil Circulation," 
1856; "Essentials of Practical Med." 1869. 
Contrib. to Jouf. Med. Sci., and Phila. Med. 
Exam. — Allibone. 

Hartshorne, Joseph, M.D., physician and 
surgeon, b. Alexandria, Va., Dec. 12, 1779 ; d. 
near Wilmington, Del., Aug. 20, 1850. M.D. 
U. of Pa. 1808. Richard, the |iinuecr of the 
fomily,settlcdontheIli-]il:iihK m|X, i-i-Jnl, in 
1669, and became one (Ji :' 'I'liliM r 

in E.Jersey. Joseph l-i ■, i ;'i .i_-: i, a 

cripple for life. Heli '^:;'i I"- m ii' I ni^li'', 
with Dr. Craik, the]!].,. i i ■; W i Lin^ton; 
bccameres. apprentin I- 1 nhePa. 

Hospital, Phila., July L'7. I -mgeon 

and snperctirgu uf an 1 : I i a anan la 1806 ; 
and on his rmna io r a I ■ ailiiished himself 
in practice, SI .a 1 nee in his pro- 

fession. Sur- i: !iitalinl815-21; 

member of tlia 1 iaia M ai il, and the Amer. 
Phllos. Societies, and of the Coll. of Physicians. 
He prepared and pub. in 1806 Boycr on the 
Bones, with Appendix and Notes. Drs. Edward 



In 1S5G he was 
British exploring 
liich, after having been aban- 
ice, had bucn rescued by a 



and Henry Hartshorne are sons. — Gross's Med. 
Biog. 

HartStene, Henry J., naval officer, b. 
S.C. ; d. Paris, March 31, 1868. Midshipm. 
April 1, 1828 ; lieut. Feb. 23, 1840. He was in 
1851 attached to the coastsurv. \ , ami aii aaaid 
com. the mail steamer "Uliini ! i a 

was made com., and sent to 1 1 . : ^ 

in search of Dr. Kane and his ]iaia., v, I; an ho 
rescued, and brought to N.Y. 
ordered to convey to Eng. the 1 
bark"Resolu 
dont-d in the 

Ki'W laaalun w lial.i-, ami |aiia Ini- il . .1' her sal- 
V..r- !.. < .a, .; ,,.,, |,,, , ;..],. l:,lli,hG0Vt. 

Ha 1 .. !■ . aa!- I :,,| .. a, , ,. la ,a :n^L; sound- 
iuy, lar tiia A;i.i:iac iala;,i.ipl! aiLiia. " At the 
outbreak uf the civil war he resigned ; entered 
the Confed. navy; and in the summer of 1862 
became insane. 

Hartsuff, George L., brev. maj.-gen. U.S. 
A., b. Tyne, N. Y., May 28, 1 830. West Point, 
1852. App. to the 4th Art. ; served in Texas 
and in Florida, where he was wounded ; was 
assist, instr. in art. and inf. tactics at West 
Point in 1856; assist, adj -gen. (rank ofeapt.) 
Mar. 22, 1861 ; audmaj. July 17, 1862 ; served 
at Fort Pickens, Fla., from Apr. to July 16, 

1861, and then in Western Va. nnder Gen. 
Rosecrans ; became brig.-gen. vols. April 15, 

1 862, and soon after took Abcrcrombie's brigade, 
which he com. at the battles of Cedar Mountain, 
Manassas, and at Antietam, where he was se- 
verely wounded; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; Apr. 
27, 1863, ordered to ivy., where he was assigned 
to com. the 23d corps ; liaiit.-col. and assist, 
adj.-gen. 1 Jiiin-, 1 ^r, i ; in n.ni ••( works at 

Bermuda in ' I' ' i ''■■•-■ Mar.-Apr. 

1865; brev. 1 r.8.A. 13 

Mar. 186.3; .■ .,..., ,1: , , , , i — - •.«»,. 

Hartwell, Ai.uA/.), |,int.-|iaiiiicr, b. Litr 
tleton, Ms., 19 Fl 
Boston, and was i 
to a wood-enui-av 
on f ;• laai '; ;'■ ■■ 



he went to 



. port 



painter in Boston. 

Harvard, John, founder of Harv. Coll., b. 
Eng., probably in Middlesex, about 1608; d. 
Charlestown, Ms., Sept. 14, 1638. He was en- 
tered as a pensioner at Eman. Coll. 1628; was 
gr.ad. B.A. in 1631-2 and M.A. in 1635, and, 
having eniig. to Ms., was made a freeman Nov. 
L' . 1 1, r . I N I 'i ■ : ;i portion of land was set off 
laai' ii.wn, where he exercised the 

a n liL- had formerly done in Eng. 

In Aiiil, In ;a in' was ajip. one of acorn, "to 
consider of .some thiiia, ' lalina i'i>var.l a body 
oflaws." Halfhi.,.-; , 77' I7 i'r/.,a3he 
left for the erection of : , 'iloarshis 

name; apart of whiali i>. -pa-t i- ai 1 to have 
been diverted from its original ])iupose. He 
also left to the coll. a library of over 300 vols., 
indicating in their selection "the taste and skill 
of a scholar. A monument to his memoiy was 
erected in the Charlestown burial-ground by the 
alumni of H.U., and inaug., with an address by 
Edward Everett, Sept. 26, 1828. 



HAJR 



415 



Harvey, Sir John, gov. of Va. 1629-35 ; 
was ill 1635 suspended as well as impeaclied by 
the Assembly, but was restored by tlie king the 
next year, and continued in office until 1639. 
He was sent as a commis. to that Colony in 
1623, and became a member of the prov. govt. 
in 1 625. He was one of the most rapacious, 
tyrannical, and unpopular of the royal govs. 

Harvey, Gen. Sib Jons, a Brit, officer, b. 
1778 ; d. Halifax, N.S., Mar. 22, 1852. Enter- 
ing the army in 1794, he served in Holland, 
Fr.ance, Cape of Good Hope, Egypt, and India ; 
was made dep. adj.-gen. in Canada, June, 1812; 
led the attack at Stony Creek on the night of 
Jnne 5, 1813, capturing Gens. Chandler and 
Winder ; received a medal for gallantry at 
Chrystler's Farm ; also served at Lundy's Lane; 
was severely wounded at the battle of Fort Erie ; 
was aide-de-camp to Wellington at Waterloo ; 
lieut.-gen. Nov. 9, 1846; gov. N. Brunswick 
some years previous to 1841, when he was made 
gov. of Newfoundland ; and in June, 1 846, be- 
came gov. of Nova Scotia. 

Harvey, Loms P., gov. of Wis. 1862, b. 
E. Haddam, Ct., 22 July, 1820; drowned at 
Savannah, Tenn., 19 Apr. 1862. West. Res. 
Coll. 1840. In 1828 he removed to Ohio; in 
1840 to Ke'nosha, Wis., where he was a teacher, 
and afterward editor of a Whig newspaper. 
In 1850 he removed to Shopiere, Hock Co.; 
engaged in manuf. ; was a member of the 
State senate 1855-7; sec. of state 1857-61. 

Harvey, Matthew, LL.D. (Dartni. Coll. 
1855), statesman and jurist, b. Sutton, N.H., 
June 21, 1781 ; d. Concord, April 7, 1866. 
Dartm. Coll. 1806. He studied law; com- 
menced practice in 1809; was a representative 
from Hopkinton 8 years, ami -; .iL. i ni ili,- 
house in 1818-20; pres. ot ill ^ i in 

1825-8; councillor 1828-3(1; li :i 1 • I -i ; 
gov. in 1830-1; U.S. di.-^t. jul,-: linm ls;i 
till his death; pres. N.H. Ili-'t. ^o.irt.v. 

HarWOOd, Andrew Ali.kn, renr-ailmiral 
U.S.N., b. Pa. His mother, Elizul.etl. F. 
Bache, was a grand-daughter of Franklin. His 
father was J. E. Harwood, comedian. Mid- 
shipm. Jan. 21, 1818; lieut. Mar. 3, 1827; 
com. Oct. 2, 1848; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; 
commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. (retired list) 
Feb. 16, 1869; chief of bureau of ordnance, 
1861 ; commandant Washington Navy Yard 
1862-3; sec. light-house board 1865-^9. In 
1819-23 he was engaged in the suppression of 
the slave-trade in Africa, and of piracy in the 
W. Indies. Member of a commis. to visit 
dockyards and foundries in Eng. and France, 
and report on ordnance improvements in 1844. 

Harwood, John Edmdnd, comedian and 
poet, b. Eng. 1771; d. Germantown, Pa., Aug. 
21, 1809. He was endowed by nature with 
brilliant talents, and had received an excellent 
education. He came to Amer. with Wignell's 
Comp. in 1793; and at Phila. and N.Y. per- 
formed with great success many leading parts. 
Dunlap says, " He was more like John Bannis- 
ter than any other actor of the English stage." 
He m. Miss Bache, a grand daughter of Benj. 
Franklin ; retired from the stage, and kept a 
bookstore and circulating-library, but read his 
books, and neglected his business. Harwood 
was a poet, and pub. in 1809 a vol. of verses 



vard I 



of wit, and a social 
stage. 



ned 



the 



where his increased corpulence spoiled his ap- 
pearance and action for high or genteel comedy. 
Father of Admiral A. A. Harwood. — ilee Dun- 
Zap, Amer. Sl-aqe. 

Hascall, Gen. Milo S., b. N.Y. ab. 1833. 
West Point, 1852. He entered the 3d Art., 
but resigned Sept. 30, 1853, and settled in 
Ind., where he was clerk of the courts of 
Elkhart Co. June 12, 1861, he became col. 
17th Ind. vols. ; brig.-gen. April 25, 1862, and 
served in the West. He evinced skill and 
bravery at the battle of Stone River, where he 
com. a division, and was wounded ; partici- 
pated in the battle of Chickamaiiga and Mis- 
.sion. Ridge, and was active as a division com. 
in defence of Knoxvillo and during thcAtlanta 
campaign ; com. 2d div. 23d corjis ; resigned 
27 Oct. 1864. Since 18C5, banker at Goshen, 
Ind. — Cullum. 

Haskell, Daniel, pre^. cf the V. ,,f Vt. 

I82I-4, b. Preston, Ct., Ksi: ,\ V, klvn, 

N.Y., An-. 9, 1848. Y.t.'. 1^m_' ll-ian^ht 
at Norwich, and was sum --iv .Iv |ii^i.ir at 
Middletowu, Litrhliria, .St. .\llMn''s, and Bur- 
lington, Vi. IL; r.iitril .MrCnIlocli's Geo- 
graphical Dietiunaiv, aiM |,iil,. " A tJazetteer 
of the U.S.," with .1. C. Smith, 1843; " Chro- 
noloirv i.f the World," 1845. 

Haskell, William T., lawyer, b. Tenn. ; 
d. Hopkin^vllle, Tenn., March 20, 1859. M.C. 
1847-9. He was liherally educated; pr.actised 
law; and in the Mexiean war was col. 2d Tenn. 
vols.; di-tniLT. hiinselfat Medellin and at CeiTO 
Gordo. — h,ii„vn,. 

Haslett, I'm.- JoHV, of Sussex Co., Del., 



As.-. 



In 



Whit 



ins, I 



picket uf l!o;;ers's rangers, took 30 prisoners, 
a pair uf eolurs, and 60 muskets ; in the action 
at White Plains, Oct. 28, 1776. His son 
Joseph was gov. of Del. 1811-14 and 1823-4. 

Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, director 
of the U..S. coast survev, b. Aernen, Switzer- 
land, 6 Oct. 1770; d. Phila. Nov. 20, 1843. 
He was introduced by his countryman Albert 
Gallatin ; was prof. math, at West Point from 
Feb. 14, 1807, to Feb. 14, 1810 ; was scientific 
amb.assador to London and Paris, with the 
outfit and salary of a foreign minister; com- 
menced the co.ast survey, July, 1816; left it 
Apr. 1818; and resumed it A'ug. 1832. He 
made valuable contributions to the Am. Philos. 
Trans, relating to the coast survey. Author 
of "System of the Universe," 2 vols. 8vo ; 
several elementary vi'orks on mathematics ; and 
" Report to the U.S. Senate on Weights and 
Measures," 1832. — ^Ir/Hi/ Did. 

Hastings, Thomas', music doc, h. Wash- 
ington, Ct., 1784. At 12 he with his father 
removed to Clinton, N.Y. He early gave inueh 
attention to church psalmody. From 1824 to 
1832 lie conducted a religious journal in Utica, 
and has since resided in N.Y., where he was 
invited by a number of churches to improve 
their psalmody. He pub. " Spiritual Songs," 
1832; "Christian Psalmist," 1836; "The 



416 



Mother's Hymn-Book," 1849; "Devotional 
Hymns and llcligious Poems," 1850 ; " Disser- 
tations on Musical Taste," 8vo, 18S3 ; " His- 
tory of 40 Choirs," 8vo, 1854; "Manhattan 
and N.Y. Academy Colls." and " Elements of 
Vocal Music." His poetical and musical pul> 
lications number about 20. 

Hatch, Edward, brcv. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Me. Lieut.-col. 2d Iowa Cav. Dec. 1861 ; 
com.regt. at New Madrid, Island No. 10, battle 
of Corinth, Grant's Tenn.-rivcrcampaign; and 
com. cav. brigade at the battle of luka ; col. 
Sept. 1862; com. brigade at Thompson's Sta- 
tion, Hatchie, and Grant's Mpi. campaign ; 
com. cav. division Army of theTenn. at Salis- 
bury, Colliersville, La Grange, Palo Alto, 
BIrmingbam, Jackson, Ingraham's Mills, &c.; 
brig.-gcn. vols. Apr. 1864; com.cav. division at 
Florence, Lawrenceburg, Campbellville, Spring 
Hill, Franklin, Nasliville, and pursuit of Gen. 
Hood; col. 9th U.S. Cav. July 28, 1866; brev. 
brig. -gen. U.S.A. for battle of Franklin: and 
brev. mnj.-gen. for battle of Nashville, Tcnn. 
-Hen,;,. 

Hatch, John P., brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. West Point, 184.5. Entering the 3d 
Inf., he was transferred to the mounted rifles ; 
was twice brev. for gallantry at Contreras, 
Churubuseo, and Chapultepec; became 1st 
lieut. 1851; capt. 13 Oct. 18G0; brig.-gcn. vols. 
Sept. 28, 1861; and assigned a cav. brigade 
under Gen. King, with wliich he disting. him- 
self by several daring reconnoissances ab. Gor- 
donsville, the Rapidan,and the Rappahannock ; 
com. cav. of the 5th corps in Shenandoah Val- 
ley Mar.-July, 1862, and engaged at Winches- 
ter 26 June. ' In July, 1862, he was transferred 
to the inf. brigade (forinerly Augur's) ; and in 
Aug. took the division of Gen. King, who was 
disabled by sickness. At the second battle 
of Bull Run he was wounded ; also at South 
Mountain, where his com. formed the right of 
Hooker's corps; maj. 4th Cav. 27 Oct. 1863. 
He com. the forces operating on John's Island, 
S.C, July I-IO, 1864; com. coast division, 
dept. of the South, 29 Nov. 1864 to 26 Feb. 
1865 ; cum. at attack at Honey Hill, S.C, 30 
Nov.,andTullafuinyRiver9Dec., 1864; after- 
wards co-operated with Sherman while moving 
up the coast, and in several skirmisbes. Brcv. 
maj. for Manassas, lieut.-col. for So. Mountain, 
col. and brig.-gen. U.S.A. for services during 
the Rebellion. — Cullum. 

Hathorne, John, one of the chief judges 
of Ms. 1702-15. Son of William, bapt. 27 
Aug. 1641, Salem ; d. Boston, May 10, 1717. 
Rep. 1683 ; assist, or counc. 1684-1712, except- 
ing daring Andros's govt. ; active in tlie witch- 
craft persec. ; served in the Indian and Eastern 



of the board of assistants (1062-79), and com. 
a regt. of militia. A zealous friend of liberty 
and the charter rights of his time, he was one 
of the five principal citizens whom Charles II. 
in 1666 ordered to be sent to Eng. to answer 
for refusing to submit to the authority of the 
commissioners. 

Hatton, Robert, gen. C.S.A., b. Sumner 
Co., Tenn., 1827; killed at tbe battle of Fair 
Oaks, Va., 31 May, 1862. Adm. to the bar in 
1849; member Tenn. legisl. 1856 ; M.C.1859- 
61. 

Hauck, Minnie, voralist, b. N. Y. City, 
where, at the age of 1 8, she first app. in pubHc 
as soprano at Christ Church. At 20 she sang 
at the Acad, of Music in tbe opera of " Cris- 
pino," and achieved distinction ; Oct. 26, 1868, 
she made her dSiU at the Opera House, Lond., 
as Amina in "La Sonnambula." — Brown's 
Amer. Stage. 

Haupt (bowpt), Hermann, engineer, b. 
Phila. 1817. West Point, 1835. Entered 3d 
Inf., but resigned Sept. 30, 1835; was assist, 
engineer on the)iublic works of Pa. until 1839 ; 
prof, of mntb. in Pa. Coll. till 1847, when he 
became princi[)iil ong. of the Phila. and Colum- 
bia Raihou'l, of which he was made supt. in 
1849. He was from 1S56 to June, 1861, the 
principal engineer of the railway tunnel through 
the Hoosac Mountain, Berkshire Co., Ms. ; 
app. brig.-gen. 5 Sept. 1862, and charged with 
the gen. supervision of the transportation ser- 
vice ; col. and aide-de-camp, 27 Apr. 1862; 
inventor of a drilling engine, which took the 
hiilhest prize of the Hoy. Polvtechnic Soc. of 
Great Britain. Author of " llints on Bridire- 
Building," 1840; " General Theory of Bi idge- 
Construction," 8vo, 1 8.53 ; " Plan for Improve- 
ment of the Ohio River," Svo, 1855 ; "Mili- 
tary Bridges," 1 864. 

Haven, Alice Bradley, authoress, b. 
Hudson, N.Y. 1828 ; d. Aug. 23, 1863. Her 
maiden name was Emily Bradley. While a 
school-girl, she sent, under the pseudonymeof 
Alice G. Lee, many attractive sketches to tbe 
Saliirdai/ Gazette, pub. by Josejjh C. Neal in 
Phila. In 1846 she m. him, and at his request 
assumed and retained the name of Alice. On 
her husband's death in 1847, she conducted the 
Gazette for several years ; contrib. poems, 
sketches, and tales to' the leading magazines. 
She pub. in 1850 a vol. entitled " Gossips of 
Rivertown, with Sketches in Prose andVerse." 
Well known by her series of juvenile stories, 
which attained great popularity. In 1853 she 
was m. to Mr. Joshua L. Haven. Portions of 
her private diary have been pub. since her death 
in a biography, entitled " Cousin Alice, a 
Memoir oi^ Alice B. Ha 



war as col. and com. of the forces in exped^V. Haven, Erastcs Otis, D.D. (Un. Coll. 

of 1696. 1854), LL.D. (0. Wes. U. 1863), clergyman, 

Hathorne, Major William, an eminent b. Boston, Nov. 1, 1820. Middletown U., Ct., 

citizen of iMs. ; d. Salem, 1681, a. 73. He 1842. He soon after entered the ministry of 

removed from Dorchester to Salem in 1636. the M.E. Church; was app. in 1843 teacher of 

In 1645, with Gov. Dudley and Gen. Denison, natural science in the Amenia Seminary, 

he was an agent to treat with D'Aulnay, the N.Y. ; and in 1846 was elected principal of that 

French agent at St. Croix. He was dep. from institution. He was in 18.53 elected prof, of 

Salem to the Gen. Court several years ; the first Latin and Greek in the U. of Mich. ; prof, of 

speaker (1644), and held that station 6 years; Eng. literature in 1854-6; and was in 186.3-9 



pres. 



member of the Ms. Board of Edu 



also one cation 1858-63; member Ms. Senate 1862-3; 



A. 



'(3 



/fi/y 



417 



H^xrw 



■pres. of tlie North-western U., Chicago, since 
1869. In 1 S56 lie became editor of Zions Her- 
aid, the oldest Methudist paper in the world. 
Author of " The Youn- Man Advised," 1835; 
" Pillars of Truth," 1SB6 ; " lihetoric," 1869 ; 
besiiles reviews, sermons, &c. 

Ha?eu, Nathaniel Appleton, lawyer 
and writer, b. Portsmouth, N. II., Jan. 14, 1790; 
d. there June 3, 1826. II.U. 1807. Grandson 
of Or. .Samu.d II., minister of Portsmouth 
(1752-18U8). lie .Mcidied law ; settled in Ports- 
mouth. Ill ISU he dehveid a Fourth-ol-July 
onuiou Ml l'.,ri-in,mili; vi,iird I'.urope in 181 5 ; 

d-.i> r. J I r,,i i;. M l\.ii.i.,, .,„ at Uartrn. 

(\. 'I I : . , ,1 . . •,: I .:: ;■ r,,.Hll,Jo„r- 
n . ■ ., 1 _l : . I ■- . II •.-, ., . :,:,., f.n- tlie 



Haven, - wn i i l ..^i i.k, archa;olo;;i.st, b. 
Dedluuii, M .. I .1 ". Amh. Coll. 1826. 

Lawyer, iih, ,;, .:i arian Anier. Antiq. 

Soe., \Voic..„u, :U,. .^,..11 uf Jud-e Saml., de- 
scended IVoni Uiehard ol Lynn, 1645. He has 
pub. " Hist. Address at Uedhani," 21 Sept. 
1S36 ; " Kemarks on the Popham Celeb.," 
186.3 ; " Arehajolo-v of the U.S." (pub. by the 
Smiths. Inst ), 4to,"l8o5. 

Haviland, Joii\, architect and engineer, 
b. En-. D.T. 15, 1792; d. Phila. March 28, 



Ih.' ^.. . . I, i : , lMl.lt. alKTIlir p. alls nl .Mr. 
11 , I : 1 ,:.'.■ named the Hall oljusliceat 
,\. 1 L' S. Naval Asylum at Nor- 

t;.:' . I Missouri, and Rhode Island 

.S,,i' i ;:,. 111! ii MS ; the Deaf and Dumb Asy- 
lum, liuia, ; Ilia .State Insane Asylum, Harris- 
burg; and the U.S. Mint, Phila. Author of 
" Builder's Assist," 3 vols. Svo, Bait. 

Haviland, Wili.h.m. a B.it. i^cn., b. Ire- 
land, 1718; d. 1CSm|,m ir-( II. -. iM,l .,: fii- 
thagena and Pori.. ... -. ,. ,, i ,, ,; 
Blakeney in tiie vi- - i:,, 

27thregt. underLuiMl: I i , .\ m . i:..r; -. . -. . d 
under Abercrombie at Iicjiid To-a in K.'.s; 
under Amherst in 173U-GO; and a, l.ng.-uen. 
com. tlie csped. which reduced Isle Aiix Nni.-i, 
Si. John's, and Chamhlv, entering .Muntr.ad 



elHeientIv im imm- 
Amer. '.^ m . 
thereduciiM, '. 
the 4tll brij .: i m, 
25 May. I.:J , :: 

Hawes, .ii>i: 

wav,M,.. Kcc. 2:i 
ISG7. Blown C. 



CM i^yn.an, b. Mod- 
(iilciil, Ct., June 5, 

his early lite inesemcd lew opportunities for 
education. He studied theol. at Andovcr; 
was settled in the First Cong. Church in Hart- 
ford, Ct., March 4, 1818, and soon became 



known as an ablepreacher and writer ; and re- 
tained the pastorate until his death. He has 
pub. "Lectures to Young Men," 1828, of 
which 100,000 have been circulated in the U.S. ; 
" Tribute to the Memory of the Pilgrims," 
1830; "Memoir of Norinand Smith," lS.i9; 
" Character Every Thing to the Young," 1843 ; 
" Tlie Religion of the East," 1845 ; " Looking- 
Glass for the Ladies," 1845; "Washington 
and Jay," 1850; and in 1865 "An Offering 
to Homo Missionaries;" a vol. of discourses 
on " Home Missions ; " " Letters on Univer- 
salism," 18mo; " Century Address," Hartford, 
9 Nov. 1835; beside numerous occasional ser- 
mons in the National Preaclun- and elsewhere, 
and articles in the \-nrious quarterly reviews. 

Hawes, William Post, autlior, b. N.Y. 
f'Kv.rrI,, 4. 1S1«; d 1^42 (nl r,,ll,, N'.Y., 



rietv of articles Im- p n , i ,,;. -pMrially to the 
iV.r. J/»ror and :m I U.mlhhi Mny- 

azine. He also in, . ;, .1 strife. The 

best of his writiii,,, a.i.: paa. in 1S42, under 
the title of " Sporting Seenis," signed with 
the psendonvme of " Cvpress, Jun.," edited, 
with Memoir, by II. \V. "Herbert. 

Hawkins, BENifVMiN, statesman, son of 
Col. Philemon, b, *ite3 Co., N.C., Aug. 15, 
1754 ; d. at the Creek Agency, June 6, 1816. 
He left N. J. Coll. at the outset of the Revo!, 
war, and became a member of the family of 
Washington, where he acted as interprLier in 
the intercourse of the gen. with the French of- 
cers of his army. He was present at the battle 
of Monmouth, and upon several other occasions; 
and in 1780 was commissioned agent of N.C. 
to procure arms and ammunition. He was a 
delegate to Congress from 1781 to 1784 from 
N.C; was app. a commissioner to treat wiih the 
Cherokeesnnd other southern Indians in 1783, 

atorlrom 1789 to 1795, after' which Washing- 
ton app. him supt. of Indian affairs sontiL Al- 
though amanof wealth, he took up his residence 
among the Creeks, and devoted all his energies 
to their iiii]iiovement. He established a large 
i trill, laiili mills, bouses, wagons, and made ira- 
I ■ I , 1 sorts suited to the demands of 

I .Some of his manuscripts are in 

tiM I -MM,,, I the Ga. Hist. Soc. ; and those 

on •"lopography" and "Indian Character" 
have been published. 

Hawkins, Rev. Ernest, prcb. of St. 
Paul's (1845-65), and see. to the Soc. for Prop- 
agation of the Gospel ; h.ab. 1802. Baliol Coll., 
Oxf, 1824. Authorof "History of Missions to 
the N.A. Colonies," Loud. 1845 ; " Annals of 
the Colonial Church," Svo, 1847; "Annals 
of the Diocese of Quebec," Svo, 1849. A can- 
on at Westminster Abbey since 1865. — Men 
of the Time. 

Hawkins, Sir John, an English naviga- 
tor, b. Plymouth, 1520; died at sea Nov. 21, 
1595. He made several voyages in his youth, 
and acquired much maritime experience. In 
1562-8 he made 3 voyages, with cargoes of ne- 
groes, from Africa to the W. Indies, in the 
last of which he was severely handled by the 
Spaniards for engaging in contraband trade. 



418 



III hii 



r tv^ 



,>v ^;^^ 



573 treas. of the navy, which he 
tleath; and in 1588 vice-adm. of 
the st|uail. sent a^'ainst the Spanish Armada, 
and was knij^hted for his conduct on that occa- 
sion. In 1595 he was sent with his kinsman, 
Drake, against the Spanish W. Indian settle- 
ments; but difterence of opinion and consequent 
ill success occasioned hiiu so much chagrin, 
that it is supposed to have hastened his death. 
Author of a," True Declaration of the Trouble- 
some Voyage of Mr. John Hawkins to tlie 
Partes of"Guvnea and the VV. Indies, 1567-8," 
Lond. 8vo, 1569. His son, Sir Richard Haw- 
kins, was adm. of N. Eng. 

Hawkins, John H. W., temperance re- 
former, b. Baltimore, 1797; d. Parkerstiurg, 
Pa., Aug. 26, 1858. He became a confirmed 
drunkard, sinking to the lowest depths of intox- 
ication, but, through the interposition of his 
little dau., was restored to himself, to his fami- 
ly, and to usefulness. This was in- June, 18+0 ; 
and from that time he labored and lectured in 
every State in the Union, save California, with 
wonderful success. — See Life, bij Wm. Geo. 
Unwkins, 12mo, 1859. 

Hawkins, Col. Philemon, Revol. states- 
man, b. N.C. Dec. 3, 1752; d. Pleasant Hill, 
Warren Co., N.C, Jan. 28, 1833. Member of 
a troop of cav. at the battle of Allaniance, 
May 16, 1771. Before he was of age, he was 
a member of the Gen. Assembly for Bute Co. 
He represented the counties of Bute and Gran- 
ville 13 years, with but two years' intermission. 
His last term was at Fayetteville in 1789. He 
. -raised the first vol. co. in the county of Bute 

V *. itfv»*< •J\^°'^ 'he War of Independence. In 1776 he was 
J^-X*-^**^ elected col. of a rcgt. ; and in that com. per- 

formed many services. He was the last sur- 
I f^ !c\l\>i^ viving signer of the State constitution of 

V Jl,^* ' * N.C; in 1776 was a member of the conven- 

^* , J-^ »->J^j2jion which ratified the U.S. Constitution; and 
ill?' \''freqnently a member of the Exec. Council. — 
« N.E. Mar/., iv. 264. 

/■^ Hawkins, William, gov. of N.C. 1811- 
» 14 ; (I. Sparta, Ga., Mav 17, 1819. Nephew 
of Rrnjamin, U.S. senator. 

Hawks, Cicero Stepheu, D.D. (U. of 
Mo. 1S47), LL.D., Prot.-Epis. bishop of Mo., 
b. Newbern, N.C., Mav 26, 1812; d. St. Louis, 
Mo., Apr. 19, 1868. U. of N.C 1830. His 
grandfather came over with Gov. Tryon, and 
wasemployed as an architect. He was brought 
up by his brother, Rev. Francis L. Hawks, and 
studied law, but never practised. Ord. priest 
in 1834; and was rector of Trinity Church, 
Buffido, in 1837-43 ; rector of Christ Church, 
St. Louis, 1843-4 ; and consec. bishop of Mo. 
Oct. 20, 1844. In 1849, when the cholera 
made such fearful ravages in St. Louis, he was 
untiring in his devotion to the suffering, re- 
gardless of personal exposure ; and attended to 
the physical as well as spiritual wants of the 
victims. Contrib. to various journals, and edi- 
tor of "The Boy's and Girl's Library," and 
" Library for My Young Countrvmen." Au- 
thor of " Friday Christian, or the Firstborn 
of Piteairn Island." 

Hawks, Fr.\ncis Lister, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 183?;, LL.D., clergvm:m and author, b. 
Newborn, N.C, June 10,"l798; d. N.Y. Sept. 
27, 186b. U. of N.C. 1815. Ho studied law ; 



was adm. to the bar at the ageof 21 ; and prac- 
tised some years in N.C At 23 he was cleitcd 
to the legisl., but, resolving to devote himself to 
the Epis. ministry, was ord. in 1827 ; was for a 
short time assistant to Dr. Harry Croswell in 
N. Haven, Ct. ; in 1829 l>ccaine assi>t. minister 
of St. James's Church, Phila. ; was rector of St. 
Stephen's in 1831 ; and Irom 1832 to 1843 was 
rector of St. Thomas's Church, N.Y. As his- 
toriographer of the Amer. Epis. Church, Dr. 
Hawks, under the authority of the gen. conven- 
tion, went to Eng., and obtained copies of im- 
portant papers relating to its early historv. lu 
1837, with Dr. Henry, he founded the'iV.l'. 
lievieio, of which he was for some time editor 
and a principal contrib. He also founded at 
Flushing, L.I., St. Thomas's Hall, a school for 
boys ; but it was closed in a few years, leaving 
Dr. Hawks deeply in debt. From Nov. 1 840 to 
Oct. 1842, he conducted the CImrch Record, a 
weekly paper devoted to the cause of Cbrisrian- 
ity and education, in which In- prinir.i much 
of the historical matter cnllirti.l l.v liim in 
Europe. He removed to .Mpi. in Is;;, and 
was elected bishop of the diocc-e, whidi, how- 
ever, he declined. At the close of 1844 he 
removed to N. Orleans, where he became rec- 
tor of Christ Church. He remained there 5 
vears, and was meanwhile elected pros, of the 
U. of La. Returning to N.Y. in 1849, a sub- 
scription of S15,00() relieved him from pecuni- 
ary embarrassment. He became rector of the 
Church of the Mediator, iiltcrward merged into 
Calvary Clinn-I,, « l,,r|, |„. n-i-ncd in 1861, 
fromsyrniiailiy with thr .^..utli ; :i ml, dining the 

1865 he wa^ ncaKfd lu X.Y. to bccoTnc rector 
of the Chapel of the Holy S.iviuur. He was 
elected bishop of II I. in 1S.t4, but declined. 



ports «( t!:" ^1 


ipr-ni" <'"url 


"f N.C," 1820- 


6, 4 vt.K <-.'■ 


- , •■ 1 ii'j...,t 


of ;.ll the Cases 


Decidr.l ,: i: 




• ; " " Contribu- 


tions lu III' i. . 


ii,.,; Hi. 


-t ..(the U.S.," 2 


V0ls.(eM.i„;aH,, 


;\-.,,,Al.i.,:;n 


!\- V 1: -IVy,,! 


and its Monum. 


.•nts,"l.'<4'i: 




fession in the 1 


I'rotestant 1 




1850: "Historv 


•of N.C," J 


> ' ■ -- lie 


translatcil Itnv,. 


rn ,1n.l 'l^- '■::: 


;/. • \ 1 ,ii|t|l'< 


of Pen,,' 1 ■ 


1 


• nnl 


others.:, I 


-! \ , , 1 


, ■ 1 • : ■ ■ • ■ 1 - t -J ■ 


"Roman. • : 1 







phv," 18.'>n : viiih llrv. Wmi .S |^.,,^, ■.l.mr- 
naisof III- Inn t;,nK~ ..;;!,.. Vr. .]:,.. rhnrch 
in theU,S, l7.v-,-ls,-.;i," im;]; and ■' Dnr, Hist, 
of the Pr.-lCp. Church in the U.S." 1 Slj.'j ; and, 
under the pseudonyme of " Uncle Philip," 
several vols, of juvenile works for H.irper's 
"Boys' and Girls' Library." He compiled 
from" Perry's original notes and. journal the 
" Narrative of Com. Perry's Expeil. to the Chi- 
na Seas and Japan in 1852-4," 1856 ; and has 
contrib. to various periodicals. He was at the 
time of his death preparing a work on the An- 
cient Monuments of Central and Western Amer. 
and a physical geography. He was eminent 
for learning, piety, and eloquence ; member 
of the N.Y. Hist. Soc. ; vice-pres. of the Amer. 
Ethnol. Soc. 1855-9 ; vice-pres., and from 18.J5 
to 1861 pres., Amer. Geog. and Statist. Soc. — 



See the Hawks Memorial, by E. A. Diii/ckinck, 

Hawley, Gideom, missionary to the In- 
dians, b. Uiid-cport, Ct., Nov. 5, 1727; d. 
Karshpce, Oct. 3, 1807. Y.C. 1749. Ord. 
July 31, 1754. He began his mission at 
Stockbridge in Feb. 1752, and opened a school 
for Indian cliildien. His next field of useful- 
ness was Oughquauga on the Susquehanna, 
whither he went in June, 1753, remaining un- 
til the Frenih war began in May, 1756 ; wlicn 
he went to Boston, and was chaplain in Grid- 
ley's regt. in the exped. against Crown Point. 
From Apr. 10, 1758, to his d., he labored in the 
Marshpee Mission. He was well qualified for 
his work ; the dignity of his manner, and a 
voice of authority, giving him great influence 
with the Indians. He pub. in Hist. Colls, of 
Ms. Biog. and Topog. Anecdotes respecting 
Sandwich and Marshpee, and an interesting 
letter narrating his journey to Oughquauga. 

Hawley, Gideon, scholar, b. Huntington, 
Ct., 1783; d. Albany, 20 Aug. 1870. Un. 
Coll. 1809. Removed to Saratoga Co., N.Y., 
1794. Ailm. to the Albany bar in 1813; sec. 
ol the rc-tnts of the U. 1814-41 ; and a regent 
(.fthe Siniih>onian Inst. 1846-70. Thoroughly 
versed in litcnuure and science. He printed 
fur private distribution among his friends " Ks- 
says in Truth and Knowledge." 

Hawley, Major Joseph, an eminent 
statesman, b. Northampton, Ms., 1724 ; d. 
March 10, 1788. Y.C. 1742. He began public 
life as a preacher, but devoted himself to the 
law, and practised in Hampshire Co. many 
years with great reputation. Misting, for his 
legal attainments and political knoivledge, as 
well as for integrity. He was regarded as one 
of the ablest advocates of American liberty. 
Ilepealedly elected to the council, he steadily 
refused the office, preferring a seat in the H. 
of representatives, where, from 1764 to 1776, his 
patriotism and his bold and manly eloquence 
gave him a commanding position. He was a 
member of all the important committees of the 
time; was often chairman, sometimes prepar- 
ing the resolves offered ; and in 1770 was one 
of the com. of corresp. He was chairman of 
the com. of the Prov. Congress in Oct. 1774 
to consider the state of the country, &c. ; and 
was also a member of that hotly in 1775. He 
continued iu the Gen. Court till infirm health 
necessitated his retirement. From a violent 
opposer of the ecclesiastical measures of Jona- 
than Edwards, whose removal from Northamp- 
ton he had been active in eflfecting, he became 
liis warm advocate; and in 1760 wrote a 
remarkable letter deploring his part in the 
affair. 

Hawley, Joseph Roswell, journalist and 
politician, b. Richmond Co., N.C., 31 Oct. 
1826. Ham. Coll. 1847. At the age of 11 he 
went to Ct. ; established himself at Hartford 
in the practice of law in 1850; and in 1857 
connected himself with the Eveninr] Press, a 
Kepub. organ. Entering the 1st Ct. regt. in 
Apr. 1861, he was a capt. at Bull Run ; lieut.- 
col. 7ili Ct. regt. Sept. 186I,conig. after the 
promo, of Col. Terry ; at siege of Pulaski, 
I'oei taligo ; siege of Forts Wagner and Sum- 
ter ; com. a brigade at Olustee, Fla., in Feb. 



1864, and Army of the James in Va. ; at 
siege of Petersburg, Drury's Bluff, Deep Bot- 
tom, Deep Run, and Darbytown Road ; brig.- 
gen. 17 Sept. 1864; com. 2d brig. Terry's div. 
10th corps; afterward Terry's chief of staff in 
Va. ; brev. maj. -gen. Sept. 1865; gov. of Ct. 
1866-7 ; pres. Chicago Nat. Rcpub. Conv. 
June, 1868. Now (1871) edits Hartford 
Courant. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, author, b. July 
4, 1S04, at Salem, where his English ancestors 
settled early iu the 17th century ; d. Plymouth, 
N. H., May 19, 1864. Bowd. Coll. 1825. 
Feeble in health, he lived on a farm from his 
10th- year. After quitting coll., he resided 
many years in Salem. In 1832 he pub. in 
Boston an anonymous romance. In 1837 he 
coll. a number of his tales and sketches, and 
pub. them under the title of " Twice-told 
Tales," of which a second series appeared in 

1842. From 1838 until 1841 he was a weigher 
and ganger in the Boston Custom House. He 
afterward lived with the association at Brook 
Farm in West Ro.'ibury, Ms., — a community 
of literati and philosophers, who supported the 
freedom of a rural life by the independent 
labor of their hands, — of which he was one of 
the founders.. Before the expiration of a year, 
he returned to Boston, where he resided till 

1843, when he m., and took up his abode in the 
old manse at Con< ord, which adjoins the first 
battle-field of the Revol. In the Introd. to the 
"Mosses from an Old Manse," 1846, he has 
given an account of his life there. From 1846 
to 1850 he was surveyor of the port of Salem. 
Of this decayed old custom-house and its ven- 
erable inmates he gave a graphic and satirical 
sketch in the Introd. to " The Scarlet Letter," 
1850, a powerful romance of early New-Eng- 
land life, which greatly enhanced his reputa- 
tion. He then settled in Lenox, and wrote 
"The House of tlie Seven G.ibles," 1851. 
This was fill. .wed iu 18,i2 hy " The Blithedale 
Romance," in which, as he says, be has ven- 
tured to make free wiili his old and affeetion- 
tionately-remembered home at Brook Farm, as 
being certainly the most romantic episode of 
his own life. In 1852 he removed from Lenox 
to Concord. Having, during the presidential 
canvass of 1852, pub. a Life of his coll. friend 
Franklin Pierce, the latter in 1853 app. him 
to one of the most lucrative posts in his gift, — 
the U.S. consulate at Liverpool. This he re- 
signed in 1857, and travelled in Europe two 
years. His other writings are, " True Stories 
■from History and Biographv," 1851; "The 
Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys," 1851 ; 
" The Snow Image and other Twice-told 
Tales," 1852; and '' Tanglewood Tales," 1853. 
In 1845 he edited " The Journal of an African 
Cruiser," from the MSS. of Lieut. Horatio 
Bridge. In 1860 he pub. " The Marble Faun." 
His last work, " Our Old Home," 1863, was a 
collection of sketches of English scenery and 
life, first pub. in the Atlantic ilontlih/. Since 
his death, " Passages from his Amcr. and Eng- 
lish Note-Books" have been pub. in 4 vols., 
and a complete edition of his works in 18 vols., 
by Ticknor & Fields, Boston. 

Hay, George, jurist, d. Richmond, Sept. 
1830. Uisting. in the Va. legisl. ; many years 



IL^Y 



U.S. attv., in which capacity he was the prose- 
cutor of' Aaron Burr, anil afterward jud-o of 
tlio U.S. Court for the Eastern Uist. of Va. His 
wif>; was the dau. of I'res. Monro-. His polit- 
ical writing;?, si^'ned " Hortensius," gave him 
some celebrity. He wrote a treatise against 
the Usury Laws, " Life of John Thompson," 
and a treatise on Emigration, 1814. 

Hay, John, poet and journalist, b. Salem, 
Ind., 8 Oct. 1839. B. U. 1858. Son of Dr. 
pioneers. 
Studied 



%i 



' /ir/y J^^ '° Springfield, III., with Logan & Hay 
'* mediately on being 






tlio bar, accomp. 
I (ISCI ), remain- 
y until his d., first 
■i ■■\iV\ and aide-dc- 

ni i I ;. iH. Hunter 

, I't' col. and 

;, ,.: rarisl865- 

i Icu7-S ; sec. of 

Nov. 



Pres. Lincoln to W: 
ing with him almost coii«faiitly unri 
as assist, sec., and aftcrwnni-n-i nHj 
camp; served some up i*!!- mni i i 
and Gillmore, attain 

assist, adj.-gen. ; see,' : 

7; dumje-d'qff-ahr.s M \iviiaa U.; 
legation at Madrid 1SG9-70; and 
1870 has been assoc. editorially with the N.Y. 
Tribune. His parents have resided in Warsaw, 
HI., since 1841. Three bros. and two bros.-in- 
law were officers in the war for the Union. He 
has pub. (J. R. Osgood & Co.) "Pike Coimty 
Ballads," and "Castilian Days," studies of 
Spanish life and character. 

Hayes, AuousTns Allem, M.D., chemist, 
b. Wind.^or, Vt., Feb. 28, 1806. Milit. Acad., 
Norwich, Vt., 1823. He studied chemistry im- 
der Dr J. F. Dana. In 1825 he discovered the 
organic alkaloid san»uinaria, remarkable for 
the briUiant colors of its salts. In 1827, while 
assist, prof, of chemistry in the N.H. Med. Coll., 
he investigated th" < riirii.nnTr-'; nf r-lim-ninm ; 
and his paper on till- ■ • ', , i' , 



" Cast away in the Cold," first appeared in 
Our Young Folks. — Thomn.^. 

Hayes, Rutherford Birchaud, b. Dela- 
ware, U., Oct. 4, 1822. Ken. Coll. 1842; Camb. 
Law School, 1845. He practised law at Cincin- 
nati, where he was city solic. 1 858-61 ; was maj. 
and afterwards col. 23d Ohio regt., sen-ing in 
W. Va. ; was wounded at South Mountain ; 
25 Dec. 1862 to Sept. 1864 com. the 1st brig. 
Kenawha division ; led this div., and was made 
brig.-gen. Oct. 19, 1864, for Winchester, Fisher's 
Hill, and Cedar Creek ; and, 13 Mar. 1 865, brev. 
ma,i-gen. ; M.C. 1 865-8 ; gov. of Ohio since 1 868. 

Hayne, Arthdr P., soldier and statesman, 
b. Charleston, S.C, March 12, 1790; d. there 
7 Jan. 1867. Grand-nephew of Col. Isaac, bro. 
of Robert Y. He received a good education, 
and entered a counting-house, but joined the 
army in the war of 1812; was 1st licut. at 
Sacicett's Harbor; maj. of cavalry on the St. 
Lawrence ; insp.-gen. in the Creek Nation ; 
and was at the storming of Pensaeola and the 
battle of N. Orleans. He was in com. of the 
Tcnn. vols, in the Fla. war, but retired from 
the army in 1 820. He was adm. to the bar in 
Pa; subsequently served in the S.C. legisl.; and 
in 1858 was app! U.S. senator. 

Hayne, Coi.. Is.vac, Rcvol. patriot, b. S.C. 
1745; d <'h;iri- ton, Sr,,4 An- 1781. He 
m. in ITir-, :i'i ' h-.' in.- :• ' 
session - i ; i ' [ : 



andaiir.'p,. -, .. ■ .. i^^ 
dist., aftfi»auiae^ir.n._.l 
of art. in 1780, and State si 
cr at the capture of Charle 
returned home, engaein; 



• ;■ 'It large pos- 
:.nd Colleton, 
.''niorks in York 
.eLiiitish. Capt. 
)r. Made prison- 
12 May, 1780. he 
t to bear arms. 

nrms as a Brit- 



Dr. Ila 



an I ; I' of colors and chemical prod- 

\i : ': I .. Ali. ; of consulting chemist or 
dn i ; n; -ni nt the most important dyeing, 
bleaiiiin.', -a-, non and copper smelting estal)- 
liilinients in N.England; and State assayer of 
Ms. In 1837 his investigations upon thceconom- 
iral generation of steam, and the relative value of 
fuels, led in 1838 to a new arrangement of steam 
boilers, now in general use. Ho has also made 
i)n]iortant improvements in refining iron and 
copper. Among his important researches are 
those in relation to the chemical decomposition 
of alcohol, upon the action of alcohol upon the 
human system, and a memoir on the chemical 
a. n'oTi of sea-waters, undertaken under a com- 
1 li- i I I iV'^ni ili navy dept. to examine and re- 
Ill, I : of'copper and copper sheath- 
ill J : III lie construction of national 
vr,,-, :- li hai contrib. to the Proceed- 
ings of Several scientific bodies, the .Journal 
of Science, and the Annual of Scientific Dis- 
cover//. 

Hayes, Is.vac I., explorpr, b. Chester Co., 
Pa., 1832. M.D. (U. of Pa ) 1853. In this 
year he accomp. Dr. Kane's exped., which, 
after great suffering, returned in the fall of 
1855. His "Arctic Boat Jonrnev" (Boston, 
1860) narrates this exped. In 1860 he led a 
second exped. to the arctic regions, and re- 
turned in the autumn of 1861. His storv. 



I Hi-:;, m I. -r, 1 ii - ii i i , i ■ ] i< i \ , ■ n ■ \m a; I n . t'harleston, 
wucre, in violation ol Ins capitulation, he was 
required to take arms in support of the Royal 
Govt., or be stibjected to close confinement. On 
being assured that he would not he required 
to bear arms against his r.mntry, lii- ijnid a 
decl. of allegiance to the kl I! ! ' md 

home only to find his wife i • of 

his children dead. After th i i i i iic 

had left to the Britiih nolii; ' ii i .n, 

Hayne was summoned to ,r.ly 

to the British standard. I i ii-la- 

tion of his agreement, and c im- ., ■ ii:[ i. jras- 
inghim from all obligation ol its observance on 
his part, he hastened to the Amcr. camp ; was 
commissioned a col. of militia, and in July, 1781, 
captured Gen. Williamson, a Scotchman who 
had gone over to the Briti.^li IT i\iii k ;- non 
after captured, andconfin'il i , i , u n i ii;il 
the arrival of Lord Rawilm i; :: . ..ni- 

mandcr. Condemned by an it nt in.|niry 
to be hanged, the citizens and ladies of ( harles- 
ton united in petitioning for his pardon : but 
Rawdon and Balfour were inexorable; and a 
respite of 4S hours only was allowed him in 
which to - 1 :;n 1 t.ik Irave of his children. 
Thisnni'i ' I ■ execution greatly ex- 

asperatiil A : i ■, The conduct of Raw- 
don anil i;,il!iiii- I-. ii.il the greatest indig- 
nation ; and Gen. Greene issued a proclamation, 
Aug. 26, announcing his determination to make 
reprisals. The subject was discussed in the 



y^J, yht^'ih 



>. 



/re/ 



HA.Y 



421 



IIA.Y 



British Parliament. — See Lord liaution's pam- 
phlet in justification of his conduct, and a criticism 
upon it in the Soutliern Review for Feb. 1828; 
al^o Lee's Memoirs, ii. 252-74; Ramsay, i. 
453-60. 

Hayne, Paul II., poet, nuphew of Gov. E. 
Y. Hayne, 1). Charleston, S.Cf., Jan 1, 1831. 
Son of Lieut. H. of the navv. He was educat- 
ed in Charleston, and has hecn a frequent con- 
tributor to the South, l.il. Mfuxcmier and otlier 
periodicals. He was editor of the Clmrie^ton 
Lit. Ga:(tle, was connected with the Evening 
Niws, and, since the beginning of 1857, princi- 
pal editor of Russell's Magazine. A vol. of 
his poems was issued in Boston in 1854, a 2d 
in N.Y. 1857, .and a 3d, entitled " Avolio and 
other Poems," in Dec. 1859. His longest poem 
is entitled " The Temptation of Venus, a 
Monkish Legend." 

Hayne, HoBERT Young, statesman, b. 
near Charleston, Nov. 10, 1791 ; d. Asheville, 
N.C., Sept. 24, 1839. Grand-iicpliew of Col. 
Isaac Hayne. With hut a limited education, 
at the age of 17 he entered the lawK)ffiee of 
Langdon Cheves, and was ndm. to the bar in 
1S12. Upon the election of Mr. Cheves to 
Congress, he siicceedeil to his larje praciiee. 
He was in O.t. \f.\A rhv.-vn a number of the 



deba 



er; bci 



tlic pro!< 



ths 



er. In a [lowerful s|jcech 
lie first took the ground 
It the constitutional riglit 






Ot protecting Uonn-! ■ :: n'H : 'ir-- I'l I 

speech onMr. Cl:i\ '■ I 

to declare and defeii.l ..; i ,,,,_.- ;,, ,,_,it ; 
a State under the lc.U..il iui,i|,.n i t.j aiiv.-t ;,.c 
operation of a law wbii li slie considered un- 
constitutional. This doctrine led to the cele- 
brated debate between Mr. Welistcr and him- 
self, in wliich the eloquence and argumenta- 
tive powers of both statesmen were displayed 
to their fullest extent. His course in "the 
senate rendered him exceedingly popular at 
home; and he was a meiiiber of the conven- 
tion convoked by the Icgisl. (Nov. 24, 1832) 
for the purpose of reviewing the obnoxious 
tariff acts of Congress. The celebrated ordi- 
ance of nullification, the resolt of their labors, 
was reported to that body by Mr. Hayne as 
chairman of the com. to which the subject had 
been referred. In Dec. he was elected gov. of 
the State, and resigned his seat in the senate. 
Pies. Jackson issued a proclamation, denoun- 
cin'_' these proceedings of S.C: bntGov. Hayne 
stood firm ; and S.C. prepared for armed re- 
sistance. The threatened danger was arrested 
by the passage in Congress of a compromise 
act. In 1834 he was elected mayor of Charles- 
ton ; In 1837 pres. of the Charleston, Louis- 
ville, and Cincinnati Railroadi- Co. Besides 
his able and eloquent speeches in the senate, 
he was the author of the papers in tlic old South- 
ern Review on improvement of the navy, and 



the vindication of his relative. Col Havne. — 
See Life and S/ieeches of R. Y. Hajne, l'845. 

Haynes, John, statesman, b. Copford 
Hall, Essex, Eng.; d. Mar. 1, 1654. He ar- 
rived, 3 Sept., 1633, in Bo.ston with Rev. Mr. 
Hooker; was in 1634 and 1636 an assist., and 
in 1635 gov. of Ms. In 1637 he was prominent 
among the founders of Ct. ; was chosen its 
first gov. in 1639, and every alternate year 
afterward till his death. He was one of the 
five who in 1038 drew up a written constitution 
for the Colony, the first ever formed in Anier., 
and which enibodics the main points of all our 
subsequent State constitutions and of the Fed- 
eral Constitution. Bancroft speaks of him as a 
man " of large estate, and larger affections ; of 
heavenly mind, and spotless life; of rare saga- 
city, and accurate but unassuming judgment ; 
by nature tolerant, and a friend to freedom ; an 
able legislator; and dear to the people by his 
benevolent virtues and his disinterested eon- 
duct." Few, if any, did as much as he for the 
true interests of the Colony of Ct. He was 
cue of the best educated of the early settlers 
of this country. His son Joseph was the 
minister of the First Church In Hartford from 
1664 to his d., May 24, 1679, a. 38. II.U. 
1658. 

Haynes, Lemcei,, a colored preacher, h. 
W. Hartlbrd, Ct., July 18, 1753 ; d. GraMvi!le. 
N.Y,28Sept. 1833. His father was lilack, and 
his mother was white. He was well treated, 
and carefully instructed by his ma-ter in re- 
ligion ; was a faithful servant ; and superin- 
tended most of his master's business. In 1774 
ho enlisted as a rainute-man ; In 1775 joined 
the army at Roxbury ; in 1776 was a vol. in 
the exped. to TIcondcroga, after whii-h he re- 
turned to Granville, where he labored on a 
firm ICx-iMV"..' iiftnr evening he plied his 

I 1 • i.i.-"o. In 1780 he was 

. ;, 1 i .-. years in Granville; 

w.i.uia iiilTo.j, |i,^.itlied 2yearsin Torrlng- 
furil ; was then called to a parish in Rutland, 
where he continued 30 vears ; and afterward 
labored in Manchester and in Granville, NY., 
from 1822 rill his death. A Memoir of him 
has lieen published by Rev. Dr. Cooley. 

HaJ'S, Alexander, brev. maj.-gen. vols., 
b. Pitt.shurg, Pa., 1820 ; killed in battle of 
Wilderness, Va., May 5, 1864. West Point, 
1844. Entering the 4th Inf., he was brev. l.st 
lieut. for gallantry at Palo Alto and Resacade 
la Palma; was acting assist, adj.-gen. to Gen. 
Lane, and distiug. under him; resigned Apr. 12, 
1848, -ond became an Iron manuf. at Venango, 
Pa. May 14, 1861, he was app eapt. 16th 
Inf ; beeanic col. 63d Pa. vols, and brig.-gen., 
Sept. 29, 1862. He gallantly participated in 
the battles of Seven Pines and Fair Oaks; 
brev. maj. May 31, 1862; distin-. biniself in 
the seven-days' contests : and June 30 was brev. 
lieut.-col. for gallantry at Glendale and Mal- 
vern Hill; severely wounded at Manasass 
Aug. 30; wounded and made prisoner at the 
battle of Chanecllorsville, May 2, 1863 ; at the 
battle of Gettysburg, he com. the 3d divis- 
ion of his corps ; and, when Hancock was 
wounded, was temporarily its com. He led his 
division at Auburn, Bristow's Station, and 



422 



Mine Run. His last com. was the 2d brigade, 
3d division, of Haneoclt's (2d) corps ; brev. col. 
for Gettysburg ; brev. maj.-gen. vols. 5 May, 
1864, for battle of Wilderness. 

Hays, Is.\AC, M.D.,b.Phila. 1796. U.of 
Pa. 1816. M.D. 1820. Editor of Wilson's 
" Amer. Ornithology," 8vo, 1828; Hoblyns 
" Med. Diet." 1846 ; •' Lawrence on the Eye," 
8vo, 1847; Arnott's " Physics," 8vo, 1848; 
the Amer. Juur. of Med. Science from its com- 
nuMK'enH'nt in 1827 to tlie present time ; Phila. 
.lunr. of Mcil. and Phi/s., vol. 4 ; and contribs. 
to Trans. Ainer. Phil. Soc. — Allibone. 

Hays, Jacob, high constable of N.Y. for 
nearly M years, and one of the most efficient 
police-officers ever known; b. New Rochelle, 
N.Y., in 1772; d. N.Y. June 21, IS.'JO. He 
received an nppt. in the city police in 1801, 
and was several years sergeant-at-arms of the 
board of aldermen, and cricr of the Court of 
Sessions. It is said that he never forgot tlio 
countenance of any one to whom his attention 

Hays, William Jacob, painter, grandson 
of Jacol) Hays, b. NY. in 1830. He studied 
drawing with John Rubens Smith, and in 1850 
exhibited his first picture, " Dogs in a P'ield," 
at the Nat. Acad, of Design, liis " Head of 
a Bulldog," painted in IS52, attracted consider- 
able attention ; and in the same year he was 
elected an associate of the acad. Some of his 
pictures of do^'S and game-birds have been 
engraved. His"" Setters and Game," " Herd 
on the Move," •' The Stampede," " Strawber- 
ries," and " Flowers," and " Noah'.s Head," 
are among his best pieces. With the exception 
of a few fruit-pieces, ho has painted almost ex- 
clusively animals. His pieces are carefully 
elaborated. 

Hayward, George, M.D. (IT. of Pa. 
1812), phvsiciau and surgion of Boston, b. 
Mar. 9, 1791 ; d. Oct. 7, 186,3. 11 U. 180'J. 
Son of Dr. Lemuel; prof, clinlcnl surgery, 
H.U., 1835-49; pres. Ms. Med. Society ; mem- 
ber of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. Author 
of " Outlines of Phvslologv," 1834 ; " Surgical 
Reports and Misc. Papers," 12mo, 18.5.5. 

Hayward, John, b. Jan. 1781 ; d. Boston, 
Oct. 13, 1869. Has pub. " View of the U S.," 
8vo, 1833; "Religious Creeds," 12mo, 1837; 
■' N. Eng. Gazetteer," 8vo, 1839; "Book of 
Religions," 12Tno, 1842; " U. S. Gazetteer," 
8vo, 1843; "Gazetteers of Ms., N. H., and 
Vt.," 1849. 

Hayward, Lemuel, M.D., physician, b. 
Braintree, Ms., Mar. 22, 1749; d." Mar. 20, 
1821. H.U.1768. In 1769 he came to Boston, 
and studied under Dr. Josejih Wai ren. Estab- 
lishing himself at Jamaica Plain, he soon ac- 
quired a lucrative practice. In June, 177.5, he 
was app. a surgeon in the army. He removed 
to Boston in 1783, and, until his withdrawal 
to the country in 1798, had a very considerable 



Thackr.r, 

Hayward, Nathaniel, inventor and 
manuf., b. Easton, Ct., 1808; d. Colchester, 
Ct., July 18, 1865. In 1837 ho discovered the 
process of combining rubber-gum with sulphur, 
the beginning of thcsuccessful manuf.of rubber- 
cloth. He sold this discovery to Charles Good- 
year in 1838, who patented it. In 1843 ho in- 



vented the process of vulcanizing rubber, and 
in that year made the first shoes made from 
sheet-rubber at Woburn. He soon after dis- 
covered a method for giving them a high polish; 
and in 1847 established the Hayward Rubber 
Co. at Colchester. He was active in works of 
benevolence and utility. 

Hayward, Thomas, Jun., a signer of the 
Decl. of Indep., b. St. Luke's Parish, S C, 
1746; d. March, 1809. Son of Col. Daniel, 
a wealthy planter. Studied law at the Temple 
in London ; spent some years in a tour of 
Europe; and on his return m. a Miss Mat- 
thews, and commenced practice. He was an 
early opponent of British oppression, a leader 
of the Revol. movements in South Carolina, 
and a member of the first Gen. A.sseniljly 
organized alter the abdication of the colonial 
gov., as well as of the first com. of safety 
there; was a delegate to Congress from 1775 
to 1778, when he was appointed judge o( tlio 
Criminal and Civil Court of S.C. He also held 
a military com ; was in active service, and in a 
skirmish at Beaufort in 1780 received a gun- 
shot wound, the mark of which he bore for 
life. He was captured at Charleston, May 12, 
1780; was one year a prisoner at St. Augus- 
tine. He resumed his judicial duties in 1781 ; 
was elected to the convention which framed the 
constitution of the State in 1790; and in 1799 
retired from public life. 

HavWOOd, JoH.N, jurist, of Halifax Co., 
N.C. 'State atty.gen. 1791-4; judge of the 
Superior Court,' 1794-1800 ; earliest reporter 
of the decisions of the N. C. Court. Ho re- 
moved to Tenn. ab. 1810. Author of " A 
Manual of the Laws of N.C," 8vo, Raleigh, 
1801 ; " Haywood's Justice ; " " N. Carol. Re- 
ports," 1789-1806 ; " Public Acts of N.C. and 
Tenn.," Nashville, 4to, 1810; "Tenn. Reports, 
1816-18," 3 vols. 8vo, 1818; " Statute Laws of 
Tenn." (with R. L. Cobbs), 8vo, 1831 ; "Nat- 
ural Hist, of Tenn.," 8vo, 1823; and "Civil 
Hist, of Tenn.," 8vo, 1823. — IF/-ee/«-. 

Hazard, Ebenezer, U.S. poslmastcr-gen. 
1782-9, b. Phlla. 1745 ; d. there June 1.3, 1817. 
N. J. Coll. 1762. He pub. " Historical Collec- 
tions," 2 vols. 4to, 1792-4; and " Remarks on 
a Report Coucerning Western Indians." 

Hazard, Rowund Gibson, b. So. Kings- , 
ton, U.I., 1801. A.M. of B.U. 1845. An ^ 
extensive mauuf.at Peaeedale, R.I. Author 
of "Language, its Connection with the Con- 
stitution .and Prospects of Man," Prov. 1836 ; 
" Two Letters on Causation," &c., 1869. He 
has also pub. several pamphlets (1841-8) upon 
Public Schools, Railroads, &c. 

Hazard, Samuel, archaeologist, b. Phila. 
May 26, 1784; d. there 22 May, 1870. Son 
of Ebenezer. His early lite wa-; spent in mer- 
cantile and commercial pursuit, ; mi, I lir bad 
made several voyages to tli' Imii,^ Im r,.io be 
■y career. 



of Pennsylv.,' 


' 1828-36, 16 vols. »vo ; " U. S. 


Commercial a 


nd Statistical Register," 18.i9-t2, 


6 vols. Svo ; ' 


' Annals of Pa, 1609-82," Svo, 


1850; " Penr 


isylv. Archives," 1682-1790, 12 



Hazard, Samuel F.capt. U.S.N., b. New- 
port, R.I., 1811; d. there 16 Jan. 1867. Son of 
Nathl. (M.C. 1819-21 ; d. Washington 17 Dec. 



1829). Midslupm. 1 Jan. 1823; lieut. 9 Feb. 
18-)7; com. U Sept. 1855; capt. 16 July, 18IJ2. 
Assisted at the capture of Tabasco in the Mex. 
war; com. W Gulf block, squad. 1862; steam- 
sloop "Oneida," 1863. 

Hazard, Thomas R., of Vaucluse, R.I., 
b. South Kin-ston, 1784; brc of R. G. H. 
Author of " Fiicis for the Laboring Man," 1340 ; 
essay on " Capital Punishment," 1830; " Re- 
port on the Poor and Insane of ilio State," IS50; 
"Handbook of the American Party," 1856; 
"Appeal to the People of R.I.," 8vo, 1857. — 
AllilLc. 

Hazelius, Eknest Lewis, D.D. (Col. Coll. 
1824), Lutheran pastor; d. 1853. Prof. Theol. 
Sem., Lexington, S.C. Author of " Lilc of 
Luther," N.Y. 1813 ; " Life of Stillin-," 1831 ; 
"Augsburg Confession, with .AiiiiMt.itidus : " 
Emin/ilisr/ies Mnyazin, 18.!l ; '■ .Miitri i:[]s for 
Catechisation," 1823; " Chun h History," 4 
vols. ; " History of the Lutheran Church in 
America," 1846. 

Hazen, Moses, brig.-gen. Revol. arniv, b. 
naverliill, Ms., 1 733 ; d. Troy, N.Y., 3 Feb. 1803. 
A lieut. in the expeds. against Crown Point 
in 1 756, and Louiiburg in 1 758 ; accomp. Wolfe 
to Quebec in 1759, and disting. himself near 
that city in an affair with the ]?rench, and in 
the battle of Sillery, 28 April, 1760. He was 
rewarded for his services with a lieutenancy 
_(44th Foot) in Feb. 1761. He was on half-pay 
in the British army, and was a man of wealth, 
residing near St. John when the Revol. war 
broke out, and furnished supplies, and rendered 
other aid, to the army of Montgomery in his 
expcd. against Quebec. His property was de- 
stroyed by the British ; and, besides indemnity 
therefor. Congress, in Jan. 1776, app. him col. 
of the 2d Canadian rogt. known as " Congress's 
Ov.'n." Ho was in the battles of Brandywino 
and German town, and performed efficient ser- 
vice during the whole war. Made brig.-gcn. 29 
June, 1781. After the war, Gen. Hazen and his 
two bros., both of whom held commands in the 
army, emig. to Vt., and located there ; the land 
granted for valuable services. He afterward 
settled at Alb.any. 

Hazen, William Babcock, brev. maj.- 
,.,gen. U.S.A., b. West Hartford, Vt., Sept. 27, 
lLj830^ West Point, 1855. A descendant of Gen. 
Moses Hazen. His parents removed to Huron, 
/fe/fr,Portage Co., O., in 1833. The sons and a 
/ grandson were officers in the Union army. En- 
^ toring the 8th Inf., he served with tlio 4th 
against Indians in California and Oregon 
in 1856-7. In April, 1857, he joined the 8th in 
Texas ; com. successfully in five tights, until, in 
Dec. 1 859, in a hand-to-hand contest with the Co- 
manches, he was severely wounded, and was 
npon four occasions complimented in General 
Orders. In Feb. 1861 he was app. assist, prof, 
inf. tactics at W. Point; 1st lieut. Apr. 6, 1861 ; 
May 14, 1861, he was made capt. Taking com. 
of the 41st Ohio regt., he joined, in Dec. 1861, 
the force at Louisville under Gen. Buell ; Jan. 
6, 1862, he took com. of the 19th Brigade. At 
the battle of Shiloh he acted a conspicuous part ; 
was with Halleck in the operations at Corinth ; 
in Buell's campaign in Northern Mpi. and Ala. ; 
drove the rebels from Danville, Ky., Oct. 12, 
1 862 ; and took an important part in the battle 






of Stone River, protecting the left of the army 
from being turned under simultaneous attacks 
in front and flank; brig.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; 
com. a brigade in the operations which resulted 
in the battle of Chickamauga ; and " by an ad- 
mirably-executed coup," on the morning of Oct. 
27, at Brown's Ferry, deprived the rebels of the 
fruits of that battle, and enabled the army at 
Chattanooga to receive its supplies at Bridge- 
port. At Mission. Ridge he took 18 pieces of 
art. He served through the Atlanta campaign ; 
and, in Sherman's march to the sea, com. the 
2d div. 15th corps, with which he assaulted and 
captured Fort McAllister, Dec. 13, 1864, for 
which he was promoted ; and May 19, 1 805, 
was app. to com. the 15th corps; maj -gen. 
vols. 13 Dec. 1864 ; engaged at Bentonville 21 
Mar. 1865, and in the operations ending with 
Johnston's surrender. Brev. maj. for Chicka- 
mauga, lieut.-col. for Chattanooga, col. for cap- 
ture of Atlanta, brig.-gen. for capture of Ft. Mc- 
Allister, and maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. 
Col. 6th Inf. 28 July, 1 866. — Reid's Ohio in the 
War. 

Head, Sir Edmund Walker, gov.-gen. 
of Canada 1854-61, b. Maidstone, Kent, Eng., 
1S05; d. Lond. Jan. 28, 1863. Son of Rev. 
Sir John Head, whom he succeeded in the bar- 
onetcy in 1 838. Educated at Winchester and 
Oxford, bfecoming a fellow of Merton Coll. in 
1830 ; and was 5" years a tutor there. Ho was 
a poor-law commissioner ; in 1 847-54 was gov. 
of New Brunswick; was in 1863 made a civil- 
service commissioner; and in 1857 was made 
a privy councillor. His writings are " Shall 
and Will," a discussion of the controversy in 
grammar; "A Handbook of Spanish Paint- 
ing ; " and " The Temple of Serapis at Poz- 
zuoli." 

Head, Sir Francis Bond, an English au- 
thor, b. near Rochester, Kent, 1 Jan. 1793. 
While an officer of engineers, he received from 
a mining-company an invitation to explore the 
gold and silver mines of S. America between 
Buenos Ayres and the Andes. He arrived in 
Buenos AVres in 1825, and accomplished the 
work in a short time. His " Rough Notes," 
pub. after his return to Eng., give a graphic 
description of his expcd. In Nov. 1835, he 
was app. gov. of Upper Canada. His inju- 
dicious measures resulted in an insurrection, 
which he kept in check until his resignation in 
March, 1838, but which was not quelled until 
the arrival of his successor. Sir George Arthur. 
Created a baronet in 1838. After his return 
home, he pub. a narrative in justification of the 
measures he had taken against the insurgents. 
He is widely kno^vn as an author by his " Bubbles 
from the Brunnen of Nassau," " Life of Bruce," 
" Fagot of French Sticks," and " Fortnight in 
Ireland." His bro.,Sir George Head (1782- 
May 2, 1855), an officer of the Peninsular ^var, 
is best known as an author by his " Forest 
Scenes and Incidents in the Wilds of North 
America," 1829. He was sent to Lake Huron 
in 1814 to superintend the commissariat duties 
of a proposed naval establishment on the Cana- 
dian lakes. 

Headley, Joel Tvler, author, b. Wal- 
ton, Del. Co., N.Y., Dec. 30, 1814. Un. Col. 
1839. He studied at Auburn Theol. Sem ; was 



ISTEA. 



licensed to preach in N.Y.; 
a pastor at Stoekbriilgc, .M< 
health to abandon his pnil' • 
Europe in 1842-3, and mi l;i 
ters from Italy " and " ' 
Rhii - 



tains; " " Washington and his Generals." 1847; 
Lives of Cromwell, Winfield Scott, Jackson, 
and Washington ; "Adirondack, or Life in the 
Woods," 1849 ; " The Imperial Guard of Na- 
poleon from Marengo to Waterloo," 1852, 
founded on the work of E. M. de St. Hilairc ; 
" A History of the Second War between Eng. 
and the U.S.," 1853; "Sacred Scenes and 
Characters;" "Life of Gen. Havclock," 1859; 
"The Chnplains nnd ri,T-y of t!ii> devolu- 
tion," Isdl. A iiiiil'oviii c^ilion ol' his works 



duru-, (ill tli<.- iliiM-.iii. in IS. ,4 iir Hiis arepre- 
sentatiio iu llir >.'.Y. leyi=l., and in lSJG-7 was 
sec. of that State. 

Headley, Kkv. PiuNE-is Camp, bro. of 
J. T., b. Walton, N.Y., June 24, 1819. Author 
of " Women of the Bible," 1850 ; " Life of Jo- 
sephine," 1850; "Life of Lafayette," 1855; 
"Life of Kossuth," 1852; "Life of Mary, 
Queen of Scots," 1 85G ; and a " Series of Boys' 
Lives i.f Heroes of the War." Contrib. to pe- 
rk„lir:,!.,,— .l//,7„„ir. 

Healy, Glorge Peter Alexander, 
painter, i.. Duston, 15 July, 1813. He began 
painting in Boston in 1831 ; went to Paris in 
1 834 ; remained there several years ; and has 
since 1853 resided in Chicago. Among the 
portraits executed by him abroad are Louis 
Philippe, Marshal Soult, Gen. Cass, &c. At 
home he has painted, among others, Calhoun, 
Webster, Pierce, and Buelianan. His histori- 
cal picture, " Welistcr's K.iilv to Ilavue," com- 



plc 



hil.i 



of the American Colonies lielore Louis XVI., 
for which he received a medal of the 2d class. 

Hearne, Samuel, an English traveller, 
b. London. 1745; d. 1792. A midsliipmnn in 
the navy in 1756-63; he afterward entered the 
service of the Hudson's Bay Co., for whom in 
1768-70 he made three voyages of exploration 
iu the north-west. July 15, 1771, he began his 
survey of the Coppermine Kiver, which he 
reached after a journey on loot of nearly 1,300 
miles ; [irorcedcd as far as the Slave Lake, en- 
countering (;reat hardships, and June 30, 1772, 
arrived at Prince of Wales Fort, after suffer- 



4to, 1795. Hearne was a mail of profound 
observation, of a benevolent and enlightened 

Heath, Lvman, vocalist and hallad-com- 
poser, b. Bow, N.H., 24 Aug. 1804 ; d. Nashua, 
N.H., 30 June, 1870. He taught music and 
gave concerts for 45 years, and was the auihur 
of " The Grave of Ijonapartc," " Burial of 
Mrs. Judson," and other popular pieces. 

Heath, William, mnj -gen. Kevol. armv, 
b. Koxliury, Mar. 2, 1737 ; d. there Jan. 24. 
1814. His father William, a farmer, occu]]ied 
the estate settled by his ancestor in 1636. 
Though bred a farmer, he was fond of military 
exercises, and, joining the Ancient and Hon. 
Art. Company, was made com. in 1770. Ho 
had been previously made a i-npt in iIm- Suf- 
folk re^t., of which he was air. >i. -. . ■ ! 1 

col. In 1770 he wrote snn.liv - , , , I; . - 

ton newspaper, signed "A .M. !,( . i i. 

man," on the importance of nnlu.u i <ii.« ipiiiR-, 
and skill in the use of arms. He was a repre- 
sentative in 1761 and 1771-4; was a member 
of the committees of corresp. and of safety ; 
and a delegate to the Prov. Congress iu 1774- 
5. He was app. a prov. brig, early in 1775; 
maj.-;;en. June 20; brig.-gen. on the continen- 
tal establishment June 22, 1775 ; and maj.-gen. 
Au-. 9. 1776. lie rendered LMval scrvire in 
the^pni-suit of the Briiish tn".|- H-n < '"n- 
cord, April 19, 1775, and in .n-mii/ni- ihr rn.le 



of the year, was ordered to tak. 
posts in the Hi;;hlands. In Ji 
was ordered to the com. on the 
Julv, 1780, he repaired to U.I. e 
ot fhe French lovees, s«bsc(inci.t 
llie lli-lilands; and at llie rl,,~ 



judue of ]nol.ate lor Nurlolk Co. in 17U3; 
and in 1806 was chosen lieut.-gov., but declined 
the office. He pub. in 1798 "Memoirs" 
written bv hiuiselt. 

Hebert, Paul 0., gen C.S.A., b. La. 
West Point (tir.tin his class). 1S411. 1 nt.r- 



West : 



lied 



of La. from 184.o 



in this journey he 
shore of N. America, and stood on the borders 
of the " Hyperborean Sea." He received the 
thanks of the H. B. Co., and a handsome 
gratuity; established Cumberland Factory in 
the interior in 1774; became gov. of the Prince 
of Wales Fort in 1775, and was made prisoner 
upon its capture by La Pcrouse in 1782; re- 
turning to Eng. in 1787. After his death, his 
"Journey from the Prince of Wales Fort in 
Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean," with a 
preface refuting the charges of Dalrymple as 
to the correctness of his latitudes, was pub., 



Pea Ri,l-e, M:ir, '.t. Isi,.'. 

Hecker, Fiin.i.uicn Karl Franz, a Re- 
puli. politician, b. i:irlii.nslieiin, Baden, Sept. 
28, 1811. He jiraetised law in Manhcim from 
1838 until elected to the second chamlier of 
Baden in 1842. In the diet of 184R-7 Herker 
opposed the liberal ministry of Bikk ; joined 
the socialist Struve ; and in (he chamber was 
the leader of the extreme left; member of the 
Prov. Frankfort Parliament; took part with 
Struve in the insurrection of April in the 



425 



HKI 



south of Baden ; and after their defeat at Kau- 
dcrii fl«l to Switzerland, where he established 
a radical journal, the Vutksfreund. He came 
to America in Sept. 1848, and settled as a farm- 
er in Belleville, 111. In 1856 he took an 
active part in politics by delivering public 
speeches in various parts of the Union in favor 
of Fremont, and in the contest of 1860 was an 
ardent supporter of Mr. Lincoln. Col. 1st 
German Id. re-t. in 1861. 

Heoker, Is.iac Thomas, clergyman, b. 
New York, Dec. 18, 181',). He was connected 
inbnsin."ili i^' wiili lii< brothers, who were 
engagiil I : ; . . I ikinL;. He s|)cnt the 
summer -ill .V^sociatiun at Brook 

Farm in Wit i; •■. i_v, Ms., and afterward 
joined the coinmuiiitv 'known as the " Con- 
sociatc Family," at Fruiilands, in Worcester 
Co., Ms. Returning to N.Y. in ISW, he be- 
came a Rom. Cath., and after a novitiate at 
St. Frou.l, Bel-iuni, was adin. to the order of 
the Most Holy Rcdeciucr in 1847. Ord. priest 
in Lond. by Cardinal Wiseman, he passed 2 



years 



returned 



to N.Y. in 1831, and during 7 years was em- 
ployed in missionary labors in various parts 
of the U.S. Visiting Rome in 1857 he was 
released bv the piipe from his connection with 
the RedcmptMn^ts aii.l in isos r„inhir,l the 



Author oi ■■(.ii.c- oi ii,.. ^„ul, is:,r>; 

and "A.,i,!r.itiuns ul' N.itiuv," 1S37. While 
in Rome he ])ub. in the Cu-',ha Calolica two 
papers on " Catholicity in the U.S.," which 



were tran 


islated 


into 


lie vera 


1 lan-uases, and 


reprinted 

Heck 


in Am 


i-rica 


and l'',ii 


ro,„.. — 'l/.M/cM/i. 


welder, .b 


■ UN \ 


I..I i\i 111 111! -l.nl- 




.lun.l. 




.Mir 1 


-', i:i ; ; .1 i; ;b- 


lehemi J.i 


II -J 1 , 






. ciHi,' ,1 |:ri.,h'licr 


in his V"" 




II'' I" 


\'lh T. 




benevulcn 






: : 1 ; a 


nj remained over 


40 year. 




• 1 


I ins 


of Pa. He stud- 


iedcarclu 






1,1. c, 


manners, andcus- 


toms, and 


, aUci 




i\- nttii 


lous career, estab- 


li,hcd hin 


l^elf ai 


I'lieth 




one of the princi- 


pal Moral 




tablishmcnts 


in N. Amer. llis 


knowledg 


e of the Del; 


iware 


tont;ue caused bis 


^'' Wsion's , 


emplo 


vmeni 


; to n 


iccompany paciHe 




vmong 


'the I 


ndiaiis 


. In I7ii'2 lie ac- 


com p. Ml 


r. Post 


. in b 


is ex|. 


ed. to the ludi.in 


tribes on 


the 01 


.in, 1 


In 179 


7 he was sent to 


snperinic 


1.1 III' 


I, II. 




the Mu.kin-nin. 


Becominj 






-'ir 1- 


'bilos. Sue. ufPa., 


they pull 








ctions " a " Hist. 


of the M.I 




. 1 ' ■ 




of the Indi,,n Na- 



tlOnS Wln> ■ : I 1 .1 nil. I t'l • ^..|.^ll- 

borin-S... . i'l ' . ■ ' : .1 ' I.. 1 I ""■in 

1826 by I'll' .1. .• I. '.11 . 'i. "'I' " e 

between ih. m, iumI .i i '" .I'miiu'v ol I ii.iiiiii lan- 
guages. Author also cii ■■ A Narrative ol the 
Mission of the United Brethren among the 
Delaware and Mohcgan Indians," Phila. 8vo, 
1820. — See Life of Utckwctder, by Romllkaler, 
Phila., 12mo, 1847. 

Hedding, Elijah, D.D. (Augusta Coll. 
1829), bi.hop M. E. Church, b. Pougbkeepsie, 
N.Y., June 7, 1780; d. there Apr. 9, 1852. 
He labored on a farm in early life ; was licensed 
to preach in Mar. 1800 ; otd. deacon in 180.3, 
and bishop in 1824. His first app. was to Es- 
sex circuit. He extended his travels to Cana- 



da; becameamemberof the N.Y'. Annual Conf. 
in 1801 ; and was app. to thePlattsburg circuit. 
He was many years presiding elder of a dis- 
trict, and was elected delegate to the fir.^t dele- 
gated gen. conf. I'l iIk' - Imicli held in N.Y. in 
1812. He w.i, II, I , I , 11 iilal in the es- 
tablishment ..I . a . lit lio.-ton, the 
firstMeih.joujii.il m ili.' !'..''<.; timl be was 
a zealous laborer in the can.se of education. In 
1848 he represented his church in the British 
conference. He wrote a manual on the disci- 
pline of the church. — Life bij O. SV. Clark, 1854. 
Hedge, Kreueric Henry, D.D. (H.U. 
1852), clergyman and author, b. Cambridge, 
Ms., Dec. 12, 1805. HU. 1825. Son of Prof. 
Levi. In 1818 the son accomp. George Ban- 
croft to Germany, and there studied at lUcId 
and Schulptbrte, returning borne in 182.'3. Af- 
ter 3 years' study in the theol. school, be en- 
tered the ministrv; was in 1828 settled in the 
Cong, eburcb at'W. Cambridge; and in Sept. 
1830 m. a dau. i.f Rev. .John Pierce of Brook- 
line. Fiom bS.'i.) to 18.)0 I'.e was pastor of 
a Unitarian church in Bangor, Me. From 
1850 to 1856 he was pastor of the Westminster 
Church, Providence, R.I. ; since when he has 
had charge of the First Cong. Churcli, Brook- 
line, Ms. "In 1837 he was chosen prof, of eccl. 
history in the theol. .school in CiimbridLte. In 
the same year be took charge of the C/iristlan 
Examiner. His largest work is the " Prose 
Writers of Germany : " he has akso pub. versions 
of many of the minor poems of eminent Ger- 
man writers, espcciallv Schiller and Goethe. 
In 1853, in connection with Dr. Huntington, 
he pub. a vol. of hymns, many of the best of 
which are his own compositiim and transla- 
tions ; also " r,i;ur;.'v for the l'~c uf the 
Church." He bus al.^o pub. " TIm' rrimeval 
World," isr.'l; and ■■ Ri'i.-im in ll.'h'.'lnn;" 



says. 1 r .. • ' • I . I . i 'l li ■ .Idiv- 

cred a 1 '..I, .. ..1 , , '.i Ilntory 

before tii.i l..,u. ,1 1. ,-;,,,■;.. I;,,-!..,!. 

Hedge, Levi, LL.l). ( V.C. 1^23), teacher, 
b. Warwick, Ms., Apr. 19, WUG; il. Cambridge, 
Jan. 3, 1844. U.V 1792. He was the son of 
Rev. Lcniui'l. Was a tutor in H.U. in 1805-11; 
|M-of. of Latin ti mil 1^11 to 1817; of nat. tbeoL, 
moral pliiln-., ami puliiical economy, from 1817 

to 1S2J, and II 1-27 to 1832; and prof of 

lo-ic and inrtiiiilii-h'. fn.in ISIO to IS27. 
Dr. Ib-.L'i' p,-'.pa'''l a - I aln mI'^iiiiiU of 

Brou-n'..Mi'iiiiil IMiilo, , loj7 ; an.! p.ili, a trea- 
tise on L.-ir. IMo; aUoa.'ulM.^v .1.1 .In-eph 
McICean, 1818. He received bonurarv decrees 
from B.U. and Y.C., and was a member of 
the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Heintzelman (bint'-scl-man'), Samuel 
P.,brev. maj.-;; II r.s A .b l',i ."'i S ;,!.1S05. 
West Point, l-j' I : m .1 li 'dnr. 4, 
1833. Durin'4 i: \l , i i ■ ., inized 

a batt. of recrim^ nn i - ..in ,ii. ■. , :,■ ... n.-rs at 
Vera Cruz, and. inarched to tin' city ol .Mexico. 
He had several engagements with the enemy ; 
and for that at Huaniatla, where Maj. Walker 
was killed, was brev. maj. ; maj. 1st Inf. 3 
Mar. 1855. After the war he com. in the 
southern district of Cal., where ho established 
Fort Yuma, and successfully supjircssed Indian 
hostilities. In 1859 he com. an exped. to pro- 



426 



tect the soiitliern border of Texas from ma- 
rauding parties under the guerilla Cortinas, in 
wliich he was also distinj;. He left Texas soon 
after the treachery of Twiggs, and went on 
duly at Wasliiiiyton as iiisp.-gen. May 14, 
1861, ho was hrev. lieut.col. ; app. eol. 17th 
Inf.; brig.-gen. vols. 17 May; and ordered to 
the com. of a brigade at Alexandria. He was 
subsequently app. to com. the 3d division of 
the Army of the Potomac under McDowell ; 
and at Bull Run disting. himself, and was se- 
verely wounded. Placed in com. of the ."d ar- 
my corps, he led it with McClellan toward 
Richmond. This corps suffered most at Fair 
Oaks. He com. the right wing of Pope's army 
in the second Bull Run battle, and suliscquently 
took com. of the fortitications ab. Washington 
Citv. Maj.-iren. vols. 5 Mav, 1862; brev. brig.- 
gen". U.^.A^Sl May, IS6-2, for Fair Oaks, and 
maj.-geii. 1.3 Mar. 1865, for Williamsburg; re- 
tired Feb. 22, 1869, and made maj.-gen. 

Heister (his'-ter), DANiiiL, b. Berks Co., 
Pa., 1747; d. Washington, March 8, 1804. He 
settled in Montgomery Co., where he was a 
thorough liiisiness-man, and active in the llcvol., 
being ccil. and brig.-gen. of the militia in ser- 
vice. Member supreme exec, council of Pa. in 
1784 ; and In 1787 a commiss. of the Ct. land 
claims; memher of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Con- 
gresses from Pa. ; and having moved to Ha- 
gerstown, Md., represented that State in the 
7th and 8th Congresses. His son Daniel was 
a member 11th Cong. John, his bro. (b. 9 
Apr. 1746, d. 15 Oct. 1821), was in the 10th 
Congress. 

Heister, Gen. Joseph, gov. of Pa. 1821-3, 
b. Reading, Nov. 18, 1752 ; d. .June 10, 1832. 
In 1775 he raised a company, which, at tlie bat- 
tle of Long Island, was cut to pieces. Capt. 
Heister, severely wounded, was taken ]jrisoner, 
and suffered a ycar'sconlinement in the Jersey 
prison-ship. After his exchange, he again 
joined the army, and was wounded at Ger- 
mantown. After the war, he was manv vears 
a member of the Pa. Icgisl. ; was also' iii the 
convention which formed the State constitu- 
tion ; and was M.C. 1797-1805 and 1815-21. 

Heister, Leoi>old Philip de, lieut.-gen. 
(July, 1776), com. -in-chief of the Hessians in 
the Revol. war ; d. Cassel, Nov. 19, 1777, a. 60. 

Helm, Bex. Haiidin, brig.-gen. C.S. A., b. 
Elizabethlown, Ky., ah. 1830 ; killed at Chiek- 
amauga, Sept. 30, 1863. West Point, 1851. 
Grandson of Ben. Hardinof Kv. ; son of John 
L. Helm. gov. of Ky. (1850-1 and 1867). Of 
this family were also iMaj. Benj. (d. 24 Feb. 
1858, a. 1)6) and Capt. Leonaud of Fauq. Co., 
Va , early pioneers to Ky., and disting. in the 
Indian warfare of the day. B. H. entered the 
2d Drags., but resigned in Oct. 1852; lawyer 
at Elizabethtowii, Kv., 1854-8, and Louisvi'lle, 
1858-61; member ky. Icgisl. 1855-6; com- 
monwealth ativ. 3d dist., Ky., 1856-8 ; eol. 1st 
Kv. Cav. in 1861; served in Bragg's army at 
Si' lob ; made brig.-gen. March, 1862; was in 
the battles of Perry ville and Stone River, where 
he coin, a division ; led a Kv. brigade at 
Vieksburg in the summer of 1863. He com. 
a division at Chickamauga. 

Hembel, William, physician, pres. of the 
Acad, of Nat. Sciences of Phila. (1840-50), b. 



Phila. Sept. 24, 1764; d. June 12, 1851. Ha 
studied medicine, and was a vol. in the medical 
dept. of the Revol. army in Va. — /Jui/ckinrL 

Hemmenway, Moses, D.D. ( ll.il. i 7S5), 

minister of Wells, Me., from Aug. 8, 1759. to 
his death, Apr. 5, 1811 ; b. Framingham, 1736. 
H.U. 1755. Deseendantof Ralph of Roxbury, 
1634. Author of Sermons and Controversial 
Tracts; " Vindication of the Power, &c., of 
the Unregenerate, against the Exceptions of 
Rev. Saml. Hopkins," 8vo, 1772. — Sjiiague. 

HempeljCuARLES Julius, MD., homoeop. 
physician and writer, b. Solingcn, Prussia, 
Sept. 5, 1811. U. of N.Y. He studied medi- 
cine in Paris, and came to the U.S. in 1835. 
He subsequently practised homoeop. in N.Y. 
City, and translated and edited the works of 
Hahnemann and others of that school. In 1 857 
he was app. prof, of materia med. in the 
Homceop. Med. Coll. at Phila. He has pub. 
" A Grammar of the German Language," 1842 ; 
" True Organization of the New Chureh," 
1843; translations of Hahnemann's " Materia 
Medica Pura,"I846; of Johr and Possart's 
"New Manual of the Homceop. Materia Medi- 
ca," 1849, to which he added a third vol., 
entitled " Complete Repertory of Homoejp. 
Materia Mediea," 18.53, &c. ; and "A Com- 
prehensive System of Homceop. Materia Mediea 



ITh. 



859. 



Hemphill, Joseph, judge, b. Del. Co., 
Pa., 1770; d. Phila. May 29, 1842. M.C. 
1801-3, 1819-27, anil 1829-31 ; a leading 
Federalist; disting. himself particularly by a 
speech on the judiciary bill in 1801 ; member 
of the State Icgisl. in 1831; some time judge 
of the Dist. Court, Phila 

Hencli, John Benjamin, A. A. S., civil 
engineer, b. Phila. 181 5. H.U. 1840. Author 
of " FieldBook for Railroad Engineers." 

Henderson, Archibald, brig.-gen., b. 
VsL. 1785; d. Washington, D.C., Jan. 6, 1859; 
app. licut. marines, June 4, 1806; capt. Apr. 
1811; brev. maj. 1814; lieut.-col.com. Oct. 17, 
1820; col. July 1, 1834 ; com. batt. of marines 
in the Fla. war; com. in an affair with the 
Indians on the Hateheluskee, Jan. 27, 1837 ; 
brevet brig.-gen. for gallant and meritorious 
service while in command of the marines in 
Ala., Flor., and Tenn., during the campaigns 
against the hostile Indi.ins, Jan. 27, 1837. — 
Gardner. 

Henderson, James Pinckney, .soldier 
and statesman, b. Lincoln Co., N.O., Mar. 31, 
1803 ; d. Washington, June 4, 1858. He re- 
ceived a liberal education ; practised law in 
Mpi. ; was a brig.-gen. in the army of Texas 
in 1836; atty.-gen. of Texas when its army 
was disbanded in that year; sec. of state in 
1837-9; and afterward minister to Eng. and 
France to procure the recognition of Texan 
independence. Returning in 1840, he resumed 
his profession at San Augustine in partnership 
with Gen. Rusk until 1843. Special minister 
to the U.S. in 1844 to procure the annexation 
of Texas ; member of the Const. Conv. in 
1845 ; gov. of the Stale in 1846-7 ; maj.-gen. 
of Texas vols, in the war with Mexico, and 
disiing. at Monterey, receiving from Congress 
its thanks and a sword ; US. senator 1857-8. 

Henderson, Leonard, jurist, b. 1772; 



i£E>r 



427 



a. Granville Co., N.C, Aug. 18-33. Son of 
Judge RichaiJ. . He studied law, and attained 
distinction at the bar of N.C. , and was a judge 
of the Superior Court in 1808-16. On the 
fornmtion of a new Supreme Court of the State, 
he was elected one of the judges; and in 1829 
was app. cliief justice. 

Henderson, Ple.isant, Revol. officer, b. 
Ilanovvr I'o., Vu, Jan. 9, 1756; d. Hunting- 
don, Tcnn., D.'c. 10, 1842. He stiuiicd law 
with his bru Judge Kicbard ; entered tlie army 
in 1775 ; and at tiio close of the war was niaj, 
of Col. Malmcdy's mounted coips; app. clerk 
of tlie Sup. Court of Orange in 1782 ; was sec. 
to Gov, Martin in 1782-5; and from 1789 to 
1830 was reading clerk to the H. of Commons. 
He moved to Tenn. in 1831. He was a friend 
of Daniel Boone, and in 1776-8 resided at 
Boonsbo rough. 

Henderson, Thomas, statesman, of N.J. 
Princeton Coif 1761. Judge of the C.C.P. ; 
delegate to the Old Congress 1779-8L); M.C. 
1795-7; licnt.-gov. of N.J. 

Hendrick, a Mohawk chief, killed near 
Fort Geurgu. N.Y., Sopt- 8, 1755. He was the 
son of a ilulicgan cbii.r called the Wolf, and 
m. Hnnnis, dau. of a Wuhawk chief. In 1751 

removing the Mohawks to Stockbridge to be 
instructed by Jonathan Edwards. In June, 
1754, he attended the Congress at Albany lor 
a treaty with the Si.x Nations. In 17,55 he 
joined Sir Wra. Johnson with 200 Mohawks, 
and marched to meet Dieskau. At a council 
of war, Sept. 8, it was proposed to send a 
detachment to meet the enemy : when the 
number was mentioned to Hendrick, he re- 
plied, " If they are to li;,'ht, they arc too few ; 
if they are to be killed, they are too many." 
Accompanying Col. Williams's detachment, it 
was ambushed at Rocky Brook, 4 miles from 
Fort George ; and this valiant old warrior and 
faithful friend of the English was mortally 
wounded. 

Hendricks, William, an early settler 
in and guv. of Ind. (1822-5), b. Westmore- 
land Co , Pa., in 1783 ; d. Madison, May 16, 
1850. He sealed in that town in 1814; and 
filled many important c.iru-es. He was sec. of 
the conveniion which lornied llie present con- 
stitution of Ind. ; M.C. 1816-22; U.S. senator 
1825-37. 

Hening, William Waller, elerk of 
Chancery Court, Richmond; d. there Apr. 1, 
1828. Authorof" Justice," 1821; 13vols. of 
" Statutes at Large," 1822 ; " Amer. Pleader," 
2 vols. 8vo, 1811 ; editor of Francis's "Max- 
ims of Equity," and, with Win. Mumford, 
pub. 4 vols. " Reports Sup. Court of Ap- 
peals," 1809-11. 

Henkle, Moses Montgcmery, D.D., 
clergyman, b. Pendleton Co., Va., Mar. 23, 
1798. In 1819 ho entered the ministry, and 
becamea missionary to the Wyandotte Indians. 
In 1822 ho edited a religious magazine; was 
joint editor of the church paperat Nashville, 
'i'enn., in 1845; and in 1847 established the 
Southern Ladies' Companion, editing it 8 years. 
He pub. a vol. of Masonic Addresses, 1848 ; 
" Prmiary Platform of Methodism," 1851; 
" Analysis of Church Govt.," 1852; " Life of 



Bishop Baseom," 1853; "Primitive Eiusco- 
pacv," 1856. 

Henley, Col. David, Revol. officer, b. 
Charlestown, Ms., Keb. 12, 1748; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., Jan. 1, 1823. Brig.-niaj. to Gen. 
Heath, Aug. 15, 1775; dep. adj. -gen. Sept. 6, 
1776; disting. at the siege of Boston; licnt.- 
col. R. Putnam's regt. Dee. 1776 ; a]ip. col. of 
a Ms. regt. Jan. 1,1777; resigned Mar. 31, 
1779. He was in com. at Cambridge while 
the troops captured at Saratoga were there ; 
was called to account for alleged severities to- 
ward them by Gen. Burgoyne; was tried by 
conrt-niartial, and was acquitted. He was an 
officer of merit ; held important stations in the 
govt. ; and at the time of liis death was a clerk 
in the war dept. His bro. Maj. Thomas, a 
brave and enterprising officer, was killed in a 
skirmish at Montressors Island, N.Y., Sept. 
22, 1776. 

Henley, John D., eapt. U.S.N., b. Va.; 
<1. Havana, May 23, 1835, while com. the U.S. 
squad, in the W. Indies. Midsbii)m. Oct. 14, 
1799; lient. Jan.3, 1807; com. July 24, 1813 ; 



capt. Mar. 5, 18 

Henley, Rouert, 

Citv Co, Va., Jan. 5, 1783; d. Su 



)UERT, eapt. U.S.N., b. J.imes 
" " Is- 

land, S.C, Oct. 7, 18:>8. Midsbipm. Apr. 8, 
1799; licut. Jan. 29, 1807; com. Aug. 12, 
1814; eapt. Mar. 3, 1825. He served under 
Tru.Nton in the action with the French ship 
"La Vengeance," Feb. 1, 1800; and in Mac- 
donongh's victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 
11, 1814, com. the brig "Eagle," and received 
a gold medal from Congress. 

Hennepin (hCn'-nelipan'), Lonis, mis- 
sionary, b. Atli, Belginni, ab. 1640; d. Hol- 
land, after 1699. He travelled and preached 
in various places ; was a regimental chaplain 
in the battle of Senef between the Prince of 
Conde' and Williamof Orange in 1674 ; landed 
at Quebec in 1675 ; in 1676 visited the Indian 
mission at Fort Fiontenar; and in 1678neeomp. 
La Sallr's .xp .1 , ,oi;. I, „,,;„- at Niagara a 
vc^srl I,., ,,;,M, ■'. 1 ! .■-aliovcthofall.s. 

Au_'. 7, h;T I : 1. ii- voyage, and, 

rcauliin- tii- I ni.-i-, lliin-, hmlt Fort Creve- 
Canir, near the present site of Peoria. 29 Feb. 
IfiSU, he |>roceeded in a canoe to the Upper 
Mpi. as far as the falls, which he named Saint 
Anthony's, and which no European bad yet 
seen. Ai riving at the month of the St. Francis 
River, in what is now Minnesota, lie named it 
for the founder of his order; travelled aliout 
180 miles along its banks; visited the Sioux 
Indians ; and meeting a party of Frenrhnien, 
who bad come by way of Lake Superior, re- 
turned with them to Canada. Returning to 
Europe, he pub. at Paris, in 1683-4, an account 
of his travels, entitled " A Description of Loui- 
siana," — a work of great value, notwithstand- 
ing the vanity, and proneness to exaggeration, 
of its author. In 1697 he pub. his "New Dis- 
covery of a Vast Country situated in America," 
containing the matter in his History, with the 
addition of an account of bis vovagedown the 
Lower Mpi,, which, according to Jarcd Sparks, 
is a fabrication copied from Le Clerq's " Nar- 
rative." Hennepin's descriptions of Indian 
life are generally accurate ; and he was a cour- 
ageous and daring explorer. Though he 



adopted the secular habit among the Dutch, 
he (Joes not appear to have relinquished his 
profession, as he eontinued to sign himself 
missionary recollet and apostolic notary. — 
iliduind, 'Nouv. Bioq. Ge-.u 

Henaingsen, Charles Frederic, an 
En■;li^il author and soldier, of Seandanavian 
extraction, b. 1815. In 18.34 he entered as a 
vol. the service of Dun Carlos, the claimant 
of tl.c Spiinish'tlirone ; soon rose to be capt. 
of Znmakic;urc;.'ni's body-guard ; and subse- 
quently, with the r;\nk of lieut.-col., served 
with the (',11 lists in many engaticmcnts. Af- 
ter the li.itilu "f Villus de los Navarros, he was 
made eil., .mil |ilaeril in com. of the cavalry. 
Taken i.ii>.iiKr. he \\;is released, on parole not 
tOserveaL-.uniluriii-tlie war. He iie.xt sei ved 
in the lius.i.iii annv in rircas-ia. (In his re- 
turn 10 I'.liu' . lie »iMte hi., •■ Kevelalioiis uf 
Russia" il'.Mis, 184,-.). Il-|ini].oM-d ajilanof 
campai^'ii to ill,' I .11,:,, :i , ,: . leaders ol Hun- 
gary, so lii^'lii\ ,.! , : ,,ii he was to be 
app". militarv an i a i tae fortress of 
Coinorii, \V1) a : ;, _ >. ,i, over, he vis- 
ited Iv.--H!'! ,,: K .■ ; ,i: ,i . ,i,ii- I', ill,' 

U.S.. ,. : •, , .■ 

Hun^a, • II : . ,■ i : „■ a, .■..,l 

Gen:_W,,.:. 1' , , ■.,,a:,,, :, ,.. a, a ,„,, i::;.| 

to (^om. Davis, U.S.N., in .May. I ^57 He m. 
a niece of the late Senatm Hi 1 1 a ii, anl uas a 
brig.-.^en. in the (.'.S.A., servin- in Va. His 
epeci.i.in 111 .Ilia 1- artillery; but he has al.so 
given ^1 li , a a rii the improvement of 
small a. -a a II. Img the construction of 
the fiiM li: ,1 , ver mi.ile .n the US. 

Aulla.r '.' ■■ 1 .•. .•., M.a.ili,' I'lai mi ai ivali 
Zunia a, , ; , W , a . I a ,, 

el; "K.i : I 1 ' a,;, --.a' 1 , 1!. r 

a novel .'1 Kia- 1 ■ , ■■ r,i-I a' ,1 I'll 'a a- I if 

Hungary ; " - Analogies and Conti ..sts," and 
various other works, all pub. in London — 
Apijleton. 

Henry, Alexander, traveller, b.N.Rrnns- 
wick, N. J., 1739 ; d. Montreal, Apr. 4, 1S24. 
He was in the cxped. of Amherst, and at the 
reduction of Fort do Levi and tlie surrender 
of Montreal. He then embarked in the fur- 
trade, ami followed it 13 years, from Montreal 
to the lii.ekv Montitains. He pub. " Travels 



in Canada ami the Indian Territories between 
17GO-7G." 8vo, N'.Y., 18U9. 

Eenry, Ai,e,\\nder, merchant, b. Scot- 
land, 17GG: d. riiila, Aug. 13, 1847. He 
came to I'liil.i in ITS'!, and acquired a lar;;e 



,1/a,. 



Henry, (-'.vl,i.l; .Sl'lM'.rta D D el.i-.jvman 
and auilior, b. Uutlan.l. \1- ,\ia: ', l-in. 
Dartm. Coll. 182.5. lb- ., at 

Andover and N. Haven; .,,i i .a 1-. ;l a as 
settled as a Cong. mini,tei .n (..leaaiiald, .M». ; 
in 1833 he was settled in HartlurJ, Ct ; in 
1834 he pub. a pamphlet on the " Principles 
and Prospects of the Friends of Peace," tmd 
established the Aimn-. Advocate of Peace, which, 
after the first year, became the organ of the 
Amer. Peace Soc ; in 1835 he look orders in 
the Pr.-Ep. Church ; was soon after app. prof. 



of intellectual and moral philos. in Bristol 
Coll., Pa. ; in 1837 returned to N.Y., and with 
Dr. Ha-.vks founded the A', 1'. Rn-iew ; in 
1839-52 he was prof nf philos. and hist, in 

the T'. nf NY ; in l«i: la< lin-:,,:,,, raetur of 

he . _ ,' 1 ,!,,., a 1 - ■. ,1 iriai.ie'd 

hi.- I Mia.-a.li:,! ai.i, iiiaa.la lis duties, 

peilurmed lul sniue |an t ul llie t _■ tlie labors 

of the chancellorship of the university also. 
In 1857 he removed to Poughkecpsie, and was 
afterward rector of an Ep. church at Ncwburg 
on the Hudson, lie pub, in 1845 an '■ Epitome 
of the Hist, of PlliloMipliy " l,y tlia .Mibe'Ban- 

dateuf pulilicaiion. lie li.is al-u piili. a trans- 
latii.ii (if ('ousin's lectures on Locke's "Essay 
o!i ill • Human Undcrstandmg," with notes and 
adiliiaiiial pieces, uniler the title of " Cousin's 
I'svili.ilojv," 1834; ■' Compendium of Chris- 
tian -v I ,; all ,," 1 -a:. '■ Moral and Philo- 
SM|a, , ! "I ai i.iii/ot's "General 



il of Aiiei 



Uld- 
pnb. 
titled 



dresses, &c. 

Henry, James, judge, and member Old 
Con-rcss tiom Va., 1780-2 ; d. Va.. Jan. 1805. 

Henry, Joii.v, statesman, b. Md. ; d. Eas- 
ton, Md., Dec. 1793. N.J. Coll. 1769. De- 
scended lioin Rev. John, a Prcsb. minister of 
.M 1 , a 1: 1 (1. 1717, leaving two sons, — Robert 
li . , - ladge of the Prov. Court 1754, resid- 
I. a >..ai.isct; and Col. John, member of 
In i .il- of delegates from Worcester Co. 
Jill I u.is a d, legate to the Old Congress in 
1778-SI and 17S4-7, U.S. senator 1789-97, 
and ;;ov. ol .Mil. in 1797-8. 

Henry, .lotis, comedian, manager of the 
Old Aiuer. t:omp. of Comedians, b. Eng. ; d. 
on the passage from N.Y. to Newport, Oct. 
1794. Educated at Trinity Coll., Dublin; 
served under Bnrgoyne in Portugal ; and was 
a member of the lamilv of the Dnke of North- 
umberl.ind «liile lord.-licnt. of lielaial; made 
his (/cViH/ at DruryLancin 17G2; at the John- 
street riaatie. .N.Y.. Pea. 7. \'i(,l, as Aimwell 
in 'la i; 1,1 ,' N ,: _■ 111 : " and was the 
oriaii !■ 1 I .Vinerica. Author 

of a, - ^ a dramatic piece, 

Henry. J'>iin, a iiuluieal adventurer, noted 
for diviilt;ing a |.rctciided British plot to sepa- 
rate the NIC States Ir.im the Union early in 

1SI2. Iia- wliiell serviae lie Irccived S50,000 
man I're, \la laia,- 1, la.iaal; camctoPhila. 
al. 1 7a ; , ' : r, - /'„/,;. 0'a:ctle; af- 

taia\ar.l-. laai ,, , , , ,,. ml officer of artil- 
lery, but linall} .v.tili.l aa a l.irin in Northern 
Vt., where he resided in lalj. — Ijtssinq. 

Henry, John, Briti-h admiral, li. Sept. 
28, 1731; d. Rolvenden. Kent, Aug. (i, 1829. 
He entered the service ah. 1744; was a 1st 
lieut. at the reduction of Havana ; and in 
Nov. 1777 was made a postcaptain by Lord 
Howe for his conduct at the capture of Mud 



c.j-opcr.ii,-,| 


Willi 1 


1 .k-tiu 




ider Lieut.- 


Col. Mauli 


II 1 ill 


■ l.-tn 


niii- a 


numher of 


AmcTi.,,,, V 


...als 




■('lir^ai..'; 


like, amoM^' 


whidi V,,.,-.. 


■■ 'I'Im 


• W,i> 


llii-hai ■' 


and "i'ho 


Effinu'., :, 










and -j; 






■ I !,■ 1 




guns, Ir .i: 


:;.,, ; 




,1. .i;, , 


a ;ar Clin, 


of theu.l.a. 




;.ai..,ii 


,1 ;,' ^,;,-, , 


lauaa rtlicll 


attiickc.l Uy 


the Fn 


.;iiell u 


aider UE 


^tain-. He 


was miulc an aJmi 


ral in 1 


1804. 




Henry, 


Joiix 


Joseph, a TJe\ 


,-ol. soldier, 


b. L.ma"^^:., 


■. I' I, 


\,,v 


■( 17a« ; 


il all 1810. 


Auihoi-.it •■ 


An \ 






' 'lii^' Ac- 


count ol lip- 
Ban. 1 Ul 111 


11 i 






\; Vi'anrss 


iu the C.iiii 


p.U 11 


.1 -aia: 


,i yncLci 


; lu 1T7J," 


pub. L:inca., 


,ta-,l'a 


,..lsii 


i. lie wa 


,s a. private 


in Sinitli's 1- 


iilcmen during that ca 


lupai'gn, iu 


which lie w 


as wounded 


and miu 


le prisoner, 
d Jaw, and 


On hii rctui- 


11 stud 


d 


d practice 



of I'a. 

Henry, Joseph, LL.D. (H. U. IS5I), 
phy^cist, b. Albany, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1797.^ He 
received a common-school education, and for 
some years was a watehmakcr. In 18-'6 he 
was app. prof, of mathematics in the Albany 
Acad.; in 1 827 he bc;,'an a series of experi- 
ments in cLctriLity; and in 18JS puli. an 
accuant ol vaiious ni.iditieatMni, of electro- 
magnetic ])Ower at a di^-ta;. , . i i liat- 

tery of intensity must ir- ' i : - pinp'ijt 

the current; and that am; ; i i.y 

many turns of one Ion;; 1. m ! n a m 

ments at the Albany .\ 
signals by means of the elc' :i.i n ; la t iar.ia_ii 
a wire more than a mile iii I. n-ih- An ac- 
count of these experiments, and ol Ins electro- 
magnetic machine, was pub. in .^lilimaii'x Am. 
Journal of Science in 18^1, in wliirli he pointed 

out the a, a;:a'H;ilv nfl!,., fa ;- ... .. ;.,,atrd 

byi'i^ ■ . ■ ' ■ -■■ --- - - '-■■'"- 



several - ■ . |a ally Ijrouylit into prac- 
tijal .a a \.. I' ul. "Morse. In 18.3:2 he 

n!'j.\-mI1. : II, I al, l'''i7 he went to Europe, 
visilin- l'n,f. Wiiratstone of King's Coll., Lon- 
don, to whom he explained his discoveries, 
and his method of producing great mechanical 
effects at a distance — such as the ringing of 
church-bells 100 miles off — by means of the 
electro-magnet. In 1840, on the organization 
of the Smithsonian Insiitiitlon at Washington, 
Prof. Henry was app. sec, a po.-t ha still li„ld,, 

and wlliali ■_!, -, li ■ - \. la.ii ,ii: • lain. 

He ha. |., .■'..; :a , . 

Magna;: , ' ;- ' ' . ,■ a . , ■ a ; . . 

in the /'/: -. //-;,■ .a ; ., ,,, .^ ,.,,:, ,'■, ./■. ,, ;,■■, 
and the ./ounml oj the FnmlJui I,„!ilnlr. — 
Appleton. 

Henry, Patrick, orator anij statesman, 
b. Studley, Hanover Co., Va., May 29, 1736; 
d. June 6, 1799. His father. Col. John Henry, 
a native of Aberdeen, was county surveyor, 
presiding magistrate, and a man of liberal 



in. At 


the age of 


10 hi; 


s father took 


im schoc 


il, and ta. 


.ght h 


iin at home, 


e had op 


ened a gr; 


iniinar 


• school. He 


i some |.i 


oHiienry il 




cmatics; but 


■ lorhnni 


ilia-lllld li^ 

1 ,alaiiin,i 
■k at tha a,. 




ivdoniinated. 
..1 Ins father 
a III inercan- 




wlllall lia 


w.is 


iiii.Liceessful. 






be w.i 


s is; and at 


t a 1 , 1 


I a week! 


>' study of the law. 


1 a. |a A. 


a. a. For 


a long 


: time he had 




MIS extn 


emely 


poor, living 



nilail •• Parsons 

). ill 17u4,hebe- 
linrgcsses. May, 
antly hostile to 
eit those mem- 
St imp Act, one 
I 1;. Il I 1 the ex- 
avy taxes and 
^ ill ilia Colony, 
ensiled, Henry 
nin and Cajsar 
. the First, his 
le Third " — 
; the cry was 
house — •' may 



-Ihelast by a majority of one. In 1769 
■dm. to the bar of the Gen. Court, 
jiiry-lriiils, in which his wonderful 

■"'''i''"il"'''' '''"I'""u!'V"'EaHy 

■ 1 !■: ;. ;!■ •■. ■, [.:■... ,Icffi;r- 

' a , I I , ■■ Com- 

' ■■ a aa : , D . ... ,,a,o„ of 

■ ;' ; ;■■■ ; !■■'•■;,,. i,, y^pt. 

. 'ill. Con- 

I -paaker. 

.ai.liaan a.,,ai:iaa a-aaa|.|icd all 

ami iia i.ialv lank as tlic greatest 
America. In March, 1775, at the 
entioii, he moved the or- 
ganization of the militia, and that the " Colony 
be immediately put in a state of defence." 
Lord Dunmore having clandestinely removed 
on the night of April 20 all the powder of the 
Colony, Henry, placing himself at the head of 
the miiiti.ioflJ.iiiover, marched upon Williams- 
burg, and olili;;cd the agent of Diininuro to 
pay for it. In Jnne, llaniv was eleamal col. of 
the 1st Va. regt., but shJrtly alter rcMgned. 
A delegate to the convention of May, 1776; 
he was the first Republican gov. of the State, 
serving Ironi 1776 to 1779. Returning to the 
Icuiil., where he served to the end of the war, 
la \\i, aa.iiii gov. until the autumn of 1786. 
la I ; - was a member of the convention 
a. a ; ;,;. il the Federal Constitution, which 
a HIP I.I with all his eloquence and strength. 
He feared that the hnal result would be the 
destruction of the rights of the sovereign 
States. In 1794 ho retired trom the bar, and 
removed to his estate of Red Hill in Charlotte. 
App. by Washington iu 1795 see. of state, he 
declined the office, as he afterward did that of 
envoy to France, offered by Ad.»ms, and that 



Second St, 



430 



HEN- 



of gov. in 1796. In March, 1799, he was 
elected to the State senate, but never took his 
seat. His Life has been written by William 
Wirt, and by A. II. Everett in Sparlcs's 
" American Biography." 

Henry, Robert, D.D.,LL.D., scholar, b. 
Charleston, S.C, Dec. 6, 1792; d. Columbia, 
Feb. 6, 18.')6. U. of Edinb. 1814. He travelled 
a short time on the Continent, and after his 
return to his native State ministered to a 
French congregation of Huguenots in Charles- 
ton for 2 years. In Nov. 1818 he was app. to 
the chair of logic and moral philos. in the S.C. 
Coll. ; subsequently to that of metaphysics 
and political philos.; and in 1834-5 was pres. ; 
in 1836 he accepted the chair of metaphysics 
and belles-lettres ; and in 1840-3 was a second 
time pres., performing the duties of prof, of 
Greek during a portion of the time. He wrote 
for the Southern reviews articles of a high 
order ; delivered and pub. occasional sermons 
and eulogies on Prof. E. I). Smith, on Jona- 
than Miixcv, and on J. ('. Calhoun. 

Henryi Tuom.is Charlton, D D. (Y.C. 
18-24), I'resb. clergyman, b. Phila. Sept. 22, 
1790; d. Uct. 4, 1827. Midd. Coll. 1814; 
Princ. Thcol. Sem. 1818. Son of Alex. Henry. 
Pres. of the Amer. S. S. Union. Pastor of the 
Presb. church, Columbia, S.C, from Nov. 
1818 until Jan. 1824, when ho became pastor 
of a cong. in Charleston, S. C. He pub. 
" Letters to an Anxious Inquirer," 1827; " On 
Popular Amusements," 1825 ; Moral Etchings, 
and Occasional Sermons. — Sprtriue. 

Henry, Gen. Wilma.!!, a lievol. soldier, 
b. Charlotte Co., Va., 1701 ; d. Christian Co., 
Ky., Nov. 2:i, 1824. lie entered the army at 
an early age ; fought at Guilford, the Cowpens, 
and at Yorktown ] removed to Ky. ; and was 
engaged in many conflicts with Indians in 
the border wars of that State. App. maj.- 
gen. Ky. vols. Aug. 31, 1813; he com. a divi- 
sion ol 3 brigades in the battle of the Thames, 
Get. :j, 1813; and ai.-o served in Scott's and 
Wilkinson's cam|>aigns. He was in the State 
CoM>t. Convs., also in both branches of the Ky. 
legisl. Father of .JoiiN I', and Eobeut P., 
members of Congress 1825-7. 

Henry, Hon. \Vit.LiAM Alexander, law- 
yer and statesman, "I .\ova Seutia, b. Halifax, 
30 Dec. 1816. rillr.l i,, il,r l.ar in Nov. 1840, 
and soon aftereh'ii I i" ili'' legisl. assembly. 
At the election nt l>t7 ilir Inends of a respon- 
sible govt, were sueees,rul; aiul Mr. Henry has 

a Q. C. in 1849. He has introduced various 
reforms in the Court of Cllianeery and Equity ; 
was solieit<jr-gcn. iu I 8.J4, '.-j'J.and '63, and prov. 
sec. lS.")i;-7. Prominent in the question of a 
union of the Biit. Provinces, and a delegate to 
London on that question in July, 1806, and, 
in the winter of that year, an unsuccessful ne- 
gotiator with the U.S. Govt, for the continu- 
ance of the reciprocity treaty. — Men uf the 

Henry, William SE.iTOx, maj. US. A., 
b. N. V. 1816; d. N.Y. City, Mar. 5, 1851. 
West Point, 1835. Author of " Campaign 
Sketches of the War with Mexico." Entering 
the 3d Inf.he became capt. 18 May, 1846, and 
was brev. maj. "for gallant conduct at Monte- 



rey, Mexico," Sept. 23, 1846. His son Gnr 
v., capt. 1st U.S. Art., and disting. in the Re- 
bellion, has pub. a " Milit. Record of Civil 
Appointments in the U.S.A.," vol. i. 1869. 

Henshaw, David, merchant and leading 
Denioc. politician of Boston, b. Leicester, Ms., 
Apr. 2, 1791; d. there Nov. 11, 1852. His 

of the town ; and his father David was a pa- 
triot of the Revol. The son spent bis boyhood 
laboring on his father's farm, and attending the 
schools and acad. of the town. At 10 he be- 
came an apprentice in the drng-busiuess in Bos- 
ton ; commenced the business on his own ac- 
count in 1814, and gave it up in 1829. Devot- 
ing all his leisure to study, he became a prom- 
inent political writer, and was an able advocate 
of free trade. He also contrib. to the periodi- 
ical press, and pub. essays, in a pamphlet Ibrm, 
on subjects of political economy ; among them 
" Letters on the Intern. Imp. and Commerce of 
the West," Boston, 1839. He was a State sen- 
ator in 1826; member of the State Board of 
Internal Improvetnents, 1828-51 ; and in 1839 
a representative ; in 1830-9 he was coll. of cus- 
toms at Boston ; and was sec. of the navy in 
1843. He was active in promoting railroad 
enterprises, among them the Boston and Wor- 
cester, the Boston and Providence, and the 
Boston and Albany Roads. 

Henshaw, John Prentiss Kewly, D.D. 
(Mid. Coll. 1830), Pr.-Ep. bishop of K. I.,"b. 
Middletown, Ct., June 13, 1792; d. Frc.leriek, 
Md., July 20, 1852. Mid. Coll. 1808. His 
father removed to Middlebury, Vt., in 1800. 
Ord. deacon at the age of 21 ;' he officiated in 
St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, until 1817, when 
he accepted the rectorship of St. Peter's, Balti- 
more ; ord. priest June 13, 1816 ; consec. 
bishop of R. I. Aug. 11, 1843 ; also becoming 
rector of Grace Church, Providence. Dr. 
Henshaw pub. a treatise on " Didactic Theolo- 
gy," " On Confirm.ation ; " "A Selection of 
Hymns ;" " Theology for the People of Bait.," 
8vo, 1840; " Lectures on the Second Advent;" 
"Communicant's Guide;" and "A Memoir 
of Bishop Moore of Va." 

Henshaw, Joshua Sidney, author, b. Bos- 
ton, Oct. 16, 1811 ; d. Utica, Apr. 29, 1859. A 
descendant of Gov. Belelier. His name, which 
was originally Joshua H. Beleh -r, was changed 
by the Pa. legisl. in 184.'t. In is;:( In; became 
a teacher in the Chauiuev Hall In-t., Boston. 
App. Sept. 1837 prof of math, iu the navy, 
lie made in the frigate " Columbia " a voyage, 
of which be pub. a narrative entitled " .\round 
the World." He resigned his post in 1841; 
studied law ; was adm. to the Phila. bar; and 
in 1843 was re-instated in his professorship. 
From 1848 until his death, he practised law in 
Utica. He pub. " Philosophy of Human Prog- 
ress," 1835; "Incitement to Moral and In- 
tellectual Weil-Doing," 1830 ; " Life of Father 
Mathew," 1847 ; " U.S. Manual for Consuls," 
1849. He left nearly completed a work enti- 
tled " Bible Ethics." — iV. E. H. %■ Gen. Reg., 
xiii. 277. 

Henshaw, Col. William, Revol. officer, 
b. Boston, 1735; d. Leicester, Ms., Feb. 1820. 
He removed to L. in 1748 ; was a lieut. of pro- 
vincials under Amherst in 1759 ; was lieut.-col. 



431 



HKR 



of Little's regt. at the siege of Boston ; and 
served at L. Island, White Plains, Trenton, 
and Princeton, but left the service early in 1777. 
His grandson Daniel, lawyer, and editor of 
the Lpm Record, d. Boston, July 9, 1863, a. 81. 
H.U.'l806. 

HentZ, Caroline Lee, authoress, h. Lan- 
caster, Ms , 1800 ; d. Marianna, Fla., Feb. 11, 
1856. Dau. of Gen. John Whiting of the 
Revol. army, and sister of Gen. Henry. Be- 
fore she was 13 she wa^ the author of a poem, 
a novel, and a trau'edy in :> a -ts. Married in 
1825 to Prof. Honiz, while he was associated 
with Geo. Bancroft in the inunageinentof a sem- 
inary at Northampton. They resided for some 
years at Chapel Hill, N.C. ; whence they re- 
moved to Covington, Ky., where Mrs. Hentz 
wrote for a prize of $500 her successful trage- 
dy of " De Lara." They next resided in Cin- 
cinnati, but in 1833 established a flourishing 
female sem. at Florence, Ala., which in 1843 
they transferred to Tuscaloosa, Fla.; in 1848 
fixed their residence In Columbus, Ga., and in 
1852 at Marianna. Besides contrih. to various 
periodicals, Mrs. H. wrote " Lamorah," a trag- 
edy ; the " Countess of Wurtemberg," a play ; 
and many elegant and beautiful prize poems 
and fugitive pieces. Her prose writings, upon 
which iicr reputation chiefly depends, place her 
in the first rank of female writers. In 1846 
she pub. " Aunt Pattv's Scrap-Bag ; " in 1848 
" The Mob-Cap ; " " Linda," 1850 ; " Uena, or 
the Snow-Bird," 1851; "Marcus Warland " 
and " Eoline." 1852 ; " Wild Jack " and " Helen 
and Arthur," 18,53 ; "The Planter's Northern 
Bride," 1854 ; " Love after Marria'.rc," " The 
Banished Son," " The Victim of Excitement," 
" The Parlor Serpent," and " The Flowers of 
Elocution," 1856. Her last novel, " Ernest 
Linwood," appeared in 1855. Prof. N. M. 
He.ntz, who was a successful teacher nf modern 
languages, and writer on natural liistory, b. 
France, d. Nov. 4, 1856, in Marianna, Fla. He 
was prof of belles-lettres at Chapel Hill, N.C. 
Pub. " Tadeuskund, the last King of the Le- 
nape," 12mo, 1825. 

Hepworth, George Hcohes, Unitarian 
divine, b. Boston, FVb. 4, 1833. Camb. Theol. 
School, 1855. Pastor of the church in Nan- 
tucket from Sept. 1855 to 1857; of the Church 
of the Unity, Boston, Oct. 1858-70; now pas- 
tor of the Church of the Messiah, New- York 
City. Chaplain of the 47th Ms. regt. Dec. 
1862; and on the staff of Gen. Banks in La. 
in 1863. Besides sermons, he has pub. " Whip, 
Hoe, and Sword," a sketch of his army expe- 
riences. 

Herbert, Henry William, scholar, 
sportsman, and novelist, b. London, April 7, 
1807; d. New York, May 17,1858, hr suicide. 
Son of Hon. and Rev. Wm- llr.-l„.,t: l)r:,n of 
Manchester, author of the ]iuirii ' Afi i " and 
second son of the Earl of C,u n it \mii I: ln<:itcd 
at Eton and Caius Coll., Caiul.i id- ■, i> ww. lie 
grad. 1828. He came to this ciuiiuiy m 18:K), 
after experiencing a sudden reverse of fortune, 
and occupied a country-seat, " The Cedars," 
near Newark, N. J. Until 1839 he was a teach- 
er of Greek in the classical school of U. T. 
Huddart, New York. He commenced with 
A. D. Patterson, in 1833, the American Monlldy 



Manazine. His "Brothers, a Tale of the 
Fronde," a successful historical novel, appeared 
in 1834; followed by " Cromwell " in 1837; 
"Marmaduke Wyvil," 1843; "The Roman 
Traitor," 1848; and " Wager of Battle," 1855. 
An extensive series of sporting-volumes were 
pub. by him, under the nam de plume of 
" Frank Forrester," with the titles of " My 
Shooting-Box," "The Warwick Woodlands," 
" Field-Sports of the U.S.," " Frank Forrester 
and his Friends," 1840, " The Fish and Fish- 
ing of the U.S.," 1850, " Young Sportsman's 
Complete Manual." Another series of vol- 
umes covers many of his historic. il essavs ; as 
" The Cavaliers of England, or the Times 
of the Revolutions of 1642 and 1688 ; " " The 
Knights of England. France, and Scotland ; " 
" The Chevaliers of France, frotn the Crusad- 
ers to the Mare'chals of Louis XIV. ;" and 
" The Captains of the Old World, and the 
Captains of the Roman Repuhlic." Ho was 
also the author of a metrical translation of the 
"Agamemnon" and "Prometheus" of .^s- 
chylus, and of numerous critical papers in the 
Lilerary irorU and elsewhere. His latest work 
was the " Horse and Horsemanship of Amer- 
ica," 1857. A man of fine talent and accom- 
plishments, but of dissipated habits. 

HeriOt, George, postmaster of British 
N.A. Author of "Descriptive Poem written in 
the W. Indies," 4to, 1781; " Hist, of Can.ada," 
8vo, 1804; "Travels through the Canadas," 
4to. 1807. 

Herkimer, John, jndse, b. Herkimer Co., 
N.Y., 1773; d. l)anul>e. NY., June 8, 1845. 
Nephew of Gen. Nicholas H. He was major 
com. a hatt. of N. Y. vols, in defence of Sackett's 
Harbor, May 29, 1813 ; manv years judije of 
the Circuit Court; and M. C. in 1817-19 and 
182.3-5. 

Herkimer, Nicholas, brig.-gen., d. Dan- 
ube, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1777, a. ah. .50. He was 
eldest son of J. J. Herkimer, a Palatine, and 
one of the original patentees of Burnet's Field, 
Ilcrkiinrr C.:.X.Y. He was made lient. of 
militii I III "', IT'.- and com. Foit Herkimer 
duriiiu' < ' • :i' Fre.irliaii.l Indians on 

the <l I , II 1 1 I ihat yiMr. In 1760 he 

lived in iiij L',iu i;ii|ijric ilist, ; in 1775 he was 
app. col. 1st butt. Tryon Co. militia, and was 
chairman of the county com. of safety; Sept. 5, 
1776, he was made brig.-gen. by the convention 
of the State ; and Aug. 6, 1777, com. the forces 
at the battle of Oriskany, where he received a 
ball which fractured his leg, and occasioned his 
death. Congress voted him a monument. — 
Benton's flerk. Cotinti/. 

Hernandez (5r-nan'-d6th), Francisco, 
Spanish physician and naturalist, h. Toledo. 
Commiss. by Philip II to visit N. America. The 
result of his labors w.is a " Natural History of 
Trees, Plants, and Animals of New Spain," 
&c., 1651. He was the first European natu- 
ralist to explore this re.;ion for the benefit o? 
science. 

Hernandez, Joseph, maj.-gen., d. near 
Matanzas, Cuba,June8, 1857. "He was a prom- 
inent Spanish citizen in the Terr, of Fla, at the 
time of its transfer to the U.S. ; its first dele- 
gate to Congress, 1823; brig-gen. militia, 
1823 ; and subsequently a leading member and 



432 



presiding officer ot tlie Terr, lejisl. He was in 
tlie U.S. scrvicu from Nov. I33.-> to Mav, 18.-37; 
hri-.-u'en. Fla. nioiinti'il vols. 18.37-8; disting. 
un.ier G.ii. Jesiip, ami com, in affair with Fla. 
Inilians near Mos(|Mito Inlet, Sept. 10, 1837. 
He resided at St. Augustine. 

Herndon, William Lewis, a nav.al offi- 
cer, b. Fredericksburg, Va., Oct. 2.i, 1813; 
drowned by the sinlcing of steamer " Central 
Ameiica," Sept. 12, 1857. He entered the na- 
vy at tlie age of 15; served in tlie Mexican 
war; and was 3 yc.irs engaged with liis bro.- 
in-law, Lieut. Maury, in^ the Observatory at 
Wasliin-ton. In 1851-2 he explored the Ama- 
z.m Kiv. r u.idrr the direction of the U.S. Govt. 
A narrative o( the cxped. is contained iu Hern- 
don's •• Kxploration of ihe Valley of the Hiver 
Amazon " (1353), and in Part II. of the same 
work, bv Lieut. Uibl)on, who accompanied him 
during a partof the journev, 1854. In 1857 he 
was e.nn. ol the steam-T "Central America," 
whicl. ; : I 111, in I ('•:■ .\, V.irk, S ;i' >, Sept. 



Heron, M.\tild.i, artiv 

Ireland. Came to the U.; 
came the pupil of P. Iliehii 



crt Stoepel, from whom she afterwaicl separat- 
ed. Apr. 1, 1861, she made her debut at the 
Lyceum Theatre, London, as Rosalie Lee in 
"New Year's Lve." Camille has been her 
favoiite \yMt. — Brown's Ainrr. Staije. 

Herrera, Josib Jo,\quin de,' a Mexican 
pres. ; d. in the city of Mexico, May 15, 1851. 
He participated in many of the Uevol. scenes 
in Mexico. Was elected prov. pres. Dec. 6, 
1844, and soon afterward constitutional pres- 
ident;, lie was in favor of the recognition of 
Texan indcin ndenen, ami opposed to the war 
with ta ' I' s , .la 1 i\ 1. i !i i;_'cd by Paredes 
witli - ' ' r I 1 M xico. Thearray 

proiiii . ; ,1 ! I 1 he was deposed 

Ucc.30, l;l ., , i ! I : !.v I'aredes. Her- 
rera was exr I i . I irv com. until the 
batlleof Ceni. I, ' ,!.; \i-i i ^,"l847), in which 
he took pai t 11 :i_im elected pres. 
(June 3, 184^). Ill 1 mi .i.inr.l to restore or- 
der in the Hiiiiirr,, Imi wiili mt sncccss. He 
was succeeded In Aii^ii, .l;iii. 15, 1851. He 
was a man of liLli |i immmI rliaracter, and was 
very friendly to the U.S. 

Herrera, Tokdesillas A\tont, histo- 
rian, b. Cuellar, Spain, 1549 ; d. Madrid, Mar. 
29, 1625. He was first see. to Vespasian de 
Gonzaga, viceroy of Valencia and of Navarre ; 
after whoso death Philip II. app. him roy. his- 
toriographer for the Indies. He was the au- 
thor of " Ilistoria General tie los Ilechos de los 
Castellams en los Iskts y Terra Firma de Mar 
Oceano" 4 vols, folio. This work relates all 
the transactions of the Spaniards in the W. In- 
dies from 1492 to 1554. He also pub. a " Gen- 
eral History of his Time, from 1554 to 1598," 
3 vols. fol. At the time of his death, he had 
obtained from Philip IV. the brevet of the first 



vacant post of sec. of state. His History, trans- 
lated bv J. Stevens, was pub. Lond. 6 vols. 
1740. 

Herrick, Edward CLAunins, scholar, b. 
N. Haven, Ct., Feb. 24, 1811 ; d. there June 

a good academical cduriiMiii, tlirii in-a-rrl iu 
book-selling; was hlnai lan nl V,i' fnaii 1,'<13 
to 1858, and treasurer In. m Is.VJ until hi- deiuh. 
Since 1852 he had had charge of the triennial 
catalogue, supervised the college pro])erty, and 
licid many important trusts in connection with 
nuiiiici]pal aff.uis. lie paid great attention to 
ciitai.H.; .ji, lataiirology, and astronomy. The 
.1 " I Hcc contains many valuable 

aia .1 !, II He was learned also iu 

btlra ..M ihhv I.I 111 history, and general litera- 
OhU. Rec. 

MES, port.-painter, 27 years 
grand sec. of the grand lodge of Masons; d. 
Paris, France, 8 Oct. 1867. He excelled in his 
art, and iu his thorough knowledge of masonic 
laws aud usages. With Longaere, he illustrated 
Amer. Biography in the "National Portrait 
Gallery," 1834-9, 4 vol,,. 8vo, Phila. 

Herron, Gi; 



ture. — )', 

Herring, 



Du 

iness there; 



July 16, 1862. 
in com. at the 
Dec. 7,lSG2.soo 

Liir, a, ,\,k .N 



Hersey, 



~l)urg. Pa. 
■ engaged 
I- Govern- 

helstla. 
■k ; raised 
ic.it.-col. ; 
1 wounded 
t, but was 
brig.-gen. 
: himself 
ivc, Ark., 
u red Van 
^|-,2. He 
and aftcr- 
,a. After 
. and held 



Hr. Dal- 
af in his 

At his 



, of 



l..,.i,pportofa 
;u II. U. ; and, 
Ahner, added 
o left funds for 



by his influence, his bro.. Dr. 

£500 to tlie same fund. He alsi 

the establishment of an acad at Hingham. Dr. 

Hersey was eminently humane and benevolent. 

Heth, Henkt, maj.-gen. C. S. A , b. Va. 
ab. 1825. West Point, 1847. Entering the 
6th Inf., he became 1st lient. in June, 1853; 
adj. in Nov. 1854; and capt. lOih Inf. 3 March, 
1855; he resigned April 25, 1861; entered 
the service of Va. as a brig.-gen. ; maj.-gen. 
May 24, 1863 ; com. a division in A. P. Hill's 
corps in Va. ; engaged at Gettysburg, and in 
the campaigns of 1864-5; surrendered with 
Lee. 

Hatha, Col. William, Revol. officer; d. 
Richmond, Va., April 15, 1807. Wounded at 
Quebec, under Montgomery ; made lieut.-coI. 
3d Va. regt. April 1, 1777; afterward com. that 
regt. to the close of the war, serving with Lin- 
coln at the siege of Charleston. Received after 



433 



the 



lucrative office from Washing 



Hewes, George Rodebt Twelve, one 
of the Boston Tea Partv, b. Boston, Sept. 5, 
1742 ; d. Richfield, Otsego Co., N.Y , Nov. o, 
1840. His education was scanty; farming, 
fishing, and shoemaking being his chief em- 
plovnients. He was excitable and patriotic; 
took part in the various ante-revolutionary 
disturbances in Boston ; and engaged in the 
naval, and afterwards in the military service 
of his country during the Revolution. "Traits 
of the Tea Party," with a Memoir of Hewes, 
was pub. N.Y. 1835. 

Hewes, Joseph, signer of the Decl. of 
Indep., b. Kingston, N.J., 17.30; d. Phila. 
Nov. 10, 1779. Of Quaker parentage. He was 
educated at N.J. Coll. ; engaged in mercantile 
business in Phila., and ab. 1760 in Edenton, 
N.C. Having been a member of the colonial 
legisl. in 17G3, he was in 1774 sent as a dele- 
gate to Congress. He was soon app. on a 
com. to " state the rights of the Colonies ; " 
aided in the preparation of its report ; and, 
though a merchant, entered heartily into ilie 
plan of non-importation. Mr. Hewes served 
with reputation on many of the most im- 
portant committees during 1775-6. He was 
at the head of the naval committee, and in 
effect the first see. of the U.S. navy; declined 
a re-election in 1777 ; resumed his scat in July, 
1779; but,- his health failing rapidly, he re- 
signed Oct. 29. 

Hewit, Nathaxiel, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 
1830), Cong, clergyman and author, b. N. 
Lond., Ct., 28 Aug.'l788; d. Bridgeport, Ct., 
3 Feb. 1867. Y.C. 1808. Teadier in the 
Plainfield Acad. ; licensed to preach 24 Sept. 
1811 ; pastor at Plattsburg, N.Y., 1815-17: of 
the First Cong. Ch., Fairfield, Ct., 1318-27; 
was engaged the next 3 years in the temper- 
ance reform, earning the title of " the Luther " 
of the early temperance reformation ; pnstor 
2d Cong. Ch., Bridgeport, O , ! "■li-S? ; rm ■ of 
the founders in 1833 of ili • !' • •: | - , - 1. 
Institute; pastor of the i > I -- i ,, h, 

Bridgeport, 1853-62. — Y.i " . /, . w, 

Hewitt, Alexander, DIJ., |.ul.. an His- 
torical Account of S. C. and Cia.," 2 vols., 
Lond. 1779; Sermons, Lond. 1803-5, 2 vols. 
8vo. 

Hexpitt (Stebbins), Mart Elizabeth, 
anthoress, b. Maiden, Ms. Her father, a farm- 
er named Moore, died when she was hut 3 
years old. Her mother removed with her to 
Boston, where Mary was m. to Jas. L. Hewitt, 
and established her residence in N.Y. In 1854 
she m. R. Srebbins of N.Y. She is chiefly 
known by her poetry, which has appeared in 
various periodicals, a'nd in a collection entitled 
"Songs of Our Land," 1845. In 1850 she 
edited " The Gem of the Western World " and 
the "Memorial," the hitter a tribute to her 
friend Mrs. Frances S. Osgood. Also author 
of " The n.Toines of History," 1856. 

Hewson, Thomas Tickell, M.D., an 
eminent phvsician, b. Lond. Apr. 9, 1773 ; d. 
Phila. Feb. 17, 1848. Phila. Coll. 1789. His 
father. Dr. William Hewson, d. when he was a 
year old ; and in 1786 he came with his mother 
to Phila. He studied medicine there, and as 



house-surgeon at St. Bartholomew's, Lond., 
also in Edinburgh ; returned to Phila. in July, 
1796; began practice; was physician to the 
Walnut-st. Prison from 1806 to 1818; rendered 
valuable service during a malignant epidemic 
in 1817-18; became prof of comp. anatomy 
in the U. of Pa. in Dec. 1816; was its sec. and 
censor from 1802 to 1835 ; and pres. from July, 
1835, to his death. Many years a surgeon 
in the Phila. Almshouse; physician to the 
Orphan Asylum 1817-1837; surgeon of the 
Pa. Hospital 181S-35; and took a principal 
part in !.■ ! rmi , n :ind revision of the nat. 
phaiiiii " I I' I ^L'2 he established a pri- 
vate iiM . , ; I uliich he taught anatomy 
and tijr I'T ; : I . .. ^ , . .il years. He was a mem- 
ber or officer of many medical and philos. 
societies. He transl. Swediaur's " Treatise on 
Syphilis," Phila., 8vo,1815. — Sec Obit. Notice, 
by F. Dache, Phila., 8vo, 1850. _ 

Hiacoomes, the first Indian convert to 
Christianity in N.E. ; d. ab. 1C90, a. 80. He 
was at Martha's Vineyard when first settled 
by the whites in 1642, and was converted by 
"Thomas Mayhew. He learned to read, and in 
1645 began to preach to his countrymen with 
success. Aug. 22, 1670, an Indian church was 
formed there ; and Hiacoomes and Tackanash 
were ord, pastor and teacher by Eliot and 
Cotton. He was faithful and successful, and 
was courageous in reprehending the Indians 
for worshipping their false gods and adhering 
to their powwows. 

Hibbard, Freeborx Garretson, clergy- 
man and author, b. New Roehelle, N.Y., Feb. 
22, 1811. At the age of 18 he entered the 
ministry of the M.E. church, in which he has 
held several important stations ; and at a gen. 
conf was chosen editor of the Northern Cliris- 
tian Advocate. Author of " Baptism, its Import, 
Mode, Efficacy, and Relative Order ; " " Ge- 
ography and History of Palestine ; " and the 
"Psalms Chronologically arranged, with Hi.-t. 
Introductions, and a Gen. Introd.," 8vo, 1856. 

HickokjLADRExs Perseds, D.D.,LL.D., 
metaphysician, b. Danhury, Ct., Dee. 2i, 1798. 
Un. Coll. 1820. He studied theology; was li- 
censed to preach in 1822; and was pastor suc- 
cessively at Newtown and Litchfield. Prof, of 
theol. in the W. Reserve Coll., O., 1836-44. 
In 1844 he became prof in the Auburn Theol. 
Sem.; and in 1852 removed to Schenectady, 
N.Y., as prof of mental and moral science; 
also viee-pres. of Un. Coll.; and pres. since 
Mar. 5, ISHC. Besides occasional sermons, ad- 
dress.,! 1 .!•:',; t'l religious periodicals, he 
has|Mi'. i; r -rhology," 1848; "Mor- 

al ^^i 1 I, I II pirical Psychology, or 

the llinii.i;i Ml, I ,1- i.iven in Consciousness," 
1854; ana ■Rational Cosmology," 1858. 

Hiekox, John Hovtard, b. Albany, N.Y., 
1832. Assist, lib. N.Y. State Library. 'Author 
of " Hist. Acct. of American Coinage," 8vo, 
I85S. 

Hicks, Elias, a disting. Quaker preacher, 
b. Hempstead, L.T., Mar. 19, 1748; d. Jeri- 
cho, L.I., Feb. 27, 1830. He early evinced un- 
usual ability for public speaking; at the age 
of 27 was a formally-recognized preacher ; soon 
became a leader, and was eminently successful. 
After many years' preaching, and study of the 



mc 



434 



Scriptures, he created a schism in the body, 
which resulted finally in a permanent separa- 
tion. The seceders, takin;^ the name of tlieir 
leader, were denominated Hicksites. Friend 
Hicks travelled extensively to advance his 
views, preachinn; wherever "he went with great 
eloquence. He preserved his intellectual vigor 
till late in life, visiting, when 80 years of a^'e, 
N. J., Pa., Md., Ohio, Ind., and the northern 
and western part of N.Y. Author of "Elias 
Hicks's Journal of his Life and Labors," Phila. 
1828; "Sermons," 1828; "Observations on 
Slavery," 8vo, N.Y., 1811 ; " Doctrinal Epis- 
tle," written in 1820, pub. 8vo, 1824; and 
"Letters " on bis doctrines, r2mo, 1824. 

Hicks, Thomas, painter, b. Newtown, 
Bucks < 'o,. Pi , ' ><-r I '*, I '^i'! A descendant of 
the ],.-■,, :.,,, II,. .., ,. -hi i.r.laQuaker. In 
1838. :. , :. , : in the Pa. Acad. 

ofFiui .\i,., ,, !.il'<' and Antique 

School, ollU. N.,,.\,,i: \- V,, o «■!.,-,<.. ,.x. 

hibition in 1S4I hr . .iii' ■ , ; : ; ! '■ I'll- 

Death of Abel." r^i .1 r : -> 4 
portraits and rnrn|".-i:i - i ' " ! ■ 



the :nr'ii ,n ,.| : . iTi i |. ■. ■ i, ,1 -:•■.,,!■ 
WOlk.. ,> ,, , 1 .■ ■,._:, , I I ,, I 

the Ml, --.liU -I..III-, .-. li:- i.i- .i.-.ii - I - 
Carnnai, lie »as slabbed ui ll.e l.iu k u.tiiu 
Stiletto while crossing the Piazza Colonna, and 
lay for many weeks in a critical condition. In 
June, 1848, he went to Paris ; studied under 
Couture ab. a year ; and, after a brief residence 
in Eng., settled in N.Y. City. He has since 
devoted himself principally to portrait-painting, 
but has occasionally produced landscapes and 
figure-pieces. Among his portraits is that of 
" Dr. Kane in the Cabin of ' The Advance,' " 
and a large picture of" The Contemporaneous 
Authors of America," in which the figures are 
of life-size. He pub. a Eulogy on Thos. Craw- 
foi;d^ 1865. 

t^y Va, Thchas Hollydat, statesman, 
DorchesterCo.,MJ.,Sept.2,179S; d. Washing 
ton, Feb. 13, 1865. He worked on his father's 
farm, and received a plain education ; was 
member of the Const. Conv. of 1849 ; served 
often in the State legisl. ; gov. 1858-62 ; and 
was elected U.S. senator on the death of J. A. 
Pearce, and re-elected for the term ending in 
1867. His firmness and patriotism helped to 
save Md. to the Union. When the 6th Ms. 
regt. was attacked. Gov. Hicks issued a procla- 
mation, declaring that all his authority would 
be exercised in favor of the govt. 

Hicks, Whitehead, lawver, b. Flushing, 
L.I., Aug. 24, 1728 ; d. there Oct. 1780. Son 
of Thomas and Margaret. Studied law in the 
office of Hon. Wm. Smith ; adm. to the bar 
Oct. 22, 1750, and became one of the first in 
the prof. ; clerk of Queen's Co. Mar. 12, 1752- 
Feb.28, 1757 ; mayor of N.Y. City, Oct. 1766- 
Feb. 14, 1776 ; and from that time to his death 
a judge of the N.Y. Supreme Court. — O'Cal- 
laghan. 

Hidalgo y Costilla (hldal'-go e kos-tel- 
ya), Don Miguel, a Spanish priest, the first 
leader in the Mexican war of independence, b. 
S. America in the latter part of the 18th cen- 
tury; shot at Chihuahua, Mex., 27 July, 1811. 
la "l809 he held a valuable benefice at Dolores 



in Guanaxonto, and was superior in talent and 
educaiion to the cler-v in i;rii,ial in N'.nv Spain. 
He is said to have nitioihi, r,| il,,. >ilk-worm, 
and to have promoted i ircHiihnir in Mexico, 
contrary to the Spanish system of discouraging 
all mannfaetures or agriculture which could 
interfere with the revenue. He possessed great 
influence with the Indians, whom he had en- 
deavored to educate, and, having formed a plan 
for a gen. insurrection, produced by his elo- 
quent exhortations a general revolt against the 
Spanish Govt. Joined by Allende with a few 
Spanish soldiers, 10 Sept. 1810, on the 29tb 
they took Gu.ina.xoato ; and, entering Vallado- 
lid Oct. 20, Hidalgo was proclaimed generalis- 
simo of the Mexican army. He advanced upon 
the city of M'^xico with a lar^'C force ; and Vil- 
legas, the S|i:ini.h vii-.-rcy, hnin- Imt a hand- 
ful of troo|is, li:ii| rri-iiiiiM.- til till' pi.wrrful aid 
of superstitiuii, and pnirniCil Inim the arch- 
l.ishnn a srnience uf exeommunicaliun a-ainst 
l[: ! I'M and his adherents. The .iwe thus in- 
-iiii I I'-rtlier with the lack of ammnniiion, 
I' ' I- '!!■ il a retreat, Nov. 7 he was attacked 
II i ; I iii-d at Aculco by Calleja, who fol- 
n to Guanaxoato, which he took, 
J -reat slaughter on the insurgents, 
a I III, I 7, 1811, totally defeated him at the 
lii nl'jr I.I Calderon. Becnnn' a fn^itivi^, he was 
taken priMuicr liv Biistanicnti-, unr ..f his i.wn 
offirers, Mar. 21 ;' was ilr^inulnl Innn .In' piarst- 

the belief that "the knell of the Spanish rule 
had been sounded." The people after his death 
regarded him as a saint. 

Higginson, Francis, divine, b. Eng. 1 588 ; 
d. Salem, Aug. 6, 1630. He received his deg. 
from St. John's Coll. Cambridge, and settled 
at Leicester, where he soon acquired a high 
reputation for pulpit eloquence ; but he subse- 
quently became a Puritan. He refused offers 
of many excellent livings on account of his 
b. opinions, and gained a support by teaching 



gan to form a plantatii 


'i tlieiv 


in 1 623, they 


engaged Mr. Higginsi,,, 


tn LI. Ill 


ili'iandpros- 


ccutchis labors. A|i|ir. 


H'lnlini; 


1 -iinimons to 


appear before tlie Hi;;li 




ii.n Court, he 


proinpllvarqilii-scril, am 


.Illll.-L",! 


1 (',29, arrived 




' ii],iin tl 


1 prrlormance 


of ln,il,ilii-. (.Inly -JU) . 




III the cong. 



estal.li-.lirii thrrc. In tlicsurririlin;,'year, in the 
general sickness which ravaged the Colony, he 
was attacked by a hectic fever, of which he ul- 
timately died. He wrote an account of New 
En-, entitled " A Sliort and True Description 
ot III I I - inii.i,;!,,- anil ("' ,|„ „li nos of the 

(',.,., , I ,, , , I I ,,,,■ I , I . ..iis. of the 

III-' --, ■ ,,i '■,! , I.. : III ! his voy- 

aw,,, ,,1 lii.-h 1- |,|, -,,| v,,,| III II, r., inn. nil's collec- 
tion of iiap.-rs. — S„: M. m. bi/ /!,i: ./. B. Felt 
in Geneal. Reg., vi. 105. 

Higginson, John, minister of Salem, 
Ms., b. Claybrook, Eng., Aug. 6, 1516 ; d. Sa- 
lem, Dec. 9, 1708. He came over with his 
father. Rev. Francis ; after whose death be be- 
came a teacher at Hartford, by which means he 
was able to assist his mother in the maintenance 
of her six children. He was employed by the 
magistrates and ministers of the Ms. Col. to 
take down in short-hand the proceedings of 



435 



the synod of 1637. In this he was assisted by 
Giles Firmin. The record of these proceed- 
ings has never been printed; but the MS. is 
known to have been in existence in 1743 
(see Hist. Maf. 2d ser. vol. iii. p. 26). He was 
afterwards chaplain of the fort at Saybrook ; 
in 1641 went to Guilford as assist, to Rev. 
Henry Whitfield, whose dan. hem.; and in 1643 
was one of the " seven pillars " of the church 
there. In 1659 he sailed with his fimily for 
Eng., but, having put into .Salem harbor on ac- 
count of the weather, became pastor of the 
church which his lath.T had ],lantcd ; was ord. 
in Aug. 1660, ami continned there till his d. 
He was a zealous 0|]pouent of the Qii.ikers, 
althou-h he siib»equeiitly ivgrettcd the warmth 
of bis zeal ; bu the took no part in the witch- 
craft delusion in 1692, and was a very popular 
prta.her. He preached the Election Sermon 
166!. lie pub. other occasional discourses, 
al.^o the attestation to the " Magnalia Ameri- 
cana," with a narrative of the Mathers, and 
" Testiuionv to the Order of the Gospel in the 
Churches of N.E.," &e. 

Higginson, Stephen, merchant, h. Salem, 
Nov. as, 1743; d. Bo.ston, Nov. 22, 1828. De- 
scended from Rev. Francis. He was bred to 
mercantile pursuits; and from 1765 to 1775 
was all :i ■;. ,ri 1 -meessful shipmaster. On 
a\i-it : I. i; : ,: I in 1774-5 be was called 
toth : i! I r of Commons, and qnes- 

tiou^.l .1- I., ih. M II.' .if feeling in Ms. Mem- 
ber C'oiit. L'lHig. 178:2-3; « firm supporter of 
Washington and Adams; was navy agent for 
Ms. in 1797-1801 ; was one of Gov. Bowdoin's 
most active and resolute advisers in the sup- 
pression of Sliays's Rebellion ; and was lieut.- 
col. of the regt. sent from Boston at that time. 
One of the most successful of the merchants 
of Boston for nearly a third of a century. In 
the war of 1812 he"suffered disasters, and lost 
a large portion of his ample fortune. He m. 
Susan, dau. of Aaron and Susanna (Porter) 
Cleveland. The remarkable essays of " Laco," 
attacking.', John Hancock, were generally attrih- 
nted to him. Ho wrote also a pamphlet "entitled 
" An Examination of Jay's Treaty, bv Cato " 
(Boston, 1795). Stephen, son of the preced- 
ing, b. Nov. 20, 1770, d. Feb. 20, 1834. A 
Boston merchant and philanthropist; steward 
of H.U. 1818-34. Habitually spoken of as the 
" Man of Ross" of his day, from his profuse 
chai ities. He was twice m. ; first to Martha 
.Salisbury, and, after her death, to Louisa, dau. 
of Capt. Thomas Storrowof the British armv. 

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, au- 
thor, son ol the preceding, b. Cambridge, Ms., 
Dec. 22, 1823. H. U. 1841. Harv. Theol. 
School, 1847. Minister 1st Cong. Church, New- 
biiryport, 1847-50, and of a free church at 
Worcester in 1852-8. He took an active part 
in the antislavery agitation of this pej-iod ; was 
wounded in the Anthony Burns affair; and 
was indicted with Parker, Phillips, and others, 
but was discharged, from a flaw in the indict- 
ment. He aided in the organization of parties 
of free State emigrants to Kansas in 1856; 
was a brig.-gen.on "Jim" Lane's stafl^ in the 
free State forces, and was cognizant of Capt. 
John Brown's movements. He has long been 
a leading contrib. to the Atlantic Monthly, and 



has pub. "Out door Papers," 1 863; " Malbone, 
an Oldport Romance," 1869; "Army-Life in 
a Black Regiment," 1870 ; and has edited 
Harvard Memorial Bio'jraphieSy 2 vols. 8vo ; 
a new translation of Epictetus, 1865. He has 
contrib. to the A'. Y. Independent, N. Y. Trib- 
une, Boston Woman's Journal, anA Macmillan's 
Mag., London. A French translation of his 
essay on the " Greek Goddesses " appeared in 
the Paris Rgime Britannii/ue, Oct. 1869. In 
the slaveholder's rebellion, he was col. of the 
first S.C. Vols., — the first regt. of slaves en- 
listed in the U.S. service, except those raised 
by Gen. Butler at New Orleans. He took and 
held the town of Jacksonville, Fla ; was sub- 
sequently wounded in an engagement on the 
Edisto River, and compelled to rcM-n fnuii iii~- 
ahility in Oct. 1864. He has s,i„v i, -i,|, ,| at 
Newport, R. L, engaged in In imiv |,ni.i,its. 
In 1847 he m. his second cuusm Mai v. .I.iu. 
of Walter Clianning, M.D., and niece of the 
celebrated divine. 

Hildreth, Ezekiel, teacher and author, 
b. Westtuni, Ms., July 18, 1784 ; d. Wheeling, 
Va., Mar. 15, 1856. H.U. 1814. He was 42 
years a teacher in Ohio, Va., Tenn., and Ky. 
He pub. a gr.ammatical work, " Logopolis, or 
City of Woi-ds," a " Key to Knowledge," an 
" Essay on the Mortality of the Soul," and 
an " Address on Education," delivered before 
an Educational Conv. in Clarksburg, Va., in 
1836. 

Hildreth, Richard, author and journal- 
ist, b. Deerfield, Ms., June 28, 1807 ; d. Flor- 
ence, July 11, 1865. H.U. 1826. His father, 
Hosea, was a Cong, clergyman. While study- 
ing law in Newburyport, "he contrib. to maga- 
zines in Boston, where he practised until he 
began in 1832 to edit the Boston Atlas. In 
1834-5 Mr. Hildreth resided on a plantation in 
the South. Here he wrote his antislavery 
novel " Archy Moore," repub. and favorably 
received in Eng. In 1852 an enlarged edition 
appeared under the title of" The White Slave." 
In 1836 be translated, from the French of Dn- 
mont, Benthani's " Theory of Legislation," 
1840. His next work was " A History of 
Banks." After passing the winter of 18'37-8 
in Washington as corresp. of the Atlas, Mr. 
H. resumed his editorial post, advocated Har- 
rison's election to the presidency, and wrote a 
pamphlet biography of his candidate. Aban- 
doning journalism, he pub. in 1840, with the 
title of " Despotism in America," a vol. on 
slavery, to which, in the edition of 1854, was 
appended a chapter on " The Legal Basis of 
Slavery." He resided in Demarara, British 
Guiana, in 1840-3 ; and as the editor succes- 
sively of two newspapers in Georgetown, the 
capital of the country, ho earnestly advocated 
the system of free "labor. His " Theorv of 
Morals," Boston, 1844, and his "Theory of Pol- 
itics, "N. Y. 1853, were written in Guiana. 
Mr. Hiklreth's principal work is his " History 
of the U.S.," 6 vols. 8vo, N.Y., 1849-56. He 
pub. "Japan as it Was and Is," 1855. 



He was a liberal i 



. to various newspapers 



and periodicals, and to cyclopoedias and Works 
of a similar character. For several years Mr. 
H. was one of the editors of the N. Y Tribune. 
Among other controversial pamphlets from 



mx. 



436 



his pen is a Letter to Prof. Andrews Norton of 
Cambridge on " Miracles." In 18.56 he com- 
piled from Lord Campbell's work " Lives of 
Atrocious Jiidtjes." U.S. consul at Trieste 
from 1861 till compelled by ill health to relin- 
quish the post. — Appleton. 

Hildreth, Samuel Pkescott, M. D. 
(1805), historian and phvsirist, l>. Mutluien, 
Ms., Sept 30, 17S3; d. .\l,Mi iM, n ,|„iv 2i, 

1863. Descended from i; uiul-e," 

whod. Chelmsford, Ms., Ill- i . !i : ..uicd 

on a farm; received an ;p li ■ in. an.,,; 

and studied medicine nitii Dr. KiiimilLre of 
Andover. He bcfjan practice iu N.II., butemig. 
to Ohio in 1806; located himself first at P.elpre', 
and finally, in 1808, at Marietta, where he was 
a successful practitioner. He was iu the legisl. 
in 1810-11; was near 40 years a contrib. to 
Sillima7i's jountal, on meteorology, geology, 
and paleontology; and was in 1837 a member 
of the geological survey. His " History of the 
Diseases and Climate of South-eastern Ohio" 
was pub. in 1837 by the Cleveland Medical 
Society, of which he was pres. He pub. in 
the Hesperian, at Cincinnati, " A History of 
the Settlement of Belleville, Western Va.]" in 
1837; in 1848, " Pioneer History ;"" Lives of 
the Early Settlers of Ohio," 1852; and con- 
tribs. to the Early Hist, of the N. VVest, r2mo, 

1864. His valuable scientific library, and cabi- 
nets of natural history and conchologv, he gave 
to Marietta Coll. He eontrib. much' valuable 
biog. matter to the xV. E. H. and Gen. Rerj. — 
See Grneal. Reg., xviii. 100. 

Hill, Ambrose Powell, lient.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Culpeper Co., Va., 1824 ; killed iu the as- 
sault on Petersburg, Va., April 2, 1805. West 
Point, 1847. His father was for many years 
a leading politician and merchant iu Culpeper 
Co. Entering the 1st Art., he became 1st 
lieut. Sept. 1851 ; resigned March 1, 1861. 
Engaged during the Mexican war at Hua- 
mantla, 9 Oct., and Atlixco, 12 Oct., 1847 ; 
and in Fla. against the Seminoles in 1849-50. 
From Nov. 1855 until his resignation, he had 
assisted in the U.S. coast survey. Made col. 
13th Va. Vols., and attached to Johnston's 
army, he participated in the liartje of MMv\-isas. 
At the battle of Williamsi.ir ,, M -• , 1 -'.-', he 

was a brig.-gen.; distiiij l.ni.i, I was 

made a maj.-gcn. He wa~ ]H..iiiiih m m ihe 
7-days' battles before Ricliujoiul, ami t;.iiiied a 
brilliant reputation for bravery, and skill in 
the handling of his troops. He was active 
in the succeeding campaign against Gen. Pope ; 
captured Harper's Ferry, Sept. 14, 1862; and, 
making a forced march, arrived at Antietam 
in season to take part in that severe battle. 
At the battle of Fredericksburg his division 
formed the right of Jack^n,', f, r -, i' ("han- 
cellorsville the centre, an 1 !■ in that 

flank movement which CI II !M ■ n^ht. 
The death of Stonewall .hn 1.. II ^nn lii:i the 
com., and he was soon niter se\crrjy ^vtuiuded, 
and for gallantry in this battle was promoted 
to lieut. -gen. (May 20, 1863), and placed at 
the head of one of the 3 corps of the Army of 
Va. He led his corps at Gettysburg; and in 
the aflfair at Bristow Station was repulsed with 
severe loss. In the great battles of the spring 
of 1864, next to Gen. Lee, he was the most 



(MaiTh 23-A|,nl - 
latigablc in his e.\cri 
attack. In the stni, 
,e works in front u 
i.itly killed by a rifle 



! 22, his corps, 

ttempt on the 
attack on the 

MS active and 

irprl ,|,cFed- 

ilii' I'o-scssion 
luiiL.', he was 



Hill, Gen. Daniel Harvey, b. S.C. ab. • ^( . 
24.^ West Point, 1842. Entering the art.,/^ (t^Onttl 



March 



brev. 



./r ( 



he becami 
capt. for g: 

busco, and majur for ( h;i[,iilii'i ; resigned' , ,- 

Feb. 28, 1849 : was ]in.r. d maili- tics sue- / «' * 

cessively in Wash, ('nil , la Miiji.n, \'a., and 
Dav.ColL.N.C; and m i . - i, , ;a i^iincipal 
of the Milit. Inst, at ( 1: I .( Chosen 

May 8, 1801, col. 1st N i > ' ' mn. at ■ 

Great Bethel; remain-1 immI r Mi^mdcrat 
Yorktown ; took part in the battles of the 
Peninsular campaign ; and led the attack on 
Gen. Casey at Fair Oaks. He afterward com. 
the de|it. of the Appomattox, having his head- 
quarters at Petersburg, Va., and held the rank 
of maj.-gen. ; com. a division at Fredericks- 
burg and Chancellorsville ; attacked Fort An- 
derson, opposite Newbern, N.C., 14 Mar. 1863, 
anil was repulsed; and com. at Augusta, S.C, 
in Feb. 1865. He has pub. " Elements of Al- 
gebra," a vol. on " The Sermon on the Mount," 
and one entitled " The Crucifixion of Christ." 
He was a bro.-in-law of Gen. T. J. Jackson, 
having m. a Miss Morrison of N.C. 

Hill, George, poet, b. Guilford, Ct., 29 , 

Jan. 1796. Y.C. 1810. Son of Judge Henry, ot- 'v.' 
He was first employed in the U.S. land office 
at Washington, and entered the navy iu 1827 
as a teacher of math., in which capacity he 
made a cruise in the Mediterranean. On his 
return he became librarian of the state dept. at 
Washington; in 1839 was app. U.S. consul 
for the southern portion of Asia Minor, which 
he was soon obliged by ill health to decline. 
Returning to Washington, he became a clerk 
in the dept. of state, resigning in 1855. He 
jiub. anonymously, in 18.'!l, "The Ruins of 
Athens," with a few s!„,rt |v>rMis. r.-printed 
with his name in 18.'i'.i / !''.'^qfCt. 

Hill, George 11. i ■) i! I Ij i l.. Bos- 
ton, 1799; d. Saratov, I, .. i . .-. , , _7, 1849. 
He first recited YankcL- ^i.mv, ,ii ilx Warren 
Theatre, Boston ; and afterward jjlaycd in Yan- 
kee characters at the Park, N.Y., at the Lond. 
. Adelphi in 1838, and in many other theatres 
with success. — Brown's Amer. Stage. 

Hill, Isaac, politician and journ.ilist of 
N.H., b. Cambridge, Ms., April 0, 1788; d. 
Washington, D.C., Mar. 22, 1851. His parents 
removed to Ashburnhain, Ms. At the age of 
14 he was apprenticed to the pub. of the Am- 
herst Cabinet. In 1809 he went to Concord, 
purchased the Anier. Patriot, changed its name 
to the N.Ii. Patriot, and made it the organ of the 
Repnb. party ; and its columns were supported 
by contribs. from the ablest men of the party, 
giving it for 20 years an immense influence. 
In 1828, after filling several posts in the State 
legisl., he was an unsuccessful candidate for 
the U.S. senate. In 1829 he was second cornpt. 
of the treasury; U.S. senator 1830-6; gov. 



:s, \q 



1836-9; U.S. sub. treas. at Boston 1840-1. 
In 1840, in connection witii liis two oldest 
sons, lie established UiU's N.H. Patriot, which 
they nub. and edited until 1847. He also pub. 
the turner's Monthiy Visitor for the last fitteen 
years of his life. His biog., speeches, and 
misc. writings, were pub. Concord, 1835. 

Hill, Thomas, U.D., LL.D. (Y.C. 1863), 
clergyman and mathematician, b. New Bruns- 
wick," N.J., Jan. 7, 1818. H.U. 1843. His 
father, a tanner by trade, was for many years 
judge of the Superior Court of Common 
tleas. Both of his parents were English. 
Left, an orphan at the age of 10 ; at 12 he was 
apprenticed to a printer; at 17, after a year's 

attendance ar. si-1 1, cute-red an apothecary's 

shop, and ^r,^, I 111 ir :;' vms. He studied'at 
theCamlnil, ,' , ■- .i.>,il till 1845, when 

ho was scttli ; . W .. i .i Ue is a Unitarian. 
In 1859 he M.c.L^.icU il.;r.n:e Mann in the 
presidency of Autiuch Coll., Yellow Springs, 
Ohio; and in 1862-8 was pres. of H.U. 
Has been a frequent contrib. to the periodical 

f(ir 1 ,, ■ ' ' / ■ , /, , . Mt/ifazine, 

I'll ■ W - . '. .1 ,,■ . i Atlantic 

AJii,i-„<;j. .U..I |.,.ii. -i.i.iM.i,,, „ I ail ^.s and ad- 
dressee, and papcia HI " riie i'loceedings of 
the American Association fur the Advance- 
ment of Seieni-e." lie has also written most 
of the m.itliem.itieal articles lor the New Amcr. 
Cyclopiedia, an " Elenieniarv Treatise on 
Aritli.netic," " Geometry and Faith," and 
" Fir.st Lessons in Gcumetry." It is, however, 
in his investigations in curves that he has d,is- 
played the greatest originality and fertility. — 
Applelon. 

Hill, Thomas, landscape-painter, b. Eng. 
While very youtig, his parents settled in 
Taunton, Ms. Occupied many years as a 
carriage-painter and as a decorator of cottage 

made a jjartner in a Cin ii^i im IiMn-e in IMii:).. 
iiMvhieliherem.iined Ij , , , i i -, :.: ' • , 
ISOO c.stal.iished h..ii - ' - 

self to landscaii. s\mM, ■■' , ■- Alter 

May, 18G8, e-i.iiili-lr I !: .:, I ': l;--i.)'ii, and 

now (1871) his a si.pin ;i! Cm .I.e. He is 

well known by liis C'alifornia scenery. His 
masterpieee is a view of the Yoseniite Valley. 
While in Cal. he painted the Trial-Scene from 
'■ Tlie Merchant of Venice." 

Hill, WiiiTMELL, b. Bertie Co., N.C., Feb. 
12, 1743; d. Hills Ferry, Martin Co., N.C., 
Sept. 26, 1797. U. of Pa. He was a delegate 
to the congresses at Hillsborough and Halifax, 
1775-6; was lieut.col. of the Coventry militia, 
and delegate to the Cont. Congress in 1778- 
81. Previous to 1785 he was frequently in the 
hou^e or senate of N.C. 

Hillard, Geokge Stillman, LL.D. (Trin. 
1857), lawver, orator, and man of letters, b. 
Machias Me., 22 Sept. 1808. H.U. 1828. 
His mother was a dau. of Gen. Stillman. He 
was associated with George Bancroft in the 
Round Hill Sem. at Northampton, Ms. ; was 
adm. to the Boston bar in 1833, and acquired 
an extensive practice ; was a member of the 



common council of Boston in 1845-7, and six 
months its pres. ; member of the State legisl. ; 
State senator 1849-50; city solicitor in 1854- 
6 ; U.S. dist. atty. for Ms. 1867-70. In 18.33 
he conducted, wiih George Ripley, a weekly 
Unitarian paper, the Christ. Register. In 1839 
he edited Spencer's works in 5 vols. 8vo, estab- 
lishing his reputation as a scholar; in 1840 he 
pub. a translation of Guizot's Essay on Wash- 
ington ; in 1843 he was the Phi Beta Kappa 
orator at Cambridge; in 1846 he delivered and 
pub. a lecture on the Connection between 
Geography and History, unfolding 



Institute on John Milton; in 1852 he delivered 
the Eulogy on Daniel Webster before the city 
authorities of Boston ; and in 1853 edited the 
Webster "Memorial;" in 1856 he edited a 
selection from the works of Walter Savage 
Landor. He visited Europe, and in 18.53 pub. 
his " Six Months in Italy," 2 vols. 12nio. 
He was some time an associate editor of the 
Jurist, and for several years a principal editor 
of the Boston Courier. He is also the author 
of " Life and Campaigns of George B. McClel- 
lan,". 1865, and of an excellent series of school- 
readers now in general use. Besides the above, 
he has contrib. a Memoir of Capt. John Smith 
to Sparks's Amcr. Biog. ; articles on Everett 
and Choate to the " New Araer. Cycloptedia; " 
and upon various subjects to the Christ. Exam- 
imr, .V. Amnl.an lieoir.w, &.C. 

Hillegas, .Michael, 1st U.S. treas.; d. 
I'hila. -M 8ept. 1804, a. 76. 

Hillhouse, James, LL.D. (Y.C. 1823), 
lawver and senator, h. Montville, Ct., Oct. 21, 
1754 ; d.N. Haven, Dec. 29,1832. Y.C. 1773. 
William, his father (member of the council of 
safety during the Revol., 50 years in the State 
legisl., 40 years judge C.C.P., member Cont. 
Congress 1783-6), d. Jan. 12, 1816, a. 87. A 
bro., James Abraham, a disting lawyer of N. 
n.>. n,.I.July,1822,a.87. Y.C. 1749. James 

I I ed law; took an active part in the Revol. 
I ■ ; and, when N. Haven was invaded 
1 V I 111 IJritish under Tryon, was com. of the 
guv.'s guards: M.C. 1791-4; U.S. senator 
1794-1810, and pres. /^o tcm. in 1800; com- 
miss. of the school fund from 1810 to 1825, 
when he undertook to conduct the construction 
of the Farmington and Hampshire Canal. 
Treas. of Yale Coll. from 1782 till his death ; 
member of the Hartford Conv. He m. a dan. 
of Col. Melancthon Woolsey. He pub. a num- 
ber of speeches. 

Hillhouse, James Abraham, poet, b. N. 
Haven, Sept. 26, 1789 ; d. there Jan. 4, 1841. 
Y.C. 1808. Son of the preceding. He devoted 
several years to mercantile pursuits in N.Y., 
which led him to visit Europe in 1819. He 
m. in 1822, and retired to the bcantilul rural 
spot called Sachem's Wood, where he was born, 
making literature rather an amusement than 
an occupation. He united vigor of thought to 
a brilliant fancy, an exquisite taste, and a cor- 
rect and elegant diction. Some of his prin- 
cipal poems are "Percy's Marque," first pub. u ^ f 
in 1820; "Hadad," 1825;^and "The Judg- i&o^ 
ment," delive>ed before the Phi Beta Kappa i^J- 
Socicty at New Haven, 1812. His literary ^'^ • ' 



438 



HJN 



produLtibns were collected by himself, and pub. 
in 1839 in two vols. 12mo, under the title of 
''Dramas, Discourses, and other Pieces." 

Hilliard, D'Acberteuil, publicist, b. 
Paris ab. 1740 ; d. ab. 1789. After exercising 
for ten years the profession of an advocate at 
St. Domingo, he returned to Paris, where lie 
pub. " Considerations sur I'Etal Present de St. 
Domingue," 1776, 2 vols. 8vo, suppressed by a 
decreeof council in 1777. In 1777-8 he visited 

the mother-country. His " Essais Llistoriques 
et Politiqites sur ifs Anglo- Am^ricains " appeared 
in 1782, 2 vols. 8vo, Bru.xelles, and was con- 
tinued under the title of " Essais llistoriques el 
Poliliques sur les Rgoolutions de I 'Amirique Sep- 
teiUrionale," 3 vols. 8vo, 1783. Imprisoned in 
1784 in consequence of his first publication, he 
soon recovered his liberty, and in 1789 re- 
turned to the Colonies, where some have sup- 
posed he was assassinated. — Bioq. Uniu. Suppt. 

Hilliard, Francis, b. Canibrid-e, Ms., 
ab. 18U8. 11. U. 1823. Son of William, book- 
seller of Boston. Judge of Ruxbury Police 
Court ; conimiss. and judge of insolv. for Norf. 
Co. ; author of " Digest of Pickering's Re- 
ports ; " " Sales of Personal Property," 8vo, 
1841 ; " Amer. Law of Real Property," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1855; "Amer. Jurisprudence," 8vo, 
1848; "Law of Vendors and Purchasers," 2 
vols. 8vo, 1858 ; " Treatise on Torts," 2 vols. ; 
"Remedy for Torts; ""New Trials," 18B6; 
"Law of Injunctions ; " Hilliard "on Mort- 
gages," 2 vols., and on " Bankruptcy." 

Hilliard, Henry Washington, politician 
and scholar, b. Cumberland Co., N.C.,Aug. 8, 
18C18. S.C. Coll. 1826. He studied law, and 
settled in Ga., but in 1831 became a citizen of 
Ala., and was for 3 years a prof, in the State U. 
In 1838 he was elected to the State Icgisl. ; 
inj4842 was app. by Pres. Tyler minister to 
Belgium ; and was M.C. in 184.3-51 : a vol. of 
his speeches was pub. in 1855. He opposed 
the Wilmot Proviso; was a prominent advo- 
cate of the compromise measures of 1850, and 



Hillsborough, Wills Hill, Earl of, 
principal secretary of state lor the Amer. dept. 
in 1768-71 and 1779-82, h. Fairford, Glouces- 
tershire, Eng., 30 May, 1718 ; d. 7 Oct. 1793. 
He took his seat in the Irish house of peers 
in 1743; in the privy council in 1754; was 
first lord of trade in 1766; postmaster-gen. in 
1766-8; and was made viscount, and earl of 
Harwich, in 1772. 

Hillyer, Asa, D.D. (Allegh. Coll. 1818), 
Prcsb. minister of Orange, N.J. (1801-33), 
b. Sheffield, Ms., 6 April, 1763 ; d. in N.Y. 28 
Aug. 1840. Y.C. 1786. Ord. at Bottle Hill, 
N. J., 29 Sept. 1789. In 1837 he sided with 
the New School. — S/iraijue. 

Hilson, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas, actors. 
Mr. H. was b. Loud., Eng., 1784; d. Louis- 
ville, Kv., Julv 23, 1 834. First app. at the Park, 
N.Y., as Waiter in " Child, of the Wood;" 
in Phila. at Arch St., Sept. 11, 1832, as Dash- 
wood in " Know Your Own Mind." Mrs. H., 
formerly Ellen Augusta Johnston, wa.s b. 1801 ; 
d. N.Y. City, Apr. 2, 1837. Made her d^but 
at the Park Theatre, with which her parents 
were connected, Jan. 15, 1817, as Amantbis in 



" The Child of Nature ; " remained there until 
1830; opened as Lady Teazle at Walnut- 
st. Theatre, Phila., Sept. 12, 1831; married 
Mr. Ililson, Aug. 1825. The pair played an 
engagement at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, 
in 1827. — Brown's American Stage. 

Hinckley, Isabella. — See SnsiNi. 

Hinckley, Tuomas, last gov. of Plvm- 
outh, b. Eng. ab. 1618; d. Barnstable, Apr. 
25, 1706. Son of Samuel of Tcnterden in 
Kent, and Sarah Hinckley, with whom he 
came to Scituate in 1635, and in 1639 removed 
to Barnstable. He soon became prominent in 
the affairs of the Colony ; was a dcp. in 1 645 ; a 
representative in 1647 ; a magistrate and assist, 
from 1658 to 1680; dep.gov. 1680; gov. from 
1681,exceptduringthe interruption by Andros, 
until the union with the Ms. Colony in 1692. 
He was also a commiss. on the General Board 
of the two Colonies from 1673 to 1692, when he 
became a councillor. Among theMSS. of the 
N.E. or Old South Church Library, which in 
1866 were deposited in the Boston Public 
Library, are 3 vols, folio of papers collected by 
Gov. Hinckley. 

Hincks, Sir Francis, C.B., a Canadian 
statesman, b. Cork, Ireland, 1795. Sou of Dr. 
Hincks, a Presb. clergyman. Was educated at 
Fermoy and Belfast ; became a merchant; and 
in 1832 settled in Toronto, Canada. Under 
Lord Durham's administration he edited the 
Examiner with such talent and vigor, that in 
1841 he was elected to parliament for Oxford 
Co., and was soon after app. insp.-gen. From 
July, 1851, until late in 1854, he was prime- 
minister ol^ Canada. He again entered par- 
liament in 1855, when he was app. gov. and 
com.-in-chief of the Windward Islands; and in 
1860-6 he was gov. of British Guiana. He did 
much to promote the construction of railways, 
especially the Grand Trunk Railway of Cana- 
da. Min. of finance for the Dom. of Canada 
since 1869. — Morgan. 

Hind) Henry Youle, geologist, b. Not- 
tingham, Eng., June, 1823. Educated at 
Leipzig and Cambridge. Came to Canada in 
1847 ; prof, of chemistry and geology, Trinitj 
Coll., Toronto, since 1853. He accomp. the 
Red-river exploring exped. in 1857-8, his re- 
ports of which have been pub. as a " Narra- 
tive of the Canadian Exped.," &c., 1860. He 
explored a part of Labrador in 18G1 ; edited 
the Journal of Science and Art 1852-5 ; and in 
1861 began 'the Journal of Arts and Mannfs. 
In 1854 he received the prize of £100 for the 
best essay on the Means of preserving the Har- 
bor of loronto. 

Hindman, Gen. Thomas C, b. Tenn., 
1818; killed in Helena, Ark., Sept. 27, 1868. 
2d lieut. of Mpi. vols, in the Mexican war, and 
was a Democ. M.C. in 1859-Gl. Member of 
the Charleston Convention of 1860. When the 
Rebellion broke out, he was made a brig.-gen. in 
the Confed. army, and promoted subsequently 
to inaj.-gen. He first served under Buckner in 
Ky., and had command at Memphis. At New- 
toiiia, his force of from 1 5,000 to 20,000 was put 
to flight by Gen.s. Schofield and Blunt. Hav- 
ing collected his forces at Van Buren, Ark., he 
crossed the Arkansas with 25,000 men, and ad- 
vanced in Dec. 1862 to Prauie Grove, where he 



HESr 



439 



HIT 



was defeated by Gens. Blunt and Herron. Af- 
ter tlic battle of Shiloli, in which he partici- 
pated, and (rom which his commission of maj.- 
gen. dated, lie was transferred to Ark., and 
com. ill that State during its occupation by 
Gen. Curtis. He com. a division in Polk's 
corps at Chickamauga. He went to Mexico 
after tlie peace, but returned to Helena in the 
spring ol 1807, and was assassinated by one of 



his 



:ildi. 



Hiudman, William, delegate from Md. 
to ilie Old Congress 1784-7, M. C. 1792-9, 
U. S. senator 1800-1 ; d. Jan. 26, 1822. 

Hinds, Gen. Thomas ; d. Jeff. Co., Mpi., 
Aug. 23, 1840, a. ah. 65. Maj. com. Mpi. cav. 
vols. 1813; lieut.-col. com. 1814-15; disting. 
under Jackson at N. Orleans; U.S. brig.-gen. 
of inihtia lor Mpi. Terr. July 7, 1815; M.C. 
\828-:n.— Gardner. 

Hinks, Edward W., brevet, brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., I>. Buckspiirt, Me., 30 May, 1830. J)e- 
sceiulu.l Ironi Judge John Uiiickes of N. II. 
He nmved to Bangor in Dec. 1846, to Boston 
in 1849, and now resides ill Cambridge, Ms. 
Member of the Boston city council, ami of the 
Ms. legisl. in 1855. A printer in Boston, and 
adjt. 8ili M.V.M. ; 18lh Dec. 18C0 wrote to 
Maj. Ander.son, tendering a vol. force to aid 
in delence of Fort Moultrie; 21 April, 1S60, 
while en route to Washington with his rcgt., 
com. a party which saved.the frigate '' Consti- 
tution " at Annapolis, and repaired the bridge 
and railroad at Annapolis Junction; app. 2d 
licut. 2d U.S. Cav. 26 Apr. 18G1; lieut.-col. 
8th Ms. Vols. 30 Apr. 1861; col. 16th M.ty, 
1861; col. 19th Ms. Vols. 3 Aug. 1861 ; brig.- 
gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; brev. niaj.-geii. 13 
Mar. 1865; lieut-col. 40ih U.S. Inf. 28 July, 
1866; brev. col. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1867 for An- 
tietain; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1866 
for IVtiT-liuig, Va. ; retired 15 Dec. 1870. He 
parti, ipaicd in the action of Ball's Bluff; the 

at (Jloiidale, 30 June, 1862; com. 3d Brigade, 
Sedgwick's division, in Pope's campaign, un- 
til scveielv wounded at Antictam, Sept. 17, 
1862; com. 3d div. 18th corps .(colored) 21 
Aiir.-8 July, 1864, in battle of Baylor's Farm, 
and assault on Petersburg, where he was again 
wounded ; afterwards prov -inarslial-gen. of 
Southern N.Y. and of Western Pa., being in- 



b. Woodbury, Ct., 1720; d. Southbury, Ct., 
Mar. 22, 1810. A quarterinabter of a troop of 
horse in the cxped. of Gov. Wolcott against the 
Fiench in Canada in 1751 ; in 1755 a capt. in 
Goodrich's regt., and in the battle between 
Johnson and Dieskau ; lieut.-col. 3d regt. in 
1758; lieut.-col. of a regt. of horse and foot in 
1767, and col. in 1771; com. a regt. at Ticon- 
dcroga in 1775 ; at New York when taken by 
the British in 1776; left the army in ill health 
in Jan. 1777. 

Hinman, Elisua, capt. U.S N., b. Sto- 
ningtoii, Ct., Mar. 9, 1734; d. there Aug. 29, 
1807. At 14 he went to sea ; wasacapt. at 19; 
and for many years sailed to Europe and the 
Indies. He com. " The Cabot," under Com. 
Hopkins, early in 1776. One of the first cap- 
tains app. by Congress (Aug. 13, 1776), he 



abandoned a lucrative profession, and devoted 
himself to his country. He successively com. 
" The Marquis de Lafayette," 20 guns; " The 
Dcane,"30guns; the sloop "Providence; "and 
" The Alfred," 32. Captured in the latter 
(Mar. 9, 1778), he was taken to Eng., and im- 
prisoned, escaped, reached France, and on his 
return home was honorably acquitted for the 
loss of his ship. In 1779 he com. " The Han- 
cock" with great success, and in 1780 "The 
Deane." In 1794 Pies. Adams tendered to 
him the com. of " The Constitution ; " but from 
his advanced age he declined. From 1798 to 
1802 he was engaged in the revenue service. 
By the destruction of New London by the 
British, he lost all his property. 

Hinman, John, LL.U., jurist, b. Fairf.eld 
Co., Ct., 1802 ; d. Cheshire, Ct., 21 Feb. 1870. 
He was educated at an academy ; was adm. to 
the New Haven Co. bar ab. 1827 ; practised in 
Watcrbury ; became a judge of the Superior 
Court in 1842, of the Supreme Court in 1850, 
and in 1861 chief justice. 

Hinman, Royal Ralph, politician and 
genealogist, b. Souihburv, Ct., June 50, 1785; 
d. N. Y. City, Oct. 16, 1868. Y. C. 1804. Son 
of Gen. Ephraim. He studied law; practised 
nearly 30 years in his native county; was sec. 
of state in 1835-42 ; and subsequently gave his 
attention to the history and antiquities of the 
State. He pub. several vols, of genealogies of 
the early settlers in the Hartford, Quinnipiac, 
and Pcqnod colonies. For the last 14 years he 
had resided in N. Y. City. Author of " His- 
torical Collections of Ct. in the Ainer. Revol.," 
8vo, 1842; "Catalogue of the First Puritan 
Settlers of the Colony of Ct.," in 6 nns., Hart- 
ford, 1852-8; "Official Letters between the 
Kings and Queens of Eng. and the Early Gov- 
ernors of Ct. ; " also .several volumes of Stat- 
utes and Public and Private Acts. — Y. C. 
Obit. Record. 

Hinton, John Howard, an English cler- 
gyman and author, b. Oxford, 24 Mar. 1791. 
He was a Baptist; preached at Reading, and af- 
terward at Lond. He edited " The History and 
Topography of the U.S.," completed 



under the supervision of J. 0. Choules, D.D., 
was pub., 2 vols. 4!o, 1853. Mr. Hinton has 
also written " Memoirs of Wm. Knibb;" "The- 
ology, or an Attempt toward a Consistent View 
of the Whole Counsel of God ; " " Elements 
of Natural History," &c. 

Hirst, Henry' B., poet, b. Phila. Aug. 23, 
1813. Adm. to the Phila. bar in 1843, his 
youth having been passed in the study of law, 
frequently interrupted by mercantile occupa- 
tions. Previous to his examination he pub. 
in Crtiham's Mag. several poems, which became 
very popular. He has pub. " The Coming of 
the Mammoth," " The Funeral of Time, and 
other Poems," 1845; " Endvmion, a Tale of 
Greece," 1848 ; and " The Penance of Roland, 
and other Poems," 1849. 

Hitchcock, CoL. Daniel, Revol. officer, 
of R. I. ; d. Jan. 1777, shortly after arriving 
at winter-quarters at Morristown. Y.C. 1761. 
A lawyer in Providence before the Revol.. and 
lieut.-col. of militia ; com. a R. I. regt. at the 



HIT 



Bie;;e of Boston in 1775; nml i-om aliri-;ul'' ;it 
Princeton, tlion;;lL su(irnii_' fimn ilir illiir-^ 
which ciinicil hnn oil'. \\ a^liinu imh timk hiin 

by the liiinil on llic liaitlc'--r i.i, :iinl ilianktil 

him fui- this scivi.-c hdoic tlie wl,ol,> ;irniv. 

Hitchcock, Edwakd, D.l). (Mill. Coll. 
1S4G), LL 1). (11. U. 1840), clc-r-vnian and gc- 
ologist, h. Deudielil, Ms., Mav 24, 17',l.3 ; il. 
Amherst, Feb. 27, 1864. Frincipal of Ocer- 
fieUl Acad. 1815-18; pastor of the Con-. 
church in Conwav, Ms., 1821-5 ; jirof. of 
chem. and nat. hi"st. in Amherst Coll. 1825- 
45 ; pres. of Amherst Coll. and prof, of nat. 
theol. and geol. 1845-54. He was app. 
State geolonist of Ms. in 1830, of the first 
dist. of N.Y. in 18.36, and of Vt. in 1857. 
Several years a member of the Ms. Board of 
Agrlc. ; and in 1850 was commiss. by the State 
Govt, to examine the agric. schools in Europe. 
He pub. an almanac 4 years (1815-18); a 
tragedy, " The Downfall of Bonaparte," 1815 ; 
and subsequently pub. more than 20 vols., be- 
side numerous sermons, addresses, tracts, and 
articles in tlu 



;ifie 



nd lii 



'A' Catalogue of Plants within 2o"Miles of 
Amherst," 1829 ; a prize essay on the " Wine- 
Qnestion ; " " Lectures on Diet, Regimen, and 
Employment;" in 1850 the "History of a 
Ziuilogical Temperance Convention in Central 
Africa;" "A Wreath for the Tomb," 1839; 
" Lectures on the Peculiar Phenomena of the 
Four Seasons," 1850; "Memoir of Mary 
Lvon," 1851 ; "Reports on the Geologv of 
M'.s.," 1833, '35, '38, '41 ; " Report on the Ge(d- 
ogy of Vt.," 1860; illustrations of " Surface 
Geology," 1857 ; and the " Elementary Geol- 
ogy," which has passed through 25 editions 
here, and several in Eng. His " Religion of 
Geology and its Connected Sciences," 1K51 , had 
a wide circulation on both sides of the Atlantic. 
He suggested as well as executed the geological 
survey of Ms., the first survey of an entire 
State under the authority of govt, in the world. 
The Amer. Geol. Assoc, (now the Scientific 
Assoc.) was originated at his suggestion ; and 
he was its first pres. Dr. Hitchcock was the 
first to give a scientific exposition of the fossil 
footprints of the Ct. Valley. " The Ichnology 
of N.E.," pub. by the Ms. Icgisl. in 1858, is 
chiefly a description and illustration of Ids own 
numerous collections. His last literary labor 
was bis " Ucniiniscences of Amherst College." 
Hitchcock, Enos, D. D. (B. U. 1788), 
minister and author, b. Springfield, Ms., Mar. 
7, 1744; d. Providence, Feb. 27, 1803. H.U. 
1767. Oril. Mav 1, 1771, colleague of Mr. 
Chipman of the Second Church, Beverly ; dis- 
missed Apr. 6, 1780; chaplain in the 'Rcvol. 
army. Installed at Providence, Oct. 1, 1783. 
He was a disting. preacher, and a friend and 



promoter 



of educa 



At his death he be- 



queathed $2,500 for the support of the ministry 
in his society. He pub. " Catechetical Instruc- 
tions and Forms of Devotion for Children and 
Youth ; " " Memoirs of the Bloomsgrove Fam- 
ily ; " a work on Education, 2 vols. 12mo, 1790 ; 
discourses and sermons ; and Essay on the 
Lord's Supper. 

Hitchcock, Eth.4N Allen, brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., andauthor, b. Vergennes, Vt., 18 May, 



IT'.is; d. Hancock, Ga., 5 Aug. 1870. West 
ruiiit, IS17. Son of Judge Samuel (who d. 
i;iiri.ii-i,.n, Dec. 1813, a. 59) by a dau. of 
Kiluiu Allen. He was an officer of the milit. 
acad. in 1824; com. the cadets in lS29-,33; 
capt. Dec. 1824 ; maj. 8tli Inf. 7 July, 1838; 
licut-cul.3d, 31 Jan. 1842; c.d. 2d Inf 15 Apr. 
1851; resigned 18 Oct. 1855; maj -gen. vols. 
10 Feb. 1862; commis. for exch. of prisoners 
15 Nov. 1862 ; commis. to revise the milit. laws 
and regulations 17 Dec. 1862. He served in 
the Seminole war ; was acting insp.-gen. on 
the staff of Gen. Scott in Jlcxico ; l.rov. col. 
for the battles of Contivia., and ( hurnl.usco, 
and brig.-gen. for Muinn. d> 1 i;.\,8 Sept. 
1847. He then travelled in ICuiDpc, and com. 
the dept. of the Pacific in 1851-4. Author of 
" Alchemy and the Alchemists," 1857 ; " Swe- 
dcnborg a Hermetic IMiilos.." 18.58; "Christ 
the Spirit," 2 vols. 1859 ; " Red Book of Ap- 
pin ; " " Remarks on the Sonnets of Shak- 
sjicare ; " " Notes on the Vita Xuova of Dante," 
1 866 ; and a mystical interpretation of " Colin 

Hitchcock, Gad, D.D., minister of Pem- 
broke, Ms., from 1758 to his death, Aug. 8, 
1803, a. 85. H.U. 1743. He pub. Dudlcian 
Lecture, 1775 ; sermons at anniv. of Plym- 
outh, Dec. 1774, to a milit. cornp. 1757, &c. 

Hitchcock, PETEit, LL.D. (Mar. Coll. 
1845), jurist, b. Cheshire, Ct., Oct. 19, 1781 ; 
d. Paincsville, 0., May 11, 1853. Y.C. 1801. 
Adm. to the bar in 1804; practised law in 
Cheshire; established himself at Burton, 0., 
in 1806; member of the Ohio Assembly in 
1810; of the senate in 1812-16, and pres. of 
that body one session; M.C. 1817-19; 28year3 
judge of the Supreme Court of 0., and a por- 
tion of the time chief justice ; again a member 
of the Ohio senate in 18-33-5, and a second 
time pres.; and in 1850 a delegate to the State 
Const. Conv. Patron and friend of the lead- 
ing benevolent enterprises of the day. 

Hitchcock, Robert B., commo. XJ.S.N., 
b. Ct. 25 Sept. 1803. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1825 ; 
licut. Mar. 3, 1835 ; coui. Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. 
1861 ; commo. July 16, 1862. Attached to 
schooner " Shark," W. I. squad., 1827 ; com. 
steam-frigate " Merrimack," Pacific squad., 
1858-60; com. steam-sloop "Susquehanna," 
and senior officer of the blockading Hcet off 
Mobile, 1862-3; com. Norfolk Navy Yard, 
1866; ret. 25 Sept. IS65. — Hamersl,/. 

Hoadley, Loammi Ives, b. Northford, 
Ct,1790. Y.C. 1817; And. Theol. Sem. 1820. 
Ord. 15 Oct. 1823 ; pastor of the Waldo Calvin- 
istic Church, Worcester, Ms., 182.3-30; has 
had charge of several churches in N.E. ; since 
1866, pastor at N. Haven.; assist, ed. " Comp. 
Comment, of the Bible ; " edited vol. 6 " Spirit 
of the Pilgrims," and many of the pubs, of the 
Ms. Sabb. School Soc. Contrib. to various 
reliiiious publications. — AlUljone 

Hoar, Ebenezer Rocicwood, jurist, b. 
Concord, Ms.,21Feb.l816. H.U.183.5. LL.D. 
1868. Son of Hon. Samuel. Adm. to the bar 
1840, and practised with great success. Ap- 
pointed judge C.C.P. Aug. 1849; resigned 
1855 ; judge Superior Court of Ms. 1859-69 ; 
U.S. atty.-gen. Mar. 1869-July, 1870; joint 
high commissioner to treat with the British 



HO^ 



441 



Mar.-Mny, 1871. Disting. as 
a juiist, and a man of fine culture, great wit, 
and eminent social qualities. George F. 
Hoar, M.C. 8tli dist. of Ms,, is his brother. 

Hoar, Jonathan, col. of a prov. regt. at 
Nova Scotia in 1755. Son of Lieut. David H. 
of Concord, Ms., b. Jan. 6, 1708; d. 1771, on 
his passage from Lond. to N.Y. li.U. 1740. 
Lieut, in Waldo's regt. at the capture of 
Lonihbnr;,', 1745. 

Hoar, Leonard, M.D.(U. of Camb. 1671), 
pres. of llarv. Coll. from Sept. 10, 1672, to 
Mar. 15,1675; d. Biaintnx-, Ms.. X.iv. 28, 
1675. H.U. 1650. Ilr II,. a ,l..n ..(John 
Lisle, the regicide; wa.s iniiM,i.r .,( Wcnslead, 
Essex, iintilrjwtedr.,rn..ii-r,„il..L-Miiiyin 1662; 
and, rrtmniiu' i.i M>. in 1672, was for a time 
assist. I" I'll ., 11,1 > 111, I tclu-r at the South Church, 
Bo.^toii II. \\:\,.i. linentingoverning power; 
and, suiiic Miihiriiiiil men having arrayed 
themselves against him, the students made his 
situation so uncomfortable for him, that he 
was obliged to resign ; and his death soon fol- 
lowed. 

Hoar, Samuel, LL.D. (H.U. 1838), law- 
yer, b. Lincoln, Ms., May 18, 1778; d. Con- 
cord, Ms., Nov. 2, 1856. H.U. 1802. His 
father, Capt. Samuel, a Revol. officer, and many 
years in the State legisl., as well as a county 
magistrate, d. June, 1832. The son was two 
years a private tutor in Va. ; was adm. to the 
bar in 1805; opened an office in Concord ; and 
was for 40 years one of the most eminent and 
successful practitioners in the State. Member 
of the Const. Conv. in 1820; State senator in 
1825 and 18,33 ; of the exec, council in 1845-6 ; 
State rcprcscntativein 1850; and M.C. in 1835- 
7. Sent in 1844 by the Ms. legisl. to S.C. to 
test the constitutionality of acts of that State 
authorizing the imprisonment of free colored 
persons who should enter it, his appearance in 
Charleston caused great excitement; and he 
was expelled from that city, Dec. 5, 1844. On 
the same day, the legisl at Columbia passed 
resolutions authorizing the gov. to expel him. 
He was an active member of various religious 
and charitable societies, — of the Amer. Acad, 
of Arts and Sciences, Am. Bible Society, and 
of the Ms. Hist. Soe. He m. a dau. of Roger 
Sherman. 

Hobart, Aaron, jurist, b. Abington, Ms., 
June 26, 1787; d. E. Bridgewater, Sept. 19, 
1858. B.U. 1805. Becoming a leading law- 
yer in Plymouth Co., he was State senator in 
1819; M.C. 1821-7; member of the exec, 
council 1823-31 ; judge of probate from 1843 
till his death ; and member of the State Const. 
Conv. of 1853. Author of "History of Ab- 
ington," 1839. 

Hobart, John Henry, D.D. (Un. Coll. 
1807), I'rot.-Epis. bishop of N.Y., descended 
from Joshua, an early settler of Ms. ; b. Phila. 
Sept. 14, 1775; d. Auburn, N.Y., Sept. 12, 
1830. N.J. Coll. 1793. Tutor there 1796-8. 
Ord. deacon 1798; priest in 1801; consec. 
assist, bishop of N.Y. May 29, 1811 ; bishop 
in 1816. In 1799 he was called to Christ 
Church, N Brunswick, N. J. ; rector of St. 
George's, Hempstead, L.I., from May to Sept. 
1800; then assist, minister of Triniry Church ; 
sec. of the h. of bishops ; dcp. to the conven- 
tions of 1801-4 and 8, and, in the last two, 



sec. to the clerical and lav deputies ; and ia 
1816 rector of Trinity Church. He was active 
in forming a tbeol. sem. in N.Y., in which in 
1821 he was prof, of pastoral tbeol. and pulpit 
eloquence. He visited the Oneida Indians in 
1818 and 1826. Among his publications are 
"Companion for the Altar," 1804; "Com- 
panion for the Festivals and Fasts ; " " Com- 
jianion for the Book of Coninioii r,,iv,,- " 
"State of IX-iiartcd Spirits ;""Ci,i, I iiiiiii'rini's 

Manual;" " Cler;;vman's ( \,i,,|.,iiii " 

" Essays on Episcipacy ; " " Apuli,, v lor A|ios- 
tolic Order," 1807; "Christian's Manual of 
Faith and Devotion ; " 2 vols, of " Sermons," 
Lond. 1824. In 1808 hebegan the Churchman's 
Mmiazlne, a monthly. His posthumous works, 
with Memoir by Kev. Wm. Beriian, app. in 
1833,3 vols. 8vo. "The Professional Years 
of J. n. Hobart," by J. McVicar, was pub. 
12mo, 1836. 

Hobart, John Sloss, LL.D. (1793), 
jurist, b. Fairfield, Ct., 1738 ; d. Feb. 4, 1805. 
Y.C. 1757. Son of Rev. Noah Hobart of 
Fairfield. Member of the N.Y. Congress, and 
AuiT. 1, 1776, one of the committee to draft a 
State constitution. In July, 1777, he became 
a judge of the N.Y. Dist. Court, and, after the 
war, one of the three judges of the Supreme 
Court. Elected U.S. senator for the term com- 
mencing Jan. 179S, he resigned May 5, and 
was app. judjre of the U.S. Dist. Court 
of N.Y. 

Hobart, Noah, minister of Fairfield, Ct., 
from Feb. 7, 17.!3, to his d. Dec. 6, 1773, b. 
Hingham, Ms., Jan. 2, 1705. H.U. 1724. 
Grandson of Rev. Peter (Camb. U. 1629; 
settled at H. 1635), and son of David of Hing- 
ham. He was many years engaged in con- 
troversy with Dr. Johnson, Mr. Carver, and 
other Epise. clcrygmcn. He was a man of 
learning, of sound judgment, retentive memory. 
He pub. several controversial tracts and ser- 
mons. Father of Jolin Sloss Hobart. 

Hobbie, Selah R., first assist, postmas- 
ter-gen. 1829-50 and 1853-4, b. Newburg, 
N.Y., Mar. 10, 1797 ; d. Washington, Mar. 23, 
1854. He established himself at Delhi, Dela- 
ware Co., in the practice of law, where he soon 
attained distinction, and rn. the dau. of Gen. 
Root, with whom he was connected in business. 
M.C. 1827-9. 

Hobby, Col. Sir Charles ; d. Lond. 
1714. Son of Wm. Hobby, merchant of Bos- 
ton. He com. one of the Ms. I'egts., and was 
senior officer at the capture of Port Royal. 
Knighted for his fortitude at the time of the 
earthquake in Jamaica in 1692. 

Hobby, William, minister of Reading, 
Ms., from 1732 to his death, June 18, 1765; b. 
Boston, 17 Aug. 1707. H.U. 1725. Son of 
John, and nephew of Sir Charles. He pub. 
"Vindication of Whitcfield," 1745; against 
Jona. Edwards's Dismission, 1751 ; " Seif-Ex- 
amination," 1746. 

Hodge, Charles, D.D., LL.D., clergy- 
man and author, b. Phila. Dec. 28, 1797. 
N. J. Coll. 1815 ; Princeton Theol. Sem.''l819. 
In 1820 he was app. assist., and in 1822 prof, 
of Orient, and Bib. literature, in the theol. 
sem. In 1840 he was maile prof, of theol. In 
1825 he founded the Biblical Repertori/ and 
Princeluti Review, enlarging its plan in 1829, 



442 



HOF 



conducting it for more than 30 years. The 
■ oportant of these papers have been 



and Essays," 1857. His " Commentary on 
Romans " appeared in 1835 ; his " ConsL 
History of the Presb. Church," and his " Way 
of Life," 1840-1. He has also pub. "Com- 
mentaries on Ephesians and the Two Epistles 
to the Corinthians." Moderator of the pen. 
assembly of the Presb. Church (O.S.) in 1846, 
and one of a committee to revise their " Book 
of Disci|)linc " in 1858. Vol. I. of his " Sys- 
tcnjaiii- TliL-ol.," to he completed in 3 vols., app. 
in IS7 1. — Ari'letun. 

Hodgkinson, John, actor, b. Manchester, 
Enjj;., 1767; d. Washin^'ton, D.C, Sept. 12, 
1805. His parents kept a public-house ; and 
John very early left home, and dropped his real 
Meadowcraft, on account of his pro- 



pensity for the stage. He joined a strolling 
company, and, during a provincial tour by Mrs. 
Siddons, performed the principal characters in 
every play. He came to the U.S. in 1792; 
first appe'ared at the Soulhwark, Phila., in 
Sept., as Bclcour in " The West-Indian ; " 
opened in the John-st. Theatre, N.Y., Jan. 
28, 1793, in "The Dramatist." In 1795 was 
assist, manager of the Boston Theatre ; re- 
turned to N.Y. in 1796; and was afterward 
manager of several other theatres. He wrote 
" The Man of Fortitude," and some minor 
pieces, and a narrative of the old American 
conipanvof comedians. His wife, a Miss Brett, 
a disting. actress, d. Phila. Sept. 1803. 

Hoe, KoiiERT. an ingenious meclianic, b. 
L.io ,iri.;Hi.- Ln-,, 1784; d. Westchester 
Cu I 1 II ; : lie landed in N.Y.in 1803, 
wli< i; : ^rr was raging there, and 

caii.h: I.;- L|.. i'liin, but ultimately recovered. 
Ho lirot Lii^:i;;cJ iu the business of a builder, 
whitli he relinquished for the manuf. of print- 
ing-materials, and of the hand-press invented 
by'his bro.-in-law, Peter Smith. Ah. 1823 he 
took the sole charge of the business, and great- 
ly improved his presses. The business accord- 
ingly increased ; but his own health had become 
so much impaired, that in 1832 he was obliged 
to retire from all connection with it. It was 
then taken by his eldest son, Richard Mabch 
(b. N.Y. Sept. 12, 1812), Matthew Smith, son 
of his first partner, and Sereno Newton. Ab. 
this time, the manuf. of saws, in wliieli Richard 
M. Hoe had made important improvements, 
was added to the other business. In 1837 he 
went to Eng. to obtain a patent for an im- 
proved mode of grinding saws ; and upon liis 
return he was enabled by his observations there 
to improve materially upon the printing-ma- 
chinery in use there, as well as in the U.S. In 
1846, " Hoe's Lightning Press," so called from 
the rapidity with which it operates, was brought 
into use, and was patented July, 1847. The 
business, since 1841, has been conducted by 
the 3 bros., R. M., Robert, and Peter Smith 
Hoe. 

Hoey, Mrs. John (Josephine Shaw), ac- 
tress, b. Liverpool, Eng., June, 1824. Dau. 
of John Shaw, musician and poet, sister of 
Mary and Rosina (Mrs. H. Watkins). First 
appeared at the Baltimore Museum in 1839, 
and in N.Y. at the National, W. E. Burton man- 



ager. Re-appeared at Burton's Chambcr-st. 
Theatre in 1849 ; and was leading lady at Wal- 
lack's Theatre in 1853-65. Mrs. H. is said to 
have originated the present extravagant style 
of costuming ; her wardrobe having been more 
gorgeous and expensive than that of any 
preceding actress. She m. W. H. Russell in 
1839, by whom she had two sons ; was divorced 
in 1847; and subsequently m. John Hoey 
of Adams's Express Go. — Brown's Ainer. 
Slai/e. 

Hoff, Henrt K., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Pa. Midshipm. Oct. 28, 1823; lieut. Mar. 3, 
1831 ; comin. Nov. 29, 1853 ; capt. 1861 ; com- 
mo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. Apr. 13, 1867 ; 
com. frigate " Independence," Pacific squad., 
1857; sloop'of-war "John Adams," 1858; 
steam-sloop " Lancaster," Pacific squadron, 
1861-2; ordnance dnty, Phila. 1864-7; com. 
N. Atlantic squad. 186'8-9; and gained much 
credit by his prompt and energetic measures to 
protect American citizens in Cuba from the 
injustice of Spanish oflicials. — IJamerslij. 

Hoffman, Capt. Beekman V., U'.S.N., 
b. Nov. 28, 1789; d. Jamaica, L. I., Dee. 10, 
1834. Midshipm. July 4, 1805; lieut.May21, 
1812; com. Mar. 5, 1817; capt. Mar. 7, 1829. 
It was his good fortune to serve as a lieut. on 
board the frigate " Constitution " (" Old Iron- 
sides") in all hereelebrated battles, and, though 
signally disting. in each by seamanship and 
bravery, coming out of the fight uuwounded. 
His first service was in " The Argus," Capt. 
Trippe. He was instrumental in the victories 
over the " Guerriere," " Java," " Cyane," and 
" Levant." 

Hoffman, Charles Fenno, author, b. 
N.Y. 1806. Son of Judge J. O. Hott'man. 
Sent to an acad. at Poughkeepsie, he ran aw.ay 
to escape harsh treatment. In 1817 he was 
obliged to submit to amputation of a leg. 
This did not prevent his becoming a proficient 
in manly sports, in which, on entering Col. 
Coll., he was more noted than for scholarship. 
Adm. to the bar at the age of 21, he practised 
3 years, during which time he made contribs. 
to literature, and became associated with 
Charles King in the editorship of the N.Y. 
American. In 1833 he went to the AVest for 
his health, and pub. a series of letters entitled 
" A Winter in the West," 1835 ; also " Wild 
Scenes in the Forest and the Prairie," 1837 ; 
and " Greyslaer," 1840. In Dec. 1832 Hoffman 
established the Knickerbocker Mar;., of which 
he edited several numbers. He afterwards 
edited the American Monthly Mai/, and the N. Y. 
Mirror. In 1842 a volume of his lyrics was 
pub., entitled " The Vigil of Faith and other 
Poems : " a more complete edition n])peared 
in 1845, entitled "Love's Calendar." "The 
Echo, or Borrowed Notes for Home Ciicula- 
tion," was the title of a second vol. of poetry. 
In 1847-8 he edited the Literary iVorld, and, 
after leaving that journal, contrili. to it a num- 
ber of essays and stories, entitled " Sketches 
of Society." A mental disorder has since 1850 
kept him in complete retirement from the 
world. He possessed fine social qualities, con- 
versational powers of a high order, taste, 
scholarship, and a chivalrous personal cliar- 
actcr which made him a favorite with all. — 
Appteton. 



Hom 



443 



HoflFman, David, LL.D. (U. of Oxf.), 
lawyer and wi-itcr, b. Baltimore, Dee. 25, 178-1: 
d. "N. Y. City, Nov. U, 1854. From 1817 
to 1 836 he was prof, of law in tlie U. of Md., 
durin<; wliicli time he pub. many works on 
jurisprudence. After retiring from his profes- 
sorship, he travelled for two years in Kurope ; 
practised law in Phila. until 1847 ; when he 
again visited Enrope for literary purposes, re- 
turning to Amer. in Dec. 1853. His principal 
work on jurisprudence is entitled "A Course 
of Legal Study," 1836. His "Legal Out- 
lines," of which but one vol. ever appeared, 
has also been commended as a text-book. His 
last publication is "Chronicles selected from 
the Ori-inals of Cartaphilus, the Wandering 
Jew," is:,:,. Anu.n- lii^ ],u1,Ii.mi.„iis are 
"Mis,vll:i„r,„i, Tlinii-lit- uii \1. ,1, M.niiiers, 



and 

" Via 



'Le- 



1846. 



He 1 



of Juris Utri. Doct. from Giittingeii 
other lion, degrees from learned 
Duiickimk. 

Hoffman, John T., gov. of N.Y. 1869-72, 
b. Sing Sing, N.Y., 10 Jan. 1828. Un. Coll. 
1846. Adm. to the bar in Jan. 1849; acquired 
an extensive practice in N.Y. City ; connected 
himself with Tammany Hall in 1854; was 
elected recorder of the city in 1860 and 1863, 
rendering himself conspicuous for his severity 
to the rioters of July, 1863; was elected mayor 
in 1865, and re-elected in 1867 ; Democ. can- 
didate for gov. in 1866, but was defeated by 
Mr. Fen ton. 

Hoffman, Michael, financier, b. Clifton 
Park, N.Y., 1788 ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Sept. 27, 
1848. He was educated a physician, but stud- 
ied law, and became a resident of Herkimer 
Co., where his talents soon gave hiui a prom- 
inent standing. M.C. 1824-32, and chairman 
of the committee on naval affairs. He was a 
canal commissioner from 18.33 to 1835 ; a mem- 
ber of the House of Assembly in 1841-2; and 
was a delegate to the Const. Conv. in 1846. 
As chairman of the com. of ways and means 
in the Assembly, and of the finance committee 
of the convention, he initiated and carried 
through many important financial reforms. 
Mr. HoflTman was a powerful and cfTcctive 
debater, a statesman in the strongest sense of 
the term. He was some time naval oflScer in 
N.Y. City. 

Hoffman, Ogden, lawyer, b. N. Y. City, 
1799 ; d. May 1, 1856. Col. Coll. 1812. Son 
of Josiuh Ogden, one of the most eminent 
members of the N.Y. bar when Hamilton, 
Scott, and Emmet adorned it ; was recorder 
of N.Y. City during the war of 1812-15 ; and 
at his death, Jan. 24, 1837, was on the bench 
of the Supreme Court. Bro. of Charles Fcniio 
Hoffman. After three years' service as a mid- 
shipman, during which he was cajiturcd in the 
"President," Com. Decatur, he studied law; 
commenced practice in Orange Co. ; and was 
app. dist.-atty., but removed to the city in 1826, 
and became a paitner of Hugh Maxwell, soon 
after which he disting. himself as assist, in the 
prosecution of the famous conspiracy cases. 
Member of the legisl. in 1828; dist.-atty. in 
1829-35; was app. U.S. dist.-atty. by Gen. 



Harrison; was M.C. in 1837-41, and disting. 
by his eloquence ; in 1848 he was again elected 
a member of Congress; and in 1 8.54 atty. -gen. 
of the State. Mr. Hoffman was a most power- 
ful pleader before a jury; and was employed 
for more than a score of years in all the iiiost 
important criminal trials of the city ; and was 
a recognized leader of the Whig party. 

Hogan, John, b. Mallow, Co. Cork, Ire- 
land, Jan. 2, 1805; came to Baltimore in 1817; 
was apprenticed to a shoemaker; emigrated 
West in 1826; in 1831 opened a store in 
Madison Co., 111. ; memlier legisl. 1 8i6 ; regis- 
ter land-ofiicc, Di.xon, 111., IM4 1-5; atier- 
ward settled as a merehaiii in St. Lmiis, Mo. ; 
postmaster of St. Louis I8.")T-G1; M.C. 1865- 
7. Author of " Kesoiirees of Missouri," and 
of "Commerce and Maiiufs. of St. Louis." 

Hoge, Moses, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1810), 
president of Hamp. Sidney Coll., Va. (1807- 
20), b. Cedar Creek, Va.. 15 Feb. 1752; d. 
Phila. July 5, 1820. He completed his studies 
at Liberiy Hall Acad. 1780; was ord. pastor of 
Hardy, Va., 13 Dec. 1782; and in 1787 re- 
moved to Shephcrdstown. Author of " The 
Christian Panoply," 1799, a reply to Painc's 
" Age of Reason." A vol. of his sermons was 
pub. in 1821. His son. Rev. Samuel Da vies 
HoGE, prof of natural sciences in the U. of 
Ohio, d. Athens, 0., Dec. 25, 1826, a. 33. 

Hoit, Albert Gallatin, portrait-painter, 
b Sandwich, N.H., Dec. 13, 1809; d. West 
Roxlmrv, Ms., Dec. 18, 1856. Dartm. Coll. 
1829. Son of Gen. Daniel of Sandwich, N.H. 
Though portraits were his specialty, many a 
sketch made in his N. Hampshire retreat at in- 
tervals of recreation attests the genuine com- 
numion he held with universal nature. He 
painted in Portland, then in Bangor and Bel- 
fast, and at St. John, N.B., but settled at 
Boston in 1839. From Oct. 1842 to July, 
1844, he was in Enrope. 

Holbourne, Francis, com.-in-chief in N. 
Amer. 175B-7; d. July, 1771. Gov. of Green- 
wich Hospital. Capt. R.N. 15 Feb. 1740; 
commo. in the W. Indies 1750; adm. 1755; 
rear-adm. and lord of the admiralty iii 1770. 

Holbrook, James, journalist ; d. Brook- 
lyn, Ct., A|)r. 28, 1864, a. 52. Special agent 
U.S. post-oHice (1845-64); editor Nonokh Au- 
rora, Patriot and Eaijle, U. S. Mail ; anil au- 
thor of " Ten Years among the Mail-Bags," 
1855. Remarkably skilful and expert us a de- 
tective, he brought every considerable mail- 
robber to justice. 

Holbrook, John Edwards, M.D., natu- 
ralist, b. Beaiilort, S.C, 30 Dee. 1794; d. Nor- 
folk, Ms., 8 Sept. 1871. B. U. 1815. Hecarly 
removed to Ms. with his parents, natives of 
Wrentham, Ms. Received his medical diploma 
from the U. of Phila., and continued his pro- 
fessional studies in London and Edinburgh. 
He spent two years in Italy, Germany, and 
Paris, where he resided in the JarJin des 
Pinnies. He established himself in Charleston, 
S.C, in 1822; and in 1824 was chosen prof, 
of anatomy in the Med. Coll. of S. C. His 
most important work is the "American Her- 
petology, or a Description of Reptiles inhab- 
iting the U. S.," 5 vols. Phila. 1342. His 
work on " Southern ichthyology " was discon- 



HOL 



tinui-il after two nnml)ers, the field being too 
cxten-nr (mi- hi-; survey, as ho made all his 
dra\vin_'~ liMiii lifr. He was subsequently em- 
pb.yr.i on lin- •■ Ichtliyology of S.C." During 
the KtliLUii.ii. lie u.is lorced to serve as a sur- 
geon ill a .S.C. legt. He was the pupil of 
Cuvier, and the fiiend of Agassiz. 

Holbrook, Silas Pinckney, writer, b. 
Beautort, 8.C., June 1, 1796; d. Pineville, 
S. C, May 26, 1835. B. U. 1815. Son of 
Silas, a teacher at Beaufort, S.C, and bro. of 
John E. He studied \aw in Bonon, and prar- 



Of a iin I'lMdier,'!,* .Joiialljaii FariiilL-k ; and 
verv ainusiiii; " Letters tVoiii a Boston Mer- 
cha'nt; " and " Recollections of .Japan and Chi- 
na." These, with other ])iece3, were pub. as 
"Sketches by a Traveller,"" 1834. He also 
wrote the European portion of Peter Parley's 
" Pictorial Geography," and for a while con- 
ducted the Boston Tribune, and an amusing pa- 
per called the Spectacles. — Dui/ckinclc. 

Holcombe, Amasa, A.m. (Wms. Coll.), 
scientist, b. Granby, Ct. (now Southwick, Ms), 
June 18, 1787. His ancestor Thomas came to 
Dorchester ab. 16.31 ; d. Windsor, Ct., Sept. 7, 
1657. His father was afarmer, and he received 
only a ilist school education. At 19 he made 
surveyors' compasses for his own use ; and at 20 
began the compilation of almanacs, which he 
pub. several years. At 27 he taught surveying, 
civil engineering, and astronomy; and in 1826 
became a civil engineer. He made in 1828 his 
first telescope, and until 1842 had no Ameri- 
can competitor. For his skill, he received in 
1835 the "Scott Legacy" from the city of 
Phila. ; a silver medal from the Franklin Inst., 
Phila,, in 1838; a gold medal from the Amer. 
Inst., N. Y. City, 18.'i9; and a diploma from 
the same in 1840. For 3 years he represented 
Soutliwick in the house; and in 1852 in the 
senate of Ms. 

Holcombe, Henry, D.D. (B U. isoo). 
Baptist clerirvrnan, b. Pr. Edward Co., Va., 
Sept. 22, 1762; d. Phila. May 22, 1824. Af- 
ter serving as a capt. in the Revol. war, he com- 
menced preaching ; Sept. 11, 1785, became pas- 
tor of a Bap. church at Pipe Creek, S.C. ; and 
was a member of the S.C. Conv. which ratified 
the Const, of the U. S. In 1794 he became 
pastor of the church at the Eutaw, in Beaufort 
dist. ; in 1799 he removed to Savannah, and 
was pastor of the church there in 1800-10. 
He then retired to Mount Elon, where he 
founded a Baptist academy. Settled over the 
First Bap. Church in Phila. from 1811 to his 
d. He jiub. '• Funeral Discourse on the Death 
of Wasliinuton," "Lectures on Primitive 
Thcolo-y," 1822. 

Holcombe, William Frederic, M.D., 
b. Sterling, Ms., Apr. 2, 1827. Alb. Med. Coll. 
1850. Son of Augustine H., and pupil of Prof. 
March. After several years' study in Europe, 
he came to New York, and was app. to the 
chair of ophthalmic and aural surgery in the 
N.Y. Med. Coll. He is surgeon to the N. Y. 
Ophthalmic Ho.spital. Sec. and librarian N.Y. 
Gene;il. and Biog. Society. 



Holden, Oliver, composer, and teacher 
of music; d. Charlestown, Ms., 1831. A car- 
penter by trade. He afterward kept a music 
bookstore, and composed many excellent tunes, 
among them " Cornnn'inn" Aurli.ir of " The 
Amer. Harmony," '.:'■ : ' r ; ■; Harmony," 
a coll. of sacred nn; \\ -i. i. r Coll. of 

Sacred Harmony," i;,.: , ,>u ,, > Ilolvoke 

and H. Grame, " Tl,>.- .\1=. Compiler, ' 1795.— 
Monies Encijci. of Music. 

Holland, Edwin Clifford, poet and 
cssayist.b. Charleston, S.C, ab. 1793 ; d. Sept. 
1 1 , i *i?4. Educated for the bar, he adopted a 
11 I I career; pub. a vol. of poems in 1813 ; 
i: I edited the Charleston Times, and 

w! i:. 1 !• magazines; and in 1818 dramatized 
" 1 iir Corsair" of Lord Byron. Assoc, with 
William Crafts and Henry J. Farmer in edit- 
ing " The Omnium Botherum," intended to 
satirize " The Omnium Gatherum" edited by 
Thomas Bee. 

Holland, Elihit G., author, b. of N. Eng. 
parentage, Solon, NY., Apr. 14, 1817. He 
has pub. " The Being of God and the Immor- 
tal Life," 1846 ; " Reviews and Essays," 1849; 
" Essavs," 1 852 ; a drama in 5 acts, entitled 
" The 'Highland Treason ; " and in 1853 "A 
Memoir of Rev. Joseph Badger." — Duyc- 
kind:. ' ^ 

Holland, Rev. Frederic West, b. Bos- 
ton, June 22, 1811. H. U. 1831; Cainb. 
Tlnol. Rchuol, 1834. Has devoted himself to 
nn- .:i,i . : I'l IS. On his return from lbixi;in 
t, , I i > ]iub. a book on Palestine for 

clii, II' II ; , I ,1 -'lies of descriptive letters in 
(/ . - /' :.<!. He has also lectured ex- 
tensively ; has read several papers before the 
N. E. H. Geneal. Soc. ; and has contrib. to the 
leading reviews and magazines. — Dui/ckinck. 

Holland, George, comedian, b. near Lon- 
don, Dec. 6, 1791 ; d. N.Y. City, 19 Dec. 1870. 
First app. in Lond.at the Olvnipic in 1820; at 
the Bowery, N.Y., in Sept. '1826; was in the 
South in 1835-43 ; was a long time the princi- 
pal low comedian at Wallack's old theatre, 
N.Y. ; visited England in 1861 ; resumed his 
place in Wallack's company, but in 1869 went 
to Daly's Fifth-av. Theatre. He was one of 
the best of the comie actors of the old school, 
and was honorable and exemplary in all the 
relations of life. A Memoir of him was pub. 
in 1871, 8vo, N.Y. 

Holland, JosiAH Gilbert, M.D. (" Tim- 
othy Titcoinb"), author and journalist, b. , iCi-\ 
Belchertown, Ms., July 24, 1819. Having '^^ ' * 
practised medicine for a short time, and after- 
wards ed. a literary journal for a few months, 
he passed a year in Vicksburg as supt. of its 
public schools. In May, 1849, he became 
as.soc. editor of the Sprinu/ieltl Republican, with 
which he was connected until 1866; in 1870 
he became editor of Scribner's Monthly. He 
has pub. "History of Western Ms.," 1855; 
"The Bay Path," a novel, 1857; "Timothy 
Titcomb's' Letters to tlie Young," 1858; " Bit- 
ter Sweet," a dramatic poem, 1858; "Gold 
Foil," 1859; "Miss Gilbert's Career," 1860; 
" Letters to the Joneses," 1863 ; " Lessons in 
Life," 1861; "Plain Talk on Familiar Sub- 
jects," 1865; "Life of Pres. Lincoln," 1866; 
"Kathrina," a poem, 1867. He has coutrib. 



445 



to various mngazines, and is a successful public 
lecturer. 

HoUey, Horace, LL.D., an eloquent 
preacher and an eminent instructor, b. Salisbury, 
Ct., Fell. 13, 17S1; d.July3I,1827. Y.C. 1803. 
Abandoning the study of the law for that of 
divinity, he was in Sept. 1805 ord. at Green- 
field Hill, Fairfield. In 1809-18 he was pas- 
tor of Hollis-st. Ch., Boston. Educated under 
Ur. Dwi-ht in the Calvinistio faith, he after- 
wards became a Unitarian. Pres. of Transylv. 
U., Ky., 1818-27. A plan was formed of erect- 
ing a sem. in La. to be placed under his charge ; 
but while at N. Orleans in the summer of 1827 
be was taken side, and, having embarked for 
N.Y., died on the passage. He pub. some ad- 
dresses and discourses, and contrib. to periodi- 
cals. His widow, Makt Adstin, cI. New 
Orleans, Aug. 2, 1846. In 1831 she emig. to 
Texas under the protection of General S. 
T. Austin, and published a History of 
Texas, 12mo, 1833 ; also a Memoir of her hus- 
band. 

Holley, Outili.e Luther, editor, bro. of 
Rev. U-r. , h, syi-'nnv, Ct., May 19, 1791; 
d. All..; . N V , M 2.-1, 1861. H.U. 1813. 
Hestiiil : : \ V : practised successively 

in Hii.Im. , I „,,i,M.,i_-iui, an,l N.Y. City; and 
edited in succession tiie Anti-Masonic Mag. in 
New York, the Troy iSmtind, the Ontario Re- 
pository, the Albany Daihi Advertiser, and for 
somoyears edited the State Register. In 1853 he 
arranged and indexed 23 folio vols, containing 
the papers of Gov. George Clinton. He was 
surveyor-gen. of the State in 1838; and during 
the last 10 vears of his life was occupied in the 
office of the N.Y. sec. of state. He wrote a 
" Life of Franklin;" " Description of N. Y. 
City," 18mo, 1847. 

HoUins, George N., naval officer, b. 
Baltimore, Md., Sept. 20, 1799. Midshipm. 
Feb. 1, 1814, and, with the officers and crew 
of the sloop-of-war " Erie," assisted in the de- 
fence of the capital. He was on board " The 
President," Cora. Decatur, when she was taken 
by the British, and remained a prisoner-of-war 
at Bennuda until the peace. He disting. him- 
self under Decatur in the Algerine war ; at its 
close took com. of an E. India merchantman. 
Lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1845; capt. 
Sept. 14, 1855. The bombardment and de- 
struction of the town of San Juan de Nicaragua 
or Greytown in 1852 gave him much notoriety. 
In 1861 be resigned ; entered the Confed. navy; 
was made commodore; and Oct. 11, with the 
iron-clad ram and gun-boat "Manassas," and 
a fleet of vessels, attacked the U.S. block, 
squad, at the passes of the Mpi., doing slight 
damage, and claiming an important victory. 
For this achievement he received the app. of 
flag-capt. of the N. Orleans naval station. In 
the action with Farragut's fleet in Apr. 1862, 
most of his vessels were destroyed. 

HolliS, Thomas, a benefactor of Harv. 
Coll., b. Eng. 1659; d. London, Feb. 1731. 
He was a Baptist ; was for many years a suc- 
cessful mcichant in London, and, after making 
two considerable donations to Harv. Coll., 
gave in I72I the fund by which the Hollis Pro- 
fessorship of Divinity was constituted. In 1727 
he established also a professorship of mathemat- 



ics and nat. philos. ; and the net produce of his 
donations amounted at that time to £4,900. 
He also gave books for the library, and a set 
of Hebrew and Greek types for printing. His 
nephew and heir, Thomas Hollis (d. 1735), 
also gave money, books, and philosophical ap- 
paratus; and his son's (Thomas) donations to 
the coll. amounted to nearly £2,000. Other 
members of this family were also benefactors 
of H.U. 

HoUister, Gideon Hiram, commis. to 
Hayti. Y. C. 1840. Author of "Mount 
Hope," an hist, romance, N.Y. 1851 ; "Hist, 
of Connecticut," 2 vols. 8vo, 1855 ; " Thomas 
a Bccket," a tragedy ; and other poems. 

Holman, Joseph George, dnimntist and 
actor, b. London, 1764; d. Rockaway, L.I., 
Aug. 24, 1817. Descended fi-tini Sir John 
Holmnn, bart. He was ciUicated at Queen's 
Coll. Oxford, with a view to the cluucli, but, 
having a taste tor the stage, made his de'ljut at 
Coven t Garden, as Romeo, Oct. 26, 1784. 
He played there successfully 3 years, and after- 
wards in Ireland and Scotland. In London 
be was a powerful rival of Kemble. He came 
to the U.S., where he was highly successful, 
and became manager of the Charleston Theatre. 
In 1812 he played Lord Townley at the Park, 
N. Y., and at the Chestnut Street, Phila., — a 
finished performance. Financial embarrassment 
and the unhealthiness of the climate obliged 
him to leave that city; and he d. while on his 
way to New York, of yellow-fever. His last 
wife, a Miss Lattimer, to whom he was m. two 
days before his d., was an actress and singer, 
and d. New York, Sept. 1, 1859. His dramat- 
ic productions are, " Abroad and at Home," 
" Red-cross Knights," " Votary of Wealth," 
" What a Blunder!" "Love gives the Alarm," 
and " The Gazette Extraordinary." 

Holmes, Ariel, D.D. (Edinb. U.), LL.D. 
(All. Coll. 1822), divine and author, b. Wood- 
stock, Ct., Dec. 24, 1763; d. Cambridic, Ms., 
June 4, 1837. Y.C. 1783. Sou of Dr. David, 
who served as a surgeon in 3 campaigns in the 
French and 4 in the Revol. war, d 1779. 
Tutor at Yale 1786-7; pastor of a Cong, 
church at Midwav, Ga., Nov. 1785, to June, 
1791; andoftheF"irstChurch, Cambridge, Jan. 
25, 1792, to Sept. 26, 1832. Son-in-law of Dr. 
Stiles, who beq. to him his rich colls, of Amer. 
history. He ed. (Stiles) Family Talilct, 1796 ; 
pub. bis valuable " Annals of America," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1805, and an improved ed. 1829 ; " Life of 
President Stiles," 1798 ; also some SO sermons 
and historical disquisitions; and contrib. papers 
to the Collects, of the Ms. Hist. Society, 
among which are " A Memoir of the French 
Protestants," and "A History of Cambridge." 
In 1817 he gave a course of lectures on the 
Eccl. History of the Country, especiallv N.E. 
The poet Dr. 0. W. Holmes is his son by 
Sarah, dau. of Hon. 0. Wendell. 

Holmes, Andrew Fernando, M.D., b. 
Cadiz, 1797; d. Montreal, Sept. 1860. His 
parents went to Canada in 1801. He studied 
in Edinb. and Paris; and in 1819 began prac- 
tice in Montreal ; in 1824 he was a founder 
of the Med. School, which was in 1828 merged 
in McGill College, and in which he was prof, 
of chemistry and materia inedica, and dean of 



HOL 



the fiiculty from 1854 to his d. One of the 
founders of the Nat. Hist. Soc. — Afortjan. 

Holmes, David, {rov, Mpi. Terr. 1809-17; 
gov. of the State 1817-19 and 182.3-7 ; U.S. 
senator 1820-5; b. Frederiok, Va. ; d. near 
Winchester, Va., Aug. 20, 1832. Son of Col. 
Joseph of Frederick. 

Holmes, Gen. Gadriel, statesman of 
N.C., b. Sampson Co. 1769; d. there Sept. 
26, 1829. A lawyer by profession, he was in 
the State Icgisl. and council; State senator in 
1807 ; gov. 1821-4; M.C. 1825-9. 

Holmes, Isaac Edward, statesman, b. 
Charleston, S.C, Apr. 6, 1796; d. tliere 24 
Feb. 1867. Y.C. 1815. He was adm. to the 
Cliarleston bar in 1818, and became a success- 
ful practitioner; in 1826 he was elected to the 
State legisl., and became a leader of the nulli- 
ficiition party, being the first to propose that 
the State should resist the protective tariff. 
M.C. 18.19-50, and was successively at the head 
of thecommitiees on commerce and on the na- 
vy. In 1850-61 ho practised law in Cal. In 
Jan. 1861 be returned to S. C, and endeav- 
ored to avert civil war. In conjunction with 
R.J. Turnbull, he in 1826 pub. a vul of polit- 
ical essays, entitled " Curoliniensis," in favor 
of State rights. He also wrote the " Recrea- 
tions of George Telltale," consisting of tales, 
essays, and descriptive narratives. — Y. C. Ob. 
Record. 

Holmes, John, lawyer and senator, b. 
Kingston, Ms., Mar. 177.3; d. Portland, Me., 
July 7, 1843. B.U. 1796. Removing to Me. 
in 1799, he became eminent as a lawyer, and 
resided at Alfred. Several years a member of 
the legisl. of Ms., he rapidly rose to distinction 
by bis eloquence, bis wit, and bis powers of 
debate. When Me. became a State, he was a 
member of the convention to form the const., 
and acted as chairman of the coin, to draft it. 
M.C. 1817-20 ; was the first U.S. senator from 
Me. 1821-33 ; was afterwards a member of the 
legisl.; and was app. by Harrison iu 1841 U.S. 
dist.-atty. for Me., which office he held at the 
time of his death. Author of " The States- 
man, or Principles of Legislation and Law," 
Augnsta, Svo, 1840, and of several published 
speeches. 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, M.D. (1836), 
phvsician, poet, and essavist, b. Cambridu'e, 
Ms., Aug. 29, 1809. H.U^ 1829. Son of Dr. 
Abiel. He commenced the study of law, 
which, however, he soon abandoned for medi- 
cine, and in 1832 went to Europe, attending 
the hospitals of Paris and other large cities. 
Prof of anat. and physiol. in Dartm. Coll. 
in 1838, and in U.U. since 1847. Ho contrib. 
poetry to the Collegian, conducted by the un- 
dergraduates of the coll., also to "Illustra- 
tions of the Athenaeum Gallery of Paintings," 
in 1831, and to " The Harbinger, a May Gift," 
in 1833. In 1836 he read before the Phi Beta 
Kappa Societv, " Poetry, a Metrical Essay," 
pub. in the first edition of his poems (1836) ; 
" Terpsichore " was read by him at a dinner 
of the same society in 1843 ; " Urania " was 
pub. in 1846, and " Astrea" in 1850. His po- 
ems have passed through many editions, and 
have been repub. in Eng.' In the Atlantic 
Monlhly (1857) appeared a series of articles 



entitled " The Autocrat of the Drcnkf.ist T.v 
ble," since pnb. in a vol., and loll.Avd by 
" The Professor at the Bn:ikt i>t ral.lr," and 
" Soundings from the Atlaniu- " .Mmy ol' his 
best poems have been writtiii lor mh lai ur fcs- 

or sung by the poet himself. Ho is also a pop- 
ular lecturer, and has- disting. himself by his 
researches in auscultation and microscopy. In 
1838 he pub. three " Prize Dissertations ; " in 
1842 " Lectures on Homa;oj>atliy, and its 
Kindred Delusions;" in 1848 " A Report on 
Medical Literature; " " A Pamphlet on Puer- 
peral Fever; "and, in connection with Dr. Jacob 
Bigelow, an edition of Hall's " Theorv and 
Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 1839. He has been 
a frequent contrib. to med. periodicals, as well 
as to the N. A. Review, the Knickerhorker , and 
other literary magazines. In 1852 Dr. Holmes 
delivered a course of lectures on the " English 
Poets of the I9th Century." He has also pub. 
"Elsie Venner," a novel, 1860; "Currents and 
Counter-Currents in Medical Science," 1861; 
" Border-Lines in some Provinces of Med. 
Science; " " The Guardian Angel," 1867 ; and 
"Mechanism in Thought and Morals," 1871. 
Dr. Holmes m. a dau. of the late Hon. Charles 
Jackson of Boston. 

Holmes, Theophilus Hdntee, lient.- 
gen. C.S.A., b. N.C. 1805 ; d. South-west Ark. 
Mar. 31, 1864. West Point, 1829. Entering 
the 7th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Mar. 26, 1835 ; 
capt. Dec. 9, 1838 ; was brev. maj. forgallantry 
at Monterey, Sept. 23, 1846 ; and became maj. 
8th Inf. Mar. 3, 1855. In the latter part of 
1860 he obtained leave of absence, and went 
to N.C, where he had large possessions both in 
land and negroes ; he resigned Apr. 28, 1861, 
and entered the Confed. army. He com. a brig. 
of the reserve at Bull Run. Nov. 13, 1861, ho 
was app. to com. the army of Acquia, which 
co-operated with the army at Manassas. In 
Nov. 1862 he had a com. in Ark., with the 
rank of.lieut.gen. 

Holstein-Dueoudrav, Gen. H. L. v., b 

Germany ; d. Albany, N.Y., Apr. 23, 1839, a. 
76. He received a good education ; entered the 
service early ; became a disting. statT-offieer to 
Napoleon, after whose overthrow he came to 
the U.S., settled in Albany, taught French at 
the female acad. there, and ed. the Zodiac. 
Author of " Recollections of an Ofijcer of the 
Empire," " Life of Bolivar," and " Memoirs of 
Lafiivette," 12mo, N.Y. 1824. 

Holt, John, printer, b. Va. 1721; d. N.Y., 
Jan. 30,1784. A merchant, and also mayor 
of Williamsburg; he was unsuccessful, and in 
1760 began in N.Y. the Gazette and Postboii, 
and in 1766 the N. Y. .Tournal, hut soon after 
removed to Norfolk, Va. In Nov. 1775 his 
printing establishment at Norfolk, where he 
was doing good service to the patriot cause, 
was destroyed by Lord Dunmore. Holt then 
went to N.Y., and, while the British had pos- 
session of that city, pub. his journal at Esopus 
and Poughkeepsie. — Lossincj. 

Holt, John Sadnders^ b. Mobile, Ala., 
1826. Author of " Life and Opinions of Abra- 
ham Page," 1868; " What I Know about Ben 
Eccles,"'l869. 

Holt, Joseph, statesman, b. Breckenridge 



Hor. 



447 



Co., Ky., Jan. 6, 1807. EJucatcd at St. Jo- 
sepli's Coll., Baidstown, and at Centre Coll., 
Danville; and in 1828 began to practise law in 
Elizabctlitown, Ky. ; in 1832 he removed to 
Louisville, Ky. ; in 1833 became atty. for the 
Jetfersoii Circuit; removed in 1835 to Port 
Gibson, Mpi. ; practised with success, and in 
1842 returned to Louisville; in 18.i7 he was 
made commiss. of patents by Prcs. Buchanan ; 
ill 1859 became postmaster-gcn. ; and, when 
John B. Floyd withdrew Irom the cabinet in 
Dec. 1860, assumed tlie charge ol' the war dept. 
To his precautions in co-operation with Gen. 
Scott has been atiributed the absence of any 
revol. demonstrations in Washington during the 
inaug. of I'res. Lincoln. He aciively advocat- 
ed the Union cause in Ky. and elsewhere, de- 
nouncing emphatically the policy of " neutrali- 
ty." He was app. one of a com. to adjust the 
claims brought against the dcpt. of the West 
prior to Oct. 14, 1861 ; and in March, 1862, the 
coin, made its report. Sept. 13 he was app. 
judge-advocate-gen. of the army. Though in 
politics a Douglas Democrat, he'supported Mr. 
Lincoln's administration throughout, and ex- 
pressed his strong approval of the Emancipa- 
tion Proclamaiion of Sepl. 22, 1862. In 1864 
he was placed at the head of the bureau of 
military justice. Offered the cabinet app. of 
atty.-gcn. in Nov. 1864, but declined. Brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. 

Holton, S.iMOEL, Rcvol. statesman, b. 
Danvers, Ms., June 9, 1738; d. Jan. 2, 1816. 
Many years an eminent physician in Danvers, 
and member of the legisl. before tlie Revol. He 
was one of the most zealous and active patriots 
of his day. Delegate to the Essex Co. conven- 
tion Sept. 1774; to the Prov. Congresses of 
1774 and 5; a member of the com. of safety, 
July, 1776 ; member of the sup. exec, council ; 
a delegate to frame the Confederation in 1777 ; 
delegate to the Old Congress from 1778 to 
1783, and in 1784-7 ; delegate to the State 
convention to adopt the Federal Constitution, 
1789 ; M.C. 1793-5; judge of probate for Es- 
sex Co. 1796-1815 ; also holding a seat in the 
council 27 years, and on the bench of the C.C.P. 
He was a councillor and vice-pres. of the Ms. 
Med. Society. 

Holyok'e, Edward, pres. of H.U., b Bos- 
ton, June 25, 1689; d. June 1, 1769. H. U. 
1705. Tutor in 1712 ; ord. minister of a new 
society at Marblehead, Apr. 25, 1716, and of- 
ficiated there till July 25, 1737, when he was 
elected pies, of the coll., which flourished under 
his charge. He was especially disting. as a 
mathematician and classical scholar. He con- 
trib. the first poem in Pielas et Gratulatio of 
U. U., \7ii\.— Eliot. 

Holyoke, Ed ward Augostds, M.D., 
LL.D., physician, b. Marblehead, Aug. 1, 1723; 
d. Salem, Mar.31,1829,a. lOUyrs.S inos. H.U. 
1746. Son of the preceding. He began to prac- 
tise medicine at Salem in 1749, continuing in 
business more than 70 years. He was an acute 
and learned physician, and a good surgeon ; was 
a founder of the Ms. Med. Society, and its first 
pres. He performed a surgical operation at 
the age of 92. Even after be had attained his 
100th year, he was interested in the investiga- 
tion of medical subjects, and wrote letters 



wliich show that his undorstamling w.is still 
clear and strong. On his lOOtli birthd.iy, about 
50 of his medical brethren of Boston and Sa- 
lem gave hiin a public dinner, when he appeared 
at the table with a firm step, smoked his pipe, 
and gave an appropriate toast. A Memoir of 
his lile was pub. by the Essex Med. Soc. 1829. 

Holyoke, Samdel, teacher of music, b. 
Boxford,Ms.,Oct. 15, 1762; d. Concord, N.H., 
Feb. 7, 1820. H. U.1789. Son of Rev. Elizur. 
He pub. " Columbian Repository of Sacred 
Harmony," " Occasional Music," E.xeter, 1802. 

Homans, John, M.D. (1815), an eminent 
physician of Boston, b. there 1793; d. 17 Apr. 
1868. H.U. 1812. He practised a year or two 
in Worcester, afterward at Brookfield, and in 
1829 settled in Boston. Some years prcs. Ms. 
Med. Society. 

Home, Daniel Douglas, Spiritualist, b. 
Mar. 1833. Author of " Incidents of my Life," 
1863, in which he says, " The only good I have 
ever derived from 'the gift' is the knowledge 
that many who had never believed in a future 
existence are now happy through me in the 
certitude of the 'life to come.' " He has vis- 
ited nearly every country in Europe, where his 
wonderful raediuinistic power has been gener- 
ally admitted. In 1864 lie was ordered to quit 
Rome, the authorities of that city being alraid 
of his powers 

Homer, William Bradford, minister of 
So. Berwick, Me., b. Boston ; d. Mar. 22, 1841, 

a. 24. Amh. Coll. 1836. Son of Geo. J. Ho- 
mer. He had been settled only 4 months. His 
writings were edited by Dr. E. A. Park, who 
also pub. a Memoir of him. 2d ed. 1849. 

• Homes, William, minister of Martha's 
Vineyard, b. in north of Ireland, 1663; d. Chil- 
m.irk (where he had been settled since 1715), 
Jnne20, 1746. Liberally educated. Hecamoto 
N. E. in 1 686, taught .school 3 years on the Vine- 
yard, returned to Ireland, and was ord. minis- 
ter at Strabane in 1692, and returned to Amer. 
in 1714. He pub. sermons on "The Sab- 
bath;" on "Public Reading of the Scrip- 
ture ; " " Church Government," 1732 ; " Secret 
Prayer;" "Government of Christian Fami- 
lies," 1747. His son Capt. Robert m. Mary, 
a sister of Benj. Franklin. 

Hone, Philip, a philanthropic merchant, 

b. New York, 1781; d. there May 4, 1851. He 
was a popular and successful man of business ; 
was one of the founders and a principal patron 
of the Mercantile Lib. Assoc, of New York ; 
was long an alderman; and in 182.5-6 mayor 
of the city. Pres. Taylor app. him naval offi- 
cer of New York, the duties of which post he 
discharged until his death. 

HoneyWOOd, St. John, poet, b. Leicester, 
Ms., Feb. 7, 1763; d. Sept. 1, 1798. Y.C. 1782. 
His father, an English physician who had set- 
tled in Leicester, d. a surgeon in the army at 
Ticonderoga in 1776, leaving his son an or- 
phan and destitute. He was educated by some 
friends; in 1783-4 taught in an academy at 
Schenectady, N.Y.; then studied law in Alba- 
ny ; and practised in Salem, Washington Co., 
during the rest of his life. A vol. of his poems 
was pub. in New York in 1801. — Duijckinck. 

Hood, George, author of a " History of 
Music in N. E.," Boston, 18mo, 1846 ; d. 



HOO 



448 



Phila. 18 May, 1869. Business-manager of 
the Phila. Acad, of Music. 
Hood, Gen. John B., b. Bath Co., Ky., 

ab. 1830. West Point, 1853. Entenng the 
4th Inf., he was transf. (3 Mar. 1855) to the 2d 
Cav., with a detachment, of which he had a 
gallant conflict wiih a body of Comanche and 
Lipau Indians near the hciid of the San Pedro 
River, Texas, 20 Julv, 1857, and was wound- 
ed; Istlicut. 18 Au^'. 1858; resigned 16 Apr. 
1801 ; and was app. a hrig.-gcn. in the Confed. 
army. lie was one of the officers who partici- 
pated in liimding over the U.S. troops in Tex- 
as to the secessionists. He raised a regt. of 
Kentucliians ; com. a brigade in Julmston's 
(afterward Bragg's) army in 1862 ; joined the 
army of Va. in the sjnins of ISGi> ;' was pro- 
moted to com. the cav. . uri-, ;,;:a 111 i.lc amiij.- 



brcvcts of niaj. and licut.-col. at the National 
Bridge and Chapultepce. He became capt. 29 
Oct. 1848; resigned 21 Feb. 1853, and settled 
on a farm in Cal., where he was residing when 
app. brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 1S61, Uiniiig 
this period he a.^-i-i-'i i i r.i:i.:i ; . vn.- a n.i- 
tional road coniii'i I ) : I i , •> As- 

signed to the Aim I '.is 

afterward promoted i" a i!r. i- m 11- i:i'/il- 

man's corps. Fiom Jidy, I8GI. to Fel). 1862, 
he was stationed in Southern Md. In the sub- 
sequent battles on the Peninsula, especially 
that of Williamsburg, May 5, where he was 
highly distinguished, bis troops were popularly 
known as "lighting Joe Hooker's division." 
Made maj.-gcii. vols. 5 May, 181i2, be was as- 
signed to the 1st Army Cor|is in Sept. ; bore 



.'ttvs 



he 



.oiiL;st 


reel's corps 


lejuini 


n- Longsi 




;u Chiekan 



ISG2 



,■,„,,; ..| I., li.'ii -h ,: '11 .. . . .,■•■ I Sept. 
I],. ■ , , :,-'.;,. ,-.. i tu ilestrov 
Uui -,, .11 ■ ' ,iM , :,ilrfeated 

in 1.1, ..;:.m;.l lo e..;iiuie .N ,.1imI!c, 17 Dec. 
1SG4, bv Liea. Thomas; and in Jan. 1S65 was 
relieved of bis com. by Gen. Dick Taylor. 

Hooke, William, b. Southampton. I60I; 
minister at Taunton, and from 1644 to 1656 at 
N. Haven ; returned to Eng. ; was Cromwell's 
chaplain; and d. Mar.21, 1678. Oxf U. 1623. 
Bro.-in-law of G. Whalley, and m. Cromwell's 
cousin. Had been minister of Exinouth, Dcv- ' 
on, and was in N.E. as early as 1639. He 
pub. "-Discourse on the Witnesses," "New 
England's Tears for Old England's Fears," 
July 23, 1640; also other sermons. Two of 
his sermons are reprinted in " The Ministry of 
Taunton." 

Hooker, Edward W., D.D. (Wras. Coll. 
1840), b. Uoshen, Ct., 24 Nov. 1794. Mid. 
Coll. 1814. He iiegan to study music at the 
age of 12, and has pub. many important lec- 
tures, addresses, &c., on that subject; also "A 
Plea for Sacred Music ; " " Memoir of Mrs. 
Sarah L. Huntington Smith," 1845 ; and " Life 
of Thomas Hooker," 12mo, 1849. 

Hooker, Herman, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1848), 
clergyman and author, b. Poultnev, Vt., ab. 
1806 ; d. Phila. July 25, 1865. Mid. Coll. 
1825. He studied divinity at Princeton ; sub- 
sequently became an Epis. clergyman, but, on 
being compelled by ill linltb to r Ihnjnish this 
office, became a bonk ! i ii 1 I, ',i. He has 
pub. " The Portion I ■: I ~ ," Popu- 

lar Infidelity," entitini m ,. in i I I; 11.11 "The 
Philosophy of Unbeliel iii Mu,ai» and Reli- 
gion ; " " The Uses of Adversity and the 
Provisions of Consolation ; " a vol. of " Max- 
ims ; " and " The Christian Life a Fight of 
Faith." — Dui/chnck. 

Hooker, Joseph, maj.-gen. U. S A., b. 
Hadley, Ms., 1815.^West Point, 1837. En- 
tering the 1st. Art., he was aide to Gen. Hamer 
in the Mexican war ; was brev. capt. for gal- 
lantry at Monterey ; became assist, adj.-gen. 
(rank of capt.) 3 March, 1847; and won the 



dist 



tbc batt 



Fan-tax ; an 
the right wing. Wounded in the i;.,,i, lie was 
disabled from duty for several weeks. Sept. 
20 he was made brig.-gen. U.S.A. ; in Nov. he 
superseded Gen. Porter in command ul the 5th 
corps ; was shortly after assigned the centre 
grand division of the Army of the Potomac, 
and succeeded Gon. Bnrnside in the chief eoiii. 
in Jan. 1863. Cros.^ng tbc Rappahannock, 



April 27, he v 
Chancellur Ml 
compelleil I I I 
he resign. I 
mac, and u.io 
com. the llth : 
1863: in opera 



;ked 



in bis position at 
Gen. Lee, and was 
•. June 27, 1863, 
\rniv of the Poto- 
Cr,," Meade. He 
'. I '"r|;s 24 Sept. 
_.i. Met. 186,3- 



.ijiuuo i,( Lookout 
• of Mission. Kidge 
la. (27 Nov.), 1863; 

p (8 Mav, 1864), 
villo (19 M'ay), Dal- 
r Atlanta J.July 18- 
1-0 July), and siege 



May, 1864, bcin- 
out' Valley ((),-,, 
.Mountain { :.!4 Nm 

(25 Nov.), 1 l; 

com. 20lii I 'mi|., 
gaged at M : ' i i 
Resaca ( I i i ■ \ ] 
las (25 .M 

19,18G4|, ; 

of Atlanta (22-.A 
U.S.A. 13 Mur. 
nooga; maj.-gen. U.S.A. Oct. 15, 1868; re- 
tired same date. 

Hooker, Thomas, an eminent divine, and 
one of the founders of the Coloiiv of Ct., b. 
Markfield, Leicestershire, Eiig., 1586 ; d. Hart- 
ford, July 7, 1647. Son of Thomas. Became 
a fellow of Era. Coll., Cambridge ; was a 
popular preacher in Lond., and a lecturer in 
Chelmsford, Essex, but was silenced lor non- 
conformity. He then kept a school, in which 
John Eliot "the Apostio" was his assist.; 
but, being still persecuted by the Siiiiitual 
Court, he in 16.30 fled to Holland, wlieie lie 
preached at Delft and Rotterdam, being an 
assist, to Dr. Ames, who said of him, " that 
he never met with his equal either in preach- 
ing or disputation." Sejit. 3, 1633, he arrived 
at Boston; was in the following month ord. 
pastor of the church in Newtown; but in June, 
1636, lie with his wdiole cong. removed to the 
banks of the Ct. River, where th^y founded 
Hartford. Whenever he visited Boston, which 
he often did, he attracted great crowds by his 
fervent, forcible preaching ; and no man had 
more influence in the churches of N.E. His 



HOO 



449 



death was lamented as a public loss. John 
Cotton, Elijah Coilet, Peter Bulkeley, Edward 
Johnson, and Ezekiel Rogers, were among 
those who paid tribute to his memory. A 
Memoir of his Life, with a selection Irom his 
writings, has been pub. by a descendant, Rev. 
E. W. Hooker, U.D., Boston, 1849. He pub. 
many vols, of sermons and polemical works. 
His principal works are, " The Survey of 
Church Discipline," 1648; " The Application 
of Redemption," &c., second ed.,Lond. 1659; 
and " The Poor Doubting Christian drawn to 
Christ," 7th ed., Boston, 1743. Samuel, his 
son, second minister of Farmington, Ct., b. 
1632, d. Nov. 6, 1697. H. U. 1G53. Ord. 
July, 1661. 

Hooker, Worthington, M. D. (H. U. 

1829), pliysician and author, b. Springfield, 
Ms., Mar. 3, 1806; d. N. Haven, Ct., Nov. 6, 
18G7. Y.C. 1825. Son of Judge John. He 
established himself in practice in Norwich, Ct., 
and afterwards in N. Haven. Prof, of the theory 
and practice of med., Y.C, 1852-67, and ac- 
quired a good practice in N. Haven. Author 
of " Human Physiology for Colleges and 
Academies ; " " Hooker's Book of Nature," 
in 3 parts ; " A Child's Book of Common 
Things ; " "A Child's First Book of Natural 
Philosophy ; " "A Child's First Book of 
Chemistry ; " " Natural History, Mineralogy," 
&c. ; "Physician and Patient," 1849; "Les- 
sons from the History of Medical Delusions ; " 
" Homoeopathy, an Examination of its Doc- 
trines and Evidences, &c.," 1853; "The 
Medical Profession and the Community;" 
" Rational Therapeutics," 12mo, 1857. — Yale 
Coll. Obit. 

Hooper, Edward James, b. Eng. 1803. 
Settled in the U.S. 1830. Author of a " Dic- 
tionary of Agriculture," 8vo, Cincin. 1842. 
Some years editor of the Western Farmer and 
Gardener, and 30 years a contrib. to agric. 
journals. — Allibone. 

Hooper, Lucy, poet, b. Newburvport, 
Ms., Feb. 4, 1816; d. Brooklyn, N.Y.,'Aug. 
1, 1841. She was carefully trained by her 
father, and at 15 removed with the family to 
Brooklyn. Her poems were principally contrib. 
to the Long Island Star. Thev were coll. in 
1840 with the title, " Scenes from Real Life," 
and a prize essay on " Domestic Happiness." 
In 1845 was pub. " The Lady's Book of Flow- 
ers and Poetry." Her " Complete Poetical 
Works " were pub. in 1848. In 1842 an ed., 
with a Memoir by John Keose, was pub. 

Hooper, Robert Lettice, chief justice 
of N. J. 1725-8, and from Nov. 1722 to his d. 
Mar. 1 739. — Field's Proo. Courts in N. J. 

Hooper, Samuel, merchant, and M.C. 
from Ms. 1861-71, b. Marblebead, Ms., 3 Feb. 
1808, educated there, and many years engaged 
in the China trade in Boston. Member Ms. h. 
of rep. 1851-4, and of the senate in 1857. 
M. A. of Howard U. in 1 865 as founder of 
the " School of Mines " in that university. 
Author of a treatise on Currency, 1855. 

Hooper, William, Revol. statesman, b. 
Boston, Junel7, 1742; d. Hillsborough,' N.C., 
Oct. 1790. H.U. 1760. William his father 
(min. of the West Cong. Ch., Boston, 18 Mav, 
1737-19 Nov. 1746; of Trinity Ch. (Epis.), 23 



Aug. 1747, to his d. 14 Apr. 1767), b. and 
educ. in Scotland, author of " The Apostles 
neither Impostors nor Enthusiasts," 1742. 
The son studied law under James Otis, and, 
on being adm. to the bar, went to N.C. in 1764, 
and removed permanently to Wilmington in 
1767, where he soon obtained extensive prac- 
tice, and was noted for his social qualities and 
hospitality. He represented Wilmington in the 
legist, of 1773, and signalized himself by his 
opposition to thearbitrary measures of the govt., 
against which he also wielded a successful pen 
under the signature of "Hampden." In 1774 
he was a delegate to the Gen. Congress at 



draught of which was his work. Soon after 
signing the Decl. of Indep., Mr. Hooper was 
obliged to resign his seat on account of the 
embarrassed condition of his private affairs. 
He tilled various public stations in his adopted 
State until 1787. 

Hope, Henry, an eminent banker of Am- 
sterdam, b. Boston, 1736 ; d. Lond. Feb. 25, 
1811. He was the son of a Scottish loyalist 
who had settled in Boston. Henry lived'some 
time at Quincy. At the age of 18 he went to 
Eng. ; soon after entered a London counting- 
house ; and in 1760 became a partner with his 
uncles in Amsterdam. On the death of his 
uncle Adrian in 1780, the whole business 
devolved on him. 

Hopkins, Daniel, D.D. (Dartin. Coll. 
1809), minister of Salem, Ms., from Nov. 1778 
to his d. Dec. 14, 1814; b. Waterburv, Ct., 
Oct. 16,1734. Y.C. 1758. Bro. of Dr. Samuel 
of Newport. He taught school at Salem in 
1766-78. He pub. dedication sermon, 1805 ; 
and a sermon on the death of Washington. 
A vol. of his works, with Memoir by Prof. 
Park, was pub. 1853. — Spragne's Annuls. 

Hopkins, Edward, gov. of Ct., b. Shrews- 
bury, Eng., 1600; d. Lond. Mar. 1657. He 
was an eminent merchant in Lond., ami came 
to Boston with Mr. Davenport in the summer 
of 1637. Removing to Hartford, he was 
chosen a magistrate in 1639, and gov. of Ct. 
from 1640 to 1 654 alternately with Mr. Haynes. 
Upon the death of his elder bro. he returned 
to Eng. ; became warden of the fleet, commis- 
sioner of the admiralty, and member of par- 
liament; not forgetting, however, his friends in 
N.E.,whoderived great benefit from his services 
in the mother-country. At his death, he left 
a large estate in N.E., which has been appro- 
priated to the support of the grammar-schools 
in N. Haven, Hartford, and Hadley. He was 
one of those who formed the union of the N.E. 
Colonies, 1643. Ho left a donation of £500, 
which was, by a decree of chancery, 1710, paid 
to Harv. Coll. With this money, re;il estate 
was purchased in a township named IIo|ikin- 
ton in honor of the donor. — Eliul. 

Hopkins, Esek, first commodore of the 
Amer. navy, b. Scituate, R.I., 1718 ; d. North 
Providence, Feb. 26, 1802. On the breaking- 
out of the Revol. war, he was commissioned 
by Gov. Cooke as brig.-gen. Dec. 22, 1775, 
he received a commission from Congress as 
commo. and com.-in.-chief of the navy. He 
put to sea in Feb. 1776, with the first squad. 



450 



i; of 4 ships 


music, 1 


he Bnhamas, 


of tl.L- i; 


•iicc, SOcan- 


oftlicC. 


latire. stores, 


Milno.V 


1, off Block 


Amer. C 


:.• " llavvkc," 


"Vindic 



sent out by the Colonies, con 

and 3 sloops. TheHiit s.ulr, 

capturing' tlie forts at X u- 1' 

non, ami a larye (piaiiiiiy ol 

and amnmnition. ( In liis r 

Island he took the British scl 

and the bomb-brig " Bolton," for which the 

pres. of Congress complimented him officially. 

Two d.iys afterwards, with 3 vessels, he attacked 

" The Glasgow " of 29 guns; but she escaped, 

and for this Hopkins and Capt. Whipple were 

cenM.ied, tlie latter particulailv. In June, 

177:;, llM|,kii,,u ;,,,,!.!, f,| 111 r,.,,-ress to ap- 



s ilelended by .John Adams, and was 
eil, partly out of regard for the feelings 
110. Stephen, a member of Congress, but 
sniissed the service 2 Jan. 1777. Ban- 
tyles him "aged and incompetent." 
I member of the R.I. Assembly. His 
)ii\ Burrows, Avas active in the de- 
..I of "The Gaspee;" was one of the 
;.,., .-; i:, • !;• iw: D.iii.r inriiis. Dec. 22, 
' • i; ■■ I ■ i . ...' I '. •• Hi,) in the 



s.li.a.l., u 1.1.1, i.aunied safely afu 

Hopkins, John Henry, D. 
Pr.-Kp. l,i~h..|iofVt..b. Dublin.J 
d. Rock Poiiif, Vt., Jan. 9, I86S. He came to 
Amcv. with his parents in Aug. 1800, 
intended lor the law; but, alter receiv 
sical education, spent a year in a 
house in Fhila. ; a^si-ted Wilson the ornithol- 
ogist to piep.ire the plates to the lii>t 4 vols. 
of his work; and ah. ISIO cmh.irked in the 
mannf of iron in the western jjart of Pa. In 
Oct. 1S17 hif .|. lilted the business a bankrupt; 
was. alter iii..iiths' studv, adin. to the bar in 
I'ltt-l.ur.'. hut 111 Xov. 1823 entered the inin- 
i~tn 0..1, ,,n..,t ill Mav. lS24,aii.l rerior of 



Principles, and Re 



ofblavery,"1863; "Church His- 
tory in Verse," 1867. He took a prominent part 



He was a decided champion of the High-Church 
party. 

Hopkins, Lemuel, physician and poet, b. 
Wuterbury, Ct., June 19, 1750; d. Hartford, 
Apr. 14, 1801. A.M. of Y.C. 1784. He prac- 
tised medicine at Litchfield from 1776 to 1784, 
when he removed to Hartford, where he sus- 



tained a high repu 
practice. Ui 



He was pecu 
appciirance, manners, an.l 



inquiries; free from the restraints . 
or authority ; and severe and sarc 
wit. He was benevolent and phi 
was talented, learned, and poetical 
lier days an adherent; of the Fr, 
philosophv. !.ii.', 1,11 I ,. .li ij.iii s' 
Bible. \V ,,, I , ; ,, , i , l;,,, ,., 



. ; and in 


odoreDv.i , 


e.nn. of a 


Wits"), i... 1 1 ni ,:,.. 


a number 


heprojeete.l,an.l li.i.l a | 




ing, having lor its object 


L, LL.D., 


ficicnt Federal Constiti 


.30, 1792; 


greatly exeivisiie,- the 


le came to 


Echo," ■' r,,l,i,. :l 1,1 .L 


), and was 


tine," :iii i 


vingaclas- 






tifulashliv ■ 1 '.■ ,.,1 , '. 



A tin 



current flows." Aiii.ni- th.' l.,-i kn.iwn of 
his verses are the " lhp...ri[ '- ll.ji.e," and an 
Elegy on the " Victim ol a Cancer Quack." 
Some of his vcr,scs appear in the Litchfield 
Coll. of " American Poems," 1793. 

Hopkins, MAitK, D.D. (Dartra. Coll. 
1837), LL.D. (U. of N.Y. IS.->71, eler-vman a C 

andauthor, b. Sto.:.l.iiJ_., .M- , l- ., 1, I s,i.>. d,, Jr.JtJf 

W.ns. Coll. 18-4. 1, ,: : : ,i , of-, Q , 

fioerof theRev..!.. ,.:. i , . ^ , :. , ..-r. ^^'^'^ ■ /| 



sail.. II .■~i,ih:i-.hed in the diocese of Ms., 

in u I... 1. I. h..;. me prof, of systematic divinity. 
Cuiisee. 1-t h.~:...|. of Vt. (')et. 31. IS.32. He 
atthesam.- n ,. ;.. ■ ..i-i ::.- r ■■ : .i.hipofSt. 

Paul's, Bur: ■,.:.:. II ■ ^ - ; .ii a boys' 

school, wli.i . I : :. I' ,,irily, toa 

degree which ic.,ul:._d i.i liie iacriliee of his 
property, and a debt which it took him many 
years to cancel. He resigned his rectorship in 
1856, that he might devote himself more unre- 
servedly to the work of his diocese, and the 
building-up at Burlington of the " Vt. Epis. 
Institute." Besides a number of pamphlets, 
sennons, and addresses, he has pub. " Chris- 
tiaiiitv Vindicated," 1833 ; " The Primitive 
Creed" E,\amincd and Explained," 1834; "The 
Primitive Church compared with the Prot.- 
Epis. Church of the Present Day," 1835; 
" Essay on Gothic Architecture," 1836; "The 
Church of Rome in her Primitive Purity com- 
pared with the Church of Rome at tlie Present 
Day," 1837 ; " Twelve Canzonets," words and 



the degree of M.D., and in IS.'a com 
the practice of medicine in N. Y. Ii 
1830 he was called to the chair of mo; 
losophv and rhetoric; and .Sent. l."i, 1 
came pres. of Wms. Co:l. I', .t, ..: < 
theology since 1858. He i . . ; , : 
Coll. Church; and has I..:;, I 
ell List, of B,.si<m.ilu. ,S:,., .,,,,„ 1., 
various i.i.'i ,.. > ,i!i i - ,, n , ■ , i,i!io 
has tak.' . . ' : ,: ■ . ..a-.u 

the A.U.r 1 M , . I --,;, 

been pres. Aathu; -..; ■ L.c:a;e.^ on t 
dences of Christianity," Svu, 1S4G; at 
tion 18G4; also a scries of " Lectures oi 
Science ; " " Law of Love," &c., 1869 ; 
ccllaneous Essays and Discourses," 8vo, 1847 ; 
and of many occasional sermons and addresses. 
Under his supervision the coll. has enlarged 
her resources and the number of her students. 
Hopkins, S.4MOEl, b. Waterbury, Ct., 
1693, minister of W^ Springfield, Ms., from 
June 1, 1720, to his d., Oct. 6, 1755. Y.C. 
1718. Great-grandson of John of Cambridge, 



eneed ' 
Aug. 



10 Evi- 
ew edi- 
Moral 
" Mis- 



HOP 



451 



HOP 



1634. He pub. "Historical Memoirs of the 
Housatunuck Indians," &.C., 4to, 175.3. 

Hopkins, Samuel, U.D. (B.U. 1790), 
fouiuler of the Hopkinsian divinity, b. VVa- 
terbury, Ct., Sept. 17, 1721 ; d. Newport, R.I., 
Dec. 20, 1803. Y.C. 1741. Before his 15th 
year he was chiefly occupied in farming. He 
studied divinity wiili Jonathan Edwards ; was 
ord. pastor of the churcli in Housatunnuc, Dec. 
28, 1743; was dismissed Jan. 18, 1769; and 
was settled at Newport, Apr. 1 1 , 1770. During 
the British occupancy of Newport in 1776-80, 
he preaclicd in various places. Returning to 
his parish, he found it so much impoverished, 
that, (or the remainder of his life, Ur. Hopkins 
was dependent lor his maintenance upon weekly 
contributions and the voluntary aid of a few 
friends. So powerfully did he oppose slavery, 
that in 1774 a law was passed, forbidding the 
importation of negroes into the Colony ; and 
in 1784 it was declared by the legisl. that all 
children of slaves born after the following Mar. 
should be free. He also, as early as 1773, 
formed a plan for evangelizing Africa, and col- 
onizing it with free negroes from America. 
Besides his numerous sermons, addresses, and 
pamphlets, he pub. a Life of Pres. Edwards, 
Lives of Susannah Anthony and Mrs. Osborn, 
and left behind him sketches of his own life, 
an'l a Treatiseon the Millennium, pub. Boston, 
18.54. His " System of Theology " is his great 
work. His entire works were pub. by Dr. West 
in 1805, and again, with a Memoir of his life 
and character by Dr. Park, bv the Doctrinal 
Tract and Book Society (Boston, 1852). Dr. 
Hopkins is the hero of Mrs. H. B. Stowe's 
" Minister's Wuoin;;." 

Hopkins, (its. Sajicel G.,b. Albemarle 
Co., \ .1, ; .1. lbn<l. ison, Ky., Oct. 1819. A 
Uevol. ulHrcr; fought at Trenton, Princeton, 
at Gerraantown 

wounded. He was lieut.-col. 10th Va. regt. at 
the siege of Charleston, where ho was made 
prisoner; and, after Col. Parker's death, com. 
the regt. He settled on Greene River, Ky., in 
1797; served several years in the Kv. legisl. ; 
and was M.C. in 1813-15. In Oct. 1812 he led 
'2,000 mounted Ivy. troops against the Kicka- 
poo villages on the Illinois; but was misled by 
ills guides, and returned. In Nov. he led a 
]jarty up the Wabash, burned several Indian 
villages, and lost some men in an ambuscade, 
and was forced to retire to Vincennes. 

Hopkins, Stephen, LL.D., siirnerof the 
Dcil. of ludep., b. Scituate, R.I., 7 Mar. 1707; 
(I. Proviiknce, R I., 19 July, 1785. Self-taught, 
iinil bivd a firmer. He removed to Providence 
in 1731 ; cngMged in mercantile business and 
in land-surveying; became a justice of the 
peace ; a member and speaker of the Assembly 
in 1732-41; chief justice of C.C.P. in 1739,and 
of the Superior Court in 1751-4 ; a delegate to 
the Albany Congress in 1754, and one of the 
com. which drew up a plan of nnion for the 
Colonies; gov. of R.I. in 1754-68, excepting 4 
years ; was a member of the ('out. Congress in 
1774-8; and was subsequently a member of 
the R.I. legisl. In 1765 he was chairman of a 
com. to draught instructions to the Gen. Assem- 
bly on the Stamp Act, the resolutions which 



wore reported and passed being substantially 
the same as those carried by Patrick Henry in 
the Va. H. of Burgesses. In 1773 he was a dele- 
gate to the Assembly, and a member of the com. 
of corresp. A clear and convincing speaker, he 
used his influence in Congress in favor of de- 
cisive measures ; was active as a member of the 
naval com. in the formation of our navy, and 
was one of the com. that drafted the articles 
of confederation for the govt, of the States. 
Many years chanc. of Brown U. Notwithstand- 
ing his limited education, be was a good mathe- 
matician ; and his knowledge of literature, sci- 
ence, ami political economy, was varied and 
extensive. He pub. an account of Providence 
in the Ms. Hist. Colls. 2, ix., and, by order of 
the R. I. Assembly, " Rights of the Colonies 
Examined," 1765. 

Hopkins, William Fenn, LL.D. (Trin. 
Coll., Geneva, 1853), teacher, b.Ct. 1802; d. Ja- 
maica, W.I., 13 July, 1859. West Point, 1825. 
Asst. prof, of cheinistrv there 1825-36 ; prin- 
cipal of Norfolk Acad.,Va., 1843-6 ; prof. nat. 
sciences, Georgetown, Ivy., Milit. Inst., 1846-9; 
pres. and prof, math.. Masonic U., Clarks- 
ville, Tenn., 1849 ; prof. chcm. and nat. philos. 
Wm. and M. Coll., Va., 1849-50; prof nat. 
philos. V. S. Naval Acad. 1850-9 ; U. S. consul 
Jamaica, Mar.-July, 1859. — C'«//u»i. 

HopkinsonJ Francis, author, and a sign- 
er of ihc Uccl. of Indep., b. Phila. 1738; d. 
there 9 May, 1791. N.J. Coll. 1763. Thomas 
his lather, b. in Eng., d. 1752, and was a friend 
of Franklin. His mother was a dau. of the / ^ 

Bishop of Worcester. Sec. at a conf. held on Jr (l-T*-r^--" 
the Lehigh between the govt, of Pa. and the 
Indians in 1761. Adm. to the bar in 1765; R^ /i^ho 
visited Eng. in 1766-8, and on his return m. . 'J i 
Ann Borden of Bordentown, N. J. He was «''"'*'>^ 
soon alter app. to a lucrative office in "H- 3, (2^,^,^ jj'i 
which lie held until his rcpub. principles occa-f y 

sioned his removal. Member of Congress in^ U^ -^'^^ 
1776-7; and during the Revol. disting. him- ^ . 
self by satirical and political writings. He em- 5 i.'^vru*t--<a 
ployed his wit upon the social follies of his 
time, especially against the ribaldry of the news- 
papers, and the exaggeration and prejudice with 
which the Federal Constitution was assailed. 
He held for some years a place in the loan 
.office. Jud^'C of admiralty for Pa. in 1779-89, 
and U.S. dist. judge for Pa. from 1790 to his 
d. An account of his impeachment and trial 
is in •' Pa. State Trials," vol. i. 1794. He was a 
man of varied accomplishments, skilled not only 
in scieneeand literature, but in painting and mu- 
sic, composing popular airs for his own songs. 
Among his writings are " The Pretiv Stoiy," 
1774; "The Old Farm and the New Farm," 
repub. inl857; " The Prophecy," 1776; "The 
Political Catechism," 1777; "Battle of the 
Kegs," a humorous ballad; and "The New 
Roof, a Song for Federal JJechanics."/s His 
" Misc. Essays and Occasional Writings " 
were pub. bv Dobson, 3 vols. 8vo, 1792. In his 
" Typographical Mnde of conducting a Quar- 
rel," he anticipated Southey's bear-story in 
" The Doctor " by gradations of type. 

Hopkinson, Joseph, LL.D., lawyer and 
man of letters, son of Francis, b. Phila. Nov. 
12, 1778; d. there Jan. 15, 1842. U. of Pa. 
1 786. After studying law, he opened an office 



(IS rau, /^e- 



cpKU^ 



^^' n&s- 



at Easton, Pa., in 1791, but soon returned to 
Phila., where his professional progress was 
rapid. He was the leading counsel of Dr. Hush 
in his famous suit against Cobbett in 1799 ; al- 
so for the defendants in several of the insurgent 
trials before Judge Chase in 1800, and was en- 
gaged by the latter upon his impeachment be- 
fore the senate of the U. S. M. C. 1816-20, 
disting. himself on the taritf question, in rela- 
tion to the Seminole war, and opposed a re-char- 
ter of the U. S. Bank. Alter three years' sub- 
sequent residence at Bordentown, N. J., he 
resumed practice in Phila. ; and in 1828 was 
app. judge of the U.S. Dist. Court for the East- 
ern Uist.of Pa., an office which his father and 
his grandfather Thomas had previously filled. 
A leading member of the convention for revis- 
ing the constitution of Pa. in 1837. His 
speeches in that body on the Judicial Tenure 
were pub. in 1 838. Vicc-pres. of the Araer. 
Philos. Soc, and pres. of the Pa. Acad, of Fine 
Arts. Ho was a frequent lecturer before lite- 
rary institutions; and many of his addresses 
were pub. The most celebrated of his literary 
productions was " Hail Columbia," written in 
1798 for the benefit of an actor named Fox. 
Hopkinson was for many years a confidential 
friend of Joseph Bonaparte, then residing at 
Bordentown, and, during his absence, always 
managed his affairs. 

Hopper, Isaac T., an eminent Quaker 
philanthropist, b. Deptford, N.J., Dec. 3, 1771 ; 
d. New York, M.iy 7, 1832. He learned the 
trade of a tailor with an uucle in Phila., but 
spent many of the last years of his life in 
N. Y., where at one time he kept a bookstore. 
His time throughout a long life was devoted 
almost wholly to charitable objects ; and he 
would at any 'time leave his business if his ser- 
vices were required by the Prison Association, 
or by anv individual in distress. — See Memoir 
by Mrs. Child. 

Hoppin, AcGnsTUS, artist, b. Providence, 
R.I., July 13, 1828. B. U. 1848. Adm to the 
R.I. bar. He has of late devoted himself exclu- 
sively to drawing upon wood. Ho has illustrated 
Butler's poem of "Nothing to Wear," "The 
Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table," and a vari- 
ety of other works. His bro. Tho.mas F., b. 
Providence, R.I., Aug. 1816, studied painting, 
with Paul Delaroche in 1837-8, anl subse- 
quently designed the figures on the great win- 
dowot'Trinity Church, N.Y. He has produced 
a spirited model of a dog, which has been cast 
in bronze, and numerous etchings in outline, 
and designs in wood. Another bro., William 
J., though educated for the bar, has written 
many admirable papers on art, some of which 
have been pub., and others read before the R.I. 
Art A5SOciation, N.Y. Hist. Soc., the Century 
Clu 



&c. 



Hornblower, Joseph Courten, LL.D., 
eh. jiisiiec X.J. Sup. Court 1832-16, b. Belle- 
vine, N.J., 6 May, 1777; d. Newark, 11 June, 
lt>64. Son of Judge Josiah. Adm. to the bar 
in 1803; a prom, member of the State Const. 
Conv. in 1844. In 1836 he decided that Con- 
gress had no right to pass a fugitive-slave law. 
Pros. N.J. Colonization Soc. and of the N.J. 
Hi-t. Society. 

Hornblower, Josiah, a civil engineer 



and magistrate, b. Staffordshire, Eng., 1729; 
d. Jan. 21, 1809. He early became familiar 
with mathematical and mechanical science; 
and in 1751 came to Amer. to build a steam- 
engine at the copper mines near Belleville, 
N. J., said to have b.;en the first one constructed 
in N. America. Becoming interested in these 
mines, he devoted his attention also to min- 
eralogy. Member of the Cont. Congress 1785. 
For many years subsequent to this period he 
was a member of the State legislature, of 
which he also served as speaker; and from 
1793 till his death was a judge of the Essex 
Co. Court. 

Horner, William EDMn.NDS, anatomist, 
b. Wurrenton, Va., 3 June, 1793; d. Phila. 13 
Mar. 1833. U. of Phila. 1814. Robert, his 
gr -grandfather, settled as a merchant at Port 
Tobacco, Md. William studied medicine at 
Phila. ; in July, 1813, was app. surgeon's mate 
U.S.N. ; served on the northern frontier in 
1813-14, and resigned Mar. 1815. He then 
began practice in Phila. ; acquired disiinction 
and a large practice. Dissector and demonstra- 
tor U. of Pa. until, in Nov. 1819, app. adjunct 
prof of anatomy ; and prof, in 1831. In 1824 
he discovered the Musculus Hornerii, an im- 
portant muscle of the eye ; in 1847 he founded 
St. Joseph's Hospital, to which he bequeathed 
his library and instruments. Author of " Trea- 
tise on Pathological Anatomy," Phila. 1826; 
"Lessons in I'ractical Anatomy," 8vo; " Spe- 
cial Anatomy and Histology," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1851 ; " US. Dissector," 5th cd. 1856 ; "Ana- 
tomical Atlas." — Gross's Med. Biog. 

Horry, Elias, founder of a chair of moral 
and polit. philos. in Charleston College, b. of 
Huguenot ancestors, Charleston, S.C, 1743; 
d. there Sept. 17, 1834. 

Horsford, Eben Nokton, prof of chem- 
istry, b. Geneseo, N.Y., 1818. Some time 
principal of the Albany Female Acad. ; sub- 
sequently studied under Baron Liebig in Ger- 
many for several years; and was Rumford 
Prof. inH.U. 1847-03, and teacher of chemis- 
try in Lawrence Seient. School, a dcpt. of the 
U. which he was instrumental in establishing. 
He was employed as a chemist by the Boston 
board of water commis., and has contrib. many 
papers on chcmistiy to the scientific journals. 
He married in 1847 Mart Gardiner, b. New 
York, 1824 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., Nov. 30, 1835. 
Dau. of Saml. S. Gardiner. She was an early 
contiib. to the Ladi/'s Book and the Knick- 
erbocker Marjazine. Her " Indian Legends 
and Other Poems " were pub. in Boston, 
1855. 

Horsey, Outerbridge, lawyer and sena- 
tor, b. Somerset Co., Del., 1777; "d. Needwoud, 
Md., June 9, 1842. He received a classical 
education ; studied law under J. A. Bayard ; 
was disting. in his profession ; was many 
years atty.-gen. of the State; and from 1810 
to 1821 was U.S. senator from Del. 

Horsmanden, Daniel, jurist, b. Gould- 
hurst, Kent, England, 1691 ; d. Flatbush, L.L, 
Sept. 28, 1778. Called to the Council May 23, 
1733; he was successively recorder, chief jus- 
tice from Mar. 1763, and pres. of the Council, 
and one of the commis. to inquire into " The 
Gaspe' " afi'air. He pub. " A History of the 



HOS 



453 



HOS 



Negro riot," 1742, repub. in 1810; and "Let- 
ter to Gov. Clintun," 1747. 

Hosaek, David, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., 
physician and author, b. N.Y. City, Aug. 31, 
1769; d. Dec. 22, 1835. N.J. Coll. 1789. 
Alex., his father, was a Scotch art. officer at 
the capture of Louisburg in 1758. He studied 
medicine and surgery with Dr. Richard Bay- 
ley; received his degree at Phila. in 1791; 
practised ab. a year in Alexandria, Va. ; then 
pursued his medical studies in Edinburgh and 
London under the most celebrated professors 
of the time, and returned in the summer of 
17D4 with the first coll. of minerals introduced 
in America, and also a coll. of the duplicate 
specimens of plants from the herbarium of 
Linnseus, now constituting a part of the 
museum of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of N.Y. 
In 1795 he was app. prof, of botany in Col. 
Coll., and soon after pub. a syllabus of his lec- 
tures. From 1796 to 1800 he was the partner 
of Dr. Bard. On the death of Dr. W. P. 
Smith in 1797, the chair of materia medica 
was assigned to Dr. H., who held it, with that 
of botany, till 1807, when he accepted that of 
materia medica and of midwifery in the Coll. 
of Phys. and Surgeons. In this school, re- 
modelled in 1811 under Prus. Bard, he was 
prof, of the theory and ]irac iIlc of iili\-ic and 
clinical med., and afteru.ml at iili^i, n ios and 
the diseases of women aihl . IhImkh, until 1S26, 
when, with Drs. Mott, Maciic\rii, ami I'rancis, 
he organized Rutg. Coll. at New Brunswick, 
N. J., with which his connection was dissolved 
on its breaking up in 1830. Dr. II. was at 
various times physician to the almshouse, the 
NY. Hospital, and the Bloomingdale Asylum, 
resid. physician of N. Y. City, &c. He was 
among the original projectors of the N.Y. Hist. 
Soc., of which he was pres. in 1820-8; of the 
Hortic. Soc. and the Lit. and I'hilos. Soc. 
He established the Elgin Botanic Gaiden. His 
Hortas Elginensis, a scientific catalogue of the 
plants he had brought together, gave him a 
high position as a botanist. Fellow of the Roy. 
Societies of Lond. and Edinb. (1817). He 
wrote much on fevers, and especially on yellow- 
fever. His paper on the Laws of Contagious 
Disorders obtained a wide celebrity. Fioin 
1810 to 1814 he conducted, in connection with 
his pupil John W. Francis, the Amer. Med. 
and Pliilos. lieijisler. Some of his other works 
are, "Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M. D., 
LL.D.," 1820; "Essays on Various Subjects 
of Medical Science," 3 vols., 1824-30; " Sys- 
tem of Practical Nosology," 8vo, 1829; "Me- 
moirs of De Witt Clinton," 4to, 1829 ; " Lec- 
tures on the Theory and Practice of Physic," 
8vo, 1838. — Gloss's Med. 8io<i. 

Hoskins, Nathan, author and lawyer, b. 
Wetherslicid, Vt., Apr. 27, 1795 ; d. Wiiliams- 
t.iwi'i, Ms., 21 Apr. 1809. Dartm. Coll. 1820. 
He taught at. St. Alban's in 1821-2 ; practised 
law at Ver-ennes, Vt., from 1823 to 1831, 
editing also tlie Vt. Aurora 3 years ; practised 
in Bennington 1831-59 ; and removed in 1859 
to Williamstown, Ms. He has pub. " History 
of Vt.," 1831 ; " Notes on the West in 18.)3 ; " 
and " The Bennington Court Controversy, 
and Strictures on Civil Liberty in the U.S. in 
1847-8." 



Hosmer, IUrbiet G., artist, b. Water- 
town, Ms., Oct. 9, 1830. Being naturally of 
a delicate constitution, her father, a physician, 
encouraged her to pursue a course of physical 
training unusual to her sex. At an early age she 
began modelling in clay. Having completed 
her school education, she took a regular course 
of anatomical instruction at the med. coll. of 
St. Louis. In the summerof 1851 she returned 
home, and commenced her bust of " Hesper," 
which, on its completion in marble in 1852, 
attracted much attention in Boston ; and her 
father placed her under the instruction of Gib- 
son the sculptor in Rome. Her busts of 
"Daphne" and "Medusa" were followed by 
a statue of "jEuone." For the public library 
of St. Louis she executed her best known 
work, " Beatrice Cenci." In the summer of 
1855 she modelled acharming statue of "Puck," 
the popularity of which procured her orders 
for several copies. Pecuniary reverses having 
overtaken her father, she has latterly relied on 
her art for support, and, is now permanently 
established among the professional sculptors 
of Rome. Among her works aie a full-length 
reclining figure of a young girl for a funeral 
monument in theChurchof Saint Andrea della 
Fratii in Rome; a fountain with figures illus- 
trating the myth of Hylas and the water- 
nymphs ; and a " Will o' the Wisp," designed 
as a pendttut to " Puck." In the latter part of 
1859 she finished a statue of " Zenobia in 
Chains," a work on which she had lahoied 
errhusiastically two years, to the serious injury 
of her health. Her other works are a statue 
of Thomas H. Benton, cast in bronze, and 
fixed at Lafayette Park, St. Louis ; " The 
Sleeping Faun;" a fountain designed for 
Lady Alford ; a gateway for the entrance to an 
art gallery at Asliridge Hall, Eiig. ; and a de- 
sign lor a " Lincoln Monument," to be placed 
at Washington. — Em. Worn, of the Age. 

Hosmer, Jkan, actress, b. near'Boston, 
Jan. 29, 1842. Made her delmt in ballet at 
Buffalo ; and as a star actress at the Chestnut- 
street, Phila., as Juliet, Dec. 23, 1858. Retired 
fiom the stage soon after, but returned May 
29, 1866, as Camille, at the Winter Garden, 
New York, and has performed successfully in 
the principal cities. 

Hosmer, Stephen Titus, LL.D. (YC. 
1823), jurist, b. Middletown, Ct., 1763; d. 
thereAug. 5, 1834. Y.C. 1782. Sonof Judge 
Titus. Began to practise law at Middletown 
ab. 1785 ; many years member of the Council 
of State ; and, after the adoption of the State 
constitution, chief justice from 1815 to 18-33. — 
Field's Centennial. 

Hosmer, Titus, scholar and statesman, 
b. Middletown, Ct., 1736; d. Aug. 4, 1780. 
Y.C. 1 757. He was a member of the Council ; 
of the As.sembly 1773-8; speaker in 1777; of 
the Cont. Congress 1778-9; and in Jan., 1780, 
judge of the Maritime Court of Appeals for 
the U.S. He was the patron of Joel Barlow, 
who wrote an elegant elegiac poem on his 
death, inscribed to his widow. 

Hosmer, William Heney Cuylek, 
poet, b. Avon, N.Y., May 25, 1814. U. of Vt. 
1841. He studied law, and succeeded Hon. 
John Young as master in chancery. From 



HOT 



454 



1836 to 1839 he studied the Indian character 
in Wis. and the everglades of Fla. In 1854 
he removed to N.Y. City, where he has held 
an office in the custom-house. His principal 
pieces arc "The Fall of Tecumseh," 1830; 
" Yonondino, or the Waniors of the Gene- 
see," 1846 ; " The Months ; " " Bird-Notes ; " 
" Legends of the Senecas ; " and " Indian Tra- 
ditions and Songs." His " Complete Poetical 
Works " appeared in 1853 in 2 vols. — Apple- 

Hotchkiss, Ret. James Harvey, b. 

Cornwall, Ct., Feb. 23, 1781 ; d. Prattsburg, 
N.Y., Sept. 21,1851. Wms. Coll. 1800. Sta- 
tioned at Prattsburg from 1809 to 1830. 
Author of " History of the Churches in West- 
ern N.Y.." 8vo, 1851. 

Houdon (oo'-don'), Jean Antoine, a 
French sculptor, b. Versailles, Mar. 20, 1741 ; 

"d. Paris, July 15, 1828. Having gained the 
first prize for sculpture in the Royal Acad, at 
Paris, he visited Italy; passed 10 years at 

•Rome in the study of the antique ; then re- 
turned to Paris, where he attained the front 
rank of French sculptors, and was adm. to the 
acad. In 1785 he accomp. Franklin lo the 
U.S. to prepare the model of the statue of 
Washington ordered by the State of Va., which 
stands in the hall of the capitol of Va. at 
Richmond, clad in the uniform of a Revol. of- 
ficer. According to the testimony of Lafayette 
and other personal friends of Washington, it Is 
in many respects the best representation of 
him ever ![iade. Among his later works were 
busts of Napoleon and Juscpliine, and the cele- 
brated statue of Cicero in the Palace of the 
Luxembourg. 

Hough, Fbanklin B., hist, writer, b. 
Manin>ville, N.Y., July 20, 1822. Un. Coll. 
1843; Cleveland Med. Coll. 1848. He was 
several years a teacher ; practised medicine 
from 1848 to 1852 at Somerviile, N.Y. ; and 
has been much engaged in literary pursuits. 
He has pub. " A Catalogue of Plants in Lewis 
Co., N.Y,," 1847; "Hist, of St. Lawrence 
and Franklin Counties, N.Y.," 1853 ; " Hist, 
of Jefferson County, N.Y.," 1854; "Results 
of a Series of Mctcorol. Ubs. 1826-50," 1834; 
" N.Y. Civil List," 1861 ; " Diary of the Siege 
of Detroit," 1860; " Censusof N.Y. 1855-7 ; " 
"Northern Invasion of Oct. 1780," 1866; 
■' Hist, of Lewis Countv,N.Y.," 1860; " Mun- 
sell's Guide to the Hudson Uiver," 1859; 
"The Comprehensive Farm Record," 18G0; 
"On Military and Camp Hospitals," from the 
French of Bauden, 1862; "Hist, of Duryea's 
Brigade in 1862 ; " " Papers relating to Nan- 
tucket," 1856. Hehas partly written or edited 
quite a large number of books illustrating the 
early history of N.E. and ^ .\ . — Diuidduck. 

Houghton, Dodgi.ass, M.D., naturalist, 
b. Truv, X.Y., Sept. 21, 1809; d. Oct. 13, 
1845. 'Rens. Instir., Troy, 1829. Assist, prof. 
of chemistry and nat. hist, at Rens. Inst, in 
1830; was in 1831 licensed to practise as a 
physician; and app. surgeon and botanist to 
the e.xped. to explore the sources of the Mjn. 
River, and made a valuable report upon the 
botany of the region through which he then 
passed. On his return, he practised medicine 
in Detroit until 1837, when he was app. State 



geologist. In 1842 he was elected mayor of 
the city of Detroit ; was a prof, in the State 
U. from its commencement ; was also a mem- 
ber of the Nat. Institute, of the Boston Soc. 
of Nat. Hist., and an hon. member of many 
literary and scientific associations. Dr. Hough- 
ton was drowned near the moulh of Eagle 
River on Lake Superior during a violent snow- 
storm, while prosecuting for the General Govt, 
a survey of that region. 

Houghton, George Frederick, jurist 
and writer, b. Guilford, Vt., 31 May, 1820 ; d. 
St. Alban's, 22 Sept. 1870. U. of Vt. 1839. 
Adm. to the bar in 1S41 ; State sec. 1848-9, 
and State atty. fur Franklin Co. 1832-3. He 
founded the Vt. Transcript in 1854 ; was after- 
ward connected with the C/iurch Journal of 
N.Y. ; contrib. hist, and biog. sketches to 
various publications; and was a founder, and 
at one time pres., of the Vt. Hist. Society. 

Houston, George Smith, Democ. poli- 
tician, b. Williamson Co., Tenn., Jan. 17, 
1811. In his youth his parents removed to 
Lauderdale Co., Ala. Adm. to the bar in 
IS ;l , Ii. I IP ; a with great success at Flor- 
ci, ! _j :; \v as elected to the Ala. legisl.; 

in i I "■ any. for the Florence judicial 

ili-t ; ;iii I M I', in 1841-61, except during 
1849-51 ; clKiiiiiian com. of ways and means 
1831-5, and of the judiciary com. 1857-8. 

Houston, Joiix, lawyer and statesman; d. 
Savannah, Ga , July 2o', 1796. Son of Sir 
Patrick Houston. He was early disting. in the 
Revol. movement; was one of the 4 persons to 
call the first meeting of the friends of liberty 
in Savannah in 1774; was a delegate to the 
Old Congress in 1775-7, and on its first naval 
com . ; atul would have signed the Decl. of Indep. 
had hu'not been called home to counteract the 
influence of Dr. Zubly in opposition to it. Mem- 
ber of the State council in May, 1777; gov. 
of Ga. 1778-84; first judge of the Supreme 
Court of Ga. (app. 1792) ; and in 1787 com- 
mis. for settling the bouiulary between Ga. and 
S.C. 

Houston, Samuel, soldier and statesman, 
b. near Lexington, Va., 2 Mar. 1793 ; d. Hunt- 
crsviilc, Tex., 25 July, 1863. His father, a 
Revol. soldier, d. a brigade insp. in 1807. His 
mother, an intelligent and energetic woman, 
then removed to Blount Co., Tenn., where 
Samuel was adopted into the Cherokee tribe. 
He was clerk to a trader, and kept school a 
short time; served with distinction under Gen. 
Jackson in the Creek war in 1813-14 ; was se- 
verely wounded atthe battle of Tallapoosa ; and 
was in Nov. 1817 app. a sub. agent to carry 
out a treaty with the Cherokees. Resigning 
his com. of"lieut. in the army, 1 Mar. 1818, he 
studied law at Nashville; held several minor 
offices; was M.C. in 1 Si'.'5-7 ; gov. of Tenn. 
from 1827 t.. Apr. Isj'j ; and then took up his 
residence Willi ihc ( Ik rukccs in Ark., endeav- 
oring, unsui eesahillv, tu pioteet them from the 
frauds practi:;ed upon them by govt, agents. 
Elected to the Const. Conv. during a visit to 
Texas in Apr. 1833, he exerted a powerful in- 
fluence upon its deliberations; and, when its 
result was rejected by Santa Ana, Houston, in 
Oct. 1835, was made com .-in-chief of the Tex- 
an aimy, terminating the war by the victory 



455 



of San Jacinto (2 Apr. 1836), in which he was 
severely wounded. First pres. of the republic 
from 22 Oct. 1836 to 1838; member Texas 
Congress 1S38-40; again pres. in 1841-4. 
After Ills fnvorite scheme of annexation to the 
U.S. had been effected, he was U.S. senator in 
1846-59; gov. of Texas 1859-61. In the 
U.S. senate ho was the zealous advocate of 
justice and humanity to the Indians; opposed 
the Kansas and Nebraska Bill in an elaborate 
speech (3 Mar. 1854); and voted against the 
legality of the Lccumpton Const, lie opposed 
the secession movement, and long resisted the 
clamor for an extra session of the legisl., but 
finally retired from office, in preference to tak- 
ing the oath required bv tlie State convention. 
— See Life qr IJo'islon.'N.Y. 12mo, 1855. 

HoustOll, William Churchill, states- 
man; il, Trenton, N. J., Aug. 1788. N.J. 
Coll. 1763. I'iof of matbemaiics in that in- 
stitution. Delegate to the Old Congress 1779- 

Hovey, Alvah.D.D. (B.U.lSSe). clergy- 
man, b. Thetford, Vt., Mar. 5, 1820; Dartm. 
Coll. 1844. lletaughtin the N.London acad. 
1 year; completed his theol. course at Newton 
in 1848; was pastor of the Baptist Church N. 
Gloucester, Me., 1 year. From 1850 to 1853 
taught biblical literature in the Newton Theol. 
Inst.; became prof, of cccl. history in 1853, 
and of Christ, theol. in 1855. He has pub. a 
translation from tlie Gcrmnnof Pcrtbe's "Life 
of Chrysostom," in conjunction with Kev. 
D. B. Ford, 1854; "The Life and Times of 
Backus," 1858 ; " The State of the Impenitent 
Dead," 1859; besides contributions to re- 
views. 

Hovey, Altin P., lawyer and soldier, b. 
Adm. to the 



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iiun Hills; app. 

Howard, Be.nja.iii.n, b. Va. ; d. St. Louis, 
Sept. 18, 1814. M. C. from Ky. 1807-10; 
gov. of Upper La. from Apr. 1810 to Nov. 
1812; app. brig.-gen. U.S.A. Mar. 12, 1813, 
com. 8th milit. dept., then embracing all the 
territory from the interior of Ind. to the Mex- 
ican frontier. 

Howard, Benjamiu Chew, (LL. D. 
1869), b. Md. N. J. Coll. 1809. Many years 
clerk of the U.S. Supreme Court. Has'pub. 
Reports of that Court from 1843 to 1860, in 24 
vols. M C. 1829-33 and 1835-9; deleg. to 
Peace Cong. 1861. 

Howard, Francis, Earl of EfBngham, 
gov. of Va. 1684-9 ; d. Eng. 30 Mar. 1094. 
Son of Sir Charles Howard, and succeeded lo 
the earldom in 1681. He was instructed not 
to suffer the use of a printing-press in the Col- 
oiiy. His administration was excessively ra- 
pacious and tyrannical; and, during the early 
])artof it, the Colony suffered much from the 
depredations of the Indians, with whom he 



Howard, Jacob M., LL.D. (Wms. Coll. 
1865), U.S. senator from Mich. 1862-71, b. 
Shaftsbury, Vt., 10 July, 1805; d. Detroit, 2 
Apr. 1871. Wms. Coll. 1830. He taught in 
an acad. in Ms.; removed to Mich, in 1832 ; was 
adm. to the bar in 1833 ; member of the legisl. 
in 1838; M.C. 1841-3; atty.-gen. of Mich. 
1855-61. He drew up the platform of the first 
convention of the Republican party in 1854, 
and is said to have given the party its name. 
In 1847 he transl. from the French the " Secret 
Memoirs of the Empress Josephine." 

Howard, John Eager, soldier and states- 
man, b. Baltimore Co., Md., June 4, 1752 ; d. 
there Oct. 12, 1827. His grandfather Joshua 
came from the vicinity of Manchester, Eng., 
in 1085, and obtained a grant of land in Balti- 
more Co. Cornelius, his father, m. Ruth Ea- 
ger. John was capt. in Hall's regt., present' 
at the battle of White Plains, and served till 
his corps was dism. in Dec. 1776. Maj. in 4th 
regt.. Col. Hall, he joined the army in Apr. 
1777; disting. himself at Germantown, where 
he com. his regt., and displayed great coolness 
and courage. He was present at the battle of 
Monmouth in 1778 ; Junel, 1779, he was made 
lieut.-col.of theOth regt., taking rank from Mar. 
11, 1778; detached with the Md. and Del. 
troops in Apr. 1780 to the south, he served un- 
der Gates in the disastrous battle of Camden. 
At the b.ittle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, 
Howard com. the Continentals, and, by a suc- 
cessful bayonet-charge, decided the fortune of 
the day. At one time he had in his hands the 
swords of 7 officers of the 71st British regt.. 
This was said to have been the first occasion 
in the war in which the bayonet was effectively 
used by the Amer. troops. For his valor in 
this action. Col. Howard received from Con- 
gress a silver medal. In the battle of Guil- 
ford, Howard again exhibited the discipline of 
his regt., and won additional laurels; and was 
also engaged at Hobkirk'.s Hill. At the battle 
of Eutaw, he com, the 2d regt., and was severe- 
ly wounded. After the war, he m. Margaret, 
dau.of Chief Justice Chew; was a member of 
the Cont. Congress 1787-8; w.as gov. of Md. 
in 1 789-92. He decl. the war secretaryship ten- 
dered by Washington in 1795. Member of the 
Md. senate 1795, and U.S. senator from 1796 
to 1803. In 1798, in anticipation of a war with 
France, he was named by Washington one of 
his brigadier-generals. 

Howard, Oliver Otis, LL.D. (Waterv. 
Coll. 1865), brev. maj. -gen. U.S.A., b. Leeds, 
Me., Nov. 8, 18.30. Bowd. Coll. 1850. West 
Point, 1854. Entering the ordnance corps, he 
became 1st lieut. and instructor of mathemat- 
ics at West Point in 1857, and resigned 4 June, 
1861, to take com. of the 3d Me. Vols. He 
com. a brig at the first battle of Bull Run, and 
for gallantry in that battle was made brig.-gen. 
of vols. Sept. 3, 1801. He lost his right arm at 
the battle of F.iir Oaks, June 1 , 1 802. After the 
batt!u of Antictain, he took Gen. Sedgwick's 
division in Sumner's 2d corps, and com. the 
11th corps during the operations of Gen. 
Hooker, in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, 
May 2, 1863, and at Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 



HOTV 



456 



1863; mnj.-Ken. Nov. 29, 1862; en<jnged nt 
Lookout Valley 29 Oct. ; Mission. Ridge 2.3-25 
Nov. 1863; relicfof Knoxville, Dec. 1863; 27 
July, 1864, com. army of the Tenn. ; in all the 
battles of the Ga. campaign, ending in the cap- 
ture of Atlanta, 2 Sept. 1864 ; com. the right 
wing of Sherman's army in the march to the 
sea and the invasion of' the Carolinas; brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. Dec. 21, 1864; brev. maj.-gen. 
Mar. 13, 186.5 ; commis. of Freedmen's Bu- 
reau since 12 May, 1865. 

Howard, Simeon, D.D. (Edinb. 1785), 
divine, b. Bridgewater, May 10, 1733 ; d. Aug. 
13, 1804. H.U. 1758. He was several years 
a teacher ; became a preacher, and officiated ab. 
a year in Nova Scotia. Tutor in H.U. in 
1766; pastor of the West Church, Boston, 
from May 6, 1767, to his death. He was an 
earnest promoter of the Revol., and was liber- 
al and tolerant in his rcli;,nous views. Mem- 
ber of the Anier. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, 
of the Soo. for propagating the Gospel ; vice- 
prcs. of the Humane Society. He pub. some 
sermons. 

Howe, Albion Paris, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Standish, Me., Mar. 13, 1818. 
West Point, 1841. Entering the 4th Art., he 
was from 1843 to 1846 instr. in math, at 
West Point. Served with credit in the Mexi- 
can war ; was brev. capt. for Contreras and 
Churubnsco; became capt. 2 Mar. 1855; was 
Gen. McClellan's chief of art. in Western Va., 
and com. a light art. briuade in the Army of 
the Potomac during the Peninsular campaign ; 
brig.-gen.of vols. 11 June, 1862, and assigned 
to a brigade in Couch's division 4ih army corps ; 
maj. 4th Art. Aug. 11, 1863. He was in the 
battles of Manassas, South Mountain, Antio- 
tam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and in the 
Rapidan campaign ; at Rappahannock station 
7 Nov , and iMine Run Nov.-Dec. 1863; com. 
Art. DepcJt. Washington, DC, 1864-6 ; brev. 
maj -gon. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, ser- 
vices hi the Rebellion. — Cullum. 

Howe, Eli AS, Jan., inventor of the sewing- 
machine, b. Spencer, Ms., 9 July, 1819; d. 
Brooklyn, L. I., Oct. 3, 1867. He worked on 
his father's farm and mill till 1835, when he 
went to Lowell, and was employed in a manuf. 
of eotion machinery, and afterward worked in 
a machine-shop in Boston. Here he wrought 
out his invention, and with the pecuniary aid 
of Geo. Fisher, an old school-fellow, completed 
under great difficulties his first machine in 
May, 1845, and patented it Sept. 10, 1846. 
Failing to secure public notice or support, ho 
fora time obtained employment as engineer on 
a railroad, until he broke down completely in 
health. After spending two years in Eng. in 
fruitless effort, and suffering absolute penury, 
he returned home ilcstitnte. During his ab- 
sence, his machmr hail hern imitated, and in- 
troduced throii-li ilie (iiimtiy, regardless of 
his patent. Ih.ue n.iw ri.und" friends who en- 
abled him to establish lli^ rights. After much 
litigation, he in 1854 established his prior 
claim to the invention. At the time of the 
expiration of his patent, Sept. 10, 1867, he had 
realized ab. $2,000,000. He received also 
the gold medal of the Paris Exposition, and the 
Cross of the Legion of Honor During the 



civil war he contrib. largely in money to sup- 
port the Union cause, and did duty as a private 
in the 17th Ct. Vols, until his health failed. 

Howe, George AuGcsxns, Lord Vis- 
count, b. 1724; killed near Ticonderoga, July 
6, 1758. Eldest son of the second Lord Howe, 
he succeeded him in 1735. Early in 1757, be- 
ing col. of the 60th, or Roy. Americans, he was 
ordered to Amer. Sept. 28, 1757, he was app. 
col. 55th Foot, and, Dec. 29, brig.-gen. in Amer. 
July 6, 1758, he landed with the army under 
Abercrombie at the outlet of Lake George, and 
marched towards Ticonderoga. Coming sud- 
denly upon a party of Frenchmen, a skirmish 
ensued, in which he fell. " In him," says 
Mante, " the soul of the army seemed to ex- 
pire." Massachusetts erected a monument to 
ills memory in Westminster Abbey. 

Howe, Henry, b. N. Havcnl Ct., 1816. 
Son of Gen. Hezekiah, bookseller of N.H., 
1775-1838. Author of " Memoirs of Eminent 
Mechanics," 1839; Hist. Collections of Va., 
1854; of Ohio, 1847; "The Great West," 
1851 ; " Celebrated Travellers," 1853 ; and, in 
conjunction with J. W. Barber, Hist. Colls, 
of N.Y. 1841, and N. J. iSH. — Aliibone. 

Howe, Joseph, sec. of the Dom. of Can- 
ada, b. Halifax, 1804. John, his father, a 
native of Boston, was assoc. with Mrs. Draper 
in the pub of the Boston News Letter in 1775- 
6 ; went with the British troops to Halifax ; 
was printer to the govt. ; also postmaster-gen., 
and d. 1820. Joseph served an apprenticeship 
as a printer, assisting occasionally his eldest 
bro. John, who had succeeded his father as 
postmaster-gen. In 1827 he purchased, con- 
jointly with Mr. Spike, the Weeldy Chronicle 
newspaper, wliich was continued underthe title 
of the Acadian ; and in Jan. 1828 became sole 
editor and proprietor of the NovuScotian. In 
1835 he was tried for libel against the local 
govt, of Halif.ix, but was acquitted. In 1840 
he became a member of the provincial cabinet ; 
and soon afterward the old system which he 
had attacked and exposed was abolished, and 
Halifax received a municipal charter. He was 
a member of the provincial parliament many 
years; lias frequently been colunial agent in 
Groat Britain ; and was a member of the Co- 
lonial Govt, many years, until 1854, when he 
relinquished his office of prov. sec. to super- 
intend the construction of the first railroad in 
N.S. He opposed the absorption of N.S. into 
the Dominion of Canada until certain guaran- 
ties were secured ; and in 1869 took the post 
of sec. of state in the Dom. Govt. — See his 
Speeches and Public Letters, 2 vols. 1858. 

Howe, Julia Ward, poetess and reform- 
er, b N.Y. May 27, 1819. She was carefully 
educated by her father, Samuel Ward, and, 
at an early age, wrote plavs and poi'm"!, si>me 
of the latter of which were puh, i;i I'-r; ^ho 
married Dr. S. G. Howe, aee„„i|ia,in,e; jui.i 
u|ion an extended tour in Eunj|ie, wlneli ^lio 
visited again in 18.")0. After licr retniii, she 
pub. in 1854 a small vol. of poems, called 
" Passion Flowers ; " two years laler a second 
vol., " Words for the Hour." She brought out 
a play called " The World's Own " in the 
winter of 1855-6; " Hippolytus," a tragedy, 
pub. in 1858. During the winter of 1858-9 



HO"W 



457 



ehe accomp. her husband on a trip to Cuba, of 
which she has pub. an account. She has writ- 
ten many admirable social and philosophic 
papers, among them " Polarity," " Limitation," 
" The Fact Accomplislied," " The Idea and 
Name of God," " The Iileal Church," and 
" The Ideal State." Her " Later Lyrics " ap- 
peared in 1866 ; " From the Oak to the Olive," 
the story of a trip from London to Athens, was 
pub. in 1868. ller splendid "Battle Hymn 
of the Republic," set to the ringinj; tramp of 
the John Brown son<!^, was an effective war- 
song. She is at present actively engaged with 
both pen and tongue in forwarding the wo- 
Dian's-rights movement. — Em. Worn, of the 

Howe, Nathaniel, minister of Hopkin- 
ton, Ms., from Oct. .5, 1791, to his d., Feb. 1.5, 
1837, b. Ipswich, Ms., Oct. 6, 1764. H.U. 
178G. He studied one year under Dr. Withcr- 
spoon of N. J. Coll., and completed his ihcol. 
education with Dr. Emmons, of whose Calvin- 
istic theology he became a zealous expounder. 
He pub. a Century Sermon, delivered 24 Dec. 
1815; "Design of John's Baptism," 1819; 
" Reply to Dr. Baldwin," 1820 ; a " Catechism 
with Questions and Proverbs," 1834. His 
talents were of a high order. The 4th edition 
of liis Century Sermon, with a Memoir by 
Rev. Elias Nason, was pub. 1851. 

Howe, Richard, Earl, a British adm., b. 
19 Mar. 1725; d. 5 Aug. 1799. Third son 
of the second viscount; educated at Westmin- 
ster and Eton ; was a midshipm. in Anson's 
fleet in 1739; and was made post-capt. for 
gallantry in 1745. M.P. from Dartmouth in 
1757 ; succeeded to the family titles and estates 
on the death of his bro. in Amer. in 1758. He 
displayed extraordinary courage and coolness 
on many occasions ; was made treas. of the 
navy in 1765; and rear. adm. of the Blue, 18 
Oct. 1770. Sent in com. of a fleet to Amer. 
in 1776, his judicious co-operation was of great 
service to the army. As joint conimiss. with 
his bro. Sir William, he made several attempts 
to secure a peaceful adjustment of the strife 
between the Colonies and the mother-country, 
and expressed sorrow at his want ot success. In 
Aug. 1778 he had an indecisive action with a 
superior B'rench fleet under D'Estaing off the 
coast of R.I., both Heets being much shattered 
by a severe storm. On his return home in 
1782 he was made adm. of the Blue, and 
created a viscount. In Sept. 1782 he suc- 
ceeded in relieving Gibraltar, for which he was 
thanked bv both houses of parliament ; made 
adm. of the White 24 Sept. 1787; and raised 
to an earldom 19 Aug. 1788. June 1, 1794, 
Howe obtained a complete victory over the 
French fleet, for which he was rewarded with 
a medal, the order of the garter, and the post 
of adm. of the fleet, which he resigned in Apr. 
1797. His last service was to prevail on the 
mutineers at Spithead to return to their duty. 
A severe criticism, probably by Lord George 
Gerniaine, on his naval conduct of the Amer. 
war, was pub. in 1779. He replied, wiih a 
"Narrative of the Transactions of the Fleet 
in 1779." A monument was erected to his 
memory in St. Paul's Cathedral — See Memoir 
by Barrow, 8vo, Lond. 1838. 



the 1 



Howe, Robert, maj.-gen., b. Eng. ; d. at 



ce of Gen. Clark, near W 



ngton, 



N.C., in Jan. 1787. Was in the Engli 
vice before the war. In 1775 he was pro- 
claimed against by Gov. Martin as " Robert 
Howes, alias Howe." Among the earliest and 
most uncompromising of the patriots of N.C. ; 
member of the legisl. 1773 ; member of the 
com. of safety for the countv of Brunswick.; 
and col. of the 2d N. C. regt' of militia. He, 
together with Cornelius Harnett, was excepted 
from pardon by Sir H. Clinton in 1776. App. 
col. of the first N. C. regt., he marched into 
Va. soon after the affair at Great Bridge, and 
joined Col. Woodford at Norfolk, in opposi- 
tion to Lord Dunmore. For his activity dur- 
ing this campaign, Congress (Feb. 29, 'l776), 
app. him biig.-gen. in the Cont. army, and 
ordered him to Va. In the spring of 1776 
his plantation near old Brunswick village was 
ravaged by Lord Cornwallis. He was made 
maj.-gen. Oct. 20, 1777; and in the following 
summer com. an unsuccessful exped. against 
Florida. Gen. Howe stationed himself with 
600 regulars, and a small body of militia, for 
the defence of Savannah, menaced by Gen. 
Prevost. Here he was surprised in the night, 
and defeated by the British under Lieut.-Col. 
Campbell. Honorably acquitted by a court- 
martial, his conduct was severely criticised by 
Cliristopher Gadsden, and a duel was the con- 
sequence: neither p.arty, however, was injured. 
Howe afterwards joined Washin'_'ton on the 
Hudson; and early in I7.S1 coin, ilit; troops 
sent to quell the m'ntinv in ilic I'l. mid N. J. 
regts., and for his judicious |n i (m in.iiice of the 
duty was thanked by tlie cum. in cliief. la 
Jnne, 1783, he was ordered on a similar duty 
to Phila. In May, 1785, he was app, by Con- 
gress 10 treat with the Western Indians. He 
was well versed in tactics, a rigid disciplina- 
rian, a good engineer, and a man of cultivated 
mind. 

Howe, Samuel Gridley, M D., physician 
and philanthropist; b. Boston, Nov. 10, 1801. 
Brown U. 1821. He studied medicine in Boston, 
and served as a surgeon in the Greek war for in- 
dependence in 1824-7. After organizing a regu- 
lar surgical service, at the head of which he 
was placed, he returned to America to procure 
help for the Greeks, who were threatened with 
famine. Ho established a colony on the Isth- 
mus of Corinth ; liiit took the swamp-fever in 
one of his jotirnovs, and was obliged to leave 
the (ountry in the spring of 1830. He visited 
Switzerland ; was iu Paris during the revol. 
of Julv; and in the summer of 1831 returned 
to the" U.S. In the following autumn he 
became interested in the project of establishing 
an institution for the blind in Boston. He ac- 
cepted the charge ; visited Europe to acquire 
the necessary information, and engage teach- 
ers ; and the institution, put in operation in 
1832, has since been under his control. While 
in Paris, he was made president of the Polish 
committee, and undertook to carrv and distrib- 
ute funds lor the relief of the PoHsh army in 
Prussia, but was arrested, and imprisoned' for 
about 6 weeks, by the Prussian Govt. He was 
for many years prominent in the antislavery 
party in 'Ms. Author of an " Historical Sketch 



HO"W 



458 



HO'W 



of the Greek Kevol.," 1828. U.S. commissioner 
to San Domingo 1871. 

Howe, SiK William, viscount, a British 
pen., I). 10 AiiiT. 1729; (I. 12 July, 1814. 
Younger bro. of the adm ; and, by illegitimate 
descent, an uncle of Kin- GeorKe IH. He 
studied some time at Eton ; liecame a cornet 
of dragoons; and disting. himself particularly 
under' VVolfo at Qnehee. Col. 4th Foot 1764 ; 
maj.-gen. 1772. Arrived in Boston in May, 
177.'> ; and com. at the battle of Bunker's Hill, 
June 17. On the departure of Gen. Gage, 
he became com. in-chief of the British forces 
in America. Forced to evacuate Boston in 
March, 1776, he proceeded to Halifax, and in 
Aug. landed at Staten Island. He defeated 
the Americans, 27 Aug., at Long Island ; took 
possession of N. Y. Oily, Sept. 15; Oct. 28, 
defeated Washington at White Plains; and, 
Nov. 16, captured Fort Washington, with its 
garrison of over 2.000 men ; in July, 1777, he 
sailed to Chesapeake Bay; defeated Washing- 
ton at the Brandywine, Sept. II ; and entered 
Phila. Sept. 26. He repul.sed the attack of 
Washington at Gerinantown 4 Oct., and spent 
the remainder of his stay in Phila. in indolence 
an.r j.leasure. Superseded by Sir H. Clinton 
early in 1778, a grand entertainment, called 
the mlsi-liiimza, was given in his honor hy the 
officers, 18 May, 1778; soon after which he 
returned home. On the investigation of his 
conduct by parliament in 1779, the opinion of 
Gen. Grey, Lord Cornwallis, and other mili- 
tary men, was, that he had done all that could 
be expected, considering the insufficiency of his 
force. Made lieut.-gen. of ordnance in 1782 ; 
in 1786 col. 19th Dragoons, and full gen. ; gov. 
of Berwick in 1795 ; and in 1799. on the death 
of his bro., succeeded to the Irish viscounty. 
At the time of his death he was a privy coun- 
cillor, and gov. of Plymouth. Howe had 
neither sufficient experience nor ability for the 
important com. assigned him in America. He 
was, with his bro. the admiral, a commiss. 
to settle the difficulties with the Americans. 
He pub. a narrative of his operations in N. 
America in 1779-80. 

Howell, David, LL D. (B. U. 1793), ju- 
rist, b. N. J., Jan. 1, 1747 ; d. July 29, 1824. 
N. J. Coll. 1766. Removing to R I., he was in 
1769 app. prof, of nat. philos. and math. ; and 
was from 1790 to 1824 prof, of law in Brown 
U. He established himself in the practice of 
the law at Providence, and rose to endncnce 
in the profession ; was for some time atty.-gen. 
of the State, and judge of the Supreme Court ; 
member Cont. Congress 1782-5 ; and after the 
re-organization of the Gen. Govt, he was app. 
a commiss. for settling the eastern boundary 
of the U. S. ; subsequently dist. atty. ; and 
from 1812 to his d. dist. judge for R! I. He 
was a man of great wit, learning, and elo- 
quence; a disling. classical scholar, and a 
pungent and elTcctive poliiical writer. His 
son Jeremiah Brown Howell, U.S. sen- 
ator from R.L 1811-17, B. U. 1789, d. 1822, 
a. 50. 

Howell, Elizabeth (Lloyd), widow of 
Robert Howell of Phila.. native and resident 
of Phila. Author of " Milton's Prayer of Pa- 
tience ; " also contrib. several poems to the 



" Wheat Sheaf," a collection of prose and poe- 
try, Phila. 1852. — Allihone. 

Howell, John C, capt. U.S.N., b. Pa. June 
9, 1819. Midshipm. June 9, 18.36 ; lieut. Aug. 
2, 1849; command. July 16, 1862; capt. July 
25, 1 866. Served in " The Minnesota," N. Atl. 
block, squad., 1861 ; in the battle of Hatteras 
Inlet; com. steamer "Tahamo," E. Gulf block, 
squad., 1862-3; steamer 'Nereus," N. Atl. 
block, squad., 1864-5; in the two actions at Fort 
Fisher, Dec. 1864 and Jan. 1865; fleet-capt. 
European squad. 1869-71. — Hamersli/. 

Howell, Joseph, payra.-gen. Revol. army ; 



1798, 



48. 



Howell, Josh DA B., brig.-gen. vols., b. Pa. 
1799; killed 14 Sept. 1864 near Petersburg, 
Va , by being thrown from his horse. Col. 
85ih Pa. Vols.; wounded in several battles; 
and had recently been made brig.-gen. 

Howell, Richard, statesman and soldier, 
b. Del. 1755 ; d. Trenton, N. J., Apr. 28, 1802. 
He practised law; com. a company of grena- 
diers before the war; was in 1775 app. capt. 2d 
N J. regt. ; disting. himself at Quebec; pro- 
moted to niaj 1775; and com. his regt. until 
1779. App. judge-advocate of the army in Sept. 
1782, but declined. Resuming practice, he was 
clerk of the Supreme Court from 1778 to June 
3, 1793; and gov. from 1794 to Oct. 1801. His 
bro. Rednap Howell, poet, b. N. J., taught 
school on Deep River, N C. ; composed many 
patriotic songs. Author of a pamphlet pub. in 
Boston. 1771, entitled "A Fan for Fanning, 
and a Touch for Tryon." 

Howell, Robert Botte Crawford, 
D.D., Baptist clergyman, and author, b. 
Wavne Co., N.C., Mar. 10, 1801; d. Nashville, 
Tenn., April 5, 1868. Col. Coll., D.C., 1826. 
Pastor of the Cumberland-st. Church, Norfolk, 
Va., from Jan. 27, 1827, to 1835 ; of the First 
Bapt. Church, Nashville, from 1835 to 18.50; 
of the 2d Bapt. Church, Richmond. Va., from 
1850 to 1857 ; and from this time till his death 
was again pastor of the cluinh at Nashville. 
Both in Richmond and Nashville he was prom- 
inent in educational institutions. Dr. Howell 
pub. " The Evils of Infant Baptism," " The 
Cross," ••The Covenant," " The Eariy Bap- 
tists of Va.," " (Communion," " The Deacon- 
ship," "The Wav of Salvation," &c. He left 
unpnb. "A Memo'rial of the First Bapt. Church 
of Nashville from 1820 to 1863," and an elab- 
orate work on " The Family." 

HowellS, William Dean, author, b. Mar- 
tinsville, Belmont Co., O., Mar 1, 1837. Of 
his father, a printer and publisher, he learned 
the business at Hamilton, ; whither his par- 
ents moved in 1840. He has been editorially 
connected with the Cincinnati G'i:elle, and Ohio 
Slate Journal; and since July, 1870, has edited 
the Atlnntic iVouthli/: and has contrib. to the 
latter, to the Norlh-Ammcn Renew. The Na- 
tion, Putnam's Mnqnzitie, .Siiturdai/ Press. &c. 
He pub. with Mr. J. J. Punt, in 1860, a volume 
of verse, [speciinens of his poetrv are in Coggcs- 
hall's " Poets and Poetry of the West." Au- 
thor of " Suburban Sketches ; " " Venetian 
Lili;;" "No Love Lost," a poem, 1868; and 
" Italian Journeys." 

Howison, Robert R., b. Fredericksburg, 
Va., 1820. Practised law since 1845. Author 



HOT^T 



459 



of" Hist, of Va. to 1S47," 2 vols. 8vo, I84G-S; 
Lives of Guns. Mor;;an, Miirion, and (iates, 
pub. in 1847 in 1{. W. GiiswoKl's "Genemls 
of the Amer. Uevol. ; " " Grim. Trials," Kich- 
mond, 8vo, 1851. — Allibone. 

Howland, Jou.n, b. Newport, R.I., 31 Oct. 
1757; d. Providence, R.I., 5 Nov. 1834. De- 
scended from John, a Pil^nim of 1620, an as- 
sist, and a leadinj; man of the Plym. Colony, 
who m. Elizab., dau. of Gov. Carver, and d. 
Kingston, Ms., 22 Feb. 1672, a. 80. John re- 
moved to Providence in 1770; served 13 mos. 
m the Revol. army; was 21 years pros, of the 
11. I. Hist. Soc., and skilled in tlie history and 
antiquities of Plym. Colony. Author of seve- 
ral aildresses, orations, and hist, papers. — See 
Lifebii Reo. E. M. Stone, 1856. 

Howland, William Pearce, minister of 
inland rev. for the Dom. of Canala, b. N. Y. 
29 May, 1811. Removed to Canada at an 
early ago, and became a l-vlii- in-n-hant. 
M. C. P. for the \Ve^t K : ■ V ; since 

1858; member e.\ec. com i i, i: - , inniiee 

Mav, 1862-Mav, 186';, ^i . , ..,.., i,..,,i Oct. 
136"; ; ic"-iv^T •%■•■. Mu, l.s,j.J-.\l.,i,;li, 1S64; 
anrl |. : 111 : ■ ■: ILMU Nov. 1864 to Oct. 
186G. p: :! 1^. upon the union of the 

Provnirr, i.i 1,^1,1,, .111. I a liberal in politics. — 

Men u/lla- r.me. 

Hows, JoH.N \V. S., prof, of oratory in Col. 
Coll. since 1843, b. Loudon, Kng., 1797. Au- 
thor of "Shakspcarian Re.ider," 1846; "Prac- 
tical ElocutioniM," 1849; "Golden Loaves 
from the Amer. ami Brit. Poor-;, "2 vuls. 1SG4- 
5; "Golden Leaves from lIi.' UriuMtio Pools." 
He edited the "Modern Standard Urania;" 
and was 7 years draraat. critic of the iV. Y. Al- 
bion. — Allibone. 

Hoyt, Be.njamin Thomas, educator, b. 
Boston, 18 Oct. 1820; d. Gioonoastle, Ind., 24 
Mav, l'-'-,7 V,' ,1 r I -k:. Sun of the Rev. 
Bciij. l; , ■ ! - r i 111) Hoyt. Prin- 
cipal (il I . 11 :i : Ul'liilclown, Ct., 

and CUr.^' ,. Al. , - . . In.ni 1S4G to 

1852; pros, ut ilr=ln,tin; •, I.i Mm,,!,,,,', 
and of the coll. for vouiu " ■ ■ ' 
oils, Ind., from 1852 t.. I , I . 

from 1858 to ISG.!; ami i -m i , i- :,,, <1 
was prof, of hollo- ini - , , I '. ■ ; i I I 
Asbury U. A^ .1,1 -; : - ■ • '■ 
nal, pros, of tho ^' l' ■ '.< : ' A ■ • , . 1! • 

Upt. of SollOoU. I ■ m:i ; 



the ( 



is br 



Al- 



BEiiT 1Iai:i:hiis ol. .V E. IIis'. tind Geneal. 
iJw/., lioi-iMii ; I, 0, liir. Mji; Wosl. U. 1850. 
Adm. to llio lur l-^'ia; oitv .sulio. Portsmouth, 
N. H., 1857-8; and pres.'coin. council 1858; 
practised law in P. ; and was a paym. in the 
civil war, rank of major, and brev. lieut.-col. 

Hoyt, Gen. Epaphras, hist, and antiq. 
writer, b. Deerfield, Ms., Dec. 31, 1765; d. 
there Feb. 8, 1850. He devoted himself to 
perfecting the vol. militia system of the country. 
He pub. "Military Instructions;" "Cavalry 
Discipline," 1797 ; " Treatise on the Mi.itary 
Art," 1793; and "Antiquarian Researches," 
1824 : besides which he left completed, with 
maps, for publication, a work to be entitled 
" Burgoyne's Campaigns ; " and had partly 
fini-bed a history of the French and Indian 
wars. He held many civil as well as military 



offices, among the latter that of maj.-gcn. in the 
Ms. militia ; and received an app. in the army 
under Gen. Washington, but deoliiied. 

Hoyt, JosKPH Gibson, LL,.I). (Dartm. 
Coll. 183;i), b. Dunbarton, N.H., 19 Jan. 1815; 
d. St. Louis Mo., 26 Nov. 1862. Y.C. 1840. 
Instr. ill math, and nat. philos. in Phillips 
Acad., L.xctor, N.IL, in 1841, ami continued a 
member of tlie faculty of that institution for 18 
years; chancellor and prof, of Greek in Wash. 
U., St. Louis, from 1859 to his d. In 1845-6 
he revised and enlarged Colton's Greek Reader. 
A vol. of his Miscellaneous Writings, Ad- 
dresses, Lectures, and Reviews, was pub. Bos- 
ton, 1863. A comniera. discourse by Prof. S. 
Waterhouse, del. in St. Louis 20 Jan. 1863, 
has also been pub. 

Hubbard, Henry, judge and Demoe. poli- 
tioian, b. Cliarlesiown, N.H., Mav 3, 1784; d. 
there June 5, 1857. Dartm. Coll. 1801'. He 
studied law and commenced practice in Chark's- 
town ; he was 1 1 years a member of the State 
logisl., and for some years speaker of the house; 
was jud-e of probate for Sullivan Co. 1827-9; 
M C. 1829-35, and speaker for a short time 
during the 23il Cong.; U.S. senator in 1835- 
41; gov. of N.IL in 1842-3; and in 1846-9 
U.S. assist, treas. in Boston. 

Hubbard, John, educator, b. Townsend, 
Ms,, Aug. 8, 1759; d. Hanover, N.H., Aug. 
14, 1810. Dartm. Coll. 1785. He studied 
theology ; bocanie the preceptor of the New 
Ipswioh and Doorfiold Academies; was judge 
ot probate for Cheshiic Co. 1798-1802; and 
w.is i.iot. math, and nat. philos. at Dartm. 
Coll. 1804-10. He pub. an Oration, July 4, 
1799; "Rudiments of (_;eogr.i|,hv," 1803; 
" Am. Rcador," 1808; " Kssav on Music." 

Hubbard, John, M.D. (V. of I'a. 1822), 

LL.U. (Wat. Coll. 18.->l), gov. of .Mo. 1850-3, 
b. Readticld, Me., Mar. 22, 1794 ; d. Hallowell, 
Me., Fob. 6, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1816. He 
was a Democrat, and was a hearty supporter 
of the liquor prohibition act known as " The 
:^.I,ii;i.. I.i.>." Ho taught at Hallowoll Acad., 
'1 , J . ,;,. and ill Dinwiddle Co., Va., 2 
: ,: ■.-nl uiidioino ill Dinwiiklie Co., 
\',i , 111 1 ---i; ivim.vod toll.illowo!linl830; 
^ I! . iMi- in 1842-3; agent for the U.S 
il : 1 ilio N.E. States 1857-9; and it; 

I I 1.1 1 1 uiiimissioner under the Reciprocity 
I 1. i'\ « : il Great Britain. 

Hlibbard, Jonathan Hatch, many years 
judge of the Sup. Court of Vt., b. .^'eS; d. 
Windsor, Vt., Sept. 20, 1849. M.C. 1809-11. 
Hubbard, Joseph Stillman, astronomer, 
b. N. Haven, 7 Sept. 1823; d. there Aug. 16, 
18G3. Y.C. 1843. He was in 1844 an assist, 
in the High School Observatory ; and was in 
1845 app. prof of math, at the Naval Observa- 
tory at Washington, a po.st he filled until his 
death. ThevoUimesof Washington "Observa- 
tions "exhibit his great skill as an observer and 
a computer. He made valuable contributions 
to Gould's Astion. Journal, among them papers 
on Biela's Comet and on the Orbit of Egeria. 
The article " Telescope," in "The New Amer. 
Cyclopaedia," was from his pen. — Y. C. Ob. 
Heciyra. 

Hubbard, R. W., landscape-painter, b. 
Middletown, Ct., 18iG. He kept school untU 



UXTD 



1836; entered the studio of Prof. Morse in 
1838; iind was in Europe in 1840-1 ; has 
painted, among otlier works, " Afternoon in 
Autumn," " View on Lake Cluimplain," 
" MiinsKeld Mountain at Sundown," and 
'■ ShowLTv Day, Lake Geort;e." His pieces 
are renunkalile for liarmony of tone, simplicity 
of iiini, devotion to triuli, and a quiet but seri- 
ous feeling. Lake George, Lake Dunniore, 
and the Ct. River, have been his liivorite stud- 
ies- — Tuckerman. 

Hubbard, Samuel, LL.D. (H.U. 1842), 
jurist, b. Boston, June 2, 1785 ; d. there Dec. 
24, 1847. Y.(_;. 1802. lie studied law, and 
practised at Biddeford, Me., from 1806 to 1810, 
when lie connicted himself in business at Bos- 
ton with Judge Jackson, his former legal tutor. 
His talents and character won for him a com- 
manding position at the bar. He was well 
acquainted with mercantile law. Judge of the 
Supreme Court of Ms. 1842-7. 

Hubbard, Samokl Dickinson, LL.D. 
(Wesl. U. 1854), postmaster-gen. 1852-3, b. 
Middletown, Ct., Aug. 10, 1799; d. there Oct. 
8, 1855. V. C. 1819. He studied law, but, 
having a large property from his father, did 
not engage in practice, devoting bimseil chieflv 
to the numufae. business. He was a Whig'; 
M.C. in 1845-9. A contrib. to the various 
benevolent enterprises of the day. He was 
many years prcs. of tlie Middletown Bible So- 
ciety, and took a lively interest in public 
schools. 

Hubbard, William, clergyman and his- 
torian, b. Eiig. 1621 ; d. Ipswich, Sept. 14, 
1704 H.U 1642. Son of Wm. of Ipswich and 
Boston, wIk. cainr from Lond. in 1635, d. 1670. 
He wa, ri,l, ,1 at IpMvieh 16 Nov. 1658, where 
he «a- M iir.l in |.is6 by John Dunton, who 
gives a i;uu(l a, .mint of his hospitality, aniia- 
bilitv,an,lar.|,M,.nnrnts, llr |,ub. " The Pres- 
ent .Sniirni \i\v lai-laiid," being a narrative 
of til.' ti.iiiMrs Mil, tip- In. bans iVom 1607 to 
1677, i.i wlii.'b i, a. 1.1. .1 a iliMaiinse ab. the war 
with ill.' I'.'.pnit-, 4[.i, Ii'.77; "Memoirs of 
Maj.-d. n, l).ni-..n," li.st , and a number of 
Bcnii...... Il>. wi..n- a lli,(. of N. Eng., for 

whieli llie >S:atr paid liiiii X.'iO, and which was 
used by Matlier, Hutehinson, and other writers. 
The Ms. Hist. Soc. printed it in 1815: second 
ed., by VV. T. Harris, 1848. In 1688 he was 
temporary rector or pres. of H.U. His son 
Nathani'el wasa judgeof the Superior Court. 

Hudson, Charles, politician and hist, 
writer, b. Marlborough, Ms., Nov. U, 1795. 
Oi^l. 1819. M. A. of H.U. 1841. He was a 
teacher and a farm laborer, then a Universalist 
preacher ; member Ms. house of rep. 1 828-33 ; 
State senator 1833-9 ; councillor 1839-41 ; 
M.C. 1841-9; naval officer of Boston 1849-53. 
He edited llie Boston Dail,/ Atlas, a Whig 
daily paper, for some years; and has pub. 
'■Ui'st. ol Westminster," 1832; " Hist, of Marl- 
borough," 1S62; "Hist, of Lexington, Ms.," 
1S68 ; " Letters to H. Ballon," 1827 ; Reply to 
Ballour's Essays," 1829; and "Doubts eon- 
eerning the Battle of Bunker's Hill," 12mo, 
1857. 

Hudson, Henrv, an English discoverer, 
of whose parentage or education nothing is 
known. He was sent out in 1607 by some 



London merchants, in a small vessel, for the 
purpose of exploring a north-east passage to 
China and Japan. He sailed May 1 with a 
crew of only 10 men and a boy beside himself, 
and, proeeeiiiuL' beyond the 80th deg. of lat., re- 
tui.i 1 I . l.nj, in Sept. The ne.xt year, in a 
s. . , ii- landed at Nova Zembla, but 

■ ..1 I i . . i.mhereastward. He under- 

t.i..l. Ill n.im a iliiiil voyage, under the patron- 
age of the Dutch E. I. Company. Being un- 
successful in his attempts to find a north-east 
passage, he sailed for Davis's Straits, but struck 
the continent of America in 44° N. lat., and, 
holding a southerly course, discovered Cape 
Cod, on which he landed. He then pursued his 
course to the Chesapeake, and, returning along 
the coast, entered the river now bearing his 
name, which he ascended ab. 50 leagues in a 
boat. His last voyage was undertaken in 
1610, when he was fitted out by Sir Thomas 
Smith, Sir Dudley Digges, and other friends. 
He sailed April 17 in the bark "Discovery" 
witli a crew of 23 men, .and on the 4th of 
June came in sight of Greenland. Proceed- 
ing westward, he reached, in 60 degs. of lat., 
tli.j strait b.arinL; bis name. Tbrougb this 
111-' a.iv.ia.'.'.l an. 11- the coast of Labrador, 



bi'!, -: ,.,,'.' i. u .1... '. iu . ^.'. ';.,..' 


..u 


awn up 


Hudson^' ho"vev'e'r, btlLVup'b'is s'li'al 


lie 1. 


;iiinate. 


lop 


for fur- 


ther discoveries; but unable to co 




unieate 


with the natives, or revietual his ship 


, wii 


til tears 


in his eyes he distrib. his little rcinai 


llill 


L' br,>ad 


to his men, and prepared to n-turii. 


II 


a\ in'.'u 


dissatisfied and mutinous cri'w, h.' 


illlll 


1 n.l.'iit- 


ly threatened to set some or ih. m a^ 


ll.ll. 




he was seized by a body of llieiii at 


Ill;; 


lit, and 


set adrift in his own shallop with hi 


S SO 


n John 


and seven of the most infirm of tlu 


! cri 


iw, and 


never afterwards beard of. A sm 


all 


Iiart of 


the I'lru-, alt.'r enduring incredible 


liai 


iMiips, 


arriv.'.l at riviii'.iitb in Septf IGll 


. 1 


ludson 


pub. " l)u,'rs\-„va'_..'sand Nortb.' 


111 ] 


Disi'ov- 


erics," lt;il7; " A .Second V.na.^.; 




l';';s"^ 


a Passage to tlie E. Indies by'ili.- X 


..rll 


1608. Accounts of some of bi^i.i!. 




■ii\ aues 


have been pub. in Purelia-'- " 


I'll- 


-'11111-." 


"A Collection of Ducuin.i.'. 




.ln'4 a 


Monograph of the V.„i,. - ..i 1!. 


lli 




edited with an Intr...i , . , . 




.\.li.''r, 


was pub. in London 1 , ]l : : 


s.. 


il.tV 111 


lSi9.-See J.M. /.',.-./-(,.,,'. ) //, 


s/. 


/iiijua II 


conrerninri Hudson, Svo, fsbb. 






Hudson, Hesrv Norman, clergyman and 


essayist, b. Cornwall, Vt., Jan. 28, 1 


1814 


\. Mid. 


Coll. 1840. He was brou-bt u|i a f 


arm 


er, and 



aftL'ruanl.l.'liv.i.il-.i... -Miillvin nianv places, 
and Hiiallv prim.. 1 in N V, 2 vols. 12mo. 1848. 
Enteriiig'tlie l.p. . Iim. li in 1844, he was ord. 
in 1849 to the pri.'^tlKHi.l. lie has since edited 
an edition of Sbakspcare, II vols. 12. mo, Bos- 
ton, 1850-7 ; for a short time edited the Church 
Moidhly, and contrib. to various periodicals. 



JrTXTD 



HXJ& 



Rector of the Epis. chuich in Litchfield, Ct., 
ill 1859-60. In the winter of 1860-1 he de- 
livered a new course of Shaksjicarian lectures in 
N.Y. and other cities. He is now a teacher in 
Boston. Durinij the civil war he was a chap- 
lain in the army. He pub. in 1865 " A Chap- 
lain's Campaign with Gen. Butler." 

Hudson, William S., capt. U.S.N., b. 
New York, May 11, 1794; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 
Oct. 15, 1862. Entering the navy Jan. 1, 1816, 
he became lieut. Apr. 28, 1826 ; com. Nov. 2, 
1842; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; second in com. 
of Wilkes's exploring expcd. in IS.'iS, he com. 
the sloopof-war " Peacock " when lost by her 
pilot's carelessness on the rocks at the mouth 
of Columbia River; in 18.57 com. "The Niag- 
ara" in tlie first, and in 1858 in the second and 
successful effort at laying the Atlantic Cable. 
For this service he received from the Govts, of 
Great Britain and Russia several valuable gifts, 

Huger (u jee'), Ge!V. Benjamin, son of 
Col. if. K. Hu^or, h. Ch.irieston, S.C, 1806. 
West ri.iiit, 18l'5. Entering the 3d Art., he he- 
came capt. ot ordnance May 30, 1832, and chief 
of ordnance to Gen. Scott's army in Mexico in 
1847-8 ; was brev. major for gallantry at Vera 
Cruz, lient.-col. for Molino del Rey, and col. 
for Chapnltepec; became m.ijor Feb. 15, 1855; 
resigned Apr. 22, 1861, and was made a Con- 
fed, brig.-gen. He was employed at Richmond 
and vicinilv ; led a division at Fair Oaks 31 
May, and "at Malvern Hill 1 July, 1862; and 
com., with the rank of maj.-gen., at Norfolk, 
before its occupatinn by the Federal forces. May 
10, 1862 For liis failure to hold that place he 

Huger, Francis Kisloch, d. Charleston, 
S.C, Feb. 15, 18.5.5, a. 81. Son of Col. Benj. 
Huger, who was killed before the lines of 
Charleston in 1780; and was the pujnl of the 
celebrated John Hunter. While at Vienna in 
1798, he joined Dr. EricBollnian in an attempt 
to liberate Lafiiyette from the dungeons of Ol- 
mutz, — an enterprise that led to the protracted 
incarceration of the young patriots. The Mar- 
quis de Lafayette first landed on American soil, 
on the plantation of Huger's father, in 1777. 
In 1798, on his liberation, and return to his na- 
tive land, he was app. a capt. in the army. On 
the breaking-out of the war of 1812 lie was 
app. lieut.-col. 2d regt. ofart. ; adj -gen. (rank 
of col.) Apr. 6, 1813. Col. H. served in both 
branches of the S. C. legisl. 

Huger, Isaac, brig.-gen. Rcvol. army, b. 
Limerick plantation, S.C, Mar. 19, 1742"; d. 
Charleston, Nov. 1797. Of Huguenot descent. 
He was one of five patriot bros. distitig. in the 
struggle for independence, — Daniel, a delegate 
to Congress 1786-8, and a representative from 
1789 to '93, d. 1799; John, well known in the 
councils of the State, of which he was sec, d. 
1804; Francis, who was an officer at the bat- 
tle of Fort Moultrie, and Q. M. gen. Southern 
dept., d. Charleston, S. C, Aug. 1800; Maj. 
Bknjami - , who fell at the lines of Charleston 
May 11, 1780. Their parents were wealthy ; 
and the sons completed their education in Eu- 
rope. Isaac was an officer in the Cherokee ex- 
ped. in 1760 ; was made lieut.-col. 1st S.C. regt. 
June 17, 1775; and subsequently col. of the 5th 



regt. He opposed the invasion of Ga. by Camp- 
bell and I'revost, with whom he had several 
skirmishes, but was obliged to retreat before 
his skilful and superior enemy. App. brig.- 
gen. Jan. 19, 1779, he com. the 'left wing at the 
battle of Stono, June 20, 1779, and was wound- 
ed while gallantly leading his men. In the 
unsuccessful attack on Savannah, Huger led 
the Ga. and S. C. militia. During the siege 
ot Charleston, with a body of light troops he 
was employed in cutting off supplies to the ene- 
my, and keeping open the ( ... 



the town and country, but sufli;red a 
surprise at Monk's Corner, where his force was 
defeated and dispersed by Tarleton and Web- 
ster. He joined the army of Greene; com. the 
Virginians at the battle" of Gnillnrd, and was 
severely wounded; and .-.mii ilic n ht \>ingat 
Hobkirk's Hill, where hi, nl,,,!, i- ,, ,;,i„ the 
day exposed him to ilir ^irai.,.: ilaimns. He 



lied I 



l\w 



Hughes, Aaron K., capt. U.S.N. , b. N.Y. 
Oct. 20, 1821. Midshipm. Oct. 20, 1838; lieut. 
Sept. 9, 1853 ; com. Nov. 16, 1862 ; capt. Feb. 
10, 1869 ; lighthouse iusp. 1867-8. While at- 
tached to "The Decatur" in Puget Sound, 
Wash. Terr., he had a fight on shore at the 
town of Seattle with 500 hostile Indians, whom 
he defeated Jan. 26, 1856. Com. steamer "Mo- 
hawk," S. Atl. block, squad., 1862-3; com. 
steamer " Cimmaron," S. Atl. block, sqnad., 
1863-4; and in several engagements with reb- 
els on the Atlantic coast 1861-4. While in 
com. of steamer "Water Witch," in Nov. 1861, 

he endeavored to cut out a mI nw whicli had 

grounded near Fort Moigaii. but was prevent 
ed by the guns of the fort. Nov. 9, 1862, he 
accomp. an exped. which destroyed St iMary's, 
Ga., and drove out a large body of rebels con- 
cealed there. — Hamers/i/. 

Hughes, John, D.b., a Catholic prelate, 
b. County Tyrone, Ireland, 1797 ; d. N.Y. Citv, 
Jan. 3, 1864. The son of a respectable farme"r. 
He emig. to America in 1817. His Ihther 
placed him with a florist; hut he devoted his 
spare time to stii,li. and rntered the Theol. 
Sera, of Mt. Si. Man >, l^niinetsburg, Md., 
where he reinamr,! >, veral years, most of the 
time as a teacher. Oid. priest in 1825, and was 
settled in a parish in Phila. In 1830 and '34 
he carried on public controversies with Rev. J. 
Breekenridge, both of which were pub. Con- 
sec. Jan. 7, 1838, coadjutor of Bishop Dubois 
of N.Y. ; upon the death of the latter, 1842, he 
succeeded to the office, and was made arch- 
bishop in 1850. llis first measures were di- 



the 



of 



property, tlau i. -tr,l in lay trustees. In 1839 
he vi>iir,i I I, ,11,-, ,\,isiria, and Italy, to obtain 
pecuniary ai,i i,.,i his dioccse. Having pur- 
chased property at Ford ham in Westchester Co., 
he organized and opened there in 1841 the St. 
John's Coll. and the Theol. Sem. of St. Joseph. 
Hewas prominent in the efl^ort made by the Cath- 
olics to modify the existing school-system in 
their favor, and was successful. In A"ug. 1842 
he held the first diocesan synod of N. Y. His 
"Rules tor the Administration of Churches 
without Trustees," pub. in 1845, embody the 
system adopted by this synod. Offered in 1846, 
by Pres. Polk, a special mission to Mexico, he 



Hues- 



462 



declined it. In 1847 he delivered in the Rep- 
resentalives Hall at \Vabliin<iton, by request of 
Congress, a lecture, " Christianity the Only 
Source of Moral, Social, and Political Re^'en- 
eration." The first provincial council of N.Y. 
was held in 1854, and attended by 7 suffragans. 
Involved in a controversy with Hon. Erastus 
Brooks on the church-property question, the 
archbishop subsequently collected and pub. the 
letters on both sides, with an introd. reviewing 
the trustee system, N.Y. 1835. He pub. a num- 
ber of lectures and pamphlets. At the com- 
mencement of the Rebellion in 1861, he, with 
Thurlow Weed, was selected by Sec. Seward 
to go to Europe to counteract the plottings of 
rebel agents. His sister Ellen (Mother An- 
gela), superior of St. Vincent's Hospital, b. 
Ireland ab. 1800, d. N. Y. City, Sept. 5, 1866. 
She came to this country in 1818, and was ed- 
ucated in a rcinvecit at Frederick, Md. She 
joined the Si>t,.| ii,„„l ,,t' Cliaiityat 22; and 

in 1846 wa-^i..- n mi- for 6 years. For 

the last 1 1 \,i. Ill' had' been direc- 
tor of the h" I . .;> .:, 1 -tiLct. During the 

war she was .kuvl ui .uuiiig the sanitary com- 

Hughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, b. Lon- 
don, Jan. 19, 1806; d. Boston, March 5, 1868. 
At the age of 12 he made out of wax-candle 
ends a bas-relief copy of a picture representing 
the wisdom of Solomon, which was afterward 
cast in silver. He was 7 j-ears in the studio of 
E. H. Bailey, where he successfully competed 
for the prizes awarded by the Royal Acad., 
gaining tlie large silver medal for the best copy 
in bas-relief of the Apollo Belvedere; also the 
silver medal of the Society of Arts and Sci- 
ences for a copy of the Barberini Faun; ihe 
large silver medal for the best original moilel 
from life; and a gold medal for an original 
composition, "Pandora brought by Mercury 
to Epiuiethcus." He next made busts of 
George IV., the Dukes of Sussex, York, and 
Cambridge, besides a statuette of George IV., 
which was subsequently cast in bronze. He 
emig. in 1829 to New York. His first work 
of importance was the marble statue of Ham- 
ilton, which was destroyed by fire in 1833, and 
was the first work of its cl.ass executed in Amer- 
ica. In Trinity Chuic-li, N.Y., is bis monu- 
mental alto-relief of life-size in memorv of 
Bislii.p Ilohai-t. In the Boston Athcnajuni are 
his CK- of • I.irtl,. Nell," and the group "Un- 
cle T.iiiv iuil WmIow Wadman." A statue of 
'■ ( ili\ I ; r« i>t " I, in the coll. of his early pa- 
tron, ihe 111- \)'\lr of Devonshire. Among 
his other wimI,- m :i m p 1. I for an equestrian 
statue of W.i: : i ' ■>! for the citv of 

Phila.; a "I 1 , I ,, statue of Nathl. 

Bowditc-h in tu 11/ 111 \li .Viiiiurn Cemetery, 
Cambrid^-e, .Ms. ; a spniied statuette of Gen. 
Wairen ; and a bust of W. Irving. Mr. Hughes 
appeared lor a season as a lecturer upon art. 
He was lor some years a resident of Dorches- 
ter, Ms. 

Hull. Isaac, commo. U. S. N., b. Derby, 
Ct., 9 .\Iar. 1775; d. Phila. 13 Feb. 1843. 
Joseph his father, a Revol. ofiicer, long an in- 
mate of the Jersey prison-ship, d. Jan. 1826, 
a. 75. Isaac entered the mercli ant-service, and 
at 19 com. a ship which sailed to Lond Made 



a lieut. in the U.S.N. 9 Mar. 1798; master- 
comdt. 18 May, 1804; and capt. 23 Apr. 1806. 
In 1800, while 1st lieut. of " The Constitution," 
he manned a small sloop from that vessel ; 
ran into Port Platte, Hayti, at noonday; 
boarded and took a French letter-of-marque; 
and then landed, and spiked the guns of the 
battery before the com. officer could prepare 
for defence. He also disting. himself before 
Tripoli, on the coast of Barbary, in the exped. 
of Gen. Eaton against Algiers, and in the 
Bay of Naples, protecting American shipping 
against an apprehended onslaught of the 
French. 12 July, 1812, he sailed in com. of 
" The Constitution " from Annapolis, and, 
after a 3 d.ays' chase by a British squad., 
escaped by skilful seamanship. The wind was 
light and baffling ; and Hull resorted to the 
novel and successful expedient of sending his 
boats ahead with a kedge, to which the ship 
was warped up ; the kedge then being weighed 
while another was carried out. In this way, 
he left his pursuers before they discovered 
how it was done. Aug. 19 he encountered and 
captured the British frigate " Guerriere " alter 
an action at close quarters of about half an 
hour. She was so much injured, that she was 
burned. For this capture, the first in the war. 
Com. Hull received from Congress a gold 
medal. He was subsequently a naval commis- 
sioner; com. the navv-vards at Boston, Ports- 
month, and Washington ; and in Oct. 1842 
took up his residence in I'hila. 

Hull, Capt. John, goldsmith, b. Market 
HarchorouL'b, Leicestershire, Eng., 18 Dec. 
1624; d. Boston 1 Oct. 1682. Robert his fa- 
ther arrived at Boston 28 Sept. 1633. App. 
niintmaster of tlie Ms. Colonv 10 June, 1652 ; 
town treas. 1660-1 ; capt. Art. Co. 1671 ; dep. 
to Gi'ii. Court 1669, '71-3; treas. of the Colo- 
ny 1675-80; assist. 1680-2. His " Diary and 
Memoirs " are in " Amer. Antiq. Soc. Colls." 

Hull, Joseph B., commo. U.S.N., b. West- 

chi~trr, N Y. Midship. Nov 9, 1813; lieut. 
Jan 1.!, Is-_'.t; rnni Sept. 8. 1841; capt. Sept. 
14, isi.-; ,, ,1, lino. .Iulvl6, 1862; light-h. insp. 
Ist ill-t. (Ill l.'i, 1869. Com. sloop "War- 
can ;;iin-liriu' " .Malrk .\clhel," olf Mazatlan, 
and coin, ih-- norihcrn di-i, of I'al, (or a short 

rii II 1 i I- ■■ ^- Lawrence, " Brazil squad. and 
r,i , Isri6-9; andeom. tlie Savan- 

ni!i' .1-1 '' ' ' il.', .lune-Sept. 1861 ; superint. 
hiii.iiiij i: _i,ir.oats at St. Louis 1862-4; 
renreil lit Dee. l»6l. — fjamersli;. 

Hull, Gen. William, b. Derby, Ct., Jnne 
24, 1753; d. Newton, Ms., Nov. 29. 1825. 
Y.C. 1772. He studied divinity a year; then 
became a student at the Lirrliii. ' I T. i v S. 'mul ; 
was adm. to the bar in 177,"i ; lii.. 

capt. in Webb's regt.. joineil il i m- 

bridge. Hull was at l>o,, :,,.-, , li. i,ni-, ■ 
White Plains, Trenton, and I'nneoion. where 
he was promoted to a majority ; at Ticondero- 
ga ; the surrender of Burgoyne ; at .Monmouth 
and Stony Point; lieut. -col. in 1779; was an 
inspector under Baron Steuhen ; a col. in the 
capture of Cornwallis ; and was sent on a mis- 
sion to Quebec to demand the surrender of 



463 



Niagara, Detroit, and several smaller farts. 
He com. the e.xped. against Morrisaiiia in Jan. 
1781, lor which he received the thanks of 
Waihinjjton and of Con>i;ress. After the war, 
he practised law with r(]]Utation in Newton, 

in the Ms.' huu^J aii.l ,m;i.,u " M;ij -cm. Ms. 

the left win- of GciLLmclLi's tiuops[ and, by 
a forced march tlirough .1 vioknt snow-storm, 
surprised the insurgents in their camp, who 
fled in every direction. In 1793 hewasacom- 
miss. to U.' Canada to treat wiih the Indians. 
In 1798 lie visiicd Europe; and on his return 
was app. judge; ol C.C P. ; was elected to the 
State senate;' and from 1805 to 1814 was gov. 
of Micliigan Terr. App. brig. -gen. and com. 
of ihe North-west army, he surrendered De- 
troit, Aug. 15, 1812, to the British general 
Brock, and was in 1814 condemned by court- 
martial for cowardice, and sentenced to be 
shot, but was pardoned by Pres. Madison on 
account of his Kevol. services. In 1824 Hull 
pub. " Campaign of the North-west Arinv, 
1812," in a series of letters in .l.-fpi.re of his 
conduct; and in lsi>< li;~ d mi , M:s M ina 
Campbell of Ga.inid hi, ^ , n,.| -n, Krv. .Iniih', 
Freeman Clarkr, |.;J. In - I.m,.:i i|,lii . .Mici- a 
critical cxnniiiuiih h - I ili ■ '. i'm^ r.i:.e, ilie lat- 

exanii I,lir,,,ii, 1 , , ., ul absurd. He 

pub. ailririir, ni- :,i-,i. and an oration 

before llie ( ■liKiiinnli, .linv 4, 1 ;SS. 

Humbert (imn l.ai. ), Jo.skpu Amable, 
a FieiKli -<■„., Ik llmivcrgne, Nov. 25, 1755; 
d. N. Urk-ans, .Jan. 2, 182.-<. Gen. of brig. 
Apr. 1794 ; served in the Army of the West; 
gen. of division in 1798, be coin, the advanced 
guard of the army destined to make a descent 
on Ireland. A storm dispersed the fleet; but 
Humbert, with ab. 1,500 men, landedat Killala, 
and, after some successes, was attacked, and 
forced to capitulate, by I>ord Cornwallis, Sept. 
8. He served in the Army of the Danube, and 
was wounded, in 1799; in the cxped. to St. 
Domingo in 1802, where he disting. himself 
greatly. Incurring the displeasure of Napo- 
leon, he came to the U.S. in 1812, and served 
under Jackson, wlien N. 1 )r in \\ :- ium ! ■ I 
by British Ibrce, as major I' 11 ili h n 

until Apr. 1815. On tlie n n i 1 1 "-, 1 . 
colonies, he formed at N. 1 >i ; ;.i- n > ^i j' "t nii 
2,000 men of all nations, and juiiud the insur- 
gents. Successes were followed by disasters; 
and Humbert was obliged to return to N. Or- 
leans, where he d. in poverty. 

Humboldt, von, Friedrich Heinrich 
Alex.\nder, baron, an illustrious traveller 
and naturalist, b. Berlin, Prussia, 14 Sept. 
1769 ; d. llKiv C .Mav, 18:>9. His faiher was 



as far as possible by water, penetrating by 
land to Quito; in June, 1802, they ascended 
Chimborazo to a point 19,000 feet or more 
above the level of the sea, the highest point of 
the Andes ever reached bv man ; passed nearly 
a year in Mexico ; ami. nit 1 vinnuL' ilir U.S., 

returned to Europe «i mnis of 

plants, animals, and njn ' M jm nt ab. 
20 years in Paris, digvMin- mi. I ,, mii^hingthe 
results of his observations in a " Junnicy to the 
Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent," 
3 vols. ; " Astronomical Observations," &c., 2 
vols. 1808-10 ; " View of the Cordilleras," 
&e., 1810; "Observations on Zotilogy and 
Comparative Anatomy ; " " Political Essay 
on the Kingdom of New Spain," 2 vols. 1811 ; 
and " fJeneral Physics and Geology." His 
great wmk, " Kosnios," was undertaken when 
be was 74 years old (1845-r)8). An English 
translation ut his "Personal Narrative of 
Travels " was made by Helen JIaria Williams, 
5 vols. 1814-21. In 1810 he was chosen a 
member of the French Institute. In 1826 he 
removed to Berlin ; received the title of coun- 
oillnr; an.l l.rtwp.'n l«^0:,n'l I 848 was sent to 

I'm- -n -■'' ' :i '- 'l -' inns. In 1829, 

nil I I ;, , ,1 I I; ,. , ■ made a scientific 

exhl.niii.. \-i<i.. l: :.ni, one result of 



vlucU 



Hii 



ICol 



so well fitted b\ 



all tin 



1. 1, 3 vols. 1843. 
II ihrXi eWorld" 
lis. I8l.;-J ; III' |iiili. inanv 
ing wlmli ,,n- rmnal Ex'- 
Geograpliy ol the i\e\v Con- 
1835-8; and " A.spects of 
No traveller has yet appeared, 
extensive and varied culture 
nml liy nitniMl cmlowinents 
ni - : ' , ilii. Ii'.nmlaries 
II :■- a nniiiber of 



Sec./.Ll,iurr,L,i;'Sn/i:,. I !! ..!..,/, !l. 

Humfrey, Majoi; I ,, i m Horehes- 

ter, Eiig. ; d. 1661. II i huvyerj 

jiossessed wealth and n jiiii i;i" i , >. i- one of 
the 6 original purehasersot Ms., .\lar. 19, 1628, 
from the Council of Plymouth ; treasurer of 
the comp., and one of the most influential in 
prumotiiiL; the settlement of the Colony; was 
-Ii.. . .1 .1 |,.i;ov. of the Ms. Co. at their second 
Ml : I In,', and came to N. Eng. in 1634 

ii I , I. inly Susan, dau. of the Earl of 

Lin. Mill, iiiil uitli iheir 6 children went to re- 
side at Suainpseott. He was an assist, from 
1632 to 1641, and first maj.-gen. of the Colony 
1641. In 1636, with Capt. Nathl. Turner, he 
laid out the bounds of Ipswich. He returned 
to Eng. with bis wile, Oct. 26, 1641. 

Humming-Bii'd, a Choctaw chief; d. 
Nashville, Tnnii , Dee. 23, 1827, a. 75. He was 
frienillv to the I .S., and knight on its side in 

iiinnv l.iitlr> :i._. Ml,. I il... 1-, ,1 II. He led 60 

\\,MriMr, in Ml. ■. i..' \\'a\ no and Scott 



in 1790; and was made director-gen. of the 
mines of Anspach andBaireuth in 1792. From 
June, 1799, to July, 1804, he explored with 
Bonpland the northern part of S. Amer., es- 
pecially the countries drained by the Orinoco 
and the Piio Negro ; ascended the Magdalena 



a-iiin:-t Ihe I i.rl,., nii.l LiMi-h Ills commis- 
sion and silver medal, re.eived from Washing- 
ton, were buried in bis coffin. 

Humphrey, Charles, Rcvol. patriot, b. 
Havcrford, Pa., ab. 1712; d. there 1786. He 
was brought up in the miUing-busines.s, in 
which he was long and extensively engaged. 
A member of the Prov. Assembly if 64-75, and 



464 



Enrs- 



of CongreM in 17:5-6. In ihat bodv, iboii»)i 
he opposed the oppressn-e measores'of Great 
Bhtain, be Toied against tbe DecL of Indep. 
He vas a man of ioiegritT, and a feacemaka 
for his neishtorbood. — Sxiti'i Ud. Co. 

Humphrey, Hzmax, D.D. (Mid. CoH. 

1S23). dirinc b. Wen SimsbnrT. Ci., Mar. 26, 
ir:9; d.PiaifieM,>U.,Apr.3,lS61. T.C.1803. 
He taoghi scbooi fivim tbe age of 16; studied 
th«)l<^7 under Pres. Dwighi ; was minister of 
tbe Cong, chuicb in FaitSeld from Apr. 1807 
to I8I7 ;~'iras pastor of tbe cfaorcb in Fittsfield 
from ISir to 1833; and pres. of Amh. CoU. 
Irom Oct. 1823 to 1843. For 50 years he was 
a contrib. to periodicals, among ibem il* Ptao- 
piisi and Ciristia Specfakr. He pub. a Tt>I. 
of prize essays on the Sabbath. 13.30; " Tonr 
in Freoce, Great Britain, and Belgiom," 2 toIs. 
IS-SS; ■' Domestic Edncaiion," 1840; "Leners 
to a Son in the Mini-trr," 1845; '•LiJe and 
Writings of Prof. S. W.'Fiske," IS50; "Lire 
and Writings of T. H- Gallaudet," 1857; 
" Sketches of the History of ReriTals," 1859. 
A coil, of his addr^;^ and lerieirs has been 
pab., and a voL of " KeviTal ConTCisations." 
Dr. H. wss one of the pioneers in tbe ttrmper- 
ance reformation. In 1810 be preached 6 ser- 
mons on intemperaiHX : and in 1813 drew op a 
report to the Faiitieid Consociation, betieTed 
to hare been tbe first tract pubL on that so* jeci. 
His son J.otE5, b. FairBeI4 Ct., Oct. 9, 181 1, 
d. Brooklyn, S.T.. June 16, IS66. Amh. CoU. 
1831. He studied law in X. Haven, and prac- 
tised with distinction at Lonisriile and X. 
Tort He held variotis civic offices in S.T., 
and was M.C. in 1S3S-60 and 1S64-6. 

Hmnphreys, Asdrbw aikissos, LL-D. 

{H.C. lSCS„brig.-gen. U.S.A.,b.Pa.ab. ISli 
West Point, 1831. Entering tbe 2d Art, be 
was assist, prcrfl of eng. at West Poini until 
Apr. 1 832; disnng. himself in conflict with 
the Fla. Indians, Joik 9 ; became 1st iiest. in 
Aug.; and resigned Sept. 30. 1S6. Aj^ 1st 
lieot. top<«. engrs. Jidy 7, IS-SS ; assU:. in :he 
coast survey ftom 1S43 to 1>4;-: :_•. :. M.'. 
1848; and" in Aug. 1853 tc;k _ . 
<^ce of explorations and sc— r. - 

dept; major. Aug. 6,1861: c:: r. :; :r.r 
staff of G«i. McClellan as aide-de-camp. Mar. 
5, 1862 ; brig.-gen. <rf vols. Aja-. 28 ; biev. coL 
for the battle of Fredericksburg 13 Dec 1S62; 
iient.-co!- engr. cot]£ 3 Mar. 1863; maj.-gen. 
vols. 8 July, 1863; engaged at ChanreUots- 
vilJe and Gettysburg ; chief of staff to Gen. 
Meade, July, 1863-Jfov. 1S64: com. 2d corps 
25 Jiflv. 1864 to 27 June, 1865: and engaged 
in the a^e and captnre of Petersbaig, and 
pursuit and capture of Lee's army : chief en- 
gineer (rank of brig.-gen. ) Aug. 8,' 1 866 ; brer, 
brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1965, for Genysbsjg; and 
maj.-gen. for Sailor's Creek. Member of sev- 
eral sciennac axaeries. Author of " Beport 
on tbe Phvsics and Hvdraulics of the Mpi. 
Kiver," Svo. 1 867. — C«i/««. 

Humphreys, David, LL.D. (Brown U. 
1502', so.dier.diplomaiist,andpoet: b. Dcrbr. 
Ct., Joiv, 1752: d. X. Haven. Feb. 21. ISl'sl 
T. C. 1771. <;- ; Erv. :.,--, -iniiKr of 
Derby, 17;:-" iaibe 

fjitiulv of : !anor, 

S-T: E-: , : e be- 



ginning of tbe BevoL war, be became maj. of 
brigade in Oct. 1777 ; was in 1778 aide lo Put- 
nam ; early in 1 780 was selected as aide to 
W^hington, with the rank of Ueul.-co'i. ; re- 
maining as such to the end of the war. Having 
particniarty disting. himself at the siege of 
York, Congress, to whom be was tbe bearer 
of the captured standards, in testiiiMHiy of bis 
valor, fidelity, and signal services on this octa- 
sjon, voted him an eiegant sword. At the 
dose of the war, be accompanied Washington 
to Va. : in July, 17*4, went to France as sec. 
of legation to Je&rson, aocomp. by Kosciusko. 
Bevisinng his native town in 1786, he was 
elected to tbe leeJsl., and app. to com. a regt. 
raised for the Western service. During this 
period be resided in Hanibid, and, witlTHop- 
kitis, Bar!ow, and Trumbull, pab. the Anar- 
diad. On tbe reduction of his regt. in 1788, 
be repaired to Mount Vernon, remaining with 
Washington until app. (in 1790) rainistCT to 
Portngal. In 1789 be was appL on tbe board 
of commissioners to treat with the Sonlhem 
Indians. Revisiting America in 1794, he 
was, after his return to Lisbon (1797), app. 
minister to Spain, continuing until ISOa, and 
concluding treaties with Tripoli and Algiers. 
After bis remm to America, be was exten- 
sively engaged in tnannf. and ^T>c. ; and was 
OIK a( the first to introdoce merino sheep into 
this conntry. He established an extenave 
woollen and cotton foctory in his native town. 
In 1S12 be took con». of the militia of Ct. : and 
as a member of tbe legist was active in organ- 
izing for the local defence. Tbe most impor- 
tant of his poetical productions are "An Address 
to the Armies of the U.S.," 1782, trans, into 
French by Cbastellux; on" Tbe Future Giory 
ofiheU.S. :" on "The Love of Country; "and 
on" Tbe Deathof Washington." Healsowrote 
" The Li!e of Putnam," 179S ; " The Widow 
of lialahar," a trag>edy from ihe French, 1 790 ; 
and varioos political tracts. A collection of his 
wri:ings was pob-in S.T., Svo, 1790and 1804. 
M , ~ " ., - : :" :>'; At-.d. of Arts and Sciences, of 
- S 2Dd of the Roy. SocofLond. 

Hvncphreys, Rev. Hector, b. Canton, 
< :.. •/-'" -. .7:^7; d. Annapolis, Md., Jan. 
25, 1SJ7. T. C. 1S18. He took orders in tbe 
Ep. Chnrch, but soon after was app, prt>f. of 
ancient iansuages in Wa=h. ( trow 1 rinirv) 
Coll., Hartford. Pres. of St. John's CoU-, Ar»- 
nap., 1S3I-57. 

Humpton, Coi_ Richaeb, a Revol. offi- 
cer, b. Yorkshire. Eng., ah. 1 733 : d. Chester Co., 
Pa-, Dec 21, IS04- AcapLin the Brit, army, 
he disting. himself in tbe attack on St. Ma^o ; 
and, while sratioaed in tbe W. Indies, resigned, 
and came to Pa., fixing his residence on one 
of tbe upper branches of tbe Snsqnebanna. 
During tbe Revol- be com. the 2d Pa. regt., 
and h»i a boi^e ^ot under him at the Bian- 
dywine. After tbe peace be settled on a farm, 
and held unul his deaifa the post of adj.-gea. 
of militia. — Bist. ilag^ v. 20. 

Hnngerfoni. Ges. Johs P. ; d. Twiford, 

Wesnnc.nrland Co.. Ta., Dec 21, 1S33, a. 74. 
Revol officer: M.C. 181-3-17; and brig.-gen. 
of Va. milida on the Potomac in 1814 ; comg. 
in support of Com. Porter's art. at the White 
House in Sept of that year. 



Hxnsr 



465 



Hunt, Edwakd B., soldier and inventor, 
b. N. Y. 1822; killed 2 Oct. 1863, at Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., while experimenting with his " sea 
miner," for firing under water. West Point, 
184.5. Entering the engr. corps, he was a,ssist. 
prof, at West Point 1846-9 ; capt. 1 July, 
I8.'59; maj. 3 Mar. 1863; chief cngr., dcpt. 
of the Shenandoah, Va., Apr. 1862 ; and sub- 
sequenily employed at Ft. Trumbull, Ct., and 
deleiices of New-Haven harbor. — CulUiin. 

Hunti Freeman, editor, b. Qnincy, Ms., 
Mar. 21, 1804; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Mar. 2, 1858 
His early educational advantages were few; but 
lie entered a printing-office in Boston at the 
age of 12. After the expiration of his appren- 
ticeship he established the Ladles' Mag., edited 
by Mrs. Sarah Josepha Hale ; then commenced 
the republication of the Penny Muff. ; con- 
nected him.self with the Bewick Company, an 
assoc. of authors, artists, printers, and book- 
binders, as tlu- mannsjinu' din-ctor. dlirin? 

which lllnr I,-. ,,:..i... IrJ ami r.lilr I llir J,,„,,- 
Can M<:" I'r ,..;,..:, I ■ II ■ \'i .:.•!• , 

and iSki ;• . I ,. i ■ • i ■ i i . •• i , : i. ■ 

Selected," 2 vols. 12mo. liemoviiig to N.Y. 
in 1831, he established a weekly paper, the 
Traveller; brought out a Comprehensive Atlas 
in 1834 ; and pub. a vol. of " Letters about the 
Hudson "in 1836. In 1837 he projected the 
Merclianl's Mag., which first appeared in July, 
1839. It was coniUictcd with ability; and the 
38 vols, edited by him constitute a valuable 
repository of commercial, agricultural, and oth- 
er statistics. In 1845 he pub. the first vol. of 
" The Library of Commerce ; " and in 1856-7 
" The Lives of American Merchants," 2 vols. 
8vo. His last work was " Wealth and Worth, 
a Collection of Morals, Maxims, and Miscel- 
lanies lor Merchants." 

Hunt, Henry Jacksox, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Ohio ab. 1821. West Point, 1839. 
Entering the 2d Art., he became 1st licut. June 
18, 1846 ; brev. capt. for gallantry atContrcras 
and Churubusco, Aug. 20, and major for 
Chapultepee, Sept. 13, 1847; disting. in the 
assault on Molino del Rcy, where he was 
wounded; capt. Si'pt. 28, 1852; maj. (5th Art.) 
May 14, 1861 ; aide to Gen. McClellan (rank 
of col.) Sept. 28, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 
15, 1862; licnt.-col. (3d Art.) Aug. 1, 1863; 
col. (5th Art.) Apr. 4, 1869; brev. maj.-gen. 
Mar. 13, 1865. He was engaged at Bull Hun 
in com. of the art. on extreme left; com. re- 
serve art. in Peninsular campaign, and engaged 
at Yorktown, Gaines's Mill, and Malvern Hill; 
chief of art. Army of Potomac ; engaged at 
South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg (for which brev. 
col.) ; operations at Mine Run ; battles of the 
Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor ; 
siege of Petersburg, participating in the vari- 
ous assaults of the enemy's lines; and in the 
pursuit and capture of Lee's army, 9 Apr. 
1865; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 ilar. 1865, 
for merit, services at Petersburg and the cam- 
paign ending in Lee's surrender. — Citllwn. 

Hunt, Jedediah, merchant at Chile, Cler- 
mont Co., 0., b. Candor, Tioga Co., N.Y., 28 
Dec. 1815. Pub. " The Cortage Maid, a Tale 
in Rhyme," 8vo, Cincin. 1847; and has con- 



trib. to magazines and journals. — See Poets 
and Poelrij if the West. 

Hunti Richard Morri3, architect, b. 
Brattleborough, Vt., 31 Oct. 1829. Educated 
at the Boston High School. In 1842 he went 
to Europe and studied architecture, subse- 
quently visiting Egypt. He was app. inspector 
at the Louvie, Paris ; was a member of the 
jury on architecture at the Paris Exposition; 
and now resides in New York. — Thomas. 

Hunt, Thomas, col. U.S.A., b. Ms. ; d. 
Belle Fontaine, La., Aug. 18, 1808, a. ab. 50. 
He entered the Revol. army as a jirivate; at 
the close of the war was a capt. ; and afterward 
served under Wayne against the Western In- 
dians; capt. 2(1 Inf. Mar. 4, 1791; maj. 2d sub 
legion, Feb. 1793; 1st Inf. Nov. 1796; lieut.- 
col. Apr. 1802; col. Apr. 11, \S03.— Gard- 



Olli.ili., L'(l Malrli, 1-1,7, 111' i.iin;.;rtcil his 
[■'■,: .11,-1 .;, ■ !■. I',, : , I . I a irlire at 

I , ■■■■.,! ii.- ■ i ' ! . :illd in 

1; J- al.d 'Ju uuii dulii'-iaau !-, la, iuccessful 
ticatmcnt uf cholera. Komoving to N. Orleans 
in 1833, he was a founder of the La. Med. 
Coll., and prof of anatomy and physiol. until 
1862; its pros, in 1865-7. He was specially 
skilful in the treatment of yellow-fever. 

Hunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, mineral- 
ogist, and geologist, b. Norwich, Ct., Sept. 5, 
1826. He first studied medicine, but in 1845 
studied chemistry with Prof. Silliman at Y.C., 
where ho was subsequently chemical assist. 
After two years' study, he accepted the post of 
chemist and mineral, to the geol, commiss. for 
the survey of Canada. Besides his numerous 
contribs. to the Journal of Science, and to the 
London Philos. Mag., the Royal Society, the 
French Academy of Sciences, &c., he has con- 
trib. to the Reports of the Geol. Survey of Cana- 
da for many years. He is also the author of a 
summarv of organic chemistry, forming a part 
of Prof.'Silliman's "First Principles of Chem- 
istry." Mr. Hunt was one of the English 
niouihers of the international jury at the Great 
Exhibition at Paris in 1855, and was decorated 
by Napoleon III. with the Cross of the Legion 
of Honor ; prof of chemistry in the U. of 
Quebec. In 1854 he received the hon. deg. 
of A.M. from H.U., and in 1857 that of doctor 
of science from Quebec. He is a member of 
various learned bodies; and in 1859 was 
elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Lon- 
don. 

Hunt, Washington, politician, b. Wind- 
ham, N.Y., Aug. 5, 1811 ; d. New York, Feb. 
2, 1867. Adm. to the bar at Lockport in 
1834; app. first judge of Niagara Co. in 1836; 
M.C. 184.3-9, serving as chairman of the com. 
on commerce; comptroller of N.Y. 1849; gov. 
of N.Y. 1851-3. When the Whig party gave 
way to the Repuh., Hunt, who was one of the 
leaders of the conservative wing, became a 
Democrat, and in 1864 a delegate to the Chi- 
cago convention. 

Hunt, William Gibbes, journalist, d. 
Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 13, 1833. H.U. 1810. 
He was from Boston. Edited the Western Mon- 
iVorand the W eslian Iievieu.;s,nA in 1825 removed 



466 



from Lox 


intrton 


, Kv., to Nasliville, 


where he 


CMuMl^hc 


,1 III,.. 


f!,„mer. He was a 


vi-orous 


liuut. 


'W i", 'i! 


lAM Morris, paintei 


', b. Brat- 


tic!. Ml, mi:; 


Ii, Vt., 


M.ir. 31, 1824. Hi 


3 entered 


II. U. 1841 


1, but wunt to Europe heforc 


the com- 


piction of 


the 00 


urse, on account of liis health. 


In 1840 SI 


udiud i 


sculpture in the acad. 


at Dus- 


seUloif; CI 


nd in 


184S became a pupil 


of Con- 


tiirc ; ^iiii 


■0 wliicli time hi! has lolli 


awed ilie 


pn,f.s»iun 


of a 


,,ain,.-,-. Ik- coiitrii 


.. to the 


annual ex 


hiliitic.i 


i,.inri,ris,ln,mlS5-J 


to 18.'.5 ; 


will. 11 lie 


ITtlll 1 


U..I li) till. U.S.. a. 


1.1 estab- 


llVM.i 1,,- 


IT.i.l 


II... :i: N •.^i....:, IJ 


[. His 



'• Child sellm- Violets," "J 

and " Bn-le-Call." 

■f r J S ? Hunter, Uatib, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., a lieut. .Tune 18, 177.) 
^^.-^ ^ ..^ Washington, D.C., .Tulv 21, |.<n2. West battle of Bunker's Ui 
, - , / Point, 182-2. His l.iiln-r, a < 

r t ,Ui^ army, was a native ulV.i. D. 

5lh Inf.; bccaine l^t h u:. . 



vol. xxii., attcin|ited to discredit the authenti- 
citv of this narrative. 

Hunter, .Ioseph.F.S. A., hi.storian, b. Shef- 
field, En^'., Feb. 6, 178.-3 ;• d. Lond. May 9, 
I8G1, where he had been, since 1833, an assist, 
keeper of the public recoi-ds. Educated to the 
ministry, he was settled over a Piesb. church 
at Bath from 1809 to 18.33, constantly devot- 
ins himself to antiquarian reseai-ehes. His 
"Founders of New Plymouth," pub. first as a 
pamphlet, afterwards in the " Ms. Hist. Colls.," 
was subsequently enlarged, and printed in 
Lond. in 183+. He was also instrumental in 
procnrin;^ for tlie Hist. Soe. a transcript of the 
" History of the Plvmouth Plantation," by 
Gov. Bradford, from "the ori-inal in the Fui- 
ham Lilirary. His publications were numer- 
ous; among them were illustrations of the 
text of Shakspeare's plays. — N. E. U. and Gen. 
Re(i. xvi. 93. 

Hunter, Sir Martin-, a British een ; d. 
Dec. 9, 1846, a. S'J. at dntarii. llill, Canada. 
He entei-ed the annv .\ii'.;. .'in. I 771 : \i:i- mailc 



as Buff, 
of the 
collar-bone. May 
-. ; and nt tlie first 



in the 


col. 1800; gen. Mav 27, 1825. He served at 


red the 


Bunker's Hill, at Brooklyn and Brandvwine, 


, 1828; 


in the stormin-j; of Fort'Washington, and in 


V, n",i5. 


rh- „i,_.ht-i.rark o-, O.-n. Wayne's bri-ade, in 


', ! 


"li.li '.' "::- ".. '-'I. He served snlise- 




.| :!i ! 1 1 's in 1797 com. a 




i. ....!.. II III. .,,(.1.1 . i.r Trinidad and the 


ill l-Lll. 


.-i._coi i'u,;o Kie.,, niled the office of com. - 


«vd, he 


ill-chief at Halifax; and was also gov. of N. 



n. of the dept. 
02, to S.C, he 



I Sept. 



I June ; 



ieveral skinr 
June ; actii 



of 

...111 111. I 17 June, 1864; and of Lyneh- 
18 June, 18S4; and for these services was 
biig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; and 
maj.--en. U.S.A. Mar. 13, 1865; retired 
31, 1800. 
ontei', .T. HIS riiw. author of " Man- 



belunged to a party whieh had 
i-evol. ill Texas,'and", after its fail 
by an Indian whom he had indu- 
the revolt. His woi-k was repnb 
dcr the title of " Memoirs of a Ca 
the Indians of N.A., from Chil 
Age of 19 



Hui; 



if VI.IAFERRO, ^ 

- .. I . 1 ... \a.,Apr.21, d- "^^ 

isuil. U.otVa. He stii.iieii at the laV school . /. 

at Winchester, and in 1830 began practice \\\ f^J(^ * 
Essex Co. At the age of 24 he was elected t ' 



the H. of Dele- 



183 7-4 If "^ 



of the finance com , 
upon the gold and 



Cass, in the .V. A. Review, try, and initiated the i-edn 



silver coinage of the coun- 



tlie value of 



IVi- 



467 



yxxTN 



the silver coins of 50 cents and less, by which 
their sliipment to foreign countries was arrest- 
ed. In the prCMdentiMl canvass of 1852, Mr. 



the Kan^i ., , I -^ !, 1 l: ,.; 


ni li..' ..'p.^al 


of the M . 




Hom.-i >r. ...:, ,,i 


llai !...r IMI. 


The taihi ,Ml ,-; 1 ..:\ •, ■•: 1, 1 


■ .lii!i.-- w .a.' 


considerabu l»>VL-,,vi a' -i i: 


■;. r '111.' .1, 


was framed" by Mr. lluiu. i in: 


.• -.•- -,...1 1.1 


1857-8 lie advocated tlir .,::-- 


. 1 1\ iii-a< 


under the Lecoinptoii Con~: 


,a,.l .1 a. a 


member of the com. ot ciiiii. win 


.11 1. liiiltiai 


the "English hill." He d^ iiv, iv. 


1 an ..ration 


at Richmond, Feb. 22, 18:.s, at ll 


le inau^^ of 


Crawford's statne of \Vashm;;tn„ 


I. Jan. .31, 


1861), Mr. Hunter made in li.e sei 


late an elab- 


crate speech in dclcnec of siaver\ 


•, and of the 


right of the slaveholder to carry h'i 


s slaves into 


tlie Territories. Exiielled in j„I> 


•, 18GI. He 


became see. of stale to tlir Cnuf; 




afterward member of the ( \ n i : . 1 ( 




Hunter, William, I.I.D 


] r.: ,''<■ and 


statesina.i, h. Newpo.t, ^^.^ -<■ i: 




Dec. 3, IM^ C;.. a r 1- .; 


-.-, ..■ l: 


Wm.,:Mi.' , ,.■,■. . -...' , , 


... 1 I 7 1 - 


77), wl... . . \ . . , ., 




Icetur.-, ,. , ■ 




He stu, , ;.■ „■, ., :, ^ 


1 ■■!. ,n .1 • , 


Hunter ;.; 1 _ 




fUssion .: .\ ..:,.: . 1 •, 


;.nl - 1 :,■ 


return Imhp', ,;• i ■••,_. >i'_ i ■ 


I a : 


praeiireia N «iu,:;, v,„. Mr i:. 
U.S.senain,-,,, l-ll-_-i. M,-.,,. 


''rL-L'',\:l 


aeqili.itairi nr la and ..II III- \ 


1,. ( \, ;,; ,,.- 



Huntington, Daniel, painrer, h. New 
York, Oct. U, 1816. Grandsonof Judge Benj.; 
son of Bfnj., a N. Y. broker, who d. 3 Aug. 
1850, a. 73. His taste for painting is said to 
h.-u-e been first excited by a visit to the studio 
of Trumbull, who decidedly discouraged the 
viiiing a-ipirant. While a student at Ham. 
"('(,11., NY., he received from Elliott the por- 
trair p.ainri. , a strong bias for his art, and, with 
iinpl' III. Ill- borrowed from him, took likenesses 
(ll lii^ . .ill...,'e-coinpanions, and al.-^o painted 
M.iii. iiiinic pi,.(rs. Entering the sindio of 
I'li.i ,\l..iM III l'^;5. be piodiiced " The Bar- 
1. I'.. i:m I. Ill," " .V Toper Asleep," i&c. In 

the HihUoii lii-hlands. In 1839 be weiit to 
Europe, and in Florence painted "The Svbil " 
and " The Fldreiitiiie Girl." Removing to 
Rome soon altrr, lie painted "The Sliepherd- 
Boy " aid ■■ 1^.11 Iv (.'hrisiian Prisoners." Re- 
tuniiiiu I.. Xi (V I'.iik, he was long employed 
alinc-t \\ :i..:iv iip..ii portraits, his only compo- 
sili.ni-i i.l i,ii|...i tan. (■ being " Mcrev's Dream," 
and ■•('liMsiiuia ;,ii,I her riiil.Iien," IVom the 
•■ril-iini's I'H.ni,-,." (■.,i„,.,.;i..l l.v inflam- 



ion of 
turned 
e>ided. 
Some 



II. and 
at the 
Death- 



practice at the i.,i . : 

when he was tiip . . . I: 

1845. 

Hunter, William M., capt. U. S. N. 
Pbila. Mar. 5, 1849, a. 56. Midshipm. Jan 
18U9: lieut. Julv21, ISl.i; eummand. JIar 



" The Cy- 
j ; and p: 



Hlintington.Bi.N.iAMiN, LL D., jurist, b. 
Norwich^ Ct., Apr. 19, 1736; d. there Oct. 16, 



He practised law in bis 

ler ot tlie font. Con- 



aJ of 



ty F,„„ll,j, I.,/ l;,v. E. B. l/imiu.^ 

Huntington, Rev. Daniel, poet, b. Nor- 
wicli, Ct., Oct. 17, 1788 ; d. N. Lond. Mav 21, 
1858. Y. C. I8U7. Son of Gen. Jedediah. 
Pastor of the Cong. Ch. at North Bridgewater, 
Ms., from Get. 1812 to 1832; then taught a 

resumed his i.a^ioril otli .■ at N fJiidgewater. 
Author of "Kill ; ■•• , . . m .Icliv. at B.U. 
Au.g.31, 1819; a I; : ; .; ■'Triumphs 
of Faith," del. .X.;; . ;. ,. .-- |.t. 21, 1830; 
and Memorial of lii» d.m., il.iiv Ilallairi. 



He 



Wylli-'-i.-i ; .a],i i.l ,Ii,.ie, I77r, : alierward 
bii-.i 'nil iin.l. 1 I .. II. Parsons, and dep. adj.- 
g(ii til . I ; ,.■ Hudson River; maj. in 

C(.l V, III 1777; com. that regt. in 

R. 1 II i::^ - ..-.d. June, 1778; com. a 

bati- .1 I. Ii; I [.- at Yorktown; and was a 

vol. aii|.' i.ii.n I, inc.. In until the close of the 
sir-e 11. ua- iiii I. ■ a gen. of State militia in 
179l' ; «.i, iiaiiiril a l.tig.-gen. by Washington 
in 1799, when a war with France seemed im- 
minent; and was a M.C. 1810-11 and 1817- 
19. He was also a member of the State legisl., 
and was one of the best disciplinarians in the 
army. — IJiiiifiiii/ton dcmal. 

Huntington, Elisha, M. D., phvsician, 
h. TopsHeld, JIs., Apr. 9, 1796; d. Lowell, Ms., 
Dec. 10, 1865. Dartm. Coll. 1815; Yale Med. 
School, 1823. Son of Rev. Asabel, min. of 
Topsfield. He practised in Lowell with great 
success ; was 8 years mayor of that city ; and 
lieut.-gov. of Ms', in 1853. He pub. inaugural 
addresses and a Memoir of Prof. Elisha Bart- 
lett, M D. At one time, pres. Ms. lUed. Soc. 

Huntington, Frederic Dav, D. D. 
(Amh. Coll. 1855), clergyman and scholar, b. 



Hxnsr 



HUR 



Hadley, Ms., May 28, 1819. Amh. Coll. 18.39 ; 
Climb. Div. School, 1842. (His father. Rev. 
Dan, d. Hailley, Oct. 31, 1864, a. 90. Y.C. 
1794. He preiuhed at LitcliKeld, and after- 
wanl ;U Mia.lieiown, Ct. In 1857 he pub. a 
Tol. lit ■ IV I -.iiial Memoh-s.") Pastor of the 
Soiuli Coil-, Chinch, Boston, 1842-Scpt. 4, 
18.5;'). wluin he \\a> inaug. preacher to the U., 
and Pliinimer Prof, of Christ. Morals. For- 
merlya Unitarian, he withdrew from that body; 
Sept. 1859 took orders in the Ep. Cliurch, and 
officiated in the Emannel Church, Boston, un- 
til consec. bishop of Central N.Y. 8 Apr. 1869. 
For the usual alternoon preaching in the Coll. 
Chapel he substituted a service formed from 
those in use in the principal branches of the 
Christian Church, with some novel and ori^-i- 
nal additions. He has contrib. to the various 
mi.scclliinies and reviews of the day ; has pub. 
many sermons and addresses; also a vol. of 
" Sermons for the People," which reached 6 
editions; " Sermons on Christian Living and 
Believing," 1860; a vol. of lectures delivered 
before the Institutes of Brooklyn and Lowell, 
on " Human Society," 8vo, 1860 ; " Lessons on 
the Parables." In Jan. 1861 he established with 
Di-. G. M. Randall the Chnrcli Mont/di/. 

Huntington, Gen. Jabez, b. Norwich, 
Ct., Aug. 7, 1719 ; d. there Oct. 5, 1786. Y.C. 
1741. Engaging in the W. India trade, he 
amassed an ample fortune. From 1 750 he was 
often a member of the legisl., frequently pre- 
siilingovcr that boily, and also a member of 
the council. He owned a large amount of 
shi]ipiTig at the beginnini; of the Revol. ; was 
active on the eom "T -^iil.'iv il'iriirj; \hf wiir ; 
and from Sr|ir I"', m i - ' -'li- Smi- 

militia. Ili^ l: ■ i i : ■ ; - ■, mil 
his licavy I. .v., ,, ii,ij,,i i,,, |,,., -i. ,il and 



JJ„ 



lli^ J sons, Jcdediah became 
w a commissary, and Joshua 
in tlie Continental army. — 



Huntington, Jabez Williams, jurist and 
senator, b. Norwich, Ct., Nov. 8. 1788 ; d. Nov. 
1,1847. YC. 1806. Son of Gen. Z.achariah. 
He )iractised law in LiichHeld ; was a member 
of the Assembly in 1829 ; M.C. 1829-34, when 
he removed to Norwich, and became a judge 
of the Superior Court and of the Court of 
Errors ; U.S. .senator from 1840 to his death. 

Huntington, Ges. Jededi ah, b. Norwich, 
Ct., Aug. 4, 1743; d. N. London, Sept. 25, 
1818. H.U. ne.-J. Son of Jabez. Engaged 
iai pursuits. An ac- 



uf Libert 



of milll 



I ; pro- 



moted to com. of a reu't. ; joined the army at 
Caml.iiil-e, Aj.r. 26, 177.); aided to repulse 
the Britisli at Danbury in Apr. 1776; made 
biig.-gen. May 12, 1777 ; joined the main ar- 
my near Phila. in Sept ; in Mav, 1778. ordered 
lo tiie Hudson River. In the court-martial 
which tried fjcc for misconduct at Monmouth, 
and in the court to try Maj. Andre. At the 
clo-e of the war, brcv. maj. -gen. Resuming 
business, he was successively sheriff of the Co., 
State treas., delegate to the con v. to adopt the 
Federal Const. ; app. coll. of customs at N". Lon- 
don (1789), which office he retained during 4 
administrations. His first wife was Faith, dan. 



of Gov. Trumbull. He was one of the first 
Board of Fiueign Missions, and a zealous sup- 
porter of charitable institutions. 

Huntington, Jedediah Vincent (bro. of 
D.iiiirl), auihur, I,. N.Y. Citv, Jan. 20, 1815; d. 
I'.iu, S.iuil.rin Fiance, Mar. 10, 1862. N.Y. 
r 1-;-.. .Ml) (LI. of Pa.) 1838. Hedevoted 
liiniM 11 to lileiature; was for a time prof of 
mental philos. in St. Paul's Coll., near Flush- 
ing, L.I.; was ord. in the Prot.-Epis. Church 
in 1841 ; and was pastor of a church in Mid- 
dlebnry, Vt. The years 1846-9 wore spent in 
Europe. He pub. a vol. of poems in 1842; 
"Lady Alice," a novel, 1849; "Alban," a 
novel ; " The Forest," 8vo, N.Y., 1852 ; " Rose- 
mary," a novel, 1860; some poems ; edited the 
Metropolilaii Hag., at Baltimore, and afterward 
the Leader at St. Louis. He went to France 
in 1861. In 1849 he joined the R.C. Church. 

Huntington, Joseph, D.D. (D.C. 1780), 
minister of Coventry, Ct., June 29, 1763, to his 
d., Dec. 25, 1794; h. May 5, 1735. Y.C. 17G2. 
Bro. of Gov. Samuel. Author of " Calvinism 
Improved," pub. 1796 ; also some sermons 
and theol. treatises. He inculcated the doc- 
trine of universal salvation. 

Huntington, Joshua, minister of Boston 
from May 18, 1808, to his d., at Groton, Ct., 
Sept. 11, 1819; b. 31 Jan. 1786. Y.C. 1804. 
Son of Gen. Jedediah. Author of " Life of Abi- 
gail Waters," 1817. His wife, Susan Mans- 
field (b. 1781,d. 1823), wrote the story "Little 
Lucy." Her Memoirs, with Letters, Journal, 
and Poetry, were pub. by B. B. Wisner, 1829. 
— //. Famil,i. 

Huntington, Svmffi., TT,, P (Y O. 



Norwich in 1758; and in 1761 m. Martha, 
dan. of Rev. Ebenezer Devotion. He became 
a member of the Assemblvin 1764; Stateatty. 
in 1765; mr-nihcr of th" Council 1773: mcm- 



Nov 



rior Court of Ct. 1774-84; cliiel justice 1784; 
lieut.-gov. 1785; gov. 1786-96. 

Huntington, Samuel, gov. of Ohio 1808- 
10, b. Coventry, Ct.. Oct. 4, 1765; d. Paines- 
ville, 0., June's, 1817. Y.C. 1785. _ Son of 
Rev. Joseph. Was educated by his uncle, 
Gov. Samuel. Adm. to the bar in 1793; re- 
moved in 1800 to Ohio, and settled nearPaines- 
ville. He was a judge of C.C.P. 1802-3; 
member of the convention that framed the con- 
stitution of the State in 1802 ; a senator in its 
first legisl., and chosen speaker ; a judge of the 
Superior Court, app. Apr. 2, 1803 ; after- 
ward chief justice ; member of the legisl. 1811- 
12; dist. paymr. in the war of 1812-14 (rank 
of col.). 

Huntoon, Jonathan G., gov. of Me. 
is.!u-l, b. Unity, N.H., 1781; d. Fairfield, 



Hurd, 



earlv engraver of 
1. Dec. 1777. His 
land, and settled in 
ill 1749, a. 70. In 
ing Mr. Hurd was 



HXTR 



469 



HXTT 



considered superior to any one in the Colonics. 
To a superior mode of execution he added an 
Ilogarthian talent of character and humor. 
Among his engravings is a descriptive repre- 
eentation of Hudson, a swindler and forger, 
standing in the pillory, the likenesses of some 
well-known characters being introduced among 
the spectators. He was probably the first to 
engrave on copper in the U.S.; a miniature 
likeness of Rev. Dr. Sewall, engraved by him 
in 17C4, being extant. He engraved the seal 
ofH.U. — A'.£. J/a;;. iii. 1. 

Hurlbut, Stephen Augdstds, lawver 
and soldier, b. Charleston, S.C, Mar. 24, 1815. 
He studied and practiced law in Charleston 
until the breaking-out of the Florida war, in 
which he served as adj. in a S.C. regt. In 
1845 he went to 111., and settled in practice at 
Belvidere. Member of the 111. Const. Conv. 
of 1847, and several times represented Boone 
Co. in the legisl. ; apj). brig.-gen. of vols. 17 
May, 18G1, and com. at Fort Donelson after 
its capture. When Gen. Grant's army moved 
up tlie 'i'enn. River, he com. the 4th division ; 
took part in the battle of Sliiloh ; was after- 
ward stationed at Memphis ; and after the 
battle of Corinth, in Oct. 1862, pursued and 
engaged the delcated Confederates ; mnj.-gen. 
Sept. 17, 1862. In Sept. 186.3, he com. at 
Memphis; com. a corps under Sherman in the 
exped. to Meridian in Feb. 1864; and suc- 
ceeded Banks in com. of the dept. of the Gulf; 
minister to Colombia since 1869. 

Hurlbut, William Henry, writer, b. 
Charleston, S.C, July 3, 1827. H.U. 1847. 
Author of" Gan Eden, or Pictures of Cuba," 
12mo, 1854; "Gen. McClelhin and the Con- 
duct of the War," 12mo, 1864. Has contrib. 
largely to American and foreign periodicals; 
ed. iV. y. World. 

Husbands, Herman, insurgent, h. Pa. ; 
d. near Phila. Mar. 1 795. Removing to Orange 
Co., N.C., he became a member of the legisl., 
and leader of the Regulators, a party which 
was organized in 1768 for the forcible redress 
of public grievances. He pub. in 1770 a full 
account of the rise of the troubles. A battle 
took place. May 16, 1771, between Gov. Tryon 
with 1,100 men and 2,000 Regulators, on the 
banks of the AUamance, in which the latter 
were defeated. Husbands escaped to Pa., 
where in 1778 he was a member of the legisl., 
and was concerned in the Whiskey Insurrection 
in 1794 ; and was assoc. wiih Gallatin, Uraik- 
inridge, and others as a com. of salciy. After 
a short imprisonment in Pliila., he SLt out on 
his return home, but died un ihe way. He 
was originally a member of ilie SiKieiy of 
Friends, and was versed in ilicolo^ica! lore. 

Huske, Ellis, councillor of X.II. 17.33- 
55 ; d. 1755. Bro. of Gen. Huske, dieting, at 
Uctiingen and Cnlloden. Postmasterof Bo.^ton 
1734 ; superseded in the office of dep. postmr.- 
gen. of the Colonies by Franklin and Hunter 
1753. Pul). the Boston IVeekhj Post-Boy from 
Oct. 1734 to 1755. Supposed author of "The 
Present State of N. America," Lond. 1755. 
Mary, liis wife, d. 8 Mar. 1746, a. 40. He re- 
sided in Portsmouth, N.H., previous to 1734. 

Huske, John, son of the pieceding, b. 
Port.-mouth, N.H., ab. 1721; d. Eng. 1773. 



Educated in Boston, and bred a merchant, he 
became in 1764 a member of the British parlia- 
ment from Maiden, Essex; and was re-elected 
to the succeeding parliament. For his share in 
bringing about the Stamp Act, his efBgy was 
hung with Grenville's in the Liberty Tree, 
Boston, 1 Nov. 1765. A letter from Joseph 
Reed thus describes him : " Huske, a flasliy, 
superficial fellow, by stock-jobbing, and servility 
to the Townshend family, raised himself from 
poverty and obscuiity to a seat in parliament. 
The first use he made of it was to injure his 
country by proposing to raise £500,000 per 
annum by taxing the Colonies. Havmg dis- 
obliged his old patron Charles Townshend, and 
the ministi-y not needing his vote (though 
adopting his plan, taking no notice of him), 
he tacked about, and endeavored to ward off 
the stroke ; but it was then too late: and they 
laughed at him." 

Hutehins, Thomas, geographer, b. Mon- 
mouth Co., N. J., ab. 1730 ; d. Pittsburg, Apr. 
28, 1789. Before he was 16, he went West; 
entered the service as ensign ; afterward be- 
came paym., and citpt. 60th (Roy. Anier.) regt.; 
was assist, engineer in Bouquet's exped. ; and 
was disting. in a campaign against the Indians 
inFla.. He was in Lond. at the opening of the 
Revol. war ; and his zeal in the cause of his 
country induced him to refuse some excellent 
offers there. Suspected of holding a corresp. 
with Franklin, tlien in France, he was in 1779 
thrown into a dungeon, and lost in one day 
.£12,000. After 6 weeks' confinement, he was 
examined and liberated. He went to France ; 
thence to Charleston, S.C, where he joined 
Gen. Greene ; and was made geographer-gen- 
eral. He pub. " A Topographical Description 
of Va., Pa., Md., and Carolina, with Maps," 
Lond. 1778; " An Hi.storical and Topog. De- 
scription of La., West Fla., and Phila.," 1784. 
Dr. Morse was much indebted to him in the 
compilation of his gazetteer. He furnished the 
maps and plates for the " Account of Bouquet's 
Exped. against the Ohio Indians," written by 
William Smith, D.D.,ofPhila., and pub. Lond. 
1766. He wrote 3 papers for the Phila. Trans. 
1775, '76, and '83, and a paper in Trans. Amer. 
Soc. ii. 50. 

Hutchinson, Anne, founder of tlie An- 
tinomian party in N.E., b. at Alford, Lincoln- 
shire, Eng., in 1591 ; bap. July 20; d. West- 
chester Co., N.Y., Aug. 1643. Dan. of Rev. 
Fr.incis iMarbury, wlio was rector of St. Martin 
Vin try and other London parishes. Her mother 
was Bridget Dryden, gr.-aunt of the celebrated 
poet, John Dryden. Was interested in the 
preaching of John Cotton, and her relative 
John Wheelwright, and, desirous of enjoying 
the ministry of the former, came to Boston, 
Sept. 18, 1634; was adra. a rnember of the 
chnrch, Nov. 2 ; and soon acquired esteem and 
influence. She instituted meetings of the wo- 
men of the church to discuss sermons and doc- 
trines, in which she displayed great familiarity 
with Scripture, but made enemies by her in- 
novating theories. Two years after her arrival, 
the strile between her supporters and opponents 
broke out into public action. " The dispute," 
says Bancroft, ''infused its spirit into every 
thing ; it interfered with the levy of troops for 



470 



the Pcqiiot War ; it iiiBucncod tlie respect 
shown 10 the magistrates, the distribution of 
town-lots, the assessment of taxes ; and at last 
the continued existence of the two opposing 
parties was considered inconsistent with tlie 
public peace." Her peculiar tenets were among 
the 82 opinions condemned by the eccles. svnod 
at Newtown, Aug. 30, 1637 ; and in Nov., after 
2 days' trial before the Gen. Court., slie was 
sentenced, with some of hrr a^-inian-;. tn liaii- 
ishmcnt. She joined lier IihimI,, ulm, iiinh r 
John Clarke and Coddi-i-t.,,,, .nilr,! ,„ IM. 
After the death of her liiislnnnl, in lillJ, .she 
with her children moved into llie territory of 
the Dutch ; and is supposed to have settled near 
Hell Gate, Westchester Co., N. Y. During an 
invasion of the settlement by the Indians, her 
house was attacked and fired ; and herself and 
family, exce])ting one child who was carried 
captive, perished. 

Hutchinson, Israel, col. Revol. army, 
h. Dan vers, iMs., 17l'8; d. there Mar. 16, 1811. 
He served in 1757-9 at Ticondeioga and Lake 
Gciiri;e, and com. a company at the battle of 
the Plains of Abraham. He cum. a com|iany 
in the Lexinuton battle ; was lieut.-colof Mans- 
field's re-t. in 1775 ; com. the 27th rcgt. at the 
siege uf Bijs:,>n and in the campaign of 1775 ; 



nd w; 



Wasl 



lugton 



thnnigh the Jersey; 

H:utohinson,J.\MEs,M.D.(Phila. Coll.), 

plnsieian, b. Wakefield, Pa., Jan. 29, I7.')2; 
d. Pbila. Sept. 6, 1793. He finished his med. 
studies at Lond. under Dr. Fothergill. In 
1774 the trustees of Phila. Coll. presented him 
with a gold medal for his superior knowledge 
in chemistry. Warmly espousing the cause 
of his country, he returned home by way of 
France with important despatches from Dr. 
Franklin to Congress; joined the army soon 
after he arrived ; and served as a surgeon and 
physician during the whole war. Trustee of 
the U. of Pu. from 1779 till his death; was 
several years see. of the Philos. Soc. ; was 
prof, of materia mediea and chemistry in the 
U. of Pa. in 1789-91, when he was elected 
prof, of chemistry. For many years, and until 
his death, he was physician of the port, and 
one of the physicians'of the Pa. Hospital. — 

Hutchinson, Thomas, gov. of Ms., b. 
Bustiin, Sept. 9, 1711; d. Brompton, near Lon- 
don, Juno 3, 1780. H.U. 1727. SonofThos., 
a wenlthv and liberal merchant of Boston 
(I67.i-17.39), and Sarah, dau. of Col. John Fos- 
ter. After engaging without success in com- 
merce, he studied law, and as agent of Boston 
visited London on important business, dischar- 
ging the duty with great success. Represented 
Boston in the General Court 10 years, 3 years 
as s].i-:il. I : l.riiiH' judge of probate in 1752 ; 
was a . , 1 I : , i-r,i; ; lieut.-gov. 1758-71; 

and «,i iii-tice in 1760, holding 4 

hi-li 'ii;i ■'■: 111 ■ - nnr time. In 1748, the pa- 
per cm r. rii\ ..I the ( 'olony having depreciated 
to abuut an eighth i.C its original value, Hutch- 
inson proj. Tied, and carried through the house, 
a bill abolishing it, and substituting gold and 
silver. This measure, though sound and bene- 
ficial, procured him many enemies. Hutchin- 
son's mansion was twice attacked in conse- 



quence of a re]>ort that he had written letters in 
favor of the Stamp Act; and on the second oc- 
casion (Aug. 26) his house was sacked, the fur- 
niture burned in the street, and many MSS. 
relating to the history of the province, which ho 
had been 30 years collecting, and which could 
not be replaced, were lost. He received com- 
pensation for his lo.sses. In 1767 the house and 
couneil resisted his claim to a scat in the latter 
body, and he abandoned it. When, in 1769, 
( iov. I!ri nard was transferred to Va., the govt. 
Ill JK. Ill] to Hutchinson. The popular ex- 
liteniiiit had been increased by the arrival of 
Bntisli troops; and after the "massacre" of 
March 5, 1770, a com. of citizens, headed by 
Samuel Adams, forced him to consent to the 
removal of the troops. Commissioned gov. in 
March, 1771. He was continually in contro- 
versy with the Assembly and Council. Among 
the subjectsof dispute were the provision made 
(or bis siipnurt bv the crown, which paid him a 

111. J , I II, i eh, Jan. 6, 1773, asserting 



able 



replies Ironi Cuwdoin and Samuel Adams, and 
did no injury to the patriot cause. In 1772, Dr. 
Franklin, then in London, procured some of 
his eonlidential letters, whicli were sent to Bos- 
ton. They proved that he had been for years 
opposing every part of the colonial constitu- 
tion, and urging measures to enloree the su- 
I)reinaey of parliament : and the ir-sult was a 
petition to the king lor lii^ r.nioval. The last 
of his public ditHeultiis was tin' n .iMance of 
the citizens to the leita:., i, -nlln- in the tea 
then in the harbor b in- tii' .ah "v i l>oard by 
citizens in tin- ili,uin~e ol In bin-, Dec. 14, 
1773. Havin- o'li nihil hi. .\1 ,|i -ii-'s leaveto 
go to Englan 1 h- -nihil .Iinn- I, 1774; and, 
after an invr ,■ n I. -hii pin i euuncil, he 
was rewariln 1 ■, : i o n. lie pub. the fol- 

lowing valimh :1, lli.ioivoftbeColony 

of Ms. Bav 1 Ill S-ttlement thereof, 

in 1628, until the i eai I ^jo," 2 vols. 1764-7 ; 
a " Brief State of the Claim of the Colonies," 
1764; and a "Collection of Original Papers 
relative to the History of the Colony of Ms. 
Bay," 1769. He lelt'iii MS. a 3d vol. of his 
his'tuiy Iroin 1749 to 1774, which was pub. by 
his gianilsoii, Kev. John Hutchinson of Trent-- 



jf Phila. (1787- 



Hutton, 



Hyde, Ai.vvv. D D . LL.D. (D.C. IS12), 
clei-yinan. h, Kiaiikiin, < 't., Feb, 2, 1768; d. 
Lee, Ms., Dee. 4, IS.!!. D.C. 1788. Ho spent 
nearly a year teaching at Northampton ; stud- 
ied theology; was, June 6. 1792, oid. |iastorof 
the cliureh in I.ee, where he passed the re- 
mainder of his lite. During 31 years ho was 
a member of the corporation, and for 21 years 
vice-jires. of Wins. Coll. He pub. a number 
of sermons. He was one of the ablest and most 
siieer-slul millions of his dav. A Memoir of 
hiin w,i, pnh r, i.i 183.), by "his half-bro., Rev. 
L.v\iis livi.i, ( 1 ;,S'.I-1865), literary e.KCeutor 
ami hiiijiM|ilii r ot ilic poet Wilcox. 

Hyde, Edw.xrd, gov. N. C. 1712 to his d. 
Sept. 8, 1712. Sent out in 1711 as lieut.-gov., 
he Ibund the Colony in confusion from the con- 



471 



nsTG- 



flicting claims of Glover and Gary to the chief 
magistracy. By the aiJ of Gov. Spotswooil of 
Va., Gary's armed resistance was put down, and 
quiet restored. An Indian war having been 
begun by a massai'ie of the settlers on the Ro- 
anoke and Ghowan, Sept. 11, 1711, Gov. Hyde 
called out the militia, and defeated them with 
great slauKhter iu the following year. In the 

to the Im'm o: .. m| wii ; und the gov. fell a vic- 
tim. ll"..r,'< , ',■ .V ' '. 

Hyde, Ni-^' 1 Miun.lracher.b. Norwich, 

Ct., xM.ii -i. i: >J <i- O.,-,.- M,:r. S'^, l.^ir>. 



Iberville (de-ber-vOl), Pii;rue Lemoine 
d', a disting. seaman, father of the Colony of 
Louisiana, b. Montreal, Jiilv 20, 1661 ; d. Ha- 
vana, July 9, 1 706. Ho was iiiie of 7 brothers, 
who were all active in Canad'ui alTiirs. He 
went early to sea; was a(li-iiii_; i-il in tli ■ mid- 
night attack on Sehenectml) ; I lllllnlr.l tlicj 

expnd. which recovei'i'd I'.'-:; \ ;.,,!i iii.ni the 
IBriti-h(l"-.i; -n.., -.|,i ]. .,,> , i..i N.->v '. .mid- 



iuH.Kl 




; . 1 


by the 


[■■,■■:,,-: 


1 ;.n 1 


the Mpi 


, and 


to erec 


vessels 


and a 


b. 200 1 


Oct. 17, 


1098, 


, and Fc 


Island (1 


.1 .Mas 


.acre. ni. 


by hi. : 


1.. ,!■■ 


i;i ■ .\ 1 : 


andii... 






Mar. -J. 






and il- 






t'imonv 


i;Jox, 


, IIi'tV 


whicli' 1 


',r ^'ii 


■!■ t';' hi' 



Bienville. Tin- f.it wa. air. i- ii.n i. 1...I 

to the western bank of the Mobile liivL-r, liie 
first European settlement in Ala. He sailed 
for France, but returned when the French su- 
premacy of the Mpi. was endangered by the 
English. In 1700 he ascended the Mpi. as far 
as the country of tlie Natchez, while his bro. 
explored Western La. Iberville also built for- 
tifications on the Island of Massacre, which ho 
named Dauphine Isl.ind. Attacked by yellow- 
fever, ho escaped with broken health. In 1706, 
in com. of .3 vessels, he captured the English 
Island of Nevis. 
^. Imlay, Gilbert, capt.Revol. army. He 

pub. " Topog. Description of the Western 
Terr, of N. A.," 8vo, f.ond. 1792; the same, 
with Supplement by J. Filson, 2 vols. N. T. 
179.'! ; " The Emigrauts," a novel, 3 vols. 12mo, 
1 79:i. 

Ingalls, RcFns, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Denmark, Me., Aug. 2.3, 1820. West Point, 
1843. Entering the Rifles, he was transferred 
to the 1st Dragoons in 1845; disting. himself 
in the battles of Emhudo and Taos, N. Mexico, 
in 1847; became 1st lieut. 16 Feb. 1847; assist, 
quartermaster (rank of capt.) Jan. 12, 1848; 
served in Cal. and Oregon ; was in Gol. Step- 
toe's exped. across the continent; and from 
1856 to 1860 was stationed at Fort Vancouver, 
being on the staff of Gen. Harney at the time 
of the San Juan affair. In Apr. 1801 he was 
seutwith Col. Brown to re-enforce Fort L'ickens; 



- .,./ 



^ 






and in Jiilv was ordered to duty with the Army 
of the IVtomac. He was app. aide-de-camp to 
McClcllan (rank of lieut.-col.) 28 Sept. ; major 
in the (luartermastcr's dept. 12 Jan. 1862; was 
chief iiuanerniaster in the Armv of the Poto- 
mac 1802-5; brig. gen. vols. 23 May, 1863; 
col. and assist, qnai term. -gen. July 29, 1866; 
present at the battles of South Mountain, An- 
tietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Get- 
tysburg, and subsequent battles, to surrender of 
Lee ; brevs. of col., brig.-gon., and maj.-gen. fur 
merit, services in the Rebellion 13 Mar. 1865. 



ills, Willi 



M,MD. (II, U. 1801), long 
I of IjDston, ])iof. of anat- 
X..>vla,rv|,ort, M<.,3 May, 

M- , S.'.r.S, 1851. H.U. 

1 Mil ..f Lvnn.came 
, . Ii;j9. ■ He pub. 



1790. His aii 1 

from Lincoln- I 

"Malignant F. . , ■ , \, . , im;. 

Ingei'SoU, L'jur.LLS Anpiioxv, judiie, b. 
Xrw Haven, Gt., 1793; d. there Feb. 9, 1860. 
Hl. siu.lierl in the office of his brother Ralph J. ; 
attained high repute at the bar; held several 
otfices of honor in the State and nation ; and 
was app. judge U.S. Dist. Court of Ct. by Pres. 
Pierce. 

Ingersoll, Ch.^rles Jared, statesman, 
I .\ . I , aiil author. Son of Judge Jared, b. 
1' . M . .1, 17S2; d. there May 14, 1862. 
\: a I Iimil; his collegiate course, he studied 
1 n\ , an I iv i^ adm. to practice before be was 21. 
He then travelled in Europe, and was attached 
to the American embassy to France. M.C. in 
1813-14 and in 1841-7, serving' as chairman of 
the com. of forei'^n affairs; U.S. dist. atty. for 
I'a :i..n l-!.ui,ril 1 emoved by Gen. Jackson 
i , i. ' i . . ; I which he was elected to 
, r i M 'iiSer of the Canal and In- 

I I ti il I 111 .1 ... an i; ( '. a 1 veiition at Harrisburg 

iu l^L'a, ami ol llh' K.lul HI (■.MIV..nli(>U there 

Ie.4ata.11 t.. riii--ni I.I 1-;:, in l-;i7 he was 



France, bin «,. 
Author of '■(. 
and El^iva,- a 
Jesuit's Lctlni- 
the Second W 
Britain," 4 



Iklwy 



. J 
|iiiii the 
M...t<-hof 
. and Great 
Riilhts and 
gs. Power and Policy, of the U S.," in 
defence of Jefferson's commercial policy, 1803; 
and "Julian," a iliainaii.- |i.inm, 183l'; "Dis- 
course lief. III.. .S,.,.. |.,r til. ('uininemo. of the 
Landing of Win, r..iiii," lsj,-i. He was at the 
time of his dcaili pre|Kiriiig "A History of 
the Territorial Acquisitions of the U. S." — 
Allibone. 

Ingersoll, J.\RED,LLD. (N.J. Coll. 1821 ), 
lawyer, b. Ct. 1749; d. Phila. Oct. 31, 1822. 
Y.C. 1766. His lather, a-ent for the Colony 
in Eng. 1757 (app. in 1765 stampmaster-gen. 
for N. E. under the obnoxious Stamp Act), 
was forced by the indignant populace to resign 
bis office Aug. 24, 1765, and was in 1770 app. 
admiralty judge for Pa. Removing to Phila., 
he d. N. Haven, Aug. 1781, a. 59. The sou 
went to Lond., entered the Middle Temple, 
and studied law 5 years. Though residing in 
London, and the son of a loyalist, he espou.sed 
the cause of the Colonies in the llevol. In 



^"7 



Paris, where he remained 18 months, he made 
the acqnuintance of Dr. Franklin. Returning 
home, lie passed the remainder of his life in 
Phila., where he was prominent as a lawyer. 
Member of the Old Cr.n;.--^ in 17sn-I; a 

representative in the r. : ' li framed 

theU. S. Constituti " : . :.Ln-.-en. 

of the State; U.S. .ii • I, and re- 

ceived and deelined i:i ' jmlne of 

the Federal Court. ll. I i- Federal 

candidate for vice-pri.^ ' ~ ■ s judge 

of the Uist. Court ol I' i. < '■ u L.tiinieof 

his death; author of a rare painpluet ou the 
Stamp Aet, N. Haven, .Ito, 1766. 

Ingersoll, Jonathan, LL.D. (Y.C. 1817), 
an eminent lawyer of N. Haven, h. Ridgefield, 
Ct., 1746 ; d. Jan. 12, 1823. Y.C. 1766. Son 
of Rev. Jonathan. He held many publie trusts; 
was a judge in 1798-1801, and lieut.-gov. in 
1816. His dan. Grace m. Peter Grellet, and 
d. Paris, 1816. 

IngersoU, Joseph Reed, LL.D., D.C.L. 
(O.xoii.), statesman and lawyer. Son of Jared, 
h. Phila. June 14, 1786; d. Phila. Feb. 20, 
1868. N.J. Coll. 1804. He studied law, and 

fractised extensively in Phila. for many years. 
n 1809 he pub. a translation from the Latin 
of Roccns's tracts De Ntwlbus et Nauto and De 
A^ii^iuuil!',,,,. ^LC. 18.35-7 and in 1842-9, 
ami ail aMniiiit^' ul' the ductrine of protection ; 
niiiuM.r lu l-.imlaiid in 18.M-.3; author of a 
Mrnioir (,r Saiiil. Ururk, 8vo, 1863. Early in 
the Kehellion he pub. a pamphlet entitled 
" Secession a Folly and a Crime." Edward, 
third hro. of the above, wrote poems on the 
times, entitled "Horace in Phila.," which ap- 
peared in the Portfolio ; and contrib. political 
articles to Walsh's Gazelle; also author of the 
" History and Law of Habeas Corpus," Svo, 
1859; "Addison on Contracts, with Notes," 
Svo, 18.57 ; " Digest of Laws of the U.S., 1789- 
1320," Svo, 1821. 

Ingbam, Charles C, portrait-painter, b. 
Dublin, 1797 ; d. New York, 10 Dec. 1863. 
He came to the U.S. in 1817, having studied 4 
years in his native city, and won a premium 
from the Dublin Academy. He with his bro. 
stood for many years in the first rank of por- 
trait-painters. His "Death of Cleopatra" at 
once gave him extensive notoriety and business. 
He was a founder of the National Acad., and 
many years its vice-pres. Besides a great num- 
ber of portraits of the reigning beauties of his 
day in New York, his "Flower-Girl," "Day- 
Dream," and " Portrait of a Child," are good 
specimens of his style and manner. — Tucker- 

Ingham, Samdel D., politician, b. Bucks 

Co., Pa., Sept. 16, 1773; d. Trenton, N.J., 

luneD,1860. Of Quaker parcniaue. He was 

Drought up a papei-mikn, .nhl, iintil drawn 

into politics, wasa.-ii ' ii n: m lOaston, 

N.J. Heserved 3 Vi Ml I : , li 4i-l.;was 

a prothonotarv ; iM.< ' l-i'-l^ anl 1822-9; 

sec. of the U."S. treasury 18:i9-31. 

^xv'y.i /j^.rfe" Inglis, Charles, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of 

^fri *V Nova Scotia ; d. Feb. or Mar. 1816, a. 82. He 

,ii tOi^rii'"- was assistant rector from 1764 to the Revol., 

and from 1777 to 1783 rector, of Trinity Church, 

N.Y. After the loyalist Galloway went to 

Eog., Dr. Inglis was his corresp. ; and liis let- 



ters evince no little harshness towards the 
fomentorsof the rebellion. He went to N.S. 
at the peace; was consec. bishop in 1788 ; and 
in 1809 became a member of the council. He 
pub. an a nswe r to Piiine's " Common Sense," 
in Feb. 1776, which made him obnoxious to 
the patriots, who contisc. his estate. His son 
John was made bishop of N.S., and a member 
of the council in 1825, and d. in Lond. in 
Nov. 1850. His grandson. Gen. Sir J. Eard- 
ley Wilmot Inglis, the heroic defender of Luck- 
now, d. Germany, 1862. 

Inglis, James, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1811), 
b. Phila. 1777 ; d. Aug. 15, 1820. Col. Coll. 
1795. Ord. Apr. 1802. Pastor First Presb. 
Church, Baltimore, and an eloquent preacher. 
A vol. of his sermons was pub. soon after his 
death, also a vol. of his poems. — Sprague. 

Ingraham, Ddncan Nathaniel, capt. 
U.S.N. , b. Charleston, S.C, Dec. 6, 1802; d. 
there June 10, 1863. Midshipman June 18, 
1812; lieut. Apr. 1,1818; commander May 24, 
1838; capt. Sept. 14, 1855. Nathaniel, his 
father, was a friend of Paul Jones, and was in 
the action with the British frigate " Serapis." 
His uncle Capt. Joseph, U.S.N., was lost at sea 
in the U.S. ship "Pickering." His cousin 
William, a lieut. in the navy, was killed at the 
age of 20. Capt. Ingraham m. Harriet R., 
grand-dau. of Henry Laurens. His seizure of 
Martin Kostza, an Amer. citizen, from the 
Austrian bri^-of war " Hussar," at Smyrna, 
July 2, In.''' ji.r li-riMun elalxirate discus- 
sion at Wa- , II .M. ll.iUoman, the 
Austrian ,'■■■■ .ml -Mr. .\Iarcy, sec. 
of State. < 'iiij;i v I'iiiit rvsuliition, Aug. 
4, 1854, reque.sieil the I'res. to present a medal 
to him for his conduct on this occasion. In 
Mar. 1856 he was app. chief of the bureau of 
ordnance and hydrography ; which position he 
resigned Feb. 4, 1861, and was made chief of 
ordnance, construction, and repair in the Con- 
fed, navy. 

Ingraham, Edward D., lawyer of Phila., 
d. 1854, a. ab. 60. He pub. " Insolvent Law 
of Pa.," Svo, 1827; " Gow on Partntrsbip," 
with notes, Svo, 1837-45; " Vattel's Law of 
Nations," Svo, 1852; "English Ecclesiastical 
Reports," 1 809-35, 7 vols. He was a lover and 
collector of rare and curious books. — See No- 
tice in Oemoc. Rev. xxv. 77. 

Ingraham, Rev. Joseph H., author, b. 
Portland, Me., 1809 ; d. ab. 1S66, at the South. 
Abandonimr mercantile pursuits, he became a 
teacher in Wash. Coll., near Natchez, Mpi.. and 
in 1836 pub. " The South-west iiy a Yankee." 
He subsequently produced " Lalitte," " Bur- 
ton, or the Sieges," " Capt. Kyd,"" The Dan- 
cing Feather," and many other romances, some 
of which attained a large circulation. He was 
ord. an E])is. minister, and became rector of a 
parish, and of St. Thomas's Hall, an acad. for 
boys in Holly Springs, Mpi. His last works 
were the " Prince of the House of David," 
1855; "Pillar of Fire," 1859; and "Throne 
of David." 

Inman, Henry, an eminent painter, b. 
Utica, N.Y., 28,Oct. 1801 ; d. N.Y. City, 17 
Jan. 1 846. He'early manifested a taste for art, 
and about 1814 visited the studio of Jarvis, 
ia N. Y. City, where Wertmiiller's picture of 



rNiM 



473 



rRv 



Danae was on exhibition. Attracting the no- 
tice of Jarvis, who, on seeing him, exclaimecl, 
"By Heavens! the very head fur a painter, 
he served a year's apprenticeship with him ; in., 
and devoted liimself to miniature-painting, in 
whicli l;e excelled. He afterward applied him- 
self to portraits, and turned his talents to good 
advantage in landscape and nenre painting, 
attaining such distinction as to be chosen vice- 
pi-es. ortlie Nat. Acad, of Design. Visiting 
En.r. for his health in 1844, lie painted portiaits 
of Wo,d,wortl., Chalmers, Macunlay ami oth- 
ers Rctuniin" home in 1845 in Iceble liealth, 
he undcrt.iok to furni>h for the National Capitol 
tiucs illustrating the 



a ser.vo ... , ■ - „ , , 

of the West, l>ut di.l not live to complete tl:^ 
first — a representation of Daniel Boone s resi- 
dence in Ky. His conversational powers were 
of a lii"h order, and he possessed a fund of 
anecdote and wit. Among his best efforts are 
his portraits of Chief Justice M.aishall and 
Bishop White, his " Rip Van Winkle waking 
from his Dream," " Mumble the Peg, and 
" Bovhood of Washington." He was one of 
the most versatile of American artists. A col- 
lection of 127 of his paintings was exhibited 
for the benefit of his widow and children. His 
dau. Sallie m. J. R. Drake of Buffalo. John 
O'Brien, artist, son of Henry, after a success- 
ful career in the West as a portrait-painter, 
opened a studio in N.Y.. where h 



1785-7 ; judge of the U.S. Dist. Court forKy. 
1787 to his death. In 1791 he was one of the 
local board of war to call out the militia on 
expeds. against tlie Indians. — Collins. 

InneSS, George, landspape-painter, b. 
Ncwburg, N. Y., IWay 1, 1825. At 16 he 
went to N.Y., and in 1845 passed a month in 
Gi"noux's studio; after which time he long 
practised his art at Eagleswood, N. J. Among 
his pictures is "The Sign of Promise," 
" Peace and Plenty," " Going out of the 
Woods," "A Vision of Faith," "Passing 
Storm," " Summer Afternoon," and " Twi- 
light." He is an admirer of Rousseau, and 
tTeinent reproduces his manner perfectly. There is 
great strength in his limning of trees, great 
effect in his treatment of light. He has latterly 



law with 
aunah he 

Dec. 14, 
74 ; dep. 
until the 



pieces 



flower 
, ready 
866 he 



and small ijenre pictures Ibund 
sale. His facility is remarkable. In 
went to Italy. A picture called ' Sunny 
Thoughts " is highly commended. — bee I uck- 
ermaiFs Donic ol' Ike Arlists. 

Inman, .luiiy, j.nimalist, b^ Utica, >.Y., 
1805- d N.Y. .Mar. 3(1, 1850. Bio. ot Henry. 
Willi' little education, he taught school 2 years 



inN.C, 1823- 
and, after stii 
tilanJaid, aft 
then of the < 

sist. ed.of iIm 
chief c.ii the 



u'le day." lu 'i's33 he m. Miss !■ .slier, a sister 
of the talented comedians of that name, ot the 
old Park Theaire. ncv K 

Inman, William, commodore U.b.N b. 
N.Y. ; bro. of the preceding. Midsliipm. Jan. 
1 181" ■ lieut. Apr. 1, 1818; command. May 
24, 1838; capt.June 2, 1850; commo. (retired 
list) July 16, 1862. He served on the Lakes 
during the war of 1812-15 ; com. one of two 
boits^canturini' a pirate vessel of 3 guns on 
the coast of Cuba in 1823; com. steamer 
" Micbi"iu " on the f-akcs, 1845 ; steam frig- 
ate "Sirsnu'eliaiina," E. I. squad., 1851 ; com. 
r, of Africa. 1859-61. 
InneS,HAUuv,ju.ist,h.CarolineCo., Va., 
1752 ; (I. fiaukfort, Ky., Sept. 20, 1816. Son 
of Rev. Robert, an Kpis. clergyman. In 1776- 
7 he was emploved hv the com. of safety ot Va. 
to superintend Chipii'slead mines; in 1779 he 
was app. bv the Va. legisl. to hear and deter- 
mine land'claims in the Abingdon district; 
chosen by the Va. legisl. in 1783 judge of the 
Sup. Court for the dist. ot Ky 



squ 



IredeH, .ivMi.-^.jini^t, i..u 

Lewes, Su-e.K C.. Kul' . < >i 
Edenton, N.C., <-)et. 20, ITU'.r 
Chowan Co., NC, at 17, an. I . 
Gov. Saml. Johnston, whose m 
m. July 1773. Was adm. to t 
1770; and was dep. atty.-gcii 
and afterward collector of Ed 
Rcvol. ; chosen judge of the Sup. Court, Dec. 
20 1777- resigned 1778; mem. of the Const. 
cJnv. at'Hillsborongh; attv.-gen. of N.C. in 
1779-8"- anil judge of the U. S. Sup. Court 
from Feb. 1 79U till his death. He was the elo- 
quent defender and able exponent of the Fed- 
eral Constitution in the State convention. In 
1791 he pub. "Iredell's lievi^nl ol the Stat- 
utes of N.C." Hisjn(liei:il opiiMonu. the case 
of" Chisholm vs. Georgia " rout;, ins the germ 
of all the later doctrines of " State lights. 
His " Life and Corresp.," by G. J. McBee, 
waspub., 2vol3., N.Y. 1857. 

Iredell, James, son of the preceding, b. 
( 'how 01 Co N n., Nov. 2, 1788; d. Edenton, 
XC , Apr. ll':. I. ■<'>■•!. N.J. Coll. 1806. Hewas 
li,,.,| to till' li.i ; was 10 years in the house of 
eo.nni.ni^ of win. h lie was also speaker ; com. a 
c..ii.iioiv'of vols, at Norfolk, Va., in the war 
of ISl"'- chosen judge of the State Sup. Court 
in 1819 ; gov. of N.C. 1827 ; and U.S. sena- 
tor 1828-31. He afterward practised at Ra- 
leh'h ; and was many years reporter of the de- 
cisions of the Sup. Court. He pub. 13 vols, 
of law, and 8 of equity reports. In 1833 he 
was app acommiss. to collect and revise the 
State statutes. He also pub. a " Treatise^on 
the r>aw of Executors and Administrators. 

Irvin, William W., jurist, b. Albemarle 
Co., Va., 1778; d. Lancaster, O., Apr. 1842. 
Often a member of the Ohio legisl. from Fair- 
field Co. ; judge Sup. Court of Ohio 1809-15 ; 
M.C. 1829-33. 

Irvine, Gen. James, d. Phila. 29 Apr. 
1819, a. 8:3. Col. in 1776 ; maj.-gen. Pa mili- 
tia in 1782 ; captured in attack on the British 
camp near White Marsh, 5 Dee. 1777, being 
wounded and left on the field. 

Irvrine, William, brig. -gen. Revol. army, 
b. Fer.nagh, Ireland, 3 Nov. 1741 ; d. Phila. 
29 July, r8U4. Educated at the Dublin U., he 
studied medicine ; was some time surgeon of a 
British ship-of-war ; but, after the peace of 
■cmoved to the U.S., and practised at 
atty -"cn. Carlisle, Pa. Member of the convention which 



Is ot 



474 



IRV 



met at Pliila. 15 July, 1774, anJ recommcndcJ 
a f^cncral congress ; representative of Car- 
lisle until 1776; raised and coin, the 6th Pa. 
rc^t., and was captured at Trois Rivieres, 
Canada; released on parole 3 Aug. ; ex- 
changed 6 May, 1778; col. 2d Pa. ri'gt. 1778; 
hrig.-gen. 12 May, 1779 ; was employed in N. 
Jersey, and under VVavne at Bull's Kerry. In 
the autumn ol 1781 he' was intrusted with the 

ddbnerol- ll„, :l,-v,v >•, , IrMlllirr, ,indwas 

■-tall I :n I - . I . 1:: ' . ., !i" »a,;i|.p. by 



ch;l^^ .1 ( I ■■ r,i.; .:l-," llin, unin.M., I'a, an 
OUtlrl . , ,1 ],.; • i:!l-. Mriul.rl- ,,l ll,e Old 
Coni;; I,' . -, .imI -I ill.- rn„,r„t,..n that 

revi.,La ;uc cuiisiKuii .ii ul Pa^ In 1794 he 
was a commiss. to the Whiskey insurgents, 
but was unsuccessful in quieting tlicm, and, at 
the head of the State militia, took part in the 
operations resulting in th^ir paciliialion. iM.C. 
1793-5. Two of his brothers were gallant offi- 
cers, — Capt. Andrew and Dr. Matthew of 
Lee's Legion. Three sons were also officers 
of the annv, — C-\llendeu, coin.-gcn. of pur- 
chases, who d. 9 Oct. 1841 ; Col. William A., 
of the 42d Inf.; and Capt. Aemstuo.vg, dis- 
ting. at Chrystler's Field and at Lyon's 
Creek. 

Irving, John Tkeat, nephew of Wash- 
inmiM) Irving, lawyer and author, b. ab. 1810. 
Col. Coll., N.Y., 1829. Ilis father, John T. 
IiiTiNG (li. 1778; d. N.Y. City, March 18, 
18.'!8 ; Col. Coll. 1798), was pres. judge of the 
C.C.P. for the city and county of N.Y. from 
1817 till his d. ; contrib. to the Morning Chron- 
icle, a Dcmoc. journal started by his bros. ; and 



poe 



ical attacks up 



The son is the author of 
''Indian Sketches," 1833, a narrative of an 
exped. to the Pawnee tribes ; " Scenes and Ad- 
ventuivs in the Porky Mountains," 2 vols.; 
" DiM-oMisc on the Advantages of Classical 
Lcaraini;," with a sketch of W. S. Johnson, 
18.3(1; and two novels, "The Attorney" and 
" Harry Uarson," which originally appeared 
in the Knickerhocker Mag. under the signature 
of "John Quod." 

Irving, PADLns .SImilius, a Brit, gen., 
b. Waterturd, Ireland, Aug. 30, 1751 ; d. Car- 
lisle, Jan. 31, 1828. His father. Col. P. M. 
Irving, was at the siege of Quebec in Sept. 
1759, as major 15th Foot, and was wounded. 
June 30, 1765, then being com.-in-chief, he be- 
came pres. of the Province of Quebec ; in 1771 
was app. lieu t. -gov. of Guernsey, and afterward 
of Upnor Castle, Kent. He d. Apr. 22, 1796. 
The son was lieut. 47th Foot in 1764; capt. 
1768 ; major in 1775; and was engaged in the 
batiles of Le-^ington and Bunker's Hill ; at 
the affair of Trois Rivieres, June, 1776; at 
Crown Point and Ticonderoga ; and served 
with Burgoyne till his surrender. He subse- 
quently served in the West Indies; was made 
gen. in 1812 ; and created a baronet Sept. 19, 
1809. 

Irving, Peter, M.D. (Col. Coll. 1794), 
writer, bro. of Washington Irving, h. Oct. 30, 
1771; d.N.Y., June 27, 1838. He studied, but 
never practised, medicine; and in 1802 became 
cd. ami proprietor of the Morning Chronicle, a 



Dcmoc. journal, to whirli his bros. Washington 
and John Treat, Panl'imj. W. A. I i;i< r, and Ru- 
dolph Banner, wci\- .,, :: i; ,1 -from 

European travel in I- ■ i, , I wiih bis 

bro. " Knickerbocktr'- lli-i M|^ ,,| .\,.n- Yoik." 
He returned to Europe in 1SU9, and remained 
until 1836. He pub. "Giovanni Sbo'garro, a 
Venetian Tale," N.Y. 1820. 

Irving, THEODoRii, LL. D. (Un. Coll. 
1850), nephew of I'eter, author, b. N.Y. 1809. 
Col. Coll. 1837. He joined his uncle, Wash- 
ington Irving, in Spain in 1828, and resided 
with him in Kng., studying general literature 
in Paris, and afterward studying law in Lon- 
don and New York. Professor of historv and 
belles-lettres in Geneva Coll., N.Y., from' 1836 
to 1849, and afterward held for 3 years a simi- 
lar prolc;ssorship in the N.Y. Free Acad. Tak- 
ing orders in the Epis. Church in 1854, he be- 
came rector of St. Andrew's Parish, Richmond, 
Staten Island. Besides many contribs. to 
periodicals, he is the author of ''' The Conquest 
of Florida by De Soto," 1835 and 1851, es- 
teemed for its easy and elegant style; and of 
"The Fountain of Living Waters," 1854, a 
devotional work. 

Irving, Washington, LL.D., author, b. 
N.Y. City, Apr. :i, 1783 ; d. Tarrvtown, N.Y., 
Nov. 28, 1859. Wm , his father, 'was a Scotch 
emigrant; and his mother was an English- 
woman. At the age of 16 he began the study 
of law, but did not enter upon its practice. 
At 19 he wrote a series of articles under the 
signature of "Jonathan Oldstyle," pub. in the 
Morning Chronicle, edited by his brother Peter. 
From May, 1804, to March, 1806, he was in 
Europe for his health. In 1807 he pub., in 
coiijnnriinn with bis brother William, and J. 
K r.uiMin-, ■■ S.ilmagundi; " in Dec. 1808, 

"Knuke ,Urs History of N.Y. ;" cd. the 

Aualtvlic Ma.j. .lining the war of 1812-14, to 

naval officers of the U.S.; and in May, 1815, 

He had i>revionsly engaged with two of his 

partner. The failure of the commercial house 
with which he was connected threw him upon 
his literary resources, and, aided bv Sir Walter 
Scott, he "brought out "The Skctch-Book " in 
Lond. in 1820, which brought him fame and 
profit; and, after a year's residence in Paris, 
" Bracebridge Hall" appeared in Mliv, 1822. 
He passed the following winter in D're;den ; 
returned to Paris in 1823, and in Mav, 1824, 
to Lond., to pub. " The Tales of a Tra'vcller;" 
returned to Paris in Aug.; and in the autumn 
of 1825 visited the south of France. He went 
to Madrid in Feb. 1826; pub. his "Life of 
Columbus " in 1828; made a tour to the south 
of Spain; in 1829 pub. "The Conquest of 
Granada;" and resided three months in the Al- 
hambra, where he prepared the work pub. un- 
der that name in 1832. In 1829-31 he was 
sec. of legation to the Amer. embassy in Lond., 
and received one of the 50-guinca gold medals 
provided by George IV. for eminence in his- 
torical compositions. In May, 1832, he re- 
turned to N.Y. ; in 1835 pub. "Tour on the 
Prairies," "Abbotslbrd and Nowstead Abbey," 
and " Legends of the Conquest of Granada; " 



475 



in 1836 "Astoria;" ami in 1837 "The Ad- 
ventures of Capt. Bonneville." Fioin 1839 to 
1841 he contrib. articles to the Knickerbocker 
Mari. These and other articles from the Enfj- 
lish annuals and periodicals were in 1855 coll. 
in a vol. entitled " WoHert's Houst." In 1841 
he pub. "A Life of Mar-arct .Miller David- 
son " to accompany an edition of her poclual 
remains. Minister to Sp.iiii in 1842-6; alter 
his return, he bejjun the publication of a revised 
edition of his works, 15 vols. 1848-50. In 
1849 he pub. " Oliver GoMsmith, a Biography ; " 
and in 1849-50 "Mahom.'t Mml hU SniTc-Mirs." 
His last work was his " Lir> ,.i W i-h, , ::,mi/' 
5 vols. 1855-9. He was 11 > : ii , i I'lie 
honorary dc|j;ree of Doctur ■ ; 1- ^ i con- 

ferred on him by H.U. in Is :j , u..:uj 1, Kiig., 
in 1831; and Col. Coll. in 1S2'J. lie was a 
corresp. member of the Roy. Acad, of History 
of Spain, and an Imn. member of the Hist, and 
Geog. Institute of Brazil. He was also a mem- 
ber of other learned and scientific societies. 
A Memoir of Irving, with his Letters, was 
pub. by his nephew, Pierre M. Irving, 5 vols. 
1867. 

Irving, William, bro. of ihe ]>receding, 
writer and merchant, b. New York, Aui;. 15, 
1766; d. there Nov. 9, 1821. From 1787 to 
1791 he was an Indian trader on the Mohawk 
River. In 1793 he in. a sister of J. K. Pauld- 
ing, and afterward became a merchant in N.Y. 
Eminent for wit and refinement, as well as 
knowledge of the world. He was one of the 
authors of" Salma;^undi," to which he contrib. 
most of the |ioetieal pieces " from the Mill of 
Pindar Cockloft." M.C. 1813-19. 

Irwin, CoL. Henry; killed at the battle 
of Gennantown, Oct. 4, 1777. Merchant of 
Tarboroujih, N.C., before the Revol. Member 
ot the first Assembly from Edgecombe in Aug. 
1775; lieut.-col. Sept. 9, 1775. 

Irwin, Gen. Jared, gov.ofGa. 1796-8 and 
1806-9, b. Mecklenburg Co., N. C, 1751 ; d. 
Union, Washington Co., Ga., March 1, 1818. 
Migrating to Ga. at the age of 7, he was for 
many years on the Indian frontier, and, during 
the latter part of the Revol. war, actively em- 
ployed against the Tories and Indians. At the 
close of the war he was chosen to the State 
legisl.; was a member of the convention which 
adopted the Constitution in 1789; pres. of the 
State Const. Conv. 1793; and many years 
member and pres. of the senate. Removing to 
Pa., he was M.C. from that State in 1813-17. 

Isham, Gen. Jirah, b. Colchester, Ct., 
177S; d. New London, 6 Oct. 1842. Y. C. 
1797. He was a lawyer at New Lond.; State's 
atty. ; mayor ; judge of probate ; and, as maj.- 
gcn. of militia, com. in defence of Stonington 
in 1814. 

Iturbide, Aogustin de, emperor of Mex- 
ico, b. Valladolid, Mex., 1784; d. 19 July, 
1824. Bred a farmer. He entered the militia 
at the age of 17 ; was a lieut. in 1810 ; and, for 
his services in suppressing the insurrection of 
Morales, was made a col. and com. of Bahia; 
but, on being deprived of that post, left the ser- 
vice, and rciurned to his plantation. •' Placed in 
command of an army destined to the South, he 
marched to Acapnlco in the latter part of 1819, 
and, having matured a scheme for the over- 



throw of the Spanish power, — known as the 
" Iguala Plan," promulged 24 Feb. 1S21, — he 
marched to Queretaro; was joined by Victoria, 
a devoted patriot ; took possession of the capi- 
tal 27 Sept. in the name of the nation ; and 

wholly under hirowu'contioL .Miv I 8 J sji, he 
was declared cmpcior; but public diMniM, and 
the confiicting claims of rival ehiel--, caused him 
to abdicate; and 11 May, 1823, he sailed tor 
Leghorn. Alter some months' residence there 
and in Eug., an insurrection in his favor in- 
duced him to return to .Mexien, wIumi- he land- 
ed 14 July, 1824, but ^^:l, 1 >, I :,• ,1: and, 
pursuant to a decree deel :, I . i i nior if 
he dared to land on the \i , . ,:i ; ; ,:.,vy. he 
was shot at Fa.lillo, 11;, •. i ; , . n.i, ;;i.inted 
SS.OOO on comli-i ,1, il,,. -:. -hoiild reside ei- 
thcrinColoin'.i , ; i I -- M.e long resided 
in Phila. T^i ', ;. , i i: luanl returned 
to Mexico, wheie i;i-y l;-;,i i.liiees of trust un- 
der the govt. —.See Jus Life b,/ himself, a pam- 
phlet pub. Lond. ISH. 

Iverson, Alfred, Democ. politician, b. 
Burke Co., Ga., Dee. 3, 1798. N. J. Coll. 1820. 
He studied law; settled in practice in Colum- 
bus, Ga.; was a member of both houses of the 
State legisl.; was twice elected judge of the 
Superior Court; was M.C. 1847-U ; U.S. sen- 
ator from 18.)5 to 1861; was an advocate, in 
that body, of disunion and an iudepcudeiu 
Southern confederacy; and withdrew Jan. 28, 
1861. He became col. of a Ga. regt., and in 
Nov. 1862 brig.-gen. He m. a dau. of Hon. 
John Forsvtii. 

Ives, Ansel W.,M.D. {Coll. Ph. and Surg., 

N.Y.,1~--Il!,,.|,v :rMn.le\Vr„,,l'„,-v,Ct,178S; 

d. Xeiv ^' .i , 1 ^ J r^;< II ■ ; ,: -.1 uu a 



ac- 



ing 



Ot 111 



1 jou 



nals, that on the Hnmidiis lupahi. 
reputation. He pub., with Notes, " I'aris's 
Pharmacologia," and " Hamilton on Mercurial 
Remedies." 

Ives, Eli, M.D., physician, b. N. Haven, 
Ct., Feb. 7, 1779 ; d. there Oct. 8, 1861. Y.C. 
1799. Ho studied medicine ; was 2 year., rec- 
tor of the Hopkins gniinin ,r , •,■, ,' , began 
practice with his fatlf i, P; I i ISOl; 

subsequently continued 1, i., i I'liila.; 

and gave special attention t<, m.l _rii,His vege- 
table remedies. With Prof Silhiiiau, he estab- 
lished in 1813 the medical dept. of Y.C. ; and 
from 1813 to 1823 was prof, of materia mod iea. 
He held the chair of the theory and practice of 
ined. from 1829 till 1853; resuming the chair 
for a short period subsequently. He had been 
pres. of the State and National Med. Associa- 
tions, and was. a remarkably skilful and suc- 
cessful practitioner. He was an active advo- 
cate of temperance, education, emancipation, 
and other causes of active benevolence ; found- 
ed and was many years pres. of the Hortio. 
andPomological Societies; and expended much 
time and labor in the maintenance of a botani- 
cal garden. He contrib. 4 articles to the .lour- 
nat of Science, and pub. an " Address befora 
the iS^ liaven Horticultural Soc." in 1837.— 
y. a Obit. Record. 
Ives, Levi, M.D., physician, b. 1750; d. 



iv:e! 



476 



JA.C 



New Haven, Ct., Oct. 17, 1826. He was a 
fuundcr of the N. Haven Med. Soc. ; one of the 
conductors of Cases and Observations, the first 
metl. journal in this country; and was a sliilful 
practitioner. Father of Dr. Eli Ives. 

Ives, Levi Silliman, D.D., LL.D., di- 
vine and author, b. Meriden, Ct., Sept. 16, 
1797 ; d. ManhattanviUe, near N.Y. City, Oct. 
13, 1867. Brought up on his father's farm in 
Turin, N.Y. He studied at the acad. at Low- 
ville, and served nearly a year under Gen. 
Pike in the war with Eng. He entered Ham. 
Coll. in 1816, but, on account of poor health, 
left before the close of his senior year. Join- 
ing the Epis. Church in 1819, ho studied the- 
olojry at N.Y. under Bishop Hobart (whose 
dau. Rebecca he m. in 182.5), and received dea- 
con's orders in Aul:. 1s_'_'. lie was first a rais- 
Bionary at nJl,l^;.l, N V ; the next year took 
charge of Tun, Clim. ,, I'inla., and was ord. 



pncst 



Willi 



1827 he took 



charge of Christ Church, Lancaster, Pa. ; at 
the end of the year became assist, minister of 
Christ Church, N.Y. ; 6 months after was made 
rector of St. Luke's ; and Sept. 22, 1831, was 
consec. bishop of N.C. At Valle Crucis, among 
the mountains of N.C, he established an insti- 
tution to promote the cause of education in the 
church, which occasioned him great pecuniary 
loss. He manifested a deep sympathy with the 
efforts lor the religious training of the slaves, 
for whom he prepared a catechism adapted 
to Iheir comprehension and spiritual wants. 
Besides charges to the clergy, and occasional 
sermons, he pub. discourses on ihc "Apostles' 
Doctrine and Fellowship," and on the " Obe- 
dience of Riith," 1849. Siding strongly with 
the Traeturian movement, his diocese became 
aliciiaicd, anil he was at length thoroughly con- 
vinec.l of tlir sii|.iviiiacy of the pope. In Dec. 



1799 ; aide to Gen. Hamilton, Dec. 16, 1799; 
resigned in 1803. On the breaking-out of 
war with Great Britain, app. col. 2d Art. Mar. 
12, 1812 ; brig. -gen. Mar. 12, 1813 ; maj.-gen. 
Jan. 24,1814; disbanded 181.'). Gov. of Ark. 
Tcrritorv from Mar. 1825 till his death. He 
pub. his '" Official Corresp. with the War Dept. 
in 1814-15," 8vo, Phila. 1816. His son James 
F., 1st lieut. 1st U.S. Dragoons (West Point, 
1828), d. of wounds received at Camp Izard, 
Fla., 5 Mar. 1836, a. 26. 

Izard, Ralph, statesman, b. near Charles- 
ton, S. C, 1742; d. there May .30, 1804. 
Camb. U., Eng. His grandfather was one of 
the founders of S.C. ; and he inherited a large 
estate in land and slaves. In 1 7G7 he m. Alice, 
dau. of Peter DeLancy ; visiteil Eng. in 1771, 
and the Continent in 1774. He went ai;ain 
to France; was afterward app. bv Con;;, com- 
mi>s. at the court of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
and resided in Paris. He sided with Arthur 
Lee in his opposition to Silas Deane, Frank- 
lin, and the other Amer. agents in France. 
July 10, 1780, be returned to Amer.; was in- 
strumental in procuring Gen. Greene's app. to 
the Southern army, and pledged his large estate 
for the purchase of ships-ol-war in Europe. 
Delegate to the Old Congress 1781-3 ; U.S. 
senator 1789-95. He was polished in manners, 
able and eloquent, and honest as a legislator, 
but passionate, and incompetent as a djploma- 
tist. His " Corresp. from 1774 to 1784," with 
a short Memoir, was pub. by his dau. 1844. 
His son Ralph, a lieut. U.S.N., was disiing. in 
the war with Tripoli. 

Jackson, Andrew, LL D. (H.U. 1833), 
7th pies U.S , b. Waxhaw, vS.C, 15 Mar. 1767; 
d. at the Hermitage, near Nashville. Tenn., 8 
June, 1845. His parents came IVoiu Irel.md 
in 1765. At 14 Andrew joined the Revol. 



Ai 



intlieeoineiitsol tiicSac^d lle.iii.iiKi the Sis- 
ters of Charity. The last years of his life were 
devoteil to the establishment of an institution 
at Manh.attanville for the protection of desti- 

Ixtlilxochitl (ikst-lel-ho-cheet!'), Fer- 
nando DE Alv.4., an- Indian historian, de- 
scended in a direct line from the kings of 
Tezcuco, Mexico, b.ab. 1568; d.ab. 1648. He 
was interpreter of the native languages to the 
vicerovs of Mexico, and collecied many an- 
cient MSS. anil iraditionsof his country, which 
he embodi.d In i -> i ^ s „f nvinoirs or " Rela- 
tions." Hi- : , , , , ,t work is a "His- 
tory of till' I II I , Mliich, with most 
of his other iviinn.- u i^ lust printed by Lord 
Kingsb .riiu^'li. — Apjjieton. 

Izard, George, gen., h. S. C. 1777 ; d. 
Little Rock, Ark., Nov. 22, 1828. Son of 
Ralph. After receiving a classical education, 
and making a tour in Europe, app. a lieut. 
of art. June 2, 1794; engr. of fortifications 
in Charleston harbor in 1798; capt. July, 



N.C. 



U.S.atty in 17'JU ; n, ,, : Si.iteConst. 

Conv.inl796; U.S. .-Lii.itur :ii i:li7; and was 
a judge of the Tenn. Sup. Ct. in 1798-1804 ; 
maj.-gen. Tenn. militia 1798-1814. He com. 
in the battle with the Creek Indians at Tal- 
ladega in Nov. 1813; at the Einucfau 24 Jan. 
1814 ; and at Horse-shoe Bend 27 Mar. 1814 ; 
made brig.-gen. U.S.A. 19 Apr. 1814; and 
maj -gen. 1 May, 1814. Commiss. in that 
year with Col. Hawkins to treat with the sub- 
dued trilics, and to establish military posts in 
their country. Jan. 8, 1815, he obtained a 
signal victory over the British forces at New 
Orleans, by which, and by his active and vigor- 
ous measures for the defence of that city, lie 
establi-shed a high reputation as a gen. In 
1817-18 he suicessfnlly prosecuted the Sem- 
inole war; resigned his com. in 1819; was 
gov. of Fla. in 1S21-2 ; US. senator 1823-4 ; 
and in 1828, and again in 1832, was elected 
pies. The- events which particularly marked 
his administratiop were the difficulties with 
France about the payment of the indemnity, 
the suppression of the nullification movement 



JAC 



477 



JAC 



inS.C.in 1832, the war with the Seminole Sciences." ?." .^^^-S^ he - , ^^^ 
Indians, the removal of the deposits from the sumg h.s me.hca '"'' *";"™J^;„';"'^\Vj'^^^^ ''e^^.' 
U.S. Bank, and the controversy which ended made a P^-^f «ll''" '° ,4^'°",fJ'_^etTnee o^ 

Charles Dickmson (receivm-; himself a severe 
wound), bv which liis popularity was greatly 
impaired; md in Sept. 1813jn an aflfray 
Nashville w. 



the dissection of the 
of the disease ; and pub. 



honi;is H. Benton, he was 
severely wounded by Benton's brother Jesse. 
If his hot tempcM- led him into more than one 
affair injurious to his reputation, his humanity 
and benevolence were frequently exhibited. 
In 1835 an attempt upon his life was made by 
Richard Lawrence, afterward confined^as a 
lunatic. His bio?, has 
Eaton, 1818; William Cobbett, 1834; Amos 
Kendall, 1844 ; and by James Parton, 3 vols. 

Jackson, Charles, LL.D. (H.U. 
jurist, b. Newburvport, Ma" "' '""" ' 
ton, Dec. 13, 1855. H.U.I 
Jonathan. Charles s 



18^1), 
'31,1775; 
793. Son of Hon. 
Uiw in the office of 



Chief Justice Parsons; was adm. to practice 
in Essex Co. in 1796, rapidly attaining emi- 
nence; and in 1803 removed to Boston, where 
he was engaged with Judge Hubbard, his part- 
ner in the most lucrative practice in the State, 
attained the highest rank at a 
iih brilliant competitors. Judg' 



and where he 
barthroniicd w 

Ms.Sur. '■'■"< 

Const. I i 



,n the Boston Med. Mag. (or 1832. 
Italy, he made a geol. tour of Sicily. In 1837 
a controversy arose between Prof. Morse and 
Dr. Jackson in regard to their respective claims 
to the invention of the magnetic telegraph, 
the evidence respecting which has beeti pnn'ed- 
In 1836 he was app. State geologist of Me., of 
which he made 3 annual reports; in 18.39 of 
R. I., of which he made a report in 1 vol. ; m 
isin of N.H., occupying 3 years, of which he 
report in 1844. T' " 

^ss on the southeri 

perior, and made known to the public the won- 
derful' mineral resources of that region. In 
1847-9 he was app. bv Congress to survey the 
mineral .lands in Mich., his report of which 
was pub. in 1850. Dr. Jackson is also a claim- 
ant of the discovery of anaesthetics, and is the 
recipient of various honors on that account. 
( See Morton, W. T. G. ) He has made numer- 
ous scientific discoveries, and has furnished 
many scientific communi.-ni.-ns ... .1,.^ .Tn,mml 
of Science and Arts, to tlir ' • - ' ""<■ and 
ioiheBulletindelaSu-u: -., / 'Wce. 

He has also pub. in the r ^ \\,i- ... ' •■.■ Auric. 



those all 
itor ; 



ifterwards aided 
I iMims, and especially in 
1 . :ii..ns of debtor and cred- 
was app. one of the commiss. 
fy the State laws. He pub. a treatise 
upon the "Pleadings and Practice in Real 
Actions," 8vo, 1828. ^ „ ,„ . , 

Jackson, Charles Davis, D.D. (Norwich 
U 1859), b Salem, Ms., Dec. 15, 1811. Dartm. 
Coll. 1833; And. Theol. Sem. 1838. Prof, 
of Latin and Greek at Lane Sem. ; was head 
of a classical school at Petersburg, Va., 2 
years; taught in Dr. Hawks's school at Flush- 
in"- L.I., f year; ord. priest in the Prot.-Epis. 
CiTirch, NY. City, Mar. 5, 1842; rector of 
St. Stephen's Church 1 or 2 years ; rector of 
St. Luke's, Staten Island, 1843-7 ; and since 
then of St. Peter's, Westchester, N.Y. He 
pub. a vol. on " Popular Education," on " The 
Relation of Education to Crime" (2 vols.), 
" Select Discourses," and " Sermons on a Fu- 
ture Stale." 

Jackson, Charles Thomas, M.D. (H.U. 
18-^9) chcmi--t, niineraloffist, and geologist, b. 
Plymouth, Ms., June 21, 1805. Descended 
from Abraham, one of the early settlers^ of 
Plymouth, and, on the mother's side, from Rcv. 
John Cotton. While preparing himself for 
coll. his health failed, and he made an excur- 
sion on foot through N.Y. and N. J. with sev- 
eral disting. naturalists. Returning to Boston, 
he studied medicine. In the summer of 1S27 
he made, in company with Francis Alger of 
Boston, a mineralogical and geological survey 
of Nova Scotia, an account of which is in the 
Amer. .Tonrnal of Science for 1828. In 1829 
they renewed this survey, pub. a fuller account 
ill the " Memoirs of the Acad, of Arts and 



member of the State Reports the results of clicnin.a 



Indi: 



the cotton-plant, the tobacco-pli 
corn, and oil 38 varieties of Amer. grasses. 
He pub. in 1861 " Manual of Etherization, with 
a Histor- of the Discovery." — Appl'ton. 

Jackson, Claiuorne F., politician, b. 
Fleming Co., Ky., Apr. 4, 1807 ; d. Little 
Rock, Ark., Dec.' 6, 1862. He went to Mo. 
in 1822; was a capt. in the Black Hawk War; 
was 10 or 12 years in the State legisl. ; speaker 
of the house 1 year; and gov. ot Mo. in 1861. 
His efforts for the secession of the State were 
frustrated by Gen. Lyon ; and he was deposed 
by the State Conv. in July. He was made a 
gen. in the Confcd. army. , 

Jackson, Conrad Feger, bng.-gen. vols., 
b Pa. ; killed in the battle of Fredericksburg, 
Va Dec. 13, 1862. Before the war he had 
been connected with the Pa. Central and Read- 



Railroad: 

861 



He became col. 9th Pa. Re- 
eom. his regt. at the battle of 
and served under Gen. McCall in 
lar campaign. Made a brig.-gen. 
2 he took com. of a brigade in Mo- 
on, which he led at So. Mountain 



serves in 
Drainsvill 
the Penin 
July 17, 1 
CalVs div 
and Antietam. „ 

Jackson, Francis, b. Newton, Mar. i, 
1789; d. Boston, Nov. 14, 1861. Many years 
pres. Ms. Antislaverv Society. Son of Major 
Timothy (1756-1814), a Revol. officer. He 
was at one time a member of the city govt., 
and the originator of many public improve- 
ments in Boston. He pub. a " Hist, ot New- 
ton." 1854. „ , a- 1 

Jackson, Gen. Hexry, Kevol. ofhcer, b. 
Boston, 1748; d. there Jan. 4, 1809. App. 
col. 16th Ms. regt. Jan. 12, 1777 ; com. the 9th 
in 1779-82 (called the Boston rcgt.) ; and dis- 
ting. at R. L in 1778, and at Springfield, N.J., 



478 



in June, 1780. He afterward com. the 4th Ms. 

Jackson, IIenrt, M.D. (Phila. Coll.), 
LL.U., 1). Uevonshire, Eng., 1778; d. near 
Athens, Ga , Apr. 26, 1840. At the age of 
12 he emigrated to Ainer., and was educated 
by his bro. Gen. James Jaclcson. Prof of 
math, and nat. philos. in the U. of Ga. 1811- 
14 and 1817-28; sec. of legation in France 
1814 ; and charqgd'aff'aires until 1817. 

Jackson, HenrV, d.d. (B.U. I8.54), h. 

Providence, K. I., June 16, 1798; d. Newport, 
R. I., Mar. 2, 186.3. B.U. 1817. Ord. over 
the 1st Baptist Church, Charlestown, Ms., 
Nov. 27, 1822; disni. Oct. 19, 1836; founded 
tlie Charlestown Female Sem. ; pastor of the 
First Church, Hartford, 1836-8; of New Bed- 
fonl, J;in. I, 1839 to Oct. 19, 1845, and of the 
CcntiMl Bn|iti,t Churth, Newport, from Jan. 
24, 1847, I.) [jis death, llo pub. " Account of 
the Churches of K. I.," 8vu, 1854 ; and " An- 
niv. Discourse before the Central Baptist 
Church, Newport," 8 Jan. \SU. — Hlst. Maq. 
Ucc. 1868. 

Jackson, Henry Rootes, author and 
diplomatist, b. Savannah, Ga., 1819. Y. C. 
1S:)9. Son of Dr. Henry. Educated at Frank- 
lin Coll., Athens, Ga. Was subsequently adm. 
to the bar; and was several years U. S. dist.- 
atty. for tlie State. He was also, at one period, 
one of the editors of the Samnnah Georgian. 
Col. of a Georgia regt. in the Mexican war. 
He was a judge of the eastern circuit from 1849 
to 1853, when be was app. chan/g d'affaires at 
Vienna, and from 18.54 to 1858 was minister 
resilient. Made a brig.-gen. in the rebel army 
ill the beginning of the war, he had a com. on 
the Upper Potomac. Author of "TuUalah, 
and other Poems," 1851. 

Jaekson, Gkx. James, soldier and states- 
man, li D-vnn^liirn, I'll". Sr]it. 21, 1757; d. 
\V;i-liiirr-'i Mi^ -'i I" I'^iiG, In 1772 he 
camr M ^ r : ' 1! . .ii! I. ■jail to study law. 

N.itci-'' h.n Mi ■. n ii ir.l him lor a sol- 

iIhi. 1 ■,,; ,1 ; ■ 111 repelling the British from 
Sr ,1 \; 11 li, 1776; coin, a company 

III!:, , I .iriihi exped. of Gen. Howe; 

iiiiiH 11 1 Ml- Ilia], ul Ga. militia in 1778, and 
wcuialnl in the skirmish in which Gen. Scre- 
ven was killed ; took part in the defence of 
Savannah ; and when it fell, Dec. 29, 1 778, fied 
to S. C.. where he joined Gen. Moultrie. 
While 1111 his way, so wretched was his appear- 
ance, that some Whigs arrested, tried, and con- 
dciniicd him as a spy ; ab. to be executed, he 
was lortiinately recognized by a gentleman of 
reputation from Ga. In March, 1780, ho was 
severely wounded in a duel ; his adversary, 
Licut.-Gov. Wells, being killed. He joined Col. 
Elijah Clark in Aug. 17S0, and at the battle of 
Black-tocks was vol. aide to Sumter; in 1781 
he was brig, major to Gen. Pickens, sharing in 
the victory of the Cowpens; and at the battle 
of Long 'Cane, when Col. Clark was disabled, 
saved bis com. from di-j"! i":i II<\\,i ai i!,r 



alter 



law; he m. in 17S5 ; was m.ade brig.-gen. in 
1786 ; and was elected gov. of Ga. in 1788, but 
declined on account of youth and inexperience. 
M. C. 1789-91; U.S. senator 179-3-5 and 
1801-6 ; maj.-gen. of militia 1792 ; chiefly in- 
strumental in framing the constitution of Ga. 
in 1"9S ani gov in 1"98-I801 Wl ile in 
Congre s he st enuouslv opposed the I II for 
the supi I s on ol the shve tride He\\iba 
ma 1 of I f ct o s temper b U ct appiovcd in 
te^ t^ a I j >t i tism His 1 o Gen Abra 
1 n I II III ISIO —Nal Pol ( all 

Jackson, J\mes M D LED (H U 

1854) plysi nn I o ofChule I Nevlur\ 
port t 3 17-7 d Boston A ■• 1867 

H U 1-96 Foi 6 months ift ^ I ting 
he ws En^lsh teuheratLectstc \\1 le 
St idi d mo U ne un 1 r Di Hoi ol e f S km 
an 1 1 Eon 1 then retu ne 1 to B t n v,\\ c 
he be, in I ictceinlsoo In 18l( « ih Dr 
J C Wiiie 1 he piopo el the c til I h n nt 
of a lo [It il in Boston TheA^lumf tie 
Insane ^v IS soon establishe 1 at S n u lie i 1 
aftei wai 1 the Ms Gen Ho p t I n Bo on of 
wl eh Di J k on wns the h t ] Insicnn 
and esi nc 1 1 1 1 S3 1 1 1 <?! u I e \ is cbo en 
jiof ot 1 c 1 mcl no i tl i ic 1 d i t of 
H U nisi ,rcl 111 It t Ih r 



fcets ol I 1 
the Tl 

Sjllalus ol I 1 1 \t 

Book ot Lectnr \ M f I s 

son James Ja 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 

Lettci t ^ 1 1 5) Eu 

lo V on 1 I 181o Di Jick 

so in tl b to the Boston 
M I I 

JackfaOii I Ma J son Co 

K) lb lb II jx II 

t 8 IS I ! ( 11 Ho 

studic 1 1 I I I „ and 



Ho 



M 



next 



a legionary rm p-, -.v i.n ■,\ m, !i \v ,\i,\ 
good service; at the close of ibi' war the Ga. 
Icgisl. gave him a house and lot in Savannah. 
Engaged successfully in the practice of the 



Electe 1 L II I h Co i 

gross He i Id Ivy Ca\ w is made 

a bug gen July 10 Ib6' and com a 1 vision 
undei Gen MeCook at PoiiyMlo He had 
fou,ht seveial duels one ot them nith T F 
Mai shall 

Jackson, Jonv G Uw^er and politician 
d CI kslui, Va Match 29 18 5 At 19 
he WIS f] II 111! 1 Ol I 

20 a I 1 

1-OS I 

1S13 I t 

■\ 1 n 1 

Jackson, i n ) i 

August I Gi IS J d \1 

22 1S66 He WIS a I 

1 c 1 the Au,.usta \ol 1 I 

1 1 a brigade m Bij^„ if s| loh 

t 18G4 ho com the Conic 1 de] t of 

I itheT\ai he lesumed h s profession 



Jackson, Jonathan, statesman, b. Bos- 
ton, June 4, 1743 ; d. there March 5, 1810. 
H.U. 1761. He was long a merchant in New- 



479 



biinport, wlicre lie m, the dnu. of Patrick 
Tracy, an opulent merchant. Member of the 
Prov. Congress 1775; representative in 1777; 
member of the Old Congress in 1782; State 
senator in 1789; and marshal of the dist. of 
Ms. ; afterward State treasurer, and pres. of 
the State Bank. Author of " Tlion;;hts upon 
thoPolit. Situation of the U.S.," 1788. Judge 
Charles, Dr. James, and Patrick T., were his 
sons. 

Jackson, Gbs. Michael, Revol. soldier, 
b. Newton, Ms., Dec. 18, 1734 ; d. there April 
10,1801. A lieut. in the French war: at Bun- 
ker's Hill, where he was major of Gardner's 
regt., he had a per-onal encounter with a Brit- 
ish officer, whom he killed, while he received a 
ball in the side : his life was saved by his sword- 
belt. He was afterward lieut.-col. of Bond's 
regt., and was wounded in the thigh at Mon- 
tressor's Island, in 1776 ; col. 8th Ms. regt. of 
the Cont. line from Jan. 1777 till the end of 
the war, in which his 5 brotlicrs and 5 sons 
were engaged. — Hist, of Newlon. 

Jackson, Ge.v. Na'thaxiel J., b. New- 
buryport, Ms. Capt. Lewiston Light Inf. be- 
fore the war; col. 1st Mo. vols. June, 1861 ; and 
was afterward col. 5tli Me. regt. ; brig.-gen. 
vols. 24 Sept. 1862; com. 2d brig. 2d div. 12th 
corps, and served through the campaigns of 
McClcllan and Pope in Va., and was wounded 
at Gaines's Jlill. In the fall of I8G4 he took 
com. 1st div. 20th corps ; was in Sherman's 
march to the sea, and in the invasion of the 
Carolinas ; brev. maj.-gen.; mustered out 24 
Aug. 1865. 

Jackson, Patrick Tracv, merchant (hro. 
of Dr. James), li- X,nvhnrv....f. ,\„.j u. ITSiM 
d. Beverly, Sept l-j ] - {■ I ■• '■ i 'i -■ ! -i 
self in Boston, i , ; , , 

India trade. Wi:li :, ! : : ; ,1 

C. Lowell, he en j i , , ,,; , 

havinu' sn '• ■, i i i' •■!:;■' j.,:i ;.■ [ 

produ' i;: . . n. m n :; ■!; 

Paul jI I a ]....:, . i , I, 

1813 the, luull, li.or ln.,l lul.l at W.uih.ua, 
said to have been tlie first in the world, that 

raw cotton into finished cloth. In 1821 be 
made large purchasesof land nn tin- M'Tiinntk 
River, where a number of luilN \v( r ■ .■ n-inn t 
edby the Merrimack Mannl. (\i,,..r'j;i)ii, < 4 un- 
der his auspices. This .■M'lilriii, ni li Ill ilii- 

germ of the city ofLowcll, .salisLiiuentiy cixciid 
on the spot. He in 1830 procured a charter 
for a railroad between Lowell and Boston, the 
construction of which he directeil with untiring 
energy until its completion in 183.5. Pccuni.ary 
reverses having overtaken him in 1837, he took 
charge of the Locks and Canals Company of 
Lowell; and was subsequently agent of the 
Great Falls Manuf. Co. at Somersworth. He 
also labored zealously to promote the moral 
and intellectual improvement of the operatives 
in his mills, with deserved success. — See Himt's 
Lives of American Merchants. 

Jackson, Dr. Robert MoxTGOMEitr 
Smith, med. insp. 23d army corps, b. Pa. ; d. 
Chattanooga, Tcnn., Jan. 28, 1865. A resident 
of Cresson, he was widely known in Pa. for 
force of character and scientific attainment, 
and was specially disting. as a botanist and 



geologist. He was a member of the Pa. Geol. 
Commission, of the Am. Philos. Soe., the 
Acad, of Natural Sciences, and other learned 
bodies. He pub. " The Mountain," a work 
disting. by a love of nature and scientific 
knowledge. 

Jackson, Samuel, M.D., prof, institutes 
of med. at the U. of Pa. 1835-63, M.D. of 
Rutg. Coll. 1812, b. Phila. 22 Mar. 1787. Has 
pub. "Principles of Medicine," 8vo, 1832; 
" Discourse Commcmo. of Nathl. Chapman," 
1854; Introd. to J. C. Morris's Tiansl. of 
"Lehman's Chemical Physiology," 8v(i, 1856; 
" Occasional Medical Essays." — Allilione. 

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (" Stone- 
wall "), gen. C.S.A., b. Clarksburg, Va., Jan. 
21, 1824 ; d. at Guinea's Station, Va., May 10, 
1863. West Point, 1846 (No. 17 in his class). 
The death of his father, in 1827, left him de- 
pendent upon an uncle, who brought him up a 
farmer. As a boy he was noted for gravity 
and sobriety of inanncrs. Entering the 2d 
Art., he served in Mexico with Magruder's 



battery ; b{ 
brev. capt. 
trcras, Chur 
Feb. 29, IS 


;came 1st lieut. Aug. 20, 1847; 
and rnnior for L'allantry at Con- 

■iiliiiMM, ,ii,,l ( '!i iiMili, :,• • ; ^,■^i^rned 
5J, ■ • :, .1 , , ■■. , and be- 


came a prct 
Va. EmiM 


lu-\r ' , .,'',"nt^vith 


entliii.; i-Mi 
ism, ,i . . , 


, : i Mays 

. '■; :'.'■ " ,\ ■:'■ ■ MMtion" 


at 11, i:;. 

bore a distil 
battle of Bu 
the Confed. 


I , 11 ■ n .. ;■, .1 r.ru. Pat- 
.11.- :.t 1.1. .1,1- \V.a-i>, July 2; 
ig. part, and com. a brigade, in the 

II Run, where, in the language of 
Gen. Bee, "Jackson stood like a 

He was soon after made a brig.. 


:-"",;:';; 


a maj.-gen., and assigned to the 
1 -hester. He attacked Gen. Shields 
, Mar. 23, 1862, and was repulsed. 


\ '''./'.'. 


l:„r l„, „,|.n,-.,l „..nn his pnrsners, 

. 1 >:,".•', <;r ,.']■ 1 ,1- '..-! body 


" ' ' !■ '■ 


::■■■'■ 1 ill army 


li..niwi,i,',ui 


>i :.l 1'.. ,.,, : ,'..,i.u;aL-iithim 


olf; but ho ,- 


• »■ '\ 111-:, in- them by a dis- 
-1 1 1 .Mmmand of re- 
t 1— 1 (,,moiis in both 

,\-i 1 .■: 11 • :ii-L' l.nrk to 

,■ , • C ,, -■-,'sMi,l 

:-:i ,,. r ■<.:.,■ ,1 -■, „n the 

-,:, 1 ,'. II, ,1x1 at 


Pr:,,".' ■ ' 


■ ' , ■ M '' i'l'^riiU. 


Jack . , . 


, II 'II. ,■ II, ii.l'ope; 



Au- 



of ( ciiar ilountam, wirii tlie siuaii corps of 
Gen. Banks. Lee having joined Jackson, the 
latter was despatched, Aug. 24, to gain Gen. 
Pope's rear, which he did, capturing, at Ma- 
nassas, prisoniTs, cannon, and a large amount 

the 30th was fought the second battle of Ma- 
nassas. He took part in the invasion of Md. ; 
Sept. 15 captured Harper's Ferry, with 11,000 
prisoners, and rejoined Lee at Antietam in 
season to do the severest fighting at that battle. 
Lieut.-gen. for the battle of Fredericksburg, 
Dec. 13, 1862. By his flank movement at 
Cbancellorsville, Mily 2, 1863, the llth corps 
of Hooker's army was routed, and compelled 



to fall back ; but in the darkness he was, by 
mistake, fired upon by his own men, and so 
severely wounded as to occasion his death a 
few days later. Jackson was 
Piesb. Church ; and his reli 



I appro.' 



a deacon m the 

ous fervor some- 

His 



ched the verge of f; - 

I dress were of the simplest de- 



SO JAM 

Jacobus, Mel\,vCthon Willia5I«, D.n. 
(,Kff. Coll. 185-2), LL.D. (U. of Miami 18G7) 
b Newark.N.J., 1810. N.J. Coll. 1834. Prof. 
Orient, and Bibl. Lit. in the Western Theol. 
Scm. (Presh.) Author of " Letters on the Pub- 
lic School Controversy;" "Notes on the Gos- 
pels and Acts," 3 vols. 1849-52; Question- 
Books for the same. 

JafFrey, George, successivelv councillor, 
judge, treas., and chief justice of N.H., b. New- 



1682 ; d. Portsmouth, 



scription. 

Jackson, Timothy, inventor, d. Boston, 
Ms., Oct .■Sl, 1858. The hotel annunciator, 
the heavy ordnance by which the walls of the 
Malakoff and Redan were battered down at 
the storming of Sebastopol, the " Novelty Sd 
sewini^-machine, and manv other new and nse- 
ful inventions, were his. He, however, reaped 
little pecuniary benefit from his labors. 

Jackson, Major William, Rcvol. officer, 
b. Cumberland, Eng., Mar. 9, 1759; d. Phila. 

J^r-sV'af a,f^!;?5^ S;y':.^a[ed; m;;';;-^;^ ma;;hine:shops, the construction of 
a licut. 1st S.C. regt. June, 1775; aide toGen. --""" 
Lincoln in the fight at Stono, June^20, 1779; 



.__5tle, N.H., No 
Mays, 1749. H.U. 1702. ^ ^ . 

James, Charles T., inventor, b. West 
Greenwich, R.I., 1804; d. Sag Harbor L.I., 
Oct. 17, 1862, from wounds received by the 
explosion of a shell of his own manufacture. 
A. M. of Brown U. 1838. He learned the 
trade of a carpenter; at 19 began to study 
mechanics, at the same time learning, as a work- 



Providence, 



capt. Oct. 9, 1779, In the repulse at Savannah; 
and made prisoner at Charleston, May 12, 1780; 
in 1781 sec. to Col. John Laurens, special 
minister to France; aide-decamp to Washing- 
ton, with the rank of mnjor ; assist, sec. of war 
under Gen. Lincoln 1782-3; and after a visit to 
Europe practised law at Pliila.; in 1787 sec. to 
the convention that framed the U.S. Constitu- 
tion; aide and private sec. to Washington 1789- 
93; spent two years in Europe; and Nov. 11, 
1795, m. Elizabeth Willing of Phila, who d. 
Aug. 5,1858. Surv. of the port of Phila. 1.96- 
1801 ; sec. of the Soc. of Cincinnati 1800-2S ; 
solicitor of Revol. pensions, Jan. 1820. After 
his removal fiom the office of surveyor by 
Jefferson, he started The PoUlkul and Commer- 
cial Register, a daily newspaper. He delivered 
the funeral-oration upon Washington in rh\\a.. 
Jackson, William, D.D. (Middleb. Coll. 
18391, minister of Dorset, Vt., b. Cornwall, 
Ct 14 Doc. 1768; d. Dorset, Vt., 15 Oct. 
1842. Dartm. Coll. 1790. Old. 27 Sept. 1796. 
He studied theology with Dr. Emmons, and 
founded the first education society in the U.S. 
His wife, Susanna Crane of Brentwood, N.H., 
b. 1771, d. 1848. Some of her interesting let- 
ters are pub. in the Memoirs of her dau. Hen- 
rietta A. L. Hamlin, wife of the missionary. 

Jackson, William, philanthropist, b. 
Newton, Ms., Sept. 6, 1783 ; d. there Feb 27, 
1855. Member Ms. legist. 1829-32; M.C. 
1834-7 and 1841-3; and filled other important 
public stations. He was a pioneer in railroad 
enterprises in Ms., and a zealous laborer for 
the causes of temperance and antislavery. 

Jacob, Stephen, chief justice of Vt.; d. 
Windsor, Vt., Feb. 1817, a. 61. Yale, 1778. 

Jacobs, Sarah S., b. R.I , dau. of Rev. 
Bela Jacobs, a Bapt. minister ; resides in Cam- 
bridgeport, Ms. She has pub. " Nonantum 
and Natick," a popular history of the N.E 



machinery. Removing 

be became supt. of Slater's steam cotton-mills, 
and maj.-gen. of militia. At Newburyport he 
erected the Bartlett and James Mills; and 
subsequentlv erected cotton-mills in Salein, 
Ms., in N.Y., Pa., Ind., and Tenn. ; and in 
1849 built the Atlantic Delaine Mill at Olney- 
ville, HI. U.S. senator from 1851 to 1857, 
when he devoted himself to the perfection of 
several inventions, among then a rifled cannon 
and a new projectile. He wrote a series of 
papers on the culture and manufacture of cot- 
ton in the South. . 

James, Edwiv, M.D., botanist and geol 
0"-ist to Maj. Long's 1st exped.; d. 1862. Mid. 
Coll. 1816. Pub. "Exped. to the Rocky 
Mountains in 1818-19," Svo, Phila. 1823; 
editcdLifeof John Tanner. ^^„ J /, I 

James, Henry, author, b. Albany, N.Y., ^. »<H.vi 
Junes, 1811.^ At 12 he met with an accident ,^j^ /^^ 
resulting in tlie amputation of a leg. He passed 
one year each at Un. Coll. and at Princeton 
Theol Scm. Duringatourin Europe he became 
interested in the views of Robert Sandeman.of 
whose " Letters on Theron and Aspasio " he 
prepared an ed. in 1839. On another visit to 
Europe, in 1843, he became acquainted with 
the works of Swcdenborg, which have ever 



Sr 5r2- 



borg, 

„ enced his opinions and writings. 

1845 he pub. "What is the State?" and in 
1847 " A Letter to a Swedenborgian." In the 
winter of 1849-50 he delivered in N.Y. a course 
of lectures, pub. under the title of "Moralism 
and Christianity," 1852. A second similar 
course, in 1851-2, was pub., together with 
several magazine articles and reviews, with the 
title "Lccuires and Miscellanies," '852. He 
has since pub. " The Chnrch of Christ noi an 
Ecclesiasticism," 1854; " TheNature of Evil,^_ 
1855; "Christianity the Logic of Creation, 
1857; " Substance and Shadow," 1863 ; "The 
Secret of Swcdenborg," 1869. — Diii/chnd: _ 
James, Thomas, an English arrtic navi- 
gator, employed in 1631, together «iih Luke 
B. Jacobs," 1837. A number of her poetical Fox, 'by a com p. of ™ff''f''' "', J.;!;'''^"^ '°, 
pieces are in Griswold's"Amer. Female Poets." search lor a N.W. passage._ He left B.i»tol 
Allibon 



Indian tribes, 12mo, 1853; "M 



of Rev 



tiay" 3, and proceeded to Hudson's Bay: after 
JacobSOn, John Christian, bjshop of the wintering on an island in the lat. of ; 



M^Ji'vl^n C^irr d^S^id^h^m. P;7^N;;;: p,-oeceded northward, and ^^^^.}^^ 
L. ^^^ ^ ,^ ^^^^ ^ ^_^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^ ilrremriferto Entrarrfvfnl Oa 22 He 



1870, a. 75 

more than 50 years 



jam: 



481 



JAIN- 



pub. in 1633 "The Strange and Dangerous 
Voyage of Capt. Thomas James for the Dis- 
covery of a North-west Passage to the South 
Sea," 4to, 2d cd. Lond. 1740. Capt. James 
made some discoveries on the coast of Hud- 
son's Bay, and gave the name of New Wales 
to the country on its western side. 

James, Thomas, first minister of Charles- 
town, Ms., b. Eng. 1.592; d. there ab. 1678. 
Eman. Coll. 16U. He came from Lincoln- 
sliire (where he had been a minister) to Bos- 
ton, June 5. 1632; was ord. in Charlestown, 
Nov. 2, 1632; and was dismissed in iMar. 1636, 
a dis,sension having sprung up between him 
and the brethren. He went to New Haven, 
and in 1 f>42 to Va. ; but was compelled to leave, 
or conform to the Eng. Church. He returned 
to N. E. in June, 1643; and was minister of 
Needham, Snffoll?, Eng., until ejected for non- 
conformity in 1662. Calamy calls him " a 
very holy good man." His son Thomas was 
minister of E. Hampton, L.I., from 1650 till 
hisd., 1696. 

James, Thomas Chalklet, M. D., b. 
Phila. 1766; d. tliere July 25, 1835. U. of 
Penn. 1787. Abel, his father, a Quaker of 
Welsh origin, was a successful merchant 
of Phila. His mother was a dau. of Thom.is 
Chalkley, the eminent Quaker preacher. He 
was educated at Robert Proud's school; stud- 
ied medicine ; went as surgeon of a ship to the 
Cape of Good Hope ; studied in London and 
Edinb. from 1790 to 1793, when he returned 
home to witness the ravages of yellow-fcvcr. 
In 1803 he founded the school of midwifery in 
America. For 25 years he was phy.sician and 
then obstetrician in the Pa. Hospital. Some 
years pres. of the Phila. Coll. of Physicians. 
He was prof, of midwifery in the U. of Pa. 
from 1811 to 1834; was a skilful practition- 
er, and an able teacher. Founder of the Pa. 
Hist. Soc. Ho eontrib. to the Portfolio, under 
the signature of " P. D.," translations in verse, 
of much beauty, of the Idylls of Gcssner. As- 
soc, editor of the Eclectic Repertorii. — Gross's 
Med. IJio!j. 

James, William, author, b. England ; d. 
there 1827. He emig. to the U.S. early in the 
present century, and was a veterinary surgeon 
in Phila. Unsuccessful in this pursuit, he re- 
turned to Eng. in disgust, and employed his 
pen in abusing the Americans. In this spirit 
he wrote, in 1817 and 1818, "Naval Occur- 
rences of the Late War" (1 vol.), "Military 
Occurrences of the Late War" (2 vols.), works 
of no authority; and "An Inquiry into the 
Merits of the Principal Naval Actions between 
Gr. Brit, and the U.S., &c., since June, 1812," 
4to, 1816. His "Naval History of Great 
Britain, 1793-1820," was pub. in 5 vols. 1822. 

Jameson, Charles Davis, brig-gen. 
vols., b. Gorham, Me., Feb. 24, 1827; d. Old- 
town, Mc, Nov. 6, 1862. He received a lim- 
ited education, and engaged in the lumber- 
business. He led his regt. (2d Me.) at Bull 
Kun ; and for his services was made brig.-gen. 
Sept. 3, 1861. He participated in the 7-days' 
fight about Richmond, and after the battle'of 
Fair Oaks was attacked with camp-fever, and 
returned home only to die. A ilclegate to the 
Charleston convention. He was a warm per- 



sonal friend of Mr Douglis; and was in 1861 
and 1862 Democ. candidate for gov. of Me. 

Jameson, Col. David, Revol. officer ; d. 
Culpeper Co., Va., Oct. 2, 1839, a. 87. He 
fought at the battle of Great Bridge, Dee. 9, 
1775 ; and afterward served in 1780 and 1781 in 
the Southern States, in the brigade of Stevens. 
In 1790 and '91 he was a delegate to the Va. 
legisl. ; was afterward a magistrate, and high 
sheriff of the Co. His elder bro. John held a 
disling. com. to the close of the war ; and was 
clerk of the county. 

Jameson, John Alexander, LL.D. (U. 
of Vt. 1867),juristand scholar, b.Irasburg,Vt., 
25jan 1824. U.ofVt. 1846. Tutorihcrein 
1850-3; began practice in Freeport, III., iu 
1853, and settled in Chicago in April, 1856; 
since Nov. 1865 judge of the Superior Ci)urt 
of Chicago, now called the Sup. Court of Cook 
Co. In 1866 he pub. "The Constitutional 
Convention, its Historv, Powers, and Modes 
of Proceeding," Svo, N'Y. One of the editors 
of the Amei: Law Register, pub. at Phila. since 
Nov. 1863; and since 1867 prof, of const, law, 
equitv, jurisp., &c., in the law school of the 
U. of'Chicago. He has in press ( 1 871 ) a " Trea- 
tise on the Law of Judicial Sales." 

Janes, Edmond Storek, D.D. (Vt. U. 
1844), bishop M. E. Church, b. Sheffield, Ms., 
Apr. 27, 1807. When about 4 years of age, 
his parents removed to Salisbury, Ct. From 
1824 to 1830 he was a teacher, at the same 
time studying law. Resolving to preach the 
gospel, he in Apr. 1830 received his app. in 
the Phila. conference; ord. deacon in 1S32, 
and elder in 1 8.34. After 6 years' study of r he- 
ology, and while engaged in his pastoral duties, 
he studied medicine, receiving the deg. of M.D. 
(Vt. U.) 1842. In May, 1840, he was elected 
financial sec. of the Amer. Bible Society, and 
continued in that office until elected bishop in 
1844. — SeeJanes Famili/, 8vo, 1888. 

Janeway, Jacob J., D.D., many years 
pastor of the Second Presb. Church, Phila., b. 
N. Y. Citv, 1776 ; d. New Brunswick, N. J., 
June 27, 1858. Col. Coll. 1794. Ord. 1799. 
He was in 1828 pres. of the Western Thcol. 
Sem, at Alleghany City. During the h'st 30 
years of his life he resided chiefly in N. Bruns- 
wick, sustaining for some time the relation of 
pastor of the Uef. Dutch Church, and vice.- 
prcs. of Rutgers Coll. He was active in found- 
ing the Princeton Theol. Sem., and was a di- 
rector 40 years. Author of " Apostolic Age ; " 
review of " Schaff s Hist, of the Church in the 
Middle Ages," 8vo, 1 853 ; " Expos, of the Acts, 
and the Epis. to Romans and Hebrews; " " In- 
ternal Evidence of the Bible ; " " On Unlawful 
Marriage ; " " Abrahamie Covenant ; " " Moile 
of Baptism," &c. A biog. is in the Phila. Presb. 
Moq. May, 1853. " 

^Janney, Samuel M., Friend. App. carlv 
in 1869 U.S. supt. of Indian affairs in the North- 
ern Siincrintcndcncv. h. Loudon Cu.. Va.. 11 
Jan. I--I, Aii:l o;-ni ■• I'll.. CmUii;,, Srliuol- 



H, Re 



lig. Si; , . :■, i . ! . I l.iiape, 

andutl.i/ I'uci;.-. ■ 1; y, 'A Tl,.- :. -Uill," 
1840; "Hist. Sketch of the Chriiiian Church," 
1847; "Life of Penn," 8vo, ie52 ; " Life of 
Geo. Fox," 1855 ; " Hist, of the Religious 



482 



Society of the Friends to 1828," 4 vols. 
1867. 

Janney, Thomas, ati eminent Quaker min- 
ister, 1). Cliesiiire, Eng., 16.34; d. tliero Dec. 12, 
I69G. He.^ettlol in Bu. ks Co., Pa., in 1683, 
wlicre lie laUmid iicerptaMv, and also in N. J. 
He visited tl..' r|]n.vlirs .,1 N.E., Lon- Island, 
and Md., anl linallv went to Kn-land witli G. 
Owen in IG'JJ. — Cull, of Qiaker ileiiarials. 

Janvrin, Mary W. (Mrs. Ellsworth), au- 
thoress, I). Exeter, N.H., 1830; d. Newton, Ms., 
15 Aiiu'. 1870. Her ancestor came from the 
Isle of Guernsey before 1775. Educated at 
Exeter Female Sem. She began a literary ca- 
reer at 18 with a prize tale for a Boston jour- 
nal ; became a contrib. of prose and versa to 
periodicals; and in 1858 became a regular con- 
trib. to Godeij's Ladji's Book. She pub. " Cy- 
pressLcaves, by Louise J. Cutler, with a 



Biog 



1856. 



Jarves, Jajies Jackson, nntbor, K. Bos- 
ton, Aug. 20, 1818. Hereeriv. M . nf .lo- 
cation in Boston, but, on am. ^ 
of his eyes, abandoned his cci,;. _ i.i, In 
1838 he sailed for the SandwicU l,l,u..j,, v.Iric 
be resided some years as U.S. consul, and jiub. 
the Polynesian, the first newspaper ever jjrinted 
there. He travelled extensively in Calitbniia, 
Mexico, and Central America. After his return 
to the U.S. he jjub. a " History of the Sand- 
wich Islands," 1843 ; " Scenes and Scenery of 
the Sandwich Islands," 1844; and " Scenes and 



de- 



p.ii: ; I .:,:i ■■'. I-! ni.lst.H,!; plar,. in .Tan. 1848. 

11- ■ ^ I .. ' iv-iil.M in Kluirnre, engaged 

in I < .ill,: ] 1. iiiirs to luini lln; nucleus of an 

Anier.cau galier.v. lie lias pub. also " Parisian 
Sights and French Principles," 1855; "Art 
Hints," 1855, a work afterward expanded into 
" Art Studies ; " " Italian Sights and Papal 
Principles," 1856; a second series of "Parisian 
Sights," 1856; " Kiana, a Tradition of Ha- 
waii," 1857; "Confessions of an Inquirer" 
and "Art Thoughts," \S6<i . — Duiickinck. 

Jarvis, Abrah.im, D.D. (Y.C. 1797), 
Prot.-Epis. bishop of Ct., b. Norwalk, Ct., 
May 5, 1739; d. N. Haven, May 3, 1813. 
Y.C. 1761. Ord. in Eng. by the Bishop of 
Carlisle in Mar. 1764, and became in the fol- 
lowing autumn rector of Christ Church, Mid- 
dletown, Ct. Oct. 1 8, 1797, he became bishop ; 
removed to Cheshire in 1799, and in 1803 to 
N. Haven. He pub. a sermon on the death of 
Bishop Seabury, a charge to the clergy, and a 
sermon on the Witness of the Spirit. 

Jarvis, Charles, M.D., physician and 
politician, b. Boston, Oct. 26, 1748; d. there 
Nov. 15, 1807. H.U. 1766. Son of Col. 
Leonard, merchant of Boston. His mother 
was grand dan. of Col. Church. He completed 
his medical education in Europe ; settled in 
Boston, and became disting. in his profession. 
He was a zealous patriot during the Revol. ; 
was a delegate to the Const. Conv. 1788, and 
one of the State legisl. until 1796. lie was a 
popular orator, and a leader of the Jefferson 
party. App. by Jefferson surgeon of the Marine 
Hospital, Chelsea. William, his son, consul 
to Lisbon 1802-10, successfully introduced 
merino sheep into the U.S.; b. Boston, 4 Feb. 
1770; d. Weathersfield, Vt., 21 Get. 1859. 



Jarvis, John Wesley, portrait-painter, 
b. South Shields on the Tyne, Eng., 1780 ; d. 
Jan. 12, 1840. He was a nephew of John 
Wesley. Came to Phila. in 1785 ; at 10 was 
apprenticed to Savage the engraver; at 21 
began that business for himself in N.Y. City, 
and soon commenced portrait-painting with 
great success. He was a man of genius, but 
of irregular habits, and excelled as a humorist. 
Duringone of his trips to N.'Orloans, he earned 
in six months six thousand dollars; but his 
profuse and convivial habits kept him con- 
stantly poor. The celebrated Henry Inman 
was his pupil. He painted heads of Bishop 
Moore, John Randolph, De Witt Clinton, Hal- 
leck, 0. H. Perry, Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
&c. 

Jarvis, Samuel Farmer, D.D. (U. of 
Pa. 1819), LL.D. {Wash. Coll. 1837), clergy- 
man and scholar, b. Middletown, Ct., Jan. 20, 
1786 ; d. Mar. 26, 1851. Y.C. 1805. Son of 
Bishop Abraham. Ord. deacon in Mar. 1810 ; 
jiriest in Apr. 1811 ; rector of St. Michael's, 
N.Y., 1813-15, and of St. James's, 1815, to 
Mav, 1819; prof, of biblical learning in the 
theol. sem. of N.Y. 1S19 ; rector of St. Paul's, 
Boston, 1820-6; and from 1826 to 1835 was 
in Europe, spending 6 years in Italv ; prof, 
of Oriental Lit,, W:,^liii'r_-ton Cnll , linvrford, 
1835-7 ; rector oT I ■:...( I ■:■ I \! ' i !,,ivn, 
Ct. 1837-42. Ill' : , 1. I : ,. h in 

1838, anil prcjiau .i : , I , i i i .; I h i.irv, 
from till' tun ■ i! ' , , , . 1, . iii/a- 

1844. A;,;', .:■'.. In -.,,■' on , . l: ,;-iiMl 

oftheliiiii.iii ini.-ni \ .\ ,■■ l-_o, l;. |ilv" 
to Dr. Mnnci s Liiil ul I, uatiuvcv, 1647 ; 
" The Cluirchor the Uedeenied," 1850, 2 vols. ; 
"Sermons on Prophecy," 1843; " No Union 
with Rome," 1843. 

Jasper, Wili,t,\m, a brave Rm-ol. ,=nldier, 

b. S.C. ab. 17.M; killnl at Sava, 1,, (let. 9, 

1779. His want of cilnraiimi raii-nl liim to 
decline the eoinini-HMi n, wlm h In, vai.ir en- 
titled him. Hnnl .:.,! ,,. ,. -., .(, in the 2d 
S.C. regt., and pai n , . .'i i lu-. himiself at 
the attack of F-n i ■ line 28, 1776. 

In the hottest ol ilir . lu i-iin nt, ilieflug-statf 
was shot off, and the tlag tell to the bottom of 
the ditch, on the outside of the works. Jump- 
ing from oneoftheembrasures, Jasper mounted 
the colors, which he tied to a sponge-staff, and 
replanted on the parapet, where he supported 
them until another flag-st-tff was procured. His 
activity and enterprise induced Moultrie to give 
him a roving commission ; and selecting, gene- 
rally, 5 or 6 men from the regt., he olten re- 
turned with prisoners before Moultrie was 
apprised of his absence. Upon one occasion, 
actuated by sympathy for a Mrs. Jones (whose 
husband was a prisoner, and liable to execu- 
tion for deserting the royal cause after having 
taken the oath of allegiance), and with one 
companion only, Sergt. Newton, he captured 
the British guard of 10 men, and released the 
prisoners they were escorting to Savannah. 
Gov. Rutledge presented Jasper with a hand- 
some sword, while Mrs. Elliot presented to the 
regt. a stand of colors embroidered richly with 
her own hands. At the assault of Savannah, 
Jasper endeavored to replace these colors upon 



483 



JAY 



the parapet. Thonq;li foileil in tlie attempt, 
and mortally wounded, he succeeded in bring- 
ing tliem otF. A county of Georgia and a 
square in Savannah perpetuate his name. 

Jay, Sir James, M.D., b. 1732 ; d. N. J., 
Sept. 12, 1815. 13ro. of John Jay. Pub. 2 
letters (1771-4) rel. to tlie collection made for 
the colleges of N.Y. and Pliila.; and a work 
on the gout, 8vo, 1772. While in Eng. as 
agent of the N.Y. Coll., he received the honor 
of knighthood, and was involved in a chancery- 
suit arising out of his collections for the eoU. ; 
but he returned home before the Revol. 

■Jay, Jons, statesman, b. N. Y., 12 Dec. 
1745; d. Bedford, Westchester Co., N.Y., 17 
May, 1829. Col. Coll. 17G4. Pierre, his 
great-grandfather, a Huguenot merchant of 
La Rochelle, fled to Eng. on the revocation of 
the Edict of Nantes. Peter, his father (1704- 
82), m. in 1728 Mary, dan. of Jacob Van 
Cortland. John was adm. to the bar in 1768; 
formed a partnership with R. R. Livingston; 
soon attained political influence and extensive 
legal practice; and in 1774, in which year he 
m. Sarah, dau. of Wni. Livingston, afterward 
gov. of N. J., was sent as a delegate to the 
first Congress. Thou^ih the youngest member 
but one, he took a leading part in its proceed- 
ings; drew up the able and eloquent " Address 
to the People of Great Britain ; " and, as a mem- 
ber of the com. of corresp., is supposed to have 
written the leply to the Boston address, in which 
he opposed the project of non-intercourse. He 
also wrote the address issued by Congress in 
1775 to the people of Canada, and for Gov. 
Livingston an address to the people of Ireland. 
Recalled in May, 1776, to aid in forming the 
govt, of N.Y., his name was not attached to 
the Decl. of Indep., though it received his cor- 
dial support. He was a leading member of 
the N.Y. conv. of 1776, serving on the most 
important committees, and actively engaged in 
repelling invasion, and suppressing Tory 
combinations. The eloquent address of this 
conv., dated Fishkill, 23 Dec. 1776, was from 
his pen. He also reported to the N.Y. eonv. 
in Mar. 1777 a bill of rights ; had a chief share 
in framing the constitution; was in May app. 
chief justice of N.Y., and one of the council 
of safety, having dictatorial powers ; again a 
member of Congress, Dec. 1778-Sept. 1779; 
he presided over that body until app. minister 
to Spain 27 Sept, to negotiate a loan of two 
million dollars and the free navigation of the 
Mpi. After many months of fruitless labor, 
having in 1781 been app. a commiss., he pro- 
ceeded to Paris, and, with Adams, Franklin, 
and others, signed the treaty of peace between 
the U.S. and Great Britain 3 Sept. 1783. Re- 
turning to N.Y. in July, 1784, he was sec. of 
foreign affairs from Dec. 1784 until 1789. In 
Apr. 178S, in the riot in N.Y. known as the 
"Doctor'sMob," Jay, while aiding in defending 
the physicians from popular fury, received a 
dangerous wound in the temple. Oct. 13, 1786, 
he drew up an elaborate report on the relations 
between the U.S. and Great Britain. In 1787 
he united with Hamilton and Madison in writ- 
ing " The Federalist," to answer objections 

.- ,...., stiti] 

ib. powerfully to its adopt: 



conv. in 178S, and, being offered by Washing- 
ton the choice of offices in his gift, accepted 
that of chief justice, for which position he 
was eminently fitted. In 1792 Jay received a 
majority of the votes for gov. of N!Y. ; but, on 
some technical grounds, George Clinton, the 
Rcpub. candidate, was declared elected. la 
1794 he reluctantly accepted the mission to ne- 
gotiate a settlement of the difficulties with 
Eng. Heeoiieludcd a treaty, 19 Nov. 1794, 
providing for payment of pre-Revolutionary 
debts owed to British subjects, and that Amer- 
icans should be indemnified for losses sustained, 
by illegal captures, &e. (ab. $10,000,000 were 
afterward paid on this account). This treaty 
was assailed with great violence by the party 
favorable to France, but was carried into effect 
by a vote of 58 to 51. From 1795 to 1801 he 
was gov. of NY. ; and under his administration 
slavery was abolished in that State. He was 
again madechief justice of the U.S., his former 
office, but declined. "In lofty disinterested- 
ness," says Hildreth, " in unyielding integri- 
ty," no one of the great men of the Uevol. ap- 
proached so near Washington. — See Life and 
Wnlim/s of, by Win. Jai/, 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1 833. 

Jay, John, minister to Austria (app. April, 
1867), grandson of John, and son ol William 
Jay, b. N.Y. City, June 23, 1817. Col. Coll. 
1836. Was adm. to the bar in 1839, and prac- 
tised law ; was a prominent member of the 
Union League Club of N.Y. ; many years a 
managerandcorres. sec. of thcN.Y. Hist. Soc, 
and a member of the Amer. Geog. and Statist. 
Soc. Author of many antislavery addresses 
and pamphlets; pamphlets on matters connect- 
ed with the Epis. Church ; and has pub. legal 
arguments, political addresses, reports, &c. 
For a list of these, see Dui/ckinck Snppt. 

Jay, Peter Augustus, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1835), lawyer, pres. N.Y'. Hist. Soc. ; d. Feb. 
20, 184.3. Col. Coll. 1794. Eldest son of 
John Jay, and his private sec. Member N.Y. 
Assembly 1816; recorder of N.Y. in lsrj-20. 

Jay, William. LL.D. (Kcnyon, 1858). ju- 
rist and philanthropist, b. N.Y. June 16, I7S9; 
d. Bedford, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1853. Y.C. 1807. 
Son of John. He studied law, but, injuring his 
eyes, was compelled to relinquish practice, and 
retired to his large landed estates at Bedford. 
In 1815 ho founded the Bible Society, and, as 
pres. of the Westchester Bible Society, deliv- 
ered a long series of annual addresses. He 
was an early and consistent advocate of the 
TemperanceVeform, for the promotion of which 
he organized a society in 1815. He also took 
part in the tract, missionary, and educational 
movements of thcday; and was often pres. of 
the agric. societies of the county. In 1818 he 
was app. a judge of the C.C.P. ; and was first 
judge of Westchester Co. from 1820 to 1842, 
when he was superseded on account of his an- 
tislavery opinions. He pub. in 1835 "An 
Inquiry into the Character of the Amer. Col- 
onization and Antislavery Societies," in 1838 
"A View of the Action of the Federal Govt, in 
Behalf of Slavery," in 1849 "Review of the 
Causes and Consequences of the Mexican 
war." In 184.3-4 he visited Europe, and, with 
Sir G. Wilkinson, investigated the subject of 
Egyptian slavery. Judge Jay was for some 



484 



years pros, of the Amer. Pt>;v"< S.vi.fv. nnrl 

in 184S pub. "War and I' t'; I'vils 

of the I'irst, with a Plan tu, -ir. i , ■_ il.o 

La»t." The committee of i;,,, , , in 

tlie rS. srn:ur rriK,rt-d in l.iw,r „t h„ ],lan. 

Hi- iMiMi.Tun. ,,„ -aiions were wiilely uircii- 

l.it^ il, an.l rxr,.i,r,l nuirli infliicncc on pnblic 
o|.niiun. Ami,.. I- ,,l ■• Liit- and Wrilin-s of 
John Jay," ■!■ vols. 8v,). N. Y. 1833. He was 
ail iiblo judge and a skilful controversialist. 

Jefferson, Joseph, comedian, b. Eng. 
1776 ; d. Harrisbnri, Pa , An;. 4, 1832. Ron 
•of a distin- ?<'>r.r mn .^-m;. --:.-,■ v,-ith Din-ick ; 
came to I! ' --n :;. ; :'''■ ; ; : ■ 'i- i. I -'i i- ■md 
inN.Y, ti,: : ^ ■ •. •.!'.■ •■• .tc 

hclon^i-; ■,!•.. •■••:■ l".--i. ->. 



Lop. 



Jefferson, Joseph, comedian, an able ex- 
ponent of the natural school of personation, b. 
Pbila. Feb. 20, 1829. Grandson of tlie preced- 
ing. His mother was Mrs. Burke, a celebrated 
vocalist. He appeared very early on the stage, 
and earned distinction in a great variety of 
comic jiarts, from Bob Acres to Caleb Plum- 
mer. He has starred in Eng., Australia, and 
the U.S. Sept.4,186.i, he opened at thoAdcl- 
phi, London, in a new version of " Rip Van 
Winkle," by Dion Boncieanlt, which he has 
since performed uitli ^r ,t u -~ In the U.S. 
Thou^'h identified ^^ i i ; i in which he 
has made his gn:ii : n i i ,, im range of 
characters is very lai . an I ,i .u. - the most re- 
fined comedy witli ilic broadest farce. His 
son by his first wife, a Miss Lockyer of N.Y., 
is said to inherit the family talent. — Brown's 
Amer. Stage. 

Jefferson, Thomas, LL.D., 3d pres. of 
the U.S., b. Shadwcll, afterward called Mon- 
ticello, Va., 2 Apr. 1743; d. there 4 July, 1826, 
on the same day with John Adams, — the ,')Orli 
anniversary of the 1 )•• I 1 la. > \\ m an i 

M. Coll. 1759. S..a , : I r a a 

great force of chaia. I I; 

Uestudied law un<l( a .1 i :_ \ 
to the bar in 1767, and w a- ' r' i , a. 
cessful. Jan. I, 1772, he m 1 , - ■ i, 
a widow of fortune. M'la' ' II a 

of Burgesses 1769-75. In I : : a 1 ' 

Henry and others, he dev,-. I i, . . a , 1 

com. of corresp., of which li a ' 

In 1774 he published his lia ^ a ■■v 

View of the Rights of Bi ill a \ ai la - 

1, 177.i, he reported to the A- . Ii i alv 

of Va. to Lord North's CiMa -i- 

tion, and, June 21, took his . ■ r . ,s. 
He was placed on the most inii.a Mat ' an ant- 
tees ; drew up the reply of Cun.^ress to Lord 
Norib's proposal; and as.,isted Dickinson in 
preparing in behalf of the Colonies a deelara- 



tinue to exert, a great influence on the desti- 
nies of the race, and will remain the immortal 
monument of its author. In Oct. 1776, Jeffer- 
son retired from Congress to take part in the 
deliberations of the Va. Assembly. For two 
years and a half he applied himself to a revis- 
ion of the laws of Va., procuring the repeal 
of the laws of entail, the abolition of primo- 
geniture, the restoration of the rights of 
conscience, the prohibition of the future im- 
portation of slaves, the establishment of courts 
of law, and originated a complete system of 
education. Gov.of Va.fromJune,1779, to 1781. 
Two days after his retirement, his estate at Elk 
Hill was laid waste ; and he and his family nar- 
rowly escaped capture. Returned to Coiigress 
in 17'^T, lia ranorteil as chairman the definitive 



U.! 



leported a plan ut govt, lor the U. S. Ter- 
ritories, introducing the clause which (brbaile 
the existence of slavery after the year 1800. 
In May, 1784, Congress app. him, with Frank- 
lin ami Adams, minister.-plenipo. to negotiate 
treaties with foreign powers; and in 1785 he 
succeeded Dr. Franklin as resident ministcral 
Paris, forming that strong predilection for pref- 
erence for the French nation over the English 
that afterward marked hiscareer. He jjroeured 
the abolition of many monopolies; the admis- 
sion into France of tobacco, riee, whale-oil, 
salted fish, and flour; nial a ai i.ns into 
Germanv and Italy; ami I i I i inked 
diplomatic ability. Win! a : | a, liis 

famous "Notes on Virgn, 11, r.ii, I7m Ke- 
turning, he loft Paris in .Sept. 1789, and was 
ai)p. by Washington sec. of state. The Fed- 
eral Constitution, recently adopted, did not 
meet his approval, though he afterward formed 
a more favorable view of it. With the en- 
trance of Jefferson into the cabinet in Mar. 
1790 commenced the struggle between the 
Kepiiblieans under his leaders!, ip and the Fcd- 
aani-l- ini.lia- Ihat nt llninimn. Jefferson 

- a... I li.annan,', a, ,aa:a ^>-tam, his U.S. 

I'' I a a a ; I, ,.,, , , . : ,-, aiidfavorcd 

.. a I . M . ■'. .an ,. ...^ a l|. T uair with 



I I 1 .1. a I .. I a , la , in, ntlire 31 Dee. 1793. 
1 .. Ill able report in Feb. 

i: n I la another, in the spring 

ni laij, lia a, III- K- ations of tlic U.S. with 
Spain ; and in 1 793 an elaborate report on 
Commercial Intercourse with Foreign Nations. 
Vice-pres. in 1797-1801; pres. 1801-9. His 
Inaugural Address, delivered at the new Capitol 
at Washington, Mar. 4, 1801, is unsurpassed 
among his many great State pajjers. Among 
the important events of his administration 



anil signed liy every mcmljer except John IJiek- the attack, the same year, nt tiie isritisn Ingate 
inson of Fa." Tlus, the most important State "Leopard" on the American frigate " Ches- 
paper in existence, has exerted, and will con- apeake," which led to Jefferson's embargo act 



485 



nessofd.v-- ::: : .'. 

difinily and Lcuniuuv i;i \\'.i=ui.i_io:i'a n.i. In 
1819lic(ou.iduatlicU.otVa.atCliuiluUi;svillc, 
of which he was rector till his death. As the 
founder of the Repub. {Democ.) party. .Jeffer- 
son lias probably cx'T'cI :i .j-fi'-r infl'H'nreon 
theinstitiitionsof ih" r ^ •!) -i ',.■.! urin. 
All titles were di^l:|.( i n !■■ 'in II hi, a 
consummate poiiin ; .n, i,i.'.,_:i i," -,. ..klt. 
Pi.ri.,- f.M- t.rtUbihiy, lii, c^iiv,r-.ui.,,( u.is 
fill '!' vi' .'. and eloquent. His extreme 
N ~ were very much modiKed in 

1.1 ill 11 linion he was a freethinker. 

llio ■ ilcinijiio, Correspondence," &c., edited 
by his graniUon, T. J. Randolph, were pub. 
4 vols. Svo, 1S29 ; his " Writin-s," in 9 vols. 
8vo, ISoS-.o. His " Manual of i'arliainentary 
Practice" is still in use by legislative bodies. — 
See also his Life, bi/ U. S. Randitll, 3 vols. Svo, 
1858; by George Tuclcer, Svo, 18.36; B. L. 
Uaiiner, 1834 ; 'Life and IVorlcs, bi/ Randall, 12 



vols 



186.i. 



Jeffries, John, M.D. (U. of Aberdeen, 
17G'J), b. Bustun, Feb. 5, 1745; d. Sept. 16, 
1819. H.U. 1763. He studied medicine with 
Dr. Lloyd, and attended medical lectures in 
Lond. and at Aberdeen. He returned to Bos- 
ton, where he continued to practise with great 
bueecss, being fiorn 1771 to 1774 sui'geon of 
a ship of the line there. Upon the evacuation 
of that town by the British, he aecomp. Gen. 
Howe to Halifa.K, who made him surgeou.-gen. 
to the (orces in Nova Scotia in May, 1776. In 
Mar. 1779 he went again to Eng., where he 
was made surgeon-major to the forces in Amer., 
and entered upon his duties, Mar. U, 1780, 
at Charleston, S.C. In Dec. 1780 he was 
again in Loud., where he practised successfully, 
and occupied himself much with scientilic re- 
search. He undertook two aerial voyages, the 
second of wliich, Jan. 7, 1785, wasfioin Dover, 
across the Biitish Channel, into tlie forest of 
Guieniie, in the province of Artois, France. 
These expeditions brought him into notice ; 
procured for him access to all the learned and 
seientific societies of Paris, and to the medical 
and anatomical schoolsof that metropolis. A 
paper which he drew up, giving the result of 
these experiments, was read before the lioyal 
Society of London. In the summer of 1789 
he returned to Boston, where he is said to have 
delivered the first public lecture on anatomy, 
a science of which he was very fond. 

Jenifer, Daniel, of St. Tliomas, d. Md., 
Nov. 1790, a. 67. Member Old Congress 
1778-82, and of the convention which formed 
the Federal Constitution. 

Jenifer, Daniel, minister to Austria 
(1841-5). Son of Daniel of St. Thomas ; d. 
Dec. 18, 1855, near Port Tobacco, Md. He 
was frequently a member of the Md. legisl., 
and was M.C. in 1831-3, and in 1835-41. 

Jenison, Silas IL, gov. of Vt. 1835-41 ; 
d. Sliorcliain, Vt., Sept. 30, 1849. 

Jenkins, Albert Gallatin, gen. 
C. S. A., b. Cabell Co., Va., 10 Nov. 1830; 
killed in battle at Dublin, Va., May 7. 1864. 
He was educated at the Va. Military lust., at 



.LIT r.ill , Pii, (is+s), and at the Camb. Law 

^1 iiii 111 I I 111: liiif, ik-voting himself to agri- 

I i 1 I- I law. Member of the 

' ' lii.e.iii.ni in 1856; M.C. 1857- 

bl , incu....: ul Ilie (^'unlnl. IVov, ("'..nLTc-s in 
ISiil; reaigned to take tl;- i ■ ' "f i ■ -i ii. ; 
com. a brigade in A. 1'. i 1 , i, and 

afterward in Stuart's eai,,:, \ ..:|, , ,.,i, dis- 
ting. at Gettysburg; andsi.iii.d in tiic .'ineiian- 
doali Valley and VVestein Va. 

Jenkins, Anna a., a philanthropic Qua- 
keress of Providence, b. Sept. 1, 1790 ; d. Nov. 
20, 1849, by the conflagration of her residence. 
She inherited the entire estate of William 
Almy her father, most of that of Moses Brown 
her grandfather, and great part of that of 
Obadiab nrnwii ln-r nn-Ir. Kar'v in lilr, she 

Friend'.' . ' '\ ' '. \ ■ i"' o'f 

the U..S. ,i,in l.iiiiii.i- il 1 .1. n- in- 



coIq 



i-asyl 



in Pi 



lor childr 



of 



Jenkins, John Stilweli,, editor and 
auilior, b. AlUiny, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1818; d. 
Sept. 20, 1852. After passing two years at 
Ham. Coll., he studied law; commenced prac- 
tice at VVeedsport, X.Y., in 1842 ; soon became 
disiing. ; and in 1843 m. a grand-dau. of Gen. 
John Fellows of the Revol. army. Editor of 
the Cai/Mjti Tocsin. Among his pubs, are 
a Book' of Legal Forms; an Abridgment of 
Hammond's Political History of N.Y., 1846; 
" Alice Howard," a premium novelette, writ- 
ten lor a Phila. periodical ; " Life of Silas 
\Vi ight," 1847 : " Hist, of the War with Mexi- 
co," 1848; "Nairatioti of the Exploring Es.- 
ped.," 1849; Lives of Jackson, Polk, and 
Calhoun ; '* A Compilation of the Lives of 
Dieting. Generals of the War of 1812;" 
" Lives of the Governors of New York," 1851 ; 
and " Heroines of History," 1853. 

Jenkins,TnoRXTON'A.,rear-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Va. Dec. 11, 1811. Midshipm. Nov. 1, 
1828; lieut. Dec. 9, 1839; com. Sept. 14, 
1855; ca|jt. July 16, 1802; commo. July 25, 
1806; chief of bureau of navigation 1805-9; 
lear-adm. Sept. 1870. Attai hid to roast 
survey 1836-41; com. Mi.ni.ii I;. In.d" 
1847; and present at Tiii n , i I a-io; 

coast survey 1848-52; i , I lile," 

and Paraguay exped. Ib.'ii-ii i, ; im -loop 
"Wachusett" 1862; re|nilscd the lebeU at 
Coggen's Point, James River, Aug. 1802; 
cotn. " Oneida," W. Gulf block, squad., Is62 ; 
Farragut's fleet-capt. at passage of Port Hud- 
son, Mar. 14, 1803 ; and in the attacks of Port 
II. in May; its capture in July; and at the 
battleof Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1804; and highly 
complimented for zeal and efficiency by his 
fl.ig-offieer. — Ilunerst,/. 

JenkS, Joseph, a pioneer inventor of 
America, 1). Hammersmith, near Lond. ; came 
to Lynn, Ms., ab. 1645 ; d. 1083. He was the 
first founder who worked in brass and iron on 
the Western continent. May 6, 1646, he re- 
ceived from the legisl. a patent "for the mak- 
ing of engines for mills to go by water," and 
for the making of scythes and other edged tools 
with a new-invented sawmill; in May, 1655, 
he received another patent for an improve- 



JEN 



486 



ment in the manuf. of scythes; in Oi-t. IC52 
he is said to have maJe the dies for the silver 
coinage of tlie State; in 165+ he contracted 
with the selectmen of Boston " for an engine 
to carry water in case of tire;" in 1667 he 
petitioned the General Court " to advance a 
sume for ye encouragement of wyer drawing," 
&c. His works weie on the S'augus River, 
Lynn. —Lewis's Hist, of Li/nn. 

Jenks, Joseph, gov. of R.I. 1727-32, pre- 
viously de|j.-gov., b. Pawtucket, R.I., 1656; d. 
June 15, 1740. Grandson of ihe preceding. 
Gov. J. was the tallest man in R.I., standing 
7 feet 2 inches in his stockings. Plis bro. Wui., 
a judge, d. 176.i, a. 90. 

Jenks, Samuel Hatnes, journalist, b. 
Boston 20 Sept. 1789; d. So. Boston, 23 Sept. 
1S63. Founder and first editor of the Nan- 
tucket /nijHiVer ; afterward connected with the 
press of Boston, and ed. the So. Boston Regis- 
ter. Member of both branches of the legisl., 
and State commiss. of insurance; a man of ster- 
ling character, and of considerable literary 
merit. — See KettiU's Specimens of American 

Jenks, WiLi-iAM, D. D. (Bowd. 1825), 
LL. 1). (Bowd. 1862), clergyman and author, 
li. Newton, Ms., Nov. 25, 1 778; d. Boston, 
Nov. 13, 1866. H. U. 1797. He occupied 
himself in teaching; then as reader at Ciirist's 
Church, Cambridge, Ms. ; was ord. at Bath, 
Me., Dec. 26, 1805; dism. Sept. 10. 1823. 
From 1815 to 1818 he was prof, of English 
and Oriental literature in Bowd. Coll., Me. 
Returning to Boston in 1818, he opened a 
private school. He there founded the Seamen's 
Bethel, the first institution for the free reli- 
gious education df seamen, and the parent of 
many similar institutions. From Oct. 25, 
1826, to Oct. I, 1845, he was pastor of a Cong, 
church in Green Street, and at that time 
wrote his " Comprehensive Commentary " on 
the Bible, of which 120,000 vols, were sold. 
Author of " Explan. Bible Atlas and Scrip- 
ture Gazetteer," 4to, 1849 ; Anniv. Address 
bef. Amer. Antiq. Soc. 21 Oct. 1863; and of 
some occasional sermons and discourses. One 
of the founders of the Amer. Oriental Society ; 
and was a valuable member of numerous liter- 
ary, hist., and religious bodies. 

Jenney, Rev. Robert, LL.D., b. War- 
ingstown, Ireland, 1687; d. Phila. Jan. 5, 
1762. Trin. Coll. Dublin. Son of Arch- 
deacon Jcnnev. Chaplain in the navy 1710- 
14; assist. to"Rcv. Mr. Evans at Phila. until 
1717 ; chaplain to the fort in New York ; rec- 
tor at Rye, Westchester Co., N.Y., from June, 
1 722, to 1 725 ; of the church at Hempstead, 
L.I, from 1725 to 1742; and of Christ 
Cliurtli. Phila., 1742-62. — Z>ojr's Hist. Christ 

Ch . I ■lulu. 

Jennings, Jonathan, first gov. of Ind. 
(lsni-2.'), 1). Hunterden Co., N.J.; d. near 
ClKMlrsiuwn, Clarke Co., Ind., Julv 26, 1834. 
M.C. 1809-16 and in 1822-31. In 1818 he 
was app. by Pres. Monroe Indian commis- 
sioner. 

Jennison, S-A.m0el, antiquarv, b. Brook- 
field, Ms., Feb. 24, 1788; d. Worcester, Mar. 
U, 1860. At the age of 12 he went to Wor- 
cester to reside with his uncle, Hon. Oliver 



Fiske ; became connected with the Worcester 
Bank, first as accountant, and until 1846 as 
cashier ; was treas. of the Worcester Co. Sav- 
ings Inst, from 1828 to 1853 ; was many years 
connected with the Amer. Antiq. Society as 
librarian and corresp. sec. ; and was also town- 
clerk of Worcester, and treas. of the State 
Lunatic Hospital from 1847 to 1857. He 
wrote much, both in prose and verse, and 
gathered much valuable biographical material, 
which he passed over to Rev. Dr. Allen just 
before the publication of the 2d edition of his 
Biog. Diet, in IS3'>. — Hist. Ma^. iv. 254. 

Jesse, Philip; d. New Garden, Russell 
Co., Va., 1 Dec. 1858, a. 120. When in his 
100th year, he cut and split 100 rails. 

Jesup, Thomas Sidxet, maj.-gen. US. A., 
b. Va. 1788; d. Washington, D.C., June 10, 
1860. App. lieut. of inf. May 3, 1808 ; brig.- 
maj. and acting adj. -gen. to Gen. Hull, 1812; 
eapt. Jan. 1S13; maj. 19th Tnf .\]iril 6, 1S13; 
transferred 1814 to 25th Tnf : luw limt.-col. 
"fordi-ting.and merit..,-,, , u- v.rvnv in ii.r bat- 
tle of Chippewa," Julv 5, isu; i.iTv. .-..l.-f.jr 
the battle of Niagar.i," July 25, 1814, in which 
he was severely wounded; licut.-col.3d Inf Apr. 
30,1817; adj.-gcn. (rankofcol.) Mar. 27,1818; 
quarterm.-gen. (rank brig.-gen.) 8 May, 1818; 
brev. maj.-gen. 8 May, 1828; took com. of the 
army in the Creek Nation May 20, 1836 ; and 
succeeded Gen. Call in com. of army in Fla., 
Dec. 8, 1836; wounded in action with Semi- 
noles near Jupiter Inlet, Jan. 24, 1838. — Card- 



William, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 
1848), jurist and philanthro))ist, h. Southamp- 
ton, L.I. ,June21, 1797; d. Montro.se, Pa., Sept. 
11,1868. Y. C. 1815. He moved to Montrose 
in 1818 ; was adm. to the bar in 1820, and had 
a lucrative practice; was many years a vice- 
pres. of the A.B.C.F.M.; a pioneer in the causes 
of temperance and education ; anil chief found- 
er of the Agric. Society. Fiom 1S33 to 1851 
he was pres. jcidge of the 1 1th judicial dist. of 
Pa. — Ohit. Reconl of Y. C. 1869. 

Jeter, Jeremiah B., D.D., Baptist clergy- 
man, b. Bedford Co., Va., July 18, 1802. He 
entered the ministrv in Bedford Co. in 1822; 
removed to the " Northern Neck " of Va. in 
1827, where he was pasior of the Maratico 
Church in Lancaster Co., and of the Nicomico 
Church in Northumberland Co. In 1836 he • 
became p.istor of the First Baptist Church in 
Richmond, Va. ; in 1849 of the Second Church 
in St. Louis, iMo. ; and in 1852 of the Grace-st. 
Baptist Chnrch, Richmond, Va. Besides ser- 
mons, eontribs. to periodicals, &c., ho his pub. 
a " Memoir of Rev. A. B. Clapton," " Lile of 
Mrs. Henrietta Shuck," "Memoir of liev An- 
drew Broadus," the " Christian Minor," and 
a controversial volume entitled " Campbellism 
Examined," 1855. — Appleton. 

Jewell, Marshall, gov. of Ct. 1868-70, J 



pliy and electricity in Boston; 



1825.^ He was 
lied telegra- 
absequently 
engaged in constructing and superintending 
tcleg lines between Louisville and N. Orleans; 
and in 1850 commenced in Hartford, Ct., the 
manuf of leather-belting. He was piominent 
in support of the Govt, during the Rebellion, 



487 



and contrib. largely to tlie support of the sol- 
diers. Bro. of Uarvey Jewell, speaker Ms. H. 



of 1 



;ps. 



-71. 



Jewett, Charles Coffin, scholar and 
bihlioijrapher, b Lelianon, Me., Au!,'. 12, 1816; 
d. Iirainiree,Ms.,Jan. 9, 1868. Brown U. 1835. 
Ho studied at the And. Theol. Seui., of which 
he was for a time librarian ; and in 1843 he ar- 
ran^;,'eil and (.•.it;ilo;;nrd thu lil.rary of Brown U. 

He wa, all.'i .\ ,11.1 ,i:i ,11 I ri aii.l i.i.il, (,l iriii lern 

lanjinij : - i - \ -■ and 



ibra 



V.i 



:;z 



Ai,i. 



ir, ,,f the 
alix to the 



.rt of the Board of Re;;ents. He 
was supt. of the Boston Public Library from 
18.18 until his death. 

Jewett, Isaac Appi.kton, lawyer and au- 
thor, b. Burlington, Vt., Oct. 17, 1808; d. 
Keene, N.H., Jan. 14, 1853. H.U. 1830. He 
established himself in the practice of law, first 
in Cincinnati, and afterwards in New Orleans. 
Authorof " Passages in Travel," Boston, 1838; 
and "The Appleton Memorial," Boston, 1850. 
— A'. E. 11. and Gen. lie,/, vii. 197. 

Jewett, John K., author of " A Narrative 
of Shipwreck and Suffering in Nootka Sound " 
in 1812; d. Hartford, Ct., Jan. 1821, a 57. 

Jewett, LuTHEB, M.C. 1815-17, b. Canter- 
bury, Ct., Dec. 24, 1772; d. St. Jobnsburv, 
Vt., Mar. 8, 1860. Dartm. C^ili. 1795. lie 
practised medicine at Putney and at St. Johns- 
bury, Vt. ; was afterward pastor of Cong. Ch. 
at Newbury, Vt., from Feb. 28, 1821, to Feb. 
19, 1828. Pub. the Farmer's Herald at St. 
Johnsbury, 1828-32 ; also, 2 years of the time, 
the Friend, a Freemason paper; also a Hist. 
Discourse del. at St. Johnsbury, Dec. 3, 1818. 

Jewett,MiLO Parker, LL D.,b. St. Johns- 
bury, Vt., 1808. Dartm. Coll. 1828 ; Andover 
Theol. Sem. 18.33. Late minister Presb. church, 
and prof, in Marietta Coll., O. (1835-8); pres. 
Vassar Female Coll. Author of " Mode and 
Subjects of Baptism." 

Jewett, William, portrait-painter, b. E. 
Haddam, Ct., Feb. 14, 1795. He worked on a 
farm ; then became a coach maker's apprentice, 
and went to N.Y. City, where he studied with 
Samuel Waldo, whose partner he became. 
Their joint productions were often successful 
likenesses ; and lor many years they were fully 
occupied in New York. — Tuchrman. 

Jogues (zbog), Isaac, a French mission- 
arv, b. Orleans, Jan. 10, 1607 ; killed at Caugh- 
nawaga, N.Y., Oct. 18, 1646. He became a 
Jesuit at Rouen in 1624 ; was ord. in 1636, and 
at his own request sent immediately to Canada. 
He vir.ited Miscon and Quebec ; preached to the 
Hurous ; and early in 1642, with Father Raym- 
baut, crossed Lake Huron, and founded a mis- 
sion among the Cbippewas in Michigan. In 
the summer he went to Quebec for supplies. 
On his return through N. Y. he was taken by 
a party of Mohawks, who cut off one of his 
thumbs, tore out his finger-nails, and put him 
to other tortures. He remained with them as 
a slave and missionary until the summer of 
1643, when he escaped to Albany, and was 
taken to New Amsterdam. He sailed for Eu- 
rope in Nov., but was shipwrecked on the Eng- 
lish coast. Reaching France, he was treated 



with great consideration, and invited to court. 
He returned to Canada, and in May, 1646, con- 
cluded a treaty between the Alohawks and the 
French. Visiting Lake George, which he 
named Lake Saint Sacrament, he descended 
the Hudson to Fort Orange. He went again 
among the Mohawks as a missionary, ami was 
seized and put to death as a sorcerer. His Let- 
ters have been pub. in the N.Y. Hist. Soe. Colls., 
and his description of tlie New Nelherlands 
in the Doc. Hist, of N.Y., and rep. with Notes 
and Memoir by J. G. Shea, 1 862. He also left a 
Memoir of Rene Goupil, one of his companions 
in tlic Huron mi->i..ii, and a Journal, pub. by 
AlcL-.nnlie ill 111- ■■.l/-.,/..s /liuslns," linnie, 1667. 
Johlies, ri.Moriiv, ]).l). ( Y.('. 1783), min- 

to his d., Sept. 19, 1794 ; b. Southampton, L.L, 
May 24, 1717. Y. C. 1737. 

Johns, John, D.D. (N.J.Coll. 1834), LL.D. 
(Wm. and M. Coll. 1855), Pr.-Ep. bishop of 

Va. N.J. CIllM... Pits. Wm. and M. Coll. 
1849-54; o.ii.rr, at IJhhni.ind, Oct. 13, 1842. 

Johns, Ki.NSLV, ]iiii?t ; d. Newcastle, Del., 
Cec. 21, 1848, a. 90. A Revol. soldier. Last 
surviving member of the Del. convention which 
app. delegates to adopt the U.S. Con^titution, 
and also' of the conv. that formed the first con- 
stitution of that State ; U.S. senator from Del. 
in 1794-5 ; many years chief justice, and after- 
ward chancellor of Del. 

Johns, Kexsey, LL.D. (Jeff. Coll. 1846), 
jurist, sun of the preceding, b. Del. Dec. 10, 
1791; d. Newcastle, Mar. 28, 1857. N.J. Coll. 
1810. He studied law, and was adm. to prac- 
tice in 1813; was M. C. 1827-31; and chan- 
cellor of Del. from 1832 till his death. He was 
a learned, firm, and impartial Judge ; many 
years a ruling elder in the Prcsb. Church. 

Johnson, Alexander Bryan, author 
and banker, b. Gosport, Eng., May 29, 1786 ; 
d. 1867. A.M. of Ham. Coll. 1832. He came 
to the U.S. in 1801, and established himself in 
Utiea, N.Y. He was adm. to the bar, but never 
practised. He pub. " Philosophy of Human 
Knowledge, or a Treatise on Language," 1828 ; 
" Treatise on Language, or the Relalion which 
Words bear to Things," 1836; "Physiology 
of the Senses," 18.56; "The Meaning of 
Words analyzed," &c., 1854; "Nature of 
Value, Capital," &c., 1813; "Religion in its 
Rclati.iii to ih.. Prr.scnt Life," 1840; " Eney- 

cl'i; .1 ! i ' ' I lain, or Apologues and Bre- 

vi.u , i M.iiiners," 1857; "A Guide 

to !lj. l;i^,,i I I -landing of our American 

Uniuij," I.-..;, iiLati.sc on Banking ;"" Lec- 
tures to Young Men ; " addresses, and an ora- 
tion, July 5, 1824. 

Johnson, Andrew, 17th pres. of the U. S., , q, i 
b. Raleigh, N.C., Dec. 29, 18u8. Ho lost his ^J/*^ 
father at the age of 4 ; and from tlie age of 10, 
until the autumn of 1824, was the apprentice 
of a tailor in Raleigh. Without a single day's 
schooling, he taught himself to read. After 
completing his apprenticeship, he went to St. 
Laurens Court House, S.C., and worked as a 
journeyman until May, 1826 ; in Sept. he went 
to the West, taking with him bis mother, who 
was dependent upon hira for su|iport ; set- 
tled in Greenville, Tenn., where he worked at 






his trade, and married; was elected alderman 
in 1828, 18:i9, and lb.;ii; niaiwr r-:i, 18.32, 
and 18:J3; in 1835 nieml. i .! lY :. i-l., and 
again in 1839; wasa|M- ■ : . i. I -10, and 
canvassed a large pail ft tin' Miti, meeting 
upon the stump several of the leading Whig 
orators ; was elected to the State Senate in 
1841 ; was M.C. 1843-53, and was conspicuous 
in advocating the annexation of Texas, the 
taritf of 1846, the war-measures of Polk's 
administration, and a homestead bill ; was 
gov. of Tcnn. from 185.3 to 1857; and U.S. 
senator fiom 1857 to 1863. The resolute oppo- 
nent of secession, he was unwearied in his ef- 
forts to uphold the national cause during the 
early stages of the Rebellion ; and, on the re- 
oeeupatiun of Xasliville in 1862, he was app. by 
Pies. 1,1),. oil, ,ni iiaiv-gov. of Tenn. ; was 
nuiiiM, ,: , . :.v the Baltiniure eonven- 

tiuii .:i 1 ■ 1 , , . I. ihe a,ssassinalioii of Pres. 
Line..:.!, .\i.i:. l.'i, isi..-,, sueeeeded liiiu in the 
presidential ehair. At first he displayed a 
spirit of much severity to the rebels, but was 
afterwards so favorable to them, and so hostile 
to the reconstruction policy of Congress, that 
he was impeached by that body ; tried, and ac- 
quitted, 2ii May, 1868, — 35 voting him guilty, 
19 voting nut guilty. During his presidency 
the sub-marine telegraphic cable was success- 
fully laid, and congratulatory messages were 
e.\rhaiiged 28 Julv, 1866. In 1866 he received 
the degree of LL.D. from the U. of N. C. 
His speeehes, with a Memoir by Frank Moore, 



b. in 1805. 



U. S. treasury, depart. 


The son aei 


his crayons the mean. I.i 


!■ l',nl.>]"M;i - 


has pridiieed manv r. 




them are "The D." 


. , i ;.'. 


sion Claim -Agent, ■ 




"The Old Kentucky 


Hume,"' "J 


Bov, " " Mount Vernoi 


1 Kitchen," 


ney-Sweep," &c. — Tuck 


■erman. 



Johnson, ARXEM.iS N., b. Middlebury, 
Vt., 1817. Author of "Instructions in Thor- 
ough Bass," 1844; "Choir Cliorus-Book," 
1847; " Bay State Coll.," 1849; " Melodia Sa- 
cra," 1852; " yandel Coll.," 1854; "Instruc- 
tion in Harmony upon the Pestalozzian System," 
1854, &,c. Editor Boston Musical Gazette, and 
Bosl. iUus. Journal. — Allibone. 

Johnson, Ges. Busheod R., b. Ohio, 
Sept. 6, 1817. West Point, 184U. Entering 
the 3d Inf., he became 1st lieut. Feb. 29, 1844 ; 
served in the Florida and Mexican wars ; re- 
signed Oct. 22, 1847, to become prof, of math, 
at the Western Milit. Inst., Georgetown, Ky. ; 
in 1855 he became prof, in the Nasliville Milit. 
U., and held the office when the civil war be- 
gan in 1861. Joining the Confed. army, he was 
made brig.-gen. Jan. 24, 1862; and was cap- 
tured at Fort Donelson, but soon afterward es- 
caped ; he was severely wounded in the battle 
of Shiloh ; made maj.-gen. in 1864; com. di- 
vision in Anderson's 4tli corps when Lee's ar- 
ray surrendered. 

Johnson, Cave, lawyer and statesman, b. 
Robertson Co., Tenn., Jan. 11, 1793; d. 
Clarksville, Tenn., Nov. 23, 1866. He studied 
and practised law ; and for some years was 
circuit judge; M.C. 1829-37, and in 1839-45, 
when he entered Mr. Polk's cabinet as post- 
master-gen. ; pres. of the Bank of Tenn. from 
1850 to 1859 ; during the secession war he was 
chosen by the Union party to the State senate ; 
but feeble health prevented his taking his seat. 

Johnson, Cuapman, lawyer, b. Louisa 
Co., Va., Miirch, 1779 ; d. Richmond, Va., Ju- 
ly 12, 1849. Wm. and M. Coll. 1802. He 
studied law under St. George Tucker ; began 



practice at Staunton in 1802; soon became 
prominent; and in 1824 he moved to Rich- 
mond. During the war of 1812 he was capt. 
of a vol. comp., and afterwards served as aide 
to Gen. James Breckenridge ; he was in the 
State Senate from 1815 to 1831 ; member of 
the State Const. Conv. in 1829-30 ; and was 
there the champion of the " White Basis 
partv." 

Johnson, David, gov. S.C. 1846-8, b. 
Va. 1782; d. Limestone Springs, S.C, Jan. 7, 
1855. Son of Christopher, a Baptist preacher. 
Adm. to the bar in S.C. in 1805; member of 
the S.C legisl. in 1812 ; solicitor of the mid- 
dle circuit Union district, 1812-15; circuit 
judge 1813-24 ; judge of the Court of Appeals 
1824-35; chancellor 1835-46.— O'iVea/rsiVeu;- 

Johnson, Eastman, <jenre painter, b. Lov- 
ell. Me. His father was long an officer in the 

ired by 



■ Chim- 



Johnson, Edward, historian, b. Heme 
Hill, Kent, Eng., 1599; d. Woburn, 23 Apr. 
1672. He is supposed to have come to New 
Eng. with Gov. Winthrop, 1630; was promi- 
nent in the organizatiun of the town and 
church of Woburn in Inu; v, i- i aptain of 
its military company : i ,, represen- 

tative in 1643, and am, : i I, with the 

exception of 1648, unul li.Tl , >]" il.rr of the 
house in 1655; in 1605 he was on the com., 
with Bradstreet, Danfbrth, and others, to meet 
the commissioners NicoUs, Carr, &.C., who had 
been sent Irom England ; he was recorder of 
the town from its incorporation till his death. 
His " Wonder-working Providence of Sion's 
Saviour in New England," a history of the 
country from the English planting in 1628 to 
1652, was pub. in Lond. in 1654, and reprint- 
ed in " The Ms. Hist. Colls.;" and again, with 
notes, by W. F. Poole, in 1867. 

Johnson, Edward, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. j fjr: 13, 
Ky.ab. 1817.^ WestPoint,1838. Enteringthe 
6th Inf., he became 1st lieut. Oct. 9, 1839; 
was brev. capt. for gallantry at Molino del 
Rey, Sept. 8; and maj. for Chapultepec, Sept. 
13, 1847; disting. in the capture of the city; 
became capt. 15 April, 1851 ; and resigned 
June 10, 1861; became a brig.-gen. in the Con- 
fed, army ; maj.-gen. May 20, 1863 ; and com. 
a div. inEwell's corps at Gettysburg; captured 
witli his division at Spottsylvania, 12 May, 
1864; again captured while commanding di- 
vision in Gen. S. D. Lee's corps at the battle of 
Dec. 16, 1864, near Nashville. After the war, 
he had the effrontery to call on the U. S. 
trcas. for arrears of pay due him at the time 
of his desertion to the rebels. 

Johnson, Col. Guy, lovali.st, b. Ireland 
ab. 1740; d. Lonil. Mar. 5, '1788. He m. a 
dau. of Sir Wm. Johnson, and at his death, in 
1774, succeeded him as supt. of the Indian 
depl., having long been his deputy. He served 
against the French in 1757 ; com. a company 



489 



of Ranq;ci-s under Amherst in 1759 ; and was 
some lime Indian a;;cnt at Montreal. His in- 
temperate zeal for tlie liing caused the first af- 
fray in Tryon Co. ; and Guy fled to Montreal. 
After a visit to Eng., he landed at Staten Is- 
land in Aug. 1776, and was a manager of the 
old theatre in John St.,N.Y. Afterward join- 
ing Brant and the Mohawks, he participated 
in their bloody exploits, and was in the battles 
of Chemung and Newtown in Western N.Y., 
between them and Gen. Sullivan, in 1779. His 
estates were confiscated; and lie d. in Eng., a 
petitioner for relief. 

Johnson, Sir Henry, a British gen., b. 
Dublin, 1748; d. Mar. IS, 1S35. Bart. Oct. 
3, 1818. He entered the army in 1761 ; capt. 
28th Foot, Dec. 176.3; lieut.-col. 17th, Oct. 
1778; eol. Dec. 1782; maj.-gcn. Dec. 1793; 
gen. Apr. 1803. While stationed in Phila. he 
m. Rebecca Franks, celebrated for her wit. He 
com. a batt. of light inf. early in the Revol. 
war, and was severely woumled ; and, while in 
com. at Stony Point, was surprised by Gen. 
Wayne in the night of July l.i, 1779, and 
made prisoner with his whole force. He re- 
turned to Eng. after the capture of Yorktown, 
and distiiig. himself during the Irish rebellion 
at Vineg.ir Hill, and at New Ross in 1798. 

Johnson, Henry, statcsnum, b. Tenn. 
Sept. 14, 1783 ; d. Point Coupee, La., Sept. 4, 
1864. He adopted the profession of law ; app. 
clerk of tho second Superior Court, La., 1809 ; 
judge Parish Court of St. Mary, 1811 ; mem- 
ber of the La. Const. Conv. \Sl-2; U.S. sena- 
tor from La. 1818-24; gov. 1824-8; M. C. 
1835-9, and again U.S. senator in 1S44-9. 
His wife was dau. of I'raneis Key, author of 
the " The Star-spangled Banner." 

Johnson, IlEiiJi.iN M., S.T.D. (Wesl. U. 
1852), LL.D., Methodist clergyman and author. 
Pres. of Dick. Coll., Pa. {18G0-8), b. Otsego 
Co, N.Y., Nov. 25, 1815 ; d. Carlisle, Apr. 5, 
1868. Wesl. U. 1839. Prof, of ancient lan- 
guiiges in St. Charles Coll., Mo., 1839-42, and 
in Aug. Coll., Ky., 1842-4; prof, of ancient 
languages and literature in the O. Wesl. U. 
at Delaware, O., 1S44-50 ; prof, of philos. and 
English lit. in Dick. Coll. 1850-60. He pub. 
the " Clio" of Herodotus in 1850. Edited " Ori- 
entalia Aniiquaria Herodoti," and at his death 
had nearly ready a German work on " Syno- 
nymes." He was a frequent and able contrib. 
to the Methodist Quarterli/ Review and other 
magazines, and was very popular and interesting 
as a preacher. 

Johnson, Herschel v., Democ. politi- 
cian, b. Burke Co., Ga., Sept. 18, 1812. U. 
of Ga. 1834. He studied law ; practised in 
Augusta; removed to Jeff. Co. in 1839, and 
acquired extensive business, but in 1844 locat- 
ed himself near Milledgeville. U.S. senator 
in Fcl). 1848, to fill a vacancy; judge of the 
Sup. Court, Nov. 1849- Aug. 1853; gov. Nov. 
1853 to 1857; candidate for vice-pres. on the 
Dcmglas ticket in 1860. Subsequently a mem- 
ber of the Confed. senate. 

Johnson, Isaac, one of the founders of 
Ms., b. Clipsliam, Rutlandshire, Eng. ; d. Bos- 
ton, Sept. 30, 1630. He came over with Win- 
throp, arriving at Salem, June 12, 1630; was 
one of the 4 who founded the first church at 



Chariestowu on July 30 ; and Sept. 7 he con- 
ducted the first settlement of Boston. Ho was 
a good and wi-.e man, .and was the wealthiest 
of the Colonists. Arbella, or Arabella, 
his wife, dau. of Thomas, 1 4th Eari of Lincoln, 
accomp. her husband to N. E., and d. in Salem 
ab. Aug. 30, 1630. In honor of her, the name 
of " The Eagle," Winthrop's ship, was changed 
to " The Arbulla." — See N. E. H. and Gen. 
lleq. viii. 359. 

Johnson, Isaac, gov. of La. 1845-50; d. 
New Orleans, Mar. 15, 1853. 

Johnson, Sib John, son of Sir William, 
b. 1742; d. Montreal, Jan. 4, 1830. He suc- 
ceeded to the title and estates of his fiither, as 
well as to the post of maj.-gon. in the N.Y. 
Uiilitia, to which he was app. in Nov. 1774. 
Early in 1776 the Whigs attempted to secure 
his person ; and Sir John, with ab. 700 fol- 
lowers, fled to Canada. He was soon com- 
missioned a col. ; raised two battalions, called 
the Royal Greens ; and became one of the 
most active and one of the bitterest foes that 
the Whigs encountered during the contest. 
He invested Fort Stanwix in Aug. 1777, and 
defeated Gen. Herkimer; and in Oct. 1780 
was himself defeated by Gen. Van Rensse- 
laer at Fox's Mills. In predatory enterprises 
the Royal Greens earned an infamous celebri- 
ty. Soon after the close of the contest. Sir 
John went to Eng., but returned in 1785, and 
resided in Canada. He was supt. of Indi- 
an affairs until his decease; and for several 
years he was also a member of the legisl. coun- 
cil of Canada. The British Govt., to compen- 
sate him for his losses, made him several grants 
of lands. His son. Sir Adam Gordon Johnson 
(b. 17S1), succeeded to his title. — Sabine. 

Johnson, Maj. John, Revol. oflncer, and 
port.-i)ainter; d. Boston, 27 June, 1818, a. 66. 
After the war he settled in Boston, and left 
many strong likenesses of men of his time. 
He was deficient in di-awing. — Knapp. 

Johnson, John, chancclloi- of Md., b. An- 
napolis; d. Baltimore, Oct. 4, 1856. 

Johnson, Joseph, bro. of Wm., physician, 
politician, and author, b. Charleston, S.C, 
June 15, 1776. U. of Pa. 1797. His lather 
was one of the prisoners of war on parole, who, 
in violation of the terms of capitulation, were 



a prison-ship, and finall; 



consigned I 

ferred to St. Augustine.' He studied med. 
and began practice in Charleston with Dr. 
Poinsett. He was pres. of the U.S. branch 
Bank in 1818-35 ; was long mayor of Charles- 
ton. Was an active leader of the Union 
party in the nullification controversy. Many 
years eomuiiss. of the public schools ; pres. 
of the Apprentices' Library Assoc, since its 
establishment in 1836, and for more than 60 
years a member of the S. C. society, and 20 
years its presiding officer. He became a mem- 
ber of the S.C. Med. Soc. in 1797, and its 
pres. in 1807 ; and was an efficient worker in the 
Literary and Philos. Soe. He has pub. many 
treatises, essays, and orations, and " Traditions 
and Reminiscences of the Revol.," 1851. 

Johnson, Joshoa, merchant, b. Calvert 
Co., Md. ; d. Frederickton, Md., Apr. 21, 1802. 
One of 11 bros., 5 of whom, including Ihomas 
(gov. of Md.), were in the public service during 



490 



JOH 



i"i-om Mmv^'i7S3, m"t7l"l,i. v'w'n'i'. th.'Tl.s'. 
ill Out. 1797, hew;iscoiiMil-rii. ■.,! I,n,i,l. ; af- 
tcrwiiril supt. of stamps. Jolui Qaiiioy Adams 
ni. IlIs. (laii. Louisa. 

Johnson, Sir N.vthaniel, <rov of South 
Carolina (170.3-9); d. 171.3. Ue was a mili- 
tary man ; liad been some liini' an M.l'. ; ami 
from 1686 to 1689 gov. nl N-vi-. MClii i-m- 
pher's, Montserrat, ami .Vmi-ua. Win n Sc 
Carolina was invaded in 17(ir,, I,.- ,l,.|.ai. ,1 ihe 
cncmv Willi tlic loss of their eom. and 300 men. 
To him is a^crilied the merit of first introducing 
the cultivation of silk in the province in 1703. 

Johnson, Peteh. jmlu'c. h. Pr. Edw. Co., 
Va. ; d. Aliiii-don, Va',.\L. . 11- Lieut, in 
Lee's Let;ion ; and di-tn "I Au- 

gusta, and led the forlut n I : rininj; 

of Ft. Watson. After tlir ii ,,i , :h.in;f .IJistine- 
tion at tlie bar ; and was speaker of the Va. 

Johnson, Revekdt, jurist, b. Annapolis, 
Md.. May 21, 1796. St. John's Coll. He 
studied law with his father, who was chief jus- 
tice of that dist. Adm. to the bar in 1815 ; and 
in 1817 he removed to Baltimore, where he 
practised many years. In 1820-1 was chief 
com miss, of insolvent debtors, and then served 
two terms in the State senate; US. senator 
from 1845 to 1849, when he became U.S. atty.- 
gen. under Pres. Taylor. On the siccession of 
Pres. Fillmore lie turned his whole attention to 
his profession, practising chiefly in the U.S. 
Supreme Court. Delegate to the Peace Con- 
vention Feb. 1861 ; U.S. senator 1 863-8 ; min- 
ister to Great Britain 1868-9; and negotiated 
a treaty, which was rejected by the US. sen- 
ate. Mr. Johnson took an active part in the 
preparation of 7 vols, of Reports of Decisions in 
the Court of Appeals, Md., known as "Harris 
and Johnson's Reports," 1820-7. 

Johnson, Richard Mentor, soldier and 
politician, b. Brvant's Station, Kv., Oct. 17, 
1781 ; d. Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 19, 18.50. Tran- 
sylv. U. He studied law, and practised with 
success. Member of the Ky. ley;isl. in 1805; 
and rai.sed a regt. of cav. in 1812. He served 
with gallantrv under Harrison ; com. in a skir- 
mish at Chatham, U.C, Oct. 4, 1813 ; and at 
the bai tie of the Thames (Oct. 5. 1813) disting. 
himself, and was dangerously wounded. M.C. 
1807-19 and 1829-37; U.S. senator 1819-29; 
viee-pres. of the US. 1837-41 ; subsequently a 
member of the State legisl. In 1814 ho was 
app. by Pres. Madison Indian commiss. He 
was the author of the law abolishing imprison- 
ment for debt in Ky. When chairman of the 
committee on post-offices in the senate, he 
made a report against the su.spension of the 
Sunday mails ; and also exerted himself in be- 
half of soldiers of the Revoi., and of the war of 
1812, who applied for pensions. His father. 
Col. Robert, an early settler of Ky., d. Galla- 
tin Co., Oct. 1815. His bro. James (M.C. 1825- 
6, lieut.-col. under him in the battle of the 
Thames) d. Dee. 1826. — 5ee Biotj. of Col. R. 
J/., bii Ashd Lanqwoithfi, 12mo, 1834, Boston. 

Johnson, Richard \V.. hrev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Livingston Co., Ky., Feb. 7, 1827. 



West Point, 1849. Entering the 6th, he after- 
ward joined the 1st Inf.; Mar. 1855 iie became 
1st lieut. 2d Cav., in which he was also quar- 
term. until Dec. 1, 1856, when hewasmadecapt., 
and served against the Indians on the Texan 
frontier. He served as capt. of cav. under Gens. 
Patterson and Banks until 28 Aug. 1861, and 
was then made lieut.-col. 3d Ky. Cav. ; made 
brig.-gcn. vols. Oct. 11, 1861, he was assigned a 
bri-ad..' in Gen. Buell's army; was present at 
III.- a^lvaiice on Corinth, and. May 28, routed a 
r. I.. 1 idne in his front; in July, 1862, he com. 
a (livi-iun of that army in Ala. He was taken 
prisoner at Gallatin, Tenn., Aug. 21, by a great- 
Iv superior force under Morgan, and exchanged 
a'b. Dec. 1, and placed in com. 1 2th division of 
the right wing of the Army of the Ciinilicrland, 
20th army corps. He displavrd ^n r ^.i imiiv 
at the battles of Stone Kix'. i i , __ i, 

Missionary Ridge, and the Ail.i i ■ ; . ; 
and was severely woiiiidrd ai '. , ll-|.i( h. 

28May,1864. Com, Jim- i. i iliyattbo 

battle of Nashville, I I v l>iig.-gen. 

U.S.A. 16 Dec. ISIU ; i ! : '! 1 si;5 brev. 
maj,-sen. U.S.A. lor -.lunm ■. 1 1 1 . , during the 
Rebellion ; and retired with full rank 12 Oct. 
1867. — C'li/ZioH. 

Johnson, Robert, gov. of S.C. 1719, and 
from 1730 to his d. at Charleston, May 3, 1735. 
In 1731 he made a treaty with the Ciierokees. 
He aided Oglethorpe and the first settlers of 
Ga. with food and escort. The settlement of 
Purrysbury by 600 Swiss under Col. Peter 
Purry was made during his term. 

Johnson, Rosa Vertnee, poet, b. Natchez, 
Mpi. Mr. Griffith, her father, author of many 
popular Indian stories, d. 1S:')3. Her early davs 
were passed at Biirlin-i.ui. u.Mr Idrt l.ili- 
son, Mpi. Herparen:- wrm i,, K\, « !i. n -In; 
waslO, and she was cJuiairii .n l;i-!m|j Snnili's 
sem., Lexington, Ky. At 17 >-\w in. f l.iudc -M. 
Johnson, a Louisiana planter. In 1850 she be- 
came a contrib. to the Louisn/le Journal, and 
subsequently to the Home Journal. Her poems 
were pub. in Boston, 1857. She is a resident 
of Lexington, Ky. 

Johnson, Samcel, D.D. (Oxf. 1743), 
first pres. of King's (now Columbia) Coll.,N.Y. 
(1754-63), b. Guilford, Ct., Oct. 14, 1696; d. 
Stratford, Ct., Jan. 6, 1772. Y.C. 1714. In 
1716 Y.Coll. was estab. at New Haven, and 
Mr. Johnson was app. tutor. In 1720 he be- 
came a preacher at West Haven, and, embracing 
soon after the Episcopalian faith, he in 1722 
went to Eng. to obtain ordination. Alter re- 
ceiving the degree of M.A. at Oxford and 
Cambridge, he returned in 1723, and settled at 
Stratford. By the people at large he was 
treated as a schismatic and apostate, and con- 
tinually thwarted ; the object being to drive 
him from the country. Returning to Stratford 
in 1763, he resumed his pastoral functions, 
which he continued till his death. He was a 
man of great learning, judgment, and benevo- 
lence. Dr. Johnson's publications were chiefly 
controversial. In 1746 he pub. a work oh 
ethics, entitled " A System of Morality; " and 
in 1752 a compend of logic and metaphysics, 
and another of ethics, originally prepared for 
the use of his sons : the two latter were print- 
ed in Phila. by Dr. Franklin as text-books for 



491 



JOH 



the U. of Pa. Also author of an English 
and a Hebrew Grammar, 8vo, 1767. His Me- 
moirs, by his friend Dr. Chandler, appeared in 
1805. 

Johnson, Samdel. olerjvmnTi, h. Salem, 
Ms.,Out. 10, 1822. HII, IS4L': Div. S.'li. 1843. 
Pastor of a " Free t'huirli " in l.}im, lis., 
since 1853. He lias ni\.r riiiiiic.t. .1 himself 
with any relii,'iuiis dcnoiniiiuiioii, though near- 
er the Unitarian thiin any other. Ah. 1846, in 
conjunction with Ucv. S. Longlcllow, he pub. a 
vol. of sacred poetry, " Hymns of the Spirit." 

Johnson, Thomas, statesman, b. Calvert 
Co., Mil., 1732; d. Rose Hill, near Frederick- 
town, Oct. 26, 1819. Having previously to 
the Revol. attained great distinction at the 
bar, he was in 1774 a member of the Md. 
com. of corrcsp. ; was a delegate to Congress 
in 1775-7, and gov. of the State in 1777-9. 
He was assoc. justice of the U.S. Supremo 
Court fnirn 17111 to 1793, when he resigned. 
In 1801 he ilcclincd the app. of chief justice 
of the l>i-t. ul CMlumhia. 

Johnson, Wm.ticr Rogers, phvsicist, b. 
LcouHi.Mrr, .M-,,,l.ino 21, 1794; d. Washing- 
ton, l> <■ . Am _'i;, is-.L', II, U. 1819. He 
enu'M-"il 111 t M inn- at l-i .iiniiigliam, at Salem, 

and Irmn l-n. I.. \<;7 held the chair of me- 
cliaiiir> ami liar, |.lii:os. in the high school at 
Pliila, 111- (Iriivnid a course of lectures on 
mcclianic- and |iliilosi)phy ; and was also en- 
gai^cd in >cicntilic researches on the strength 
of materials, and the best construction of 
steam-boilers, on steam, heat, elcctricitv, mag- 
netism, &c. From 1839 to 1843 ho was prof 
of chemistry and physics in the U. of Pa. He 
then began, under the authority of Congress, 
investigations into ihecharacter of the ditferent 
varieties of coal. His report on this subject 
was pub. in 1844. In 1845, by app. of the 
city authorities of Boston, he examined the 
sources from which a supply of pure water 
might be brought to that city. For the next 
3 years he was engaged in preparing and adapt- 
ing several of the works of the German phj si- 
cists, Knapp, Mullcr, and Wiesbach. Ho was 
first sec. of the Assoc, for the Advancement of 
Science. In 1848 he removed to Washington, 
where he was connected with the Smithsonian 
Institution; and in 1851 visited Europe, where 
he was connected with the Lond. World's Fair. 
He pub. " Coal-Trade of Brit. Ainer.," &c., 
1850; " Use of Anthracite in the Mannf. of 
Iron," 12mo, Bost. 1841 ; and "Memoir of 
L. D. Von Schweiniiz," 1835. 

Johnson, Sir William, gen., b. Smith- 
town, Co. Mcath, Ireland, 1715 ; d. near Johns- 
town, Fulton Co., N.Y., July 1 1, 1774. Young- 
er son of Christopher, an Irish gentleman of 
good family. Educated for mercantile life, an 
unsuccessful love-affair entirely changed his 
career. In 1738 lie came to Amer. to manage 
the property of his uncle, Adm. Sir Peter War- 



established himself u 



pon ( 



t of land on 



the .south side of the Mohawk Valley, ab. 24 
miles from Schenectady, N.Y. ; and embarked 
in trade with the Indians, whom he always 
treated with perfect honesty and justice. By 
acquainting himself with their language, and 
accommodating himself to their manners and 



dress, by his easy, dignified, and affable manner, 
he won their confidence ; acquired over them 
an influence greater than was ever possc.iscd 
by any other white man ; and was adopted by 
the Mohawks as one of their tribe, and cluKcn 
sachem. At the outbreak of tlic In m h \v ar 
in 1743, Johnson was made snir Mi|n ni tlie 
Indians, and preserved thefiDiiiKr Irum nijniy 
until the peace of Aix la Chapclle in 1743. 
In 1750 he was ajip. a member of the Prov. 
Council. He was instrumental in settling the 
quarrel which in 1753 arose between the Alba- 
ny board of coaimiss. and the Indians, but de- 
clined having anv thing farther to do with In- 
dian affairs. In'l754 he was a delegate to the 
congress at Albany, and aNo attended a grand 
council held with ihe Imliaii-i. Apr, 14, 1755, 
ho was at the council nl .VlrNamlria ; I'c.ninu-s. 
by Bradiloek "sole siipt, i.r tlic Si\ N.nu.n^;" 
and created a maj -l;i n ami inni -iii-i Ini f uf 
theexped, a-jniii- 1 ' 'in'A n I'lini .^i |.t, 8, 1 755, 
he defeats I lIuMn In. Km ai L.ike George. 
Johnson, «lr. n ■ 1 m ill.' hip, received 

the thank.s m n. , in .n. L ..iiiiii, and a baron- 
etcy (Nov. 27, i;.'jaj, lui Ills vic;ory. In Mar. 
1756,GeorgeII. coniiniss. liiin "coi. agent, and 
sole supt. of the affairs of the Six Nations and 
othernorthern Indians," with a salary of £600. 
He held this office for the rest of his life. Ha 
was engaged with his Indians in the abortive 
attempts to relieve Oswego and Fort William 
Henry, and at the repulse of Abercrombie 
at Ticonderoga in 1753; second in com. of 
Prideaux's cxped. against Fort Niagara in 
1759, upon whose death he took the com.-in- 
chief. Ho continued the siege with vigor ; cut 
to ]iieces the French army sent to its relief 
(July 24) ; and the garrison surrendered atdis- 
creiion. With his Indian allies, he partook in 
1760 in the cxped. of Amherst, which was 
ended by the capture of Montreal and the sur- 
render of Canada to the British. For his ser- 
vices he received from the king a tract of 100,- 
000 acres of land, north of the Mohawk, long 
known as " Kingsland," or the " Royal Grant." 
He gave great attention to agriculture, and 
first introduced sheep and blood-horses into 
the Mohawk Valley. He lived in baronial style, 
and exercised the most unbounded hospital- 
ity. By his wife, Catharine Wisenburgh, 
who d. young, he had John, knighted in 
1765, and two daughters, who m. res|)cctively 
Col. Claus and Col. Guy Johnson. By " Mol- 
ly," the sister of the great Mohawk sachem 
Brant, with whom he lived happily till his 
death, he had 8 children. Sir William was the 
author of a paper on the " Customs, Manners, 
and Languages of the Indians," in the Philos. 
Tnms. (or Nov. 1772. 

Johnson, William, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 
1819), lawyer, b. Middletown, Ct., 1768; d. 
N.Y., July, 1848. Y.C. 1788. He settled in 
N.Y. ; soon became eminent at the bar ; was 
reporter of the N.Y. Snp. Court in 1806-23, 
and of the Court of Chancery in 1814-23. In 
1838 he pub. a Digest of Cases in these courts 
from 1799 to 1836, in 2 vols, 8vo ; N.Y. Sup. 
Ct. Reps. 1799-1803, 1808-12, 3 vols. 8vo ; 
do. 1806-23, Phila. 1839, 20 vols. 8vo ; N.Y. 
Chancery Reps., &c., 1814-23, 7 vols. 8to, 
1836. Translator of Azuni's " Princippii dd 



JOH 



deritio Marilimo deW Ewopa," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1806. 

Johnson, William, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1818), jurist and author (bro. of Joseph, noticed 
ahove), b. Charleston, S.C, Dec. 27, 1771 ; d. 
Brooklyn, L.I., Aug. 4, 1834. N. J. Coll. 
17'J0. His father was a merchant. He stud- 
ied law under C. C. Pinckney ; was adm. to tlie 
bar in 1792, and soon became distin;;. in his 
profession. Elected to the Stale legisl. in 
1794, and twice re-elected, being speaker dur- 
ing his last term. It was principally through 
his efforts that the office of comptroller-gen. 
was instituted. He investigated the irregular 
and arbitrary proceedings of the county courts ; 
and, when they were superseded by the circuit 
courts, he was elected to the bench. In 1804 
he was made a judge of the U.S. Sup. Court, 
with the local jurisdiction of SC. and Ga. 
Coming into possession of the papers of Gen. 
Nathaniel Greene, he ]>rcj]areJ, at tlie rci;iiest 
of the lamilv, SUotrhos ot l,i- l.n- imi Cur- 



3f G.. 



Johnson, Willia.h F . ^ ■ n. . i, i< Bos- 
ton; d. Milwaukie, Wis., July 18, IS'.S, a. ab. 
60. As a delineator of comic and testy old 
men he had few equals, and was particularly 
good in certain ranges of eccentric comedy, 
and was an admirable buffo-singer. Since 
18,j5 he had been at the West, and was mana- 
ger of the Milw.iukie Theatre. He was at one 
time manager of the Howard Athcnxum, Bos- 
ton, and was long a favorite at the Tremont 
and National Theatres in that city. 

Johnson, William Samcel.LL.D. (Y.C. 
1788), U.C.L. (Oxf. 1766), F.U.S., scholar 
and jurist, b. Stratford, Ct., Oct. 7, 1727; d. 
there Nov. 14, 1819. Yale, 1744. Eldest son 
of Ucv. Samuel. He early became disting. at 
the bar by his eloquence and ability. A dele- 
gate to the Congress at New Yoik in 17G5; 
member of the Council; and from Oct. 1766 to 
his return in 1771 agent of Ct. in Eng. He 
for many years corresponded with Dr. Samuel 
Johnson. He was from 1772 to 1774 a judge 
of the Sup. Court of Ct., and a commiss. for 
adjusting the controversy between the pro- 
prietors of Pa. and the Susquehanna Co. A 
delegate to Congress in 1784-7, in 1787 he was 
one of the framers of the Federal Constitution, 
and was the first to propose the organization 
of thes':n ■;< v- :i ^1: f;-i'-t liranch of the national 
legisl. r ^ I7S9-91, he ilrcw up, 

within-' 1 ,\ I iith, the bill for estab- 

lishing 11, I ) ... I..:. ■--[Lm of the US. Prcs. 
of Col. Ciii. iiuLi, 17c; to 1800. — See Shttch 
of. III/ John T. Iiuiiri, 8vo, 1820. 

Johnston, Albert Sidney, gen. C.S.A. 
(bro. of Jo?ian Stoddard), b. Mason Co., Ky., 
180:5; killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 
1862. West Point, 1826. Lieut. 6ih Inf., 
July 1, 1826; aide to Gen. Atkinson IS-ia-S; 
acting assist, adj.-gen. of III. Vols, in Black 
Hawk's war, 1832; resigned May 31, 1834. 
Entering the Texan army as a private in 1336, 
he was soon made a brig. -gen.; and in 1838 
succeeded Gen. Felix Houston in the chief com., 
and was involved in a duel with him in con- 
sequence. App. sec. of war in 1838, in 1839 
he organized a successful exped. against the 



Cherokecs. In 1840 he retired from public 
life, and settled on a plantation in Brazoria 
County, Texas. An ardent advocate of the 
annexation of Texas; col. 1st Texas rifles in 
June, 1846; and acting insp.-gen. to Gen. Butler 
at the siege of Monterev, Sei)t. 1846. Made 
payra. U.S.A. (rankof mnjor) Oct. 31, 1849, 
he became col. 2d Cav. Mar. 3, 1 855 ; brev. 
brig.-gen. "for meritorious conduct" in com. of 
the army in Utah, Nov. 18, 1857. In 1860 he 
com. the Pacific dept. Sympathizing with the 
South, he was making arrangements to deliver 
the State of Cal. to the Confederacy, when he 
was superseded by Gen. E. V. Sumner before 
his plans were completed. Made a maj.-gen. 
in the army of the Confederacy eariy in 1861, 
and placed in com. of the Army of tlie West. 
Collecting a force of ab. 50,0U0 rncn at Corinth, 
he attacked the army of Gen Grant at Shiloh, 
6 Apr. 1862. On the first day of this battle, 
while encouraging and urging forward his 
troops, he was mortally wounded. He was 
considered by military men the ablest geu. in 
the Confed. service. 

Johnston, David Clatpole, artist and 
caricaturist, b. Phila. Mar. 1797 ; d. Dorches- 
ter, JIs., Nov. 8, 1863. His son, Thomas 
MuRFHV, inherits his lather's ability. His 
mother, Charlotte, was sister of William 
Rowson, and, with him and his wife Susannah 
(author of " Chariotte Temple," &e.), was a 
member of Wignell's Company in Phila. in 
1793. She was a good singer. DC. pub. 
"Out;, l::.i 1,1 1:\\- of the Journal of Frances 
Anni 1\ : "i (8 plates) ; "Phrenology 



ith 



iVards 



4LI i.i_:iiii^-. ;..:., 1 S37 ; and many Nos. of 
mic ■• Scnips." — X£. G.aiid 11. ?iV 1866. 
Johnston, Col. Francis, a Revol. officer, 



of W,> ■ i: ■ -i • ,. I tn ihc (uni. of the 5th 
Pa. II _. , ... ,; N. ... li lie «a^ at Ticonilcroga, 
Ston.v lull.:, .MuuiiiuLuh, Biandyuine, and 
other batiles. After the war, he held several 
posts of honor and profit in his native State, 
and was high sheriff of the city and county of 
Phila — Rocjers. 

Johnston, Gabriel, gov. of N.C. from 
Nov. 2, 1734, to his d., in Aug. 1752, b. Scot- 
land. A man of letters and of liberal views; a 
physician, and prof of Oriental lanLnniges in 
the U.of St. Andrew'.-^, wli. ir lie w.i- nlneated. 
Some of his poetical cftu-inii, ar loiunl in the 
Craftsman, foe which he nunr aim In- removal 
to London. Under liis adnnuistuuon the 
Province increased in population, wealth, and 
happiness. He was the ablest and most suc- 
cessfal of all the Colonial governors of N.C. 
He was app. cov. of N.C. bv the influence of 
tbeEariof Wilmington. — &e i//e <f Iredell, 
i. 36. 

Johnstone, George, an English politician 
and admiral ; d. Jan. 8. 1787. Son of a Scot- 
ti.-h baronet. He entered the navy ; was app. 
j.ost-capt. in 1762 ; and in Oct.. 1763, gov. of 
West Florida. M. P. 1764-7. In 1778 he was, 
with \Vm. Eden and the Earl of Carlisle, a com- 
missioner to treat with the American States ; 
but Congress, in consequence of liis having tam- 



JOH 



pci-cJ with some of its members, rcfiiscil to liold 
inteiTourse with him, and he returned home. 
In 1779 he made in parliament a violent attack 
on Lord Howe for his conduct of the Amer. 
war. Apr. 16, 1782, ho was attacked at Fort 
Praya hy Adin. Suftren; and, notwithstand- 
ing liis superiority of force, gained no advan- 
tage over the hravo Frenchman. He fought a 
duel Avith Lord George Germaine in 1770, and 
was constantly involved in quarrels and litiga- 
tion. 

Johnston, Col. John, b. near Bally- 
shannon, Ireland, Mar. 25, 1775; d. Washing- 
ton, D.C, A[jr. 19, 1861. He came with his 
parents to the U.S. in 1786; settled in Cum- 
berUind Co., P.i. ; was with Wayne's army on 
the Ohio ill 1793-3 ; a cleik in the war dc'pt. ; 
agent for Indian affairs in the North-west for 
31 years; 11 years a canal comraiss. for Ohio ; 
paym. and quartern!, in the war of 1812 ; and 
comini,s. for treating with tlie Indians for their 
renicval in IS4I-2. lie was an anivo member 
of the Mas.Mi,,- Iralnniiv, aii.l v.a- ]ir.'s. of the 
Ili-I. an. I I'l. .:.,-. Sce.'.i (Mil... Uis "Ac- 
count of tirj In.liaii Tribes of Ohio " is in 
"Amor. Aniiq. Soc. Colls.," v. 

Johnston, John, D.D., b. Montgomery, 
Ulster C^o., N.V., 28 Jan. 1778; d. Princeton, 
N.J, 23 Aug. 1S55. N.J. Coll. 1801. D.D. 
of Laf. Coll. 1848. Ord. at New Windsor and 
Newbnrg in Apr. 1807, and pastor at Newlnirg 
from Apr. ISlOiohisd. A director of Prince- 
ton Theol. Scm. from 1817, and from 1840 a 
trustee of N. J. Coll. His " Autobiog. and 
Ministerial Life" was edited by J. Carnaban, 
D.D., N.Y. IS55. — Sprarjue. 

Johnston, John, LL.D. (McK. Coll. 
1850), b. Bristol, Me., Aug. 23, 1806. Bowd. 
Coll. 1822. Prof. nat. science in Wesleyan U. 
since 18.39. Author of " Elements of Chemis- 
try;" "Manual of Natural Philosophy," 6th 
ed. 1857. Ed. of " Dr. Turner's Chemistry." 

Johnston, Josepu Eccleston, gen. 
C.S.A., b. Prince Edward Co., Va., Feb. 1807. 
West Point, 1829. His mother, a Miss Wood, 
was a niece of Patrick Henry. Entering the 
4tliArt., he became 1st. licut. July 31, 1836; 1st 
lieut. topog. engineers, July 7, 1838 ; was brev. 
capt. for gallantry in the war with the Fla. 
Indians, Aug. 1842; capt. Sept. 21, 1846; be- 
came lieut.-col. Voltigcurs, Feb. 16, 1847; 
was severely wounded while reconnoitring at 
Cerro Gordo, Apr. 12, 1847 ; and brev. lieut.- 
col. and col. for gallantry there and at Chapul- 
tepec, where he was again wounded ; was 
disting. at the battle of El Molinodel Rey and 
in the attack on the city of Mexico, Sept. 13, 
1847 ; re-instatcd as capt. topog. engineers,and 
again brev. lieut.-col. ; became lieut.-col. 1st 
Cav. Mar. 3, 1855, and quarterm.-gen. (rank of 
bri-.-gcn.) June 28, IS.,.), 11. ■ i. ^ .. ,1 Apr. 
22, 18151, and was im.n . u. n. in 

the Con led. army, b. i:,, . i He 

com. the force which un'..].: -I 11 .. i" .- - Kerry 
in May, IS6I, and evaded l.,en. l',iturs(jn 
in time to appear on the field of Ilnll Knn juot 
before the battle, and, outranking Deaure-.ml, 
took com. during the conflict, but witliont 
changing that general's plan of battle. He- 
pulsed at Williamsburg, May 5, be retreated 
towards Richmond. At the battle of Fair 



Oaks, May 31, 1862, he was desperately 
wounded, and was for several months unablo 
to take the field. In Sept. 1862, he was as- 
signed to the com. of the country west of the 
Mpi. In the following campaigns he ably op- 
posed Grant and Sherman, but was steadily 
pressed back, and defeated in various battles ; 
and 17 July, 1864, he turned over the com. of 
the Army of Tenn. to Gen. Hood. Early in 
Jan. he was ordered to the com. in S.C. ; 15 
Mar. 1865 was defeated by Sherman at Bcnton- 
ville; and Apr. 26, 1865, he surrendered his 
entire army to Sherman at Durham Station, 
N.C. 

Johnston, Josiau Stoddakd, lawyer 
and senator (bro. of Albert Sidney), b. Salis- 
bury, Ct., Nov. 25, 1784; d. May 19, 1833, by 
a steamboat explosion on the Red River. 
Trans. U. 1805. At the age of six he removed 
with his father. Dr. John Johnston, to the 
neighborhood of Maysville, Ky. He established 
himself in practice at Alexandria, in the Red- 
river country, and was in a very short period 
advanced to the bench. Hewas'in 18l2alead- 
ing member of the H. of Assembly in the new 
State of La., and com. a regt. raised for the 
defence of N. Orleans, in which, however, he 
was not in season to participate. Resuming 
his judgeship, he became M.C. in 1821, aud in 
1824 a senator, and was twice re-elected. As 
chairman of the com. on commerce, he made a 
very able report on the British colonial-trade 
question, which ho also supported in a speech. 
He wrote one or two very able pamphlets, one 
of which was pub., with his name, on the effect 
of the repeal of the duty on sucrar. 

Johnston, Samdel, LL D. (N. J. Coll. 
1815), lawyer and statesman (nephew of Gov. 
Gabriel), b. Dundee, Scotland, Dec. 15, 1733; 
d. near Edcnton, N.C, Aug. 18, 1816. His 
father John came over in 1736 ; became surv.- 
gcn., and acquired large landed estates. Samuel 
was clerk of the Superior Court in Chowan 
Co. in 1767-72, and was also naval oEcer under 
the crowii._ He soon became noted as a lawyer 
and politician ; was elected to the Assembly in 
1769, and espoused the popular side. In l'773 
he became one of the standing com. of inquiry 
and corrcsp ; was an active member of the first 
two Prov. Congresses, and presided over the 3d 
and 4th. Aug. 3, 1775, he was made chair- 
man of the prov. council, and virtually gov. 
of the Province; Sept. 1775 he was chosen 
treas. for the N. Dist. of N.C; in 1781-2 he 
was a member of the (^ont. Congress ; in 1 788- 
9 gov. of the State, prcsidin.,' over the conven- 
tion which rejected tli. I". .1. Ill ("..;i-titution, 
which, however, he -III . 11 his in- 

fluence. In 1789 h.. I ..invention 

which adopted the F. .1 . ! ( .n i-unon. He 
was U.S. senator from 17!<'J to ll'Jt, and judge 
of the Sup. Court from Feb. 1800 to Nov. 
1803. 

Johnstone, William SonTER, a British 
gen.; d. Quebec, ,Ian. 2, 1818. App. lieut. of 
nuuines 17."i.); eajit. 1758; major, July 27, 
177.'); lieut. -riil, Aug. 1779; col. 1790; lieut- 
t;en. 1801. lie fought at Quebec and at Bun- 
ker's Hill, where he was severely wounded in 
the leg. Originally named Soiiter, but commis- 
sioned Johnstone. 



494 



Johnston, Zachariah F., capt. U.S.N. ; 
d. Biiltimore, Mar. 17, 1859. Midshipm. Jan. 
1, 1818; licut. March 3, 1827 ; com. Feb. 27, 
1847. 

Joliet (zho'-le-a), Louis, one of the dis- 
coverers of the Mpi. River, b. Quebec, 164.5 ; d. 
ab. 1700. He was educated at the Jesuit Coll. 
of Quebec, but engaged in the fur-trade on the 
Western frontier. Selected by Gov. Frontcnac 
and Intendant Talon to ascertain the direction 
and mouth of the Mpi., he started with Mar- 
quette and 5 others from Green Bay in June, 
1673 ; ascended the Fox River; and descended 
the Wisconsin to the Mpi., (town which ihcy 
sailed as far as the Chickasaw country, below 
the entrance of the Ark. They returned to 
Green Bay by way of the Illinois River and 
Lake Michigan, whence Joliet started alone for 
Quebec, having journeyed 2,500 miles. He 
lost his journal and other papers in the rapids 
above Montreal, but wrote out from recollec- 
tion a narrative which agrees with that of Mar- 
quette, and also prepared a map of the region. 
The French Govt, rewarded his services with 
the app. of hydrographer to the king and the 
Island of Anticosti, at the mouth of the St. Law- 
rence, where he built a house and fort for his 
family, intending to embark in trade. In 1691 
his island was captured by a British fltet, and 
his property destroved. The capital of Will 
Co., 111., is named after him. Apr. 30, 1697, he 
obtained a grant of the seigniory of .Joliet, south 
of Quebec, still in the possession of some of his 
descendants. 

Jones, Gen. Allen, Revol patriot of Hal- 
ifax Co., N C. Chosen brig.-gen. of Halifax 
dist. in Apr. 1776; delegate to the State Const. 
Conv. in that year; nieml>er Old Congress 
1779-80; State senator 1784-7 ; and member 
of the convention to adopt tlie U.S. Constitu- 
tion, which he advocated, while his bro. Wilie 
opposed it. ^ Wheeler. 

Jones, Dr. Anson, Texan patriot, b. Berk- 
shire Co., JIs., Jan. 20, 1798; d. Houston, 
Tex-, Jan. 8. ISjS. l,v his own hand. He stud- 



1833, ho, as chairman of a niirting in Dec. 
1835, drew up resolutions in favor of a " decl. 
of indcp. from Mexico," and of a convention 
of the people of Texas to form a constituiion. 
lie rai-rd a niilirarv company; was in the bat- 

and h:.\ oili_r nniitary positions in 1836-7; 
memba- tf tlu T^xau Congress in 1837; min- 
ister to the U.S. in 1838-9; pres. of the sen- 
ate in 1840, and, ex officio, vice-pres. of Texas ; 
sec. of state 1841-4; 'pres. in 184.5-6, and until 
the annexation to the US. His preference for 
the independence of Texas, rather than for ' 
annexation to the U.S., " " " ' 
lar. Ue was an able di 
Journal, preceded by a' brief Autobiography, 
was piintcil for private circulation. 

Jones, AvoNi.v Stanhope, actress, b. New 
York, .July 12, 1839; d. New York, Oct. 4, 1867. 
Dan. of " Count Joannes" and Mrs. Melinda 
Jones. First app. Apr. 18, 1856, at Cincinnati, 
as Parthenia; and at the Boston Theatre, May 



18, 1857. She afterward played successful en- 
gagements in many ciiies of the U.S., in Aus- 
tralia in I860, and Great Britain in 1861-2. 
Her husband, G. V. Brooke, an actor of rejiute, 
to whom she was m. in 1862, was lost in "The 
London " in 1865. 

Jones, Catlit. a Western pioneer; accomp. 
Daniel Boone to Ky., and, when Boone's dau. 
and another young woman wiTe captured by 
the Indians, was oneof the 12 who rescued them 
from the savages. He was severely wounded 
in the arm while guarding with Boone the 
" Corn Patch " against the Indians ; and was 
an officer in the Revol. war. Afterwards join- 
ing the Friends, he became an acceptable min- 
ister in that society. Ue emigrated from Va. 
to Columbiana Co., 0., about the first of the 
present century. — Crosbi/ Ann. Oliil. 1858. 

Jones, Charles A., poet, b. I'bila. ab. 
1815 ; d. Mill Creek, Hamilton Co., ()., July 4, 
1851. Son of Geo. \V. ,T..iies of J'hila. His 
parents removed to Ciiuinnati win ii be was a 
child. He contrib. SL-vnal |aiic. in the press, 
and in 1835 pul). " 'J'br Oiiil aw ami oilier Po- 
ems." Hepracti^ed law 111 ( 'inrinnaii and New 
Orleans. In 1839 be pub. in tlie (.'in. Gazette a 
series of satirical lyrics entitled " Aristopha- 
niana." His poems were thoroughly Western 
in character and subject. — Poets and Poetry 
of the West. 

Jones, Datid, jurist, b. Oyster Bay, L.I., 
Sept. 1699; d. Oct. 11, 1775. He received an 
excellent private education, and studied, but 
never practised, law ; was a member of the Colo- 
nial Assembly from 1737 to 1 753 ; was 13 years 
speaker of that body; and in 1758-73 was a 
judge of the Sup. Court. Thomas, bis son, a 
loyalist, adm. to the bar, Apr. 4, 1755; app. 
clerk of Queens Co. Feb. 4, 1757 ; recorder of 
N.Y. City 17h9; and jmlgc of the Sup. Court, 
Sept. 1'9, 177:;. Nuv. i;4, I , 7G, he was seized by 

w Ir '.' ; . II 1 1 '■ ; 111' vMis aixain 

cam • •. . ; :,■ Ill M.iv, 1780, 

w,i> ' :.i ii.iii.i i '..'{ I I'll .^ iiiiiiaii Ills ]irop- ■ 
erty was (unfi-eatcd; and he retired to Fng., 
where ho died. 

Jones, David, Baptist clergyman and 
Revol. patriot, b. White Clav Creek," Newcastle 
Co., Del., May 12, 1736 ; d.'Feb. 5, 1820. His 
ancestors, early in the last century, settled at 
the " Welsh Tract." He was many years pas- 
tor of the Upper Freehold Church in N. J., 
which he left lor a while in 1772-3 for a gospel 
mi-^^ioii to the Shawnee and Delaware Indians; 
a journal of which, with a Memoir by his 
grandson, H. Gates Jones, was pub. 8vo, 
1865. His patriotism made him so obnoxious 
to the Tories, that, believing his life to be in 
danger, he left N. J., and settled in Chester Co., 
Po.riii the stirino- of 1775, in charge of the 
Grrai \ .Nil \ i; iitist Church. He was chap- 
lain : . i I- 1 : 1. under St. Clair, at Ticon- 
di I i_ I , : . I ini|iaigns under Gates; and 
in .1.1 ;liL caai;...i„iis of Wayne, narrowly es- 
caping death at the " Paoli Massacre." At the 
age oif 76 he served in the war of 1812, under 
Gens. Brown and Wilkinson. — Lossinq. 

Jones, David Ru.mpu, gen. C.S.A., b. 
S.C. 1825; d. Richmond, Va., 1863. West 
Point, 1846. Entered 2d Inf.; was brev. 1st 



495 



J03V 



lleiit. for gallantry at Contreras and Churu- 
busco, anil capt. for Chapultepcc; became 1st 
lieut. 1849; assist instr. inf. tactics at West 
Point, 1851-3 ; assist, adj. -gen. (ranlv of capt.) 
March 16, 1853; resigned Feb. 16, 1861 ; en- 
tered the Confcd. service ; was made brig-gen. ; 
led a brigade at the Ijattle of Bull Run ; and 
in Oct. 1862 com. a division in the army corps 
of gen. J. E. Johnston. 

Jones, George, clergyman and author, b. 
near Yorli, Pa., July 30, 1800; d. U.S. Naval 
Asylum, Phila., Jan. 22, 1870. Y. C. 1823. 
Schoolmaster on the frigate " Brandvwinc " in 
1825-8; tuturof Yale 1829-30; ord. deacon 
in the Ei.i>c. church, Jan. 16, 1831, and officiat- 
ed some lime m .Miildlctown, Ct. App. chap- 
hiin U.S.N. Apr. 2ii, 1833. He pub. in 1829, 
" Sketches of Naval Life ; " in 1836, " Excur- 
sions to Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and Baal- 
bee ; " and in 1865, " Life-Sceues from the 
Four Gospels, and Life Scenes from the Old 
Testament." His long and careful observations 
on the Zodiacal Light fill one vol. of the report 
of the U.S. Japan e.\ped.— OA. Rec. Yale, 1870. 

Jones, George (Count Joannes), b. Bos- 
ton, 1810. Played at the Fedcrul-st. Theatre, 
Boston, in 1828 ; first app. at the Chestnut-st., 
Phila., Dec. 7, 1831, as Pierre in " Venice Pre- 
served ; " was the original Claude Melnotte at 
the National, Boston, May 16, 1838; and in 
Sept. 1839 was manager of the theatres in 
Richmond and Norfolk, Va. ; afterwards vis- 
ited Eng., and lectured on the Bilile. Author 
of " History of Ancient America," 3d ed. 8vo. 
1843; "Tecumseh,"a tragedy; "The Life 
of Gen. Harrison," and the "First Oration 
on Shakspeare," I2mo, 1844; he now (1870) 
practises law in N. Y. City. 

Jones, Hugh, minister of Jamestown. 
Pub. " The Present State of Virginia," 8vo, 
Lond. 1724. Prof, of mathematics in Wil- 
liam and Mary (?oll., and afterward chaplain 
to the Va. Assembly. 

Jones, Jacob, "commo. U.S.N., b. near 
Smyrna, Del., in March, 1768; d. Phila. Aug. 
3, 18-50. He studied medicine, and grad. at the 
U. of Pa. ; but abandoned practice for the 
clerkship of the Supremo Court of Del. En- 
tered the navy as a midshipman, April 10, 
1799; wasmadelieut. Feb. 22, 1801; was an of- 
ficer of the frigate " Philadelphia," imder Bain- 
bridge, when she was captured in 1803 in the 
harbor of Tripoli, remaining a prisoner 13 
months ; was made com. Apr. 20, 1810 ; and, 
when war was declared against Great Britain 
in 1812, he was in com. of the sloop-of-war 
" Wasp;" Oct. 18, 1812, he captured the sloop- 
of-war " Frolic," a vessel of superior force, 
after an action of 43 minutes. Capt. Jones 
was honored with a vote of thanks by Con- 
gress, together with a gold medal ; and swords 
were voted him by several of the States for his 
gallant conduct in this engagement. Both ves- 
sels were, however, soon after taken by "The 
Poictiers," 74, and carried into Bermuda. He 
was made post-capt. March 3, 1 81 3, and com. the 
frigate " Macedonian " in Decatur's squadron. 
After the peace, Commo. Jones com. squadron 
in the Mediterranean and Pacific, and served 
some years as a commiss. of the navy board, 
and gov. of the Naval Asylum at Phila. 



Jones, James Atheabx, author, h. Tis- 
bury, Ms., June 4, 1790; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 
Aug. 1853. He had a common-school educa- 
tion ; made some voyages to the We.st Indies; 
afterward taught school ; was in England in 
1829-31 ; and was subsequently a farmer and 
trader in Tisbury. He was ah. 1826 an editorin 
Phila., and 20 years later in Baltimore, and in 
Buffalo in 1851. He pub. " Traditions of the 
N. American Indians," 3 vols. Lond. 1830; 
" Haverhill, or Memoirs of an Officer in the Ar- 
my of Wolfe," Lond. 3 vols. 1831 ; a vol. of 
Poems : and a " Letter to an English Gent, 
on English Libels of America," 1826, Phila. 

Jones, jA.MEa Chamberlain, statesman, 
b. Davidson Co., Tenn., April 20, 1809; d. 
Memphis, Oct. 29, 1859. His father dying 
during his infancy. Col. Ward became his guar- 
dian, and much of his time was passed in la- 
bor on his plantation. From the library of Col. 
W. he acquired the elements of a good English 
education. At the age of 21 he m., and settled 
on a farm in Wilson Co. In 1837 and '39 he rep- 
resented that county in the legisl.; in 1841, and 



1S43, hi 



Na- 



tion. I ''■ _ ' : i : I ; . ■ I Its nom- 

ine.', 1,-1! lialMi, .:.,i\-iiiij ,-.\riil popular 
speeches in his behalf in different plates. In 
1850 he removed to Memphis ; and in 1851 was 
elected to the U.S. senate. In 1854 he was a 
conspicuous supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill, and thenceforward became identified with 
the Deinoc. party. 

Jones, Joel, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1848), jurist, 
b. Coventry, Ct., Oct. 25, 1795; d. Phila. Feb. 3, 
1860. Y.C. 1817. He studied law, and settled 
in practice in Easton, Pa. In 1830 he was app. 
a commiss. to revise the civil code of Pa. He 
was associate judge, and afterwards pres. judge, 
of the Dist. Court for the city and county of 
Phila. First pres. of Girard Coll. Dec. 1847- 
June, 1849. In 1849 he was elected mayor of 
Phila., and, after serving one term, returned to 
his profession. He was eminent for attain- 
ments in jurisprudence, philology, and theology. 

Jones, John, M.D., physician. Of Welsh 
extraction, b. Jamaica, L.I., 1729 ; d. June 23, 
1791. After receiving his education at a pri- 
vate school in N.Y., he commenced the study 
of medicine, and afterwards visited Europe to 
improve his professional knowledge. From the 
U. of Rheims he obtained the degree of M D. 
in May, 1751, and, having spent some time at 
Leyden, concluded his medical tour by a visit 
to Edinburgh. Upon his return, Dr. Jones set- 
tled in New York, where he soon acquired an 
extensive practice, and especial reputation as 
an operator. He served as surgeon in the army 
in the war of 1 755, and attended the wounded 
French com. Dieskau. When medical schools 
were instituted in the Coll. of N.Y., 1767, Dr. 
Jones was app. prof, of surgery, upon which he 
delivered several courses of lectures. In 1776 
Dr. Jones pub. his " Plain ]-!einarks upon 
Wounds and Fractures." Duriii;.' i!ie British 
oceup.ation of New York. Dr. Junes withdrew 
into the country, relimiiii-hiiig his lucrative 
piactice in the city, lie was soon after chosen 
to the senate of N.Y., and was subsequently 



JON 



496 



JON 



for a short lime in tlie iiic.lic:il dcpt. of the ar- 
my. He w.i~ I , 1 7-1 I . rii-l Mil,; i,r the (ihysi- 
cians of the I' II • .r l|.i'ii iln- institu- 
tion of the ( 'el; m! 1':;. -;. I. I'liili. in 1787, 

Dr. Jones \v:i- ^li.trd \ i.r ja<-<,, and eontrib. 
to the first voh of its transnctions an interest- 
ing paper on Anthrax. He was tlie intimate 
firientl and physician of Franklin, whom he 
attended in his last illness, and pub. a brief ac- 
count of his death. In IT'.Hi he attended Wash- 
ington when veiv ill at New Ynik ; and on the 
removal ot the ^eai id' t:"\ i. i.. I'lnla he app. 
Dr. Jones phvMeian tn'hi. fainiiv. lie pub. 
several sin-ieal works, a.id, as a sm -eon, stood 



the 



After his death, a vol. of hi^ works, with a .Me- 
moir, was pub. hy Dr. Jlease, 8vo, 1795.— 
Tliadler. 

Jones, John B., b. Bait., Md., 1810. Au- 
thor of '■ Wild Western Scenes," Pliila. 1849; 
"Book of Visions," 1847; "Rural Sports, a 
Poem," 1848; "The Western Merchant," 
1848; "The Kival Belles," IS.J:; ; "Adven- 
tures of Col. Van der Bomb," I8.)2; "The 
Monarehi-,t," 18.5:); "Life and Advents, of a 



reaks 



estab. in Phila. the Southern Monitor, a weekly 
paper devoted to Southern interests. — Alii- 

Jones, J. Glancy, lawyer and M.C. (18.50- 
8), b. Concstoga River, Pa., Oct. 7, 1811. Ed- 
ucated to the Church, he preferred the law, to 
which he devoted himself with success ; and 
was dcp. atty.-gen. of the State. He was the 
author -in the house of the bill creating the 
Court of Claims, and chairman of the com. of 
ways and means. He was tendered by Pres. 
Buchanan the mission to Berlin, which ho de- 
clined, but in Oct. 1858 accepted that to Aus- 
tria. 

Jones, John M., brig.-gen. C.S.A., b. Va. 
1822; kiliedatSpottsvlv. lOMav, 1864. West 
I^int, 1841. Assist, instr. W. P. 1845-52; 
1st lieut. 20 Aug. 1847 ; capt. 7th Inf 3 Mar. 
1855; took part in the Utah exped. ; res. 27 
May, 1861 ; app. col. of a Va. regt. ; promoted 
in 1863 to a brigade in Ransom's div.. Long- 
street's corps ; severely wounded at Gettys- 
burg ; took part in the attack on Knoxville in 
Doe. 1863; in the operations in the Wilder- 
ness ; and in the vicinity of Spottsylv., Va. 

Jones, John Paul, admiral, b. parish of 
Kirkbean, Scotland, 6 July, 1747; d. Paris, 18 
July, 1792. Son of John Paul, a respectable 
farmer. He went to sea at an early age, and, 
bclbre he was 1 8, com. a vessel to the W. Indies. 
In this employ he continued, until, in suppress- 
ing a mutiny, he so wounded one of his seamen 
as to cause his death. For this he was tried 
and honorably acquitted in the port in tho W. 
Indies where it occurred ; but, on his return to 
Eng., was so persecuted on account of it, that 
he went to live in Va., where he had a bro., 
who in 1773 died, anil loft him considerable 
property. Offering his services to Congress, he 
was made a first lieut. in the navy (22 Dec. 
1775), and in gratitude to Gen. Jones of N. 
Carolina, who htid strongly recommended him, 



assumed his name. After a cruise in " The 
Alfred," 28, he in Feb. 1776 commanded " The 
Providence," 12, with which in 6 weeks he 
took si.xteen merchantmen, and destroyed the 
iishing-establishment at Isle Mad.iine. lie 
fought "The Solebay," 28, l.r -v i :, n:, ; 
and on two occasions enennn i -1,1- 

ford,"32. Capt. Oct. lo, i::, ] . i |,e 
Alfred" he destroyed the P'mi K i 1 n : i^t, 
and took all the vessels there with ilieir tr.ii;hts. 
App. UJune, 1777, to " The Ranger." 18, he 
sailed to Europe; and Feb. 2, 1778, received 
from Count D'Orvilliers the first salute ever 
paid to the American flag by a foreign man-of- 
war. In April he scaled the walls of the fort at 
White Haven, and spiked 38 cannon there. 
His crew having plundered the house of the 
Earl of Selkirk of his plate, Jones bought it 
from them, and returned it. While on tho 
English coast, he captured " The Drake," a 
ship of superior force (sent out ex|iressly to 
take him), in sight of a large concourse of 
people, and took her into Brest. The equip- 
ment of a squadron wdiieh he was to com. 
detained him in France until Aug. 14, 1779, 
when lie sailed to intercept the Baltic fleet. 
< >uin^ to the ih-ertion of ptirt of the squadron, 
and the had eondnet of "The Allianec," he 
ei.iiM niilv eai.tnro the convoy, consisting of 
"111- S. ia|.i., ' .SO, and "The Countess of 

S Ml Mie.n," -M. He himself, in the 

"lion llunnne IJieliard," encountered "The 
Seinpis, " and took her after one of the inn-t 
severe and sans;uinai-v li.;ht< evri- !r,oi-,i,d. 

sunk soon after the a^'tiMH. ( i| hrr rvrn ,if 

380, 306 w-re ki"-! I'ei >.-.n.M ■■! Ih^ -as 

enthusiasi!,' rt- - .•,•• ■■, . i -i !;,,:■ ,•, -.•. . , , ,,._. 
from Lien , \ \ I :;,,■, e , , ; ,,, ,, „■ , ,„, , ,,^ 

and a s \\ M ; , ; , , : , , . a , , , l l : , i ; _; , , , I , j . t 

gold medal lu he ..ii ikI, in i,M,aa . .; ;,;. : ve- 

ments. and app. him to coin. " lie' Anea u a," 

74. He was dooiped to disa]i]iein nt, Inm-- 

evcr, as Congress found itseli e i! I nn i-, i.ie. 
sent herto France, inlieu of tlv Mum;: ^m-," 

lost in our waters. In I'Mi i ,,..,.; |e 

him agent to Denmark and s i ,i . : an 

indemnity for Jones's pri/' - i, ■ i 

their ports to the enemy, l.iii^ini^ ihr ., imc 
of Catharine of Russia as leai adm, m 17-7, 
in an action against the Turk- in ih l.an.iu 
Sea, June 7, 1788, he so distinu, Inm-i 1; a- to 
be made viee-admiral, and a knuln uT Si. .\iin. 
Slanderous calumnies, huwev.i, aim- .m an 

acutely sensitive mind, so iinljitntvii h , to 

cause him to resign ; and he letiirned tn I'aiis, 
where he died. Tho Nat. Assemhly decreed him 
a public funeral and mourning. In his char- 
the tenderness and sensibility of a woman 



were united to the courage and da 



of a 



hero. The star-spangled banner was first dis- 
played by him on board " The Alfred " in the 
Delaware. His Life, by John Henry Sher- 



burne, 

his niece, 

by A. S. ^ 

Jones. 



vo, Washington, 1825 ; by 
1- • > T.iylor, in 1830; and 

.1 m:,"|).D., b. New Ips- 
: Mam, Sept. 13, 1851. 

t.iiii. Baptist missionary to 
183U; and translated tho 
to the Siamese. 



JON 



Jones, John W., of Chesterfield, Va., M.C. 
18.Jr)-4r, ; sptiikcr 1843-5; d. Jan. 29, 1848. 
Wm. anil Jl. Coll. 1803. 

Jones, Joseph Se.\well; (i. 1855. Canib. 
Law iScliool, 1833. Author of " A Defence 
of the Revol. History of N.C.," 1834 ; "Me- 
morials of N.C.," 1838. 

Jones, Noble Wi.mberlt, Revol. patriot, 
b. near Lond., Eng., 1724 ; d. Savannah, Jan. 
9, 1805. He was a son of Dr. Noble Jones, 
an early settler of Ga., with whom he was assoo. 
in pi-aetice at Savannah from 1748 to 1756, 
and who was treas. of the Province, and a 
councillor of state. He held a military com- 
mission at an early age, and was a member of 
the Assembly in 1761 and subsequently, being 
often speaker. He was a leading patriot in 
1774 ; corresp. with Franklin, the agcntof Ga. 
in Eng.; and was speakerof thefirstGa. legisl. ; 
delegate to the Old Congress in 1775 and 1781- 
3 ; lost a son at the capture of Savannah in 
1778; was himself made prisoner at the fall 
of Charleston in 1780, and carried to St. Au- 
gustine ; was exchiinged in July, 1781 ; prac- 
tised medicine in Pbila. until Dec. 1782, when 
he returned to Ga., and was again of its As- 
sembly. He practised in Charleston from Dec. 
1783 to Dec. 1788, alter which ha lived in 
Savannah. Pres. of the convention which 
revised the State constitution in 1795. He 
was a skilful physician and a man of benevo- 
lent character. 

Jones, RoGEK, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Wotniuicl.irid Co., Va., 1789 ; d. Washington, 
July 15, lt^."i2; app. 2d lieut. marine corps, 
Jan, 26, 1809; July 12, 1812, was transferred 
to the art. with the rank of capt. ; received the 
brev. of maj. for disting. services in the battle 
of Chippewa, July 5, 1SI4, and Lundy's Lane; 
and was also commended for bravery at the 
battle of Niagara, as well as in the defence of 
Fort Erie in July and Aug. of the same year; 
brev. lieut.-col. for the soi tie from Fort Erie, 
Sept. 17; app. aiii.-L'iu. (rank of col.) Aug. 
10, 181.S; l.irv. r,,l. ^, |,i. 17, 1824. Mar. 7, 
1825, Ih : II. of the armv, which 

po-thcl. , !, ,i;li. Brev. brig--gen., 

June, 1>:;-, I; ^ , iii i| „> n., in Jilav, 1848. 

Jones, .'^A.iiLTLL, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1826), 
jurist, b. 17G9 ; d. Cold Spring, LI., Aug. 8, 
1853. Y.C. 1790. His father, Chief Justice 
Samuel, styled the " father of the N.Y. bar," 
was originally a sailor, filled many important 
and responsible stations, was in 1788 a mem- 
ber of the convention which adopted the Con- 
stitution of the U.S., and d. 1819, a. 85. The 
son studied law in his father's office with De 
Witt Clinton ; member N.Y. Assembly 1812- 
14; recorder N.Y. City 1823; in 1826 was 
app. by Gov. Clinton chancellor of the State; 
in 1 828 he .tccepted the office of chief justice 
of the Superior Court in N.Y. City; in 1847- 
9 he was judge of the Supreme Court of the 
State, and ex officio a judge of the Court of 
Appeals. Until the last two months of his 
life, he took an active part in the arguments 
ami contests incident to practice at the bar. 
Samuel Jones and R. Variek pub. "Laws of 
the State of N.Y., Feb. 1778 to Mar. 1789," 
2 vols, fok, N.Y. 1789. 
Jones, Samuel, gen. C.S.A., b. Va. 1820 ; 



killed in battle of Wilderness, Va.. 5 May, 
1864. West Point, 1841. Prof. math. W. P. 
1846-51 ; capt. 1st Art. 24 Dec. 1853 ; res. 27 
Apr. 1861. App. col., soon after brig.-gcn., 
and early in 1862 maj.-gen., Confed. army; 
com. the forces in W. Va. until ordered in 
the spring of 1864 to re-enforce Lee on the 
Rapitlan. 

Jones, Thomas ap Catesbt, commodore 
U.S.N. Of Welsh descent, b. Va. 1789; d. 
Georgetown, D.C., May 30, 1858. Bro. of 
Gen. Roger. Entering the navy, Nov. 22, 1805, 
be became lieut. May 24, 1812; com. Mar. 28, 
1820 ; and capt. Mar. 11, 1829. From 1808 to 
1812 be was engaged in the Gulf of Mexico, 
and disting. himself in the suppression of 
piracy, smuggling, and the slave-trade. When 
the British naval exped. against New Orleans 
entered Lake Borgne, he, with a small flotilla, 
endeavored to intercept 40 British boats. Al- 
though wouniliil, ^iiiil . ,M.,|,. :iril to surrender, 
his conduct w:i- ' : n.-iulid. In 1842 

he com. tlic I'.H .:: m1 liavin^', from 

erroneous intonii,:!. , - .n; -I tlir gov. of Mon- 
terey to surreiider, he «a-, lur this indiscretion, 
suspended from service for a time. 

Jones, Thomas P., M.D., d. Washington, 
Mar. II, 1S48, a. 75. Had been supt. of the 
patent-office, editor of the Froiiklin Journal, 
Phila., and of Marcel's Conversations on Nat. 
Philos. 1826. 

Jones, Valentine, a British maj.-gen.; d. 
Bath, Eng., Nov. 14, 1815, a. 89. i3rig.-gen. 
in America in 1775-6, under Gen. Howe; 
maj.-gen. Aug. 21, 1777; served on Long 
Island and in Rhode I-land. 

Jones, Walter, M D. (Edinb. 1770), an 
eminent physician, b. Va. 1745 ; d. Westmore- 
land Co., Va., Dec. 31, 1815. Wm. and M. 
Coll. 1760. He settled in Northumberland 
Co., Va., attaining an extensive practice, and 
the highest standing both as a scholar and 
physician. Apr. 11, 1777, he was app. by 
Congress physician-gen. of the hospital in the 
middle dept. M.C. 1797-9 and 180.:;-U. 

Jones, Wilie; d. near Raleigh, N.C. With 
bis brother Allen, he was a delegate to the 
Congress which framed the State constitution 
in 1776, and drew up the instrument which 
was adopted ; pres. of the com. of safety in 
1775; delegate to the h. of commons 1776-8 ; 
delegate to the Old Congress 1780-1 ; elected 
to the Federal Const. Conv. in 1787, but de- 
clined ; member of the State convention which 
rejected the U. S. Constitution in 1788, of 
which he was an opponent. — Wheeler. 

Jones, William, gov. of li.I. 1811-17, b. 
Newport, 1754; d. Providence, Apr. 9, 1822. 
A carpenter in his youth. He entered the army 
in 1775 as a capt. in Col. Lippitt's R.I. reyt. ; 
afterward com. a marine corps in one of the 
national frigates ; was made prisoner at 
Charleston, S.C.; and after the war was a mer- 
chant in Providence till his death. He was 
several years a representative from Prov., and 
speaker of the Assembly. 

Jones, William,' statesman, b. Phila. 
1760; d. Bethlehem, Fa., Sept. 5, 1831. When 
ab. 16 he joined a vol. company, and was pres- 
ent at the battles of Trenton and Princetim, 
and afterward on board several armed vessels. 



JON 



498 



JTJ^ 



He was once severely wounded, and twice made 
prisoner in lliat contest. He was iieut. with 
Com. Truxton in the James River, when 
that officer encountered and beat off a British 
ship of superior force. He then entered the 
mercliant-service, but in 1790 settled in Charles- 
ton, S.C., whence he removed to Phiia. in 
1793. M.C. 1801-3 ; sec. of the navy Jan. 12, 
1813, to Dec. 7, 1814; was afterward pres. of 
the U.S. Bank and coll. of Phila. He was 
nearly 26 years a member of the Philos. So- 
cietv. Author of " Winter Navigation of the 
Delaware," I'hila. 8vo, 1822. 

Jones, William Alfred, essayist, b. New 
York, June 26, 1817. Col. Coll. 1836; and in 
18.11-65 was librarian of that institution. 
Member of a family long distinj;. for the emi- 
nent men it has furnished to the bar and the 
bench in ihe State of N.Y., including the ante- 
Kevol. period. He has cuiitrili. many literary 
ciiticisms to perioillci:-, rlil. Ilv t . ihe Church 
l^conl, A,xt,m,s, IT,,. /,■ ' ..■ 1 lU,: Democ. 

liecta: Several r^ . ■ . - i^ of his 



beei 



Collection of Miscellaneous Papers," 1840; 
"LitL-rary Studies," 2 vols. 1847; "Essays 
upon Authors and Books," 1849 ; and " Char- 
acters and Criticisms," 2 vols. 1857. He pub. 
in 1849 a Memorial of his father, David S. 
Jones, with notices of the Jones family of 
Queens Co. 

Jones, William E., maj.-gen. C.S.A., h. 
Va. 1824; killed Mt. Crawford, Va., June 5, 
1864. A.M. of Emory and Henry Coll. 1847. 
West Point, 1848. Lieut, mounted rifles; 
resigned 1857. A cavalry ofiicer of ability, 
serving principally in Western Va. ; miij -gen. 
in 1863. 

Jonquiere, Jaques Pieere de Taffa- 

NKL. Miuipiis (le la, gov. of Canada 1749-52, 
b 1,1 .1 :iiM-;., France, 1686; d. Quebec, 
M, r ! ■ 1 1. ■ entered the navy in 1698; 
w.i iiNvin 1703; taken prisoner 

n.;i' l:,, Ml, I I Tdfi^wasat the siege of Toulon 
17u7, :ui(l ilie ex|icd. to Rio Janeiro 1711; 
made Knight of St. Louis and capt. 1731 ; 
cii]>t. in the navy 1736 ; insp. of marine 1741 ; 
tlag-uffieer in 1744 of Admiral de Court; ac- 
eonip. D'Anville's fleet in 1746; app. gov. of 
Canada in 1747, but was taken by the British, 
May 3, on his way to that country, where he 
did not arrive till Sept. 2, 1749. He was tall, 
well made, of an imposing figure, and exces- 
sively brave, but very avaricious. His govern- 
ment was marked with considerable firmness; 
and he generally carried out the policy of the 
energetic and talented La Gallissoniere. He 
solicited a recall in 1751, in consequence of 
charges of monopoly of the peltry-trade, made 
by the Jesuits; but his bodily powers gave way 
before it arrived. He was one of the ablest of 
the French naval officers. — Morgan. 

Jordan, Robert, Quaker preacher, b. 
Nansemond, Va., Oct. 27, 1693; d. Phila. 
Aug. 5, 1742. He began to preach in 1718; 
visited N. E. in 1722; suffered imprisonment 
in 1723 and 1727 in Va. for his principles; 
travelled in Great Britain and the W. Indies 
in 1728-30 and in 1731-4; afterwards visited 
the eastern and southern provinces; made a 
second journey to Barbadocs in 1740; and 



was at Boston in nil.— Coll. of Qunkei 
Memormls. 

Josselyn, John, traveller, b. Eng. Son 
of Sir Thomas Jocelyn of Kent. He sailed 
for New Eng. Apr. 26, and arrived at Boston, 
July 2, 1638. He returned to Eng. in Oct. 
1639; sailed a second time. May 23, 1663, and 
returned Dec. 1, 1671, the interval having 
been passed in New Eng. In 1672 he pub. in 
London "New England's Rarities Discovered." 
In it he presents a picture of Boston in 1663. 
This was repr. in 1865 with notes by Edw;\id 
Tuckerman. He next issued "An" Account 
of Two Voyages to New England," Loml. 
1674. repr. "Boston 1869; also "Chronologi- 
cal Obbservations of America from the Year 
of the World to the Year of Christ," 1673. 
His only brother (Henrt) lived at Black 
Point (Scarborough, Me.) in 1638. He was 
sent over by Capt. Mason ; arrived at Piseat- 
aqna in the summer of 1634; and in 1636 
and 1640 was a member of the Maine govt. 
In 1643 he succeeded to the Cammock patent 
at Black Point; and in 1645 became dep.-gov. 
App. a commiss. for the administration of the 
govt, in 1665. Active and influential in the 
affairs of Maine in 1635-76. — Willis in Geneal. 
Reg. ii. 204. 

Jouet, Matthew, pnrt. |,:iin'< r, Ii. Fay- 
ette Co., Ky., 1783; d. I.- :- I --6. 
Educated lor the bar. 11 ; .> ite 
pupil of Stuart in Bostn:! i!il~l7: |.i,h;i>i(l 
his art m, . ..r,,l , ,;, ,i,y year,- in Kv., .\. Or- 
leans, N.i I / I I -11 I I places in the South- 
west ; j: : I, i!i\ years the best port.- 
painter in iL- W ' - Z'-' /.-fuHfin. 

Juarez (ji'-u , F.imm., a Mexican 
pres., b. Villa Ix ' •. .ifOaxaca, 

1807. Descend. ,1 ' I 1; , nue. Grnd. 

at the Coll. of ():i> ^ li: l ^ :iMyas made 

a member of the Institute nf Arts and Sciences. 
He gained distinction as a lawyer; was prof, 
of canonical law in the Institute of Oaxaca ; 
and took an active part in politics as a liberal 
member of thelegisl. of his native State. Made 
pres. judge, he was in 1846 elected dep. to the 
Mexican Congress. He was active in the 
administration of the law by which church 
property was secularized to meet the ncces.si- 
ties of Ihe war with the U.S. (1846-8). Gov. 
of Iiis native State from 1848 to 1852, and at 
his retirement left a balance in the public 
treasury. Banished by Santa Aiia in 1853, 
lie resided in New Orleans until May, 1855, 
when he returned, and accomp. Alvarez from 
Acapulco to Cuernavaea, where he was a rep- 
resentative in the Assembly, and, until Dec. 
1 855, was minister of justice under Alvarez. 
While in this office, he promulgated the % 
Juarez, abolishing the privileges of the clergy 
and the army. Comonfort then app. him gov. 
of Oaxaca; in Nov. 1857 made him sec. of 
state; and subsequently he was app. pres. of the 
Supreme Court of justice. After the with- 
drawal of Comonfort, Jan. 1858, Juarez be- 
came, in virtue of his office, constitutional 
pres. of Mexico. Jan. 19 he established his 
govt, in Guanajnnta. The reverses of civil 
war afterward compelled him to remove it to 
Colima. From May 4, 1858, he oflieiated at 
Vera Cruz; but at the close of 18S0 had com- 



499 



polled his opponent Miramon to abdicate, and 
flee tlie coiinti-j-. Jan. 11, 1861, Juarez en- 
tered the city of Mexico, formed his cabinet, 
and in June was elected pros. Then came 
European intervention, and the short-lived 
empire of Maximilian. Driven by the French 
army from place to place, in 1863-6 he still 
held out against the enemies of his country ; 
but, the French army being withdrawn in 186'6, 
he succeeded in doleating the imperial forces 
early in 1867 ; captured Maximilian, whose exe- 
cution he ordered June 16, 1867; in Oct. was 
re-elected lo the presidency, and again in 1871. 

Juarros, D. Domingos, Guatimalian his- 
torian ; d. ab. 1818. He was an ecclesiastic, 
and was the first to point out the existence in 
Central America of those monuments, the age 
and origin of which are not yet determined. 
He pub. " Compendia de la Hikoria de la Ciu- 
dadde Guntimula," Guatimala, 1809-18,2 vols. 
Svo. : a translation by Lieut. Bailey appeared 
in Lond. in \825. — Nouv. Bioij. Univ. 

Judah, Uenky Moses, brig.-gen. vols., b. 
Snow Hill, Md., June 12, 1821 ; d. Plattsburg, 
N.Y., ,Jan. 14, 1866. West Point. 1843. En- 
tering the 8th Inf., he served in the Mexican 
war; com. his company at ihe storming of Mon- 
terey ; and, for gallantry at Molino del Rey and 
at the capture of the city of Mexico, received 
the brevets of 1st lieut. and capt. ; 29 Sept. 
1853, he became capt. 4th Inf., serving actively 
for 9 years against the Indians of California, 
Washington and Oregon Tcrriiories; made col. 

March^ai, 1862, and .n-|, ."i "' '■•' Hal- 
leck's army on the Ten n. ; i^ -ijnnij his Maff- 
app., he was ordered to ccjiii iln- l-t iliv. ulthe 
army of the reserve, wliicli lie relinquished 
after the evacuation of Coriuth by the Confed. 
forces, and was re-app. insp.-gen. ; 30 June, 
1862, he was made meijor 4tli Inlanliv : hrcv. 
col. U.S.A. Ilewasviii a ;v m I in II. I o: 
Morgan in his raid int„ K . : I 

and Ohio in 1863. In - \ i i 

campai;;n he com. a divi-iui. ■: lii- -i.'.-A • ".y-. 

Judd, Rev. Bethel, U.l). (T.in. isai), 
Epis. clergvman, b. Watertown, Ct., 1776 ; d. 
Wilmington, Del., Apr. 8, 18.i8. Y.C. 1797. 
Ord. deacon by Bishop Moore in 1798 ; recior 
of St. James Church, New London, Ct., for 15 
years ; a pioneer of the church in N. C. ; and 
held a missionary station at St. Augustine, 
Florida. Ho was one of the early presidents 
of St John's Coll., Annapolis.— Z/is(. Mag. 
ii. 215. 

Judd, Norman B., lawyer and politician, 
b. Rome, N.Y., 10 Jan. 1815. He received a 
com. school education ; studied law ; and in 
18-36 was adm. to the bar, and settled in suc- 
cessful practice in Chicago ; city atty. 1837-9 ; 
State senator 184-1-60 ; member of the Bloom- 
ington conv. in 1856, that organized the Re- 
pub, party, in which he was prominent ; and 
chairman State central com. 1856-61 ; chair- 
man of the III. delegation in the Chicago conv. 
that nominated Mr. Lincoln to the presidencv ; 
minister to Prussia, Mar. 1861-Oet. 1865 ; 
M.C. 1867-71. Pres. of the Peoria and Bureau 
Vallev Road, and of the liock Mand Railroad 
Bridge Co.— Hkeldies of ike Lmdin./ M, n of 
Chicago. 



Judd, Sylvester, journalist nn.l histo- 
rian, b. VVesthampton, Ms., 23 A|ir. 1789; d. 
Northampton, Ms., 18 Apr. 1860. Thos. his 
ancestor came to N. E. in 1633 or '34. He was 
some years in mercantile business ; owned 
and edited the Hampshire Gazette in 1822-34; 
was long engaged in investigating tlie history 
of the Ct. Valley; and pub. "Thomas Judd 
and his Descendants," 1856. His " History of 
Hadley" was pub., 8vo, 1863, with "Family 
Genealogies." hy L. M. Boltwood. 

Judd, Sylvester, author and Unitarian 
clergyman, son of the preceding, b. Westhamp- 
ton, Ms., July 23, 1813; d. Augusta, Me., 
Jan. 20, 1853. Y.C. 1836. On the comple- 
tion of his thcol. studies at Cambridge, in 1840, 
he was ord. pastorof the East Parish, Augusta, 
Me., Oct. 1. In addition to his pulpit-duties, 
Mr. Judd was a frequent lyceum-lecturcr on 
the social reforms of the day," opposing war and 
slavery, and advocating temperance. He pub. 
" Margaret, a Tale of the Real and Ileal," Bos- 
ton, 1845, which has been illustrated by a series 
of outline drawings by Darley (1856) ; " Philo, 
an Evangeliad;" and "Richard Edney," a 
romance, 1850. An old Indian tradition sug- 
gested to Mr. Judd a dramatic poem in 5 acts, 
" The White Hills, an American Tragedy," 
--■" unpub. A vol. entitled "The Church" 
ub. posthumously in 1854. — See Life 
haracter of Sylvester Judd, Boston, 1854, 
by Mrs. A. Hall. ' 

Judson, Adoniram, D.D., Baptist mis- 
sionary at Burmah, b. Maiden, Ms., Aug. 9, 
1788 ; d. at sea, April 12. 1850. B.U. 1807 ; 
And. Sem. 1810. Son of Rev. Adoniram, of 
M. Opening a private school in Plymouth, 
Ms., he prepared bis " Element., of 'English 
Grammar," and "Y'oung Ladies' Arithmetic," 
pub. 1808 and 1809. Ord. 6 Feb 1812. Mar- 
rviiiL' Ann ILisseliine, aftenvards so noted for 

I' I". -Ill III I I" j.ii devotion, they sailed for 

' III' I IJ; and, having settled at 

; - ' ! I II li.lic toiled there neaily40 

1 ;i lie u-as imprisoned two 

1' 'I 111"! .iaiiy expecting some 

111 liM .1 ;,, >ee himself sur- 

■ aiiii- .ii native converts, and 

a.s.-ist. evangelists, Burmese 

rican ; acquired a thorough 

he Burmese language, into 

id other books; 



was nil 
and Ch 



years, and niai 
barbarous di-at 
rounded by tli- 
a strong cor|,.s 
as well as A 
knowledge of 



tionary of that langn.i : ir-c 4to 

vols. Having lost In- : ; i -;ir>, in 

Apr. 1834 he m. Mr-, .",ii.,li II 1', . iriiinan, 
who d. Sept. I, 1845 ; in .Jan., I.s4i., uliilc on 
a visit to the U.S., he ra. Emily Chubbuck, 
known under the nom de plume of " Fanny For- 
ester." Memoirs of his life have been pub. by 
F. Wavland, 1853; J. Clement, 1852; D. T. 
Middleditch, 1854; Mrs. H. C. Conant, 1856; 
and W. Hague, 1851. 

Judson, Ann Hasseltine, 1st wife of the 
preceding, b. Bradford, Ms., Dec. 22. 1789 ; d. 
Amherst, Burmah, Oct 24, 1826. She early de- 
veloped remarkable qualities both of intellect 
and character. Educated at the Bradford 
Acad. Her mind was well disciplined, and her 
acquisitions were unusually large. Feb. 5, 
1812, she m. Mr. Judson ; and Feb. 19, em- 



JXTD 



500 



barked for Calcutta, licing the first American 
female! missionary. Slie revisited her home in 
1822-'!, hut subsequently labored in Burmali. 
— Sn- Munoir I,,/ J!n: Jam.s I). Knowles. 

Judson, Kmily Chucbcck, b. Eaton, 
Madi=ou Co., N.Y., Aug. 22, 1817 ; d. Hamil- 
ton, N.Y.,June 1, 1854. Wireofthe Rcv.Ado- 
niram, but principally celebrated lor her prose 
and poetical writing.s, under the assumed name 
of Faunv Forester, which appeared in the 
Kiiirki'ibocker and Amer. Baptist Mag., and the 
N. Y. Mirror. She received a good education ; 
was for some vcars a tcailier in the Female 
Sum. at Unra'; aii'l .i. .I:i!p-, 1-^p.. n,. Dr. 
Ju(Im,„, ;n)'i i,ni)..Mi.,i. . , ■ • I i,,. Af- 

ter h:^ .I'.uh. .\|ir IJ ! , .ni-l to 

the U.S. u, rh...-u ,.l ]n- .liiMivii, „, whom, 
and to the revision of the Memoirs of her hus- 
band, by Pres. Wayland, the remainder of lier 
life was devoted. She began her career of 
authorship bv wiiliuL; sabliath-school books ; 
and 111 i~tl li-.,iiiii> .1 I' :.'i;;.ir contributor to 
tin- ' ,, ,' l/,,,5. lIcrpro.se 

writiii_ ill i ill. under the title 

of " .V.'i-i 'j ■ 1. " li-i I I.J 111; were pub. under 
the title of ■■ The Oiio." Her other works are 
" The Kathayan Slave," and " My Two Sis- 
ters." While in Rangoon she wrote the Me- 
moir of JIis. Sarah B. Judson. 

Juneker, Henry Damian, D.D., R.C. 
bishop of Alton, 111. (consee. 26 Apr. 1857), b. 
Fciietrau;;e, Lorraine, France, ab. 1810; d. 
Alton, Oct. 2, 1868. Emigrating earlv to the 
U. S., he studied in Cincinnati. Was' ord. a 
priest. Mar. 16, 18-34 ; had charge of the First 
German Catholic Cong, of Cincinnati, after- 
ward of St. Jolm'.s Church, Canton, O., and, 
subscepieutly lO I8-1O, ot Davtou, O. 

Junkin, Geoisge, 1)0., LL.D., Presb. 



■ducr 



M', 



Jeff. Coll. 1813. He stir! I • ' :' 1:; \ V 
City; 'was licensed to p! 1 , - : ,1. 
I81S; and settled ovci ;,i . .,,^. _ ,,, u- . 

Milton and McEwcnsville. i'.l. II:,.: 'a.: cJiii u 

the lieliffioiis Farmer, and was active iu estttb- 
lishing jlilton Acad. In 1830 he was princi- 
pal ot the Manual Labor Acad, at German- 
town. From 1832 to 1841 and 1844-8, he was 
pres. of Laf. Coll. ; pres. of i\Iiaini U. 1841-4, 
and of Wash. Coll., Lexington, Va , fiom 
1848 to 1861, when, on account of attachment 
to the Union, he left home, property, and a 
part of his family, and came to the North for 
protection. He afterward resiiled in Phila. 
and in N.Y. Prof in Laf. Coll. at the time 
of his death. Author of "Political Falla- 
cies;'' "Sunctilication;" "The Tabernacle;" 
" Piophecies of Daniel," 8vo ; "Lectures on 
the Prophecies," 8vo, 1844; " Sabbatismos ; " 
and a commentary on Hebrews. He was the 
ablest champion of old-school orthodoxy, and 
possessed great logical power, eloquence, and 
learning. His dau. Maroaket has ])ub. be- 
side fiiu'itive poems, " Silverwood, a Book of 
Memorres," 1857. 

Kalb, John, Baros de, maj.-gen. Revo). 
arinv, b. Huttendorf, in the margraviate of 
Bavreuth, Germany, 29 June, 1721 ; d. Cam- 
den, S.C, Aug. 19, 1780. He entered the 
regt. Loewendal, in the service of France, in 



1743; became capt. and aide maj. in 1747; 
maj. 1756; lieut.-col. serving i;i m- <|iir, ii n. 
dept. under Marshal BroLtli i 1. In- 

rank of brig.-gen. and the onli r- 

it) in May, 1761, and until tin ,,1, - m 1 71, ;. 
Charged with a mission to the Amer. Colo- 
nies to ascertain their feeling towards the 
mother-country, and to learn their vulnerable 
points, he embarked in Dee. 1767, and returned 
at the close of 1768, having suffered ship- 
wreck near Staten Island. 28 Jan. 1768, and 
undergone great hardship. While in the per- 
formance of this mission, he was seized as a 
suspected person, but escaped detection. Ear- 
ly iu 1777 he accompanied Lafayette to this 
ciiuntrv, and offered his services to Congress. 
They were accepted; and 15 Sept. 1777, he 
was made a m,aj.-gen. At first he served in the 
main army; but in Apr. 1780 was sent to the 
assistance of S.C. in com. of the Md. and Del. 
troops. Before he could reach Charleston, how- 
ever. Gen. Lincoln had been made prisoner ; 
and the direction of the whole southern army, 
inconsequence, devolved upon the Baton, frotn 
May, 1780, until the app. of Gates. At the 
battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780, De Kalb, 
who com. the right wing, fell, pierced with 1 1 
wounds, while gallantly fighting on foot. A 
marble monument was erected to his memory, 
by order of Congress, opp. the Presb. church 
of Camden; and in 1825 Lafayette placed its 
corner-stone, and also that of a monument at 
Annapolis, Md. — See Kapp, Kalb's Leben. 

Kalm, Peter, a Swedish traveller, and nat- 
ural philosopher, b. Ostro Bothnia, 1715; d. 
Abo, Nov 16, 1779. Educated at Upsal ; and, 
on til" siin--.r-<ii"n of LinuEeus, was selected in 
1741 I ' s • - li-h Govt, to make a botanical 
tiiiii I \ \ii. II :i. He ariived in Phila. in 
th I, , . .74S, and remained till 1751, 
., ,11 l ..u.ida, N.Y., and Pa. On his 
I -1 1 i-i \\h>, where he was a botanical prof, 
, [I iii^ travels (3 vols. 175.3-Cl), with a 
I ■■"unt of the productions of the soil, 
,11,, 111 il .-niio-j'i-^. lit On- c'vritrics he had 
vi-r- ; A I I ■■ ■ '1 ;i.::i '1' I ihis work, 

l,V I II I : ■-; :!■ .1 .J KiilUSUbsC- 

iliii'ii .. :i 1 - I -ii'-.ii theRus- 

si.cii .loiiiiiiiuiis. i be n-.cuiiiiii evergreen shrub 
Kaliiiiu is named after him. 

Kane, Elisha Kent, M.D., arctic explorer, 
b Phila Feb. 3, 1820; d. Havana, Feb. 16, 
IS.^:, IIi< lulii r, .Tiiil-p -T.ilin K, Knne (Y.C. 



sevri.iii-'.-, I ii ■-■..I- I -.11- ,iii 1 .,1 111 ■ iiiiiversitios 
ot Va. tiiiil I'll., lal^ui,!; Ills iiiedn-al degree 
Feb- 3, 1843. In Oct. 1840 he was elected fe.s- 
identphvsician in the Pa. Hospital. Ill health 
led to his entering the navy; and in May, 1843, 
111- mn! Ill- i-liv-hiiin to the embassy to China, 
lb I iiMvely in Asia, Egypt, and 

Km _' (ireece on foot; explored 

wr- I I .\ii I 1 1 ,is wounded in a skirmish in 
til- i I iind in May, 1850, sailed as 

siii_ I lii^t under Lieut. De Haven 

to 1 11 > I ,!iii Franklin. A narrative 

of ilii-i -.1111 ii. iMi [iiib.by Dr. Kane, 8vo, N.Y., 
1853. He com. a similar cxpcd. which sailed 
May 30, 1853, the survivors of which returned 
Oct. 11, 1855, having been forced to abandon 



Ti-AJSr 



KEA 



" The Advance " in the ice, .ind to travel witli 
sledges and boats for 84 dav-s fo the Daiiish 
bcttlcments on the coast of Greenland. The 
most strikin;; result of the voyage was the 
discovery of tlie open polar sea, the existence 
of which Dr. Kane liad previously maintained. 
In 1856 he pub. " Arctic E.xplorations, the 
Second Grinnell Exped. in Search of Sir John 
Franklin in 1853-5," 2 vols. 8vo. This voyage 
cost the health and lives of most of his party. 
Gold medals were awarded him bv Congress, 
by the Icgisl. of N.Y., and hy the "Uoy. (ieog. 
Soclotyof Lond. He also ir,'ri\L 1 i .. i i.m's 
medal given to arctic cx]' :- 1': Ivmc's 
health giving way again, l I It V.n'^. 

Just previous to his depai i li 1 1 . i i < i :. 1 ^.'h, ho 
ra. Margaret Fox the nKdiiini ; but tlii'ir union 
was kept secret on account of the opposition 
of his family. Their subsequent refusal to ac- 
knowledge the claims of Mrs. Kane led to the 
publication of his letters to her, under the title 
of " Love-Life of Dr. Kane." Growing rapid- 
ly worse in Lond., he sailed, Nov. 17, for St. 
Thomas, whence he went to Havana, where he 
t\.—See las Lift, bi/ Dr. ]Vm. Elder, 8vo, Fhila., 
1858; Diii/ckuuk' 

ICane, Paul, a Canadian painter, b. Toron- . 
to, ab. 18:20. He studied in Italy in 1820-5; 
and on his return home travelled extensively 
in the North-west Terr., returning Dec. 9, 1848, 
with a large collection of sketches, from which 
he made a series of oil paintings of great mer- 
it. In 185D he pub. in Lond. "Wanderings 
of an Artist." — Moryan. 
/ C /ti. Kfa-pp, Frederick, b. Germany, exiled for 
' * ^ political reasons in 18.">0. Resided many years 
in N.Y. City; returned home in May, 1870. 
App. Hon. Doctor of Sciences in the U. of 
Bonn, 1870. Author of " Life of Baron Steu- 
ben," N.Y., 12mo, 1859; "Life of Baron de 
Kalb," 1862, &c. 

KautZ, Ad6dst v., brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. nearPotzhcim, Baden,Jan.5, 1828. 
West Point, 1852. His parents emigrated to 
the U.S. in 1828, and in 1844 settled nearRip- 
ley, O. Priv.atein the 1st Ohio fols. in ihe 
Mexican war ; and at the capture of Monterey. 
Entering the 4th U.S. Inf., he was wounded 
bv the Indians in an action on White River, 
"Wash. Terr., 1 Mar. 1856. Capt. 6th Cav. 
May 14, 1861 ; com. his regt. during thePenin- 
sular campaign ; col. 2d OMo Cav. Sept. 10, 
1862 ; com. a cavalry brigade in Ky. in 1S6.3 ; 
and at the capture of Moniicello, Ky., 1 May, 
1863, and brev. maj. 9 June, 1863, lor action 
there ; was in pursuit and at capture of John 
Morgan in July, 1853; chief of cav 23d corps 
in Burnside's campaign in E. Tcnn. and siege 
of KnoxviUc; brig.-gen. 7 May, 1864; and 
served in the Armies of the James and of the 
Potomac; brev. maj.-gen. Oct. 28, 1864 en- 
gaged in cutting the Petersb. and Weldon Rail- 
road, the Richmond and Danville Railroad, and 
Petcr-sburL' r""i I viir-iiii. Railroad, and the ac- 
tions at 1: ' ' r, i '_•■ and Reams's Station, 
and at 1 1 .i i ived from the cav. div. 

and as-i-i, , ^. ! ; .:,. , i^iith corps. Mar. 1865; 
mustered out .J.m. 1.'., ISG6. Afterward act- 
ing judge adv. of the milit. div. of the Gulf; 
brev. lieut.-col. for attack on Petersburg, 9 
June, 1864 ; col. for Darbytown, 7 Oct. 1864 ; 



brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services 
during the Rebellion; lieut.-col. 15ili Inf 28 
July, 1866. Author of " Company Clerk," 
" Customs of the Service," for com. and for 
non-com. officers. — Cutlum. 

Kavanagh, Edward, statesman, b. Apr. 
27, 1795; d. Newcastle, Me., Jan. 20, 1844. 
A lawyer. Member of the Me. le-isl. 1826- 
8, 1842-3; sec. of State senate 1830; M.C. 
1831-5; i;Au/y;(fr/'«^a'res to Portugal 1835-41; 

dary in 1842; aciing^'ov. of Me. in 1843-4; 
and for a short time pres. of the State senate. 

Kean, Jons, delegate to Congress from 
S.C. 1785-7 ; commiss. to settle accounts be- 
tween the U.S. and individual States, and 
cashierof the U.S. Bank; d. PhilaMay, 1795. 

Eeane, Jonx, lord, a British gen., b. 
Belmont, Ireland, 1781 ; d. Aug. 24, IS44. He 
entered the army in 1793; served in Egypt in 
the campaign of Martinique and at the siege 
of Fort Desaix ; became lieut.-col. 60th Foot 
in 1812; com. a brigade in the Peninsular 
War ; was present at the battles of Vittoria, 
the Pyrenees, Nivclle, Orthes, and Toulouse; 
attained the rank of maj.-gen. in 1814 ; and was 
app. to the com. of the military force destined 
to co-operate with Admiral Cochrane for the 
attack on N. Orleans. When Sir E. Paken- 
ham arrived as the gen.-in-ehicf. Sir John was 
app. to the com. of the third bri-ade, and in 
an assault on the American line3,"8 Jan. 1815, 
received two severe wounds. Com. -in-chief at 
Jamaica from 1823 to 1830; at Bombay, from 
1833 to 1839 ; lie was then intrusted with the 
operations in Atfghanistan, of which the cap- 
ture of Ghuznce was his crowning achieve- 
ment. For this service ho was raised to the 
peerage as Baron Keane in Dee. 1839. 

Kearney (Uar-nS), L.^wrence, eommo. 
U.S.N., b. Perth Amboy, N. J., Nov. 30, 1789 ; 
d. there Nov. 29, 1868. Midsliijnn. July 24, 
1807 ; Sent. Mar. 6, 1813 ; com. Mar. 3, 1825 ; 
capt. Dec. 20, 1832; commo. 1866. He was 
1st lieut. of the schooner " Enterprise," when 
she was wrecked after leaving N. Orleans for a 
cruise in 1812. His services on the coast of 
S.C. and adjacent States during the war were 
brilliant and valuable. Alter the war, as com. 
of " The Enterprise," he performed important 
services in ridding^the W. Indies and the Gulf 
of Mexico of pirates then inlestinL.' them; cap- 
turing their vessels, and ^ie ;: ■ . i:i_m ,i k ^tiong- 
holds. In com. of " Th \V , I iini.sed 

in the Levant in 1827 ; am; !■ . i , .energy 
and aeiivitv, iliat the Gnek |in.iie- mlesiing 
those M ii'i, M. tr ,!iiveu away, their ships de- 
stn)\<'l . i . :, -Is broken up. App. to 

com'.::. ; i. ,, : in 1841, he secured Irom 
the Ciii.ie.e .uiiau.iiies the recognition of our 
right to trade, and the same protection and 
facilities to our merchants as were about being 
granted by treaty to Great Britain. On his 
return liome fiom China, he stopped at the 
Sandwich Islands in June, 1843, in time to 
protest against their transfer to the British 
crown, without reference to the rights or in- 
terests of the U.S. He was afterward a mem- 
ber of the lighthouse board, and of the N.J. 
board of pilot commiss. 

Kearny, Philip, maj.-gen. vols., b. N.Y. 



KEA. 



502 



City, June 2, 1815 ; killed in battle near Chan- 
tilly, Va., Sept. 1, 1862. Col. Coll. 183.3. 
Ills great-grandfather, a native of Ireland, set- 
tled in Monmouth Co., N. J., in 1716. Bro. of 
Gen. S. W. Kearny. His mother was the dau. 
of the philanthropist, John Watts, founder of 
the Leake and Watts Orphan House. Ho stu- 
died law, but at 22 accepted a lieutenancy in 
the 1st Dragoons. He was shortly after sent 
to Europe by the govt, to study and report 
upon the French cavalry tactics. He entered 
the Polytechnic School at Sauinur; fought in 
the ranks of the rhasseurs d'Afriqiie as a vol. 
in AlL;cria ; and returned home in 1840, with 
the cross of the legion of honor. He became 
1st licut. July, 1839 ; was aide to Gen. Scott 
from Dec. ISil to Apr. 1844 ; capt. Dec. 1846 ; 
served under Gen. Scott through the Mexican 
campaign, winning the highest distinction by 
his bravery, and com. his regt. in the Valley 
of iMcxico. He was brev. major for gallantry 
at Contrcias and Churubuseo, Aug. 20, 1847. 
In the attack on the San Antonio Gate of the 
city of Mexico, he lost his left arm. Ordered 
to Cal. he com. an cxped. against the Indians 
of the Columbia River ; resigned in Oct. 1851, 
and went to Europe, where be jmrsued his 
military studies. During the Italian war of 
1859, lie served as vol. aide on the staff of the 
French gen. Maurice ; was present at Magenta 
and Solferino, and received from the emperor a 
second decoration of the legion of iionor. When 
ourcivil warbrokeout, he leftParis; hastened 
to Washington; was made brig. -gen. of vols, 
just alter the battle of Bull Rim, dating from 
Slay 1 7 ; and com. a brigade of N. Jersey troops 
in Franklin's division. lie was soon after pro- 
moted toa division in Gen. Ilcintzelman'sarmy 
corps, with which he served through the Pe- 
ninsular campaign with disting. valor; at Wil- 
liamsburg ho won the day, and at Fair Oaks 
brou,'lit olf his division in safety. During the 
"-days' battles, he was ordered to leave his sick 
and wounded. He nevertheless brought off 
every man of them, and, covering the rear, 
fought his way through what he considered an 
ill-jud-cd movement. M.tde maj -gen. of vols. 
July 4, 1SU2. His division was one of the first 
to re-enforce Gen. Pope, and was almost con- 
stantly engaged in the battles between the 
Kappahannock and Washington from Aug. 25 
to Sept. 1. As a disciplinarian, ho excelled ; 
and his troops were enthusiastic iu their ad- 
miration of his bravery and military ability. 

Kearny, Stephen Watts, brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Newark, N.J., Aug. 30, 1794; d. St. 
Louis, Oct. 31, 1848. Son of Col Philip Kear- 
ny, bro. ot the preceding. Quitting his stu- 
dies at Col. Coll., be entered the army. Mar. 12, 
1812, as licut. 13th Inf. ; disting. himself in the 
action at Queenstown Heights, Oct. 13, 1812 ; 
was made capt. in April, 1813 ; maj»r 3d Inf. 
May 1, 1829; lieut.-col. 1st Drags. March 4, 
1833; col. July 4, 1836; brig.-gen. June 30, 
1846. At the commencement of the Mexican 
war he com. the Army of the West, which 
marched to Cal., conquering New Mexico on 
its way. Having established a provisional govt, 
at Santa Fe, he proceeded to Cal., and fought 
the battle of San Paseual, Dec. 6, where he was 
twice wounded. He subsequently com. the sail- 



ors and marines, and a detachment of dragoons, 
in the battles of San Gabriel and the Plains of 
Mesa, Jan. 8 and 9, 1847. He was gov. of Cal. 
from March to June, 1847, afterward joined 
the army in Mexico; was military and civil gov. 
of Vera Cruz in March, 1848, and of tlic city of 
Mexico in May, 1848. He was brev. maj.-gcn. 
for his services in New Mexico and Cal. in Aug. 
1848. Author of a " Manual for the Exercise 
and MancEuvring of U.S. Dragoons," Wash- 
ington, 1837 ; and " Organic Law," and " Laws 
for the Govt, of the Terr, of New Mexico," at 
Santa Fe', Sept. 22, 1846. 

Keating, William H., prof, of mineralogy 
and chemistry in the U. of Pa. ; was Geologist 
and historiographer to Maj. Long's second cx- 
ped. Authorof" Narrative of an Expedition to 
the Source of St. Peter's River, &c., in 1823," 
Phila. 1824, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Keayne, Capt. Robert, one of the fonnd- 
crs of Ms.; came over in 1635 ; d. Boston, Mar. 
23,1056,a.61. A merchant-tailor by trade. He 
had considerable estate; encouraged and aided 
the plantation at Plymouth in 1624. Had be- 
longed to the Hon. Art. Co in London ; and in 
1638 he was the principal in getting up, and 
•was first commander of, the Ancient and Hon. 
Artillery Co., an organization which still sur- 
vives. He was a liberal donor to Uarv. Coll. 
He was Irequently a i-epresentative between 
1638 and 1649. He left a legacy for the estab- 
lishment of a free school in Boston, which was 
probably the foundation of the Latin Gram- 
mar School in Boston. — See his Wid in Gen- 
eat. Rcrj. vol. vi. 

. Keene, Laura, actress, b.Eng. 1830. She 
fir.st played at Mad. Vcstris's theatre, the Lyce- 
um, Lond. ; in Oct. 1851, made her dSut at the 
Olympic, as Pauline in the "Lady of Lyons ; " 
anil in 1852 came to the U.S., playing at Wal- 
lack's, Sept. 20. In Nov. 18.')5, she opened the 
Varieties, and Nov. 18, 1856, a new theatie, 
known as the Olympic, of which she continued 
lessee and manageress until 1863. Oct. 18, 
1858, she produced " Our American Cousin," 
which had an immense run. " The Seven Sis- 
ters," brought out by her Nov. 26, 1860, ran 
169 nights. In 1868 she visited Eng., and has 
since managed a travelling dramatic company. 
— Brown's Aiiier. Slwje. 

Keep, Rev. Johx, Cons, clergyman, b. 
Longineadow. Ms., 20 Apr. 1781; d.'Olieiiin, 
O., 11 Feb. 1870. Y.C. 1802. Pastor at Bland- 
lord, Ms., 11 June, 1805-Mav, 1821 ; at Ho- 
mer, N.Y., 1821-33; and in 1834 at Ohio City. 
Made a trustee of Oberlin Coll. in 1 834, he gave 
the casting vote admitting colored pupils to 
that institution. He afterwards raised $30,000 
in Eng. for this coll , and aided in raising for it 
an endowment of 3100,000. He was the last sur- 
vivor of those ministers who in 1810 orgauizod 
the A. B. C. F. M. 

Keim, Gen. William High, b. Reading, 
Pa., June 25, 1813; d. llarrisburg. May 18, 
1862. Educated at Mt. Airy Milit. Acad. Hard- 
ware merchant. Several years a militia gen. ; 
surveyorof the State 1859 ; M.C. 1858-9 ; maj.- 
gcn. Patterson's division on the Upper Poto- 
mac; made brig.-gen. U.S. V^ols. 1861; com. a 
brigade in McClcllan's army. 

Keimer, Samdel, originally one of the 



503 



KKL 



Keith, 


Geoiiue, (ji: 


land ; 


d. 1- 


ccioruiEdi.i 


1710. 


Hu 


; was well udu 


Jersc; 


f,^^\l 


L'lchc was Ml 


16S'J 1 




._... ..- Il.n,l 


Mu'iIp 


',',', 




on In 




,i: ;i ill h- M 



lullov 



tiaii QuuUurs. He at ku . i : ; i d..- so- 
ciety, oUiciated as an E|m- i \cai- 

in N.Y. and Boston, a)id ai, Wuo ujMiiL'd to 
Eng. Hu liad learning, talent, acntL-iiuss, and 
lo^^ieal skill, but was in-itablu, overbeaiing, and 
virulent. He wrote raucli on the subject of 
Quakerism, both pro and con ; also Travels, 
1G'J9; "Journal of Travels Ironi New Hamp- 
shire to Caia.uck," 1706; "New Theory of 
the Loni^itude,' 1709. — See Sewell's Uiat. of 
tite Quuhrs ; Proud a I'enn; WhwUni's Notes in 
Meinuiis llist. Soc. of fa., vol. i. 

Keith, Isaac Stockton, D.D. (Phil. Coll. 
1791), ininialer of Charleston, S.U., from 1788 
to Ins d., Dec. 14, 1813; b. Bucks Co., Pa., 
Jan. 20, 1753. N. J. Colt. 1775. Minister of 
Alexandria 1778-88. He left 35,000 to his 
church, and $2,500 to the Gen. Assembly. A 
coll. of Ilia sermons, addresses, &e., with a Me- 
moir by Dr. Plinn, was pub. 1816. 

Keith, KiiUEL, D.D., Pr.-Ep. clergyman, 
b. Pittslord, Vt., 179:i; d. Sheldon, Vt., Sept. 
a, 1842. Midd. Coll. 1814. He was for several 
years rector of a church in Georgetown, D.C., 
where he acquired a high reputation. He was 
in 1822-6 prof, of humanity and history in 
\Vm. and M. Coll.; and alterwards of pulpit 
elotiuence and pastoral duty in the Theol. bem. 
of tlie Ep. Church in Va. Among his publica- 
tions was a translation of " Heugstenberg's 
Christology," and a " Cointncntary on the 
Predictions of the Messiah," 3 vols. 8vo, 1836. 

Keith, Siu WiLLi.AM, gov. of Pa. 1717- 
26 ; d. Eng. in poverty, Nov. 17, 1749, a. near 
80. He bad been surveyor-gen. of customs 
in America. He was a " desperate intriguer," 
always courting the favor ol the peo|)le, and 
making delusive promises to individuals, sink- 
ing at length int.. ,..iii.i..iL He pub. " The 
ilistOiy ot the Ihi, i i' i i ms Ml Ameri- 
ca, Pari 1., con I, ^, li vuf Va.,"4to, 
1738; "ColleetH.u-[ r,!,,. i , ,,:i4 i'lacts," 1749, 
containing an Essay on i'mdie .Spirit, Dis- 
course on the Present State of the Plantations 
in Brit. Anier., &c. — See Fnmldia's Autobiog. 

Keitt, Lawrence M., Deinoc. politician, 
b. Orangeburg Di»t., S.C.,Oct.4, 1824; d.Kieh- 
mond, Jniie2, 1864, of wounds received in the 
battle of the preceding day. S.C. Coll. 1843. 
Adm. to practise law in 1845; member State 
legi»l. 1848; M.C. 1853-61. Member Confcd. 
Congress; col. 20th S.C. regt.; one of the first in 
the Confed. service ; afterward a brig.-gen. Ho 
aided Brooks in his attack on Senator Sumner 
in 1856. 

KeHey, William Darraii, lawyer and 
politician, b. Phila. 12 Apr. 1814. Grandson 



of Major John, a Revol. officer of Salem Co., 
N.J. Losing his father at an early nge, he 
learned the jewelry business, which he fol- 
lowed in Boston in 1835-9, at the same time 
acquiring reputation as a writer and speaker. 
Returning to Phila. he was adm. to the bar 17 
Apr. 1841 ; became conspicuous in the Demoe. 
party ; was atty -gen. in 1845-6 ; jndgc C.C.P. 
1S4G-5C; and"M.C. since 1861. Joined the 
l;< i.;i'i I'lity in 1854, when he made his first 
1; 'lib. address on "Slavery in the 
I i: I ^" Author of many remarkable 
-ji I :. - and addresses, taking high rank as a 
jioiiiiral orator. 

KeUogg, Clara Locise, vocalist, b. Sum- 
ter, S.C, 1842, of New-England parents. Her 
early years were passed in Ct. In 1858 she 
resided in N.Y. City, where her mother was a 
clairvoyant doctor. Failure was the result of 
her first attempt on the stage; but by ceaseless 
study and effort she developetl her powers, and 
on her re-appearance was tolerably successful. 
She made her de'bul at last in " Rigoletto," at 
the Acad, of Music, Feb. 27, 1861, and again 
failed. Her third effort was a sncccss, and 
since that lime her progress has been rapid. 
She found a friend in H. G. Stebbins of New 
York, who charged himself with the care and 
cost of her musical education. Her first real 
triumph was at N.Y. in 1864, as Margheritain 
"Faust," in which she appeared at London, 
Nov. 2, 1867, with complete success. In 
"Linda de Charaounix " lier acting and sing- 
ing, especially in the malediction scene, pro- 
duced great applause. She has also won 
public approbation in "Martha," "II Bar- 
bicre," " Don Giovanni," " Lucia," " La Tra- 
viata," and many other leading operas. 

Kellogg, Edward; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., 
Apr. 29, 1858, a. 68. Author of " Labor and 
other Capital," 8vo, N.Y., 1849. 

Kelly, James Madison, lawyer, b. Wash- 
ington Co., Ga., Jan. 1795; d. Perry, Ga., 
Jan. 17, 1849. In early life he was in trade; 
taught school ; and was a justice of the peace. 
Adm. to the bar in 1837, he was soon after a 
member of the Icgisl. ; and in Jan. 1846, 
reporter of the Sup. Ct. He pub. 5 vols, of 
Georgia Reports. — Miller's Bench and Bar 
of Ga. 

Kelly, John, many years editor of the 
Exeter News Letter, b. Warner, N.H., Mar. 7, 
1786; d. Exeter, Nov. 3, 1860. Darlm. Coll. 
1804. He practised law in Hennikcr and 
Norihwood; member of the N. II. legisl. ; 
clerk of the house in 1828 ; removed to Exeter 
in 1831 ; State councillor in 1846. Histing. 
as an antiquarian. — Alumni D.C. 

Kelly, Jonathan F., humorist, known as 
" Falcon bridge," " Jack Humphries," and 
" Stampede." Author of " Memoirs of Fal- 
conbridge, a Collection of Humorous Scenes," 
Phila. 1856. 

Kelly, RonEKT, LL.D. (Roch. U.), a use- 
ful citi,!cn of New York, b. 1809; d. 27 Apr. 
1856. Col. Coll. 1827. He acquired wealth 
as a dry-goods merchant, and retired from 
business in 1836. A good classical scholar, he 
acquired the knowledge of 8 languages. A\> 
plying himself to the promotion of public edu- 
cation and the amelioration of human misery, 



504 



he was pres. of the Board of Education, rcfrcnt 
of the U. of N.Y., a founder of the N.Y. Free 
Acad., and pres. of the trustees of the House 
of Refuge. 

Kemble, Frances Anne (Mrs. Butler), 
actress a[)d authoress {niece of the celebrated 
Mrs. Siddons), b. London, 1811. Though a 
member of the most celebrated family of British 
actors, she manifested no predilection for the 
stage, but was induced by the embarrassed cir- 
cumstances of her family to make hev d^but at 
Covent Garden, then under the management of 
her father (Charles), Oct. 10, 1829. She 
played Juliet with complete success ; and for 3 
years performed leading parts in tragedy and 
comedy with great applause,' including that of 
Louise de Savoy in her own play of " Francis 
First," written when she was 17.' She was the 
original representative of Julia in " The 
Hunehli.iek." In 1832 she aceomp. her father 
to the U. S., and was enthusiastically received 
in the chief cities. In 1834 she was m. to 
Pierce Butler of Phila. son of the senator of 
that name, and retired from the stage. They 
separated, from incompatibility of tastes and 
temperament, in 1845. She pub. "A Journal 
of a Residence in America," 2 vols. London, 
1835; in 1837adrama, "The Star of Seville;" 
and in 1844 a coll. of her poems, a portion of 
which only had previously appeared. In 1 846 
she visited Italy; and in 1847 pub. an account 
of her tour, entitled " A Year of Consolation." 
In the winter of 184S-9 she commenced in 
Boston a series of Shakspeaiian readings, 
which drew crowded audiences, and during the 
next two years repeated the course in some of 
the principal American cities. In 1851 she 
returned to England ; re-appeared for a brief 
period on the stage; and, after giving readings 
in London and other cities, made another long 
Continental tour. In 1856 she returned to the 
U.S., and continued to give rcadifigs till Feb. 
1860, when she took her farewell of the public 
at Boston. She again read in New York in 
Mar. 186S. In 1863 she pub. "Journal of a 
Residence on a Georgia Plantation." In 1863 
she pub. in London a volume containing "An 
English Tragedy," by herself, and some trans- 
lations. During the civil war she resided in 
England. 

Kemp, James, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1802), 
Prot.-Ep. bishop of Md., b. Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland, in 1764 ; d. Baltimore, Oct. 28, 1827. 
Maresehal Coll., Aberdeen, 1786. lie attended 
the divinity lectures of the celebrated Dr. 
Campbell. In Apr. 1787 he embarked for the 
U.S. ; was two years a private tutor in Dor- 
chester Co., Md., and was, Dec. 26, 1789, adm. 
to orders. In 1790 he became rector in the 
Great Choptauk Parish; in 1813 assoc. rector 
of St. Paul's, Baltimore ; was consec. suffragan, 
Sept. 1, 1814; and in 1816, upon the death of 
Bishop Clagget, succeeded him as diocesan. 
Provost of the U. of Md. 1816-27. His death 
was occasioned by the upsetting of a stage- 
Kemp, John, LL D., prof, of mathem. in 
Col. Coll., b. Aehlossan, Scotland, Apr. 10, 
1763; d. Nov. 15, 1812. Mar. Coll. Aberd. 
1781. He was chosen a member of the Roy. 
Society of Edinb. before he was 21 ; came to 



Va. soon after; and, removing to N.Y., was in 
1 785 app. teacher of math. The next year he 
was app. prof., and in 1795 assumed the chair 
of geography, history, and chronologv. 

Kemper, Jackson, D.D., LL.D'. (U. of 
Camb.), Krst miss, bishop of the Prot.-Epis. 
Church, b. Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co. 
N.Y., Dec. 24,1789 ;d.Delatield,\VaukeshaCo., 
Wis., May 24, 1870. Col. Coll. 1809. Deacon 
1811; priest 1812. The first 20 years of his 
ministerial life were spent in Phila. Sept. 25, 
1835, while rector of a church in Norwalk, Ct., 
he was consec. missionary bishop of Mo. and 
Ind., and was afterward transferred to Wis., 
Iowa, Min., Kansas, and Nebraska. Elected 
bishopof Wis. 1854. He had an immense and 
thinly settleddiocese ; and hislongand frequent 
journeys were made on horseback, or in an 
open wagon. In 1868 he attended the General 
Council of Bishops in London. 

Kemper, James, pres. of Walnut Hills 
Coll., Ohio; d. Aug. 29, 1834, a. SO. 

Kemper, James Lawson, maj.-gen. 
C.S.A., b. Madison Co., Va., 1824. Wash. 
Coll., Va., 1844. Lawyer; 10 years member 
of the Va. legisl. ; 2 years speaker ; col. 7th 
Va. regt. 2 May, 1861 ; brig.-gen. May, 1862; 
maj.-gen. June, 1864. Fought at Bull Run, 
Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Second Bull Run, 
South Mountain, Fredericksburg ; desperately 
wounded and captured at Gettysburg, and dis- 
abled from further service. 

Kempt, Sir James, gov. of Nova Scotia, 
1820-8 ; gov. Canail.i I -j--:n ; I. i:,linburgh 
1765; d. London, D- J' - I i-i-n 101st 

Foot 1783 ; capt. 1 1 :; ; : ■ i - ; 1 in Ire- 
land and Holland; lin: ■ I 17 ri; aide-de- 
camp, and milit. see. to J>ir Unlph Al)ercrom- 
bie in Egypt in 1800; served through the 
Peninsular campaigns; miij.-gcn. 1812; se- 
verely wounded at Waterloo ; liout.-gen. May 
27, 1823; gen. 1841. 

Kendall, Amos, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1849), politician and publicist, b. Dunstable, 
Ms., Aug. 16, 1789; d. Washington, D.C., 
Nov. 12, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1811. Until the 
age of 16 he worked on his father's farm. 
Adm. to the bar; and in the spring of 1814 
eniig. to Lexington, Ky. Here he resorted a 
while to teaching; and was for some months 
a tutor in the family of Henry Clay. Subse- 
quently establishing himself 'in practice at 
Georgetown, he was app. postmaster, and edited 
the Ari/us, a political newspaper, ably advocat- 
ing the leading measures of the Demoe. party. 
He was also one of the earliest friends of com- 
mon schools in Ky., and succeeded in procuring 
the passing of an act to district the State and 
to provide a school-fund. He was a firm sup- 
porter of Gen. Jackson, who in 1829 app. him 
4th auditor of the treasury. In May, 1835, he 
was made postmaster-gen., and reorganized 
the dept., freeing it from the debt with which it 
had been embarrassed. He retired in June, 
1840, and afterw.ird devoted himself chiefly to 
his profession. In 1845 he undertook the en. 
tire management of Prof. Morse's interest in the 
Electro-Magnetic Telegraph. He founded and 
was lirst pres. of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum 
in Washington, D.C., and was a liberal benefac- 
tor of the Baptist Church there. For some 



KKN" 



505 



years he was pres. of the Trustees of Col. 
Coll., n.C, in which he had endowed several 
scholarships. He left in MS. a history of his 
" Life and Times." Author of a " Life of 
Andrew Jackson," begun in 184.3, but not com- 
pleted. — See Deitioc. Rev. i. 403. 

Kendall, George Wilkin's, journalist 
and author, b. Amherst, N.H., 1807 ; d. Post 
Oak Sprin';, near Bowie, Texas, Oct. 21, 1857. 
A printer by trade. He travelled extensively 
throuj^h the Southern and Western States, 



working at his trade 



journeyi 



He 



, from N.Y. to N. Orleans in 1835, and es- 
tablished there, Jan. 27, 1837, in partnership 
with F. A. Lurasden, the Picai/une, a daily 
newspaper, which became a leading Southern 
journal. He joined the Santa Fe exped. in 
1841, of which he pub. an account, embracing 
his own captivity and sufferings in Mexico, en- 
titled " Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe' Ex- 
pedition," 2 vols. 1844. Accompanying the 
forces under Taylor and Scott, he witnessed 
the chief conflicts of the Mexican war. By 
means of pony expresses and steamers, he sup- 
plied Ids newspaper regularly with the earliest 
and fullest intelligence of the movements and 
battles of the contending armies, even sup- 
plying govt, with advices in advance of its 
official despatches. On one of these occasions 
he chartered a steamer at an expense of So ,000. 
He afterward passed two years in Europe, super- 
intending the pub. of a costly illustrated work 
on the war, which appeared in 18.51 in a folio 
vol. In 1862 he established a large grazing 
farm near New Braunfels, in Comal Co., Cen- 
tral Texas, where he resided, after retiring from 
the management of the Picaaune. — N. Y. 
Inleriml. Ma,,, ill. 145. 

Kendal, Samuel, D.D. (Y.C. 1806), min- 
ister of Weston, Ms., from Nov. 5, 1785, to his 
death, Feb. 16, 1814; b. Sherburne, Ms., July 
II, 1753. H.U. 1782. His ancestor Francis 
lived in Woburn, in 1647. A vol. of bis ser- 
mons was pub. after his death. — Col. Cent. 
Feb. 26, 1814. 

Kendrick, Asahel Clakk, D.D. (Un. 
Coll. 1848), a Baptist clergyman, and Greek 
Scholar, l>. Poultney, Vt., Dec. 7, 1809. Ham. 
Coll. 1831. He taught two years in the acad. 
at Hamilton, N.Y. ; in 1831 was tutor in the 
literary and thcol. inst. there; and in 1832 was 
made prof, of Greek and Latin. He remained 
prof, of Greek till 1850, when, on the estab- 
lishment of the U. of Rochester, he was called 
to the Greek professorship, where he still re- 
mains. In 1852-4 he visited Europe. Besides 
numerous contribs. to magazines and reviews, 
lie ha 

man ; and several Greek text-books; a Memoir 
of Mrs. E. C. Judson, 1860, Life of Rev. L. 
W. Peck; and has revised Olshausen's " Com- 
mentary on the New Testament." 

Kendrick, John, navigawr, b. Boston ; 
killed in the roadstead of Hawaii in 1800. A 
resident of Warehain, Ms., com. a privateer 
during the Revol. war, was of an adventurous 
spirit, and was one of the first of Amcr. seamen 
to undertake useful voyages of discovery. In 
Aug. 1787, commanding" The Columbia' "and 
the sloop " Washington," fitted out by Boston 



merchants, he explored the north-west coast of 
America and the islands of the Pacific. Ex- 
changing ships with Capt. Gray, his second in 
com., the latter, in a subsequent voyage, discov- 
ered the Columbia River. In 1791 Kendrick, 
in company with Douglas, in the brigs " Wash- 
ington " and " Grace," made another voyage 
to the South Seas. He visited Oceaiiiea ; ori- 
ginated, and carried on a successful trade in san- 
dal-wood with Cliina ; and was in the harbor 
of Hawaii, when an English capt., replying to 
his salute, discharged a cannon loaded with 
grape. Kendrick and two of his men were 
killed. — Noitv. B'log. Univ.; Freeman^s Cape 
Cod. ii. 732. 

Kendrick, Nathaniel, D.D. (B.tJ.1823), 
Ba].ti.. clrivv.nnn.h. Hanover, N.H., Apr. 22, 
1777; .1 S, ,: M I'^l,-^. Until the a-e of 20, 
hew- ! . i : Jiirr's farm. Licensed to 

Srcai I. . I , ' . ;. ! ' ''ilJ a vcar at Bcllingham, 
Is.; V... . |,.i.iu. .itLauMngburg,N.Y.,iu 1805- 
10, at .Uiddlcbuiy, Vt., in 1810-17, when he 
became pastor at Eaton, N.Y. Prof, of theol- 
ogy ami moral philosophy in the institution 
(now Madison U.) at Hamilton, from 1822 to 
his death. He was injured by a fall in 1845, 
and sufl'ered greaily till he d. — See Memoir bi/ 
his Son-in-Law, Rev. S. W. Adams, D.D. 

Kennedy, Akchibald, succeeded to the 
earldom of Cassalis in 1792; d. Dec. 29, 1794. 
Made capt. R.N. Apr. 4, 1757; receiver-gen. 
of N. Y. Author of " Importance of the 
Northern Colonies," N.Y., 8vo, 1749; "Pres- 
ent State of the Northern Colonies," Svo, 1754. 
He m. Anne, dau. of John Watts of N.Y. In 
Dec. 1763 he com. " The Blonde," 32, and af- 
terward " The Coventry," at N.Y. In 1760, 
as capt. of" The Flamborough," he greatly dis- 
ting. himself in an action with a French frigate 
of superior force. 

Kennedy, Edmund Pendleton, capt. 
U.S.N., b. Md. 1780; d. Norfolk, Va., Mar. 
28, 1844. Midshipm. Nov. 22, 1805 ; Ueut. 
June 9, 1810 ; master-com. Mar. 5, 1817 ; cajjt. 
Apr. 24, 1828. 

Kennedy, John Pendleton, LL.D. 
(H. U. 1863), author and politician, b. Balti- 
more, 25 Oct. 1795 ; d. Newport, R.I., 18 Aug. 
1870. Bait. Coll. 1812. In 1814 be was a vol. 
in the battles of Bladenslmrg and North Point ; 
practised law in Baltimore from 1816 to 1838; 
was M C. in 1837-9 and 1841-5, and a promi- 
nent leader in the Whig party ; member of the 
Md. house of delegates in 1820 and 1822, and 
speaker in 1846; and was sec. U. S. navy in 
1852. In 1831 he was a delegate to the Con- 
vention of Friends of the Manuf. Interest held 
in N. York ; and was one of a com. to draught 
an address advocating a protective policy. He 
commenced his literary career by the publica- 
tion, in fortnightly numbers, of the "Red Book" 
in 1818-19. Among his various speeches, re- 
ports, addresses, &.e., are " A Review of the 
Cambridge Free-Trade Report, by Mephis- 
tophiles," 1830; " Report on U. S. Commerce 
and Navigation," 1842, and on the " Ware- 
house System," 1843; "Defence of the Whigs," 
1844; also author of the novels, "Swallow 
Barn," 1832; " Horse-Shoe Robinson," 1835 ; 
" Rob of the Bowl," 1838, and " Quod Libet," 
1840; of"MemoirsofWm. Wirt," 1849; and 



IvEN 



506 



KE3V 



manv hist, and literirv essays, reviews, &c. — 
Sef life In/ H. T. Tucherman, 8vo, 1871. 

Eeimedy, William, private sec. to Earl 
Purliam in Canada, and formerly Brit, consul 
at Texas. Author of " Poems," and of " The 
Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic 
of Texas," 2 vols. 8vo, 1841 ; al.so " Texas, 
its Geos., Nat. Hist., and Tupo-.," 8vo, 1844 ; 
"SecVoy.in Search of Sir J. Franklin," 1853. 
Kennon, Beverly, capt. U.S.N.; killed 
by the bursting of a cannon on board the 
steamer" Princeton," Feb. 23, 1844. Midshipm. 
May 18, 18(19; lieut. July 21, 181.3; com. Apr. 
24,'lS28; c:ipt. Feb. 19, 1837; chief of the 
burc\u l,l^■()u^t^UL•tio^, &c. 

Kenrick, Fkancis Patrick, D.D., R. C. 
arei.hp. ot Bjliimorc, b. Dublin, Dec. 3, 1797; 
d. Baiiiinore, Julv 8, 18fi:). He received a clas- 
sical edueaiion, aiid alter G vears uf iheol. studv 
at KoMie in IS'Jl ua» ord. pi'ie^t. He li.en caii.e 
to the U.S., and conducted lur 9 years an eccle- 
siastical seni. at Bardstuwii, Ky. In 1828 lie 
pub. " Letters of Omieion to f)nie^'a," in reply 
to Rev. Dr. Blackburn's attack on tlie llonuin 
Cath. doctrmeof the Eucharist. June C, 1830, 
he wasconsee. bishop of Arath, and co-adjutor 
to Bishop Conwell of Pbila., whom he succeeded 
in 1842. During his episcopate in 1844 the anti- 
Catholic riots occurred in Phila , and he made 
every effort to calm the agitation of both par- 
ties. He lounded the Theol. Seni. of St. Charles 
Borroineo in Phila. Aug. 19, 1851, hesucceed- 
ed Eeclcston as archbishop of Baltimore. The 
pope named him "apostolic dele;;ate" to pre- 
side over the first plenary council of the U.S., 
convened at Baltimore in May, 1852, and in 
1859 conferred on him and his successors the 
" primacy of honor " in the U.S. In 1839-40 
he pub. " Theologia Doginutica," 4 vols.; in 
1841-3 "Theolorjia Momlis," 3 yoU.; in 1837 
a series of letters " on the Primacy of the Ho- 
ly See," subsequently enlarged, and reprinted 
as " The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindi- 
cated," 1845 ; " Four Sermons preached in the 
Cathedral at Bardstown," 1829 ; " The Cath. 
Doctrine on Justification Explained and Vin- 
dicated," 1841; "Treatise on Baptism," 1843; 
aud " Vindication of the Catholic Church," in 
reply to Bishop Hopkins's " End of Contro- 
versy Controverted," 1855. The article " Ro- 
man Catholic Church," in Appleton's Cyclo- 
psedia, was from his pen. He was latterly en- 
gaged upon a revised English translation of 
the Scriptures, intended to supersede the 
Douay version ; and had already pub. the New 
Testament and several portions of the Old. 

Kenrick, Peter Richard, D.D., R. C. 
archbishop of St. Louis, bro.of F. P., b. Dub- 
lin, 1806. Educated at Maynooth, where he was 
prefect. Ord. priest in Ireland, and came to 
Phila. while his bro. was co-adjutor. Here he 
had charge of the Catholic Herald; wrote a 
number of translations and original works ; and 
was made vicar-gen. Nov. 30, 1841, he was 
consec. bishop of Drasa and co-adjutor of Bish- 
op Rosati of St. Louis, whom he succeeded in 
1843. In 1847 he became the first archbishop of 
that city, the environs of which he has adorned 
with one of the finest cemeteries in the world. 
He has pub. " The Holy House of Loretto," 
"Anglican Ordinations," and some translations. 



Kensett, John Frederick, artist, b. 
Cheshire, Ct., .Mar- 22, 1818. He studied en- 
gr;n Jul: ill N. Voik, and for several years exe- 
cuteil vi^;iieites lor bank-notes. In 1840 he 
visited ICn- ; and in the spring of 1845 he ex- 
hibited in the Roy. Acad. Loud, his first pic- 
ture, a " View of 'Windsor Castle." He next 
spent two winters in Rome. His " View on 
the Arno" and "Shrine," exhibited at the 
Acad, of Design in N. Y. in 1848, established 
bis reputation. Since his return in 1847 he 
has resided in New York, in the pracli^e of his 
art. Among his most popular works are " View 
of Mi. Washinmon from N. Conway," 1849; 
"Fraiicunia Mountains," I8.)3; " October Day 
in the White Mountains," 1855; "Hudson 
Uivei- fnun Fort Putnam," 1856; "Falls of 
tlir H:i.i,|H-h:" ■■ Sunset on the Coast," 1858; 
••l„.ke <.e.„^, ;""Ulswater;" " Noon on the 
Sr:i .I.uiv ; " " A.l iiondacks ; " " Niagara ; " 
"Huiuatonic Valley;" "Coast Scenery;" 
&c. In 1359 he was app. a member of tiie Na- 
tional Art Commission, having the dinction of 
the ornamentation of the Capitol at Washing- 
ton, and the superintendence of the works de- 
posited there. In 1848 he was elected an asso- 
ciate, and in 1849 a member, of the National 
Acad, of Design. 

Kent, Edward, LL.D. (Wat. Coll. 1855), 
jurist, b. Concord, N.H., Jan. 8, 1802. H. U. 
1821. He studied law; attended a course of 
law lectures by Chancellor Kent in N.Y. City; 
settled in practice at Bangor, Me., in 1825 ; and 
ut once took high rank in the profession. In 
1827 he was app. chief justice of the Court of 
Sessions for Penobscot Co.; and from 1829 to 
1833 was a member of the Icgisl. He was af- 
terward mayor of Bangor 2 years, and was gov. 
in 1838 and '40. In 1843 "he was app. by the 
legisl. one of the commiss. for settling the Me. 
boundiiry-line under the Ashburton 'I'reaty. In 
1848 he was a delegate to theconvention which 
nominated Gen. Taylor, upon whoso accession 
to ihe presidency Gov. Kent was app. consul at 
Rio de Janeiro. In the spiing of 1854 he re- 
turned to Bangor, and resumed practice. In 
1859 he was app. assoe. justice of the Supreme 
Court. 

Kent, James, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1797), 
jurist, b. Philippi, Putnam Co., N.Y., 31 July, 
1763; d. N.Y. City, 12 Dec. 1847. Y. C. 
1781. Moss Kent (his father) was surrogate 
of Rensselaer Co. James studied law with 
Egbert Benson ; was adm. to the bar in 1787 ; 
began practice at Poughkeepsie ; was a mem- 
ber of the legisl. in 1790 and '92 ; and, remov- 
ing to New York, in 1793 became prof, of law 
in Col. Coll. Counselled by Hamilton, he 
directed his attention to the doctrines of the 
civil h\w, in which he was deeply read. App. 
master in chancery, and elected to the legisl. in 
1796; city recorder in 1797 ; judge of the Su- 
preme Court in 1798; chief justice in July, 
1804; and chancellor from Feb. 1814, to 31 
July, 1823. In 1822 he represented Albany 
Co. in the State Const. Conv., of which ho 
was a disting. member. App. law prof, in Col. 
Coll. in 1824, his lectures delivered there form 
the basis of his celebrated commentaries on ilio 
U S. Constitution, pub. in 4 vols. 1826-30. He 
was not only an eminent jurist, but was one of 



507 



the first legal writers of his time. In 1836 ho 
wrote and pub , at. the request of the common 
council of New York, a compendious treatise 
on the city charter and the powers of the 
municipal officers. The latter pan of his life 
was passed in enlarging and correcting his 
" Commentaries," and in giving opinions on 
legal subjects. Made pies, of the N.Y. Hist. 
Soc. in 1828. His decisions in law and equity 
are preserved in the Reports of Caines and 
Johnson. His son William, an eminent law- 
yer (1802-4 Jan. 1861 ), was some years judge 
of the N.Y. Circuit Court, and prof, of law at 
H.U. 1846-7. Moss KiiNT, his bro., was M.C. 
in 181.3-17. 



Kent, Joseph, physician and si 
b. Calvert Co., Md., Jan. 14, 1779; d. near 
Bladensburg, Md., Nov. 24, 1837. He was 
educated as a physician, and combined the 
practice of his profession with the successful 
pursuit of agriculture, first in Calvert Co., 
and after 1806 in Piince George Co. He was 
an M.C. in 1811-15 and in 1821-6; gov. of 
Md. in 1826-9 ; and a U.S. senator in 1833-7. 

Kenton, Gen. Simon, Western pioneer, b. 
Fauquier Co., Va., April 3, 1755; d. Logan 
Co., 0., April 29, 1836. His father was Irish, 
his mother Scotch. At the age of 16 he had 
an affray with a successful rival in love; and, 
supposing he had killed him, he fled to the 
wilderness west of the Alleghanies, wheie, dur- 
ing the conflicts with the Indians in the Revol. 
war, he performed many daring feats, and was 
the friend and companion of Boone. He was 
with Major Clarke at the surprise of Kaskaskia 
in 1778; was soon after captured by the In- 
dians, and saved from death at their hands by 
the renegade Simon Girty. Escaping frotn the 
British prison at Detroit in July, 1779, he dis- 
ting. himself during the invasion of Ivy. by the 
British and Indians in tliat year, leading an 
active and numerous company from Harrod's 
Station, who drove out all opposition. After 
leading a successful exped. aL'ainst the maraud- 
ing Indians on the Great Miami, he in July, 
1784, settled near Maysville. In 179.3-4 be 
was major, com. a batt. of Ky. vols, under Gen. 
Wayne. Beggared by lawsuits from a defec- 
tive land-title, and from losses, in 1802 he be- 
came landless ; settled on Mud River, Ohio ; be- 
came a brig.-gen. in 1805; and in 1813 served un- 
der Shelby in the battle of the Thames. In 1824 
he appeared in Frankfort in tattered garments 
to petition the legisl. of Ky. to release the claim 
of the State upon some land owned by him. 
His appearance at first excited ridicule; but, on 
being recognized, he was treated with much dis- 
tinction, and his lands released. Congress 
subsequently gave him a pension. — Collhis's 
Ky. 

Kenyon, William Asuhey, a native of 
Hingham, Ms., who taught school in Illinois, 



first vol. of poems printed in Illinois. " Several 
of them pleasantly satirize backwoods customs, 
but with more truth than poetry." — Poets and 
Poetri/ofthe iVesl. 

Ker, John, b. Boston, Ms., ab. 1785. 
Author of " Travels through the U. S. and 
Mexico in 1808-16,"8vo, Elizabothtown, N.J., 



1816. Removed at an early age with his father 
to London, and educated at Westminster 
School. Ker found a tribe of Indians near the 
Red River, from whose language and customs 
he inferred a Welsh origin, and whom ho sup- 
posed descended from Madoc, the Welsh 
prince, who in the 12th century, sailing due 
west from Wales, discovered an unknown 
country, and who never returned from his 3d 
voyage. 

Kerfoot, John Barrett, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1850), LL.U. Rector St. James Coll. 
Md.; pres. Trin. Coll. 1864-5; consec. bishop 
of Pittsburg, Jan. 25, 1866. 

Kerlereo, gov. of La. Feb. 9, 1753, to 
June, 1763, when he returned to France, and 
was thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of 
peculation He was a capt. in the French 
navy; had been 25 years in active service; was 
in four general engagements ; and had received 
several wounds. — Caijarri. 

Kerney, Martin J., author and editor, b. 
Frederick Co., Md., 1819 ; d. Baltimore, Mar. 
16,1861. After conducting an acad. in Bait., 
he became a lawyer, and continued in practice 
till his death. Member of the legisl. of Md. in 
1852. He edited the MetropolUan 3far/a:ine 4 
years ; compiled the Catholic Almanac for 
1860-1 ; and wrote a number of school-books, 
among them a " Compendium of History." 

Kershaw, J. B., maj.-gen. Confcd. army, b. 
S.C. Raised the 2d S.C. regt., and disting. at 
Bull Run. Made brig.-gen. 13 Feb. 1862; 
maj.-gen. 1864; com. a brigade in McLaw's 
division, and engaged in the Peninsular battles 
wiih McClcllanV at the second Bull Run, An- 
tietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg; com. 
a brig, of Longstreet's corps at Cbickamauga; 
and was in the attack on Knoxvillc, and the 
battles of the Wihlerness ; and surrendered 
with Lee in Apr. 1865, having com. a division 
in the corps of Longstreet after Knoxvillc. 

Kertk, Admiral Sir David, com. of a 
successful exped. against Canada; had been 
a master-mariner at Dieppe, France, but en- 
tered the English naval service in the reign of 
Charles I. Placed in charge of a formidable 
force, and accump. by his two brothers, he ar- 
rived at Tadoussac in midsummer, 1628, and 
after destroying the stores, &c., sent a sum- 
mons to Champlain to surrender, which was 
refused. Kertk, thinking Quebec strongly for- 
tified, after capturing a Fiench convoy on its 
way to Quebec, went home. In July, 1629, he 
returned, again demanded a surrender; and 
Champlain, being weaker than ever, capitulated. 
Kertk, leaving his bro. Lewis in com. of the 
city, proceeded to Eng., taking Champli.inand 
others with him a.s prisoners of war. He after- 
ward captured Ca|)e Breton, which was re- 
captured by Capt. Daniel. These events took 
place two months after peace had been con- 
cluded between France and England, and were 
not recognized by either nation. As late as 
1645 he was on the coast of Newfoundland. — 
Monjan. 

Ketehum, William Scott, brev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Norwalk, Ct., July 7, 1813; d. 
by poison. Bait., 28 June, 1871. West Point, 
1834. His father. Major Daniel, disting. him- 
self at the battle of Niagara, July 25, 1814 ; d. 



KET 



508 



Jefferson Barracks, Aug. 30, 1 82S. Wm. S. en- 
tered the 6th Inf., was made 1st lieut. 25 Dec. 
IS37 ; assist, quarterm. (rank of capt.) 28 Feb. 
1839; capt. 10 Feb. 1842; major (4th Inf.) 5 
June, 1860; lieut.-col. (lOtli Inf.) Nov. 1, 1861 ; 
col. (Uth Inf) 6 Ma7, 1864. He served in 
Florida from 1838 to 1842 ; joined Gen. Tay- 
lor at Corpus Cliristi, Te.\as, in 1845; coin, 
at Fort Laramie from Sept. 1830, to July, 1855; 
afterwaril served against the Indians ; was on 
duly in Kansas in 1857-8 ; then marched with 
Ills 'regiment to Utah, and thence to Cal. He 
afterward com. various posts in the dept. of the 
Pacific. Feb. 3, 1862, he was made brig.-gen. 
vols.; was acting insp.-gen. in the West 1861- 
2; and 13 Mar. 1865 was brev. brig.-gen. for 
merit, services during the Rebellion, and maj.- 
gen. fur merit, services in the war dept. ; re- 
tired July, 1870. — Cu//(im. 

Kettell, Samuel, editor, b. Newburyport, 
Aug, 5, 18U0; d. Maiden, Ms., Dec. 3, 1855. 
Engaging early in literary pursuits, he assisted 
Mr. Goodrich in preparing the Peter Parley 
books, one of which he translated into modern 
Greek while on a voyage to Malta ; and it was 
pub. in that language. He also pub. a coll. of 
" Specimens of American Poetry," 3 vols. 
12mo, 1829 ; " Personal Narrative of the First 
Voyage of Columbus," 1827 ; " Records of the 
Span. Inquisition," 1828 ; and many clever pa- 
pers in the periodicals of the day. Was an 
accomplished linguist; and, self-taught, mas- 
tered, as is said, 14 languages. Having been a 
frequent contrib. to the Boston Courier, he be- 
came principal editor on the retirement of Mr. 
Buckingham, in 1848, and conducted it with 
vigor and ability until his death Member of 
the legisl. in 1851-3. — Boston Courier, Dec. 8, 
1855. 

Key, FR.4.SCIS Scott, lawyer and poet, b. 
Frederick Co., Md., Aug. 1, 1779; d. Balti- 
more, Jan. 11, 1843. Son of John Ross Kev, 
Revol. officer, who d. Frederick Co., Md., Oct. 
12, 1821. Educated at St. John's Coll., and 
studied law at Annapofis, in the office of his 
uncle Philip B. Key. In 1801 he com- 
menced practice at Fredericktown, but in a few 
years removed to Washington, D.C., where he 
was dist. atty. The " Star-Spangled Ban- 
ner," our national lyric, was suggested and 
partially written('while the author was de- 
tained in the British fleet, during the bombard- 
ment of Ft. McHenry) near Baltimore. A 
posthumous coll. of his miscelliineous poems was 
pub. N.Y. 1857. 

Keyes, Erasmus Dakwin, maj.-gen. vols., 
b. Sturbridge, Ms., May 29, 181 1. West Point, 
1832. He removed to Kennebec Co., Me., in 
early youth; entered the 3d Art.; was made 1st 
lieut. in 1836 ; assist, adj.-gen. (rank of capt.) 
in 1838; capt. Nov. 1841 ; and instr. of art. and 
cav. at the Milit. Acad, from July, 1844, to 
Dec. 1848. Afterward ordered to the north- 
west, he com. a batt. of art., and was highly 
disting. in the operations against the Indians 
of Pugct's Sound in 1856, and N. of Snake 
River, Washington Terr, in Sept. 1858; maj. 
1st Art. 12 Oct. 1858; and col. 1 Ith Inf. 14 
May, 1861. At the battle of Bull Run he com. 
the 1st brig, in Tyler's division ; brig -gen. of 
vols, dating from May 17 ; and in Feb. 1862 



took com. of the 4th corps of the Army of the 
Potomac. He was actively engaged in the bat- 
tles of the Peninsular campaign : and for gal 
lant conduct was made maj.-gen. of vols. 5 
May, and brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., to date from 
May 31, the day of the battle of Fair Oaks. 
He was afterward stationed with a division at 
Yorktown, Va. ; was engaged in an expcd. to 
West Point, Va., 7 May, 186.3, and under Gen. 
Dix towards Richmond, June-July, 1863; re- 
signed 6 May, 1864.— Cullum. 

Eidd, William, a noted pirate, executed 
at Loud. 24 May, 1701. Son of John, a Scot- 
tish Nonconformist minister, who suffered tor- 
ture by the boot, dying 14 Aug. 1679. Wm. 
followed the sea from his youth ; and ab. 1695 
was known as one of the boldest and most suc- 
cessful shipmasters that sailed from N.Y. In 
May, 1691, the N.Y. council awarded him £150 
for service to the Colony. Receiving from 
Wm. Ill a commiss. as capt. of " The Adven- 
ture," galley of 30 guns, for the suppression 
of piracy, he sailed from Plymouth, Eng., in 
Apr. 1696, but, turning pirate himself, returned 
in 1698 with a large booty to N.Y. The Earl 
of Bellomontcausedhim to bo arrested, and sent 
to Eng. for trial. The charge of piracy seems 
not to have been proved; but, on the charge of 
having killed one of his crew named Moore, 
he was convicted after a grossly unfair trial, and 
hanged. — See Cotton ilatlwr's Brief Relation 
of Patient and Joiiful Sufferi)it)s ; Hist. Sketch of 
liobin Hood and Capt. Kidd, by IV. \V. Camp- 
bell, 1853 ; "Fall Account of the Proceedings in 
Relation to," ^-c, Lond., 4to, 1701. 

Kidder, Dasxkl Parish, D. D. (McK. 
Coll. 1851), M -h m -li : rand author, b. Da- 
rien. Gene- - i , \ V ' ' t, 18, 1S15. West. 
U. 1836. i: _ . iir^fc conf. he was 

in 1837-40 111 - ,11. .- Uiu de J.ineiro, and 
travelled iliiuii^ii lir.i/.ii, iiuui 8an I'aulo to the 
mouth of the Amazuii ; st.itiuiird at Pater- 
son, N. J., in 1841, at Trenton, 184:3, App, in 
1844 editor of the pubs, of the M. E. Church, 
and corresp. sec. of the S. S. Union, contin- 
uing 12 years; travelled in Europe in 1852- 
3 ; prof, of theology in the Garrett Inst., Ev- 
anston. 111., 1856-71. Has pub. " Mormon- 
ism and the Mormons," 1842 ; " Sketches 
of Residence and Travel in Br.izil,"2 vols. 
1845; "Brazil and the Brazilians " (with J. 
C. Fletcher), Svo, 1857; and edited the Suiidai/ 
Sc/vjol Adcocate and some 800 Sunday-school 
books, &c. He also translated from the Portu- 
guese a tract advocating the abolition of cler- 
ical celibacy, by Feijo, 18mo, 1844. 

Kidder, Frederic, historical writer, b. 
New Ipswich, N H., 16 Apr. 1804. Eilueated 
at an acad. in N. I. At 17 he entered a store in 
Boston ; afterwardsspent 10 years in mercantile 
business at the South, and, returning to Boston, 
established hiihself in the Southern couiiniss. 
business. He resides at Melrose, Ms. Mem- 
ber of the N. E. H. and Geneal. Soc, to whose 
Register he has contrib., having specially studied 
the hist, and language of the N.E. Indi.ins. Au- 
thor of "The Abenaki Indians," &,c.. 1859; 
" Exped. of Capt. Lovewell," 1865 ; " Eastern 
Me. and Nova Scotia in the Revol.," 1867; 
" Hist. 1st N. H. Regt. in the Revol.," 1868 ; 
" The Boston Massacre," &c., 1870; with Dr. 



liTD 



A. A. GouM, "Hist, of New Ipswich, N.H.," 
1852. Now preparing a Hist, of Acadia. 

Kidney, John Steinfout, Ep. clergyman 
ami poet, I). Esse.\ Co., N. J., 1819, where his 
ancestors liad lived for 150 years. He was ed- 
ucated partly at Un. Coll., and studied law 
before entering ihe Church through the course 
of instruction of the Gen. Theol. Sem. He 
has officiated in N.C., in Salein, N. J., and 
Saratoga Springs, N.Y. His " Catawba River 
and other Poems " was pub. in 1847. — Du>jc- 



kinck. 



M.n. (U. of 

7, 1869, a. ab. 
was editor of 
iiiiblic schools 



Kiernan, Oenv .Ta- 

N.Y.),).liv-i.Kin : .1 X.^ 
3.3. Whrn '.\,-r,,,\ w.ir 1 
tlie.U.,//.v,./V,ss,;„i,l|,, 
of that city. Kiitcnii;; ihc M-rvicuasa surgeon, 
he was witli Fremont in Mo., and at the bat- 
tle of Pea liidgc; and was surgeon 6th Mo., 
Cav. until May, 186.3, when he resigned on ac- 
count of wouiids received near Port Gibson, 
where he was captured, but soon after escaped. 
Brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 3, 1863. After the war, 
he was U. S. consul at Chin Kiang. 

Kilbourne, James, a pioneer of Ohio, b. 
Farmington, Ct., Oct. 19, 1770; d. Worthing- 
tori, 0., Apr. 9, 1 850. Thomas Kilborne, from 
whom are descended all bearing the name in 
this country, emig. from Eng. in 1G35, and 
settled in VVethersfield. James became a suc- 
cessful mechanic, a merchant, and finally a 
manuf. ; was always ready to aid in establish- 
ing public libraries, literary debating societies, 
and in public improvements; and, having been 
ndm. in 1800 to deacon's orders, occasionally- 
officiated as a clergyman. In 1802 he origi- 
nated and organized the " Scioto Company," 
and led in person a band of emigrants to Cen- 
tral Oliio. He named their settlement Worth- 
ington, and lived to see it a flourishing com- 
munity. He was app. col. of the frontier regt. ; 
was M.C. from 1813 to 1817 and in 1839-41 ; 
was often a member of the State legisl. ; was 
U.S. surv. of public lands for the N. W. Terr. ; 
was app. by Congress commiss. to settle the 
boundary-line between the public lands and the 
great Va. reservation ; in 1806 was one of the 
first trustees of Ohio Coll. at Athens ; in 1808 
was app. by the legisl. one of the 3 commiss. to 
locate the seat of the Miami U. ; in 1812 was 
elected pres. of the board of trustees of Worth- 
ington Coll. He was the first to propose dona- 
tions of lands to actual settlers in the N. W. 
Terr., and, as chairman of a select committee, 
he drew up and presented a bill for that pur- 
pose. J.iJiiiS his son, prof in the Eel. Med. 
Inst, of Cincin., d. there 30 May, 1845. — .See 
K.llmtrne Family. 

Kilbourne, Joiix, author and pub., b. Ber- 
lin, Ct., Aug. 7, 1787 ; d. Columbus, 0., Mar. 
12, 1831. Vt. U. 1810. He was ,»ome years 
principal of Worthington Coll., Ohio; but, re- 
linquishing this situation, he became a bouk- 
suller and pub. in Columbus. He pub a Map 
of Ohio; a vol. entitled "Public Documents 
concerning the Ohio Canals," Columbus, 8vo, 
1832 ; a " School Geography ; " and a " Gazet- 
teer of Ohio," 1816, which_ in 1833 was 
amended, enlarged, and republished. 

Kilbourne, Patne Kexyox, writer, b. 
Litchfield, Ct., July 26, 1815; d. July 19, 1359. 



A printer by trade. He assisted in the ])ubiica- 
lion of a literary paper in Hartford, Ct., and 
subsequently purchased the Litchfkld Inquirer, 
which he conducted from 1845' to 1853. In 
1 843 he pub. " The Skeptic and other Poems ; " 
in 1845 a " History of the Kilbourn Family ; " 
in 1851 a "Biog. History of the County of 
Litchfield;" and in 1859 a "History of Litch- 
field," which was not only written but put in 
type entirely by himself. In 1857 he was pri- 
vate sec. of Gov. Holley of Ct. He was a writer 
of superior abilities, both in poetry and prose, 
and an enthusiastic student of history. — N. E. 
llist. and Gen. Reg. xiii. 373. 

Kilby, Thomas, poet, king's commission- 
er at Louisburg; d. there Aug. 23, 1746. H.U. 
1 723. He was Grand Master of Masons, as well 
as a scholar and a wit. His satire upon the 
Land Bank, though of a local character, is still 
read with pleasure. 

Killen, William, jurist, b. Ireland, 1722; 
d. Dover, Del., Oct. 3, 1805. He came at 15 
to America, with a good English education; 
settled in the family of Samuel, father of John 
Dickinson, and studied Greek and Latin, soon 
attaining proficiency. He was some years Co. 
surveyor; studied law; and soon had extensive 
practice, especially in land-suits. For many 
years he was a representative in the Del. Assem- 
bly. He took an active part in the Revol. con- 
test ; was first chief justice of the Sup. Court of 
Del. from 1776 to 1793 ; and chancellor of the 
State from 1793 till 1801.— iV. Y. Sped. Oct. 
22, 1805. 

Kilner, Thomas, actor, b. Lancashire, 
Eng., 1777 ; d. on his farm near Wilmington, 
Ind., Jan. 2, 1862. An actor of repute in the 
Prov. circuits of Eng. ; first app. at the Park, 
N. Y., in 1815 ; in 1821 became a les.see of the 
Fedcral-st. theatre, Boston, where (Sept. 28) he 
first app. as Sir Anthony Absolute. He became 
at once popular, being excellent in old men. 
" Old Tom," as he was always called, retired 
from the stage in 1831. — Droiai's Amer. Slarje. 

Kilpatriek, Judsos, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. near Di -Ucrtown, N.J., 14 Jan. 1836. 
West Point, 1861. ^ntering the 1st Art., he 
was woundedat BigBethel, Va., 10 June, 1 861 ; 
lieut.-col . and aide-de-camp 29 Jan. 1 8( 
col. 2d N.Y. Cav. 25 Sept. 1861 ; engaged in 
various skirmishes in Va. and in battle of Ma- 
nassas 29-30 Aug. 1862 ; col. 2d NY. Cav. 6 
Dec. 18G2; com. cav. brigade in " Stoneman's 
Raid," Apr. 1863 ; com. in action of Aldie, for 
which brev. niaj. 17 June, 1863; brev. licut.- 
cul. 3 July, 1863, for Gettysburg; com. cav. 
division. Army of Potomac, and in frequent 
engagements from 4 Aug. 1863 to 15 Apr. 
1864; com. 3d Cav. division. Army of the 
Cumberland, in invasion of Ga. ; and engaged 
at Ringgold and at Resaca, 13 May, 1864, 
when severely woundeil, and brev. col. ; in the 
"march to the sea," and invasions of the 
Carolinas; and engaged in many actions and 
skirmishes ; capt. 1st Art. 30 Nov. 1864 ; brev. 
brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for capture of Fayette- 
viUc, N.C., and maj.-gen. U.S.A. for campaign 
in the Carolinas, and maj.-gen. vols. 18 June, 
1865. Envoy-extr. and minis, to Chili since 
11 Nov. 1865. He is an effective political 
speaker. 






510 



Kilty, AnGuSTus II., commo. U.S.N., b. 
^nnry /O^ Md. JVlidshipm. July 4, 1821 ; lieut. Sept. 6, 
1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 
1862; commo. (retired list) July 25, 1866*. In 
1861-2 he com. the gunboat " Mound City," 
of the Mpi. flotilla, and was with Foote in near- 
ly all of his actions with the enemy; in June, 
l'862, he com. an exped. to White River, Ark., 
and captured Fort St. Charles, June 17 (in this 
action he lost an arm) ; com. iron-clad " Roa- 
noke," N. Atl. squad., 1864-5; commandant 
Norfolk navy -yard 1867-70. 

Kimball, Daniel, founder of Union 
Acad., Plainfield,N.H., to which lie gave about 
$25,000 ; d. March, 1817, a. 63. 

Kimball, Heber C, a leading Mormon, 
b. 1801; d. Salt Lake, June 22,1868. He 
was converted to Mormonism in 1832 at 
Kirtland, 0., at the same time with Brigham 
Young. In 1835 he was ord. one of the 12 
apostles; and in 1837 was sent with Orson 
Hyde as a missionary to Eng. On his return 
in 1838, he joined the Mormons of Ray County, 
Mo., and shared their persecutions and expiil- 
sions from that Stateand III. Arriving at Salt 
Lake in the autumn of 1846, he was made the 
head priest of the order of Molchiscdec. He, 
with Young and Daniel C. Wells, formed the 



to preside over and govern the 
vhole church. Young was accustomed to 



speak of Kimball as the model saint. Ho was 
uneducated, coarse, and disgusting as a speak- 
er; full of low cunning, and unrelenting in 
his vengeance. 

Kimball, Increase, inventor of the first 
machine lor making cut-nails ; d. Hanover, 
N.H., Sept. 16, 1856, a. SO. His invention, 
patented in 1806, was of no use to him, as he 
would not sell his right. He subsequently 
seemed deranged. 

Kimball, Joseph Horace; d. Pembroke, 
N.H., Apr. 11, 1838. He edited at Concord 
the Herald of Freedom ; visited the W. Indies 
with J. A. Tliornc; and pub. " Emancipation 
in the West Indies," "A Six Months' Tour," 
&c. 

Kimball, Richard Bdrleigh, author, 
b. Plainliekl, N.H., Oct. 11, 1816. Dartm. 
Coll. 1834. After one year's study of law he 
travelled in Great Britain and Germany, and 
resided some time in Paris, where he attended 
the lectures of the most eminent profs, both of 



medic 



W; 



ill N.Y. Ciiv. His »m; :, 1: „ronees 

of an 01.1 JIan" in A , , - U.i./aziiie; 

" St. Leger, or the Ihnans ot Liie, " 1849 ; 
"Letters from England;" "Letters from 
Cuba," 1850; " Cuba and the Cubans,"1850; 
" Romance of Student-Life Abroad," 1853 ; 
" Was he successful ? " " In the Tropics ; " 
" Undercurrents ; " " Revelations of Wall St. ; " 
"Henry Powers, Banker," 1868; and " To- 
Day," 1 870. Contrib. to Putnam's Moiithhj, 
Kn'icl-i'rhod-er, and other periodicals. Co-editor 
wiih Dr. Francis, Dr. Griswold, George P. 
Morris, and F. W. Shelton,of the "Knicker- 
bocker Gallery." 

King, AiLSTiN A., statesman, b. Sullivan 
Co., Tcnn., Sept. 20, 1801 ; d. St. Louis, Mo., 
Apr. 22, 1870. He began to practise law in 



1822; removed to Mo. in 1830; member of 
the legisl. in 1834 and 1836 ; circuit judge of 
Ray Co. 1837-48; gov. of Mo. 1849-53; 
again judge of Ray Co. Circuit in 1862, and 
elected to the 38th Congress. In the Charles- 
ton Demoe. convention of 1860 he was a 
prominent Douglas man. He denounced the 
war for the Union as unnecessary. 

King, Charles, LL.D. (H.U. 1850), jour- 
nalist and scholar, b. N.Y., Mar 16, 1789 ; d. 
Frascate, near Rome, Italy, Sept. 27, 1867. 
Son of Rufus King, who, while minister at 
Lond., sent him to Harrow School, and in 1805 
to a preparatory school at Paris. On his fa- 
ther's return to the U.S., he was, by advice of 
Sir Francis Baring, placed in the banking- 
house of Hope & Co., Amsterdam. At the 
close of 1806 he returned to his native country. 
In 1810 he married Eliza, dan. of Archibald 
Graeio.a leading merchantof N.Y.,wiiliwhom 
he was associated in Imsincss. Tliou;;li a Fcil- 
eralist, he deemed it ) i-lit ici pi ci^rcutL- the war 
of 1812 to an iionoraLlr ami Ma v, >-liil result, 
and was n member ul ilir X.V. N -i,l. in 1S13, 
and a vol. in the autumn of 1S14. In 1823 
the firm of which he was a member failed; 
and Mr. King became connected with Ver- 
planck in the publication of the N.Y. Ameri- 
can, a political and literary sheet of high char- 
acter, until 1827 ; when Verplanck retired, and 
Mr. King continued sole editor until 1847. 
He was afterward assoc. in the londuct of the 
N.Y. Courier and Inquirer from 1845 until 
1849, when he was chosen pres. of Col. Coll., 
which post he resigned in 1864. The in- 
dependence of his character was strikingly 
evinced by his earliest public act. Being sent 
to Eng.' by the govt, after the war of 1812, to 
investigate the treatment of our prisoners at 
Dartmoor, he did not hesitate to exonerate the 
British authorities from all censure in the mat- 
ter in the face of the most intense indignation 
on the part of the American people, and of 
what many persons believed the clear and un- 
questionable facts of the case. Author of 
" Memoir of the Construction, &c., of the 
Ciot.m Aqueduct," 4to 1843; " History of the 
N. Y. Chamber of Commerce," 8vo ; "New 
York Fifty Years Ago ; " an .NMiv., ',, f,,n the 
Mechanics' Society, anil otliei ',• ill s. 

King, Charles B,]...:; 
port, R.L, 1786; d. Waslinu; ,,, l> i , Mar. 
18, 1862. For4U years his studio at tli" C api- 
tol was filled with thelikenesscsof the eminent 
men of the day. He donated a school-fund 
to his native town for musical instruction, and 
gave to the Redwood Library several thousand 
dollars, and many paintings. — Tuclcerman. 

King, CvRUS, M.C. 1813-17; b. .Scarbo- 
rough, Me., Sept. 16, 1772 ; d. April 25, 1817. 
Col. Coll. 1794. Ilalf-bro. of Rufus, and his 
private sec. in 1796 ; practised law 20 years in 
Saeo ; maj.-gcn. of militia. 

King, Dan, M.D., physician and author, 
b. Mansfield, Ct.,27 Jan. 1791 ; d. Smithfield, 
R.L, 13 Nov. 1864. He began practice in 
Preston in 1815 ; continued it in Charlestown, 
R.L, in 1820-38; in Woonsocket 1838-48; 
in Taunton, Ms., 1848-58; and finally in 
Smithfield. Member of the R. I. legisl. 1828- 
34, and the advocate of a new constitution and 



511 



extendeil suffrage. He was a friend to the rem- 
nant of the tribe of the Narragansett Indians, 
and caused a school for them to be supported 
by the State. Author of " Life and Times of 
Thos. \V. Dorr," " Quackery Unmasked," and 
many able articles in the Medical Journal and 
other periodicals. 

King, Daniel Putnam, a scientific farmer 
and poliiirian, b. Danvers, Ms., June 8, 1801 ; 
d. there July 2.1, 1850. II.U. 182.3. He studied 
law, but soon abandoned it for the practice of 
agriculture. In 1836-7 he was a State represen- 
tative, in 1838-9 a senator, and in 1840-1 prcs. 
of the senate. In 1 843 he was again a member 
of the house, of which he was elected speaker ; 
and was M.C. in 1843-9. He pub. an address 
comnicm. the 60th anniv. of the battle of Lex- 
ington, delivered in Danvers in 1835. 

King, James Gore, banker and merchant 
of N.Y., b. N.Y. City, May 8. 1791 ; d. High- 
wood, N. J., Oct. 3, 1833. H. U. 1810. His 
father, Rufus King, minister to Eng., had him 
educated in the best schools there. He returned 
to the U.S. in 1805, and, after graduating, stud- 
ied law at Litchfield. Marrying the dan. of 
Alexander Gracie in Feb. 18.12, he established 
himself as a merchant at Liverpool, with his 
bro.-in-law, under the firm of King and Gracie. 
In 1824 he became a partner in the banking- 
house of Prince, Ward, and King ; on the disso- 
lution of which he formed a new one of a similar 
character, under the name of James G. King 
and Sons. He served as adj. -gen. in the war 
of 1812-15; wasaleading member of the N.Y. 
Chamber of Commerce, and, at the time of his 
death, its pres. M.C. 1849-51. 

King, John Alsop, statesman, b. N. Y. 
City, Jan. 3, 1788 ; d. Jamaica, L. I., July 7, 
1868. He was the eldest son of Rufus King, 
and in his boyhood aceomp. his father to Eng., 
and, with his bro. Charles, was educated at 
Harrow School and at Paris. Ho served 
through the war of 1812 as lieut. of a troop 
of horse; represented Queen's Co. in the As- 
sembly in 1819-21, '32, '38, and '40; was sec. 
of legation to Great Britain under his father 
in 1825 ; was a leading member of the 31st 
Congress, and a strenuous opponent of its Fu- 
gitive-slave Bill ; was a delegate to the Kepuh. 
conv. at Phila. in 1856 ; and was gov. of N.Y. 
in 1857-9. A farmer by occupation, he took a 
deep interest in the Queen's Co. Agric. Soc., 
and was pres. of the N. Y. Agric. Soc. 

King, John Crookshanks, sculptor, b. 
Kilwinning, Scotland, Oct. 11, 1806. He was 
educated as a practical machinist, and, emigrat- 
ing to the U.S. in 1829, was employed several 
years in Cincinnati and Louisville as supt. 
of a factory. In 1834, at the suggestion of 
Hiram Powers, he made a successful clay mod- 
el of the head of his wife, and adopted the pro- 
fession of a sculptor. From 1837 to 1840 he 
resided in N. Orleans, modelled a number of 
busts of public men, and made cameo likenesses. 
He now resides in Boston. He has executed 
busts of Webster, of John Quincy Adams, Dr. 
Saml. Woodward, Prof. Agassiz, R. W. Emer- 
son, and other prominent men. 

King, John H., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. 

7//;-Mich.. App. 2d lieut. 1st Inf 2 Dec. 1837; 1st 

lieut. 2 Mar. 1839; capt. 31 Oct. 1846; maj. 



15th, 14 Mav, 1861 ; lieuf.-col. 14th, 1 June, 
1863; col. 9th Inf 30 July, 1865; brig.-gen. 
vols. 29 Nov. 1862; brev.-col. 20 Sept. 1863 ; 
brig -gen. U.S.A., for Ruffs Station, 13 Mar. 
1865; and maj.-gen. same date. 

King, Jonas, D.D. {N.J. Coll. 1832), Cong, 
clergyman, and missionary to Greece, b. Hawley, 
Ms., "July 29, 1792; d. Athens, Greece, May 
22, 1869. Wms. Coll. 1816; And. Sejn. 1819. 
He was a missionary in S. C. some months, 
and in Palestine in 1823-6; readied Boston in 
the fall of 1827, and was employed in the 
Northern and Middle States. He entered upon 
the Greek mission in July, 1828; and m. a 
Greek lady, July 22, 1829. A " Farewell Let- 
ter" to his friends on leaving Syria, stating his 
reasons for not becoming' n Iv.man Catholic, 
became, with other pniilirin.in, ,,i i. , m 1852, 
the basis of a prosecniiin .1 i: i i; and he 

was condemned to l.'i I. i, .ii-iitina 

loathsome prison, and to cvj-uLaju \unu Ureece. 
Owing to the vigorous protests of our govt, he 
was confined but one day, and was not ban- 
ished. Before 1867, he 'had translated and 
printed in modern Greek 5 vols, of the Tract 
Society's publications. He also pub 4 vols, of 
his own works in that language. 

King, Mitchell, LL.D. (Char. Coll. and 
U. of E. Tenn.), judge, b. Scotland, June 8, 
1783. HcwenttoLond.in 1804, and to Charles- 
ton, S.C, where he opened a school, in 1806, and 
soon received a professorship in the coll. of that 
city. He began to study law in 1807 ; was one 
of "the founders of the Philos. Society in 1809, 
before which he delivered lectures on astrono- 
my; and in 1810 was adm. to the bar. He soon 
disting. himself; prospered in his practice ; and 
became in 1819 judge of the City Court of 
Charleston. In 1830-2 he was an active mem- 
ber of the Union party, and opposed the doc- 
trine of State nullification. From 1842 to 1844 
he was again judge of the City Court ; and at 
different periods he served as delegate in the 
State convention, and as pres. of the trustees 
of the Med. Coll., and of other societies for the 
promotion of art, literature, science, and public 
enterprises. He originated the Charleston Lit- 
erary Club, and has written numerous essays 
and addresses for various societies and literary 
institutions. — Appleton. 

King, Pkeston, statesman, b. Ogdensburg, 
N. Y., Oct. 14, 1806; d. N. Y. Citv, Nov. 13, 
1865. Un. Coll. 1827. He studied and prac 
tised law in St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. ; started 
the St. Lawrence Republican in 1830 ; and was 
one of the warmest supporters of Gen. Jackson. 
He was a Dcmoc. until 1853, when he joined 
the Repub. partv. Postmaster at Ogdensburg ; 
member of the N.Y. Assembly in 1834-7 ; M.C. 
1843-7 and 1849-53; U.S. senator 1857-63; 
afterward resuming the practice.of law in N.Y. 
Delegate to the Repub. convention at Balti- 
more in 1864, he was a firm supporter of An- 
drew Johnson, by whom he was in Aug. 1865 
app. collector of "the port of N.Y. During a 
fit of aberration of mind he jumped from a fer- 
ry-boat, and was drowned. 

King, Rdfds, LL.D. (H.U. 1806), orator, 
statesman, and diplomatist, b. Scarborough, 
Me., Mar. 24, 1755 ; d. Jamaica, L L, Apr. 29, 
1827. H. U. 1777. Son of an opulent mer- 



Tcnsr 



512 



chant. He entered the law-office of Thoophilus 
Parsons at Newburyport. In 1778 he was 
aide-de-camp to Gen. Glover in the expedition 
against R.I. He commenced practice in 1780; 
in 1782 was elected to the legisl.; member of 
the Old Congress 1784-6. He in March, 178.'j, 
moved a resolution, " That there be neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the 
States described in the resolution of Congress 
of April, 1784, otherwise than in punishment 
of crime ; and that this regulation shall be 
made an article of compact, and remain a fun- 
damental principle of the Constitution." This 
resolution was, by the votes of 7 States ajiainst 
4, referred to a com. of the whole, and was al- 
most word for word embodied by Nathan Dane 
in his famous ordinance of 1787. Mr. King 
advocated the Constitution, both in the Gen. 
and State conventions. In 1788 he removed to 
N.Y., having in 1786 m. the dau. of John Al- 
sop, an opulent merchant of that city. In 1789 
he was elected to the N.Y. legisl., by which body 
Gen. Schuyler and himself were chosen the first 
senators from the State under the Constitution 
of the U. S. In 1794, under the signature of 
"Camillus," he defended the British Treaty. 
Tlie must celebrated speech made by him in 
the U.S. senate was in this year, on the ri^'ht 
of Albert Gallatin to a seat in senate, which he 
successfully opposed. In 1796-1804 Mr. King 
was minister to London, having previously de- 
clined the offer of the dept. of state. In "l813 
he was a third time sent to the senate by the 
N. Y. Icuisl. His speech on the burning of 
Wasliin^jton by the British was one of his 
most eloquent displays, and teemed with senti- 
ments which had echoes from all parties. In 
1819 he was re-elected to the senate. He took 
the lead in opposing the admission of Mo. as a 
slave State ; and several of the laws which he 
proposed and carried were of great conse- 
quence. In 1825 he accepted from Pres. Ad- 
ams the app. of minister to London, but re- 
turned in ill health in 1826. 

King, RuFUS, diplomatist and journalist, 
b. N.Y. City, Jan. 26, 1814. West Point, 1833. 
Son of Pres. Charles King, and grandson of 
Rufus. He entered the engineer corps, and as- 
sisted in the construction of Fortress Monroe. 
Resigning in Sept. 1 836, he became assist, engr. 
of the N. Y. and Erie Railroad ; was a while 
connected with the Albany Evening Journal; 
then edited the Daily Advertiser • and was app. 
by Gov. Seward adj.-gen. of N.Y. Removing 
to Wis., he edited the Milwaukie Sentinel until 
1861; when Mr. Lincoln app. him minister to 
Rome. Obtaining permission to delay his de- 
parture during the civil war, he was made brig - 
gen. of vols. May 17, 1861, and soon after re- 
signed his diplomatic app. Promoted to com- 
mand a division in McDowell's army at Fred- 
ericksburg, he com. in the combat of Groveton 
28 Aug. ; was engaged in the battle of Manas- 
sas; in Oct. 1862 was placed under Gen. Dix's 
command ; com. at Yorktown, Va., in Mar.- 
July, 1863; and com. division at Fairfax C. H., 
Julv-Oct. 20, 1863, when he resigned ; and w.is 
minister to Rome to 1 July, 1867.— Cnlhm. 

King, SnsAN (Petigru), authoress, b. 
Charleston, S. C. Dau. of J. L. Petigru, an 
awyer of S. C. She was highly edu- 



cated, and m. Henry C, son of Judge Mitchell 
King. After his death, she m. Congressman 
Bowen, subsequently convicted of bigamy. 
Author of several stories of fashionable life, as 
" The Busv Moments of an Idle Woman," 
"Lily," and "Sylvia's World." She is dis- 
ting. for conversational talent, and has contrib. 
to periodicals. 

King, Thomas Butler, politician, b. 
Hampden Co., Ms., Aug. 27, 1804 ; d. 
AVaynesborough, Ga., May 10, 1864. Educated 
at Westfield Acad., Ms., and studied for the 
bar, but removed to Ga. in 1823 ; m., and be- 
came a cotton-planter. State senator in 1832- 
4, '35, and '37; M.C. 1839-43 and 1845-9. Col- 
lector of San Francisco in 1849-51, he resided 
some years in California. Returning to Ga., 
he was State senator in 1859 ; member of the 
Milledgeville convention of 18-33; of the Ma- 
con Railroad convention of 1836 ; of the 
young men's convention of Baltimore in 
1840; and was pres. of several Ga. railroad 
and canal companies. Identified with the 
State-rights party; a secessionist in 1861, and 
was 2 years commissioner of Ga. in Europe. 

King, Thomas Starr, divine and author, 
b. New York, Dec. 16, 1824; d. San Francis- 
co, March 4, 1864. Son of Rev. Thomas F. 
King. His boyhood was passed in Portsmouth, 
N.H., and Charlestown, Ms. Young King 
was prepared for coll. ; but the decease of his 
father prevented his entrance, and he con- 
tinued his education in the intervals from his 
duties as a school-teacher and a clerkship in 
the navy-yard. In Sept. 1846 he was ord. 
pastor o'f his father's parish in Charlestown ; 
and in Dec. 1848 was installed over the Hollis- 
st. Church, which station he occupied until 
1860. In Apr. of that year, he sailed for San 
Francisco to take charge of the Unitarian Cong, 
in that city, where the brief remainderof his use- 
ful life was spent. He had an extended reput.i- 
tion as a lecturer, having been regularly era- 
ployed in that capacity in IS4.5-1860. Author 
of "The White Hills, their Legends, Land- 
scapes, and Poetry," 4to, illustrated, 1859. In 
1850 he received the hon. degree of MA. 
from H.U. As a public speaker, he happily 
combined elegance with energy, and was ex- 
ceedingly popular. He was a man of rare 
genius, originality, and eloquence. His exer- 
tions in behalf of the Union, and his decided 

ail^I li:,<-.MM...Ii;-;,l, - I :;j:;i,,-r the Rcbcl- 

]i..,i I : : :i ■ .. '■:'.' ' ,.ii '.. 'i' i ,.|iinion in 
Ci 11 ■ -t-.thef/ji/- 



cntiilcii ■■ rntihiii^m and Other Papers," was 
puS. 1^1,,-, ; :,]-.. ■■ A Tribute to Thomas Starr 
Kin_'," I'v lii> tiicnd Richard Frothingham. 

King, William, col. U.S.A., h. Md. ; d. 
near Mobile, Jan. 1, 1826. App. lieut. of inf 
May 3, 1808; capt. 15th Inf July 2, 1812; 
assist, to Insp.-Gen. Smith, July' 10, 1812; 
com. exped. from Black Rock to Canada 
shore (spiking the enemy's batteries, and cap- 
turing prisoners) Nov. 28, 1812, in which h« 
was wounded and taken ; maj. March 3, 1813 ; 
com. his regt. in capture of York, U.C., Apr. 
27, 1813; assist, adj.-gen. Apr. 28, 1813; 
disting. and wounded in capture of Fort 



513 



KnsT 



George, May 27, 1813; com. U.S. troops in 
concert with N.Y. militia, umier Gen. Porter, in 
repulsing attack on Black Rock, July 11, 
1813; adj.-cen. (rank of col.) July 18, 1313 ; 
col. 3d Rifles, Feb. 21, 1814 ; col. 4th Inf. 
May, 1815; military and civil gov. of Pensacola, 
May, 1818; disbanded June, 1821.— Gardner. 
King, William, statesman, bro. of Ru- 
fus, b. Scarborough, Me., Feb. 9, 1768; d. 
Bath, Me., June 17, 1852. In niitive mental en- 
dowments lie is thought to have been superior 
to his celebrated bro., and nothing but the want 
of education prevented his attaining the high- 
est honors. Alter residing a while in Topsham, 
ab. 1800 he removed to Bath. Member of 



the Ms. legisl. tor some years, he tookjv promi 

nent part in drafting a 

Freedom Act, and was also the originator and 



ng the Religious 



principal 'supporter of the Betterment Act. 
He exerted Ins powerful influence to effect 
the separation of Me. and Ms., which occurred 
in 1819; was pres. of the convention which 
framed the constitution of Me., and its first 
gov. 1820-1 ; U.S. commissioner for the ad- 
justment of Spanish claims 1821-4. He was 
gen. of militia, and collector of customs at 
Bath 1831-4. He was an eminent and success- 
ful merchant, and a generous and intelligent 
patron of institutions of learning. 

£ing, William Rcfus, 13th vice-pres. of 
the U.S., b. Sampson Co., N.C., April 7, 
1786; d. Cahawba, Ala., April 18, 1853. U. 
of N.C. 1803. He studied law, and was adm. 
to practice in 1806. In 1806-7 and 1809, he 
was a member of the State legisl. ; M.C. 
1810-16; sec. of legation to Russia 1816-18; 
and, after his return, removed to Ala., and be- 
came a cotton-planter. One of the convention 
that formed the constitution of Ala. when it 
was adm. into the Union; U.S. senator 1819- 
45 and 1847-52; and in 1845-6 minister to 
France. In this post he succeeded in prevent- 
ing the joint protest of France and Eng. 
against the annexation of Texas to the U.S. 
He became vice-pres. in 1 852. Mr. King was 
a member of Congress nearly forty years ; 
ofliciating as pres. pro tem of the senate in the 
24th, 25th, 26th, 31st, and 32d Congresses. 
He uniformly acted with the Democ. party, 
and supported Jackson for the presidency in 
1824, 1828, and 1832. 

Eingsborough, Right Hon. Edwakd 
King, vi.scount (1795-1837). Eldest son of 
the 3d earl of Kingston. Educated at Oxford ; 
represented his native county (Cork) in the 
parliament of 1820-6; and subsequently de- 
voted himself to his great work, " The An- 
tiquities of Mexico," comprising facsimiles of 
ancient Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics, 
Lond. imp. fol. vols. 1-7, 1831 ; vols. 8 and 9, 
1848. The first 7 vols, of this magnificent 
work cost Lord K. £32,000. Thrown into 
prison for a debt which he considered unjust, 
he was there seized with typhus-fever, which 
soon ended fatally. He maintains in this 
work the theory of the colonization of Mexico 
by the Israelites. — AUibone. 
' Kingsbury, Charles P., brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point, 1840. 2d lieut. 
ordnance 1840; 1st lieut. 3 Mar. 1847; capt. 
1 July, 1854 ; maj. 3 Mar. 1863; lieut.-col. 22 



Dcc.1866; ret.July 1870 ; aide to Gen. Taylor 
at Buena Vista, and brev. 23 Feb. 1847 ; col. 
and A.D.C. 28 Sept. 1861 ; served through 
the seven-days' battles before Richmond, and 
brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. Author 
of " Treatise on Artillery and Infantry," 
1849. Contrib. to Amer. Whig Renew, South. 
Quart. Rev., Putnam's Monthly, and South. Lit. 
Mf.fsenger. — Cultwn. 

Kingsbury, Jacob, col. U.S.A., b. Nor- 
wich, Ct., 1755; d. Franklin, Mo., July 1, 
1837. He was in the U.S. service 42 years, 
having risen from the ranks (which he joined 
at Roxbury in 1775) to be an officer in the 
Revol. army. He served in Wayne's Indian 
campaign. App. lieut. of inf Sept. 29, 1789 ; 
capt. Dec. 1791 ; maj. 2d Inf. May 15, 1797 ; 
lieut.-col. 1st Inf Apr. 11, 1803; col. 1st Inf. 
Aug. 18, 1808; insp.-gen. (rank of col.) Apr. 

28, 1813 ; disb. June, 1815. His son Col. 
Thomas H. C, b. N. Orleans, Dec. 23, 1807, 
col. Uih Ct. Vols., killed at Antietam 17 
Sept. 1862. 

Kingsley, Calvin, D.D., bishop M.E. 
Church, b. Annesville, N.Y., Sept. 8, 1812; 
d. Bcii-ut, Syria, 1870. AUeg. Coll. 1841. 
He entered the ministry of the M. E. Church, 
and was in 1842-4 prof, of math, in Alleg. 
Coll.; app. in 1842 to Meadville Station. In 
1844 he was stationed in Erie, Pa. ; and, at the 
close of his term as pastor, returned to Alleg. 
Coll., and remained for a number of years a 
member of its faculty. In 1856 ho was elected 
by the gen. conf. editor of the Westeni Chris- 
tian Advocate. Author of a work on " The 
Resurrection of the Human Body." D.D. of 
Genesee Coll. 1853; elected bishop in 1864. 

Kingsley, James Luce, LL.D. (Mid. 
Coll. 1831), scholar, b. Windham, Ct., Aug. 
28,1778; d. New Haven, Aug. 31, 18.52. Y.C. 
1799. Tutor 1801-5; librarian 1805-24; 
prof, of the Hebrew, Greek, and Liitin lan- 
guages, and of eccl. hist. 180.5-51. Prof. 
Kingsley was both an accomplished scholar 
and a thorough instructor; a critic of the first 
order ; and contrib. to the iV.^nirr. Review, the 
Christian Spectator, the New-Enqlander, the 
Amer. Journal of Sciences, the Biblical Reposi- 
tory, and other periodicals. Some of the most 
valuable articles which he published were illus- 
trative of historical subjects, among which was 
an interesting disconrse, and " Notes on the 
Hist, of New Haven," delivered Apr. 25, 1838. 
He pub. in the Amer. Quar. Reg. a compen- 
dious Hist, of Yale Coll. 1835, and also the 
" Life of Pres. Stiles," for Sparks's " Amer. 
Biography," 2d ser., vol. 6. He also revised 
and pub. some of the standard Latin classics, 
to which he appended notes. — See Commem- 
orative Discourse, by Thomas A. T/iacher, Oct. 
1852. 

Robert, a British gen., d. 
Ensign 11th Foot, Sept. 1756; capt. 
Apr. 1761 ; maj. Julv, 1768; lieut.-col. Aug. 

29, 1777 ; col. Nov. 1782; maj. -gen. 1793. He 
acomp. Burgoyne's exped. as his adj.-gen. and 
military sec, in which capacity he arranged the 
details of the surrender at Saratoga. Return- 
ing to Eng. in 1778, he was examined before 
a committee of the house of commons relative 
to this expedition. 



514 



Kmne, A\mN mimsecr of Groton, Ct , 
b I isl n <t 1-45, .1 TilmicUt.O Juh 9, 
l'f-4 1: C \'in Old Oct 1770, ilism 
179S He ijiil) 1 work on fhc Son-I ip of 
Chiibt, A IJ^pln ot Sciiptuit Piophe 
cics," 1813, ' Csplinuion of ihe Tipcs, 
Prophecies Re\eIation Vc '*\o I'<14, An 
Essivon the New Ilenen iiid Eirtli ' 1821 

Kmney, Coixm )io( t b on the west 
bank ot liouke.l I ak n ii l',nn \ m N Y , 
No^ 24 1S26 H<. ol n n 1 i lihuil ediui 
tion 1\ his own ixtiti iis t i hin„' school 
ed Iin.' ind |iutisiii4 Uu IiiIS)4hepub 
' Kcml I an Am.iicui Loj;cn 1 ' ind his 
contiih 1 1 ) ri lulls ind |ipuinils "Rain 
on til 1! I Is one rf h i (si 1 nown pieces 
— P elsatl P I I til II ' 

Kinney, M I i /m m ( pi t dm 

of DiMd 11)1 I \ \ s t W.llnm 

B Kinni, I . i h ,1 h \ Mil [>ilt 
Arhnlis , uil L S ^ nl it lu ,n Mil h is 
contiih tJ Ihe K, I I I , (. ali,m-< ind 
otlRriiii„'-i7inei iii 1 in I^jj | ub Ithcita' 
a mi til il rumince — 1/ I jn 

Kmnison, 1>\vid the list of the party 
who dcbtrojed the tei in Bo t m hiihoi, h 
Old Kin^bton n ii Port«nionth Me No\ 17 
1736, d Chiivo leb 24 lSj2 i llD Up 
to the Uevol he was a farmer it Iibinon, 
whence, with a few comi ides mcmbcis of a 
political club, he went to Bost m with the 
expicss purpose of dcstioMn_ iht t i lie 



the Indiiii \ 
peicc WIS I 1 1 
faimcr at 1> 11 \ 
wheie lie i 1 ii t 

was in <ci-i 1 
was in tl I I I 
A^ 1 



AIban\ fiom 1838 antd Oct 28, 18=3, when 
he WIS consee missionarj bishop of Califoi ma 
Amon^'hispulilicationsare 'The Lenten Fast," 
• 1 he Double Witness of the Church , " ' Recan- 
tation or the Confeasions of a Conveit to Roman- 
ism " ' L Illy Jesuit Missions in N A,' 2noIs 
1846 "Eirly Conflicts of Christiinitj " and a 
seiKS suggested hv a \i'iit to Italy in 1844-5 
consisting of " Cliriitmas Holidays in Rome,' 
"Domestic and Religions Life in Itilv," and 
"The Caticombs of^ Rome" He his aKo 
been a frequent contrib to periodicals of his 
denomination 

Kirby, Cdmuvd bripr gen vols b Biown 
Mile N Y, 1840, d Washington, DC 28 
Maj 1863 fiom wounds rccened at Chincel 
lorsiillo West Point, Mu 1861 Son of 
tol r.lmnnd (1704-1849) by a d ui of Gen 
Jie lb Brown His fithei saved with distine 
tiHi in the wirs with Ln^'hnd (1S12-15) ind 
Mexico (1846-8) Mide 2d heut (Ricketts 
Bxtter\)inMn 1861 he assumed the coin on 
the ciptnie of Rieketts, and retained it till his 
dcith Hi WIS ictuc in all the battles of the 
Aimvofth V (oimc Tnd w is made biiT; gen 



Kirbv, 



III MM luiisf and patriot 
of the K X 1 I i lib II Ct Feb 23 1757, 
d Fort btoddiril Mpi Oct 2 1804 Piesent 
at the battle ot Bunkei s Hill re mimed m 
actne service jntil in I pendcnec w is achieved, 
was in 19 battles an 1 skirinishcs, and leeened 
13 wounds 7 of whu h were sibiecuts on the 
head inflicted by a Biiiish soldier at Geim in 
town, where Kiibv was left for dead upon the 
field Penniless at the close of the Rc\ol , he 
\n sun in uis eontiued to pet so much of a 
I I 1 I 1 tiMi th It Yale Coll m 17f57con 
fe 1 1 h 11 ih dcgiee of M A He then 
1 1 lin to llic 1 II ind soon 

1 I 1 l-(59 while 



vb n 



Up to 1848 he had alwajs made 
by his liboi He leained to read 



;G0 



Kiusey, Tvmes LLD (NJ Coll 1790), 
1111 t d Ijiiiliu^um.N J Jan 4 1802,a 69 
In 17"4-) b WIS a delegate from N J to Con 
„ics lie HIS ictucin thecauseof theReiol 
and w IS a membei ot the com of coiiesp foi 
Builin^toi Co In Nov 1789 he was app 
chief 1 istice of N J 

Kip, \ lITliM IVGEAH^M D D (Col 

f )11 l^t") 1 1 \niin and authoi b N w 
-i )ik O t ? 1 11 Y C 1831 His inees 
toi lleniy Ivv pi cime to New \instei 1 im in 
163) Ilenij s son Jacob i 1 1 

now occupied by the P Ilk I f 

the familj were born at the tl K , , , 

a portion of whom settled at i;!i;'i' 'i ' ';- A' r 
seme study of the law, be cntncd the Gen. 
Sem. of the Epis. Church in N.Y., and was 
ord. deacon in 1835. Rector of St. Peter's, 



aip 11 




1 tcilltoiv 


of Oil 




1 INOID AI 


KiRBl 


1 


1 it 1812 d 


Oct 7 l'-42 


It 1 It Slllh 


X in Me a 52 


Biev capt f)i 
Erie 

Kirk, Fdi 


giUantry in 


sortie fiom Foit 


\ vro ^oRrIs 


D I) ( \mh 



missions Fiom ~1828 to 1836 ho w i j ast" i 
of a ehuich at Albanv He went t > I n.^ in 
1837, but having been app sec of thi Foieij;n 
Ev iiveUe il Society, he retuincd in 1839 
June 1, 1842, he accepted a call to become the 
pastor of a new Cong, church in Boston. The 
edifice known as the Mount- Vernon Church 
was completed early in 1844; and there Dr. 
Kirk still continues to preach. In 1846 he 
visited Europe again; and in 1856 he vvcrit 



KIR 



lilR 



abroad a thirj time, at tbe request of the 
American and Foreign Chrisiiaii Union, to 
inaugurate a regular system of roligimis wor- 
ship for American Protestants in Fiance. He 
secured there the erection of the American 
chapel, and, after a hasty visit to Palestine, 
returned home. Dr. Kirk has pub. 2 or 3 vols. 
of sermons, "Lectures on Christ's Parables," 
translation of Gausscn on Inspiration, and of 
Attic's Lectures on the Lit. of the Times of 
Louis XIV. He has pub. more than 30occas. 
sermons and addresses. — See Amer. Pulpit, 
N. Y. 18.iG, ii. 48 ; Snppt. Calal. Dost. Pub. 
Lib. 

Kirk, Edward N., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., 
b. Ohio; d. Jan. 1863, of wounds received at 
Stone Hivcr. He went to Stirlini, Whiteside 
Co., III., where, in tlie fall of 1861, he raised 
the 34th III. Vols., which he com. At Shiloh, 
and at the siege of Corinth, he acted as lirig.- 
gen., and at the battle of Stone Kivcr com. a 
brigade in Johnson's division of MoCook's 
corps. 

Kirk, Jony Foster, hist, writer, b. (of 
English parent^ at Froderirkton, N.B., ab. 
ISiO; wa, iliualed in Nova Scotia; came to 
the U.S. in 184 J ; an.I, .liinn- ilie last 1 1 years 
Of \Vm. II. I'rLseott'> hf', acted as his secretary. 
Besides hist, articles cnntrih. to reviews, he has 
pub. "A History of Charles the Bold, Duke 
of IJurgunilv," 3 vols. 8vo, 186.3-7. 

Kirkland, Caroline Matilda (Stans- 
bury), anihoi'ess, b. N. Y. f'ii>, T. n l^oi ; 
d. there Apr. 6, 1864. Alu i ' i i : in r 

fathcr, who was a booksill i i in. i r, 
the family removeil to Gen'\:i N "i ,\\h i.^he 
m. Prof. Wm. Kirkland of Uam. l^oll., who 
subsequently established a sem. in Goshen on 
Seneca Lake. He was the author of a series 
of " Letters from Abroad," written after a res- 



II.U. 1789. Son of the missionary Samuel 
Kirkland. Ord. pastor of the cbnreii in Sum- 
mer St., Boston, Feb. 5, 1794 ; and from Nov. 
14, 1810, to 1828, was pres. of H.U. His lit- 
erary productions were widely disseminated 
through the periodical press. His " Biography 
of Fisher Ames " ranks as an Amer. classic. 
He pub. a Eulogy on Washington, Dec. 29, 
1 799, several occasional sermons, and biograph- 
ical notices of Dr. Belknap, Gen. Lincoln, and 
Prof. W. D. Peck. Averse to literary effort, 
he left nothing which can give an adequate im- 
pression of his extraordinary abilities. — See 
Life by Palfrey, and Obit. Discourses bi/ F. Park- 
man and A. i'onny. 

Kirkland, Samuel, missionary to the In- 
dians, I). Norwich, Ct., Dec. 1, 1744 ; d. Clin- 
ton, Oneida Co., N.Y., Feb. 28, 1808; N.J. 
Coll. 176.5. Son of Rev. Daniel Kirkland of 
Norwich, and was educated at the school of Uev. 
E. Wheelock, where he learned the Mohawk 
language; and lie also acquired that of the Sen- 
ecas bv a sojourn among them from Nov. 
1764 to' May, 1766. Ord. at Lebanon, June 19, 
1766. He removed to Ct. ab. 1772, and after- 
wards lived a while at Stockbridge. Alter the 
battle of Lexington, the Prov. Congress of 
Ms. requested him to use his influence to se- 
cure either the friendship or neutrality of the 
Six Nations. He succeeded in attaehlng to the 
patriot cause the Oneidas, with whom he con- 
tinned his religions labors throughout the war, 
when the other trilics, through tiic influence of 
Brant and tlie Johnsons, had taken the oppo- 
site side. He ofiieiated as chaplain to the 



fine 



of Ha 
Acad., 
inflneii 



^pe.l 



779. He 



der 



thev retnoved in 184.3 to N.Y. She pub. "A 
New Home, Who'll follow ! " bv Marv Clavers, 
1839; " Forest-Lile," IS4J; and in "1846 pub. 
"Western II. aim-." Upon Settling in N.Y. 
shoundein 1. iM I-; ition of a number of 
young l.ni. , .11' I i : 1-47 resumed her pen, 
and cdii'd tlie / , M,i;. 18 months. She 
visiteil Europe in 184S; a.ul on her return pub. 
" Holiilays Abroad," 1849 ; " The Evening 
Book, or Fireside Talk on Morals and Manners, 
with Sketches of Western Life," 1852; "A 
Book for the Honi.-( in , , ' i , , ; ; •• Personal 
Memoirs of Geomi W i ■ is.57; and 

contrib. theletter-i'i - i i .'.-okofHome 
Beauty." Shelm- ' ■ \ i l-ayontho 

Life and Writings n - i -I lo ilie 

first book of the '■ 1 ' J : n I !■ nl 

" Patriotic Eloq'i ■! ■ ' . n,. ' .1 

for schools. Her i,i'i-t work w i ^ a r!i .• 

selection of poetic extracts, — "The Seliool- 
Girl's Garland," in two series. She was a very 
successful teacher, and a charming conversa- 
tionalist. 

Kirkland, Johs THORNTo>f, D.D. (N.J. 

Coll. 1802), LLD. (B.U. 1810), b. Little Falls, 
N.Y., Aug. 17, 1770; d. Boston, Apr. 26, 1840. 



Spi 



J., Feb. 17, 1756; d. N. Brunswick, 
N. J., Jan. 7, 1831. N. .L Coll. 1775. David 
his father, a Scotch Presbyterian, came to 
N. J. in 1 736. Andrew began the study of 
theology, but soon turned to the law, which he 
studied in the office of Judge Patterson. Adm. 
to the bar in 1785, he practised with distinction 
at Morristown, and afterward atN. Brunswick ; 
was a member of the Assembly in 1797; was 
made a judge of the Supreme Court, Jan. 17, 
1797; and was chief justice in 180.3-24. His 
decisions are in Pennington's, Southard's, 
and the first 3 vols, of Halsted's Reports. lie 
m. ill 1792 Jane, dan. of Col. John liavard. — 
Mrm. hii ./. <;. WiUon. 

Kirkwood, Robert, maj. Rcvol. army, 
h, near Xeivark, Del. ; killed Nov. 4, 1791, at 
tlie battle of Miami. Receiving a classical ed- 
ucation at the Newark Acad., he subsequently 
engaged in farming, but in Jan. 1776 entered 
Hazlet's regt. as a lieut. ; participated in the 
disaster of Long Island, and in the victories of 
Trenton and Princeton. Early in 1777 he was 
made a capt., and was concerned in all the im- 
portant battles of the three following cam- 



516 



paigns. In 1780 this regt. accomp. Gates to 
the South, and at Camden it suffered severely. 
The remnantofit, underlvirkwoodandJaeqtiet, 
was attached as light inf. to Lee's legion ; and 
at the Cowpens, Guilford, Eutaw, and other 
places, Kirkwood exhibited his usual gallantry, 
and at the close of the war was brev. a maj. 
He afterwards emig. to Ohio, and settled near- 
ly opposite Wheeling. 

Kissam, Richard S., a disting. surgeon, 
b. N.Y. City, 1763; d. there Oct. 1822.^ Son 
of Benjamin, an eminent lawyer. Received a 

tram mar-school education at Hempstead, L.I. 
tudied medicine uniler I). McKnight, and 
grad. at the U. of Edinburgh, where he re- 
mained 5 years. On receiving his doctorate in 
1780 he piih nn innng. lli^«ertatioIl " IM Rheuma- 

U\ N v.; Ml 17'M coniinriirr,! pr.i-tice, and for 
.•)o yiMi-i w:is at. ilie ImmiI uf liis j)rofession. 
As A liiliotuniift he was parlieuiaily celebrated, 
only 3 out of 65 of his operations proving fatal. 
He declined the chair of botany of Col. Coll. 
in 1792. For 30 years he was a surgeon of the 
N.Y. Hospital. — Tharhn: 

Kittredge, TiioM vs. M D. (H.U. i8ii), 

an eminent surgeon, b. An-iover, .Julv, 1746; 
d. there Oct. 1818. Hi^ father and bros. were 
disting. surgeons. Alter receiving instruc- 
tion from Master iVIoody at Byfield Acad., he 
studieil med. with Dr. Sawyer of Newburyport; 
began to practise in Andover in 1768; and, be- 
ing in 1775 app. surgeon to the regt. of Col. 
James Frye, was present at the battle of Bun- 
ker's Hill. Dr. K. had an extensive practice; 
was an early member of the Ms. Med. Soc. ; 
and was in the legisl several years and in the 
councd in 1810-11 — Iharlm 

Knapp, CoL S\MntL Lorenzo LL D 
authoi b Newhur\pjii M Jin 19 1783 
d Hopkmton Ms In Diitm Coll 

1804 Hewisah i Was a 

member of the ^t i i re^t of 

Stitcmilitii lui III t 1 I imecd 

Iter of til / the Bos 

ton 1/f /' I to IS">8 

thcA^^ ' 1 h le umcd 

tlR I 1 II 1 I ,ri)ihical 

M \ in cleg mt 

! II I t 1 inyers 

■m I I I I imod 



\ni 



TheBichtlors in 1 other Tiks Advice in 

the Pui uits of Littriture Lues of Anon 
Buir AndiLW Jitkson Lord Timothy Dexter 
DanidWebstei andThomi I lU fi iv 

els of All Bej in Boston an 1 \ i min 1 si 'i 

The Genius of Fiee Misoni\ or i 1) f n t, 
of the Older 1 mil 1 i i i h^ IS40 

Sketch I I I I 1 I ISO undei 
the pseu 111 1 iliinson 

and \iii 1 He ed 

itedHmt n Is | | 1 | 1 n of Use 

fulKnowkU H( wi il j the author of a 

vaiiety of occasional public addresses 

Kneeland, Abner preacher and author 
b 17/4 d bilubm Ind 27 Aug 1844 
Whilea mmistei in Vt heedited Mis John 
sons CaptiMty 1814 afterwaid pub 1 
translation of the New Test, from the Greek, 



1823 ; "The Deist," 2 vols. 12mo, 1822 ; " Lec- 
tures on the Doctrine of Universal Salvation," 
12mo, 1824; "Review of the Evidences of 
Christianity," a series of lectures del. in N.Y. in 
Aug. 1829. Editor in 1828 of the Olive Branch 
and Christ. Inquirer, N. Y., vol. i. ; and of the 
Phila. Universalist's Mag. and Christ, Messenger, 
2 vols. 1821-3; established the Investigator aa 
an organ of free inquiry, at Boston, in 1832. 
He also pub. a speech in his own defence be- 
fore the Sup. Court at Boston, for the alleged 
crime of blasphemy, 8 Mar. 1836. 

Eneeland, Samdel, printer and booksell- 
er of Boston, b. there 1696 ; d. 14 Dec. 1769. 
Apprenticed to B. Green. He pub. the Ga- 
zptte 1727-41, the iV. £. Wetkly Journal from 
Oct. 1741 to 1752, Boston Gazette 1753-4. 
He was a long time printer to the gov. and 
council; printed the laws and journals of the 
house some years ; and pub. many religious 
books and polit. pamphlets. 

Eneeland, Samdel, M.D., naturalist, b. 
Boston, 1 Aug. 1821. H.U. 1840; Harv. 
Med. School 1843. Afterward studied mcd. 2 
years in Paris, and practised in Boston in 
1845-.50, gaining in the mean time two Boyls- 
ton prizes; serving as demonstrator of anato- 
my in H. U. for 2 years ; contributing to the 
Amer. Jour, of Med. Sci. and Boston Med. and 
Surg. .lour. ; translating Audry's " Diseases 
of the Heart;" and serving 2 years in the Bos- 
ton Dispensary ; five years sec. of the Boston 
Nat. Hist. Soc ; 2 years sec. Amer. Acad, of 
Arts and Sciences ; passed some time in Bra- 
zil, and in Lake Sup. copper-region ; surgeon 
in the Burnside expcd. in 1862; surgeon U.S. 
Vols. Sept. 18G3-fi. serving in New Orleans 
and Mobile; and, mikc Aiu ISGO. sec. Ms. 
Inst, of Teehnoldjy, ami a!,., ,,i„f. of zoology 
and physiol. in tliai institution; ami has recent- 
ly explored Cal., Upper Miii., and Colorado, 
publishing the results in Good Health, Bo^t. 
1870-1. Dr. K. contributed more than 800 
articles on zoology, pliysiol., &c., to the New 
Amer. Cyclop. ; and has also contrib. to the 
Proceedings of the Bost. Soc. of Nat. Hist., 
and other similar pubs.,; editing, with introd., 
Smith's " Hist, of the Human Species," IS.il. 
Edited for 3 years the Annual of Scientific [)i^- 
coverji (1866-9), and " Charts of the Animal 
Kingdom," pub. by S. R. Urbino. Bost n ; and 
contrib. to the " Science and Mechanism, or 
Illust. Cat. of the N. Y. Exhib.," 1854. 

Knight, Henry Cogswell, poet. b. New- 
buryport ab. 1788; d. 1835. Brown U. 1812. 
He beeanie jiastur of an Epis. church, and 
pub. 2 VMliiMh - ni ^-iMiuiis. His poems, which 
iiavelir I ' " The Cypriad," poem 

intwiirli ■ I'iie Trophies of Love:" 

riiila. 1815. His col- 
in Boston in 2 vols., 
bro. Frederic Knight (b. 1791, 
d. Rowley, Nov. 28, 1849) exercised the same 
profession. Most of his poetical pieces are con- 
tained in "Thorn Cottage, or the Poet's Home," 
Boston, 1855. He resided at Rowley with 
his grandfather Dr. Cogswell, an estimable 
physician. 

Knight, Jonathan, M.D. (1818), prof, of 
-surgery in Yale Med. Coll. 1838-64, b. Nor- 
walk, Ct.,4 Sept. 1789 ; d. N. Haven. 25 Aug. 



"The r.i 
lected w( 
1821. Y. 



Ks appe: 



Kisri 



517 



losro 



1861. Y. C. 1808. Son of Jonathan, surgeon 
in the Rcvol. army. He attended the U. of 
Pa. in 1811-13; was a pupil of Dr. Rush; and 
was licensed to piaetise by the Ct. Med. See. 
in An<t. 1811. Prof, of anat. and physiol. in 
Yale Med. Scliool 1813-38. As a lecturer on 
Burgery he had no superior in the country. 
Chosen pres. of the Ainer. Med. Assoc. 1853 ; 
influential in establishing in 1862 the U. S. 
Milit. Hospital at N. Haven.— Z C. Ob. 
Record. 

Knight, Nehemiah R., gov. of R.I. 1817- 
21, b. CrauMon, R.I., Dec. 31, 1 7SU ; d. Prov- 
idence, April 19, 1854. His f.uher Nehemi- 
ah, a farmer and politician (M. C. 1803-8), d. 
13 June, 1808, a. 62. At the age of 22 the 
son represented his native town in the Assem- 
bly ; removed to Providence; and in 1805 be- 
came clerk of the C.C.P. ; from 1812 to 1817 
he was clerk of the Circuit Court; and U.S. 
senator 1821-41. Mr. Knight belonged to the 
Democ. party, but was moderate and conciliat- 
ing in bis course. While gov. he recommend- 
ed the establi^hment of free schools throughout 
the State. He was for a few years coll. of the 
revenue at Providence, under the adminis- 
tration of Madison; was a member in 1843 
of the State Const. Conv. ; and for a long time 
prcs. of tlie Roger Williams Bank. 

Knight, Sakah, wile of Richard Knight 
of Boston, Ms., and dan. of Thomas Kemble, 
b. Boston, Apr. 19, 1666 ; d, Norwich, Ct., 
Sept. 25, 1727. Her " Journal ofa Horseback 
Journey from Boston to New York, and Re- 
turn " (in 1704), was edited by Theodore 
Dwight, jun., and pub. in 1825 at N.Y., in a 
vol. with a journal of Rov. Mr. Buckingliam : 
it has been reprinted three times ; namely, at 
Boston in a newspaper, and "The Living Age" 
in 1858, and at Albany, 1865, in a volume. 
Madam Knight was a shopkeeper in Boston 
and Norwich, and also taught a school, having 
among her scholars Dr. Franklin and Dr. 
Samuel Mather. She was buried at New Lon- 
don, Ct., where lier only child Elizabeth, the 
wife of Col. John Livingston, resided. 

KnoUys, Rev. Hanserd, b. Cawkwell, 
Eng., 1598; d. Lond. Sept. 19, 1691. Camb. 
U. Ord. 29 June, 1629; preached in Hum- 
berstone and oihcr places ; ab. 1636 renounced 
Episcopacy, and joined the Puritans ; and, to 
escape persecution, came to Boston in 1638, 
and in Dec. org. the first church at Dover, 
N.H., which he left in 1641 ; preached a short 
time at LI., and returned to Eng. ; arr. in 
Lond. 24 Dec. 1641. He formed a Baptist 
church in Lond., of which he was many years 
pastor. For bis abuse of tiie Ms. govt., he 
made a confession in Boston. He pub. " Rudi- 
ments of Hebrew Grammar," 1648 ; " Flaming 
Fire in Zion," Lond. 4to, 1646; Life by him- 
self to 1672, continued by Wra. Kiffin, 1692, 
8vo, I2mo, 1813. A Bapt. Soc, the "Han- 
serd Knollys Soc.," was org. in Eng. in 1843 
for repub. early Bapt. works. — A. H. Quint, 
in Cong. Qnarterhi, Jan. 1871. 

Knowles, James Davis, clergyman and 
educator, b. Providence, R I., in Julv, 1 798 ; d. 
Newton, May 9, 1838. Col. Coll., D.C., 1824. 
His father died when he was 12 years of age; 
and he was soon after placed in the printing- 



office of the Providence Gazette. Here his lit- 
erary abilities became known ; and measures 
were taken to furnish him with a classical edu- 
cation. Immediately on becoming of age, he 
became co-editor, with Prof. Goddard, of the 
R. I. American. Here he pursued his studies, 
and indulged his literary tastes, occasionally 
amusing his leisure-hours with writing poetry. 
While a tutor in coll. he edited a weekly re- 
ligious newspaper called the Columbian iStar. 
Having studied theology, in Oct. 1825 he was 
ord. pastor of the Second Baptist Church, Bos- 
ton, where he remained until the autumn of 
1832, when he became prof, of pastoral duties 
and sacred rhetoric in the Theol. Inst, at New- 
ton. He pub. Memoirs of Mrs. Judson, and 
also of Roger Williams, 1834; and conducted 
the Christian Review. 

Knowles, John, minister of Watertown, 
Ms. ; d. Lond., Eng., Apr. 10, 1685, a. ab. 85. 
Educated at Magdalen Hall, Cambridge, and 
made fellow of Catharine Hall 1627. Came to 
N. E. in 1638. Ord. colleague with Geo. Phil- 
lips Dec. 9, 1640 ; and was a missionary in Va. 
early in 1643, but was driven out for non-con- 
formity to the Church of Eng. Returning to 
Eng. in 1659, he preached in the cathedral of 
Bristol; was silenced in 1662; and preached, at 
the hazard of imprisonment, in Lond., where 
he was useful during the plague in 1665. — 
Calani}/. 

Knbwiton, Mineh, soldier and author, b. 
Ct. 1804; d. Burlington, N. J., 25 Dec. 1870. 
West Point, 1829. Entering 1st U.S. Art., he 
became 1st lient. 23 July, 1835 ; capt. 21 Apr. 
1846; retired 26 Oct. 1861. Assist, prof, of 
math, at West Point 1830-31 and 1832-3 ; as- 
sist, teacher of French 183.3-7; instr.ofart. and 
cav. 1837-44. One of the compilers of "In- 
struction for Field Artillery," adopted 6 Mar. 
1845 for the U.S.A. Aide-de-camp to Marshal 
Bugeaud in Algeria in 1845; and on the Rio 
Grande in the Mexican war, 1846. Author of 



and Vols, of U. S," 1861. Pres. com. coun- 
cil, Burlington, N.J., 1857. — C«//ii«i. 

Knowlton, Col. Tiio.M.iS, Revol. oiScer, 
b. W. Boxlord, Ms., Nov. 30, 1740 ; d. Sept. 
16, 1776. Third son of William, who early in 
life emigrated to Ashford, Ct. He serveil six 
campaigns in the war ending in the conquest 
of Canada, and assisted in the reduction of 
Havana in 1762. He then became a farmer ; 



and, appearing as 



vol. in the Ashford militia 



company upon the Lexington alarm, was unan- 
imously elected capt. Gen. Putnam selected him ' 
to com. the latiguc-party which accomp. Col. 
Prcscott to Bunker's Hill. He commenced the 
construction of the rail-fence protection, and 
fought there with admirable bravery and con- 
duct until the retreat. Promoted soon after to 
a majority, he made, Jan. 8, 1776, a daring and 
successful incursion into Charlestown ; com. a 
regt. of light inf., which formed the van of the 
army at N. Y. in 1776; commis'd. lieut.-col. of 
a regt. of rangers selected from the Ct. troops ; 
and was the confidant of Wasbi.ngton in the en- 
terprise of Nathan Hale. At the battle of Har- 
lem Heights, while exhibiting his usual intre- 
pidity, he fell. Washington, in the General 



Kjsro 



ii8 



KOH 



Orders, after alluding to his gallantry and 
bravery, said he "would have been an honor 
to any country." 

KilOX, Gen. Henry, b. Boston, July 25, 
1750; d. Thomaston, Me., Oct. 25, 1806. Of 
Scotch and Irish I'rcsb. stock. His father, who 
d. when lie was very young, cainc from the Is- 
land ot St. Eustatius. He possessed a robust 
and atlilctic frame, and an enterprising and res- 
olute character. In a shooting-excursion upon 
the islanils, he had the misfortune to mutilate 
one of bis hands. He had a common-school ed- 
ucation ; became a thriving bookseller ; and m. 
Luey, dnii. of Sec. Flutkcr, — a lady, who, af- 
ter the Rcvol., became a principal ornament 
of the first social circle in America. Member 
of an artillerv companv, an<l an officer of the 
city grenadier coips, lie availed himself of 
every opportunity to study his favoriic science. 
He was active as a vol. aide to Gen. Ward at 
the Bunker's Hill battle, and soon attracted the 
notice of Washington by his skill as an en- 
gineer and artillerist. In Nov. 1775 he was 
placed in com. of the ariillery, and was sent to 
procure cannon and rir.ln.inir.^t.iri's from the 

forts on tlie Canadian I;.. i I' ^i i in 1776 

he returned, having sih i , . ; -.me the 

difficulties in his way, ...I, „ . ... i.ain of 
sledges drawn by o.suu, l.c.u;;i., mwic than 50 
cannon, mortars, and howitzers, — articles great- 
ly needed for the siege of Boston. Made brig.- 
gen. Dec. 27, 1776, he com. the art. of the main 
army during the whole war. Jan. 2, 1777, his 
well-directed fire repulsed Cornwallis's repeated 
attempts to cross the Assumpink. He shared 
in the brilliant action at Princeton, and se- 
lected the position of the winter encampment 
on the high grounds near Morristown. The 
failure at Germantown was partly due to his 
too rigid adherence to the military maxim, never 
to leave an enemy's fort in the rear, causing 
the pursuit to be abandoned at Chew's garri- 
soned house. After the fall of Fort Mifflin, 
Nov. 15, 1777, he was, with Do Kalb and St. 
Clair, sent to provide for the secuiity of Red 
Bank. He was prominently engaged in the 
battle of Monmouth, June 23, 1778. Knox sat 
ill the court-martial lor the trial of Andre. He 
contrib. greatly to the successful result at York- 
town ; was made maj.-gen. March 22, 17S2; 
was one of the commissioners to arrange tlie 
exchange of prisoners ; was efficient in allay- 
ing the discontent of the army ; was in com. at 
West Poiut after the close of hostilities ; and 
arranged the surrender of New York with Sir 
Guy C\irleton. Knox fiist sii'^gcsied the Soci- 
ety of the Cincinnati, ami u.i. Ii , ..■.■ j.ii. wliii.- 
Washinglon wasitS]M>, 11 ■., . .■ ,., ,, ,r 
(perlonningal.sothe.lui, . : ,, , :,,,.,, 

Mar. 1785 to Dec. 17'J.""), ;ii; 1 i:!. ' ^y<rn<].- ,.■- 
moved to 'I'homaston, Me., where he bad a 
large estate, and exercised a magnificent hos- 
pitality. He was frequently a member of the 
house of representatives and of the council uf 
state. Ilis death was occasioned by having 
swallowed the bone of a chicken. 

Enox, John, captain in the British army; 
served in N. Amer. ; b. Edinburgh ; d. Dal- 
keith, 1790. Pub. an "Historical Journal of 
the Campaigns in N. Amer. in 1757-60," 2 
vols. 4to, London, 1769. 



Knox, William, a British politician and 
author, b. Ireland, 1732; d. Great Ealin-. Aug. 
25, 1810. App. by Halifax oneof his Jl.ijrsiy's 
council, and provost-marshal of Ga. in 1756, 
he accorap. Gov. Ellis to that Colony. He re- 
turned to Eng. in 1761 ; and, after the peace, 
drew up a paper for the Earl of Bute, recom- 
mending the creation of a colonial aristocracy, 
and giving the Colonies representation in the 
British parliament. He was soon alter app. 
agent for Georgia and East Florida. In 1765 
he pub. two pamphlets in defence of the Stamp 
Act, one entitled "A Letter to a Member of 
Parliament ;" the other, "The Claims of the 
Colonies to an Exemption from Internal Tax- 
es," &e. His services as agent of that Colony 
were, in consequence, dispensed with. He pub. 
in 1768 his jiriiicipal political work, "The Pres- 
ent State of the Nation," answered by Burke, 
who was in turn replied to by Knox in 1769. 
He pub. at the same time "The Controversy 
between Great Britain and her Colonics re- 
newed," &e. As a reward for his eiTorts in sup- 
port of British supremacy, he was app. in 1770 
joint under-seeretary of state with Pownall. 
In 1774 he pub. a pamphlet in defence of the 
" Quebec Act ; " and soon after drew up a 
"Project of a Permanent Union and Settle- 
ment with the Colonies," which seems to have 
served as a basis for Lord North's conciliatory 
proposition of 1776. He continued under-sec. 
till 1782, when the office was suppressed. He 
was still consulted with regard to the remain- 
ing Colonies and their trade; and drew up an 
order in council, July, 1783, utterly excluding 
Amer. shipping from the West Indies. He 
submitted the plan lor erecting the Province of 
New Brunswick, in 1781, lor the accommoda- 
tion of the loyalists from the Northern States. 
He was an agent for prosecuting the claims of 
the Ga. loyalists for compensation for losses; 
and had a pension of i600 settled on himself, 
and a like sum for his wife, as Amer. sufferers. 
Ill 1789 he pub. the valuable "Extra-official 
State Papers." He pub. several other books. 

— 0'Calln,M'>. 

Knyphausen (knip'-how'-zen), Dodo 
Henry, bar.jn, lieut.-gen., 2d in com. of the 
Hessian troops in the British service in the 
lievol. war; b. Alsace, 1730; d. Berlin, Prus- 
sia, May 2, 1789. Remaikable for taciturnity 
and reserve, and an excellent oflieer. His fa- 
ther was col. of a German regt. in the service of 
the Duke of Marlborough. Thegen. commenced 
his military career in the service of the father of 
Frederick the Great. He sulisequently served 
ill ill. wars waged by the latter nguiiist Austria. 
II .iiii'.id in America in June, 177G, and was 

- 11 . J 1 ill the battle of Long Maud in Aug. 
iMi.ouiiig; also present at White Plains; aided 
in the capture of Fort Washington in Nov. 
1776 ; in the battles of Brandywine and .Mon- 
mouth ; com. an expcd. to Spriiiglield, N J. ; 
and in the absence of Sir H. Clinton in June, 
1780, was in com. of the city of New York. 

Kohl (kol), Dr. John George, traveller, 
author, and cartographer, b. Bremen, 28 Apr. 
1808 ; d. there 6 June, 1871. Educated to the 
law at Gottingen, Heidelberg, and Munich. 
Afterward a private tutor in Courland, and 
traveller in Russia. In 1838 he settled in 



KOH 



519 



■KRA. 



Drcsacn ; tlien travellcil over Europe, and pub. 
the results iu a scries of volumes. In 1854-S 
he prepared for the U.S. Govt, a series of val- 
uable maps of America, and travelled over the 
counirv. Amonc? some 20 of his pubs, are 
" Travels in Canada," 18.-)5 ; " Travels in the 
U.S.," 18.57; "Kitahi Ga.na, or Tales from 
Lake Superior," ISGO ; " lll-iury of the T\yo 
Oldest Charts of the Neu- World," made la 
Spain, 1S61; " Geo-raphlcal Hist, of Ameri- 
ca," 1866; "Descript. Catalogue of Alaps, 
Charts, and Surveys relat. to Amer., in Hak- 
luyt, vol. iii.," 18.i7. His valuable " Hist, ot 
the Discovery of the East Coast of N.A. was 
pub. iu the "Me. Hist. Colls. 



of Franklin, on presentmg 
1869. HrhadleJt'Lu-ed Veibre 'many learned Washington, ho answered his inquir 



Method of Delivering Sermons ; " " Eulogy on 
Edmund M. Mason ;" discourse " On Duel- 
ling ; " " On the Perseverance of the Saints ; " 
"Pastoral Keminiseences," N.Y. 12mo, 1849. 

Koseiuszko (kos-se-as'-ko), TAOiinsz, a 
Polish patriot, b. Lithuania, Feb. 12, 1756 ; d. 
Solcuro, SwitzcM-land, Oct. 15, 1817. He was 
of noble dostent ; was educated at the Milit. 
Acad, of Warsaw, and (at the expense of the 
State) in Franee. On his return to Poland, he 
was made a eapt. ; but an unhappy passion for 
the dau. of the marshal of Lithuania mducod 
him to leave Poland, and offer his services to 
the Americans. Armed with the recommcn- 
nf TTrnnklin on m-esentinc himselt to 
What 



societies. A translat 

the Discovery of America" was published lu 

England in 1862. 

Kohne, Frederick, a philanthropic mer- 
chant, b. Rlicda, in Westphalia, March 30, 
1757 • d. Phiia. May 26, 1829. He came to 
Phila. in 1780, and engaged in business in 
Charleston, S.C. Having by his ow'n exer- 
tions acquired a fortune of ab. $750,000, and 
having no children of his own, he gave more 
than two-thirds of it to objects of charity. He 
cave SIOO.OOO each to the Theol. Sem. of the 
Epis. Church, and to the House of Kchige in 
Pa. ; $60,000 to the Oriihan Society ol Phila.; 
and S:i0,0U0 each to the Gen. Prot. Ep. Snn- 
dav-sehool Union, and to the Pa. Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb. 

Kolloek, HENitr, D.D. (H U 1806), 
jriryman, b. New Providence, N.J., Dec. 14, 



of his "History of do you seek lierer' by s^ayi 



I coil 



light as a volunteer for American independ- 
ence." — " What can you do V — " Try me, 
was the laconic reply. Washington made him 
an aide-decamp, and Oct. 18, 1776, col. of en- 
gineers. He planned the encampment of Gates 
at Bemis's Heights, from which Burgoyne 



found it 



iipossib 



clei 



N.J. 



778'; d. Savannah, Ga., Dec. 29, 1619 
Coll. 1794. Tutor at N. J. Coll. 1797-1800. 
Licensed to preach May 7, 1800, in Dec. he 
became pastor of a church at Elizabethtown ; 
but in Dec. 1803 became prof, of divinity at 
N. J. Coll. From 1806 till his death, ho was 
pastor of the Indep. Pres. Cliureli, Savannah. 
As a preacher he had a brilliant reputation. 
His sermons were pub. in 4 vols 8vo, Sav. 
1S2-', wiih a Memoir by his bro. S. K. liol- 

koUoek, Shephekd, Eevol. officer, and 
editor,!.. Lewiston, Del., 1750 ; d. Phila. July 
28, 1839. Early in the struggle, he was com- 
missioned a lieut. ; was at the battles of 
Trenton, Fort Lee, Short Hills, and other en- 
gagements ; resigned in 1779, and established a 
newspaper, the N.J. Journal, at the village of 
Chatham; in 1783 lie removed his press to 
the city of N.Y., and established the i^.l. 
Oa-ettecT ■ in 1787 removed to Elizahethiown, 
and revived the N. J. Jourmil which he con- 
thuied to edit 31 years. He held the office ot 
jud-c of common pleas for 35 years ; postmas- 
ter ol E. till 1829. 

Kolloek, Sheppakd Kosciusko, D.u., 
bro. ot llenrv, b. Elizabethtown, N. J.. 23 June, 
iTHi- d Aiir 7 1865. Princeton Coll. 1812. 
}w.'rlttoi^c"andlogieinUofN.C D.D. 
1850. Licensed to preach in June, 1814 ; ora. 
the Presb. church. Ox 



dislodge him ; and was 
the principal engineer in executing the works 
at West Point. In J iu . i: I. li-i aided 
Greene in the unsudi-: - nety-Six. 

For his services he rr- ■- ul Con- 

gress, the badge of tii< ' m ; .'; ii, and the 
brevet of brig.-gen. Aller tlie war l,o returned 
to Poland, where he fought gallantly under 
Poniatowski against the Russians, particular y 
at Zieleuce, June 18, and at Dubiciika, July 
17, 1792; but the patriots were finally over- 
whelmed, and Koseiuszko retired to Leipsic. 
In 1794 another lising ot the Poles took place: 
Koseiuszko was placed at iis head, and at 
Kaclawice, April 4, 1794, with 5,000 peasants, 
armed mostly with scythes, routed a Russian 
corps of twice that number. Ho committed 



Austria now added her weight to his eneniics, 
who, with 150,000 men, came upon him, Oct. 
10, at Maeicjowiee. After a long conflict 
Koseiuszko, who had repelled 3 attacks, tell 
covered with wounds, uttering the prophetic 
lament, " /•';»/.■-■ Polo}iice ! " He was imprisoned 
in St. Petersburg until the accession of the Em- 
,■,.,„.' T',-! V I'M ,.•! fiTcincr him, offered him 



eedoffi 



vord," 



zko refusing to lend himself 
thout a guarantv of Polish 
he went tolive'atSoleure, 



N.C., 



tiastor 01 lue xieai*. Liiwivw, w.^.w..., - . - . 

May, 1818 ; of the Presb. church, Norfolk, Va., 
1825-35, afterward of Burlington, ^.J., and 
of Greenwich, N. J. Pub. an edition ol llen- 
rv Kollock's " Sermons with Memoir, 4 vols. 
8vo 1822 ; " Ministerial Character ; ' " Best 



Swuzrrl.md. llis death was caused by a fall 
from his horse over a precipice. His remains 
lie beside those of Poniatowski and Sobieski m 
the Cathedral Church of Cracow. The cadets 
at West Point erected an elegant monumeut to 
his memory. 
Krauth, Charles Puilip, sen., U.U., 



520 



clergyman niKl scholar, b. Northampton Co., 
Pa., "179G; d. Gettysburg, Pa., May 3, 1867. 
He studied medicine; but in 1820 became pas- 
tor of tlie Shcpherdstown Lutheran Church, 
where bis abilities soon became known. In 
1821 he was on the committee to draw up the 
formula for the govt, and discipline of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Cburcb; in 182.5 he 
assisted ill preparing a Hymn-Book, Liturgy, 
and Prayers for the use of the cburcbes of the 
district synods ; in 1831 he was placed upon 
the editing committee of 15 ; was often a dele- 
gate to the general synod, served on many of 
its committees, and was repeatedly its presi- 
dent. From 1827 to 1834 he was pustorof St. 
Matthew's Lutheran Church, Pbila., and was 
regarded as one of the finest pulpit orators of 
that city. From 1834 to 1847 be was pres. of 
Pa. Coil. From 1847 till bis death, he was 
prof, of biblical pbiluloLry and cccl. history 
in the Gettysburg Tlieol. 8em. Ho pub. some 
addresses, and furnished many articles for the 
Lutheran IiUelUtjencfir and the Evaiigelical Re- 

Erauth, Chahles Portekfield, son 
of the preceding, b. Martinsburg, Va., 17 Mar. 
1823. U. ofPa. 18.39. Ord. 1842; succes- 
sively pastor at Baltimore; Winchester, Va. ; 
Pittsburg, Pa.; St. Mark's Church, Pbila., in 
18.59-G3; prof, of theology, Lutheran Sem., 
Phila., 1864-8; and since 1868 prof, of moral 
and intcll. philos. U. of Pa. Has pub. " The 
Pastoral Office," 1845; "The Transfigura- 
tion," 18.00; "Popular Amusements," 1S51 ; 
"The Bil.Ic a Perfect Book." 1851; "The 
Old Church on the Hill," 1S54; "The Lu- 
theran Church and the Lord's Day," 1857, 
&c. ; Transl. of Tboluck's Commentary on 
the Gospel of St. John. Contiib. to numerous 
reviews and periodicals. In 1861 he became 
editor of the Lutheran and Misslonari/, Phila. 

Krebs, John Miciiakl, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 
1841), Prcsb. clergyman, h. ILigcrstown, Md., 
May 6, 1804; d. NY. Citv, Sept. 30, 1867. 
Dick. Coll. 1827 ; Piincct. Tbcol. Sem. 1830. 
He spent his leisure time in study while a clerk 
in the employ of his father, who was postmas- 
ter of Hager-tonn. Having studied theology 
nnder Dr. Dufficld, he was in Oct. 1829 li- 
censed to preach ; and from 1830 to his d. was 
pastor of the Pv,utgers-st. Church, N.Y. From 
1837 to 1845 be was permanent clerk of the 
Presb. Gen. Assembly (O.S.), and in 1845 was 
moderator. He was a director of the Prince- 
ton Sem. from 1842, and became pres. of the 
board in 1866. He had been a member of the 
Board of Foreign Missions from its organiza- 
tion, and for several years its pres. Author of 
numerous works, including " The Purpose and 
Success of the Gospel," 1833 ; " Righteousness 
and National Prosperity," 1835 ; " The Prov- 
idence of God in the Calamities of Men," 
1835 ; " The Leader Fallen," 1841; " Merciful 
Rebuker," 1841 ; "Reciprocal Relations of 
Physicians and Clergymen ; " " The American 
Citizen," 1851; " The Presbyterian Psalmist," 
1852. 

Euhn, Adam, M.D., b. Germantown,Pa., 
Nov. 28, 1741 ; d. Phila. July 5, 1817. He 
studied medicine under his father, and at the 
U. of Upsal in 1762, also studying botany 



under Linnieus. He took the degree of M.D. 
at the U. of Edinburgh, June 12, 1767 ; pub. 
the thesis, " De Lavatione Frigida." Return- 
ing, he settled in practice in Phila. ; in Jan. 
1768 was app. prof, of materia mediea in the 
Phila. Coll. ; prof, of the theory and practice 
of medicine in the U. of Pa. in Nov. 1789 ; and 
prof, of the practice of physic from the junction 
of the Coll. and U. in Jan. 1792 till 1797. He 
was a physician of the Pa. Hospital from May, 
1775, toJan. 1798 ; and was pres. of the College 
of Physicians from July, 18U8, till his death. 
— Tharher. 

Kunkel, John C., lawyer and M.C. from 
Pa. 1857-9, one of the ablest speakers and 
most gifted men of Pa. ; d. Harrisburg, Pa., 
14 Oct. 1870. 

Kunze, Edward J., sculptor, b. Pome- 
rania, Prussia, 1826 ; d. N.Y. City, 10 Apr. 
1870. At 18 he came to the U.S., and, devot- 



bis 



achieved a high 



^tation. 

Kunze, John Curistophe 



repu- 
D.D., b. 






N.Y. July 24, 1807. U. 
In 1771 he was called to the Lu- 
.nun u.ail.ins in Phila. of St. Michael's 
i'^ rliiui lies, where be continued 14 
b was liiic of the first of bis educated 
icn u> ur-o the propriety of educating 
yoiiih in linglish. In 1784 he re- 
N.Y., where he had charge of the 
church 23 years, and was prof, of 
inguagcs from 1784 to 1787 and from 
795 in Col. Coll. He composed and 
795 a hymn-book of German hymns 
1 into English verse. He also pre- 
pared a liturgy and catechism in English. 
Pres. of the second synod of the Amer. Lu- 
theran ciiurcb, and was celebrated for the be- 
nevolence of bis character. Author of " Hist, 
of tlie Christian Religion and of the Lutheran 
Chnivh," ■■ i:>li|,M. uf June 10, 1806." — 5ee 
i/,--,/,«s's 11,4 ,.fi!,r Anm: Lulh. Cluirch. 

Kyan, .bnix II., inventor of the process 
of lianliinng wood, making what is called 
" Kyanizcd " wood ; b. Eng. ; d. N.Y. 9 Jan. 
1850, a. 75. Member of many European 
scientific societies. 

Labaree, Benjamin, D.D. (U. of Vt. 
1841), LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 1864), educator, 
b. Cbarlestown, N.II., June 3, 1801. Dartm. 
Coll. 1828; And. Sem. 1831. Ord. at Brad- 
ford, Ms., Sept. 26, 1831. Prof, of Latin and 
Greek, Jackson Coll., Columbia, Tenn., 1832- 
6, and pres. from 1836 to Apr. 18.j7 ; sec. of 



the Centn 



1 Soc. 



N.Y. 



pres. 



Middlcbury Coll. Oct. 1,1840, to 1866; pastor 
at Hyde Park, Ms., 1869-71. 

Labat (lii-'bii'), John Baptist, a French 
missionary, b. Paris, 1663; d. there Jan. 6, 
1738. At theageof20heentcred the Dominican 
order, and, after acting as prof, of philosophy 
at Nancy, embarked in 1693 for the VV. Indies 
as a missionary. He was some time cure of 
Macouba in Martinique, but in 1696 passed 
to Guadalonpe, where he established a station 
of his order, and also disting. himself as an 
engineer and agriculturist. He explored the 
archipelago of the Antilles; founded in 1703 
the city of Basse Terre ; in 1 705 returned to 
Europe, and travelled through Spain, survey- 



ILlA.B 



521 



ing the environs and coast of Andalusia, to 
Italy, where he remained several years, and 
wrote his "Nouveau Voyage aiu: Isles del' Am€- 
rique," 6 vols., Paris, 1722. During several 
voyages in the service of the mission, he visited 
all the Antilles, and, on the attack of Guada- 
loupe by the English in 1703, he rendered im- 
portant services as an engineer. He also pub. 
" A Description of the Countries on the Sene- 
gal and between Cape Blanco and Sierra 
Leone," and a translation of Cavazzi's work 
on Western Ethiopia. 

La Borde, Maximilian, physician and 
scholar, b. Edgefield, S.C, 1804. S. C. Coll. 
1820. His father was from Bordeaux. Aban- 
doning the stiulv of law for that of med., he 
wasgni.l :.r tlir'S rM,-d. Coll. in 1826. He 
practis'^i i: [: : M 1,'J years, occasionally 

reprc^nii I i !i^t. in the lower house 

of the ^l i.i ,. ji-i , :!ihI, udited the Edr/efiM 
Adoeitisi-i ill lb)6. ill 1838 he was elected sec. 
of state; in 18-42 he accepted the chair of logic 
and belles-lettres in S. C. Coll. ; and in 1845 
was transferred to the chair of metaphysics. 
He taught chiefly by lecture till I8.')5, when ho 
pub. a text-book on physiolo-y, which is highly 
esteemed. He has been a Iroquont contrib. to 
the Houth. Quarter/// Review, and has contrib. 
to Russell's and other Souihern magazines. In 
Aug. 1 859 he pub. an elaborate " History of 
the S C. Coil., with Sketches of its Presidents 
and Professors." — Appkton. 

Lacey, Gen. John, Revel, officer, b. Bucks 
Co., Fa., Feb. 4, 1755; d. New Mills, N.J., 
Feb. 17, 1814. Though brought up a Quaker, 
he took com. of a vol. company, and Jan. 6, 

1776, was made a capt. in Wayne's regt., with 
which lie served in Canada. Ho was made in 
1777 suii-lieut. of Bucks County, and lieut.-col. 
of militia, and, at the head of 400 men, joined 
Gen. Potter's brigade at Whitemarsh in Nov. 

1777. While thus engaged he was in frequent 
skirmishes with the enemy. Before he was 2.3 
he received the app. of brig. -gen. (Jan. 9, 
1778), and had a most hai-assing duty to per- 
form on the lines while the British army occu- 
pied Phi la. He was a member of the Assem- 
bly in 1778; amemberof the council in 1779- 
81 ; and from Aug. 1780 to Oct. 1781 was in 
active service with a brigade of militia. He 
soon afterwards removed to New Mills, Bur- 
lington Co., N.J., where he became largely 
concerned in iron-woiks. He was many years 
a judge, and justice of the county where he re- 
sided ; and also a member of the le'gisl. — Rot/ers. 

La Come, Chevaliee Pierre, an active 
Canadian officer. Son of Capt. La Corne, 
town-major of Quebec in 1719. He w.is, with 
Sieur Joncaire, on an embassy to the Indians 
of Niagara in 1720. In 1747, with M. de St. 
Pierre, he defeated the Indian incursion at La 
Chene Rapids ; was sent to Acadia with De 
Eamezay, succeeding to the command when 
that officer was wounded in the action at Grand 
Pre. In this affair he attacked and carried the 
house of Col. Noble, who was killed in its de- 
fence, lu 1749 he was sent, with the priest La 
Loutre, to seduce the Acadians from their 
allegiance to Eng.. and to induce them to re- 
move north of the Bay of Fundy and the 
Isthmus, but failed in the attempt. At this 



time he is said to have corn. ab. 2,500 men. 
He was actively employed in Canada for the 
next ten years ; was wounded in the action at 
the Rapids, Lake Ontario, in 1759; and was 
disting. in com. of a batt. of Colonial troops, 
and again wounded at the capture of Quebec. 
By his intimate knowledge of the Indian lan- 
guages he was of great service to the govt. 

Lacunza, Jose Maria, Mexican poet, b. 
ab. 1809; d. Havana, June 19, 1869. He re- 
ceived an excellent education ; came to the bar 
ab. 1834; and was in the council of Santa Aiia 
in 1843-4, and at a later period. When Maxi- 
milian came into power, he found him the most 
eminent lawyer of the capital, and favorably 
disposed toward himself, and made him, in Nov. 
1864, minister of state and pros, of thecouncil. 
He resigned in Nov. 1865, and a few months 
later escaped to Havana. His poems, which 
have great merit, have passed through several 
editions. 

Ladd, Joseph Brown, poet and physician, 
b. Little Compton, R.I., 1764 ; d. Chnrleston, 
S.C, Nov. 2, 1786, from a wound received in 
a duel. Son of William, a soldier of the Re- 
vol. (memijcr of the 11. 1, legisl. and of the con- 
vention which ratified the Federal Constitution), 
who d. Alexandria, Va., Dec. 4, 1800, a. 64. 
The son removed to Charleston, S. C, ab. 
1784, and was soon engaged in extensive prac- 
tice. In 1785 he was app. Fourth of July 
orator at the second celebration of the day in 
Charleston. His writings, under the signature 
of " Arouct," pub. in 1786, display genius. A 
sketch of his life, with poems, was "pub. in 1832, 
by W. B. Chittenden. 

Ladd, William, philanthropist, h. Exeter, 
N. H., May 10, 1778; d. Portsmouth, N. IL, 
Apr. 9, 1841. H.U. 1797. Eng.nging in mer- 
cantile pursuits, he made several foreign voy- 
ages, as supercargo or captain. He took an 
active part in organizing the American Peace 
Society, of which he was for many years pros., 
and in behalf of which he labored efficient- 
ly until the close of his life. He edited the 
Friend of Peace, commenced by Dr. Noah 
Worcester, and the Ilarbinijer of Peace ; and 
pub. a number of essays and occasional ad- 
dresses on the subject of peace. He carried his 
views to the extreme of denying the right to 
maintain defensive war, and caused this prin- 
ciple to be incorporated into the constitution 
of the American Peace Society. Author of 
" An Essay on a Congress of'Nations," Svo, 
Bost. 1840. 

Laet, John de, historian and geographer, 
b. Antwerp ; d. there at the close of 1649. Lit- 
tle is known of him, except that he was a di- 
rector of the Dutch E. India Co. and intimate 
with Saumiase. He left some very useful 
works, the chief of which are, " Novus Orbis," 
folio, Leyden, 1633, an account of America, 
much used by later geographers, and which in- 
volved him in a controversy with Grotius con- 
cerning the origin of the Americans ; " Historia 
Naturalis Brasilim," folio, 1640; " De Re(iisHis- 
panice Regnio et Opibus," Svo; " Respublica ISel- 
garum ; " " Gallia ; " " Turcici Imperii Slatus; " 
ani " Persici Imperii Slalus." The four last 
form part of the little books called " Reipubli- 
coe," printed by Elzevir. — Diog. Univ. 



522 



Lafayette, Marie Jeax Pacl Roch 
Yves Gilbert Motier, marquis dc, soldier 
and statesman, b. at Chavagiiac, Aiivcr;;ne, 
Sept. 6, 1757; d. Paris, May 19, 1834. One 
of his ancestors was a distinguished nlal•^hal of 
FraTice ; another, Mmc. de Lafayette, was one 
of the most brilliant ornaments of the court of 
Louis XIV. His father fell in the b.ittle of 
Minden ; .ind.his mother dying in 1770, he was 
left the heir to an immense estate. Ho was ed- 
ucated at tlie college of Plessis ; and at 15 ra. 
a grand-dan<;htcrof the Duke <le Noailles. En- 
tering the army, he was a capt. in a dragoon 
regt. at Mctz, wiien, in the summer of 1776, 
healing that the American Colonies had de- 
clared tlicir independence, he at once resolved 
to aid ihem ; secretly fitted out a vessel ; and, 
with the Baron de Kalb and 10 other officers, 
set sail, eluding the officers sent to prevent his 
departure. After a long and stormy passage 
he landed near Georgetown, S.C. His arrival 
produced a great sensation, and gave a power- 
ful impulse to the patriot cause. He addressed 
a letter to Congress, askin',' leave to serve as a 
volniitfrr withnnf pnv. 'I'lmt horl v t;ave him, 



cu:iic .1 lu^uii.cr 1*1 hi^ iiii:.;.i:y l.uiii:}. A vol- 
unteer at the battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11, 
while rallying the retreating Americans, he re- 
ceived a bullet-wound in the leg. App. to com. 
an expcd. to Canada by the machinations of the 
cabal hostile to Washington, he saw through 
the artifice, and, by Washington's advice, ac- 
cepted the post; but the plan failed for want 
of means. On the night of May 19, Gen. Grant 
undertook to surprise Lafayette at Barren Hill, 
near Phila., but was foiled. At Monmouth he 
attacked the British with vigor and success, 
until Lcc ordered him to fall back. Returning 
home in 1779, he was welcomed there witli ex- 
traordinary enthusiasm by all classes. It was 
mainly duo to his eflForts that the army of Ro- 
chamlican was sent to America. May 11, 1780, 
he rejiiincd Washington. He was one of the 
court louvoned at Tappan, Sept. 29, by whom 
Maj. Andre' was tried as a spy, and condemned 
to death. Karly in 1781 he was sent with 
1,2UU men to assist in the defence of Va. From 
his own funds he supplied shoes, hats, and tents 
to his destitute army. Pursued by Cornwallis, 
he skillully retreated until joined by Wayne's 
force of 800 men, when he advanced, and placed 
himself between the British army and largo 
quantities of stores at Charlottesville. Con- 
tinuing his retrejt, Cornwallis at Uist took post 
at Yorktown. Lafayette stationed his force so 
as to cut off the retreat of the British into the 
Caroliuas. and awaited the arrival ot Washing- 
ton and Kdcliambeau. For his services at the 
siege uf Yorktown, where, in conjunction with 
Haiiiillun, he com. one of the assailing parties, 
he was publicly thanked by Washington on the 
day after the surrender of Cornwallis. He then 
returned to France, and was made a mnj.-gen. 
in the French army. Congress, in granting him 
leave of absence, passed resolutions acknowledg- 
ing his eminent services. In 1784 he again 
visited the U.S., and was everywhere received 
with affection and respect. He was a member 



of the Assembly of Notables at Paris in 1787, 
where he denounced the abuses of the govt, and 
demanded the convocation of the States-gener- 
al. July 15, 1789, he was app. com. -in-chief 
of the national guards. When the abolition of 
titles was decreed, he laid down that of mar- 
quis, and henceforth was known only as the gen- 
eral. When the Constitution was adopted (July 
14, 1790), he resigned his com. Mar. 20, 1792, 
he was app. to the com. of one of tlie armies 
sent to guard the frontier. Ileotablislied disci- 
pline, and won victories at Philippeville, .Mau- 
beuge, and Florennes, but be was denounced by 
the Jacobins, and his arrest decreed. Quitting 
his command, he crossed the frontier Aug. 17, 
intending to take refuge in Holland, but was 
taken by the Austrians.and confineil in the dun- 
geons of Olmutz, where he remained until set 
lree(Aug.25, 1797) by the treaty of Campo For- 
mio. A daring attempt for his rescue, by Dr. 
Eriek Bollman and Francis K. Huger, was near 
being successlul. At the close of 1799 heestab- 
lished himself at his estate of La Grsyige, about 
40 miles hdm Paris. In 1818 he was elected 
to the charnbcr (i[ de[nitios, where be was a sup- 
porter of all lil»T;d m^'a-ures. Invited by Con- 
gress to vi-u ill'- I'. .'<. iu 1824, he landed at 
N. Y. Aug. i:, , ai.d I,)., progress through the 
country rcseniljiLd aeuiiuiiuous tiiumphal pro- 
cession. Cong, in Uec.l 824 voted him 8200,000, 
and a township of land, in consideration of his 
important services in the Rcvol. He ret. to 
France in Sept. 1825. In 1827 he was re-elected 
to the charaberof deputies. During therevol.of 
July, 1830, of which he was the acknowledged 
leader, he rendered great service to the liberal 
cause. He sacrificed his own republican pief- 
erences tor the sake o!' peace and order, and 
placed Louis Philippe on the throne, contining 
himself to his duties as a reprc.-ieutative of the 
people. Ills son, George Wash. Lafayettb 
(II. U. 1824), d. La Grange, Dee. 1, 1849.— 
iSee Memoirs, C'orrcsp., and ±USi!. of Gen. L., 
pub. bi/ his Famili), 3 vols. 8vo, Lond.1837. 

Laflteau, Joseph Francis, a French Jes- 
uit, and missionary among the Iroquois Indi- 
ans in 1700-5, b. Bordeaux, 1G70; d. 1740. 
He pub. upon his return to Europe " Maurs 
des Sauvages Americains," &c., P.uis,2 vols. 4to, 
1723 ; also a work on the DiMuverics and Con- 
quests of the Portuguese in the New Wcnld, 
Paris, 4 vols. 12mo, 1733; repriutc.l in 2 vols. 
4to, 1753. In the former he maintained that 
the North- American Indians are descended from 
the barbarians who inhabited Greece at an early- 
period. Prof of belles-lettres after his return 
to France. — Biny. Uiuv. 

Lafitte, Jean, a corsair of the Gulf of 
Mexico, b. France, ab. 1780; d. at sea in 1817, 
or at Sisal, Yucatan, in 1826. There is much 
obscurity as to the events of his career. In 
1813-14 he was at the head of a lormidable 
band of desperadoes whose headquarters were 
on the Island of Grand Terre in Barataria 
Bay. This bay afforded a secure retreat for 
their fleetof small vessels ; and their goods were 
smuggled into New Orleans in boats, through 
an intricate labyrinth of lakes, bayous, and 
swamps, to a point a little above the city. In 
1814 an exped. was sent against them under 
Commodore Patterson. The settlement of 



r^A-F 



523 



LAJL. 



Grand Terre, with all the vessels in port at the 
time, were taken ; butLafitteand his comrades 
escaped into the interior, and resumed their 
operations as soon as Patterson retired. Over- 
tures were, ah. t!;i-i tinn', mii'l." to Lafitte by the 
commanders.il I'l. l'.:!" h Mival and military- 
forces in the L : 111 530,000 and a 
commission in > , I; i , ,, ,.v, on condition 
of obtaiiiinjj ii:.-, sti ucs in LD.nlueting the con- 
templated exped. to N. Orleans. He immedi- 
ately wrote to Gov. Claiborne of La., enclosing 
the documents from Capt. Lockyer, and offer- 
ing his services in defence of La. on the sole 
condiiion of pardon, to himself and followers 
for the offences with which they stood charged. 
Lafitte's offer was, after some hesitation, ac- 
cepted. In connection with an oifieer of the 
army, he was employed in fortifying the passes 
of Barataria Bay, and rendered efficient service 
in com. of a party of his followers in the battle 
of Jan. 8, 181.5. His subsequent career is in- 
volved in obscurity ; but it is believed, that, 
after the war, he for a time com. a packet ply- 
ing between Phihi. and N. Orleans, and sub- 
scqu rr'v ip'iiiii' I his old pursuits, taking a 
priv.i! -I, i .11 either from New Gri- 
nad:i . : \1 , : I Imt, while thus engaged, 
he li.r:i!' I .1 - :i, lit on the site of the pres- 
ent eiiy .It (jiuvesion, which was broken up 
in 1821 by a naval force under Lieut. Kearney. 
Lalittc was tall, well-formed, and handsome, 
easy and jiolislied in manner, and winning and 
affable in his address. It is supposed that he 
was of a respectable family, and that his early 
opportunities for education had been good. — 
Appkloii. 

Lafon, Barthei.emt, geographer ; d. N. 
Orleans, Sept. 29, 1820. He pub. a map of 
Lower Louisiana and N. Orleans. About 1814 
he proposed for pnb. " Urane Geography," 
designed to prove that America was known to 
thcaneients. 

Lafontaine, Sir Lonis Hypolite, a 
Canadian siaicMnan, b. Boucherville, C. E., 
Oct. 1807; d. Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864. His 
grandfather, Antoine Menard, was a member 
of the Canadian parliament from 1796 to 1804. 
He studied for the bar; became a prominent 
politician; and being supposed, from his con- 
nection with the French Canadian opposition, 
to be in sympathy with the insurgents of 
1837, a reward was offered for his arrest; and 
he fled to En^. and thence to Fiance. Sub- 
sequently called to the councils of Lord Dur- 
ham ami of Sir Charles Bagot, his party came 
into power in Mar. 1848 ; and be was premier 
from the rcsiL'naiion of Mr. Baldwin until Oct. 
18.51. Resuming his law-office, he became 
chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 
Aug. 13, 1853. Created bart. Aug. 28, 1854. 
— Mwijaii. 

La Forest, Antoine Rene Charles 
M.vTiiuiM!?. comte de. diplomatist, b. Aire, 
France. 8 Air.' 17.)6: d. 2 An-. 1^46. Quit- 
tin- III ■ i.l: . ! Il..;;i ,1,;, li.- ,ii: i. I [Ur. di- 

plnlli:,; ■ . ,.■■:'. 1-: I . •;, .1 ■ ,,: ... !, .;, NoV. 



nd N. Voik, and in 1783 succc.lcd .Mnrbois 
! consul-gen. He returned to France in 1792 ; 
us again consul-gen. to the U.S. in 1794-3; 



was placed at the head of the French post- 
office after the 18th brumaire; in 1800 was 
minister-plenipo. to the Congress of Liincville ; 
minister to Berlin 1803-6, and to Spain 1808- 
13; made peer of France, 3 Mar. 1819 ; minis- 
ter of State, and member of the piivy council 
in 1823. 

La Hontan, baron, author and soldier, 
b. Gascony ab. 1607. Came to Canada a private 
soldier in 1683 ; was stationed successively at 
Cliambly, Forts Frontenac, Niagara, St. 
Joseph's, at Lake Huron, and the Sault Ste. 
Marie; in 1688 at Michilimacinac ; at Green 
Bay in 1689 ; and thence proceeded to the Mpi. 
He rose to the rank of an officer, and was sent 
by Count Frontenac to France with the de- 
spatches announcing the failure of SirWilliam 
Phipps's attack on Quebec. Afterwards dep.- 
gov. of Placentia, he got embroiled witli his 
superior; made his escape in a merchant vessel ; 
was suhseqiiently dismissed tli" « rvi . : :it;.'1, 
being tlircatened uith arrc-t I' : "^ . I 



.•.1 the 



nlerof 



IIo. 



■tiling finally in Denmaik i>- .| i.-d 

■ in the endeavor to bercsi.irc.l lo tavor, 
;ed his spleen in writing his navels, enti- 
Notiveaux Voyages de M. Ik Baron de La 
1 dans VAm^riqiie Septfintn'onulc," 3 vols. 
12mo, 1703, — a work of slight authority, and 
written in a coarse and vulgar stvle. 

Laidlie, Archibald, D.DI (N.J. CoU. 
1770), first minister of the Dutch church in 
America, who officiated in the Eng. language, 
b. Kelso, Scotland, 1720; d. Red Hook, N.Y., 
Nov. 14, 1779, during his exile caused by the 
war. Previous to his call to N.Y. iu 1764, he 
had been 4 years minister of Flushing, Zea- 
land. He m. the dau. of Col. Martin Hoffman. 
He had a vigorous mind; was a sound divine 
and powerful preacher. ^ "T 

Lake> Gerard, viscount, an Eng. gen., 
b. July 27, 1744; d. Feb. 20, 1808. Ensign 
in the Foot Guards in 1753, and served in Ger- 
many during the seven-years' war. In 1781 he 
was in Amer. ; lieut.-col. under Cornwallis, and 
disting. himself by conducting a very successful 
sortie at the siege of Yorktown, where he was, 
together with the whole British army, made 
prisoner. He afterward served in Holland and 
Ireland; wascom.-in-chief in India in 1800-6; 
and was created Lord Lake, Baron Dehly and 
Laswarri ; and was soon after raised to the rank 
of viscount, and made gov. of Plymouth, and 
gen. in the army. 

Lake, William, poet, b. Kingston, Pa., 
1787 ; d. Dec. 17, 1805. His jweins, entitled 
" The Parnassian Pilgrim," were pub. at Hud- 
son, 12mo, 1807. 

Lallemand (liir-mon'), Charles Fred- 
erick Antoine, baron, a French soldier, b. 
Metz, 1774 ; d. Paris, 9 Mar. 1839. He served 
under Napoleon ; com. a division at Waterloo; 
and then went to Eng., and requested to be 
sent to join the emperor, but was arrested, and 
imprisoned at Malta. He afterward came to 
the U.S., and with his younger bio., Baron 
Henry, planned in 1818 a colony in the West 
as an asvlum for European political exiles ; and 
IOO,000'acres of land were grantetl by the U.S. 
for the purpose. A spot was selected in Texas, 
but the Spaniards warned off the new-comers, 



7U- 6 



^u.. Jy < 



524 



who returned to Galveston. He returned to 
I'arisin 1 830 ; wns restored to his rank of lieut.- 
gen. ; and, under Louis Philippe, held the com. 
of Corsica two years. Henrv, wlio was a dis- 
ting. artillery officer, m. a dau. of Stephen 
Girard, settled at Bordentown, N. J., d. Sept. 
15, 1823, a. 46. Author of " A Treatise oa 
Artillery," 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1820. 

Lamar, Jose, ex-pres. of Peru ; d. Cartage, 
Central America, Nov. 15, 1830. 

Ijamar, JIirabeao B., soldier and politi- 
cian, b. Louisville, Ga., Aug. 16, 1798; d. 
Richmond, Texas, Dec. 19, 1859. He was 
Eome years engaged in mercantile and farming 
pursuits ; estidjlished in 1828 the Columbus In- 
quirer, a State's rights journal ; and was active 
in politics until his removal (in 1835) to Texas. 
At the battle of San Jacinto he contrib. great- 
ly to the successful issue by the charge of the 
cavalry under his command. He soon became 
atty.-gen. and afterward sec. of war. In 1836 
he was elected first vice-pres. of Texas, hav- 
ing for some months previous held the rank 
of raaj.-gen. From 1838 to 1841 he was prcs. 
of Texas. In 1846 he joined Gen. Taylor at 
Matamoras, and was in the battle of Monterey ; 
and was afterwards engaged in checking the 
incursions of the Comanches. U.S. minister 
to Nicaragua and Costa Rica just previous to 
his death. Author of a vol. of poems entitled 
" Verse Memorials," N.Y. 1857. 

Lamb, Gen. John, b. N.Y. Jan. 1, 1735; 
d. there May 31, 1800. He first followed the 
occupation of his father (optician and math, 
instr. maker), but in 1760 engaged in the liquor 
trade. He was active in all the early scenes of 
the Revol. in N.Y. ; in 1775, as a capt. of art., 
accomp. Jlontgomery to Quebec; was active 
and brave during the siege, and was wounded 
and made prisoner at its close. He returned 
to N.Y. the cn-uing summer ; was promoted to 
maj., and attached to the regt. of art. under 
Knox ; commiss. col. of the N.Y. art. Jan. 1, 
1777 ; and did good service through the war, 
closing his military career at Yorktown. He 
was soon afterward elected to the N.Y. Assem- 
bly. Washington app. him coll. of customs 
for the port of N.Y., which ofloce he held till 
his deaih. — 5ee Life of Lamb, 6y Isaac Q. 
Leake, 8vo, Albanv, '1850. 

Lambert, John, M.C. from N. J. 1805-9 ; 
U.S. senator 1809-15 ; and acting gov. of N.J. 
in 1802-3 ; d. Amwell, N. J , Feb. 4, 1823, a. 
75. Member N. J. legisl. and vice-pres. of the 
council. 

Lambert, Sir John, a British gen., b. 
1772; d. 1847. Ensign first Foot Guards 1791 ; 
lieut. Oct. 1793; capt. May, 1801 ; col. July, 
1810; maj.-gen. June, 1813. He was at the 
sieges of Valenciennes and Dunkirk; in the 
Irish rebellion, the exped. to Walcheren, and 
in the Peninsular campaigns under Wellington. 
In Dec. 1814 he accomp. Sir E. Pakenliam's 
e.xped. to N. Orleans as 3d in com., and was 
severely wounded iu the battle of Jan. 8, 1815. 

Lameth (la-ma), Alexander, soldier, 
politician, and author, b. Paris, Oct. 28, 1760; 
d. March 19. 1829. Like his bro. Charles, he 
took a position on Rochambeau's stalf as ludc- 
de-camp, and, when the French revol. broke 
cut, was its warm advocate. He joined the 



Army of the North, afterward that defending 
the Ardennes, but, being accused at Paris, quit- 
ted the army, and was arrested and confined at 
M.tgdeburg by the Austrians until 1795. In 
1802 Napoleon made liim prefect of the Basses 
Alpes. In 1814 he was made prefect of the 
Somme, and lieut. -gen. by Louis XVIII. In 
1821 he became deputy for tlie Seine Inferieure, 
and a leader of the opposition. He wrote 
much on politics and political economy. Theo- 
dore, another bro., fought in Amer., was 
wounded at the combat of Granada, was a con- 
stitutionalist like his bros., and a member of 
the Assembly, d. 1837. 

Lameth, Charles Malo Francis, count 
de, a French soldier and politician, b. Oct. 5, 
1757 ; d. Paris, Dec. 28, 1832. A capt., when 
Rochambeau came to the aid of the U.S. he 
went on his staff as aide major-gen. de logis, 
had his leg broken at the capture of a British 
redoubt at Yorktown, and was rewarded with 
the cross of St. Louis. He was one of the first 
of the nobles to join the people, hut became a 
decided constitutionalist, and theco-adjutor of 
Lafayette, under whom he served in the Army 
of the North as gen. of cav., sharing his flight 
from France in Aug. 1792. Returning to Par- 
is in 1800, he held a military office under Na- 
poleon ; was a member of the chamber of dep- 
uties in 1827; and afterward a partisan of 
Louis Philippe. 

La Mountain, John, aeronaut: d. South 
Bend, Ind., 14 Feb. 1870, a. 41. Believing in 
an atmospheric current corresp. with the Gulf 
Stream in the ocean, and setting from east to 
west, he built "The Atlantic," one of the 
largest and strongest balloons ever made, and 
left St. Louis, passed over Lake Erie; and, 
while crossing Lake Ontario, it was seized by 
a tornado, and left a wreck in the woods of 
Jefferson Co., N.Y. During the civil war he 
turned his attention to milit:iry b;i!loi>ns, and 
was engaged in the U.S. service. His last voy- 
age occasioned liis death. An impaticntcrowd 
cast him off before he was ready, without an 
overcoat, and the valve-rope tied several feet 
above the basket. He shot up into a lieavy 
cloud of mist and sleet, which froze the valve- 
board fast. He climbed the net-work, and tore 
the balloon open with his teeth. The balloon 
collapsed, and fell with great velocity from a 
height of nearly 2 miles, his system receiving a 
shock from which it never recovered. 

Lampson, Sir Ccrtis Miranda, bart., 
b. Vt.,21 Sept. 1806. Went to Eng. in 1830; 
was naturalized there in 1848; and 13 Nov. 
1868 was made a baronet for his importint 
services in laying the Atlantic telegraph cable, 
having been a director in the company formed 
for that purpose. He is dcp.-guv. of tlie Hud- 
son Bay Co., and a trustee of the Peabody 
i''und for the poor of Loudon. — Men of the 
Time. 

Lamson, Alvan, D. D. (H. U. 1837), 

Unitarian clergvman and author, b. Weston, 
Ms., Nov. 18, 1792; d. Dedham, Ms., Julv 17, 
18G4. H. U. 1814. Tutor in Bowd. Coll. 
1814-16; pastor First Church, Dedham, Oct. 
29, 1818-60. He was a vigorous writer, con- 
trib. many valuable articles to the Christian 
Examiner. Author of " Church of the First 



tiAJsr 



525 



Three Centuries," &c., 8vo, 1860; Sermons, 
Boston, 12mo, 1857 ; a discourse at Dedham, 
21 Dec. 1851, on "John Rohinson;" "A Hist, 
of the First Chnrch and Parish in Dedham," 
8vo, 1839 ; and several oceas. discourses. 

Iiancaster, Sir James, an Eng. naviga- 
tor, b. ab. 1550; d. 1S20. He made a voyage 
to the E. Indies in 1591, and afterwards sailed 
round the Cape of Good Hope, visiting Ceylon, 
and Palo Penang, where the mutinous conduct 
of his crew obliged him to return home. In 
1594 he engaged in a predatory exped. to S. 
America ; took several prizes ; and captured 
Pernambuco in Brazil, returning in 1595 laden 
with immense booty. He sailed from Torbay, 
Feb. 15, 1601, with a fleet of 5 vessels, to the 
E. Indies ; formed a commercial treaty with 
the King of Achen ; established a friendly cor- 
rcsp. with the State of Bantam in the island 
of Jiiva; and returned in 1605, with informa- 
tion, proi-iircd in his last voyage, relative to a 
N.W. passage to the E. Indies, which gave rise 
to the subsequent expeds. of Hudson and others. 
Baffin gave the name of Lancaster's Sound to 
an inlet which he discovered in 74° of N. lat. 
This navigator received the honor of knight- 
hood from Queen Elizabeth. — See Ace. of his 
Vo,/afie to ihc E. Indies in Knox's CoUs. v. 2. 

Lancaster, Joseph, educationist, b. Lond. 
1771 ; d. N.Y. Oct. 24, 1838. He belonged 
to the Society of Friends. In 1789 he opened 
a school for poor children at Southwark, whom 
he taught almost gratuitously. For many 
years he was actively engaged in delivering 
lectures, and forming schools in various parts 
of England, on the plan of employing the more 
advanced pupils in a school to instruct the class 
next below themselves ; a. plan originallv in- 
troduced into Eng. by Dr. Bell. His labors in 
giving this system a notoriety it would not 
otherwise have obtained, while gaining him 
applause, kept him poor; and in ISlShe emig. 
to America. His system had, to a considerable 
extent, been previously introduced into Ameri- 
can schools : so that he was not pecuniarily 
benefited by the change. In 1829 he went to 
Canada, where the legisl. made him some 
pecuniary grants to enable him to give his sys- 
tem a fair trial. Becoming again embarrassed, 
some of his friends purchased for him a small 
annuity, and he removed to New York. Author 
of -The British System of Education," &c., 
12mo, Washington, 1812; and an Autobiog., 
New Haven, 1833. — See Life of Lancaster, hi 
his frimd Willinm Corston. 

Liaildais, Pierre de, a French naval ofiB- 
cer, b. (of a noble but impoverished family of 
Normandy) 1734 ; d. N.Y. City, Sept. 1820. a. 
86. A lieut. in the French navy, from which 
he had been dismissed on account of infirmity 
of temper, he entered the naval service of the 
U.S. June 18, 1778, with the rank of capt. In 
Jan. 1779, he sailed in com. of "The Alliance" 
(frigdte) for France, and made part of the 
squadron of Paul Jones. His insubordination, 
together with his extraordinary conduct dur- 
ing the engagement between the " Bon Homme 
Richard" and " The Serapis," Sept. 23, 1780, 
caused his dismissal from service, and he passed 
the rest of his Hfe in poverty in N.Y. City. 

Lander, Fbedeeic West, soldier and 



explorer, b. Salem, Ms., Dec. 17, 1822; d. 
Paw Paw, Va , March 2, 1862. As a boy he 
was remarked for intrepidity, love of adven- 
ture, and skill in manly exercises. He studied 
civil engineering at the Milit. Acad, at Nor- 
wich, Vt., and was employed by the govt, to 
conduct important explorations across the con- 
tinent. He made two surveys to determine the 
practicability of a railroad-route to the Pacific, 
from the second of which, undertaken at his 
own expense, he alone, of all the party, re- 
turned alive. He afterward surveyed' and 
eonstrncted the great overland wagon-route. 
While engaged in 1858 on this work, his party 
of 70 men were attacked by the Pah Ute In- 
dians, over whom they gained a decisive vic- 
tory. When the civil war began in 1861 ho 
was employed on important secret missions in 
the Southern States ; served as a vol. aide on 
Gen. McClellan's staff; and participated with 
great credit in the capture of Philippi and the 
battle of Rich Mountain. Made a brig. -gen. 
May 17, and in July took an important com- 
mand on the Upper Potomac. Hearing of the 
disaster at Ball's Bluff, he hastened to Edward's 
Ferry, which he held with a single company 
of sharpshooters, but was severely wounded in 
the leg. Before the wound was healed he re- 
portedforduty, and at Hancock, Jan. 5, 1862, he 
repulsed a greatly superior Confed. force which 
besieged the town. Though much debilitated 
by his wound, he particularly disting. himself 
by a brilliant dash upon the enemy at Bloom- 
ing Gap, Feb. 14, 1852, for which he received 
a special letter of thanks from the secretary of 
war. Increasing ill health compelled him to 
apply for temporary relief from military duty; 
but, 'while preparing an attack on the enem'y, 
Mar. 1, he died suddenly of congestion of tho 
brain. In 1860 he m. Miss Davenport, tho 
disting. actress. Louisa Lander, the celebrated 
sculptor, is his sister. 

Lander, Jean Margaret Davenport, 
actress, b. Wolverhampton, Eng., May 3, 1829. 
Her father, originally a lawyer, became mana- 
ger of the Richmond Theatre, where, at tho 
age of 8, Jean made her first appearance. In 
1838 she was brought to America, and played 
" star " engagements in various cities. In 1842 
she returned to Europe, travelled, and studied 
music under Garcia. At the Lond. Olympif 
she soon became a favorite as Juliet in " The 
Countess," and as Julia in " The Hunchback." 
In 1846 she took a company to Holland, 
and for 2 years was highly successful. Return- 
ing to Eng. in 1848, she became a successful 
public reader. Her second visit to America, in 
1849, was so successful, that she determined to 
make it her home. In " Peg WoflSngton," 
" Adrienne Le Couvreur," Letitia Hardy in 
" The Countess," ,ind in " Camille," she made an 
indelible impression. In 1855 she visited Cal., 
and subsequently twice visited Eng. Oct. 30, 
1860, at San Francisco, she ra. (5en. F. W. 
Lander, who died in the service, Mar. 2, 1862. 
She retired from the stage upon her marriage, 
and did good service as a hospital-nurse in and 
about the capital during the war. In Feb. 
1865 she re-appeared upon the stage, at Nih- 
blo's in New York. She won a new triumph 
as Queen Elizabeth at the National Theatre, 



LiAJsr 



526 



L-AJSr 



Washinpiton, in Apr. 1867. Honor, fame, and 
wealth crown the industrious and blameless life 
of this excellent actress. 

Iiander, Louisa, sculptor, b. Salem, Ms., 
ab. 18.35. While quite young she manifested 
her taste for sculpture, and modelled excellent 
likenesses of various members of her family, 
and executed cameo heads. At ab. the aye of 
20 she went to Home; became the pupil of 
Crawford ; and soon after finished in marble 
" To-Day," a youthful figure emblematic of 
America, and "Galatea." Among her subse- 
quent works are a bust of Gov. Gore of Ms. 
from 2 oil portraits ; a bust of Hawthorne ; a 
spirited statuette of " Virginia Dare," the first 
English child born in America; a life-size 
statue of "Virginia;" a reclining statue of 
"Evangeline;" "Elizabeth, the Exile of Si- 
beria;" a statuette of " Undine," and one of 
"Ceres mourning for Proserpine;" and nu- 
merous portrait-busts. She afterward produced 
a figure of " A Sylph alighting." 

Lane, EsENEZiiK, LL.D. (H. U. 1850), 
jud;;e, b. Northampton, Ms., Sept. 17,1793; 
d. Sandubkv, 0., June 12, 1866. H.U. 1811. 
He studied "law with his uncle Matthew Gris- 
wold ; went to Ohio in 1817, and settled in 
Sanduskv in 1822. Judge of the C.C.P. from 
1824 to 1830; of the Supreme Court from 1830 
to 1837; chief justice 1837-45. He passed 
the remainder of his life in railroad manage- 

Lane, Ebknezer, founder of the Lane 
Theol. Sem. ; d. Oxford, 0., March 8, 1870, 
a. 77. 

Iiane, Henrt S., senator, b. Montgomerv 
Co., Ky., 24 Feb. 1811. Received a good 
common school education, and under a tutor 
gained some knowledge of the cUissics; stuilied 
law; removed to Indiana, and was adin. to its 
bar; member of the legisl. in 1837; M.C. 
1841-3 ; lieut.-col. of vols, in the Jlexican war, 
184G-7; elected U.S. senaior in 18,VJ, but 
denied a scat; elected gov. of Iiid. in 1861, 
but was again chosen a U. S. senator, and 
served in 1861-7. Bro. of Gen. James H. 

Lane, Col. Isaac of Ilollis, Ms. ; d. Port- 
land, Me., Oct. 1833, a. 69. He was a Revol. 
soldier; com. the 33d U.S. Inf. in several bat- 
tles on the Canada frontier in the war of 
1812-15; and was many years in the legisl. 
of Me. and Ms., and of the exec, council. 

Lane, Ges. James Henry, senator, b. 
Lawrenceburg, Ind., June22, 1814; d. Leaven- 
worth, Kan., July U, 1866. Son of Amos 
(M C. 1833-9). He studied law, and wasadm. 
to the bar in 1840. In May, 1846, he enlisted 



In 



I84S !,.• ■, . . ':.. :i '■.■::: ...', .■!■,: •iii-lwas 
M.C. I- : -^ >.•■.:! ; : , : , I i i nf the 

Mo. rnni,.!..;,),-: i:i I -. «mi: U. K;..lsaS, 

becaclie an active 1-ice-huitu man, anil was 
chosen cliairman of the exec. com. of the 
Topeka convention which instituted the first 
govt, of Kansas. He was afterward pres. of 
the Topeka Const. Conv. ; was elected by the 
people maj.-gen. of the Free-State troops, and 
was active in driving out the Mo. invaders. In 



1856 he was elected to the U.S. senate by the 
legisl., which met under the Topeka constitu- 
tion ; but the election was not recognized by 
Congress, and he was indicted in Douglas 
County for high treason for his participation 
in the Topeka govt., and forced to flee the 
Territory. In 1857 he was pres. of the Leaven- 
worth Const. Conv. ; in 1 858 he shot a neighbor 
named Jenkins in a quarrel about a well, for 
which he was tried and acquitted ; in March, 
1861, he was elected to the U.S. senate by the 
State legislature; in May, 1861, he com. the 
Frontier Guards, enlisted for the defence of 
Washington ; in June he was nominated bri^.- 
gen. of vols., and com. the Kansas brigade in 
the field for 4 months, defeating the rebels in 
several well-contested fights, and protecting 
Kansas from invasion; in July, 1862, he was 
app. commiss. to supt. the enlistment of troops 
in the West. He narrowly escaped from the 
Lawrence massacre in Aug. 1863 ; and was 
vol. aide to Gen. Curtis during the Price raid 
in Oct. 1864. Delegate to the Baltimore Con- 
vention in 1864; re-elected to the U.S. senate 
in 1865. On his way home, just previous to 
his death, he was attacked with paralysis, his 
reason became unsettled, and he took his own 
life. 

Lane, Gen. Joseph, politician, b. Bun- 
combe Co., N.C. 14 Dec. 1801.,^ His early edit- d.M''-- "1 
cation was scanty. At 14 he became a clerk in ' ' 

a mercantile house in Ind. ; was frequently a 
member of the Ind. legisl. between 1822 and 
1846; became col. 2d Ind. Vols, for the Mex- 
ican war, 25 June, 1846 ; disting. and wounded 
at Buena Vista ; made brig.-gen. July 1 , and 
brev. maj.-gen. (for gallantry at Iluaraantla) 9 
Oct. 1847 ; com. in action of Atlixco, 19 Oct. 
1847; took Matamoras, Nov. 22; captured 
Orizaba in Jan. 1848; and Feb. 24 fought the 
robber-chief Jaranta at Tcluialtaplan. App. 
gov. of Oregon Terr, in Aug. 1848; organized 
its govt. ; was its delegate to Congress in 1851- 
9; U.S. senator in 1859-61 ; and again gov. 
in 1853. .\ntninated vice-])rcs. on the ticket 
with Breckinrid-e, by the Baltimore Democ. 
Conv. of 1860. 

Lane, Sir Ralph, app. gov. of Va. by Ra- 
leigh in Feb. 1585, but abandoned the province 
19 June, 1586, returning to Eng. in the fleet of 
Sir Francis Drake; b. Northamptonshire, Eng., 
ab. 1530; d. Ireland, 1604. Second son of 
Sir R. of Orlingbury, and of Maud, dau. of 
Wm., Lord Parre, uncle of Cath. Parr, queen 
of Henry VIII. He entered the queen's ser- 
vice 1563, and was an equerry in her court; 
served with credit in the rebellion of 1569; 
had a com. in Ireland in 1583-4 ; was a col. in 
the cxped. of Norris and Drake against Portu- 
gal in 1589; was made muster-master-gen. in 
Ireland in 1591, where he was dangerously 
wounded; and was knighted by Fitz William, 
the lord dep., in 1593. — iJcy. E. E. Hale in 
Colls. Amer. Antiq. Soc. iv. 

Lang, Lonis, artist, b. Waldsefe, Wurtem- 
berg, Mar. 29, 1814. His father, an historical 
painter, destined him for the musical profession ; 
but his tastes led him to become a painter. At 
16 he executed likenesses in pastel with success; 
and, during a residence of 4 years on the Lake 
of Constance, he painted nearly 1,000 portraits. 



LuAJSr 



In 1834 he went to Paris, and afterward to 
Stiitt^^art. Ab. 1838 he settled in Fiiila. In 
1841-5 and ajjain in 1847-9 he was in Italy, 
studying in Venice, Bologna, Florence, and 
Rome. In 1845 he took up his residence in N. 
York, where he has been occupied in the dec- 
oration of interiors, and in modelling plaster- 
figures lor ornamental purposes, and in paint- 
ing. His pictures embrace a wide range of 
subjects. Among them arc " Maid of Sara- 
gossa," " Sewing-Society," and "Mary Stuart 
distributing Gifts." 

Iiangdon, John, LL.D., statesman, b. 
Portsmouth, 1739; d. Sept. IS, 1819. After 
receiving a common-school education, he en- 
tered the counting-house of Daniel Rindge, 
and became a successful racrch-int. In 1774 
Langdon, with John Sullivan and others, se- 
cured the anus and ainmuiiiticui at ihc furt in 
Portsmouth ILirbor. In 177-> lie was a delegate 
to Congress, but in June, 1776, resigned his 
seat in that body fjr tlie place of navy agent. 
In 1776-7 he was speaker of the Assembly of 
N.ll. and judge of C.CP. When means were 
wanted to support a regt., Langdon gave all 
his money, pledged his plate, and applied to the 
same purpose the proceeds of 70 hogsheads of 
tobacco. A brigade was raised with the means 
which he furnished, with which Gen. Stark 
achieve. 1 1,1 lii ii liii: ■ victory at Bennington. 
Hescrv. 1 I 1 com. of a vol. comp. 

atBciiiiM^ ,,-::: -1, and R.I. In 1779 he 
wasCuuLi Lir il .1^ :i[ in N.H. andpres. of the 
N.H. Convention. In 1783 he was agnin app. 
delegate to Congress, and was afterwards re- 
peatedly a member of the legisl. and speaker. 

egale in lU'- ronvrir : iini ili n I, iin • I ilh' 1 rdiTal 
Consiitir, , , 111. :, ' I :'iv. 

of the Sii, , :, , I : - 1 . .1 ■•> - 1 • ..la- 

tor; g.A :i ::•, r . 1 ■ •, ., I '< ,i'i i ,.1 IMO 

and l.^ii 111, ill ,, 1 , ,: , , i I 1,11 in 
vain to .1, , 1 ■ 1 1 , 1 ■ In 

vicc'pk-.-.' o. inc U. .-3.," I. ..I l.o u._c..u.d the 
honor. 

Langdon, SiJinEL, D.D. (U. of Aber- 
deen), A.A.S., b. Boston, Jan. 12, 1723; d. 
Nov. 29, 1797. H. U. 1740. Though poor, 
his talents procured him friends, who exerted 
themselves to give him a liberal education. He 
went to Portsmouth and took charge of the 
grammar school ; was a chaplain at the capture 
of Louisburg in 1745; became assist, to Mr. 
Fitch of the First Church, whom he succeeded 
as pastor Feb. 4, 1747 ; pres. of H. U. Oct. 14, 
1774 to 30 Aug. 1780. Installed at Hamp- 
ton Falls Jan. 18, 1781, and was one of the most 
useful ministers in the State. A disting. mem- 
ber of the N.H. convention which adopted the 
Federal Constitution ; often led its debates, and 
exerted his in3uence in its favor. He pub. " Ob- 
servations on the Revelations," 1791; "Re- 
marks on the Leading Sentiments of Dr. Hop- 
kins's System of Doctrines," 1794; " Summar 
ry of Christian Faith and Practice," 1768; and 
many occas. discourses. In 1761 he .assisted 
Col. Blanchard in delineating a map of N.H. 

Langdon, WoODnnKT, bro. of John. 
Member of the Old Congress 1779-80; judge 
of the Supreme Court of N.H. 1782 and 1786- 



90; counci'ilor 1781-4; b. Portsmouth, N.H., 
1739 ; d. there 13 Jan. 1805. 

Lanman, Charles, author, b. Monroe, 
Mich., June 14, 1819. Gr.indson of Judge 
James. Educated at Plainiield Acad., Ct. 
Was 10 years in a counting-hoitse in N. York, 
and then engaged in literary pursuits. In 1846 
ho edited tho Monroe Gazette, and later v/aa as- 
soe. editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle. In 1847 
he was connected vnth tho N. Y. Express. He 
was some time private sec. to Daniel AVebstcr; 
became librarian of the war dept. at Washing- 
ton in 1 849 ; of the copyright bureau of the 
state dept. in 1857 ; and of the h. of represen- 
tatives in 1 860. He has pub. "Essays for Sum- 
mer Hours," 1842; "A Summer in the Wil- 
derness," 1847 ; " A Tour to the River Sague- 
nay," 1848; "Letters from tho Alleghany 
Moimtains," 1849; "Records of a Tourist," 
1850; "Private Life of D.-inicI Webster," 
1 852 ; " Adventures in the Wilds of America," 
2 vols. 1856; "Dictionary of tho U. S. Con- 
gress," 6 cds. ; "Life of Wm. Woodbridge," 
1867; "Red Book of Michigan," 1871; con- 
tribs. to periodicals. — Dai/ckincL 

Lanman, J.vmes, jurist and statesman, b. 
Norwich, Ct., June 14, 1769 ; d. there Aug. 7, 
1841. Y. C. 1788. In 1791 he was adm. to the 
bar, and settled at Norwich. From 1814 to 
1819 he was atty.-gen. of his coimty ; in 1818 
a member of the Const. Conv. of Ct. ; in 1817 
and 1832 a membjr of the Assembly ; in 1819 
State sen.ator; U. S. senator 1819-25; judge 
of the Superior Court and of tho Court of Er- 
rors in Ct. 1825-9; and mayor of Norwich in 
1831-4. His second wife was the mother of 
Park Benjamin, well known for his literary at- 
tainments. 

Lanman, Joseph, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. Ct. 
July 18, 1810. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1825 ; lieut. 
Mar. 3, 1835 ; com. Sept. 14, 1355 ; capt. 1861 ; 
conimo. Aug. 29, 18G2; rear-adm. Dec. 1867. 
Com. frigate "Minnesota," N. Atl. block, 
squad., 1864-5; com. 2d division of Potter's 
squad, at the two attacks on Fort Fisher ; and 
com. S. Atl. squad., coast of Brazil, 1869-71. 
— Hamcrshj. 

Lansing, John, jurist, b. Alb. Jan. 30, 
1754 ; d. Dec. 12, 1829. Stud, law with R. Yates 
in Alb. and Jlr. Dnaue in N.Y. He was milit. 
sec. to Gen. Schuyler early in the Revol. war , 
was afterwards 7 years in the State legisl. ; 4 
years mayor of Albany ; member Old Congress 
1784-8; member of the conv. of 1787 for con- 
sidering the U.S. Const., which he opposed, 
leaving the convention ; commissioner in 1790 
to settle the Vt. controversy ; app. judge N.Y. 
Supreme Court Sept. 28, 1790; chief justice 
Feb. 15, 1798; chancellor of the State from 
Oct. 21, 1801, to 1814. 

La Perouse, John Francis Galoup ue, 
a French navigator, of noble family, b. Albi, 
1741 ; d. 1788. Entering the naval service 
very early, he was employed under D'Estaing in 
theAmer.war; com. "L'xVmazone" at the siege 
of Savannah, in Sept. 1779; present nt the 
taking of Granada; and in 1782 destroyed the 
English factories in Hudson's Bay. Subse- 
quentlv sent on a voyage of discovery, he visited 
the N."W. coast of Auicr.to Bchriiig's Straits ; 
reached Botany Bay and New Holland in Feb. 



528 



L,A.S 



1788 ; sent home an account of his progress in 
Mar. 1788; and was never afterward heard 
from. An exped. under D'Entrecasteaux in 
1791 failcdtodiscoverany traces of him; but it 
has since been satisfactorily settled that his ships 
were wrecked on islands of the New Hebrides. 
An account of his voyages was pub. 4 vols. 
4to, 1797. 

Ijapliain,I><'cr.EASE Ai.len, LL.D. (Amh. 
Coll. 186l>),ii.i:^M,ili I, h I'llmyra, N.Y.,Mar. 
7, 1811. 13l; <' i ' II mincer, he was en- 

gaged on tlir \\ ill Canada, on the 

Miami Canal, ' ' . i.- ' "'• i ■ ranal around the 
falls of the Ohio at Louisville. Here, in 1827, 
he wrote a " Notice of the Louisville Canal 
and of the Geology of the Vicinity," pub. in 
Silliman's Journal. Sec. of the 0. Board of ca- 
nal commiss. 1833-5. He here began the coll. 
of his herbarium, now numbering ah. 8,000 
species; and was one of a com. app. by the 
O. legisl. to report on the subject of a geol. 
survey of the State. In 1836 he removed to 
Milwaukie, where he has since resided, and has 
held several municipal and other offices. In 
1846 he pub. "Wisconsin, its Geography and 
Topography, History, Geology, and Mincr.alo- 
Cy," 2d cd. ; and in 1855 a gcol. map of Wis., 
also his " Antiquiiics of Wisconsin," in the 
7th vol. of Smithsonian " Contributions." lie 
has contiib. much to scientific periodicals, and 
was the first to ascertain from careful observa- 
tions that there is a slight lunar tide on Lake 
Michigan. Pres. of the Wis. Hist. Soe. since 
1862. 

Lareom, Lucy, poet, b. Ms. 1826 
was for some years a factory operat 
Lowell, and while there contrib. to 
Lowell Offering." She was subsequc 
teacher in III., and is now one of the edi 
Our Young FoUcs. Anthor of " Breathings of 
a Better Life," Boston, 1866; " Poems," 1868. 
Resides at Beverly Farms. 

Lardner, James L., rear-adra. U.S.N., b. 
Pa. Mulshipm. July 28, 1820; lieut. May 17, 
1828; com.Nov.21, 1851 ; capt. Mayl9, 1801; 
commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. (retired list) 
July 25, 1866. Com. schooner "Porpoise," 
coast of Africa, 1850-3 ; sloop-of-war " Dale," 
1853; com. steam-frigate " Susquehanna," at 
the capture of Port Royal, Nov. 7, 1861 ; com. 
E.Gulf block, squad. 1862 ; W. L squad. 1864. 
Now gov. Phila. Naval Asylum. — HamersliJ. 

Ijarned, Col. Simon, Revol. officer, b. 
Thompson, Ct., 1754 ; d. Pittsfield, Ms., Nov. 
9, 1817. Settled in Pittsfield in 1784. M.C. 
1804-5 ; col. 9th U.S. Inf from 1812 to 1815 ; 
sheriff of Berkshire Co. 

Lamed, Stltestee, Presb. clergyman, b. 
Pittsfield, Ms., Aug. 31, 1796; d. N. 'Orleans, 
Aug. 31, 1820. Mid. Coll. 181.3. Son of Col. 
Simon. He studied theology at Princeton ; ord. 
in July, 1817. In the following autumn he 
proceeded to N. Orleans, by way of Detroit, 
Louisville, and the Mpi. River, preaching with 
rare eloquence on his way, and making such a 
powerful impression in that city, that a church 
was soon organized, over which he was settled ; 
but in the summer of 1820 he was carried off by 
the yellow-fever. A memoir of his life, with a 
coll. of his sermons, was pub. in 1844 by Rev. 
R. R. Gurley. 



She 

" The 
itly a 
ors of 



Lartigue, James, D.D., R.C. bishop of 
Montreal, b. there June 20, 1777; d. Apr. 19, 
1840. Consec. Jan. 21, 1821. Feb. 1, 1820, 
made suffragan of Quebec, and bishop of Fel 
messa in Lycia. He took a vigorous stand in 
1837 against Papineau and the revolutionists. 

La Salle, Robert C.iVEHEn, sieur de, a 
French explorer, b. Rouen, ab. 1635 ; d. Tex- 
as, Mar. 20, 1687. He renounced his inherit- 
ance by joining the Jesuits, but, obtaining his 
discharge, ab. 1667 embarked for Canada. As 
a fur-trader at La Chine (which he so named 
from a cherished project of seeking by w.iy of 
Canada a passage to China), he explored Lake 
Ontario, visited the neighboring Indians, estab- 
lished posts on the upper waters of the St. 
Lawrence, and was intrusted by Gov. Fronte- 
n.ac with the fort where the city of Kingston 
now stands. On returning to France in 1675, 
he obtained the rank of nobility, and the grant 
of a large domain around Fort Fronien.ac, and 
of the exclusive traffic with the Five Nations. 
He returned from another visit to France, July 
14, 1678, with 30 mechanics and mariners; es- 
tablished a trading-house at Niagara, and Aug. 
7, 1679, embarked with his colony in "The 
Griffin " 60 tons, on the Niagara River, for the 
valley of the Mpi. Reaching Green Bay Sept. 
2, he sent back his bark with a cargo of rich 
furs, with orders to return immediately. Pro- 
ceeding with his company in canoes, he formed 
an alliance with the Illinois Indians on the 
banks of Lake Peoria, 1,500 miles from the 
nearest French settlement, and built a fort, 
which, on account of his anxiety for" The Grif- 
fin," and the discontent of his company, he 
named Crevecceur (heart-break). In March, 
1680, he returned on foot to Fiontcnac, and 
learnedof the shipwreck of " The GrilBn,"and 
of another ship, which had been despatched 
with resources for him from France. Collect- 
ing his scattered followers, Feb. 6, 1682, he 
descended the Illinois to its junction with the 
Mpi. lie built a fort near the mouth of the 
Ohio, and a cabin on the first Chickasaw bluff; 
raised the cross by the Arkansas ; (ilanted the 
arms of Franco near the Gulf of Mexico ; took 
possession, in the name of France, of the whole 
valley; and, Apr. 9, entered the Gulf of Mexi- 
co, founded the fort of St. Louis, and gave to 
the adjacent lands the name of Louisiana. He 
returned to Quebec in Nov. 1 683, and embarked 
for France, where he received a commission pla- 
cing the country from Fort St. Louis to New 
Biscay under his control. An exped. for the 
colonization of La. with 4 vessels and 280 per- 
sons left Rochefort Aug. 1, 1684; but dissen- 
sions at once arose between La Salle and the 
naval com. Beaujeu. Missing the mouth of 
the Mpi. he disembarked in Matagorda Bay, 
losing most of his munitions in a gale. Sick- 
ness and other causes having reduced their 
number to 37, he determined, Jan. 12, 1687, to 
seek by land the Illinois country, and thence 
to pass to Canada. He set out with 16 men, 
and reached a branch of the Trinity River. 
Here the malignity of two men, Dubant and 
I'Archeveque, who had emliarkod their capital 
in the enterprise, found-opportunity for gratifi- 
cation. They quarrelled with and murdered 
his nephew, and from an ambush shot La Salle 



dead. — See Memoir in Sparhs's Amer. Biog. 
vol. i. 2d si-ries ; French's Hist. Colls. La. v. 

Las Casas, see Casas. 

Latham, Milton S., statesman, b. Colum- 
bus, U., May 23, 1827. Jeff. Coll., Pa., 1845. 
He went to Ala.; studied law, and was clerk 
of the Hussell Co. Circuit Court in 1848-50 ; 
removed to Cal. ; was clerk of the recorder's 
court of San Francisco; dist.-atty. of Sacra- 
mento and El Dorado counties in 1850-1; M.C. 
1853-5; collector of San Francisco 185.5-7; 
gov. of Cal. iu 1860 ; U.S. senator 1861-7. 

LathroT), John, D.D. (II. U. 1768; 
Edinb. 178'5), A.A.S., minister of Boston, 
b. Norwich, Ct., May 17, 1740; d. Boston, 
Jan. 4, 1816. N. J. Coll. 17G3. Great-grand- 
son of John, minister of Scitiiate and Barn- 
stable 1634-53. He assisted Wheelock in his 
Indian school at Lebanon, and was ord. May 
18, 1768, at the Old North Church, Boston. 
In 1779, his society having united with Dr. 
Pemberton's, he became pastor of the Second 
Church. He was an officer of many literary 
and charitable societies, and pub. some occa- 
sional sermons. 

Lathrop, John, poet, b. Boston, Jan. 13, 
1772; d. Georgetown, D.C., Jan. 30, 1820. 
H.U. 1789. Son of the preceding. He estab- 
lished himself in the practice of law at Dedliam, 
Ms., in 1797, but soon located himself in Boston, 
where he found congenial spirits in Paine, 
Prentiss, and other poets and wits of the day, 
contributing with them to the Federal Boston 
Gazette. The indulgence of his literary tastes 
interfered with his success in the law; and in 
1799, in the hope of improving his fortunes, he 
went to India. He established a school in 
Calcutta, and contrib. to the papers. Return- 
ing in 1809, when politics ran high, his plan 
of establishing a literary journal was neces- 
sarily abandoned. He taught a school in 
Boston several years ; wrote for the papers ; 
lectured on natural philos., and furnished songs 
and orations for festive and Masonic occasions. 
Removing to the South, he continued his prof 
of instructor, lecturer, and newspaper-writer 
in Washington and Georgetown, D.C., and 
obtained a situation in the post office, which 
his shattered health did not long permit him to 
occupy. He pub. an oration, July 4, 1796, at 
Boston, another at Dedham, 4 July, 1798; a 
Masonic address at Charlestown, June 24, 
1811 ; " Speech of Canonieus," a poem, Cal- 
cutta, 1802, and Boston, 1803 ; " Pocket Regis- 
ter and Freemason's Anthology," 1813. 

Lathrop, John Hiram, LL.D. (Ham. 
Coll. 1845), educator, b. Sherburne, N.Y., Jan. 
22, 1799; d. Columbia, Mo., Aug. 2, 1866. 
Y.C. 1819. Tutor 1822-6. Adm. to the bar 
in 1826 ; he was connected with the Norwich 
Military Acad, in 1827 ; was principal of the 
Gardiner, Me., Lyceum two years ; was prof. 
of math, and nat. philos. in Ham. Coll. in 
1829-35, and of law, history, polit. econ., and 
civil polity from 1835 to 1840 ; prus. of the U. 
of Mo. from 1840 to Sept. 1849 ; chancellor 
of the U. of Wis. from Oct. 1849 to 1859; 
pres. of the Ind. U. in 1859-60 ; prof of Eng- 
lish Lit. in the U. of Columbia, Mo., in 186U- 
2 : and from 1 865 till his death pres. of that 
institution. — Y. C. Oh. Record. 



Lathrop, Joseph, D.D. (Y.C. 1791), 
clergyman, h. Norwich, Ct., Oct. 20, 1731 ; d. 
W. Springfield, Ms., Dec. 31, 1820. Y.C. 
1754. While engaged in teaching school at 
Springfield, he studied theology ; was licensed, 
and Aug. 25, 1756, ord. pastor of the Cong, 
church in W. Springfield, where he continued 
to preach until, in Mar. 1818, he received a col- 
league. For nearly 3 years ill health kept him 
from the pulpit ; and an impostor named John 
Watkins intruded into his parish, causin'^such 
disturbance as led him to preach his celebrated 
sermons, entitled "Wolves in Sheep's Cloth- 
ing," which have been widclv circulated here 
anil in Great Britain. In 1792 he was elected 
a fellow of the Aiad. of Arts and Sciences; 
in 1793 he di_'cliiKd an invitation to the chair 
of divinity in Y.C. His sermons were simple, 
clear, and original. On account of his great 
reputation for practical wisdom, he was often 
called upon to settle eccles. difficulties. His 
'ks in 7 vols, contain his Autobiography and 



Lathrop, Capt. Thomas: killed in battle 
with the Indians near Deertield, Ms., Sept. 18, 
1675, in Philip's war. He was a freeman of 
Salem 1634; repres. 1647, '53, and '64; re- 
moved to Beverly, and founded a church there, 
and was representative 4 years. 

Latimer, William K., comrao. U.S.N., 
b. Md. Midshipra. Nov. 15, 1809 ; lieut. Feb. 
4, 1815; com. Mar. 2, 1833; capt. July 17, 
1843; commo. (retired list) July 16, 1862. 
Com. schooner " Grampus," W.I. squad., 1827- 
30 ; steamer " Poinsett," 1840 ; frigate ■ Cum- 
berland," Medit. squad., 1850-1. — Hamerslij. 

Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, architect, b. 
Yorkshire, Eng., May 1, 1767 ; d. Sept. 1320. 
His father, a Moravian clergyman and author, 
had him carefully educated at the LeipsicU. 
In 1785 he served a campaign in tlio Prussian 
service, and was severely wounded; he resigned; 
ti-avelled over Europe; returned to England in 
1786; became an architect ; and in 1788 was 
survcvor of the public offices of Lond. Losing 
his wife, he came for change of scene to Nor- 
folk, Va., in Mar. 1796; went to Phila. in 1798; 
built the Bank of Pa., the Schuylkill Water- 
works, compliHcd the Capitol at Washington; 
engaged in liiiililini; steamboats at Pittsburg in 
1815'; rLlmilt ihc Capitol, which had been burn- 
ed by the Briiidi ; built the Cathedral and the 
Exchange at Baltimore in 1817-18; and, en- 
gaging in the scheme of suppljrtng N. Orleans 
with water, in 1819 fell a victim to malarious 
disease. He pub. " Anniv. Ojation before the 
Soc. of Artists of the U.S., 8 May, 181 1," Phila. 

Latta, A. B., inventor of the steam fire-en- 
gine, b. 1821 ; d. Ludlow, Ky., 30 Apr. 1865. 

Lattimer, Henry, M.D., patriot of the 
Eevol., b. Newport, Del., April 24, 1 752 ; d. 
Phila. Dec. 19, 1819. He studied medicine at 
Phila. and at Edinburgh; and practised on his 
return until 1777, when, with Dr. Javn^ s Til- 
ton, he was ai.]). sur-ci.ii ot' the flvin- Iio^pital. 
After th" war, If ri'tnrn ■:! Imm,., ly.A r sinned 
practirr, hut Muiitnl it in 17114. M ml; r. if the 



l-uAJJ 



630 



Dec. 23, 1814, in the first battle of N. Orleans. 
Having removed to West Tenn., he became 
major in Cofl'ee's regt. vol. cav. in 1813; lieut.- 
col. in his brigade of mounted gunmen; was 
wonndod in the battle of Talladega with Creek 
Indians, under Gen. Jackson, Nov. 9, 1813; 
col. under Jackson in 1814. — Gardner. 

Laudonniere, RiNE Goulaine de, a 
French explorer of Florida. Adm. Coligny, 
having in 1561 formed the design of founding 
a Prot. colony in Amer., sent from Dieppe (15 
Feb. 1562) an expod. under Eibault and Lau- 
donniere, whose first settlement at Port Royal 
was, after their return to France, abandoned by 
the colonists. Apr. 22, 1 564, Laudonniere sailed 
with 3 ships with assistance for the colony. 
He landed at the harbor now known as St. 
Augustine ; afterwards coasted to the north ; 
and, entering the River St. John's, called by 
him the River Mary, built Fort Caroline on 
1(3 banks. Sept. 20, 1565, the Spaniards, un- 
der Mcnendez, entered the fort at daybreak, 
and put. the garrison to the. sword. A few 
escaped by flight, amon^ them Laudonniere, 
whose account of the aflair is in Hakluy t. — 
See also his Hist. Notable de la Floride, &c., 
Paris, 1586. 

Launitz, Robert E., sculptor, b. Rus- 
sia, 1806; d. N. Y. City, 12 Dec. 1870. He 
came to the U. S. in 1830, and was at one time 
quartermaster and capt. of engineers in the 7th 
K. Y. regt. Among his works are the Pulaski 
Monument, Savannah, Ga., and the statue of 
Gen. Thomas, now in Troy; also many fine 
monuments in Greenwood Cemetery. 

Laurens, Henkt, statesman, b. Charles- 
ton, S.C, 1724 ; d. there Dec. 8, 1792. His an- 
cestors were Huguenots. After receiving a good 
education, he was sent to London to fit him- 
self for commercial pursuits. On his return he 

entered into ' " 

activity, acquired an ampli 
opponent of the abuses of power, 
with the crown judges were frequent, especially 
in respect to their arbitrary decisions in marine 
law and the Com-ts of Admiraltj; ; and his pam- 
phlets gave remarkable proof of legal ability. 
He held a commission in one of the Cherokee 
campaigns, and loft a diary of the exped. in 
MS. Having retired from business, he went in 
1771 to Europe in order to superintend the edu- 
cation of his sons, and made the tour of Great 
Britain. With several other Americans, he 
endeavored in 1774 by petition to dissuade par- 
liament from passing the Boston Port Bill, and 
exerted himself to prevent a war. He arrived 
in Charleston in Dec. 1774 ; was chosen pres. 
of the council of safety and of the Prov. Con- 
gress, and in 1776 a delegate to the Gen. Con- 
gress ; and was pres. of that body 1 Nov. 1777- 
10 Dec. 1778. In 1779 he received the app. of 
minister-plenipo. to Holland. On his way he 
was captured by the British, carried to Lond., 
and committed to the Tower, where he was 
closely confined for more than 14 months. In 
Dec. 1781 he was app. by Congress one of the 
commiss. to negotiate a peace ; and, having re- 
paired to Paris, he signed (Nov. 30, 1782), with 
Franklin and Jay, the preliminaries of the trea- 
ty. His health had been broken by his impris- 
onment ; and he passed the remaining years of 



, and, by his industry and 
fortune. A sturdy 



his life in agric. pursuits. According to an in- 
junction contained in his will, his body was 
burnt, and his bones collected and buried. He 
left numerous original and valuable papers, a 
portion of which have been pub. in the Colls. 
of the S. C. Hist. Society. 

Laurens, John, a brave Revol. officer, b. 
1753; d. Aug. 27, 1782. Son of Henry. Af- 
ter receiving a liberal education in England, he 
returned to this country, and joined the army 
in 1777 as an aide of Washington, and w.is 
frequently his sec. Laurens requited the pvef- ■ 
ercnce of Washington with sincere devotion; 
toiled in his tent till midnight, writing letters 
and despatches ; was his chief medium of com- 
munication with the foreigners, French, Ger- 
man, and Polish, in the service ; rushed between 
him and danger at Monmouth ; and c.iUcd out 
and shot Gen. Charles Lee in a duel lor dis- 
respectful language to his general. His first 
essay in arms was at Brandywine. At the 
battle of Germantown he exhibited prodigies 
of valor in attempting to expel the British 
from Chew's house, and was severely wounded. 
At Coosahatchie, defending the pass with a 
handful of men against the whole force of 
Prevost, he was again wounded. He headed 
the light inf, and was among the first to 
mount the British lines at Savannah; displayed 
the greatest activity and courage during the 
siege of Charleston; entered with the forlorn 
hope the British redoubt carried by storm at 
Yorktown, and received the sword of the com- 
mander ; by indefatigable activity thwarted 
every effort of the British garrison in Charles- 
ton, confining them for months to the narrow 
limits of the city and neck ; and, unhappily, at 
the very close of the war, too carelessly expos- 
ing himself in a trifling skirmish near Comba- 
hec, sealed his devotion to his country in death. 
In the autumn of 1780 ho was sent as a special 
iiriii:' r n. F iMe to negotiate a loan from the 
1, I' ii li -lucess in this mission, which 
1- : .':■■■. ne to his country, was due to 

t'orresp., with llemoir by William Gilmore 
Siinms, was printed in 1867 for the Bradford 
Club, N.Y. 

Lauzun, Akmand Louis de Gontaut, 
duke de, afterwards Duke de Biron, b. Paris, 
April 15, 1747; d. Dec. 31, 1793. In conse- 
quence of a memoir which he had pub. on 
" L'Eiat de Defense de I'Angleterre," &c., he was 
charged with an exped. against Senegal and 
Gambia on the African coast, which he cap- 
tured Jan. 30, 1779. Greatly reduced in his 
pecuniary resources in consequence of dissipa- 
tion, he took the resolution of embarking in 
the American war. He made himself remarked 
by his valor and his chivalrous conduct, no less 
than by his elegant figure and appearance, and 
with his com., known as " Lauzun's Legion," 
he took part in the siege of Yorktown. He 
was an accomplished, but an exceedingly dis- 
solute and unprincipled man. Deputy of the 
noblesse to the States-General, he became the 
confid.int and secret agent of Philip ^fegalite; 
gen.-in-chief of the Army of the Rhine, July 9, 
1792 ; com. of the Army of the Coasts of la 
Rochelle, May 15, 1793; he applied for dis- 
charge to the com. of sal^ety, who refused, ap- 



531 



pealing to his patriotism. He took Saumur; 
defeated the Vendeans under the walls of Par- 
thenay, and insisted anew on his dismission. 
This irritated the committee, who sent him to 
the puillotine, where he manifested great in- 
trepidity. 

Laval, FRANfOis de Montmorency, 
bishop of Quebec, b. Laval, France, March 23, 
1622 ; d. Quebec, May 6, 1708. Ord. priest at 
Paris, Sept. 23, IGi.'j; became archdeacon of 
Evreux 1G.53 ; bishop of Petreaand vicar apos- 
toliqueof New France, July 5, 1658; and bishop 
of Quebec from Oct. 1674, to Jan. 24, 1688, 
when he resigned. He arrived at Quebec, June 
16, 16.59 ; founded the Sem. of Quebec, March 
26, 1663 ; consecrated the Parochial Church of 
Quebec, July II, 1666 ; and returned to France 
in 1674. In the spring of 1688 he retired to 
his sem., to which he made over the whole of 
his effects. He exercised a powerful influence 
npon the civil as well as the ecclesiastical affairs 
of the colony, making and unmaking its gov- 
ernors at will. — Mortjan. 

Iiaval, Col. Jacint ; d. Harper's Ferry, 
Va., Sept. 2, 1822, a. ab. 60. He came to this 
country in Rochamheau's army as a cornet of 
dragoons; was subsequently sherifF of Charles- 
ton, S.C. ; was app. capt. of dragoons U.S.A., 
May 3, 1808; major, Feb. 1.5, 1809; lieut.-col. 
(1st Light Dragoons) June 1, 1813 ; col. Aug. 
1, 1813; afterwards military storekeeper till 
his death. 

Laval, MONTMORENCT M.ATHIEU Pa0I, 

Locis, vicomte de, afterwards due de, b. 
1748; d. Paris, Mar. 1817. Son of Marshal 
Montmorency. Com. in America, under IJo- 
channbeau the regt. d'Auvergne, remarkable for 
the severity of its discipline. His son, Mathieo 
Jean Felioite Laval Montmorency, due 
de, who served under his father's orders in 
America, was wounded in the naval action be- 
tween Graves and Destouches near Chesapeake 
Bay, 1781 ; became in 1821 minister of foreign 
affairs, and d. in 1826, a. 59. 

Lavalette, Elie a. F., rear-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Va. 1789; d. Pliila. Nov. 19, 1862. App. 
sailing-master U.S.N. June 25, 1812; lieut. 
Dec. 9, 1814 ; com. Mar. 3, 1831 ; capt. Feb. 
23, 1840; and retired as rear-adm. July 31, 
1862. Served under Macdonough on Lake 
Champlain, Sept. II, 1814; under Com. 
Shubrick in capturing Mexican towns on the 



GulfofCal. ; and was 



img. 



the capture 



of Guayraos, Oct. 20, 1847. 

Lavialle, Pierre Joseph, R.C. bishop of 
Louisville, b. Mauriac, France, 1820 ; d. near 
Bardstown, Ky., May 11, 1867. At the age of 
23 he came to the U.S. ; was ord. priest, and 
ofiBciated one year in New York, when he was 
made prof, of theology in St. Mary's Coll., 
Lebanon, Ky. From 1855 to 1865 he was 
pres. of the coll.; and Sept. 24, 1865, was 
consec. bishop of Louisville. He founded 
several new educational and benevolent insti- 

Law, Rev. Andrew, 40 years a music- 
teacher; d. Cheshire, Ct., July, 1821, a. 73. 
Brown U. 1775. He invented 4 characters to 
express always the 4 syllables of music ; pub. 
"Rudiments of Music," 1783; "The Art of 
Singing," in 3 parts, 1803 ; " Musical Maga- 



zine," 1792; "Collection of Hymn-Tunes," 
1782. Law (who was authorof " Archdale") 
and Billings were the earliest known Amer. 
composers of music. — .See Hood's Hist. Music. 

Law, Jonathan, statesman and jurist, b. 
Milford, Ct., Aug. 6, 1674; d. Nov. 6, 1750. 
H.U. 1695. Grandsonof Richard, an eminent 
lawyer of Stamford. He began the practice 
of law in Milford in 1698. In 1706 he was 
made justice of the peace ; justiceof the quorum 
1710; chief judge 1714; assist, from 1717 
until chosen dep.-gov. 1725 ; chief justice of 
the Supreme Court 1725-41 ; and gov. from 
Mav, 1741, until his death. 

Law, Richard, LL.D. (Y.C. 1802), jurist, 
b. Milford, Ct., Mar. 17, 1733; d. New Lon- 
don, Jan. 26, 1806. Y.C. 1751. Son of Gov. 
Jonathan Law. Studied law under Hon. Jared 
Ingersoll ; was soon after the age of 21 adra. 
to the bar at New Haven, and immediately set- 
tled at New London, where he became highly 
disting. in his profession. Chief judge of the 
New London County Court till app. in May, 
1784, to the Superior Court, of which, in May, 
1786, he was app. chief judge; app. by Wash- 
ington dist. judge of Ct., which position he 
held until death ; member of the council from 
1776 to 1786 ; a member of Congress in 1777- 
8 and 1781-4; and was mayor of New London 
from its incorporation in Mar. 1784, until he 
died! Together with Roger Sherman, lie re- 
vised, soon after the return of peace, the code 
of statute laws of the State. At the bar he was 
disting. more as a learned lawyer, a close logi- 
cian, a fair special pleader, th.-in as an eloquent 
orator. Lyman, his son (lawyer, and M.C. 
1811-17), d.3 Feb. 1842, a. 71.' Anotherson, 
Capt. Richard La-vv (midshipm. in the frigate 
" Trumbull ;" 1779-80, 8 j'earscollector of the 
port of N. London ; b. there 1762), d. 19 Dee. 
1845. 

Lawranee, John, jurist and statesman, 
b. Cornwall, Eng., 1750; d. N.Y. Nov. 1810. 
He came to N.Y. in 1767 ; wasadm. to the bar 
in 1772; held a commission in the 1st N.Y. 
regt. in 1775 ; was aide-de-camp to bis father- 
in-law, Gen. McDougall, and to Washington 
from Oct. 6, 1777; and afterward judge advo- 
cate at the trial of M.aj. Andre. In 1783 he 
resumed practice in N.Y ; member of the Old 
Congress 1785-6; State senator 1789; M.C. 
1789-93; judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of 
N.Y. 1794-6; and U.S. senator 1796-1800, 
presiding over that body in 1798. He was a 
zealous and able defender of the measures of 
Washington, and was the personal and political 
friend of Hamilton. Upon the questions of 
neutrality, currency, finance, and especially 
the commercial interests of the country, he 
evinced great comprehensiveness and foresight. 

Lawrence, x\bbott, LL.D. (H.U. 1854), 

an eminent citizen and merchant of Ms., b. 
Groton, Dec. 16, 1792; d. Boston, Aug. 18, 
1855. Son of Sara'l( 1754-1 827), a Revol. offi- 
cer. He was educated at Groton Acad. ; went to 
Boston in 1808, and became a clerk in the dry- 
goods store of his bro. Amos. Adm. a partner 
in 1814, they for many years prosecuted a very 
extensive importing business, and laid the 
foundations of their several fortunes. He was 
the travelling partner, and visited Europe a 



532 



LA-^^V 



number of times ; subsequently became one of 
the foremost men in building; up American 
manufactures, and the fiourisliins city of Law- 
rence was the oifsprinj; of his enterprise. He 
was from an early period of his life a zealous 
advocate of the protective system. In 1827 he 
was a delegate to the Harrisburg convention, 
to consider the manufacturing interests of the 
country; in 1831 served in the common coun- 
cil of Boston; M.C. 1835-7 and 1839-41 ; in 
1842 he was app. a coramiss. to arrange the 
north-eastern boundary question ; minister to 
Eng. 1849-Oct. 18.52. He founded the Law- 
rence Scientific School in Cambridge, to which 
he gave 8100,000. He established prizes for 
the deserving scholars of the pulilic schools, 
and always gave generously to chnrchcs and 
to religious and charitable associations. His 
son Timothy Bigelow, b. Boston, 23 Nov. 
1826. H.U. 1846. Allach^at London 1849- 
55 ; consul-gen. to Italv from 1862 to his d. at 
Washington, 21 Mar. 1869. 

Lawrence, Amos, a philanthropic mer- 
chant of Boston, b. Groton, Ms., Apr. 20, 1786; 
d. Boston, Dec. 31, 1852. After an academic 
ediiration in his native town, he commenced 
business in Boston in 1807; formed a partner- 
ship with his bro. Abbott under the firm of 
A. and A. Lawrence, Jan. 1, 1814, and for 39 
years was a leading memlier of the mercantile 
community, acquiring a largo fortune, which 
he employed in many acts of unsurpassed lib- 
erality. Besides his constant private charities, 
he gave munificently to the cause of education 
and religion. To Wms. Coll. he gave at dif- 
ferent times an aggregate of near $40,000. 
The aead. at Groton was also liberally assisted 
by him. To the fund for the erection of 
BunkiT-hill Monument he contributed at one 
time SIO.UUO, and sums at other times to nearly 
or quite an equal amount. His personal exer- 
tions did much towards awakening the spirit 
which secured its completion. He was in 1821 
a member of the State legisl. Mr. Lawrence 
was imbued with the true spirit of Christian 
benevolence. Modest and unassuming in his 
deportment, his immense charities, which in 
the aggregate amounted to several hundreds of 
thousands of dollars, were noiselessly dispensed. 
" Extracts from the Diary and Correspond- 
ence of Amos Lawrence," with a memoir by 
his son, W. R. Lawrence, was pub. 1855. 

Lawrenoe, Charles, a British gen. ; d. 
Halifax, N.S., Oct. 19, 1760. Made a member 
of the council of N.S. July 31, 1749 ; being 
then a major in the army. In the spring of 
1750 he was sent to reduce the French at 
Chigneeto ; but they burned their town, and 
retired to the woods ; in the-course of the sum- 
n'i'>r he returned to the attack, and erected a 
fort at the head of the Bay of Fundy, called 
Fort Lawrence. On the retirement 'of Gov. 
Hopson in 1753 he administered the govt.; 
was app. licut.-gov. 1754, and gov. in 1756. In 
Sept. 1757 he was app. a col. com. of the 60th 
regt., and brig, in Amer. Dec. 31. In Loudon's 
campaign of 1757 he com. the reserve, and at 
the siege of Louisburg, in 1758, the 2d bri- 
gade. 

Lawrence, James, capt. tr.S.N. b. Bm-- 
Ungton, a. J., Oct. 1, 1781 ; d. June 5, 1813. 



His father, John Brown Lawrence, was a mcra- 
ber of the council, a disting. lawyer, and a loy- 
alist. James early manifested a strong predi- 
lection for the sea ; and after the death of his 
father, who designed him for the law, he en- 
tered the navy as a midshipman Sept. 4, 1798; 
April 6, 1802, he was promoted to liont. ; and 
in 1803, in the schooner "Enterprise," took a 
disting. part in the destruction of " The Phila- 
delphia, frigate, and in the bombardment of 
Tnpoli; transferred to the frigate "John Ad- 
ams" in 1808 ; promoted to master-com. Nov. 
3, 1810. Feb. 24, 1813, in " The Hornet," he 
fell in with the brig "Peacock," Capt. Peake, 
which he took after an action of 15 minutes. 
She sunk before all the prisoners could be re- 
moved. Capt. Mar. 4, 1813, and ordered to 
Boston to take com. of the frigate " Chesa- 
peake." June 1, 1813, he sailed out of the har- 
bor, and engaged tlio British frigate " Shan- 
non." After the ships had exchanged several 
broadsides, and Lawrence had been wounded, 
the British boarded, and, after a desperate re- 
sistance, sueceadcd in taking possession of the 
ship. Almost all the officers of " The Chcsa^ 
peake" were either killed or wounded. The last 
exclamation of Lawrence, as they were carry- 
ing him below after the fatal wound, was, 
" Don't give up the ship ! " " The Shannon " 
was a thoroughly disciplined ship ; " The 
Chesapeake," on the other hand, had arrived 
at Boston 2 months before from a cruise ; and 
the men had been much on shore, indulging free- 
ly in dissipation. Capt. Lawrence, having been 
bat a few days in com., was a stranger to hia 
crew, among whom some disalfection existed 
in consequence of unpaid prize-money. 

Lawrence, Jonathan, poet, b. N. York, 
19 Nov. 1807; d. Apr. 26, 1833. Col. Coll. 
1823. He practised law; but the high expecta- 
tions formed of him were cut short by his early 
death. His writings in prose and vci-se were 
collected and pub. by his bro. in 1833. — See 
Griswold's Poets and Poetry of Amer. 

Lawrence, Wiloaji, col. U.S.A., b. Cal- 
vert Co., Md.: d. Wasliington, D.C., Jan. 1841. 
Entering the 4th Inf. June 8, 1801, ho was adj. 
Jan. 1807 ; capt. Jan. 1810; maj. 2d Inf. Apr. 
1814 ; brev. lieut.-col. for defence of Fort Bow- 
ycr, Sept. 15, 1814; again attacked in Feb. 
1815, badly wounded, and compelled to surren- 
der; lieut.-col. May, 1818; col. 5th Inf. Aug. 
1828; resigned July, 1831. 

Lawrence, William, jurist and politi- 
cian, b. Mt. Pleasant, Ohio, June 26, 1819. 
Frankl. Coll., O., 1838; Cin. Law School, 1840. 
He rose to distinction at the bar of MeConnels- 
ville, but subsequently settloil at P.i lle'.oiitiiin'', 
where he had an extensive ina'ti'-e. rru> c. 
atty. for Logan Co. 1S4J ; alitor and jiroiiric- 
tor of the Logan Gazette 1845-7 ; Stale repre- 
sentative 1847-9; State senator 1849-51 and 
'54-5, where he advocated and carried bills to 
quiet land titles and for the establishment of a 
Kefomi School ; reporter of the O. Sup. Court 
1851, and compiled vol. xx. Ohio Reports; 
judge C.C.P. 1856-64; M.C. 1865-71. Served 
as col. 84th O. regt. at Cumberland and New 
Creek in 1862. Author of the Free Banking 
Law of Ohio ; and h.as prepared a work on 
the "Ohio CivU Code," and on the "Law of 



Interest and Usury." He at one time edited the 
Western Law Monthlif. 

Lawrence, William Beach, LL.D., au- 
d'l^C /^//thor, b. New York, Oct. 23, 1800. Col. Coll. 
1818. After a course of legal and hist, study 
at Paris, he became a councillor of the N.Y. 
Sup. Court in 1823 ; sec. of leaation, at Lond. 
1825; charqi d'affaires 1327-8; liout.-gov. of 
IM. 1851-2 ; and tor a portion of the time gov. 
of the State. Author of an " Address bef. the 
H.Y. Acadcmjr of Fiue Arts," 1826; transla- 
tion of Marbois' Hist, of La., with Essay and 
Notes, 1830; "Discourse bef. the N.Y. Hist. 
Soc," 1832, and other papers in the "Proceed- 
ings " of the society, of which he was vice-pres. 
in 1836-45; "Two Lectures on Polit. Econo- 
my," 1832; "Bank of the U.S.," 1831 ; "In- 
quiry into the Causes of the Public Distress," 
N.Y. 1834; "Discourses and Ueviews on Po- 
lit. Economy," 8vo, 1834; "History of the 
North-eastern Boundary Negotiations," 1841 ; 
"Memoir of Albert Gallatin," 1843; "The 
Colonization and Subsequent History of New 
Jersey," 1843; " The Law of Charitable Uses," 
N.Y. 1845 ; Lives of Reuben H. Walcot and 
Charles O'Connor, 1848; "Maine Law Speech 
in the R. I. Senate," 1852 ; " Vi-itation and 
Search," 1853; an nd. of Wheaton's "Intern. 
Law, with Addit. Notes," &c., Boston, 1855. 
Contrib. to many joui'nals and periodicals. — 
AUibone. 

Lawson, James, author and editor, b. 
Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 9, 1799. U. of Glas- 
gow. He came to America at the closeof 1815, 
and entered the counting-house of a maternal 
uncle at N.Y. Ho wrote for the N. Y". Litcranj 
Gazelle ; was associate editor of the Morniiiij 
Courier (1827-9), and also of the Mercantile 
Adoertiser (1829-33). He has since pursued 
the business of marine insurance in New York. 
His publications are " Tales and Sketches by a 
Cosmopolite," 1830; and "Giordano," a trage- 
dy, first performed at the Park Theatre, Nov. 
1323; contrib. of criticism, essays, tales, and 
verse to the periodicals of the day ; and has 
been much connected with the drama in N. Y. — 
Vujchinch. 

Lawsoa, Johx, surveyor-gcn. and histori- 
an, b. Scotland; burned at the stake by the Indi- 
/ans of N.C. 171^.' Hi began his surveys in 
1703; and was Sin intelligent observer, enter- 
prising and circumspect, but fell a victiui to 
the jealousy of the natives. He was taken by 
them during one of his explorations, wlicn in 
company with De Graifenried, a Swiss baron, 
who contemplated colonization. The latter was 
permitted to purchase freedom. He left a val- 
uable history of the Carolinas, entitled "A 
New Voyage to Cai-olina, containing the Ex- 
act Description and Natural History of that 
Countrv,"'&c., pub. Loudon, 1703, 4to, and 
Raleigh, 12mo, 1860. 

Lawson, Gex. Robert, Rcvol. officer ; d. 
Richmond, Va., Apr. 1805. Major 4tli Va. 
re|t. 13 Feb. 1776; col. in 1777; and com. a 
brigade of Va. militia under Greene at the bat- 
tle of Guilford.— 5ee Nat. Intell. Oct. 27, 1802. 

Lawson, Thomas, brcv. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Va. App. surgeon's mate U.S.N. March 1, 
180D; surgeon 6th Inf. May, 1813; surgeon- 
gen, (rank of col.) Nov. 30, 1836 ; lieut.-col. of 



P. F. Smith's regt. of La. vols, in Fla. war, 
1837 ; and com. a batt. N.Y. and Pa. vols, till 
May, 1838; brev. bri^-.-gen "for meritorious 
conduct" in the Mexican war, May 30, 1848. 
Author of " Report on Sickness and Mortality 
U.S.A. 1819-39," 8vo, 1840; "Meteorological 
Register 1826-30, and Appendix for 1822-5," 
8vo, Phila. 1840. 

Lawton, Alexander Robeet, general 
C.S.A., b. S.C. ah. 1820. West Point, 1839; 
Camb. Law School, 1842. Entering the 1st 
Art., he resigned Dec. 31, 1840; adiu. to the 
bar at Savannah in 1842; and became col. in 
the State mLitia. In 1849-54 he was pres. of 
the Savannah and Augusta Railroad ; member 
Ga. legisl. 1855-6; State senator 1854-61; 
pres. Ga. Democ. convention 1860. In 1861 
he entered the service of Ga. ; but was subse- 
quently transferred to the Confed. army, in 
which he was made brig.-gen. 

Lay, Benjamin, a benevolent and eccen- 
tric Quaker, b. Eng. 1681 ; d. Abinijton, Pa., 
1 760. Bred to the sea. He settled in Barba- 
docs ab. 1710; but became obnoxious to the 
inhabitants by his condemnation of slave-own- 
ing ; left the island, and settled at Abington, 
near Phila. In 1737 he wrote a treatise entitled 
" All Slave-Keepers that keep the Innocent in 
Bondage Apostates." It was printed by Frank- 
lin, who told the author that it was deficient 
in aiTangement. " It is no matter," said Mr. 
Lay, " print any part thou pleasest fii-st." 
Temperate in his diet, he declaimed against the 
introduction of tea as a pernicious herb. He 
distributed religious boolis as prizes to school- 
children, also imparling to them advice and in- 
struction. All his clothes were manufactured 
by himself. His bold, determined, and uniform 
reprehension of slavery, in defiance of public 
opinion, docs him the highest honor. — See 
Rush's Essaus, and Wharton's Notes on the Lit. 
of Pa. 

Laye, Francis, a British gen. of art. ; d. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Jan. 29, 1828. A lieut. of 
art., he was ordered to N. York in 1773; was 
wounded at Bunker's Hill ; was in the battles 
of Long Island, White Plains, Fort Washing- 
ton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, 
and in Gen. Leslie's exped. to Va. Joining 
Lord Rawdon, he was severely wounded at 
Camden ; received the special thanks of that 
officer, and was ordered home, lie com. the 
art. in the West Indies in 1800 ; and served in 
the capture of the islands by the cxped. under 
Admiral Duckworth and Gen. Trigge. 

Layne, Charles, b. Albemarle, near Buck- 
ingham Co., 1700; d. CampbeU Co., Va., May 
17, 1821, aged 121. He left a widow aged 110 
ycai-s, and a numerous and respectable laraily 
down to the 3d and 4th generations. Until the 
last few years of his life he enjoyed all his fac- ^ 

ulties, with vigorous bodily health. p J I 

Lea, Henry Caket, son of Isaac, and W'i- *'» ^' 
grandson of Mathcw Carey, b. Phila. 1 9 Sept. 
1825. Present representative of the pub.-)iouse 
established by Mathcw Carey and Sons at the 
close of the last century. Author of " Super- 
stition and Force," &c., 1866; "Studies in 
Church History," &c., 1869; " Hist, of Clerical 
Celibacy." 

Lea, Isaac, LL.D. (U.U. 1852), naturalist, 



LEA. 



534 



b. ■Wilmington, Del., Mar. 4, 1792. His an- 
cestors were ministers in ihe Society of Friends. 
Placed at the age of 15 with his elder bro., a 
merchant in Phila., he occupied his leisure in 
collecting minerals, fossils, &c. In 1815 he be- 
came a member of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences 
of Phila., and shortly after pub. his first paper 
in the Journal of tite Acad., describing the mm- 
erals in the neighborhood of Phila. In 1821 
he joined the publishing-firm of his father-in- 
law, Mathew Carey, retiring from it in 1851. 
In 1827 he began a scries of memoirs on new 
forms of fresh-water and land shells, which 
have been continued to the present time. In 
1832 he visited Europe, and in 18.33 pub. 
" Contributions to Geology," describing 228 
species of tertiary fossils from Alabama. Mr. 
Lea has contemplated the publication of a large 
work on the unioyndce of the U.S. He is a 
member of many learned bodies in Europe 
and Amcr. In Dec. 1858 he was elected pres. 
of the Acad, of Natural Sciences of Phila. 
He has also pub. " Description of a New Ge- 
nus of the Family Melaniana," 1851 ; " Fossil 
Footmarks in the Red Sandstones of Potts- 
ville; " and " Synopsis of the Family of Naia- 
des," 1 852. — See list of 55 of his p'u bs. in Al- 

Liea, Thomas Gidson, botanist (1785- 
1844); left "A Catalogue of Plants, Native 
and Naturalized, collected in the Vicinity of 
Cincinnati, O.," which was pub. by W. S. 
Sullivant, 1849. 

Leake, Walter, gov. of Mpi. 1821-25, b. 
Va. ; d. Mt. Salus, Hines Co., Mpi., Nov. 17, 
1825. A .•soldier of the Revol., and U.S. sena- 
tor from 1817 to 1820. 

Learning, Jeremiah, D.D. (Y.C. 1789), 
Epis. clergyman, b. Middletown, Ct , 1719; d. 
N. Haven, Sept. 15, 1804. Y.C. 1745. Ord. 
1748. He preached 8 years at Newport, R. I., 
21 years at Norwalk, Ct. ; and at Stratford 8 



jrears. 



■ the Revol. he was confined : 



jail as a Tory, and contracted a disease of the 
hip, crippling him for life. In 1783 he declined 
the episcopacy of Ct. on account of infirmity. 
He wrote Defences of the Epis. Govt, of the 
Church, 1766 and 1770 ; " Evidences of Chris- 
tianity," 1785; "Dissertations," 1789. ' Dr. 
L. was at one time thought of for the oflSce 
of first bishop of the Amer. Epis. Church. 

Lear, Tobias, diplomatist, b. Portsmouth, 
N.H., Sept. 19, 1762; d. Washington, D.C., 
Oct. 10, 1816. H.U. 1783. In 1785 he be- 
came private sec. to Gen. Washington, and 
was most liberally remembered bv him in his 
will. In 1801 he was made consul-gen. at St. 
Domingo ; and from 1804 to 1812 was consul- 
gen, at Algiers, and cnmmiss. to conclude a 
peace with Tripoli. The latter duty he per- 
formed in 1805, much to the dissatisfaction of 
Gen. Eaton, who was gaining important ad- 
vantages over the Tripolitans. Lear's conduct 
was approved by his govt., though much blamed 
by a portion of the public. At his decease he 
was an accountant in the war dep.irtment. 

Learned, Ebenezer, brig.-gin. Revol. ar- 
my; d. O.xibrd, Ms., Apr. 1, ISOl, a. 73. A 
capt. in the old French war (1756-63). He 
marched to Cambridge with his regt. (3d) the 
day after the battle of Lexington. After the 



removal of the army to N.Y., he became af- 
flicted with disease, and in May, 1776, request- 
ed permission to retire from the service. Apr. 
2, 1777, Congress app. him a brig.-gen. ; but, his 
health gradually sinking, he was permitted, 
Mar. 24, 1778, to retire from the army. Dec. 
7, 1795, his name was placed upon the pension- 
list. At the first battle of Stillwater, Sept. 19, 
1777, he com. the centre ; in Aug. previous, he 
marched his brigade to the relief of Fort Schuy- 
ler ; he was at Valley Forge in the following 
winter. 

Leavenworth, Henrv, brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Ct., Dec. 10, 1783 ; d. Cross Timbers, near 
the False Wachita, July 21, 1834. At the com- 
mencement of the war of 1812 he was assoc. 
with Gen. Root in the practice of law. App. 
from N.Y. capt. 25th Inf. Apr. 1812 ; mnj. 9th 
Inf. Aug. 15, 1813; com. his regt. and brcv. 
lieut.-col. and col. for distinguished services 
at Chippewa, July 5, 1814; and at Niagara 
Falls, where he was wounded, July 25, 1814 ; 
lieut.-col. 5th Inf. Feb. 10, 1818 ; com. and dis- 
ling. in the exped. against the Arickaree Indi- 
ans, 700 miles above Council Bluffs on Mo. Ri- 
ver; brev.brig.-gen. July 25, 1824; col. 3d Inf. 
Dec. 16, 1825. Heestablishcd various military 
posts on our Western frontier, one of which, 
now the flourishing city of Leavenworth, Kan., 
perpetuates his name. 

Leavitt, Dudley, extensively known in 
N.H. as "Old Master Leavitt," having been 
its almanac-maker above half a century, com- 
mencing in 1797; b. Exeter, May 23, 1772; 
d. Meredith, Sept. 15, 1851. Heformerly kept 
school in winter ; worked on his farm through- 
out the year ; made almanacs, arithmetics, 
grammars, &c., in long winter evenings. He 
edited the Gilmanton Gazette in 1800; and in 
1811 began the N.H. Register, which he edited 
some years. In 1806 he removed to Meredith. 

Leavitt, Rev. Joshua, b. Franklin Co., 
N.Y., 1794. Y.C. 1814. Adm. to the bar 
1819; ord. 1825. Has pub. " Easy Lessons 
in Heading," 1823; "Christian Lvre," 1831; 
" Series of Readers," 1 847. Ed. Sailo,-'s Mag., 
N.Y. Evangelist, N.Y. Independent, &C. — AI- 

Leehford, Thomas, a lawyer from Lon- 
don, the first who came to N.E. intending to 
pursue the profession ; lived in Boston from 
1638 to 1641. He returned to Eng., dissatis- 
fied with the country, and pub. " Plaine Deal- 
ing, or Newes from New England's Present 
Government, Ecclesiastical and Civil, Com- 
pared," &c., Lond. 1642 (new ed. with introd. 
and notes by J. Hammond Trumbull, 1867); . 
" New England's Advice to Old England," 4to, 
1644. He is said to have d. soon after the pub. of 
this book. — See Hutchinson's Hist. Mass. Bay. 

Le Clear, Thomas, painter, b. Owego, 
N.Y., March 11, 1818. In early youth he 
evinced his artistic skill, and ])ractised por- 
traiture in various places, until in 1839 he came 
to N.Y. City, where his picture called "Rep- 
rimand " attracted attention. In 1844-60 he 
painted portraits in Buffalo, and has since re- 
sided in N.Y. Among his portraits is " D. S. 
Dickinson," Edwin Booth as Hamlet, e.x-Pres. 
Fillmore, Col. Thorpe, Col. Porter, McEntee, 
and Hubbard, artists ; and of his compositions, 



LKC 



535 



"The Marble-Players," "Young America," 
and " The Itinerants," are best known. — 
Tuckennan. 

Iieclercq, Chretien, French missiona- 
ry, b. Artois, ab. 1630. Sent to Canada in 
1655, where he labored many years. After his 
return to France, he pub. histories of the 
French Colonies in New France, and of La 
Salle's Exped. to Explore the Mpi., 1691. 

Le Conte, John Eaton, naturalist, b. 
near Shrewsbury, N. J., Feb. 22, 1784; d. 
Phila. Nov. 21, 1861). He entered the engr. 
corps in 1818, but resigned Aug. 20, 1831, hav- 
ing attained the rank of major. His principal 
publications are, " Monographs of the N. 
American Species of Utricularia, Gratiola, and 
Euellia; " " Observations of the N. American 
Species of Viola;" "Descriptions of the 
Species of N. American Tortoise " (in " An- 
nals of N.Y. Lyceum of Nat. Hist.") ; " A 
Monography of N. American Histeroides " 
(Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.) ; " Descriptions 
of Three New Species of Auricula, with Re- 
marks upon other N. American Rodents " 
(Proceedings of Phila. Acad, of Nat. Sciences). 
He was vice-pres. of the Amer. Acad, of Nat. 
Sciences, and had a high reputation for ac- 
curacy as a naturalist. 

Le Conte, John L., M.D., naturalist, 
son of the preceding, b. N.Y. May 1.3, 1825. 
N.Y. Coll. Phys. and Surg. 1846. He made 
scientific journeys to Lake Superior and the 
Upper Mpi. in 1844, to the Rocky Mountains 
in 1845, and to Lake Superior again in 1846. 
Tn 1848 he made a third journey to this lake, 
in company with Agassiz and others, and con- 
Irib. the account of the coleopiera to the vol. 
giving the results of the exped. In 1849-51 
he was in Cal., and explored the Colorado 
River. He has contrib. many papers, chiefly 
on coleoyterous insects, to the Transactions of 
various learned societiesand to the Smithsonian 
" Contributions to Knowlcd'ie." — Appleton. 

Le Conte, Joseph, M.D., naturalist and 
physician, b. Liberty Co., Ga., 1823. In 1851 
he accomp. Prof. Agassiz on a scientific tour 
toFla. ; and in 1856 became prof, of chemistry 
and geology in S.C. Coll. He has pub. seveial 
chemical and geological works. 

Lederer, John, the first explorer of the 
Alleghanies, wrote in Latin an account of bis 
" Three Several Marches from Va. to the West 
of Carolina, and Other Parts of the Continent, 
begun in March, 1669, and ended in Sept. 
1670," translated by Sir William Talbot, and 
pub. in Lond. 1672. — Dui/ckinclc. 

Ledyard, John, traveller, b. Groton, Ct., 
1751 ; d. Cairo, Egypt, Jan. 17, 1789. He 
passed some time at Dartm. Coll. to fit him- 
self for a missionary to the Indians, and spent 
several months among the tribes of the Six 
Nations, but, impelled by a restless spirit of 
adventure, shipped at N. London as a common 
sailor, and, being in London when Cook was 
starting on his last voyage around the world, 
embarked with him as a corporal of marines. 
He kept a journal of this voyage, a brief sketch 
of which was pub. in Hartford in 1783. He 
made several fruitless efforts to set on foot a 
trading exped. to the N.W. coast, and went to 
Europe in June, 1784. He then undertook a 



journey through Northern Europe and Asia, 
and across Behring's Straits to the western 
hemisphere. Sir Joseph Banks and others 
gave him a small supply of money ; and in 
the latter part of 1786 he departed. Arriving 
at Stockholm, he walked around the whole 
coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, reaching St. 
Petersburg in the latter part of March, 1787, 
without money, shoes, or stockings. This jour- 
ney, of upward of 1,400 miles, took less than 7 
weeks. Proceeding on his way to Siberia, he 
was arrested at Irkootsk, Feb. 24, 1788, by 
order of the empress, conducted to the frontier 
of Poland, and dismissed with an intimation 
that he would be hanged if he re-entered Rus- 
sia. This arrest is supposed to have been caused 
by the jealousy of the Russian-American Trad- 
ing Company. Ledyard found his way back to 
London, "disappointed, ragged, and penniless," 
and at once accepted an offer to explore the 
interior of Africa. Leaving Eng. in the latter 
part of June, he was attacked at Cairo by a 
bilious disorder, which put an end to his life. 
For capacity, endurance, and resolution, he 
was most remarkable. He said of himself, " I 
have known both hunger and nakedness to the 
utmost extremity of human suffering. I have 
known what it was to have food given me as 
charity to a madman ; and I have at times been 
obliged to shelter myself under the miseries of 
that character to avoid a heavier calamity." 
Some of his manuscripts were printed in Lon- 
don a few years after his death in the Mem- 
oirs of the Society instituted for encouraging 
Discoveries in the Interior of Africa. Many 
extracts from bis journal, and his private cor- 
resp. with Jefferson and others, are given in 
Sparks's "Life of Ledyard." 

Ledyard, William, col. in the Revol. 
army, b. Groton. Ct., 1738; d. Sept. 6, 1781. 
Bru. Ml the |inci iIiiil;. During the marauding 
expiil. ni AriM,:,| -|,,ng the coast of Ct., Col. 
L. Willi i:,7 mil I riaiii.'ii, hastily collected, threw 
him^i-li iiitn Fui t ( .1 iswold,oppo.siteN. London, 
when it was attacked by the British colonel, 
Eyre, with 800 men. After a biave resistance, 
and a loss of 200 men inflicted on the enemy, 
the work was carried by assault, and its gallant 
defenders put to the sword. The Tory major, 
Bromfield, on receiving Ledyard's sword, de- 
liberately ran him through the body, killing 
him on the spot. A monument commemorates 
the event and locality. His widow d. Phila. 
Nov. 8, 1848, a. 90. 

Lee, Alfked, D.D. (Trin. Coll. 1841), 
Prot.-Ep. bishop of Del., b. Cambridge, Ms., 
Sept. 9, 1807. H.U. 1827. He studied law; 
was adm. to the New London bar in 1830; and 
practised in Norwich in 1831-3. He then stu- 
died in the Gen. Theol. Sem. in N.Y. ; was ord. 
deacon in June, 1S37; priest, June, 1838; was 
pastor of Calvary Church, Rockdale, Del. Co., 
Pa., from Sept. 1838 to Sept. 1841 ; and was 
conscc. bishop Oct. 12, 1841 ; rector of St. 
Andrew's Church, Wilmington. Author of 
a " Life of the Apostle Peter," 135-2 ; " Life 
of St. John," 1854; "Treatise on Baptism," 
1854 ; " Memoir of Miss Susan Allibone," 8vo, 
1856; "The Harbinger of Christ," 12mo, 

Lee, Ann, founder of the sect of Shaking 



LBK 



536 



Quakers in tliis country, b. Manchester, Eng., 
Feb. 29, 1736; d. Watervliet, N.Y., Sept. 8, 
1784. She was employed in a cotton-factory, 
and afterwards as a cook in the Manchester 
Infirmary; m. a blacksmith named Stanley; 
and in 17.53 joined tlic small society formed by 
James and jane Wardley, Quakers, the origi- 
nators of the sect of Shakers in Eng. Ab. 1770 
she began to testify against the wickedness of 
marriage as " the root of human depravity," 
and was confined for several weeks in a mad- 
house. She came with some of her followers 
to New York in 1774; and in the spring of 
1776 established herself at Watervliet, near 
Albany, at which time she became their recog- 
nized iiead. She was charged with witchcraft, 
and, being opposed to war, was accused of secret 
corresp. with the British. A charge of high 
treason was preferred against her, and she was 
impri.soncd at Albany and in the Poughkeopsie 
jail until her release by Gov. Clinton in 1777. 
Returning to Watervliet, her followers greatly 
increased. In 1780, during a religious revival 
in New Lebanon and several adjoining towns, 
under the influence of Ann Lee, many persons 
were converted to the doctrines of the Shakers. 
In this movement originated the flonrishing 
society at New Lebanon. In 1781-.3 Ann Lee, 
and the elders of the society at Watervliet, 
made a missionary journey through N.E., in the 
course of which societies were founded in Har- 
vard, Ms., and other places. So great were the 
spiritual gifts she was believed to possess, that 
she was acknowledged a spiritual mother in 
Christ. Hence lier name of " Mother Ann." 
— See Millennial Church pub. b,/ the Shakers. 

Lee, Arthur, Lr>.D. (H.U. 1789), diplo- 
matist of the Revol., the youngest of 6 disting. 
brothers, b. Westmoreland Co., Va., 20 Dee. 
1740 ; d. 14 Dec. 1792. Educated at Eton and 
the U. of Edinburgh, he took the degree of 
M.D. in 17C5; made the tour of Europe; and, 
returning to Va., practised at Williamsburg 
with success. Determining to be a lawyer, he 
went to Eng. to study the profession in 1766; 
joined the society of suj)porters of the bill of 
rights ; engaged in a literary controversy with 
"Junius," and, under the signature of " Junius 
Aniericanus," wrote political articles that 
pained Iriin the acquaintance of Johnson, 
Burke, Dr. Price, and other eminent men. In 
1769 he |)ub. "The Monitor's Letters," in vin- 
dication of colonial rights. Adm. to the bar 
in 1770, and app. by the Ms. Assembly agent, 
in case of the absence or death of Dr. Frank- 
lin, he co-operated with him, and received in 
1784, for his services to the State, 4,000 acres 
of land. In 1774 he pub. at Paris " An Appeal 
to the People of Great Britain," which was 
ascribed to Lord Chatham. Appointed in Nov. 
1775 the London correspondent of Congress. In 
Aug. 1775 he presented the second petition of 
Congress to the king. App. in Sept. 1776 one 
of the commiss. to France, and at the same 
time agent for Va., he succeeded in procuring 
for that State, from the royal arsenals, warlike 
stores to the value of nearly £-260,000. In 
May, 1777, Congress app. him sole commiss. 
to Spain, still retaining him on the French 
commiss. He presented to the Spanish Govt, 
an eloquent memoir ou " The Present State 



of the Dispute between America and Great 
Britain," and finally procured a large money 
loan. He next went to Berlin, where he was 
permitted to reside in a private capacity, and 
to correspond secretly with the court, from 
whom he received friendly assurances. Dis- 
cord arising between Lee and the other com- 
missioners, factions were created in Congress 
which endangered the cause ; and Lee became 
the bitter enemy of Franklin, whom he falsely 
charged with connivance at fraud and corrup- 
tion, and with being under French influence. 
Lee was envious of the superiority of Franklin, 
whom he persistently libelled in his letters to 
Congress. When, in 1779, it was determined 
to send a minister to Spain, Lee, though 
nominated, was not app. He then resigned ; 
returned home in Aug. 1780; communicated 
his views to Congress ; and also pub. " Ex- 
tracts from a Letter to Congress in Answer to 
a Libel by Silas Deane," Deane in a published 
address having charged Lee with obstructing 
the alliance with France, and disclosing the 
secrets of Congress to British noblemen. Mem- 
ber of the Va. Assembly in 1781 ; member of 
Congress in 1782-5; delegate to treat with the 
northern Indians in 1784; and member of the 
treasury board in 1785-9, whence he retired to a 
farm on the Rappahannock. He was a pure 
patriot ; a man of polite manners, but of 
strong passions, and a jealous and melancholy 
temperament. His " Life and Corresp. " was 
pub. by his grand-nephew, R. H. Lee, 2 vols. 
1829. 

Lee, Charles, maj.-gen. Revol. armv, b. 
Dernhall, Cheshire, Eng., 1731 ; d. Phila. 2 
Oct. 1782. Son of Col John Lee. Entering 
the army at an early age, he came in 1754 to 
Amer. ; served under Braddock in the disas- 
trous defeat of the Monongahela, and, in com. 
of a comp. of grenadiers, was wounded in the 
unsuccesslul assault on Ticondcroga. He 
dwelt for a time with the Mohawk Indians, 
who made him a chief, and named him in their 
language " Boiling Water." In 1762 he dis- 
ting. himself in Portugal under Burgoyne ; in 
1768 the King of Poland app. him a maj.-gen., 
but he soon returned to Eng.; and in 1772 
was made a lieiu.-col., and placed on half-pay. 
He wrote ou the side of the Americans in their 
dispute with the British ministry, with whom 
he became still more itnbittered on failing 
to obtain promotion. After some years of 
travel in Europe, he killed an Italian oHicer 
in a duel, and in the summer of 1773 came to 
New York. He travelled through the Colonies, 
encouraging the Americans to resist, and pur- 
chased lanil in Berkeley Co., Va. Made maj.- 
gen. 17 June, 1775, by Congress, he resigned 
bis iTHiiiniss ill the British service, accomp. 
\V:i '"11 II I" r.ii-ton, and in Feb. 1776 took 

cl) M ' : L' of N. York. Sent soon 

alir- , ;i ■ . i; ; . ■ Mii-f of the southern dept. to 
the C.auliii.i.i, 111- iiilused order and confidence 
everywhere, and received a great accession of 
military reputation from the successful defence 
of Fort Moultrie, to which, however, he con- 
tributed very slightly. He then visited Ga., 
which he assisted in fortifying, and returned 
north in season to procure' the withdrawal of 
the army from a position of great hazard. 



537 



LKE 



Left in Westchester Co. with a force of 3,000 
men, he seems to have been actuated riom that 
time solely by the desire to gratify his own 
personal ambition at any cost. Notwithstand- 
ing the earnest appeal from Washington to 
join him in N. Jersey, he lingered, hoping an 
opportunity would present itself to make an in- 
dependent demonstration on the enemy's flank. 
He was taken prisoner by Col. Harcourt, while 
lying carelessly guarded at a considerable dis- 
tance from the main body, 13 Dec. 1776. Mar. 
29, 1777, while a prisoner, he proposed a plan 
for subjug.iting the States, and addressed it to 
Gen. Howe. In May, 1778, he was exchanged 
for Gen. Prcscott. At the battle of Monmouth, 
23 June, 1778, Lee was ordered to attack the 
rear ol Clinton's army, which was retreating 
through N.J. Outmanoeuvred by the latter, he 
ordered a retreat, which soon became disorder- 
ly. Washington met him at this juncture, and 
reprimanded him. Lee replied in improper 
language, but executed the subsequent orders 
of VVashington with courage and ability. Lee, 
after the battle, addressed a disrespectful letter 
to Washington, and 12 Aug. 1778, was sen- 
tenced hy a court-martial to be suspended li-om 
the army for a year, which sentence was con- 
firmed by Congress. Lee pub. a defence of his 
conduct, in which ho aiiused Washington. 
This led to a duel with Col. Laurens, In which 
Lee was wounded. Lee then retired to his 
estate in Berkeley Co., Va., where he amused 
himself with his books and dogs, writing also 
some political and military queries, afterward 
pub. in Baltimore. A vol. of his Essays and 
Corresp. was pub. in 1792. lie is said to have 
claimed tlie authorship of Junius's Letters, and 
an attempt was made by Dr. Thos. Girdlcstone 
to prove Lee and Junius identical. Lee was 
brave, " plain in his person to a degree of 
ugliness, careless even to unpoliteness, his 
garb ordinary, his voice rough, his manners 
rather severe, yet sensible, learned, judicious, 
and penetrating." — ^>>e Memo'.rs of Lee bij E. 
Laii</u-or(h/, bi/his kinsman Hir lleni-y Bunburij ; 
Life and TnuMn of Charles Lee, bi/ Georije LL. 
Moore of N. Y., 1861 ; Proceedings of Court-Mar- 
tial, 6 July, 1778, N.Y. 8vo, 1864. 

Lee, Charles, lawyer; d. at his seat in 
Fauquier Co., Va., June 24, 1815, a. 57. N.J. 
Coll. 1775. Bro. of Gen. Henry Lee. Ho 
studied law under Jared Ingersoll in Thila. ; 
was sec. of an important board of the Cont. 
Congress; member of the Va. Assembly; 
naval officer of the Dist. of the Potomac till 
1795; and U.S. atty.-gcn. from Dec. 10, 1795, 
until ISOi ; subsequently app. chief justice 
U.S. Circuit Court by Jefferson, but declined. 

Lee, CuAnxcEY, D.D. (Col. Coll. 18i3), 
b. S.ilisbniy, Ct., 1763; d. Hartwiek, N. Y., 
Nov. 5, 1842. Y.C. 1784. Son of Rev. Jona- 
than. After practising law a short time, he 
studied theology ; was pastor of Sunderland, 
Vt., 1790-7; of Colebrook in 1800-27; and 
of Marlborough, Ct., 1827-35. He wrote 
poetry, and was skilled in music ; was a clas- 
sical scholar, and a man of learning. He pub. 
an Arithmetic, 1797; a poetical version of 
Job, 1807; Sermons for Revivals, 1824; "Let- 
ters from Aristarchus to Philemon," 1833. — 
Uprague. 



Lee, Mrs. Eleanoh Percy, n€e Ware, b. 
Natchez, Mpi., ab. 1820; d. al>. 1850. M. at 
Cincinnati to H. W. Lee of Vicksburg. la 
conjunction with her sister, Mrs. Catharine 
Ann Warlield, she pub. " The Wife of Leon 
and other Poems, by the Sistere of the West," 
N.Y., 1843 ; "The Indian Chamber and other 
Poems," 1846. — See Specimens and favorable 
notice in G7-iswold's Female Poets of America, 
and Poets and Poetry of the West. 

Lee, Eliza BtJcKMiNSXER, authoress, b. 
Portsmouth, N. H., ab. 1794. Dan. of Dr. 
Joseph, and sister of Joseph Stevens Buckmin- 
ster. From them she acquired a classical 
education and a fondness for literary pursuits. 
M. to Mr. Thomas Lee of Boston, where most 
of her life has been passed. She has pub. 
" Sketches of a New-England Village," 1837 ; 
" Delusion," " Life of Jean Paul Richter," 
1842 (translated from the German); "Walt 
and Vult, or the Twins" (translated from 
Richter), 1845 ; " Naomi, or Boston 200 Years 
Ago," 1848; " Memoir of Rev. Dr. Buckmin- 
ster and J. S. Buckminstcr," 1849 ; " Florence 
the Parish Or|)han," 1850; " Parthenia, or the 
Last Days of Paganism," 1858; and tha 
"Barefooted Maiden," a translation. 

Lee, Fran-CIS, col. U.S.A., b. Pa. 1803; 
d. St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 19, 1859. West Point 
(lieut.of inf ), 1822. Capt. 31 May, 1834; served 
in the Florida war 1840-2 ; maj. 4th Inf. Feb. 
16, 1847; com. that regt. in Valley of Mexi- 
co ; brev. licut.-col. for gallant and meritorious 
conduct in battles of Contrcras and Chnrubus- 
co, Aug. 20, 1847; brcv. col. for El Molino 
del Rcy, Sept. 8, 1847 ; and dislin;;. in the cap- 
ture of Mexico City ; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. Mar. 
9, 1851 ; col. 2d Inf. Oct. 18, 1855. — Gardner. 

Lee, Francis Liohtfoot, signer of the 
Deel. of Indep., bro. of Arthur, b. Stratford, 
Va., Oct. 14, 1734; d. Richmond, Apr. 1797. 
Owing to the death of hi.i father, he was not, 
like hi,^ bros. sent abroad for education, but re- 
ceived instruclion under the direction of Rev, 
Mr. Craig. His father had left him an inde- 
pendent estate. Member of the house of bur- 
gesses 1765-72. lie then m. Rebecca, dan. of 
Col. John Tayloe of Richmond, and settled 
at Monocan. Delegate to the Cont. Cong, 
from Aug. 1775, to the spring of 1779, serving 
upon many important committees, and fre- 
quently as chairman of the com. of the whole. 
His chief services in Congress were in aiding 
in framing the old articles of Confederation, 
and the stand which he took in lavor of mak- 
ing the right to the northern fisheries, and to 
the navigation of the Mpi., indispensable 
grounds to the conclusion of the treaty with 
Eng. Afterward State senator. His '_' gay 
good humor and pleasing wit " made him a 
favorite with all ; and his plain and easy man- 
ners rendered him easy of access by all classes. 

Lee, Hannah F. (Sawyer), authoress, 
b. Newburyport, Ms., 1780; d. Boston, Dec. 
28, 1865. The dau. of an eminent physician. 
She m. Gieorge Gardiner Lee, and long resided 
in Boston. Her first known publication was 
the Appendix to Hannah Adams's Memoir of 
herself, which was succeeded by " Grace Sey- 
mour," a novel, and " Three Experiments of 
Living," 1838, esteemed her best work. Her 



tf- 



LBK 



538 



other works are " The Old Painters," " Elea- 
nor Fulton," "Rich Enouph," " Lutlier and 
his Times," " Cranmer and his Times," " The 
Huguenots in France and America," " The 
World before You," " Stories from Life," 
1849 ; " History of Sculpture and Sculptors," 
1854; "Memoir of Pierre Toussaint," 1853; 
" Rosanna, or Scenes in Boston ; " and " The 
Contrast, or Different Modes of Education." 

Lee, Gen. Henry, soldier, and -gov. of Va. 
1791-4, b. Westmoreland Co., Va., Jan. 29, 
1756; d. Cumberland Island, Ga., Mar. 25, 
1818. N.J. Coll. 1773. Henry liis father was 
first cousin of R. H. Lee. liis mother was 
Mary,dau.of Col. Bland of Jordans. In 1776 
he was app. a capt. in Bland's Cav. ; and in 
Sept. 1777 joined the main army. By the 
strict discipline he introduced, he was enabled 
to move with celerity and effect; and his rapid 
and daring system of tactics made " Lee's Le- 
gion " highly efficient. Washington selected 
his company for his body-guard at the battle 
of Germantown. In Jan. 1778, Lee, with only 
10 men, was attacked in a stone house by 200 
British troopers, whom he beat off. He was 
soon after made a major, with the com. of an 
independent corps of 2 companies of horse, af- 
terward increased to 3, and a body of inf 
July 19, 1779, he surprised the garrison of 
Paulas Hook, and tbok 160 prisoners. For his 
" prudence, address, and bravery " in this af- 
fair, Congress voted him a gold medal. Made 
lieut.-col.Nov. 6, 1780, he joined Greene's south- 
ern army in Jan. 1781. During the famous 
retreat of Greene before Cornwallis, Lee's Le- 
gion formed the rear-guard. While watching 
the movements of Cornwallis in N.C., he fell 
upon the Tory Col. Pyle, who was leading 400 
men to Cornwallis, killing and capturing most 
of his command. At the battle of Guilford, 
Lee encountered Tarleton, and drove him back 
with loss; afterward held hisground obstinately 
on Greene's left wing; and finally covered the 
retreat. It was by Lee's advice, that Greene 
adopted the daring policy of not following Corn- 
wallis into Va., but of leaving that province 
to its fate, and marching south to end the con- 
flict in S.C. and Ga. The result fully vindi- 
cated the expediency of this policy. Lee with 
his Legion joined the partisan force under Mar- 
ion, and, by a series of vigorous operations, re- 
duced Forts Watson, Slotte, and Granby. 
While on his way to join Col. Pickens, he sur- 
prised and took Fort Galphin. Augusta was 
taken after a siege of 16 days. He was also at 
the unsuccessful siege of Ninety-si.x. At Eu- 
taw his gallantry contributed greatly to the suc- 
cessful result ; Lee's impetuous charge, causing 
the retreat of the British left wing, probably 
saved the army from defeat. Lee soon after 
retired from the service; settled down at Strat- 
ford ; and was soon after m. to his cousin Ma- 
tilda, dan. of Philip Ludwell Lee. His second 
wife was Anne, dau. of Charles Carter. In 
1786 ho was a delegate to Congress ; and in the 
Va. conv. of 1788 was a prominent advocate 
of the Federal Const. He afterwards served 
in the Va. house of delegates. App. to com. 
the Ibrce raised to quell the Whiskey Insurrec- 
tion in 1794, his advance at the head of 15,000 
men speedily stopped all resistance. In 1799 



he was again in Congress, where -he delivered 
the eulogy on Washington, in which occurs 
the celebrated phrase " First in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his country- 
men." While confined for debt he wrote, in 
1809, his " Memoirs of the War in the Southern 
Dept. of the U.S." In 18P 



Republicaiiy newspaper, occurred, and received, ^, 
in resisting the mob, injuries from which he 
never recovered. Lee was above the medium 
height, and well-proportioned. Of his milita- ', ^ 
ry talents Greene said, " No man in the prog- 
ress of the southern campaign had equal merit ; 
with Lee." The " love and thanks " expressed *$; 
to Lee in Washington's letter in 1789 show { 
the affection which his generous qualities hadVJ 
inspired. 

Ijee, Henrt, author, son of Gen. Henry, 
b. Stratford, Westmoreland Co., Va., 1787 ; 
d. Paris, Jan. 30, 1837. Wm. and Mary Coll. 
1808. App. major 36th Inf. Apr. 8, 1813; 
aidenle-camp to Gen. Wilkinson, and afterward 
of Gen. Izard on the Canadian frontier. Af- 
ter the war be m. Miss Ann McCarty, whose 
estate adjoined his own. In 1824 he pub. 
"Campaign of 1781 in the Carolinas." an 
answer to the strictures in Johnson's " Life of 
Greene," on his father and the Legion. Though 
a Federalist, he advocated in a series of essays 
the election of Gen. Jackson, who in 1829 app. 
him consul at Algiers; but, not having been 
confirmed by the senate, he returned within a 
year. The first vol. of his " Life of Napoleon " 
appeared at Paris and N.Y. in 1835 ; and after 
his death, this, with the additional matter he 
had prepared, was pub. in Loud, and Paris, 
bringing the history down to the close of the 
first'ltalian campaign. In 1832 he again vin- 
dicated his father's fame in his " Observations 
on the Writings of Thomas Jefferson," repub. in 
1845, with additional notes hy C. C. Lee. — 
Diii/ckinck. 

Lee, Jes8e, a Methodist preacher of zeal 
and ability, b. Pr. George Co., Va. ; d. Hills- 
borough, Md., Sept. 12, 1816, a. 58. He had, 
during the 33 years of his ministry, labored 
much in the N. E. States ; chaplain to Con- 
gress during 6 terms. Much of the early his- 
tory of Methodism in Amer, is based upon his 
" Notes." — See Life and Times of, by L. M. Lee. 

Lee, Joseph, first minister of Royalsion, 
Ms., b. Concord, Ms.; d. Feb. 16, 1819, a. 77. 
H. U. 1765. Ord. Oct. 19, 1768. He pub. 
"Four Sermons," 1782, 12mo; "Half-Century 
Sermon," 1818; "Ord. Sermon," 1803. — Allen. 

Lee, Lekot Madison, D.D., clergyman, 
b. Petersburg, Va., April 30, 1808. He studied 
law, but entered the ministry of the M. E. 
Church in 1828. He has pub. several sermons, 
"Letters to a Young Convert," "Life and 
Times of Jesse Lee," a small vol. on " Con- 
firmation," and another on " Perseverance." 
In 1836, and from 1839 to Dec. 1858, he edited 
the Richmond Christian Advocate. 

Lee, Luther, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1859), cler- 
gyman and author, b. Schoharie, N.Y., 1800. 
Self-educated. He joined the M. E. Church in 
1821, and soon began to preach. In 1827 he 
joined the Genesee Conf. ; became a travelling 
preacher ; engaged in several public theol. dis- 



LEK 



539 



cussions; and lectured ou temperance. la 1836 
he began to preach against slavery, and was 
mobbed several times. In 1841 he edited the 
N. E. Christian Advocate, an antislavery jour- 
nal, at Lowell, Ma. He soon after issued a paper 
named the Sivord o/" TrirfA ; and in 1 842 seceded 
from the Meth. Church, and began a weekly 
jom-nal, the True Wesleyan. In 1843 he bo- 
came pastor of the church in Syracuse, N.Y. 
In 1344, at the first Wesl. conf., he was chosen 
pres. and editor of the True Wes'eyan, thence- 
forih pub. in New York. Ho left that city in 
1852, and resumed the charge of the church 
in S>Tacuse. In 1854-5 he edited the Evan- 
gelical Pulpit, a periodical. Elected pres. and 
prof, of theol. of Mich. Un. Coll., at Leoni, in 
1856; he resigned in 1857 ; removed to Felici- 
ty, 0.; and since 1859 has been pastor of a 
church in Chagrin Falls, 0. Author of " Uni- 
versalism Examined and Exposed," 1836; 
" The Immortality of the Soul ; " " Revival 
Manual," 1850; " Ecdesiastical Manual," 1850; 
" Slavery examined in the Light of the Bi^le," 
1855; and "Elements of Theology," 1856. 

Lea, Mary Elizabeth, authoress, b. 
Charleston, S.C, Mar. 23, 1813 ; d. there Sept. 
23, 1849. She was a niece of judge Thomas 
Lee, dau. of Wm. Early manifested literary 
tastes, and contrib. in prose and verse to the 
Southern Review and other periodicals. Her 
" Tales from History " was pul). by the Ms. 
Library Association. A selection from her 
poems was pub. in 1851, with a Memoir by 
Samuel Gilman, D.D. 

Lee, RicHAED IIenkt, statesman and ora- 
tor, b. Stratford, Va., Jan. 20, 1732 ; d. Chan- 
tilly, Va., June 19, 1794. His father Thomas, 
pres. of the Council of Va. in 1749, who d. in 
1750, left six sons, all of whom rose to emi- 
nence: Philip Ludwell (a member of the Coun- 
cil), Thomas LudwoU, Richard Henry, Fran- 
cis Lightfoot, William, and Arrhur. Rich- 
ard was educated at the Acad, of Wakefield, 
Yorkshire, Eng. At the ago of 19 he returned 
to his native country. In 1756 he was app. a 
justice of the peace, — then an office of distinc- 
tion, — and in 1757 he was chosen to the h. of 
burgesses, where he soon disting. himself in de- 
bate. Placed upon a special com. to draught 
an address to the king, a memorial to the house 
of lords, and a remonstrance to the house of 
commons, Mr. Lee was selected to prepare the 
two first papers. He supported Patrick Hen- 
ry's famous resolutions against the Stamp Act. 
Li 1770 he was a member of the association for 
non-importation, and in 1773 one of the com. 
of corresp. In Sept. 1774 he was a delegate to 
the First Congress. He was a member of all 
the leading committees, and penned the memo- 
rial of Congress to the people of British Amer- 
ica. In the following year he was unanimously 
elected to the Assembly, by which he was sent 
to the Second Congress. The second address 
of Congress to the people of Great Britain — 
unsurpassed as a state paper of the time — was 
from his pen. But his most important service 
was his motion (June 7, 1776) " That these 
united Colonics are, and of right ought to be, 
free and independent States ; that they arc ab- 
solved from all allegiance to the British crown ; 
and that all political connection between them 



and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to 
be, totally cUssolved." His speech on intro- 
ducing this bold measure was one of the most 
brilliant displays of eloquence ever heard. He 
left Congress in June, 1777; was again a mem- 
ber in Aug. 1778-80, 1784-5, and 1786-7. In 
1780-^ he served in the Assembly, and, at the 
head of the militia of his county, protected it 
from the incursions of the British. In 1784 he 
was chosen pres. of Congress by a unanimous 
vote, but retired at the end of the year; and 
in 1786 and '87 was again in the Va. Assembly. 
In 1 792 ill health forced him to retire from pub- 
lic life, when he was again honored by the Va. 
legisl. with a vote of thanks. Strongly opposed 
to the Federal Constitution, which he regarded 
as a consolidation of political powers which 
would tend to destroy the independence of the 
State govts., he contended lor the necessity of 
amendments to it previously to its adoption in 
1789 ; and was a senator from Va. from 1789 
to 1792, supporting the administration of 
Washington. Author of a number of political 
pamphlets; and his correspondence, with a 
Memoir, was pub. by his grandson R. H. Lee, 
in 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Lee, RoBEKT Edmund, gen.-in-chief of the 
C.S.A., son of Gen. Ihnry Lee of the Rcvol. 
army, b. Stratford, Westmoreland Co., Va., 
Jan. 19, 1807; d. Lexington, Va., Oct. 12, 1870. 
West Point, 1829 (second in his class). His 
mother was Anne Carter. Entering the engi- 
neers, he was made capt. 7 July, 1838; was 
chief engr. of Wool's brigade in the Mexican 
war; and earned the brevets of maj., lieut.-col., 
and col. for Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Chu- 
rubusco, and at Chapuitcpec, where he was 
wounded. His services as an engineer at Vera 
Cruz, and the subsequent operations in Mexico, 
were highly eulogized by Gen. Scott. Supt; 
Milit. Acad. Sept. 1, 1852-Mar. 3. 1855, when 
he was made licut.-col. 2d Cav. ; col. 1st Cav. 
Mar 16, 1861. App. Apr. 22 to com. the forces 
of the seceding State of Va., he resigned his 
position in the army ; was made maj.-gcn. Con- 
f d. array. May 10, and soon afterward gen. 
Defeated Oct. 3, 1861, by Gen. J. J. Reynolds, 
at the battle of Greenbrier, Western Va., he 
took com. of the S. Atlantic States ; and, after 
Gen. Johnston was wounded at Fair Oaks 
(May 31, 162), Lee was placed at the head of 
the army defending Richmond, and led it 
through the remainder of the Chickahominy 
campaign, in which McClellan was woreted. 
He attacked the army of Gen. Pope in Aug., 
and, forcing it back, invaded Md. Sept. 4-6, and 
occupied Frederick, but was defeated at Antie- 
tam (Sept. 17), and forced to retreat, which he 
did with little loss. Dec. 13, 1862, he defeated 
Burnside at Fredericksburg, Va. ; and at Chan- 
ccUorsville, May 2, 1863, defeated Hooker. He 
led his army into Pa.; and at Gettysburg was 
defeated with great loss by Gen. Meadej July 
3-4, 1863. In the spring of 1864 Gen. Grant 
took com. of the Union forces ; and after a 
struggle of 1 1 months of great severity, during 
whiih Lee was driven back upon Richmond 
and Petersburg, he was compelled to abandon 
Richmond, Apr. 2, 1865, and to surrender his 
entire army, Apr. 9, 1865. During this, the 
severest aiid most destructive campaign of the 



LEK 



540 



war, Lee evinced great energy and daring, as 
well as soldiership of the highest character. 
Pves. of Wash. Coll., Lexington, Va., from 
Oct. 2, 1865, till Lis death. In 1866 ho edited 
a new edition of his father's Memoira. His 
"Life and Campaigns," by J. D. McCabe, 
jun., was pub. 1869. His sons, Fitzhugh, W. 
H. F., G. W. Custis, and R. E., were officers in 
the confed. army. 

Lee, Samuel Phillips, rear-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Va. Feb. 1.3, 1811. Midsbipm. Nov. 22, 
1825; lieut.Feb.9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
cap t. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; 
rear-adni. June, 1870 ; attached to coast-survey 
1841-4 and 1847-51 ; com. I)rig. "Dolphin," 
1852 ; sloop-of-war " Oneida," in the attack on 
and passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 
anil tbe battles on tlie iMpi. from N. Orleans to 
Vickslinrg ; in July, 1862, coin, tbe N. Atlan- 
tic bioik. squad., and was active in performing 
the aidiious duties of the post, making tbe 
blockade as cfFective as possible. Transferred 
to the Mpi. squad in the summer of 1864, he 
kept the Cnmberland River open to Thomas's 
army, bv which it was supplied and re-enlorced. 
Author'of " Cruise of the Dolphin," 1851-2, 
8vo, 18.-)4. 

Lee, TiioM.iS, jurist, b. Charleston, S.C, 
Dec. 1, 1769; d. there Oct. 24, 18.39. Edu- 
cated lor the legal profession, ho soon attained 
a commanding position ; was member of the 
State legisl. ; pics, of the State Bank 1817; 
State solicitor 1794; compt.-gcn. until 1816; 
judge of the C.C.P. 1804; .and judge of the 
U.S. court lor tbe dist. of S.C. from 1823 till 
the close of bis life. During the nullification 
excitement he was one of tbe leaders of tbe 
Union party, and an able writer in its defence. 
Uc was al,<o active in the temperance reform, 

Lee, Thomas Ludwell, statesman, b. 
Stallurcl, Va , all. 1730 ; d before tbe close of 
the licvol,, a. 47. Second of the bros. Lee, so 
dieting, in the Rcvol. epoch, he held a conspicu- 
ous |)osition as a patriot and lawyer. Mem- 
ber of the house of burgesses, of the conven- 
tions of July and Dec. 1775, and of the com. 
of safety. In the memorable convention of 
May, 1776, he was placed on the com. to draft 
a decl. of rights and a plan of govt. On the 
organization of the State govt, he was app. 
one of the 5 revisors, and was elected one of 
the 5 jndges of the Gen. Court. — Gritisbi/. 

Lee, Thomas Sim, statesman ; d. Need- 
wood, Kredeiick Co., Va., Nov. 9, 1819, a. 75. 
Gov. Md. 1779-83 and 1792-4. MemberCont. 
Congress 1783-4; member convention which 
ratilicd the U.S. Constitution. 

Lee, William, 5ib of the bros. so disting. 
in our Rcvol. annals, b. ab. 1737; d. Green- 
spring, Va., June 27, 1795. He was sent to 
Londonastheagcntof Va ; became a merchant 
there; and, being a zealous Whig, was elected 
shcrilf of Lond. and Middlesex in 1773, and 
in 1775 an alderman, but resigned on the break- 
ing-out of the war, and went to France. He 
heartily joined his bros. in maintaining the 
Rcvol. struggle ; communicated important in- 
telligence ; and was app. by Congress commer- 
cial agent at Nantes in Jan. 1777 ; was after- 
ward minister at the Hague, and was its agent 



at Vienna and Berlin, but was recalled early 
in 1779. An able writer, and an ardent patriot. 

Lee, Z. Collins, jurist ; d. Baltimore, 
Dec. 26, 1859. Son of Richard Bland, 
M.C. 1789-95; judge of the Orphans' Court, 
Washington City, at his death, 12 Mar. 1827, 
a. 64. Z. O. was an eminent lawyer, and an 
eloquent and effective speaker. Educated in 
the Va. U. ; he studied law under Wirt, and 
practised in Baltimore with success. From 
1848 to 1856 he was U.S. dist.-atty. ; and from 
Nov. 1855, until his death, he was' judge of the 
Superior Court. — .ffisf. Mar/, iv. 28. 

Leeds, John, surveyor-gen. of Md., b. at 
his family homestead in the Bav Hundred of 
Talbot Co., Md., May 18, 1705; d. Wades 
Point Plantation in Mar. 1790. For 40 years 
he was a clerk of the County Court, trcas. 
of the Eastern Shore, and a judge of the Prov. 
Court; in 1760— t, be was specially commis- 
sioned to supervise the returns of Messrs. Ma- 
son and Dixon, of tbe boundaries of Md. and 
Pa. Author of " Observ. of the Transit of 
Venus," June 3, 1769, in "Phil. Trans.," 
1769. 

Leeser, Isaac, religious writer, b. New- 
kirch, Westphalia, Dec. 12, 1806; d. Phila. 
F'eb. 1, 1868. Emigrating to Richmond, Va., 
in 1824, he devoted himself for a short time to 
commerce. In 1829-50 he was rabbi of the 
principal synagogue of Phila. ; minister of the 
new congregation Beth-el-emeth, 1857. Among 
bis works are " Tbe Jews and the Mosaic Law," 
1833 ; "Discourses, Argumentative and Devo- 
tional," 1836-41 ; A Portuguese Form of 
Prayers, 1837; " Descriptive Geography of 
Palestine;" and a translation of the Hebrew 
Holy Scriptures, according to Jewish au- 
thorities, 1856. In 1843, and for some years 
subsequently, he edited ibajeivisli Aduocute (or 
Ocadei,/).—AI/ibone. 

Leete, William, gov. Ct. 1661-5 and 
1676, lill bis death, at Hartford, Apr. 16, 1683. 
He came to N. E. in 1637 ; was an early settler 
ol N. Haven ; a founder of the town of Guil- 
ford. Sept, 29, 1639; many years town clerk 
of G. ; assist, of New llaven'Colony 1643-57 ; 
and dep.-gov. 16.)8 and 16G9-75. He was often 
acommiss. of the Colonics between 1655 and 
1679. He befriended and hospitably entertained 
the regicides in Mar. IGGl. 

Lefevre, Peter Paul, D.D., R.C. bishop 
of Detroit, b. Roulerz, West Flanders, Apr. 
30,1804; d. Detroit. Mich., Mar. 4, 18U9. 
He completed his studies at Paris ; came to the 
U.S. in 1828; ord. sub-deacon and priest in 
St. Louis, Mo., in 1831 ; commenced bis labors 
at New Madrid, Mo. ; and was soon transferred 
to an extensive mission, consisting of t he north- 
ern part of Mo., the western part of 111., and 
Southern Iowa, Nov. 21, 1841, he was consec. 
CO adiutor of Detroit. He founded St. Mary's 
Hospital, the Mich. State Retreat, the Coll. of 
Louiain, and several orpban-asylums, convents, 
academies, and schools. 

Leftwich, Gen. Joel, b. Bedford Co., 
Va., 1759; d. there 20 Apr. 1846. A soldier 
of the Rcvol. ; he fought at Germantown and 
Camden, and at Guilford was sevenly wounded. 
He com. a brigade under Harrison at Ft. Meigs 
in the war of 1812; became a maj.-gen. of mi- 



LEG- 



541 



LEI 



litia; was often a member of tlie Va. legisl. ; 
and many years a J. P. of Bcilfoid Co. 

Iiegare (leh-gree'), HnOH Swinton, law- 
yer and scholar, b. Charleston, S C, 2 Jan. 
1797; d. Boston, 20 June, 1843. S.C. Coll. 
1814. Of Huguenot descent. After 3 years' 
study of law, he went to Kdinbnrgh, where he 
studied civil law, mathematics, philos., and 
chcm. ; travelled in Europe in 1819, and, re- 
turning in 1820, devoted himself for a time to 
agric. pursuits near Charleston, S.C. He af- 
terward practised law in C. ; sat in the State 
legisl. till 1830; became atty.-gen. of the State; 
was at the same time principal editor of ihe 
Southern Review, and n contiib. to the N.Y. 
Eeview; charg€ d'affaires to Belgium 1S32-6 ; 
M.C. 1837-9; and U.S. atty.-gen. from Mar. 
1841,to hisdeath. Headvocated State rights, 
but opposed nullification. His writings, ed. 
by his sister, were coll. and pub. in 2 vols. 
Svo, 1846. His sister, Makt Swinton Le- 
GARE BuLLE.v, artist, b. Charleston, S. C, 
ab. 1800. Among her best works are a 
" Spanish Pointer," and " The Dogs of St. 
Bernard." In 1849 she emigrated to Lee Co., 
Iowa, and founded at West Point "Legare 
Coll.," for the liberal education of women ; to 
which, for many years, she devoted her time 
and means 

Legge, Francis, lieut.-gov. of Nova 
Scotia, June, 1773; administered its affairs 
until 1782 ; d. at his seat near Pinner, Eng., 
May 15, 1783. App. capt. 4Gth Foot, Feb. 
1736; lieut.-col. 55th., Feb. 1773. 

Leggett, Mortimer D., lawyer and sol- 
dier, b. Ithaca, N.Y., Apr. 19, 1831. His par- 
ents, who were Friends, took him at 16 to 
Geauga Co., Ohio. Adm. to the bar in 1853. 
He removed to Zanesville in 1857 ; continued 
to practise, and also to superintend the public 
schools of that city, until the fall of 1851, when 
he raised the 78th Ohio Inf, and was made 
col. Jan. 11, 1862. He was at FortDonelson ; 
at Pittsburg Landing, where he was disting. and 
wounded ; siege of Corinth ; com. a brigade ; 
and captured Jackson, Tenn., in June; and 
Aug. 30, at Bolivar, Tenn., with 800 men, re- 
pulsed 7,000 rebels, and was slightly wounded ; 
brig.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. Severely wounded 
at Champion Hills, and at the siege of Vicks- 
burg; lie was in the battles of the Atlanta 
campaign ; in Sherman's march to the sea, 
comg. 3d div. 17th corps ; brev. maj.-gen. July 
22, 1864 ; maj.-gen. Jan. 15, 1865 ; U.S. com- 
miss. of patents, Jan. 13, 1871. — /Je/d's OIno 
in the War. 

Leggett, William, polit. and raiscell. 
writer, b. N.Y. City, 1802; d. New Rochclle, 
May 29, 1839. Georget. Coll. 1822. Mid- 
shipm. U.S.N. 1822-6; afterward devotinghim- 
self mainly to literary pursuits. He collected 
into a vol. some of his contribs. to the Mirror 
and other publications, under the title of " Tales 
by a Country Schoolmaster," followed by one 
entitled " Sketches at Sea," He ra. in 1828 
Almira, dan. of John Waring, Esq., of New 
Eochelle, and in the autumn of the same year 
established in N.Y. the Critic, a weekly literary 
periodical, which, at the end of six months, was 
united with the ;I/iVror. In 1829 Mr. Leggett 
became assoc. with Mr. Bryant of the Ei-eninj 



Post, of which he was chief ed. in 1834-5. 
Though a decided Democrat, he de(i;nded du- 
ring the riots in 1835, in which certain abolition 
meetings were attacked and dispersed with 
violence, the right of liberty of speech with 
the same freedom with which he treated other 
questions. In 1836 he conducted the Plain 
Dealer, a weekly devoted to politics and lite- 
rature. Subsequent ill health prevented further 
literary labor. App. in Apr. 1839 diplomatic 
agent to the Repub. of Guatemala, he was 
preparing for his departure to that country, 
when he suddenly expired. Mr. Sedgewiek 
coll. and pub. two vols, of his political essays, 
1840. 

Leib, Dr. >riCHAEL, statesman, b. 1760; 
d. Phlla. Dec. 28, 1822. Member of the State 
legisl.; M.C. 1799-1806; U.S. senator 1808- 
14 ; app. postmaster of Phila. in 1814. 

Leidy, Joseph, M.D., naturalist and phy- 
siologist, b. Phila. Sept. 9, 1823. U. of Pa. 
1844, and elected in 1853 to the chair of anat- 
omy in that institution, which he still occu- 
pies. Some of his valuable contribs. to the 
sciences of comparative anatomy and vertebrate 
paleontoloffy are in the " Proceedings of the 
Acad, of Natural Sciences," the " Trans, of 
the Philos. Society," and the " Smithsonian 
Contribs." For his biography, and a list of his 
writings, see N..I. Med. Reporter for Sept. 1853. 
Since 18C0, besides publishing an "Elementary 
Treatise on Anatomy," he has added largely 
to his list of scientific papers. 

Iieigh, Benjamin Watkins, LL.D. 
(Wm. and M. Coll. 1835), lawyer, b. Chester- 
field Co., Va., 18 June, 1781 ; d. Richmond, 
Va., 2 Feb. 1849. Wm. and M. Coll. 1802. 
Son of Rev. William. Adm. to the bar in 
1802, he practised first at Petersburg, and after 
1813 at Richmond, taking high rank. Mem- 
ber of the legisl. ; of the Const. Conv. of 1830- 
1 ; State reporter 1829-41 ; a commiss. to 
revise the statutes of Va. ; and U.S. senator in 
1834-7. He took a prominent and eloquent 
part in the senate debates, but, differing with 
the majority of his constituents, resigned, and 
passed tlic rest of his days in retirement. Ho 
pub. Reports Court of Appeals and Gen. 
Court of Va. 1829-41, 12 vols. 8vo, 1833-44. 

Iieigh, Charles, a British gen. ; d. 7 Aug. 
1815. Ensign 3d Guards, Mar. 1764; capt. 
Apr. 1770; lieut.-col. Apr. 1777; col. Nov. 
1782; gen. Sept. 1803. He was in the battles of 
Long Island, WhitePlains, Fort Washington, 
andthe winter campaign in the Jerseys 1776-7 ; 
served in Holland in 1793 ; and in the VV. Indies 
in 1805-6. 

Leisler, Jacob, who led the insurrection 
at N.Y. in 1689, b. Frankfort, Germany ; d. 
May 16, 1691. He had previously enjoyed 
some influence among the people, but was 
totally unqualified for the direction of such an 
enterprise. He came to Amer. in 1660, and, 
after a brief residence in Albany, became a 
trader in N.Y. While on a voyage to Europe 
in 16i8, he, with seven others, was made a 
prisoner by the Turks, to whom ho paid a high 
ransom. Gov. Dougan app. him one of the 
commiss. of the Court of Admiralty in 1683. 
After he had dispersed the party favorable to 
King James in the city of N. Y., and assumed the 



LKL. 



542 



administration, he proceeded to Albany ; took 
tlie fort, and confiscated the property of those 
who opposed his authority. On the arrival of 
Gov. Sloughter in March, 1691, he for some 
time refused to surrender the fort at N.Y. to 
him ; but he at length abandoned it, and was 
soon after seized, and condi;mned for treason. 
In 1689, while exercising the functions of gov., 
he purchased New Rochelle for the persecuted 
Huguenots. 

Ijeland, Charles Godfrey, author, b. 
Phila. Aug. 15, 1824. N.J. Coll. 1845. He 
afterward studied at the Universities of Heidel- 
berg, Munich, and Paris; was a resident of 
Paris during the revol. in Feb. 1848. Return- 
ing to Phila. in that year, he studied law, and 
was adm. to the bar, but soon devoted himself 
wholly to literary pursuits. He has been ed- 
itor or contrib. to the Knickerbocker Mag., Sar- 
tain's, the Internalional, Graham's, the Phila. 
Bulletin, &c. He has pub. " The Poetry and 
Mystery of Dreams," 1855; " Meister Karl's 
Sketch-Book," 1856; a collection of miscel- 
lanies. and sketches of foreign travel ; "Pictures 
of Travel," 1856; a translation of Heine's 
" Keisebilder ; " also Heine's " Book of Song ; " 
and " Hans Breitmann Ballads," 1868-9. He 
resides in New York. 

Iieland, Hknky Perrt, author, bro. of 
Charles G., b. Phila. Oct. 28, 1828; d. there 
Sept. 22, 1868. His fine natural gifts had been 
cultivated by extensive and various study. He 
was a frequent contrib. in p^o^e and verse to 
the newspapers and magazines. Author of a 
vol. of sketches of foreign travel, "Americans 
in Rome," and a vol. of humorous sketches, en- 
titled "The Gray Bay Mare," 1856. During 
the civil war he was a lieut. in the 118th Pa. 
regt. 

Leland, John, clergyman, b. Grafton, Ms., 
M;.v 14, 1754; d. N. Adams, Ms., Jan. 14, 
1841. A Baptist preacher in Va. in 1775-91. 
From Feb. 1792 until his death he was settled 
in Cheshire, Ms. His literary productions, 
including essays on a variety of subjects, to- 
gether with his Autobiography, and Ni>ticcs of 
his Life by Miss L. F. Greene were pub. in 1 
vol. 8vo, 1845. He was a man of great eccen- 
tricity and shrewdness, and a zealous Demo- 
crat. In the latter part of 1801 he went to 
Washington to present to Mr. Jefferson a mam- 
moth cheese, weighing 1,450 pounds, as a testi- 
monial of the esteem and confidence of the 
people of Cheshire in the new chief magistrate. 

Leland, Oliver Shepard, dramatic critic 
and author; d. Waltham, Ms., Apr. 17, 1870, 
a. 37. H.U. 1854. He was a contrib. to the 
periodical press of N.Y. and Boston ; pub. some 
interesting papers in the Knickerbocker Mag.; 
and wrote " The Czarina" and other plays. He 
m. a dau. of L. Gaylord Clark. ' 

Le Mercier, Andrew, pastor of the 
French Prot. Church, Boston; d. Mar. 31, 
1763, a. 71. He was educated, probably, at the 
U. of Geneva; and in 1715, through the influ- 
ence of Andrew Faneuil, came to this country, 
succeeding the Rev. Peter Dailld. He pub. in 
1732 a history of the Geneva Church, 12mo; 
also, in the same vol., " A Geographical and 
Political Account of the Republic of Geneva," 
76 pages. In 1733 was pub. his "Treatise 



against Detraction." For tlic relief of mariners 
shipwrecked on the 1^1'- iC S.il,;. •<, ]v liuilt a 
house, to which he >( i ! | ilM\l^ioIlS, 

and which was the III. . i nu lives. 

Lemoine, adiMiii- ■ ;u,:;.,i m i.in.iiv, two 

of whom (Bienville anil ilierville) are elsewhere 
noted, sprung from Charles of Normandy, 
sieur of Longueil and of Chateauguay, a noted 
leader in the war of the French against the Iro- 
quois, and who had 1 1 sons, among whom were 
Charles, baron of Longueil, b. Montreal, 
Dec. 10, 1656; d. there June 8, 1729. He 
exercised great influence over the Indians; 
fought against the English under Phips, who 
attacked Quebec in 1690; was made gov. of 
Montreal, and baron, in 1700, on account of his 
services to the Colony, and especially for having 
erected a fort of stone on his estate at Longueil ; 
fought successfully against the English gen. 
Nicholson in 1711 ; and was made a chev. of 
St. Louis. He was governor to Sept. 2, 1726. 
Paul, sieur de Maricourt, b. Montreal, Dec. 1 5, 
1663; d. there ab. 1702. Disting. himself 
under bis bro. Iberville in Hudson's Bay, and 
com. the Iroquois, who adhered to the French, 
and the Abenakis, in a great cxped. under 
Frontcnae ; was sent on an embassy to the hos- 
tile roquois in 1699 ; and aided in negotiating 
peace with them in 1701. Joseph, sienr de 
Sevigny, b. Montreal, July 22, 1668 ; d. Roche- 
fort, France, 1734. Bred a sailor, and holding 
a commission in the royal navy, he also served 
under Iberville against the English in Hudson's 
Bay ; was employed in La., the coasts of which 
he surveyed ill 1718-19; took Pens.acola from 
the Siia'iiiards, May 14, 1719, and repulsed 
them with great gallantry from Dauphin Island 
in Mobile Bay, Aug. 19, 1719, after a siege of a 
fortnight ; became capt. of a ship of the line 
in 1723; soon after rear-adm. and gov. of 
Rochefort, which office he held at his death. 
Sanvolle, first gov. of La., b. Montreal ab. 
1671 ; d. Biloxi, Mpi., July 22, 1701. Though 
of feeble constitution, he early evinced remark- 
able talent; and, inheriting a large fortune 
from an aunt, was educated in France. Dis- 
ting. at coll., and of a striking personal appear- 
ance, his success in society was brilliant. Ra- 
cine pronounced him a poet; Bossuet predicted 
that he would be a great orator ; and Villars 
called him a marshal in embryo. He aecomp. 
his bros. Iberville and Bienville on their exped. 
to the mouth of the Mpi. Iberville left him in 
com. of the Colony, of which, in 1699, Louis 
XIV. app. him gov. He held the office till death. 
Antoine, sieur de Chateauguay, b. Montreal, 
July 7, 1683 ; d. Cayenne ab. li'30. Entering 
the royal navy, he arrived in La. in 1704, at 
the head of a body of colonists; served under 
Iberville in his last exped. against the English 
in 1705-6; took com. of Pensacola after its 
capture from the Spaniards, May 14, and sur- 
rendered it to them Aug. 7, 1719; was app. 
lieut.-gov. of the Colony in 1719; took com. 
at Mobile after the peace in 1720 ; was removed 
from office in 1726, and ordered to France, 
whence he was subsequently sent to Cayenne as 
gov., — an office he held till he died. 

Zj'Enfant, Peter Charles, engineer, b. 
France, 1 755 ; d. Prince Georges Co., Md., June 
14, 1825. A lieut. in the French prov. service. 



LKN 



543 



LES 



he entered the Amer. army in the fall of 1777 
as an engr. ; was made capt. Feb. 18, 1778; 
and at the siegeof Savannah was wounded, and 
left on the field. He afterward served under 
' the immediate command of Washington ; maj. 
May 2, 1783; employed as the engr. of Fort 
Mifflin in 1794; and app. prof, of engineering 
at West Point, July, 1812, but declined. Au- 
thor of the Plan of the City of Washington, 
and architect of some of its b'uildings. 

Lenoir, Gen. William, of French descent, 
b. Brunswick Co., Va., May 31, 1751 ; d. Fort 
Defiance, Wilkes Co., N.C., May 6,18.39. While 
young, his father's family removed to N.C. 
William took a most active part in the Revol. 
war ; and at King's Mountain was capt. in Col. 
Cleveland's rcgt. For 18 years he was major- 
gen, of the N.C. militia; was a justice of the 
peace ab. 60 years ; for many years was a mem- 
ber of the State legisl. ; for 5 years was pres. 
of the Senate; and for several years was pres. 
of the Council. 

Iieonard, Daniel, jurist and political wri- 
ter, b. Norton, Ms., May 29, 1740; d. Lond. 
June 27, 1829. H.U. 1760. Grandson of Maj. 
George, and son of Col. Ephraim. His ances- 
tors James and Henry, sons of Thos. of Ponty- 
pool, came to Taunton, Ms., in 1652; and 
James established there the first iron-works in 
the US., and d. 1691, a. 73. Henry settled in 
N.Jersey; and to these immigrants nearly all the 
families of Leonard in the U.S. may be traced. 
Daniel became a prom, lawyer, and member of 
the Assembly, and at first supported the Whig 
cause with great eloquence and energy. Pos- 
sessing great talent and a large fortune, he 
acquired great popularity, which he soon lost 
by yielding to the persuasions of Gov. Hutchin- 
son in becoming a loyalist. He left Boston 
with the British troops ; resided a while in Eng,; 
was many years chief justice of Bermuda ; and 
finally resided in London. His fame rests 
upon his controversy with John Adams, under 
the respective signatures of "Novanglus" and 
" Msasachnsettensis," reprinted in 1819 with a 
preface by John Adams. The letters of Leonard, 
which have been several times rcpr., present 
the best defence of the measures ot the British 
Govt, which appeared on this side of the water. 
Thevwcre long attributed to Jonathan Sewall. 

Leonard, George. LL.D. (B. U. 1804), 
lawyer, b. Norton, Ms., Julv 4, 1729; d. Rayn- 
ham, Ms., July 26, 1819. ' H- U. 1748. 'Phe 
Leonards were a noted family, having pos- 
sessed great wealth, and held various offices of 
honor, trust, and profit. Grandson of Maj. 
George (whod. Sept. 5, 1716, a. 44), and son of 
George (1698-1778; judge of C.C.P. and Pro- 
bate ; member of the Council in 1741 ; and 
chief justice in 1746). He was a successful law- 
yer, held the same offices as his father, and was 
M.C. in 1789-93 and 1795-7. 

Leonard, James T., capt. U.S. N.,b.N.Y.; 
d. Nov. 9, 1832. Midshipm. Feb 26, 1799 ; was 
in the action with the French ship " La Ven- 
geance," Feb. 1, 1800; lieut. Jan. 13, 1807; 
master-com. July 4, 1812; rapt. Feb. 4, 1815. 

Leonard, Levi Washborn, D.D. (H.U. 
1849), minister of Dublin, N.H., from Sept. 6, 
1820, to 1854, b. S. Bridgewatcr, Ms., June 1, 
1790; d. Exeter, N.H., Dec. 12, 1864. H.U. 



1815. Preceptor of Bridgewatcr Acad. 1816- 
17. He pub. several school text-books, a his- 
tory of Dublin, N.H., in 1855 ; edited the Exe- 
ter News-Letter from 1855 to July, 1863; and 
was a proficient in entomology. 

Leri de (dehleh-re), Jean, a French Prot- 
estant minister who labored in Brazil in 1536- 
8, and who pub. an account of his voyage to 
Brazil in 1577 ; b. 1534 ; d. 1611. 

Le Roy, William E., commo. U.S.N , b. 
N.Y. Mar. 24, 1817. Midshipm. Jan. 11, 1832; 
lieut. July 13, 1843; Com. July 1, 1861; capt. 
July 25, 1866; fleet capt. European squadron, 
under Farragut, 1867-8; commo. July, 1870. 
Attached to steamer " Princeton," and in en- 
gagement with Mexican soldiers at Rio Ari- 
biqua, in 1847. Com. steamer "Keystone 
State," S. Atl. Block, squad., at capture of Fcr- 
nandina, Fla., 1862; in engagement with iron- 
clads off ChMrlcston, S.C.', Jan. 1803; com. 
steam-sloop " Oneida," W. Gulf squad., 1864; 
steam-sloop " Ossipee," W. Gulf squad., 1864- 
5 ; in the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1804, 
when about running down " 'I'he Tennessee," 
that vessel surrendered to Capt. Le Roy. — 
Hamersly. 

Lery, Vicomte de, a disting. French 
engr. officer, b. Quebec, 1754; d. Sept. 6, 
1824, near Mclun, France. He was o( an old 
Canadian family. In early life entered the 
French engr. service ; was in several sea-fights 
during the American Revol. war; and placed 
in a state of defence the islands of Gaudaloupe 
and Tobago. He served with Richer, Jour- 
dan, and Bernadotte ; established the intrench- 
ed camp at Dusseldorf; fortified Mayence; 
conducted the siege of Phillipsburg, and be- 
came gen, of brigade in 1799. In 1805 he was 
made lieut.-gon.; accomp. Marshal Macdonald 
through thedifficultcampaignsof the Grisons; 
fortified Palma Nova ; and was afterward con- 
cerned in many of the great battles of Germany 
and Spain — Morgan. 

L'EscarbOt (la'-kaZ-bo'), Marc, lawyer 
o.' Paris, b. at Vervins. He contributed to 
form the first French colony in Canada; was a 
man of cultivation and energy ; resided a while 
at Port Royal, now Annapolis, N. S. ; and 
pub. " f^s Muses de la Nouvelte Fiance," and 
" fjistoire de la Nouvelle France," Paris, 1609, 
and In 1011 and 1618. This work was trans- 
lated and pub. in Lond. 1609. — Diii/chiiirk. 

Leslie, Hon. Alexander, gen., a British 
officer in the Revol. war; d. Dee. 1794. Maj. 
(64th) June, 1759; lieut.-col. Jan. 1762; brig.- 
gen., and com. the light inf. at the battle of 
Long Island, Aug. 1776; served at the cap- 
ture of Charleston, May, 1780; invaded Va. 
with 3,000 men, Oct. 16, 1780; and in Dec. 
joined Cornwallis in N.C. He com. the right 
wing at the battle of Guilford, and at the close 
of the war was com. at Charleston. 

Leslie, Chaklks Robert, painter, b. 
London, Oct. 17, 1794; d. near London, May 
5, 1859. His parents were natives of Md. 
The family returned to America when Charles 
was about 5 years old, he having already given 
extraordinary indications of a talent for paint- 
ing. At six years of age ho could sketch from 
rccolleciion, and with accuracy, the likeness of 
any itcrson whom he was in the habit of seeing. 



544 



Having witnessed Cooke's personation of Rich- 
ard, lie made a skeich of this gifted actor in 
this his most celebrated part, which was much 
admired and talked of; and he was consequent- 
ly enabled to study his art in Europe. Sliortly 
after arrivinj; in London (in 1813), he sent to 
Phila. his first original oil-pictuie, William of 
Dcloraine, from "The Lay of the Last Min- 
strel." The great humorous authors of Eng. 
became the chief source of his inspiration, and 
have been illustrated by his pencil. He was 
app. teacher of drawing at West Point Acad., 
Mar. 183.3, but resigned Apr. 1834, when he 
returned to Eng. ; and fron»1847 to 1851 was 



prof, of pa 



under tli. 
Painters.' 
of Consta 



toy. Acad. The sub- 
ile there h.'v* been pub. 
Handbook for Young 
author of" A Life 
■painter. Among 
the best proilii' imii^ .ii his jiencil are " May 
Pay in llie K-i^n .if i:ii/,al.eth," 'Slender 
courliiig Anne ra;;e.," " Lady Jane Grey pre- 
vailed on to accept the Crown," " Sancho 
relating his Adventures to the Duchess," 
" Sir Uo^'cr de Coverly going to Church," and 
" Falstaft' dining at Page's House." 

Ijeslie, Eliza, authoress, b. Phila. Nov. 
\f>, 1787; d. Gloucester, N. J., Jan. 2, 18.-)8. 
Her great grandfather (Robert) emigrated from 
Scotland ub. 1 745. Her father, a watchmaker, 
and a man of .science, was a member of the 
Amer. Philos. Society, and the personal friend 
of Franklin and Jefferson. She accomp. her 
parents to Eng. in 1793, and returned to the 
U.S. vv-itli them in ISOO, since then residing 
almost wholly in Phila. In her 40ih year she 
pub. her first work. " Seventy-five Receipts for 
Pastry-Cukes and Sweetmeats," which was lol- 
lowed Ijy a series of works on the culinary art, 
which have made lier widely known ; in IS.Jl 
1 Girls' Book." Hav- 
Godcy, editor of the 
r Iier story of " Mrs. 
lor several years con- 
and journals, beside 



she pub. " The Am 

Ladf/s Book, a pri 
Washington Putts,' 
trib. to till. in:. ■_-:.; 



Lii'li \ . .,' is her only novel; her 

oil]' r ■ ' - ' I ; sliort tales or sketches. 
Th.' i;i'i.r |m,|,u: ,r nf these aie 3 vols, of" Pen- 
cil-Skotehes," ol which a new edition appeared 
in 1852. She also pub. " Althca Vernon," 
" Henrietta Robinson," "Leonilla f^ynnmore," 
and "The Behavior-Book." Cii.iri.es Ro- 
bert and hrev. Brig.-Gen. TnOMAS Jeffer- 
son Leslie, U.S.A., are her bros. Her Auto- 
biog. is in Hart's " Female PiU'e-Writers of 
America." 

Lester, Chakles Edwards, author, b. 
Griswold, Ct., July 15, 1815. On the maternal 
side he is descended from Jonathan Edwards. 
Before completing his studies, he passed 3 or 4 
years chietiy in the South and West ; studied 
law in Mpi., and was adm. to the bar, but 
spent 2 years at the Auburn Theol. Sem., and 
was ord. to the ministry. He became an anti- 
slavery lecturer, and was sent a delegate to the 
World's Antislavery Convention of 1840, in 
London. U. S. consul at Genoa from June, 
1842, to Sept. 1847. He has since practised 
law in N.Y. City. Besides contributing largely 
to the periodical press, he has edited various 






journals and magazines, and is the author of 
" Tlie Glory and Shame of England," 2 vols. 
1841; " C'lindition and Fate of England," 
1842; "The Artist, Merchant, and States- 
man," 1845 ; "Life and Voyages of Americus 
Vespucius," 1846; "Artists of America," 
1846; "My Consulship," 1851; and other 
works. He has pub. translations of Allieii's 
"Autobiography," 1845; d'Azeglio's " Chal- 
lenge of Baitella," 1845; Maohiavelli's "Flor- 
entine Histories," 1846. 

Letcher, John, gov. Va. 1860-4, b. Lex- J> 

ijigton, Va., Mar. 29, 1813. Studied at Wash, i^.*' 
Coll. and at Rand. Macon toll. Adopted the 
profession of the law, and was admitted 
practice in 1 839 ; during that year established (. 
and for a time edited the Vallei/ Star in Lex- 
ington ; member of the Const. Oonv. of Va. in 
1850; M. C. 1851-9, and a prominent seces- 
sionist. Has practised law since 1864. 

Letcher, Robert P., b. Goochland Co., 
Va, ; d. Franklbrt, Ky., Jan. 24, 18G1. He 
received a good education, and adopted the 
profession of the law ; served some years in 
the State legisl., and was at one time speaker 
of the house; M.C. 1823-33; gov. of Ky. 
1840-4 ; and minister to Mexico in 1849. 

Leutze (loit'-seh), Emanuel, painter, b. 
Emingen, Wurtcmberg, May 24, 1816; d. 
Washington, D. C, July 18, 1868. In his 
youth he emigrated with his parents to Phila. 
He early displayed talent with the pencil, and 
acquired facility in taking likenesses. His first 
deeideil success in ]iainiing was a picture rep- 
resenting an Indian gazing at the setting sun, 
the sucicssof which enabled him in 1841 to study 
at Dnsseldorf under Lessing. His "Columbus 
belore the Council of Salamanca " was pur- 
chased by the Dnsseldorf Art Union ; and his 
"Columbus in Chains" procured him the 
medal of the Brussels Art Exhibition. In 
1843 ho studied at Munich, where he finished 
his " Columbus before the Queen." Aiter a 
lengthened tour in Italy, he in 1845 returned 
to Dnsseldorf, where he m. and established 
himself, but in 1859 returned to the U.S. 
Among his best works are " The Landing of 
tlie Norsemen in America," " Cromwell and 
his Daughter," " The Court of Queen Eliza- 
betli," " Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn," and 
" The Iconoclast." He has depicted many of 
the striking events of the Kevol. war, as 
" Washington Crossing tlie Drlawaie," " Wash- 



ington at Monmou 


. ],' ■ 




\V 


-:, ;:.■■! 


on at the 


Battle of Mononu all 










II Lexing- 


ton," "Sergeant .1. 








1 W 


asliin"ton 


at Princeton." " \ 








"-'; 


u- of Em- 


pire takes it Way, ' 








1 


orone of 


the staircases in tlir 


( 






\, :-l 


ungton, is 


much the finest wmi 








; I.I 1 


l.cU.S. 


Leverett, Fiu., 


II l: 


I, 


>'i 


:. 1 \- \ 


I., scholar 


and teacher, b. Port 


sllK 


iiul 


1 .'^1 


pt. 11, 


1803 ; d. 


Boston, Oct. 6,1 S;!G. 


H.U. 


182 


1. A descendant 


of Gov. John. Pii: 




)al of t 


he Bo^ 


,ton Latin 


School, and afterwai 


!^s' 


tau 


ght 


a privi 


ite school. 



Author of a Latin Lexicon, and editor of 
several of the classics. 

Leverett, Sir John, gov. of Ms. 1673-9, 
b. Eng. 1616 ; d. Mar. 16, 1679. He emig. to 
America with his father (Thomas), a gentle- 
man of property, and alderman of Boston, 



545 



Ens-, in 1633. Jolin ilisiiiisr. himself very 
early in the Colony, and snci-.-^ivilv hrld L':ich 
office of trust and honor in iis .;i|i', Thiiunh 
cherishing a tiiste tor miliiarv iii.-, aTnl runi. the 
A. and H. Art. Comp., hi- divoir^l [his pui tioii 
of his time to mei. iiiiiK' pur-ints. In 1644 
he returned to Ivi- , .mJ iMiiMrnied eminent 
service as captain in tlh' |i.u 1 1 unci nary array. Ue 
was an intimate fiirml ,,i ( ruin well, "and (1655- 
62) was tlir ir^ciit 111 ilir Colony in England. 
In 1651-:i ninl r, ; ,'i In- was a delegate to the 
Gen. Conn; \vii, nl o speaker of the house 
(1663-4), ami one ol the f^ovornor's council in 
1665-71; Klled the offiee of maj.-gen. from 
1663 to 1673, and that of dep.-gov. in 1671-3. 
He was the executive during King Philip's 
war; and by his superior guidance that contest 
was favorably terminated. He was among the 
most illustrious of the fathers of N.E. ; and in 
Aug. 1676 he was created knight and baronet 
by Charles 11. — Leverett Memorial, Boston, 
8vo, 1856. 

Leverett, John, grandson of the preced- 
ing, b. Boston, Aug. 25, 1665; d. May 3, 



1724. II V If, 


"■•o "Hi- was 1 




yeraniljnl ■ 


j"- tl i-i ,.' ']t ■ • 


' '.''.-III i' I- ;l-I,. 


member oi , , 




- ,■■ II r ! -nil 


Jan. 17117, > 


Mi- .i 1 1 i~ .1 




extensive- ;.ii.l 


he iL-eeueil t 


iie holloi, then 


rarely i,e-t.,«ed 


upon colonists, 


of membership 


17U7; tolhe'l.ul 


ety. Commisi 
,iansl704. 


s. to Port Koyal 


Leverich, c 


>r Leveridg 


e, Kev. WiL. 



LiAia, b. Eng. ; d. Newtown, L. I., early in 
1677. U. of Camb., Eng. Arrived at Salem, 
Ms., with Wiggins's Co., Oct. 10, 1633. In 
1638 he became first pastor of the church at 
Sandwich, and instructed the Cape Cod Indi- 
ans, being employed by the commissioners of the 
United Colonics as a missionarv. He removed 
toOysterBay, I,.I,in Apr. 16.53; waspastorat 
Huntington from 1658 to 1G69, and at Newtown 
from 1G69 to his death. — /.V/.yt's yeioloim. 

Le Vert, Octavia Walton, authoress, 
b. Bellevne, near Augusta, Ua., al>. 1820. Gr.- 
clau. of George Walton, a signer of the Decl. of 
Indep. Her fiither, the terr. sec. of Ela., re- 
moved to Pensaeola in 1S2I. He was after- 
ward, for a time, '_•'■. ,.- i m- Trnitory. She 
became a profieien' i i i ii-cs; spent 



oft 



an, Mr. 
abit of 
icn-ts of 
.Henry 



Europe, tie- iv-ult^ i,( wiiirh are " Sonveiii 
of Travel," 1s.-j7. A euntrib. to Amer. ai 
English periodicals, and was engaged upon 
work embodying her " Souvenirs of Disti 
guished Americans," until prevented by 
])ainful aceiilcnt. She possesses great 
saiional power and rare natural gifts,. 



Levesque, Euoene, a Fi 

Travels in America ; " d. Pa 



Levis, FRAjigois, marsha 
French gen., b. Chateau d'Anjac Languedoe, 
1720; d. 1787, whilst endeavoring to uphold 



the State of Artois. Levyde Vcntadour, vice- 
roy of New France in 1625, was born at the 
same chateau. He early entered theanny ; was 
aide-decamp to Marshal de Levis Mirepoix, 
with whom he captured 2 battalions o( the en- 
emy near Montalhan, by persuading them that 
they were surrounded by the whole French 
army ; and, though only " chevalier," de Levis 
was second in com. under Montcalm. He com. 
the right division at the battle of Carillon, also 
at Montmorenci, where Wolfe was repulsed. 
He was absent at Montreal at the first battle 
of Quebec. At the second battle, near St. 
Foy, Levis com. and achieved a victory over 
Murray. After the surrender of Quebec, lie 
returned tolVance; served under the Prince 
of Conde' as lieut.-gen. at the battle of Johan- 
nisberg in 1762; and in 1783 received the 
govt, of Artois, and the rank of marshal, as a 
reward for his serviees ; and in 1784 was made 
a duke and peer of P' ranee. • A monument to 
the memory of this brave and good man, in the 
Cathedral of Arras, wasdestroyed by the insane 
furv of the populace during the Revol. 

Levy, rniAii P., eommo. TT S.N., h. Pa. ; 



X,V 



.M;l 



, and de 



■■ Al-us, ■ wlm-li e-ea|.e,l [lie bin 
out Mr. Crawford inini.Mer to Frai 
stroyed in the British Channel 21 sail, one of 
which had a cargo worth 8525,000. On the 
capture of " The Argus," he was made pris- 
oner, and held 2 years. Lieut. Mar. 5, 1817 ; 
com. Feb. 9, 1837; capt. Mar. 23, 1844. Ills 
last cruise was in 18.>8 as flag-officer of the 
Meditei'ranean squadron. Com. Levy was the 
mover of the effort to abolish flogging in 
the navy. He pub. a " Manual of Rules and 
Regulations for Ships-ol-War." An ardent 
admirer of Jefferson, lij became the owner of 
Moniirrllu, il,r 1 il„,,l,:,, e-tatennee owned by 
that si, ii. :ii i .>" ■:, u ill, all itsMorl„,,lwel|. 



federa 
"old I 



i the 



poe 




Alonzo, " The Lynn 
and historian, b. Aug. 28, 17'94; 
1861. He was educated at the school and acaiK 
of his native town, where he resided during 
his life. He was a teacher, and became prin- 
cipal of the acad. ; edited a newspaper ; con- 
structed and pub. a map and a directory of the 
town ; wasa civil en;;ineer ; and for many years 
a justice of the peace. He li.id a jiist" jloetic 
perception, and drew fVom the ^.-raml and pic- 
turesque ocean-scenery about his eottaue, and 
the Ir^'eiids of the red men, suljjects for his 
.Mn-- II.- pnh. " History of Lvnn " in 1829, 
a J. I . Miiinn in 1844, and " Forest-Flowers and 
Sea .Shells," Boston, 1831, and again in 1845. 
A new cd. of his " Hist, of Lynn," contin. by 
J. R. Ncwhall, app. in 1865. 

Lewis, Gen. Andrew, b. Ulster, Ireland, 
ab. 1730; d. Bedford Co., Va., 1780. His la- 
ther, John, was descended from a Huguenot 
family, which settled first in Eng., and after- 
id in Ireland. Having killed his landlord 
resisting an illegal attempt to oust him, lie 
came to Amer., and in 1732 settled at Belle- 
fonte, Augusta Co., Va., being the first white 
resident of the county. Andrew, his third son. 



LE-W 



was possessed of great bodily vigor, and a 
commanding presence. He was a vol. in tlie 
exped. to take possession of the Ohio region in 
1754; was with Washington at the surrender 
of Fort Necessity ; was a maj. in his Va. regt.; 
was in his bro. Samuel's company, at Brad- 
dock's dcfe;it ; com. tlie Sandy Creek exped. in 
1756 ; and in the unlbrtunate exped. of Miij. 
Grant in Oct. 1758 was made prisoner, and 
taken to Montreal. In 1 768 he was a commiss. 
to treat with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix. 
In 1774 he was made brig.-gen. and com. the 
Va. troops at the battle of Point Pleasant, Oct. 
10, gaining a victory over the most formidable 
Indian force that ever assembled in the Old 
Duininioii. For several years he represented 
Botetourt Co. in the h. of hurgcsses, and was 
a member of the conventions of March and 
June, 1775. lie was made a col. in the armv, 
and, Mar. 1, 1770, brig.-gen. at Washington's 
request, but dcclincil, .Vpr. l.'i, 1 777. He drove 
Lord Dunmore from Gwynnc's Island, and 
was on duty in the lower i>art of the State, 
where he contracted a (ever, of which he died. 
His military abilities were highly valued by 
Washington ; and his statue tills one of the 
pedestals around the Washington Monumentat 
Richmond. His bros., all disting. in the mili- 
tary annals of the State, were Samuel, Thomas, 
Charles, and William. 

IiSWis, Col. Charles, b. Va. ; killed at 
the battle of Point Pleasant, Oct. 10,1774; 
served with distinction under his bro. Samuel 
at Braddock's defeat, and was a leader in the 
conflicis of the west Ijorder of the State. 

Lewis, DixoiJ Hall, lawyer and states- 
man, b. Diawiddie Co., Va., Aug. 10, 1802 ; d. 
Now York, Oct. 25, 1848. S. C.ColL The 
family cmigratad to Ga. He studied law, and 
removed to Ala., where he engaged in practice 
withgr.^it success. From 1826 to 1829 he was a 
member of the legi,sl. ; M.C. 1829^4 ; and from 
1844 to his death a U.S. senator. He was the 
largest man in Congress, and was an able pub- 
lic speaker and writer of the extreme State- 
rights school of politics, sustaining the right of 
nullification and secession. 

Lewis, Elisha J., M.D. (U. of Pa.), b. 
Baltimore, 1820. Son of A. J., merchant of 
Phila., and grandson of Capt. Joseph of the 
Revol. army. He spent two years at N. J. 
Coll., and studied medicine with Dr. John K. 
Mitchell, and subsequently in Paris. Since a 
resident of Pliila. Autlior of "Hints to Sports- 
men," 12mo, 1851; "The American Sports- 
man," 8vo, 1855 ; ed. of " Yoiiatt on the Dog," 
8vo, 1 847 ; and contrih. to the Spirit of the Times. 

Lewis, Ellis, LL.D. {Jeft'. Coll), jurist, b. 
Lewisberry, York Co., Pa., May 16, 1798; d. 
Phila. 19 March, 1871. He was first a printer; 
then studied law ; was adm. to the bar in 1822 ; 
app. dep. atty.-geu. in 1824 ; was a member of 
the State legisl. in 1832; app. atty.-gen. of Pa. 
in Jan. 1833 ; pres. judge of the 8th judicial dist. 
in Oct. 1833; and pres. judge of the 2d judi- 
cial dist. in Jan. 1843. He was chosen a judge 
of the State Supreme Court in Oct. 1851 ; be- 
came chief justice in Dec. 1854; and was unan- 
imously renominated iu 1857. In 1858 he was 
a commiss. to revise the criminal code of Pa. 
He received the honorary degree of M.D. from 



the Phila. Med. Coll. for his knowledge of med. 
jurispnidence. Author of an " Abridgment of 
the Criminal Law of the U.S.," and a contrib. 
to periodical literature. 

Lewis, Enoch, teacher and author, b. Rad- 
nor, Chester Co., Pa., Jan. 29, 1776 ; d. Phila. 
July 14, 1856. He was brought up a Quaker. 
Early evinced talent for mathematics ; at the 
age of 14 was usher in a country school, and 
was principal at 15; afterward teaching at 
Phila., at West Town, and at New Garden, 
Chester Co. In 1795 he was employed as a 
surveyor to lay out some towns in the western 
part of the State. He edited several mathemat- 
ical works ; and about 1819 pub. a treatise on 
arithmetic, which was followed by one on a)o;e- 
bra, and by a work on plane and splieiieal trig- 
onoraetry. In 1827 he became editor of the 
African Observer, and from 1847 till his death 
pub. the Friends' Review. He [jub. a Xife of 
Wm. Penn in the "Friends' Library," trea- 
tises "On Oaths" and "On Bajitism'' (18.39), 
a review of Dr. Cox's " Quakerism not Chris- 
tianity," and various pamphlets. 

Lewis, EsTELLE Anna Blanche (Robin- 
son), authoress, b. near Baltimore, Apr. 1824. 
After leaving the Troy Female Sem. in 1841, 
she m. S. D. Lewis, a lawyer of Brooklyn, 
N.Y., and has since resided there. She first 
contrib. to the Family Magzine, and has con- 
trib. many poems to the periodicals, and to 
Graham's Mag. a series ofaiticles on " Art and 
Artists in America." She pub. h.r first vol. 
of poems, "The Records of the Heart," in 
1844; "The Child of the Sea and other Po- 
ems," 1848; "Myths of the Minstrel," 1852; 
and in 1853 an illustrated edition of her poetical 
works. — See Griswold's Fern. Poets, Hart's 
Fern. Prose - Writers, and Mrs, Hale's Records 
of IFomun. 

Lewis, Francis, signer of the Deel. of In- 
d9p., b. Llandart; Wales, Mar. 1713 ; d. N. Y'ork, 
Dec, 30, 1803. He was educated at Westmin- 
ster School. Became a merchant, and came to 
N. Y. in 1 734. After spending 2 years in Phila. 
he returned to N.Y., where he was engaged in 
commerce till 1775. At the capture of Oswego, 
in 1757, he was aide'to Col. Mercer, and was 
with the other prisoners taken to Canada, and 
thence to France. At the clone of the war, the 
British Govt, gave him 5,000 acres of land for 
his services. In 1 765 he was a member of the 
Colonial Congress. Zealously espousing the 
cause of lib.rty, he was sent to Congress in 
1775, continuing a member until April, 1779. 
He was occupied in the importation of military 
stores and other secret ser\-ices, and, by his com- 
mercial knowledge and habits, was eminently 
useful. He sutlc'rod much at the hands of the 
Tories, who not only destroyed his property on 
L.I., but brutally confined his wife in a close 
prison for several months, causing her death. 
Ho himself was at one time a prisoner to the 
British. Most of his property was sacrificed to 
his patriotism, and he died in comparative 
poverty. 

Lewis, Rt. Rev. John Travers, consee. 
first Pr.-Ep. bishop of Ontario, 25 Jan. 1862, 
b. 1827. Educated at Trinity Coll., Dublin. 
Ord. 1848; rector of Brockvillc, Canada, 1854. 
He held the curacy of Newtown Butler in Eng.; 



547 



LE^W 



came to Canada in 1830; and until 1854 had 
charge of the parish of Hawksbury. 

Lewis, Mekiwethek, a celebrated ex- 
plorer, b. near Charlottesrille, Va., Aug. 18, 
1774; d. near Nashville, Oct. 11, 1809. His 
father Wm. F., a man of independent fortune, 
nephew of Col. Fielding Lewis, d. when he was 
yet a child. He very early gare proofs of a 
bold and enterprising disposition ; and at the 
age of 18 he relinquished academic studies for 
farming, which he continued until he was 20. 
A vol. during the Whiskey Insurrection, he 
was transferred to the regular service as ensign. 
May 1, 1795, and became capt. Dec 1800. In 
1803 Pres. Jefferson, whose private sec. he had 
been nearly tvvo years, sent him on an explor- 
ing exped. across the continent to the Pacific. 
At Lewis's request, Capt. William Clarke was 
app. to accompany him. The party set out 
in the summer of 1 803, and returned in the au- 
tumn of 1806. Lewis was. Mar. 2, 1807, made 
gov. of La. Terr. On the new governor's ar- 
rival at St. Louis, the seat of administration, 
he found the country torn by dissensions ; but 
his moderation, impartiality, and firmness soon 
brought matters into a regular train. He was 
subject to constitutional hypochondria; and, 
whUe under the influence of a severe attack of 
this disorder, put an end to his life. A Narra- 
tive of the Exped. of Lewis and Clarke, from 
materials furnished by each of the explorers, 
was prepared by Nicholas Biddle and Paul 
Allen, with a Memoir of Lewis by Jefferson, 
pub in 2 vols. 8vo, 1814. 

Lewis, Gen. Morgan, soldier and jurist, 
b. New York, Oct. 16, 1754 ; d. there April 7, 
1844. N. J. Coll. 1773. Son of Francis the 
signer. He studied law in the office of John 
Jay. In June, 1775, he joined the army at 
Cambridge ; was made capt. of a rifle company 
in Aug.; maj. 2d N.Y. regt. in Nov. ; col., and 
chief of staff to Gen. Gates, in June, 1776 ; and 
soon afterward q.m.-gen. of the northern dept. 
He was at the surrender of Burgoyne; accomp. 
Gen. Clinton in the exped. up the Mohawk ; 
and at Stone Arabia gallantly led the advance, 
and completely routed the Indian foe. Adm. 
to the bar at the close of the war, he practised 
in Dutchess Co ; became a judge of C.C.P. ; 
atty.-gen. of the State in 1791 ; judge of the 
Supreme Court in 1792 ; chief justice in 1801 ; 
gov. in 1804-7 ; and member of the State legisl. 
in 1803-11. App. q.m.-gen., with the rank of 
brig.-gen., in 1812 ; promoted to maj.-gen. in 
1813, and ordered to the Niagara frontier. He 
made a successful descent on the British side 
of the Niagara River, April 27, 1813; and in 
1814 was intrusted with the defence of N.Y. 
City, then in daily expectation of attack. Sub- 
sequently devoting himself to literature and 
agriculture, he became in 1835 pres. of the N.Y. 
Hist. Society. Feb. 22, 1832, he delivered a 
centennial address in lionor of Washington 
before the city authorities. 

Lewis, Samuel, educationist, b. Fal- 
mouth, Ms., Mar. 17, 1799 ; d. Cincinnati, O., 
July 28, 1 854. His father was capt. of a coiist- 
ing-vessel, and he made several voyages as a 
cabin-hoy. In 1813 the family removed to 
Ohio, the father and his five sons walking the 
whole distance from Falmouth to Tittsburg, 



Pa. Samuel was successively a farm-laborer, 
mail-carrier, and carpenter; and at 20 obtained 
a place in the oflSce of the clerk of the Hamil- 
ton Co. Court ; at 23 he was adm. to the bar ; 
and in 1824 he was licensed a local preacher 
in the Meth. Church. An advocate of temper- 
ance and education ; to his efforts were due the 
founding and endowment of the Woodward 
School and of the Hughes High School at Cin- 
cinnati. In 1831 he aided efficiently in forming 
the western college of teachers; was active in 
promoting common school education in Ohio ; 
and in 1837 was elected by the legisl. supt. of 
schools. His measures for the improvement of 
education were adopted; and he was re-ap- 
pointed, and edited the Common School Director. 
Ill-health soon after compelled him to resign his 
office. From 1841 tohisdeath, he was the favorite 
candiiiateof the antislavery party for the state 
senate, for Congress, and for gov. ; and he was 
very zealous In the promotion of temperance 
ami kindred reforms. 

Lewis, Tayler, LL.D., scholar and au- 
thor, b. Northumberland, N.Y., 1802. Un Coll. 
1820. Son of a Revol. officer. He studied law 
in Albany, and practised at Fort Miller. He 
studied Hebrew, biblical and classical literature ; 
taught a classical school at Waterford in 1833 ; 
removed to Ogdensburgh in 1835 ; and in 1838 
w.is app. prof.' of Greek in the U. of N.Y. In 
1849 he took the same professorship in Un. 
Coll., lecturing also on ancient philosophy and 
poetry, and ^[iving instruction in the Orient.il 
tongues. Heisadisting. philologist; h.ascontrib. 
largely to mag.izines and reviews ; and has de- 
livered and pub. several addresses on important 
literary and philosophical topics. He has pub. 
a work on the Nature and Ground of Pun- 
ishment, sustaining the death-penalty, 1844; 
" Plalo contra Atheos," with notes, 1843 ; " Six 
Days of Creation, or Scriptural Cosmologv," 
1853 ; •• The Bible and Science, or the Wo'rid 
Problem : " and in 1860 " The Divine Human 
in the Scriptures." Prof. Lewis has also 
haridled most of the great social, jjolitical, and 
philosophical topics of the times in the " Edi- 
toi's Table " of Harper's Marjazine. 

Lewis, Thomas, statesman, bro. of An- 
drew, b. Donegiil Co., Ireland, April 27, 1718; 
d. Port Republic, Va., Jan. 31, 1790. He had 
a liberal education ; was an excellent mathema- 
tician ; became a surveyor of Augusta Co. in 
1745 ; was a member of the house of burgesses, 
where he advocated the celebrated resolutions 
of Patrick Henry, in 1765; of the conventions 
of 1775 and '76, in which, as one of the com., 
he aided in preparing the Declaration of Rights 
and the State Constitution ; and of the conven- 
tion of 1 788, which ratified the Federal Consti- 
tution. As a member of the first house of dele- 
gates under the Constitution, he went hand in 
hand with Jefferson in enacting religious toler- 
ance. He was one of the boldest patriots of 
Va., and especially efficient in executing the 
plans of the com. of safely. 

Lewis, William, lieut-col. U.S.A., b. Va. 
1767; d. near Little Rock, Ark., Jan. 17,1825. 
C.ipt. under St. Clair in 1791 ; resigned July, 
1797; lieutcol. com. Ky. Vols. Aug. 1812; 
com. in action with British and Indians at 
Frenchtown, River Raisin, Jan. 18, 1813; and 



LE'W 



548 



LIG 



under Gen. Winchester at liis defeat, Jnn. 22, 
at River Raisin, where he was captured, and 
remained two years a prisoner at Quehec. 

Lewis, Wti.T.iAV Henry, D.D., rector of 
the Ch. ot th- II-lv Triniiv Brnol<lvn, L.I., 1). 
Litclifiel.i, (■: , 1 ' _" 1 - : Has pub. "Ser- 
mons for tl,. i ; V.ar," 8to, N.Y., 
"Confession n; ( :,:i-:, ijiiio, 18.i2, "The 
Early Called," - liierosiiion of the Church," 
also various popular tracts. — AlUbone. 

Lewis, WiNSLOW, M.D. (1822), an emi- 
nent surgeon, b. Boston, S July, 17i)9. H.U. 
1819. Descended from George of Barnstaiile, 
and from Kcnelm Winslow. He continuecl 
his med. studies under Dupuytren in Paris, 
and Ahernethy in London, and after his return 
practised in Boston with success. Consulting 
phys. Ms. Gen, Hospital after the d. of Dr. 
Warren. Member Ms. legisl. 183.5, '52, and '5-3; 
city physician 1861 ; pres. N.E.H. and Gcneal. 
Soc. 1861-6; Grand Master of Masons in Ms. 
1855-6 and '60. He transl. from the French 
" Gall on the Structure and Functions of the 
Brain," 6 vols. ; cditdl Paxtnn's " Anatomy," 
and .ilso a worl, in ' I'l !<• Anatomv." — See 
N.E.H. and r, /,'-,, 186.3.' 

Lewis, Zi I ,1 and editor, b. 

1773; d. Bro.,M,,i, ,\ V , N^v. U, 1840, Y.C. 
17y4. Tutor tliLi-e 1796-9. Son of Rev. Dr. 
Isaac Lewis (1746-1840; Y.C. 1765; minis- 
ter of Greenwich, Ct., 1786-1818). From 1803 
to 1820 he edited the .V.^ Commercial Atlcer- 
thn:uu\ theNY. .-,>..■■,■., II. imred earlv 



surp 



was M/nin,- Virr-ims. of tllC 

Amer. Bible Society. 

L'Hommedieu, Ezea, b. Sonthold, L.I., 
30 Aug. 1734 ; d. there 28 Sept. 1811. Y. C. 
1754. Benjamin, his emig. ancestor, was a 
Huguenot of Rochelle, France, who was in 
N.Y. early in 1687, and setiled at Southold in 
1 690. Ezra was a lawyer ; was a delegate to 
the N.Y. Prov. Congress 1775-8; assisted to 
form the first State constitution ; member N.Y. 
Assembly 1777-83 ; member Old Congress 
1779, '81, and '83, and 1787-8; State senator 
1784-1809 (except in 1793) ; once aniember of 
the council of apportionment ; regent State U. 
from 1787 to his death. In politics he was a 
Fed-ralist. Contrih. agric. papers to the first 
N. Y. Agric. Society. — C A iloore, in N. Y. 
Gsneal. and Biofj. Record. 

Lieber, Francis, LL.D. (U. of Jena, 1828), 
pub icist, b. Berlin, March 18, 1800. Entering 
the Prussian army at the age of 15, he fought 
at Ligny and Waterloo, and was severely 
wounded at the assault of Namur. For resist- 
ing the re-actionary measures of govt, at Bar- _ 
lin in 1819, he was arrested, but was soon re-" 
leased, and studied at the TJ. of Jena. At 21 
he volunteered in the Greek struggle for inde- 
pendence, travelling on foot through Switzer- 
land to Marseilles. After much privation, he 
returned to Italy, where he was received into 
the family of the historian Niebuhr. He passed 
the years 1822 and 1823 at Rome, and wrote 
in German a journal of his sojourn in Greece, 
pub. at Leipsic. Returning to Germany with 
promises of safety, he was imprisoned at Kop- 
cnick, where he wrote poetry, which, on his re- 



lease, was printed at Berlin, under the name 
of Franz Arnold. Persecution diove him to 
Eng. in 1825, where he taught one year in Lon- 
don, and also wrote for the German periodicals. 
He came to the U. S. in 1827, and delivered 
lectures on history and politics in the large 
cities. He founded a swimming-school at 
Boston ; and, while residing there, edited the 
" Encyclopicdia Americana," based upon the 
" Conversutions-Leiikon," 13 vols. 1829-33. 
From 1835 to 1856 ho was prof, of history and 
political economy at the S.C. Coll., Columbia, 
and held the same professorship at Col. Coll., 
N.Y., from 1857 to 1865. In the latter year he 
was app. supt. of a bureau at Washington for 
the preservation of the papers of the Conled. 
Govt., to bo preserved as a portion of the na- 
tional archives. Dr. Lieber was active and 
influential both with tongue and pen in ujAold- 
ing the govt, during the civil war, and was 
ores, of the Loval Publicatit)n Societv of New 
York. In 18G2, at the n>qiR->t of (ien.-in-chief 
Halleck, h.- \,v>-ya.-Ci-i\ for th' use of tlic army an 
essay on "Guerilla Parties;" and in 1863 "In- 
structions for the Govt, of the Armies of the 
U.S. in the Field." M-mber of the French 
Acad. He has translated a French work on 
the Revolution of July, 1830; a Life of Kas- 
par Hauser ; the work of De Beaumont and De 
Tocqueville on the Penitentiary Svstera of the 
U.S. in 1832, pub at Phila. in 1834; a plan of 
Education for liirard College ; " Letters to a 
Gentleman in Germany, written after a Trip to 
Niagara;" "The Stranger in America," 8vo, 
1835; "The Gentleman;" "Reminiscences 
of Niebuhr," 1835; "A Manual of Political 
Ethics," 2 vols. 1838; "Legal and PolitiLal 
Heruienentics ; " " Laws of Property ; " " Es- 
says on Property and Labor," 1842; " Civil 
Liberty and Selt-Govemmont," 2 vols. 1853; 
" Essays on Subjects of Penal Law and the 
Penitentiary System;" "Abnseof the Pardon- 
ing Power;" "Remarks on Mrs. Fry's Views 
of Solidary Confinement," &c. ; "Letter on 
the Penitentiary System;" besides many oc- 
casional papers and addresses. While in Eu- 
rope in 1848, "The West and other Poems" 
by him was pub. in New York. — AlUbone ; 
Duyckinck. 

liieber, Oscar Montgomery, geologist, 
son of Francis, b. Boston, Ms., 1830. Edu- 
cated professionally at Berlin, Giittingen, and 
Freib-Tg. Author of "Assayer's Guide," 12mo, 
1852; "The Analyt. Chemist's Assistant," 
12mo, 1852; "Geology of Mpi." (where he 
was State geologist 1850-1), in the N. Y. Min- 
inrj Mag. July, 1854; and numerous articles on 
metallurgy. In 1854-5 he assisted in thegeol. 
survey of Ala. In 1855 he became sur%'eyor of 
S.C. His first Ann. Report was pub. 8vo. 1857. 

Light, George W., printer and publisher 
of Boston, b. Portland, Me., 1810; d. Somer- 
ville, Ms., Jan. 5, 1868. He pub. "Life of 
Timo. Claxton," 12mo, 1839. ; avol. of Poems 
in 1852, and edited the Essayist. 

Ligon, Thomas W., gov. Md. 1854-8; b. , 
Prince Edward Co., Va., Educated at Hamp. ^ 
Sid. Coll., the U. of Va., and Yale Law School. 
Settled as a lawvcr in Baltimore; and was 
M.C. 1845-9. 

Li^uest, Pierre Laclede, founder of St. 



549 



LIN 



LouU, b. Bion, France, 1724; d. on the Mpi. 
Kiver, neai- tlio mouth of the Ark. .River, 20 
June, 1778. ile came to N. Orleans in 1763; 
and, with a coiiipauy iu wliich wad xVuguate 
Chouteau, cstablili. 1 .1 iiaiiiii.-j"i- v,:i !■ Si. 

lijuis now stauil , a , i ■:,. , ; 1 ' 

i''eb. 1764. Li,4U- ; • . .1 'ii 'i m . . a : . 
add acquired by ir.il ■ « iili In.' l.iil.aii- a iar.i> 
property. — Eitwards's Great \\<st. 

Jjillington, Gen. John Alexandek, Rev- 
ol. patriot, b. Barbadoss ; d. at his residence iu 
S. tianover Co., N.C., at a good old age. Son 
of Co.. George, an officer in the British service, 
who became a nLouiber of the Royal Council of 
Barbadoes i.i 1GJ3. He emi^. to Carolina ab. 
1734, and on ihe breaUing-out of the war was a 
me;uber of the vViuuiugion com. of salcty and a 
col. of uiihtia. Iu the uattle of Moore's Creek, 
iTeb. 27, 1776, Col. Lilliugton was conspicuous; 
was soon auerwards promoted to brig.-gen. ; 
and served under Gates iu 1780. His sou, Co!. 
Johu Liaingtou, served his country faithiuJy 
daring the euiire war. 

ijiiiGOlu, Abraham, 16th pres. of the Unit- 
ed States, b. in Lavue Co., Ky., l\b. 12, 1303; 
d. April 15, 1865, by the hand of the assassin, 
J. Wukes jiouth. liis ancestors wer« Quakers 
Uom Bucks Co., Pa. His parents, b. iu Va., 
migrated to Ky., and iu 1816 removed to what 
is now Spencer Co., lud., where Abraham was 
for the ue.xt 10 years occupied iu labor on his 
father's lariu. Having received, ai intervals, 
aeout a year's sclioo.iiig, at 19 he made a trip 
to A'ew Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat. 
In Mar. 1830 he settled iu Macon Co., 1.1. fie 
next assisied in biii.dinu a llat-boat, and aiter- 
ward iu ia,.i:i ; i lo N ,, ( h ,. > ;-. On his re- 
turn, hi . . . I,' •' r _ ' . !:; J . : ivz'--, as Cierk, 

of a Slur- a I ■ a 1 a _. ,, > a. lu 1832 hc 

com. a co.upauj iji \.ju. iur ia_- f!,ack H.iwk 
war. App. postmaster of ivcw Sa.ciu, h- be- 
gan to study law, and engaged iu surveying a 
■ portion of Sangamon Co. lie wa> iu the f-gisl. 
irom 1334 to 1841. Lie.ns.al to ]irai lisa 1 iw iu 
1836,hein 1837 opened au o,- a Sjanuaeld, 

rose ra^iidly to dia.iuetion, a. - ai. a. ,i.tfs 

a promuient leader of the \i ..., i au . iu ill. 
iu 1844 ha canvassed the eiitiiv Sta.e, aUo a 
part of Ind., for Claj^ ; making almost daily 
speeches to large audiences. lU.C. from 1847 
to 184J, he votv^d for the reception of antisla- 
very memorials, the expediency of abolishing 
the slave-trade in the Dist., to prohibit s.avery 
in the territory to be acquired from Mexico, 
and in favor of the Wiluiot Proviso. Ho op- 
posed the auuexation of Texas, but voted lor 
tue loan-bill to enable the govt, to defray the 
expenses of the Mexican war. In the Whig 
National Convention of 1843 he advocated the 
notninaliou of Gen. Taylor. The repeal of the 
Mo. Compromise called him again into the po- 
litical arena ; and it was main.y by his elibrts 
that the Republicans triumphed, and Judge 
Trumbull was elected U.S. senaior. At the 
Repub. National Convention in 1 856 he was a 
candidate for the nomination to the vice-presi- 
dency. June 2, 1858, he was nominated as 
candidate for U. S. senator, in opposition to 
Judge Douglas. The two candidates can- 
vassed the State together, speaking on the same 
day at the same place. 'The debate, which was 



conducted with eminent ability on both sides, 
residted in the choice of Judge Douglas by the 
legisl., although the popular vote gave Mr. 
Lhicoln a uuxjority of over 4,000. At the Re- 
pal. . X 1,1-aal Convention, held May 16, 1860, 
. i a-aaaat'jd for the presidency, his priii- 
I 1 1 . . . 1 1 [ . 1 i ; or being Mr. Seward ; and in the 
hiilnain; .\ov. was elected to that stalion,re- 
ceiving 180 cicctoral votes to 72 IbrMr. Breek- 
enridge, 12 for Mr. Douglas, and 39 tor Mr. 
Bell. The secession of the Southern slave- 
States followed; and Pres. Lincoln was inaug. 
Mar. 4, 1861, under the most gloomy auspices. 
He found the credit of the govt, greatl^ i;a- 
paircd, its navy scattered, its war materiel in 
the hands of the secessionists, who had seized 
Ibrts, arsenals, mints, and vessels ; its small 
army disarmed, and sent home by slow and de- 
vious routes as paroled prisoners ; and the gar- 
rison of Kort Sumter nearly starved. The at- 
tempt to supply the garrison was frustrated by 
the rebel batteries, and, after 33 hours' siege, the 
fortress was surrendered April 14. On the 
15th, a call was issued for 75,000 men. April 
19, the ports of the seced.d States were de- 
clared under blockade. Washington was soon 
strongly garrisoned; and Congress met in ex- 
tra session July 4. His Proclam. of Emancip. 
took ellect Jan. 1, 1863 ; re-elected to the pres- 
idency in 1864. Victory crowned the national 
arms during the succeeding winter, and the 
war was substantially closed, when the assas- 
sin, creeping stcalthi.y from behind, as the 
President sat with his family and triends in 
his box in the theatre, on the night of April 
14, 1865, inflicted a wound with a pistol-ball, 
which in a few hours eiid-d his life. This 
event created unparalleled LXeiioment. Nine 
of the persous iniplicated suiiared condign pun- 
ishment ; while tlie fniicral-honors paid to the 
deceased chief niagiotrate surpassed ;tuy thing 
of the kind in tlie history of the world. 

Lincoln, GiiN. BiiNjASiiN, a (listing, lievol. 
ofiieer, b. Hmglium, Ms., Jan. 23, 1733; d. 
there May 9, 1810. Benjamin bis fatlier was a 
farmer, and a representative to the Gen. Court. 
Of a robust constitution, he was iiimself a. 
farmer; was town representative; a maj.-gen. 
of militia at the opening of the war, and was 
active in its organization ; sec. of the Prov. 
Congress ; and member of the important com. 
of corresp. In June, 1776, he com. the exped. 
whicii cleared Boston harbor of British vessels. 
App. by Congress a maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1777, 
and soon after joined the main army, but was 
surprised and nearly capturi''! at la.,,ii'l lirook, 
Apr. 13. luJulyhewa- ni -a - a -,al,,iyier 

iu opposing Burgoyne. II : i a. N.E. 

niiliiia; sent out a suect - i u . -i- . . aj.t. 13, 
under Col. Brown, against liia j.ou ..I Lake 
George; and joined Gates as second in corn. 
Sept. 29. He commanded iu the works during 
the action of Oct. 7 ; and was severely wounded 
on the Stli, having mistaken some of the enemy 
for his own troops; and disabled until Aug. 
1778; app. to the com. of the southern aimy, 
which he assumed at Charleston in Dee. By 
the defeat of Gen. Ashe, at Brier Creek, Mar. 
2, 1779, Lincoln lost near one-fourth of his 
army. June 20, he attacked the enemy's works 
near Stono Ferry; but the severe action had no 



LEST 



550 



UN 



decisive result. In Sept. 1779 he joined D Es- 
taingoff Savannah; and in a bloody assault, 
Oct. 9, their joint forces were repulsed with 
loss. Mar. 30, 1780, Sir H. Clinton, witli a 
large army, appeared before the lines of Charles- 
ton, which Lincoln, with a very insufBcient 
force, tried to defend. May 12, alter a vigoro;>s 
cannonade, a capitulation took place. 1 he his- 
torian Ramsey gives him great praise for bal- 
6ing 3 months the greatly superior force of 
Clinton and Arbuthnot. Exchanged m iNov., 
he rejoined Washington in the spring of 1781 ; 
com. a central division at Yoiktown, and con- 
ducted the conquered army to the field where 
arms were deposited and the customary sub- 
mission received. From Oct. 1781 to 1 iS4, he 
was sec. of war, and retired with a vote ot 
Congress, acknowledging his hi-hly mentonous 
services. In 1787 he com. the ioree which suj)- 
pressed Shays's insurrection; lieut.-goy. m 
1787 ; coll. of Boston 1789-1808 ; commiss. to 
the Creek Indians in 1789, and to the Western and a 
tribes in 1793; the latter part of his I'fe was 
p^isseil in literary and scientific pursuits. Mem- 
ber of the convention which ratified the U.S. 
Constitution ; member of the Amer. Acad, of 
Arts and Sciences. , n i, 

Lincoln, Esocn, gov. of Maine 182/-9, b. 
Worcester, Ms., Dec. 28, 1788; d. Augusta, 
Oct. 8, 1829. Son of Atty.-Gen. Levi Lincoln. 
Was adm. to the bar in 1811 ; settled as a law- 
yerin Fryeburg, Me. ; and in 1819 removed to 
i>aris,Me. M.C. 1818-26. While at Fryeburg 
he pub. apoem entitled "The Village (181b) ; 
and was also a contributor to the historical 
collections of Maine. His proclamations were 
marked by a peculiar felicity and terseness ot 
expression ; and his official correspondence em- 
braced an energetic vindication ot the riglits 
of the State in the question of the N.L. bounda- 
rv He delivered a poem at the centennia 
celebration of the fight at Lovewell's Pond, and 
an oration at the laying of the corner-stone of 
the C;ipiiol at Augusta, July, 1829. 

Lincoln, Lkvi, lawyer and statesman, b. 
Hiii"huin Ms., May 15, 1749; d. Worcester, 
Apr" 14 1820. H.U. 1772. His ancestor 
Samuel came from Hingham, Eng., in 1627. 
He studied law under Joseph Hawley, and, 
settling at Worcester in 1775, became eminent 
fossmn • became clerk of the court 
Zeal 



Lincoln, Levi, LL.D. (H.U. 1826), states- 
man, son of Levi, b. Worcester, Ms., Oct. 25, 
1782; d. there May 29, 1868. H.U. 1802. 
Adm. to the bar in 1805, he practised with 
success in hi.s native city. He was a State 
senator in 1812; member of the house in 1816- 
-23 (speaker in 1822); licut.-gov. of Ms. 1823; 
iudge of the Supreme Court in 1824 ; gov. of 
Ms. 1825-34; M.C. 1835-41; coll. of the port 
of Boston 1841 to Sept. 1843 ; member of the 
State Senate in 1844; pres. of that body in 
1845. He was the first mayor of Worcester in 
1 848, and was a member of numerous historical 
and scientific societies. He was a warm op- 
ponent of the Hartford Convention, and was a 
member of the State Const. Conv. of 1820. 
He was the first gov. of Ms. who exercised the 
veto power, the occasion being the construction 
of abridge uniting Boston and Charlestown; 
many years pres. of the Worcester Agric. Soc. ; 
fcllowof the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; 
'mbcr of the Antiquarian and Hist. 

^_,. of Ms. 

Tjiricoln, William, antiquarian, b. Wor- 
,,,. ,-n' . ,lu.,eOct.5,1843. H.U. 1822. 
J I, , iilihisbro. Gov. Levi; edited 

ih, \ ./ .,■ with Mr. Baldwin pub. the 

ir„,o..... M:,i:ine 1826-7. Author of a 
"liistuiy of Worcester," 1837. a new cd. of 
which was pub. by Charles Hcrscy in 1862; 
Oration at Worcester, 4 July, 1816 ; and Me- 
moir of C. C. Baldwin in Colls. Amer. Ant. 
Soc. ii. He was an early and active member 
of the Antiquarian Society. 

Lindsay, Charles, a Canadian journalist 
and political writer, b. Lincolnshire, England, 
early in 1820. He came to Canada in 1842, 
and"for some time edited an obscure paper in 
Canada West. Becoming known, in 1846 
Mr. Lindsay became sub-editor of the tzam- 
iner, Mr. Hincks's organ in Toronto, until in 
1852 he became editor of the Toronto LeMki; 
the most influential and widely-circulated po- 
litical and family p?per in the province, lie 
has written " Clergy Reserves," "The Maine 
Liquor-Law," and " The Prairies of the West- 
ern States."— J/o-gan. 

Lindsley, Philip, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 
1823), edueatur, h. Morristown, N.J., Dec. 21, 
1786; d. Nashville, Tenn., May 25, 1855. 
N.J. Coll. 1804. Licensed to preach 24 Aj)r 
1810. He was tutor at Princeton in 180.-9 
and in 1812 ; in 1813 he became prof, of lan- 
1817 was made vice-pres. ; and in 



in 1775, and judge of probate in 1776. 

ous in the cause of independence, he was the 

l7"9"he wasTrvt cClus^o^^rntcat'eS fsTlw^s'-choVen -president- but declined. Ho 

John Adams's administration, he \ 

a^"^S^i^^""'^= of-th; ^rs^.'^^^^^^o^c.^-t'^i^^:^^ 



,,,iw..o >^. efforts tlu - ,, , J 

uion, ue was a zealous a level with that of the oldest and bes^™<lo;vcd 
ies of political papers coUegesof the Atlantic States In Oct. 18d0 

.. r. . '^..'^., _ 1 „: A .i,;- /^ffi^-o onrt ppsided during the 

Albany, Ind., 



years 



house 1796, and of the senate in 1797 ; M C. last four years of hi: 
1799-1801; U.S. atty.-gen. 1801-5; member 
of State council 1806; lieut.-gov. 1807-8; act- 
ing gov in 1809; and in 1811 was app. asso- 



of this time being spent as prof, of 
archieologv and church polity in the iheol. sem. 
there. Siich was his reputation, that he was 
offered the presidency of ten different colleges 



551 



Lingan, Gen. James Maccubin, Revol. 
offircr, b. iMd. ab. 175i; killed by a mob in 
Baltimore, July 28, 1812. He fout;ht at Long 
Isliiiid ; was made prisoner at Fort Washing- 
tun, and experienced the horrors of the prison- 
ship. After the war he was made coll. of the 
port of Georgetown. A politic.d article in the 
Federal Republiam, newspaper of Mr. Hanson, 
occasioned an attack on the premises of theediior 
in Baltimore, whose friends, among them Gens. 
Lingan and Lee, rallied to his support, and 
fired on the mob, killing Dr. Gale, and wound- 
ing others. Surrendering themselves to the 
civil authorities ne.xt day, a bloodthirsty mob 
forced the jail, killed Gen. Lingan, ami dread- 
fully mangled 11 others, including Gen. Lee 
and Mr. Hanson. 

Liniers, Bremont, Don Santiago, a 
Spanish naval officer, b. Xiort, ab. 1760; d. 
Aug. 26, 1809. He was at first in the Maltese 
service ; then in that of Spain, in which he 
became capt of a sliip before the French revol. 
His first service of im|)Ortance was against the 
English, under Wliitelocke, in S. America, 
from whom he took Buenos Ayres, and was 
app. capt.-gen. of Rio de la Plata. On the in- 
vasion of Spain by Bonaparte, he endeavored 
in vain to engage Liniers in his interests ; but 
his temporizing policy excited suspicion both 
in America and Spain, and he was superseded 
by the viceroy, Doii Cisueros. The latter be- 
coming unpopular,' a revolution was excited; 
and Liniers, having declared for the royal 
authority, was taken, condemned to death, and 
shot. 

Lining, John, M.D., physician, b. Scot- 
land, 1708; d. CInn.Mnii, S. C , 1760. He 
received an c.xrri;. m r.ln. iii.i] ; came to 
Amer. ah. 17.3(1; \>.i^ a . .li-p of Franklin, 
and the first tointio-lu. r an ra , iii,-.d apparatus 
into Charleston. He wa.^ a -i.iinl jnanliioner 
there nearly 30 years, lit |ai!., la ih, I'lans. 
of the Roy. Soc. a series oi juilaa.n- taiical 
experiments, conducted in 17;^ — 42. la 17.53 
he pub. the first account of the ycllow-tcvcr 
given to the world from America. 

Linn, John Blair, D.U., poet and clergy- 
man, b. Shippenshurg, Pa., Mar. U, 1777; d. 
Phila. AHg.30, 1804. Col. Cull. 179.). Wm. his 
great-grandfather came from Ireland, ami lived 
more than 100 years. While stndvin- law in 
the office of Ale.x. Hamilton, lie wrote an un- 
successful play, called " Bourvllle Castle." 
Turning his attention to tlieol., he was ord. in 
1798; and June 13, 1799, became assist, to Dr. 
Ewing of the Fir.st I'resli. Clinicii, Phila. His 
powers. il arcana a: ,ia.| Li, I .il iiing were ex- 
iiibited 111 a , , a I >i. Priestly, in 

1803. la i~ \ ; m, was pub. 

towhicl. u.i- ai. ir. .Ian laa.ai.u uf his life, by 
his bro.-iii-law, Charles I'rockden Brown. He 
also wrote a poem on the death of Washington, 
and in 1801 "The Power of Genius," which 
attained popularity. Two vols, of miscellanies 
in prose and verse were pub. by him, without 
his name, soon after he left college. He had 
a mind of great vigor and sensibility, and a 
sprightly and luxuriant fancy. 

Linn, Lewis Fields, senator, b. near 
Louisville, Ky. , Nov. 5, 179.5; d. St. Genevieve, 
Mo., Oct. 3, 1843. His family were among 



the earliest emigrants to Ky. from Va. Both 
grandparents, and 7 members of the family, 
were killed by the Indians, at different times. 
His grandfather. Col. \Vm., was one of the 
most prominent Indian-fighters of his day. 
Lewis settled in St. Genevieve in 181!j, and be- 
came a successful physician and politician. He 
entered the State legisl. 1827; was ncommiss. 
to settle the old French land-cl.iims in Mo. ; and 
was U.S. senator from 1833 till his death. He 
labored for the interest of the Mpi. Valley, and 
in behalf of the settlement of Ol-egon ; and 
made an elaborate speech in support of the 
bill to remit the fine imposed by Judge Hall 
upon Gen. Jackson. — See Life by E. A. Linn 
anclN. Sarc/ent.n.Y. 1857. 

Linn, VVillia.m, D.D., an eloquent Presb. 
divine, b. Shippensburg, Pa , 1752; d. Albanv, 
Jan. 1808. N.J. Coll. 1772. After serving 
some time as chaplain in the Revol. army, he 
was pastor of a church near Shippensburg; ii^ 
1784 he took charge of an acad. in Somerse* 
Co., Md. ; in 1787 became pastor of the Presb. 
Church in Elizabethtown, N.J. ; and shortly 
after settled as a collegiate pastor in the D. R. 
cluirchin N.Y. City, where he resided 20 years. 
He pub. 2 vols, of sermons 1791-4. 

Linsley, James Harvet, naturalist, b. 
Northford, Ct., 5 May, 1787 ; d. Stratford, Ct., 
Dec. 26, 1843. Y.C. 1817. He wasa Baptist 
clergyman, but, in consequence of ill-health, 
turned his attention to the study of natural 
history. He pub. in the Journal of Science a 
catalogue of mammalia in vol. 43, and of birds 
in vol. 45. A memoir of his life was pub. by 
his dau., 18mo, Hartford, 1845. 

Linsley, Joel Harvey, D.D., Cong, 
clergyman, b. Cornwall, Vt., July 15, 1790; 
d. Greenwich, Ct., Mar. 23, 1868. Mid. Coll. 
1811. He was tutor at the coll. two and a 
half years; studied law; was adm. to the bar 
ill 1815 ; and practised in Middlebury 7 years. 
He was licensed to preach in June, 1822 ; was 
a missionary in S.C. ; pastor of the South 
Cong. Church, Hartford, Ct., from Feb. 1824 to 
1832; pastor of the Park-st. Church, Boston, 
until the failure of his voice in 1835 ; pres. of 
Marietta Coll., O., from 1835 to 1845; and 
jiastur of the Second Cong. Church, Green- 
wiah. Ct , from 1847 till his death. 

Lippard, George, novelist, b. near Yel- 
low Springs, Pa., Apr. 10, 1822; d. Phila. 
1854. At 15 he began to study law, which he 
prosecuted in the office of Ovi'd F. Johnston, 
atty.-gen. of the State. In 1841 he became a 
eontrib. to the Spirit rfthe Times. His first 
novel was " The Ladye Annabel." He next 
wrote '• The Quaker City," which produced 
from its showing-up of real characters consid- 
erable excitement. Among his other works 
are " Herbert Tracy," " VVashington and his 
Generals," "Paul Ardenhcim," "Memoirs of 
a Preacher," " Adonai," " Jesus and tlie Poor," 
" Adrian the Neophyte," " The Empire City," 
" The Nazarene," "Blanche of Brandywine," 
" Legends of Mexico," " Washington and his 
Men," " The Rose of Wissahickon," " Bel of 
Prairie Eden," and " New York, its Upper Ten 
and Lower Million," &c. His works evince 
vigor and power, but have little else to recom- 
mend them. His Life and choice writings were 



pub^ 8vo, Phila. 1855, with an essay on his writ- 
ings and genius by C. C. Burr, 184-7. 

Iiippincott, Sara Jane (Clarke) 
" Grace Greenwood," authoress, b. Pompey, 
N.y., 28 Sept. 1823. At 19 she removed with 
lier father to New Brighton, Pa. -She was m. 
Oct. 17, 1853, to Mr. Leander K. Lippincottof 
Phila. She pub. verse at an early age; but her 
first prose-writings were a series of letters con- 
trib. in 1844 to the N. Y. Mirror. Portions of 
these were pub. in 18.50 in two series of " Green- 
wood Leaves." Among her other works are 
" History of my Pets," 1850 ; " Poems," 1851 ; 
"Recollections of my Childhood," 1852; 
" Haps and Mishaps o'f a Tour in Europe," 
1854; " Merrie England." 1855 ; " Stories and 
Legends of Travel, and History for Children," 
185S ; and " Stories from Famous Ballads," 
1860. She now edits the LiUle Pilgrim, a ju- 
venile monthly. Her latest vol. is made up of 
Jier contributions to the Independi-nt, and some 

Iiippitt, Gen. Curistopher, Revol. of- 
ficer, b. Cranston, R.L, 1744 ; d. there JunelS, 
1824. He was disting. early in life for the dis- 
charge of numerous civil and military offices, 
with which he was invested ; and was an ardent 
and inflexible supporter of Revol. principles. 
Made a col. in Sept. 1776, he was engaged at 
White Plains, at Trenton, and Princeton ; was 
afterward a brig.-gen. of R.L militia, serving 
in the engagement in that State ; and was a 
member of the State legisl. — lio'iers. 

Iiipscomb, Abner S., jurist, b. S.C. 
1789 ; d. Austin, Texas, Dec. 3, 1857. After 
studying law, he removed to Ala. ; served in 
its legisl. ; was made a judge of tlie Supreme 
Court ; and subsequently chief justice, which 
office he held many vears. Ho removed to 
Texas in 1838 ; was sec. of State under Pres. 
Lamar, and a member of the State Const. 
Conv. Upon the organization of the State 
govt, hehecamean assoc. justiceof the Supreme 
Court. 

Iiisle, Henry M., lawver, of Milton, Ms., 
b. W. Indies ; d. Tortohi.'iSU. He laih. an 
oration on the death of Wasliingiun, 1800; 
" Milton Hill," a poem ; and a Masonic Ad- 
dress, 1805. 

liist, Frederick, b. Bentlingen, Suabia, 
1789 ; d. Kufstein in the Tyrol, 30 Nov. 1846. 
App. prof, of polit. econ., U. of Tubingen, 
1817; afterward emig. to Pa., and there dis- 
covered the Tamaqua coal-mines. U.S. consul 
for Leipsic, 1832. Pub. his " National System 
of Polit. Econorav " in 1841, transl. with a 
" Life of List " by Dr. Matile, Phila. 8vo, 
1856. This edition has a valuable preface by 
Stephen Colwell. — AUibone. 

List, Mrs. Harriet Winslow, author 
of "Stanzas to the Unsatisfied," and "Morn- 
ing and Night," a poem ; b. Portland, Me., 
30 JuM, 1819; m. in 1848 Charles List of 
Phila. She is now Mrs. S. E. Sewall, and re- 
sides in Melrose, Ms. 

ZiithgOW, William, lawyer and patriot, 
b. Georgetown, Me., 1750; d. 16 Feb. 1796. 
Wm. his father, judge of the C.C.P. for Lin- 
coln Co., d. 1798. The son, an ardent pa- 
triot, was a major in the Cont. line in 1776, 
and was badly wounded in the arm at Sarato- 



ga. After the war, he studied law, engaged 
in practice in Lin<olu Co.; was a State senaror 
in 1787; was soon afterwards maj.-gen. of 
militia; and from 1789 till his death was U.S. 
atty. for the district of Maine. 

Iiittell, Eliakim, editor, b. Burlington, 
N.J., Jan. 2, 1797; d. Brookline, Ms., 17 May, 
1870. George, his ancestor, cmig. in 1630-40. 
Capt. Eliakim, his grandfather, disting. him- 
self in the defence of Springfield. N.J., 4 June, 
1780. Editor and pub. of the National Record- 
er, Phila. Jan. 1819; changed its title in 
Julv, 1821, to the Safitidai/ Mi_uj., publishing 
DcQuiucey's"Confessionsnfaii(),,.iim-Eater," 
and Cliarlcs Lamb's works; Jnh . 1822, he 
again changrd it to a uiontblv, cnlitlcd the 
Musenm of For.iqn Literature un<i Science, which 
was edited by Robert VValsh the first year, af- 
terward by himself aided by bis bro. Sqiiicr 
Littell, M.D. ; in 1843 it was pub. in New 
York as the Eclectic Museum of For. Lit., and 
not edited by Mr. L. May U, 1844, he began 
in Boston LitteU's Living Age, which he edited 
till his death, when it had reached the 105th vol. 
In July, 1855, he began the Panorama of Life 
and Lit., a monthly. He was the author of 
the " Compromise Tariff," adopted by Clay, 
and carried through Congress during Jackson's 
administration. His bro. John Stockton, b. 
Burlington, N.J., a resident of Germantown, 
Pa., has cilited, with biog. and hist, notes, Gray- 
don's Memoirs, 8vo, 1846 ; Alex. Garden's An- 
ecdotes of the Amer. Revol.; and pub. "The 
Life of Henry Clav." Anoiher bro. Squier, 
M.D., b. Burlington, N. J., 1803; surgeon to 
Willis's Hospital (Phila.), for diseases of the 
eve since ii- upcning in 1834; author of 
"■MiiuiuiI ot l);Mn,-,cs ot the Eye," I2mo, 1837 ; 
2d nl , 1S4II, — .1/A(««f.. 

LitteU, William, LL D., re])orter of the 
decisions of the Ky. Court of Appeals, and 
conipihr of " Laws of Kentucky," b. N. J. ; d. 
Frankfurt, 1824. Many years an eminent 
meinhor of the Ky. bar. Author also of " Di- 
gest of the Statute Law of Ky.," 1822, 8vo, 2 
vols., and " Festoons of Fancy, in Essays, Hu- 
morous, Sentimental, and Political, in Prose 
and Verse." 

Xilttle, Capt. George, of the Revol. navy, 
b. M.irshfield, Ms., 1754; d. Weymouth, Ms., 
July 22, 1809. He com. "The Boston," an 
armed ves.sel belonging to Ms., soon alter the 
opening of the Revol., and was Ui licut. of 
" The Protector," Ca|.t. John Foster Williams, 
in 1779. Captured by a Briti-h frigate, ho 
scaled the walls of his prison at Plymouth, 
Eng., and cscrt|n'd ; s aln r com. the sloop- 

ing the rcinainlri of i\,r war; app. to com. 

made capt. in the U ."^ -N M diIi 4. IT'.Ki. lie 
captured several armcM I'm n. h ^Ih|i^, :in]niiL; 
them " Le Berceau," ;iipr a Mvnv couflirt, 
but was discharged Oi t. 22, ISul, and retired 
to his farm. 

Iiittle, Harvey D., lawyer, poet, and edi- 
tor, b. Welhcrsficld, Ct., 1803; il. Columbus, 
Ohio, Aug. 22, 1833. At the age of 12 or 13, 
he accomp. his father to Franklin Co., Ohio, 
where he was for several years a printer and 
editor, and afterwards a lawyer. His poems 



553 



I^IV 



first attracted general notice in IS.'JO, when 
they appeared under tlie " nora de plume " V'e- 
lasques, in the St. Clairsville newspaper, pub. 
bv him. He edited the Eclectic and Medical 
liotanisl at the time of his death. A culog}' 
was pronounced on his character bv Rev. War- 
ren Jenkins before the Columbus Tvpo,2;raphi- 
cnl Soc. 30 Nov. 1833. — Poets and Poetry of the 
West. 

Xiittle, Lewis Henry, gen. C.S.A., b. 
B.altimore, 1818; killed in the battle of luka, 
Sept. 19, 1862. West Point, 1839. Son of 
Col. Peter Little, JI.C. from Md. 1811-13 and 
1816-29; d. Bait. Feb. 5, 1830. L. H. enter- 
ed the 5th Inf. ; he became 1st lieut. 7th.Inf. 
Apr. 1845; hrev. capt. for gallantry at Mon- 
terey, Sept. 23,1846; disting. himself at Cerro 
Gordo ; became capt. Aug. 1847 ; and resigned 
May 7, 1861, to enter the Confederate army; 
adj.-gen. Mo. forces on the staff of Gen. Price ; 
and lor his skill and courage at the battle of 
Elk Horn was made brig.-gen. When Van 
Dorn was assigned to the com. of the dist. of 
North Mjii., Little succeeded to the com. of 
Price's division. 

Iiittle, Moses, Revol. officer, b. Newburv, 
Ms., May 8, 1724 ; d. there May 27, 1798. In 
Apr. 1775, he marched with a company to 
Lexington ; was made a col. ; and was in the 
battle of Bunker's Hill ; after the evacuation 
of Boston went to N.Y. ; was with his regt. at 
Trenton and Princeton ; and returned home in 
ill-health in 1777. A shock of palsy deprived 
him of speech in 1781. App by the State of 
Ms. in 1779 to com. the naval exped. to the 
Penobscot, he declined on account of ill-health. 
— Coffin's Neicbiiry. 

Little, Sophia L., author, b. Newport, 
R.I, 1793; dau. of Ashur Robbins; m. in 
1824 Wm. Little, jun., of Boston, wheresbe has 
since resided. Has contril). mur-h to periodicals, 
and pub. " The Last D.iys of Jesus," 1839 ; 
"The Annunciation and Birth of Jesus," 
1842; "The Betrothed and the Branded 
Hand," 1844; "Poems;" and a proscwork, 
entiled " Pilgrim's Progress in the Last Days," 
1843.— tr'r/.«foWs Fern. Poets. 

Littlejohn, AbramN., D.D.(U. Pa. 1856), 
Pr.-Ep. bishop of L.I. (consec. 19 Nov. 1868), 
h. Montgomery Co., N.Y., 13 Dec. 1824. Un. 
Coll. 1845. Adm. deacon 19 Mar. 1848, offi- 
ciating at St. Anne's Church, Amsterdam, 
N.Y.,one year ; then at St. Andrew's, Mcriden, 
Ct. ; rector of Christ Church, Springfield, Ms., 
10 Apr. 1850, and ord. priest in that year; rec- 
tor of St. Paul's, N. Haven, July 1851-1860, 
and since Easter Sunday, 1860, rector of Holy 
Trin. Church, Brooklyn, N.Y. Elected pres. of 
Hobart Coll. in 1858, and declined. Ten years 
lecturer on pastoral theol. at the Divinitv 
School, Middletown, Ct. In 1853 he delivered 
at Phila. a course of lectures on " The Philos. 
of Religion," afterward published. 

Littlepage, Lewis, soldier and diploma- 
tist, b. Hanover Co., Va., Dec. 19, 1762; d. 
Fredericksburg, Va., July 19, 1802. Wm. 
and Mary Coll. 1778. A member of the fam- 
ily of John Jay, minister to Madrid ; he vol. 
in Crillon's exped. against Minorca in 1781; 
and afterwards accomp. Count Nassau to the 
siege of Gibraltar, and thence to Constantino- 



ple and Warsaw. He was honored fur many 
years with the esteem and confidence of the 
unfortunate Stanislaus, king of Poland, un- 
der whom, before the loss of his throne, he held, 
among other offices, that of ambassador to Rus- 
sia ; was created by him a knight of the order 
of St. Stanislaus, chamberlain, and confiden- 
tial sec. ; and acted as his special envoy in the 
most important negotiations. He also served 
with credit as an officer of high rank in differ- 
ent armies. When Stanislaus lost his throne 
in 1792, Littlepage returned to Virginia. 

Little Turtle (MEcnE-cnN-NAQUA), a 
Miami chief of great distinction ; d. Fort 
Wayne, Ind., 14 July, 1812. He is supposed to 
have received some instruction in Canada ; and 
possessed great intelligence, native wit, and men- 
tal vigor. He took part in the border warfare 
of the West; and com. at the defeat of Harmar, 
in Oct. 1790, on the Miami, and at that of St. 
Clair, 4 Nov. 1791, at St. Mary's. He was 
present, thou;:h not in com., at the battle of 
Fallen Timbers, in which the Indians were de- 
feated by Gen. Wayne, 20 Aug. 1794, he hav- 
ing vainly endeavored to dissuade them from 
attacking the " chief who never sleeps," and 
with whom he urged them to make peace; and 
was one of the signers of the treaty at Green- 
ville, in Aug. 1795. In 1797 he visited Wash- 
ington at Phila., where he had also an inter- 
view with Volney, the French philosopher, 
and was the reci|)ient of a pair of elegantly 
mounted pistols Ironi Kosciuszko. 

Livermore, Abiel Abbot, clergyman, 
h. Wilton, N.H., Oct. 30, 1811. H.U. 1833. 
He studied divinity at Cambridge ; was ord. 
pastor of the Unitarian Church in Keene, 
N.H., Nov. 2, 1836 ; but left in May, 1850, and 
became pastor of the cUurch in Cincinnati, 
which office be held till the summer of 1856. 
He became cilinn ••[ ili < i" istian Inquirer, in 

N.Y.,Jan.l,l i ' , pastor of the 

First UnitaiiiiM i okers. Pres. of 

the Theol. S.ni., .\l. hIm : , I'a., since 1863. 
His principal works are " The Four Gospels," 
with a commentary, 1841-2 ; " The Acts of the 
Apostles," with a commentary, 1844; "Epis- 
tle of Paul to the Romans," with a commentary, 
12mo, 1855 ; " Lectures to Young Men," 1846; 
"Tlie Marriage-Offering," 1848; "The War 
with Mexico Reviewed," a prize essay, 1850; 
" Di.-^courses," 1854; "Christian Hymns," a 
compilation, 1859. Ho has also contrib. to the 
N. A. Review, Christian Examiner, Christian 
Repository, and other periodicals. 

Livermore, Arthur, .lurist, b. London- 
derry, N. H., July 26, 1766 ; d. Campton, 
N.H., July 1, 1853. Son of the Hon. Samuel. 
Was a lawyer by profession, and a member of 
the legisl. Assoc, justice in the Superior Court 
1798 10 Sept. 1809. Chief justice from the 
latter date until June, 1813; and agiiin ussoc. 
justice until 1816; M.C. 1817-21 and 1823-5; 
and chief justice C.C.P. in 1825-32. 

Livermore, Edward St. Loe, judge, 
b. Portsmouth, N.H., Apr. 5, 1762; d. Lowell, 
Ms., Sept. 22, 1832. Son of Judge Samuel. 
He was a counsellor at law; was U.S. attv. to 
the Circuit Court; M.C. for Essex Co. in 1806- 
12; in 1797-9 a judge of the Superior Court 
of N.H. A resident of Boston in 1813, he de- 



554 



livered the 4th of July oration; in 1799 pro- 
nounced at Portsmouth an oration on the dis- 
solution of the union between this country and 
France; and Jan. 6, 1809, an oration on the 
embargo law. See Lond. Notes and Q. v. .3d 
ser., fordau. Harriet, b. 14 Apr. 1788, recently 
livinj; in Philadelphia. 

Livermore, George, merchant and schol- 
ar, b. Cambridge, Ms., July 10, 1809 ; d. there 
Aug. 30, 1865. For many years he was prom- 
inent in the wool-commission business in Bos- 
ton. He pub. a vol. on the N. Eiig. Primer; 
"A Tribute to James Johnson," 18.55; "Opin- 
ions of the Founders of the Republic on Ne- 
groes as Slaves," &c., 1802; contrib. to the 
Christ. Examiner an article on Strickland's 
Hist, of the Bible Soc., and to the N. A. ReiK 
a paper on Public Libraries. Mr. L. was made 
A.M. of H.U. in 1850 ; was a member of sev- 
eral learned societies ; and had collected one of 
the finest libraries of Bibles and biblical lit- 
erature in the country. — Dia/ckinck. 

Livermore, Marv Ashton, reformer, b. 
Boston, 19 Dec. 1821. Dau. of Timo. Rice. 
She was noted in her youth for resolution and 
restless activity; was foremost in healthful out- 
door sports ; and was also remarkable for pro- 
ficiency at school. She was a pupil, and for 
some time a teacher, in the Cbarlestown Fem. 
Sem. She sought relief from the bereavement 
sustained by the loss of a much-loved sister 
by becoming a governess in Southern Va., 
where she remained 2 years ; and then taught 
school in Duxbury, Ms., where she m. D. P. 
Livermore, a Universalist clergyman, lie was 



ntiv s 



tied as pastor in Stafford, Ct., 
h, Ms., Auburn, N.Y., 
\b. 1858 became ed. and 
mint at Chicaso. Dur- 
rc largely for the period- 



Sidl'iu.l: 


, •■ i ■;.ii, 111.1 Ml llir \<> 


Dun.,. , 


,,1 1,-1 l.ll.i.r. ill l.rl 


soUliu. . 


.i:d 111 .1.1.1 ul the Saiiit.iry 


arduous. 


and were of the highest ut 



ihty. 



Slie 
has latterly been prominent as a writer and 
speaker in the cause of woman; and in 1870 
established in advocacy of this movement, and 
has since edited, the Womari's Journal at Bos- 
ton. — Unii: liepositorij, 1868. 

Livermore, Samuel, LL.D., statesman, 
b. Waltham, N.H., 14 May, 1732; d. Holder- 
ness, N. H., May, 1803. N.J. Coll. 1752. 
Adm. to tlie bar in 1757; became atty.-gen.of 
N. H. in 1769 ; judge adv. of admira"lty before 
the Revol. ; member Cont. CongreJs 1780-2 
and 1785-6 ; of the conv. to adopt the Federal 
Constitution in 1788 ; pre.s. of the Const. 
Conv. of 1791; judge of the Sup. CourtofN.H. 
1782-90; M.C. 1789-93; U.S. senator 1793- 
1801, and |ires. pro tern, in 1797 and '99. 

Livermore, Samuel, an eminent lawyer 
of N.Orleans; d. 1833. HU. 1804. Author 
of " Treatise on the Law of Principal and 
Agent, and of Sales by Auction," Boston, Svo, 
1811 ; "Disserts. on theContrarietyof Lawsof 
Different States and Nations," N. Orleans, Svo, 
1828. 

Livingston, Brockholst, LL.D. (H.U. 

1818), jurist, son of Gov. William, b. N.Y. 
Nov. 25, 1757 ; d. Washington, Mar. 19, 1823. 



He entered N. J. Coll., but left it in 1776 to join 
the staff of Gen. Schuyler, com. of the northern 
army. He was afterward attached to the suite 
of Arnold with the rank of maj. ; shared in the 
capture of Burgoyne ; and was promoted to a 
colonelcy. In 1779 he accomp. John Jay to 
the court of Spain as his private sec. On his 
return, in 1782, he studied law, and was adm. 
to practice in Apr. 1783, and rose to eminence 
at the bar. App. Jan. 8, 1802, a judge of the 
Supreme Court of N.Y., and from Nov. 1806 
to his death was a judge of the U.S. Supreme 
Court. An upright judge, an able pleader, and 
an accomplished scholar. 

Livingston, Edward, jurist and states- 
man, b. Clermont, Columbia Co., N.Y., -26 
Miiv, 1764; d. Rhinebeck, N.Y., 23 May, 
18.36. N.J. Coll. 1781. Great-grandson of 
Robert, first proprietor of the manor of Liv- 
ingston, and son of Robert R. His mother 
was Margaret Beekman. He m. Mary McEvers 
of N.Y. City, where he began practice in 1785, 
and soon acquired a high reputation as a jurist 
and advocate. M.C. in 1795-1801, and an op- 
ponent of the administrations of Washington 
and Adams; app. in Mar. 1801 U.S. dist.- 
atty. for N.Y., and chosen mayor for two years, 
being at the same time judge of the municipal 
court. In the autumn of 1803 he became a 
public defaulter in consequence of the miscon- 
duct of a clerk ; made an assignment of his 
property; and, in Feb. 1804, removed to New 
Orleans. Having lost his first wife, he m. a 
Creole, Louise Moreau de Lassy, in 1805. Meet- 
ing great professional success in N. Orleans, 
he paid in full the debt he owed the govt. 
Becoming involved in litigation with the Federal 
Govt, about the title to the batture lands in N. 
Orleans, it was the subject of a special message 
to Congress, 7 Mar. 1808, and of a pamphlet 

in irply. The hitter gained his case. One of 
hi-, hi 1-1 hiljors in La. was the |ireparation of a 
cuilc of judicial procedure in force Irom 1805 
to 1825. His improvements both in the civil 
and criminal code (begun in 1821) established 
his fame both at home and abroad. In regard 
to capital punishment, he approved the humane 
suggestions of Beccaria. This code has visibly 
influenced the legislation of several countries. 
At the battle of New Orleans, 8 Jan. 1815, he 
acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Jackson, who 
was his intimate friend. M.C. from La. 182.3- 
9 ; U.S. senator 1829-31 ; sec. of State, May, 
1831-May, 1833; and minister to France until 
the close of 1835. In Congress he attempted 
to reform the criminal code, carried laws for 
the protection and relief of American seamen 
in foreign lands, and promoted the establish- 
ment and increase of the navy. An eloquent 
eulogy upon his life and works was pronounced 
by Mignet in 1 838, before the French Acad., of 
which Livingston was a member. Amiability 
and goodness of heart were noticeable features 
of his character. His bro.-in-law Davezac pre- 
pared a vol. of " Reminiscences of Livingston," 
a portion of which app. in the Democ. Review, 
to which, about 1 840, he was a frequent contrib. 
He pub. Judicial Opinions delivered in the 
Mavor's Court, N.Y. 1 802 ; " Report to the As- 
sembly of La. of the Plan of the Penal Code," 



t,rv 



555 



8vo, 1822; " Svstem of Penal Law for La.," 
1826; and "System of Penal Law for the 
U.S." 1828. — See Life of Livingston, by C. H. 
Hunt, 8vo, 1864. 

Iiivingston, Gen. Henry, b. Livingston 
Manor, N.Y., Jan. 19, 1752 ; tl. there May 26, 
1823. He m. in Canada at an early age ; was 
a lieut.-col. at Saratoga; and com. at Stony 
Point at the time of Arnold's treason. 

Iiivingston, Col. Henry Beekman, 
Revel, officer, b. Living-ston Manor, 1750; d. 
Rhinebeck, N.Y., 7 Nov. 1831. Son of 
Robert R. and Margaret Beekman. He 
raised a company in Aug. 1775, with which he 
accomp. Montgomery to Canada; and, for ser- 
vices in the capture of Chambly, was voted 
a sword by Congress, Dec. 1775. Aide to 
Schuyler in Feb. 1776; lieut.-col. in Mar, '76; 
col. 4tli N.Y. batt. Nov. 21, 1776 ; resigned in 
Jan. 1779. He was with Montgomery at Que- 
bec, and disting. himself in the engagement at 
Quaker Hill, R.L After the war, he was atty.- 
gen., judge, and chief justice of N.Y., and a 
gen. in war of 1812; pres. N.Y. Soc. of Cin- 

Livingston, Henry Walter, M.C, 
1803-7, b. N.Y. 1764; d. Linlithgow, N.Y., 
Dec. 22, 1810. Y.C. 1786. Educated to the 
law; judge of C.C.P.of Columbia Co., N.Y. ; 
sec. to Mr. Morris, ambassador to France in 
1792. 

Livingston, Col. James, Revol. officer, 
b. Canada, 1747 ; d. Saratoga Co., N.Y.,Nov. 
20, 1832. Son of John and Catharine Ten 
Brocck of the branch of Robert, nephew of the 
proprietor of the Livingston Manor. Possess- 
ing some influence among the Canadians, he 
became col. of thn rcgt. of Canadian refugees, 
who joined Gen. Montiromery. With tlieni Liv- 
ingston captured Fort Chambly, itsganison and 
stores; accomp. Jloutgomery in his invasion 
of Canada ; and participated in the memorable 
attack on Quebec. He was also at the battle 
of Stillwater, and served to the end of the war. 
His brothers, Lieut.-Col. Richard and Capt. 
Abraham were in the same corps. lie resided 
at Montreal, where he m. Elizabeth Simpson. 

— Hol;,,lte. 

Livingston John Henry, D.D. (Utrecht, 
1770), great-grandson of Robert, and son 
of Henry ; b. Poughkeepsie, N.Y., May 30, 
1746 ; d. New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 20, 1825. 
Y.C. 1762. He began to study law ; afterward 
studied theology in Utrecht, Holland ; and, 
having been ord. by the classis of Amsterdam, 
in 1770 he became pastor of the Dutch Church 
in N.Y. City. While in Holland, he procured 
the independence of the Amer. churches from 
the Dutch classis, and effected a union be- 
tween the former in 1772, — two parties hav- 
ing formerly divided them. In 1775 he was 
m. to his 3d cousin, the dau. of Philip Living- 
ston ; and in 1 786, having removed from N.Y. 
on the occupation of that city by the British, 
he preached at Albany 3 years, afterward at 
Kingston and Poughkeepsie, and at the close 
of the war returned to N.Y. App. by the gen. 
synod in 1784 prof, of divinity, it was not till 
1795 that a regular seminary was opened under 
his direction at Bedford, L.I. This was closed 
two years after for lack of support. Dr. L. 



then resumed his labors in N.Y. In 1807 
Dr. L. was app. pres. and prof, of theology in 
Queen's Coll., N. Brunswick, N. J. He pub. 
" A Funeral Service," " Incestuous Marriage," 
a dissertation on marriage with a sister-in-law, 
1816; "Psalms and Hymns," &c. ; " Ref. 
Dutch Ch.inN.A.,"18I4; and some occasional 
pieces. — See Life, by Rev. Alex. Gunn, N.Y. 
1829. 

Livingston, Philip, Revol. statesman, b. 
Alhanv, Jan. 15, 1716; d. York, Pa., June 12, 
1778. Y.C. 1737. 4th son of Philip, who 
inherited the manor of Livingston from his fa- 
ther Robert. He became a prominent raer- 
chantofN.Y. City ; was an alderman in 1754-8; 
and became a member of the legisl. in 1759. 
He was one of the com. of corresp. with the 
agent for the Colony in Eng., Edmund Burke. 
In 1764 he reported to the house a petition to 
the king, afterwards adopted, opposing the in- 
tended taxation of the Colonies ; and in 1768, 
as speaker, he signed the answer of the house 
to the Boston letter, and also to two memorials 
to the British parliament ; in 1769 he was un- 
seated by the Tory majoritv. Member of the 
Cont. Congress in 1774-8, lie not only signed 
but strciuionsly advocated the Decl. of Indep. 
Oct. 11; 1774, he was, with Lee and Jay, app. 
to prepare a memorial to the people of British 
America, and an address to the people of Gi'eat 
Britain. April 26, 1775, he was chosen pres. 
of the Prov. Congress; and Feb. 1, 1776, was 
unanimously elected to the Assembly. He was 
a member of the senate pending the question 
of the adoption of the Slate Constitution ; a 
member of the boni'd of the Cont. treasury in 
1776, and of its marine com. in 1777. He 
founded the proH;ssorsliip of divinity at Y. C. 
in 1746; was one of the founders of the N.Y. 
Society Library, and of the Chamber of Com- 
merce'; and aided materially in the establish- 
ment of Col. Coll. Previous to his decease he 
sold part of his property to sustain the public 
credit. His son Henry Philip was a member 
of Washington's fiimilyin 1778. 

Livingston, Robert R., judge, b. 1719; 
d. Phila. Dec. 9, 1775. Eldest son of Robert, 
merchant of New York, who was second son 
of the first owner of Livingston Manor, and 
who d. Clermont, 27 June, 177.5, a. 88. App. 
judge of the Admiralty Court in 1760 ; and in 
1763 a justice of the N.Y. Sup. Court; rep. 
Duchess Co. in the Assembly 1759-68; corn- 
miss, in 1767, and again in 1773, to fi.K a line 
of jurisdiction between N.Y. and Ms. He m. 
Margaret, dau. of Col. Heniy Beekman, by 
whom he had Chancellor Robert R., Janet (who 
m. Gen. Montgomery), Col. Henry B., and 
Edward. — Ilotqute. 

Livingston, Robert R., LL.D., states- 
man, b. New York, Nov. 27, 1747 ; d. Feb. 26, 
1813. Columb. Coll. 1765. His ancestor Rob- 



ert, of a noble Scottish family, cmig. to Amer. 
in 1678, and in 1686 obtained a patent for the 
manor of Livingston. He practised law with 
great success in New York ; but in 1775 lost 
the office of recorder, which he obtained in 
1773, on account of his attachment to liberty ; 
and was elected to the Assembly, and sent to 
Congress, of which he was a member in 1775-7 
and 1779-81. i He signed the Decl. of Indep. ; 



556 



was see. of forcij;!! affairs from Aug. 1781 to 
Aug. 178.3; and during tlie Revol. signalized 
himself liy his zeal and efficiency in the cause. 
Mem her of the N.Y. Const. Conv. in Apr. 1777 ; 
he was chancelkir of ihc state from 1777 until 
Feb. ISOl.assmh adiniiii,i,rini; the oath of 
office to VVashin;,'to[i iipun his inaug. as pres. 
In 1788hewascliainnan mI ,!„■ NY. conven- 
tion to con-ider the U.S. ( . I i..:i,,, .1 |M-in- 
eipally instrumental in 1. 1. i].iion. 
Minister-plcnipo. to Fraiu ,i i -li : !!>■ pro- 
cured the cession of La. in .\;.: l-i ■. and a 
settlement for the numerous spolia!ii.ais hy the 
French on our commerce. Napoleon, on taking 
leave of him, presented to him a splendid snuff- 
box, with a miniature likeness of himself by 
, he formed a friendship 
iiterially assisred in his 
in. He introduced into 
n, and the breed of me- 
rino sheep; and was pres. of the N.Y. Acad, of 
Fine Arts, and also of the Agric. Society. Few 
men have been concerned in events of greater 
importance to thccountrv, — the DccI of Indop., 

thefranunu'ot il,- Cm,;-!;!-!; ; 1 .\ "i and of 

the U.S., tlir I :i.. - ..■ 1,„ I : , , ■ u'crm 



Isabey. While in Pai 
for Fulton, whom he 
plans of steani-naviga 
N. Y. the use of gyps 



vention ot st> ,i 
the eflicient m 
" Oration bef 
"Address to tli^ 
1808; "Essavs 



1 l.ai. Ilr pub. 

1 ■ " Mig the Arts," 
' iii.iiir , " " Essay on 
Sheep," London, Svo, ISll. 
Livingston, Wu.lum, LL.D. (Y.C. 

1788). Statesman, bro. of Philip, b. Albany, 
ab. Nov. 30, 1723; d. Elizabcthtown, N.J., 
July 2.5, 1790. Y.C. 1741. He became an 
eminent mendier of the bar of N.Y. and N.J. 
In 1752bepub. with Wm. Smith, jun., the first 



' Di.-f 



ced 



jonr 



fence . 


,i i , 




■ .V K.vaw of the Mdi- 


tary (1 


'I'Ci.aiu: 


,1.- ill N. 


A., truui i:o3 to April 


14, 17: 


JG, in a 


Letter to 


a Nobleman;" in 17.^8 


he was 


; elected 


a member of the Assembly. He 


wrote 


much 


in oppo 


sition to the propo.sed 


Amcii 


can K|. 


,..-op:,te 


Having purchased a 


tract o 


r i.iiia 


01 1 li'iOi 


rilitown, N. J., ho built 


a lion 






4 ■•Liberty Hall;" in 


177;i li 






. where be passed the 


reniaii 


hi , . 




II- eailv espon-ed the 


cau.sc • 


. ,li. 1 




I'.a^ ilrrinl :, (lr|,H-ate 


to the 






-. llM,„ X ,1. 11, lf7'4; 



puton sciualol lau aiooi ui.poi taill i oliinilt- 
tees; but was recalled June 5, to cumrnaud as 
brig.-gen. the State militia, and after Wni. 
Franklin was deposed, in June, 177G, suc- 
ceeded to the office of gov., which he retained 
to the close of his life. In the trying circum- 
stances in which N. Jersey was placed, as a 
frontier State, during the Kevol., he conducted 
bis govt. ivir!i L-vrat jinl^'mentand energy. The 
Briii-tMii I .1 '■. e litions for the purpose 

of ki.iiii : : , liniiQui.x.ieof tlic Jcr- 

seys " (.1- 111 < :ia I lite gov., who was tall 
in person and \eiy tniii) ; but he was always 
fortunate etiough to escape. In 1787 he was 
a delegate to the convention which frtimed 
the Federal Constitution; he refused the app. 



of commiss. to superintend the construction 
of the Federal buildings, and of minister to 
Holland. A Memoir by Theodoie Sedgewick, 
with his Corresp., was pub. in 1832. He 
was the author of a poem called ''Philosophi- 
cal Solitude," 1747; a funeral oration on 
President Burr of Princeton College ; and a 
variety of poll ileal and mis eelhtn eous,traets. ' 

Tiivius, Peter, counsellor of N.H., chief 
justice of Canada, b. Bedford, Eng., 1727; d. 
Eng. 23 July, 1795. He received an hon. de- 
gree from H.U. in 1767. A resident of Ports- 
mouth, N.H.; proscribed as a loyali-st in 1778; 
chief justice from May 31, 1777, to 1786, when 
he went to England. 

Lloyd, David, an early and influential 
Welsh settler in Pa.; d. Chester, Pa., 1731, a. 
75. Arriving in Phila. in 1686, he practised 
law there, and was in that year commiss. by 



"Win. Penn at 



of the 






He was 

-h friend 
1 of the 

iiid from 
Pa. He 
Qu 



ting Phila. in 1700, ha afterward lived at Ches- 
ter.— Smith's Del. Co. 

Lloyd, Edward, gov. of Md. in 1809-11; 
d. Annapolis, June 2, 1834, a. 55. M.C. 1806- 
9, and U.S. senator in 1819-26. An Edward 
Lloyd w.-.s member of the Cont. Congress from 
Md. in 1783-4. 

Lloyd, James, M.D. (II.TJ. 1790), physi- 
cian, b. L.I. Apr. 1728 ; d. Boston, March 14, 
1810. His grandfather James came from Som- 
ersetshire, Eng., ab. 1670; d. Boston, 1693. 
Henry his father owned and resided on a val- 
uable estate in N.Y., and m. in Boston the dan. 
of John Nelson. James studied medicine at Strat- 
ford, Ct., at Boston, and in London ; returned 
1752; and for 58 years Jiad an c-vtensive prac- 
tice. He was for some time surgeon of Castle 
William; and in 1764 was a strenuous advo- 
cate for a general inoculation. Among the 
many eminent pupils who came to him were 
Dr. Josepli Warren, Dr. Isaac Rand, Dr. John 
Jcfi'ries, and Dr. John Clarke. Member of the 
Amer. Philos. Society. — Thochcr. 

Lloyd, Jajies, LL.D. (H.U. 1826), states- 
man, son of the preceding, b. Boston, 1769; 
d. N. Y. April 5, 1831. H. U. 1787. He re- 
ceived a mercantile training in his native city ; 
visited Europe in 1792; and resided for a time 
in Russia. A member of the house and senate 
of Ms. as early as 1800. He was disiing. as a 
U.S. senator in 1808-13 and 1822-6; and was 
ch.air. of the com. of commerce and nav. affairs, 
which, as he was in the rainoricy party, evinces 
the estimation in which he \vas held. He pub. 
some political tracts, the last of which relates 
to the British colonial intercourse; was an 
able speaker ; and a member of the Acad, of 
Arts and Sciences. lie resided in Phila. a few 
years before his death. He ra.in 1809 the dau. 
of Samuel Breck of Philadelphia. 

Lloyd, Thomas, succeeded Penn as deputy 
gov. of Pa. after the return of the latter to 
Eng. 1684-8, b. Dolobran, Montgomeryshire, 
Wales, 1649; d. July 10, 1694. _ Educated at 
O.xford; but, embracing the principles of the 
Friends, he accomp. Penn to America. He was 



557 



LjOG 



an able minister, and had many disputes with 
the clergy and nobility of Eng. ; and also suf- 
fv^rcd imprisonments, and "much loss of out- 
ward substance " in his native land. He was 
also much exercised by the rcvilings of that 
"miserable apostate," George Keith, "which 
tho Lord gave him patience to bear and over- 
come." In 1689 the administration again de- 
volved on him, as pres. of the Council. — Coll. 
of Quaker Memorials. 

IjOCke, David Ross (" Nasbv "), b. Ves- 
tal, Uroome Co., N.Y., 20 Sept. "lS3;j. Edu- 
cated at a common school ; learned the print- 
er's irade in tlie office of the Cortland Unno- 
crat ; was a local reporter in various Western 
cities ; successively editor and pub. of the Ad- 
vertiser, Viymoath, 0. (1852), ricratd. Mans- 
field, O., ./ouninl, Bucyiu , i> , :r,.l ./ /Ivso- 
nian, Findlay, 0., in wliu !i i: ■ ■ :ii i, n. ■! his 
"Nasby" letter.s in I861.1 " I .,; ihe 

Toledo Blade. He is a su>' . . ::il I, , :,i; . , . and 
as a political satirist is uncijiiallcil. ll:is pub. 
"Nasby," 1863; "Swin^iu' Round the Cir- 
kle," 1866; and " Ekkoes from Kentucky;" 
also a score or more of pamplilets, mostly polit- 
ical. 

IiOCke, Jane Ermina, poet, b. Worthing- 
ton, Ms., Apr. 2.'), 1805; d. Ashburnham, Ms., 
March 8, 18.i9. Mrs. Locke, formerly Miss 
Starkweather, was long a contrib. to newspa- 
pers and periodicals. A vol. of her poems was 
pub. in Boston, 1842; " Rachel, or the Little 
Mourner," 1844; "Boston," a poem, 1846; 
" The Recalled, or Voices of the Past," 1855 ; 
and a Rhymed Eulogy on the death of Web- 
ster the biime year. She m. in 1829 John G. 
Locke of Boston. They resided in Lowell 
from 1833 to 1849, and subsequently in Bos- 
ton. Mr. Locke pub. in 18.33 a jrencalogy of 
the Locke family. — See Geneal. Reg. xxv., 91. 

IjOCke, Mathew, statesman, b. near 
Salisbury, N.C., 1,730; d. there Sept. 7, 1801, 
Member of the Congress at Halifax, which, in 
1776, framed the State consiitution ; also 
member of the legisl. which ratified the U.S. 
Constitution; and was M.C. in 1793-9. He 
also served 30 years in the legisl. ; had 4 sons 
in the Revol. army, and was a gen. of militia. 

Locke, Samuel, D.D. (H.U 1773), pres. 
of H.U. from March 21, 1770, to Dec. 1, 1773, 
b. Woburn,M»,Nov. 23, 1732, d. Sherborn, 
Jan. 15, 1778. H.U. 1755. A desccmlant of 
Deacon Wm., who was brought to N.E. a child 
in le.'iS, and settled in Woburn. Nov. 7, 1739, 
he settled in the ministryat Sherborn; dism. 
Feb. 2, 1770. — .S>7ra//'s Woburn. 

Locltwood, ITi NT.T Hall, soldier and 
instriu:. I ■ K n: i- , Del., 17 Aug. 1814. 
West r. I 1. itrring the 2d Art., he 

served aj I., ii iir s- miiioles in Fla., ami re- 
signed i.i .Sept. It>.i7. I'rof math. U.S. u.ivy 
1841-61 ; and prof. nat. and exper. plillos. 
U.S. Naval Acad , since Apr, 1 866. He served 
at the capture of Moiitercv, Cal , in Oct. 1847 ; 
col. 1st Del. Vols. 25 M.iy, 1861 ; brig.-gen. 
vols. 8 Aug. 1861. He coin, an exped. to the 
eastern shore of Va. in Nov. 1861 ; com. the 
defences of the Lower Potomac, Jan -June, 
1863; was engaged at Gettysburg 1-3 July, 
1863 ; and in the Richmond campaign, May 
and June, 1864; participating in the actions 



near Hanover C.H., May SO^une 1 ; and 
com. provis. troops for defence of Baltimore 
against raid of rebel Gen. Early, July, 1864. 
Author of some military treatises. — Oullum. 



Lockwood, Ja 

lini-i. I Ml' \V, [!;. 1 -1 



U. 



Colli 



He 



thco 



Norwalk, 
cm 1739 I 

He favored 
New Eng., and 
reton and Y.ale 
u and scholar, 
He pub. 



prudent, benevolent, and faithful 
some sermons. 

Lockwood, Samuel, commo. U S.N., b. 
Ct. Midshipm. July 12, 1820; lieut. 1828; 
com. 1830; commo. 1867. Served in 1826 in 
sloop " Warren," engaged in ferreting out 
Greek pirates; com. steamers "Petrel" and 
"Scourge" 1847-8; and assisted at capture 
of Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tabasco ; com. 
steamer " Daylight" 1861-2, blockading Wil- 
mington and Beanfort, York River and New- 
port News; silenced confed. battery at Lyun- 
haven Bay, Va. ; and rescued a Baltimore ship, 
atid assisted in the capture of Fort Macon ; 
retired I Oct. 1864. — Bamershj. 

Logan (Tah-gahjute), an eloquent Indi- 
an chief; d. 1780, a. ab. 55. He was .named 
Logan after James Logan, sec. of Pa. ; and 
was the son of Shikellanej', a celebrated Cayu- 
ga chief who dwelt at Shomokin on the Sus- 
quehanna. Subsequently to 1767, he removed 
to the West, where, in 1772, the Moravian mis- 
sionary Heckwelder met him on the Beaver 
River, and recognized his extraordinary capa- 
city. He spoke English with fluency and cor- 
rectness. Logan's family were massacred by a 
party of whites in the spring of 1774 ; and, in 
revenge, Logan butchered men, women, and 
children, and took part in the battle of Point 
Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. The In.lians were 
defeated, and sued for peace: Logan refused to 
attend the treaty, but sent by an interpreter, in 
a wiimpum belt, a speech of great eloquence 
and pathos, preserved in Jefferson's " Notes on 
Va." In the fall of 1 779 he again resumed 
his onslaughts on the banks of the Holston. 
In June, 1780, he joined Capt. Bird of Detroit 
in a bloody raid into Kentucky. Not long 
after, at an Indian council held at Detroit, 
while frenzied by liquor, he felled his wife 
by a sudden blow. He fled, supposing he had 
killed her. Overtaken between Sandusky and 
Detroit by a troop of Indians, whom he sup- 
posed her avengers, he frantically exclaimed 
that the whole party should fall by his wca- 
jions : while leaping from his horse to execute 
ills threat, an Ind, -lint liim dnad. — See Branlz 
Miii/er's iJisr. h f M.I. Ili,i S„: 9 May, 1851. 

Logan,liE\, lii.N T Mii\, an early pioneer 

of Ky., b. Ki. :<\. 1: - " 

Dec. II. 18(13. HI. ■ ;! 



il. ITU ^1 Shelby Co., Ky., 
II- ■ ;! : ■! I^i.^hman,came to 
thisc-uuntrvr ,, 1 , rmtury, and set- 

tled rii I'a., I.ii; ,' - 1 : . 1. moved to Augus- 
taCi>.,\a. 'I -11 - l,-_,; ! hnngh entitled by 
the laws of Va. to ilic whole of the landed 
property of his father at his decease, distrib- 
uted it between his bros., sisters, and mother. 
At 21 he removed to the banks of the Holston, 
where he purchased a farm, and married. He 
was a sergeant in Bouquet's exped. in 1764; 
and in 1774 he was in Dunmore's exped. In 



558 



LOG- 



1775 he removed to Ky., and soon became par- 
ticularly disting. In the spring of 1776 he 
toolc his family to a small settlement called 
Logan's Fort, near Harrodsburg; here he was 
attacked, May 20, 1777, by a large force of In- 
dians, through which he made his way alone, 
and returned with supplies for his party, who 
soon succeeded in driving off the foe with loss. 
In July, 1779, he was second in com. of an 
unsuccessful exped. against Chillicothe, under 
Col. Bowman. He was engaged in agricul- 
tural pursuits until 1788, when he conducted 
an exped. against the north-western tribes, burn- 
ing their villages, and destroying their crops. 
Upon his return he devoted himself to the civil 
affairs of the country, being a member of the 
convention of 1792, which framed the first con- 
stitution of Ky. William his son, U.S. senator 
1819-20, d. Aug. 8, 18-22. — McClumj West. 

XjOgan, CoKNELiDS A., poet and drama- 
tist, b. Baltimore, 1800; d. Cincinnati, Feb. 
22, 1853. Educated at St. Mary's Coll. for 
the priesthood, disinclination to this career 
led him to make several voyages to Europe as 
a supercargo. Turning his attention to litera- 
ture, he assisted Paul Allen in the Baltimore 
Chronicle; next turned theatrical critic in 
Phila. ; and was afterward a comedian. In 
18-tO he removed to Cincinnati, lie was a 
bold defender of the stage against pulpit at- 
tacks. His reply to a sermon by l,yman 
Beecher is admirable in learning as in temper. 
He wrote many plays, among them " The 
Wag of Maine," 3 acts, 1835; "The Wool- 
Dealer," a farce, written for Dan Marble; 
" Yankee Land," a comedy, 1834; "Remov- 
ing the Deposits; " " Astarte," an adaptation 
of Shelley's " Cenci ; " "A Hundred Years 
Hence," a burlesque. His poem " The Mis- 
sissippi," was copied in the Edi}ibitrr/li Review, 
with a handsome tribute to the author. His 
daughters Eliza, Olive, and Cecilia, have 
achieved distinction on the sta^'C. 

Logan, Eliza, actress, b. Phila. Aug. 1830. 
Dan. ol C. A. Logan; educated at an acad at 
Lancaster, Pa. T?rained for her profession by 
her father, she made her d^'iut Jan. 28, 1841, 
as Norva), at the Walnutst. Theatre, Phila. 
She first app. in New York at the Broadway, in 
June, 1850, as Pauline in " The Lady of Lyons." 
In 1859 she m. George Wood the manager, 
bought Wood's Theatre, Cincinnati, and retired 
from the stage. Died N.Y. City, Jan. 15, 1872. 

Logan, George, M.D., philantlu'opist, b. 
Stanton, Pa., Sept. 9, 1753 ; d. there Apr. 9, 1821. 
Grandson of James Logan. A*'ter three years' 
study at the Med. School of Edinburgh (where 
he took his degree), he made a tour of the con- 
tinent, and returned to America in 1779. He 
applied himself for some years to agriculture, 
which he was one of the' first in America to 
prosecute successfully in a scientific manner ; 
also served several terms in the legisl. ; and 
in June, 1798, embarked for Europe, for the 
purpose of attempting to avert a threatened 
war between America and France. Dr. Logan 
persuaded the French Govt, to annul the em- 
bargo on Araer. shipping, and prepared the 
way for a negotiation, which terminated in 
peace. He was denounced by the Federalists, 



on his return, as the treasonable envoy of a 
faction ; and, in the latter part of 1798, an act, 
known as " Logan's Act," was passed by Con- 
gress, making it a high misdemeanor for a 
private citizen to interlere in a controversy be- 
tween the U.S. and a foreign country, ii'i the 
manner he had done. U.S. senator from Pa. 
from 1801 to 1807. He went to Eng. in 1810, 
as a self-constituted agent, to attempt a recon- 
ciliation of the difficulties between Great Britain 
and the U.S. ; but his mission was fruitless 
An active member of the Board of Agric. and 
of the Philosophical Society. He pub. " Ex- 
periments on Gypsum," and on the "Rotation 
of Crops," in 1797. He was a member of the 
Society of Friends. His widow Deborah, 
skilled in the early history of Pa., and a mem- 
ber of the Pa. Hist. Soc, d. Feb. 2, 1839, a. 77. 
Logan, James, a learned writer and states- 
man, b. Lurgan, Ireland, Oct. 20, 1674; d. 
Oct. 31, 1 751, at Stanton, near Phila. Of Scot- 
tish parentage. At the age of 13 he had ac- 
quired Latin, Greek, and some Hebrew, and 
afterwards mastered mathematics, and the 
French, Italian, and Span, languages. While 
engaged in trade between Dublin and Bristol, 
Wm. Penn made proposals to him to accom- 
pany him to Pa. as his sec., which he accepted, 
and landed in Phila. in the beginning of Dec. 
1699. Upon Pciin's return to Eng. in 1701, he 
left his sec. invested with many important of- 
fices, which he discharged with fidelity and 
judgment. He filled the offices of provincial 
sec., commissioner of property, chief justice, 
and upon the demise of Gov. Gordon in Oct. 
1736, governed the province for two years as 
pres. of the council. He was the friend of the 
Indians, possessed uncommon abilities, and 
great wisdom and moderation. His valuable 
library of 2,000 vols, he bequeathed lO the pub- 
lic. Auth..r of " Experimenlu Mdetimata de 
PlaiilaniM C, III rati:iii,\" written in IT'i'j; of two 
othiT Laiiii irrati^fs c.l a srinmiir cliaracter, 



lion of 
by i3enj. 



^Letch, ly 



Franklin ; and of Cato's " Distichs," the latter 
in verse; and he left a variety of papers on 
ethics and philology. Logan's charges as chief 
justicewere reprinted abroad, 4to, 1736. Wii^ 
LiAM, his eldest son, many years in the gov- 
ernor's council, d. June, 18i)l. Gkorge his 
grandson was a disting. philanthropist. — See 
Memoirs of Lo^a,,, by W. Armistea 
J. F. Fisher, in Sparks's Franklin 

Logan, John Alexander, soUlier and 
senator, h. Jackson Co., 111., 9 Feb. 18l'6. U. 
of Louisville, 1852. After receiving a common 
school education he served in the 1st 111. regt. 
in the Mex. war, rising from the ranks to be 
lieut. and quarterm. Studied law; was adm. 
to practice in 1852; made prosec. atty. 3d jiid. 
dist. ; and was a Democ. member of the legisl., 
and M.C. ill 1859-62; Repub. M.C. in 1867- 
71 ; app. minister to Mexico in Nov. 1865, and 
declined; chosen U.S. senator for the term of 
1871-7. He fought at Bull Run 21 July, 1861, 
as a private in a Mich, regt.; returned to 111. 
in Aug., and raised the 31st III. Vols., which 
he com. at the battle of Belmont; severely 
wounded in the attack on Fort Donelson ; 
made biig.-gen. 21 Mar. 1862; afterward com. 



559 



LON 



the forces at Jackson, Tenn. ; maj.-gen. 29 
Nov. 1862; com. SJ div. 17tli corps (McPher- 
son's) ill the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns; 
com. with distinction the army of Tenn. after 
the fall of McPheison, and until relieved by 
Gen. Howard ; and engaged in the battles of 
Resaca, Kenesaw, Atlanta, and Bentonville 
(N.C.). He was one of the most successful 
of the civilian generals of the war, and is a 
vigorous and fluent speaker. 

IiOgan, Olive, actress and lecturer, dau. 
of C A. Logan, b. N Y. 1841. After prelim- 
.' iiiary practice in the West, she made her dibut 
., J Aug. 19, 1854, at the Arch-st. Theatre, Phila. 
* '>■ She withdrew from the stage, and sailed for 
^ Havre in 1857. Alter graduating with distinc- 
tion at an English female coll., she became a 
{^ contrib. to English and French papers, and in 
. • 1800 pub. two novels, " Chateau Frisac" and 
\^' " Photographs of Paris Life." Aug. 29, 1864, 
^x she reappeared at Wallack's Theatre, N Y., in 
^ " Evelccn," her own play. She then starred in 
T* the West and South, and re-appeared in NY., 
^ at the Broadway, in Nov. 1865, in the play 
I ■ called "Sam," which ran nearly 100 niyhts. 
^^'Retircd from the stage in 1863, and has since 
; lectured successfully, principally in behalf of 
,V, the woman's rights movement. Married Ed- 
^ -mund A. Dclille, Apr. 1857; divorced Dec. 
■^ 1865.^She is a sprightly, piquant writer, and 
> was, while upon the stage, one of its ornaments. 
•^ Besides the above she has pub. " Women and 
Theatres," 1869, and a play. 

Logan, SiK William Edmond, Canadian 
geologist, b. Montreal, Apr. 23, 1798. U. of 
Edinburgh, 1817. In 1818 heentered the mer- 
cantile office of his uncle in London, and be- 
came a partner. Returning to Canada for a 
brief time, his attention was drawn to its geol- 
ogy ; but from 1829 to 1838 he managed a cop- 
per-smelting and coal-mining establishment in 
Swansea, South Wales, in which his uncle was 
interested. He studied the coal-field of that 
region ; and his maps and sections were adopted 
by the ordnance geol. survey, and pub. by the 
govt. He was the first to demonstrate that the 
stratum of under-clay which underlies the coal- 
beds was the soil in which the coal-vegetation 
grew. In 1841 he visited the coal-fields of Pa. 
and Nova Scotia, and communicated several 
valuable memoirs to the Geol. Society of Lon- 
don. He was at the same time app. to the 
head of the geol. survey of Canada, where 
he still continues. He represented Canada at the 
Great Exhibition in London in 1851, and was 
made a fellow of the Roy. Society; and was 
also a commiss. at the Industrial Exhibition at 
Paris in 1855, where he received from the Im- 
perial Commission the grand gold medal of 
honor, and was created a Knight of the Legion 
of Honor. In 1856 he was knighted by the 
queen, and received from the Geol. Society the 
WoUaston Palladium medal, for his prominent 
services in geology. His pub. works will be 
found in his Annual Reports of the Canadian 
Survey, Proceedings of the British A>soc. and 
the Geol. Soe., embracing important papers on 
the geology of Canada and the coal-districts of 
Pa. and N. Brunswick, beside his researches in 
Wales. — ilorrjan. 
Lomax, John Tayloe, LL.l). (H. U. 



1847), jurist, b. Port Tohajo, Va., Jan. 1781. 
Wm. and M. Coll. 1798. In 1799 he began to 
study law, and in 1802 commenced practice on 
the Rappahannock. He was in Fredericks- 
burg from 1805 to 1809 ; spent the next 9 years 
at Menokin, Richmond Co.; and in 1818 re- 
turned to the Fredericksburg bar, where he 
practised successfully. Prof, of the school of 
law in the U. of Va. in 1826-30; assoc. justice 
of the General Court in 1830-57. Author of 
a " Digest of the Law of Real Property," 
1839, and " Law of Executors and Adminis- 
trators," 1841, 2d. ed., 2 vols. 1856, greatly im- 
proved. 

Long, Armistead L., brig.-gen. C.S.A. 
of Ga. ; killed at the battle of Peach-tree 
Creek, Ga., July 20, 1864; b. Va. 1826. West 
Point, 1850. 1st. lieut. 2d. Art. 1854 ; A.D.C. 
to Gen. Sumner from May 20 to his resigna- 
tion, 10 June, 1861. 

Long, Eli, m.nj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Woodford 
Co., Kv 27 ,t„n.., I'^-!G. Ora.I. .Milli. School, 
Franl/.Mr ic , - v, 2,1, lir.u. 4ih V S. Cav. 
Juili' J ' . •• ■. 1 a-ain-t tlh' Clifvcnncs 

in 111.' MINIMI, r.., i>:,:, ami a-aiii-t the Kio- 
was and Comanchcs m IstiO; cnpt. May 24, 
1861 ; engaged at Tusenmbia Creek, Chaplin 
Hills; wounded at Stone River; col. 4th Ohio 
Cav. ; com cav. brigade, and engaged at Mur- 
freesboro, Tullahoma, Elk River, and Chicka- 
manga; pursuit of the Confed. Gen. Wheeler, 
and wounded at Farmington ; com. in raid on 
Kiioxville and Chatt. ll.R., and action of 
Knoxville, Tenn ; in the Atlanta campaign ; 
at defeat of Wheeler and Roddy ; wounded in 
rcconnoissance on Dalton ; and in raid on 
Lovejoy's Station; brig.-gen. U.S. vols. Aug. 
1864; com. 2d. division cavalry corps, and 
wounded at capture of Selma, Ala., for which 
brev. brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. 
Retired 16 Aug. 1867 (maj.-gen. U.S.A.), for 
disability from wounds. — Henri/. 

Long, Gabriel, maj. Rcvol. army, b. 
1751; d. Culpeper Co., Va., 3 Feb. 1827. 
He fought at Hampton and Norfolk in 1775; 
capt. in Morgan's Rifle Regt. in 1776 ; led the 
advance at Saratoga, and began the buttle 
there; was also at Yorktown ; and was in 18 
engagements of the war. 

Long, John Collins, commodore U.S.N., 
b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1795; d. N. Conway, 
N.H., Sept. 2, 1865. Midshipm. 1812 ; served 
in " The Constitution " in her action with the 
British frigate "Java;" lieut. Mar. 5, 1817; 
com. Feb. 25, 1838; post-capt. Mar. 6, 1849; 
comrao. retired list, July 16, 1862; circumnavi- 
gated the globe while a commander in the 
navy; com. the frigate "Saranac" in the 
Mediterranean ; and conveyed Kossuth to 
America. In 1858 sailed in the flag-ship 
" Merrimack " for the Pacific. 

Long, Col. Nicholas, Revol. officer ; d. 
near Washington, D.C, 22 Aug. 1819, a. 55. 
He was active and merit, officer of dragoons 
in the Va. and N.C. lines of the nrinv, iuid 
col. 43d. U.S. Inf in the war of 1812-15. 

XiOng, PiERSE, Revol. ofl^., b. Portsmouth, 



N.H., 



739 ; d. there At 



1789. 



Pierse 



fathtr, a native of Limerick, Ireland, was 
merchant of Portsmouth (1730-40). His 
1 \sas a shipping-merchant, a delegate to 



560 



the prov. Congress in 1775, col. 1st N.H. 
regt. 1776. In the retreat from Tieondero};a, 
his com. was overtaken by the 9th British 
regt., whicli he defeated ; as a vol. he served at 
tlie surrender of Burgoyne, delegate to Con- 
gress 1784-6; State councillor 1786-9; dele- 
gate to the Const. Conv. 1788, and was app. 
by Washington coll. of Portsmouth early in 
1789. 

Long, Robert Caby, d. New York, 1849. 
Author uf " Ancient Architecture of Ameri- 
ca," Svo, 1849. He contrib. essays, entitled 
"Architectonics," to the A^. Y. LU. World, and a 
jiaper on Aztec Architecture to the N. Y. Hist. 
Soc. Trans. — AHiOune. 
Long, Stephen Harp.iman, col., chief 
" topoy. en<;.s. U.S.A., b. Hopkinton, N.H., 
d. Alton, 111., 4 Sept. 1864. 
Entering the eng. corps 12 
-as assist, prof, of math, at 
r. 1815 to Mar. 1816; had 
between the Mpi. and 
1818-23, and of the 
82.3-4 ; survey of Bait. 



30 Dec. 1784; 
Dan. Coll. 1809 
Dec. 1814, he 
West Point, M 
charge of expl< 
the Kocky Mo 
sources of the Mpi. 
and Ohio Railroad 1827-30; improvement 
of Western rivers and Lake harbors at different 
times; brev. lieut.-col. top. engs. 29 Apr. 
1826; raaj. 7. July, 1838; col. 9 Sept. 1861; 
and col. corps of engs. 3 Mar. 1863 ; retired 1 
June, 1863. An account of his first exped. to 
the Rocky Mts. (of which one of the highest 
was named from iiitn " Long's Peak "), by Ed- 
win James, was pub. 1823 ; and an account of 
his seccmd exped., by W. H. Keating, in 1824. 
His "Railroad Manual," 1829, was the first 
original treatise of the kind pub. in America. 
Member of AmerJ Philos. Soc. 

Longacre, James Barton, engraver, b. 
Del. Co., Pa., 11 Aug. 1794 ; d. Phila. Jan. I, 
1869. Descended from an early Swedish set- 
tler upon the banks of thr- I) ' immt'. iln'finii- 
ly niiine having been ori-i 1 i ' r. He 

graver with Murray o I I'.iui,, :i ,., i 1819 

the best works then issuing Irom ihc Amcr. 
press. In conjunction with Janie, llcniugof 
N.Y., he began the puh. ol the " Naiional 
Port. Gallery of Disiing. Americans," 4 vols. 
Svo, 1834-9, which he afterward contiuued 
alone. Many of the portraits in. the work arc 
from Mr. L's. drawings from life, and are ad- 
mirably executed. During the last 25 years 
of his life (1844-69) he was engraver to the 
U.S. Mint. The new coins struck during that 
period — thedoubleeagle, tliethice-dollar-picce, 
the gold dollar, &c. — wr;v mad.' \,\ him fiom 
bis own designs. One di :!■ ! i . m arluiowl- 
edgments of his succe^^ m an, il. |,t was a 
commiss. from the govt, .il (liia tn superin- 
tend the remodelling of tlie entire coinage of 
that country, — a work completed a year or 
two betorc his death. 

Longfellow, Ernest W., portrait, genre, 
and landscape painter of Boston, son of the 
poet Longfellow, b. Cambridge, 23 Nor. 1845. 
Camb. Scient. School, 1865. Studied at Paris 
during the winter of 1865-6, vi.sited Italy, and 
returned home in the liill of 1866. A'fter a 
second absence of 18 months in 1868-9, he re- 
turned again from Europe with many sketches, 



and se%'eral copies made in the Louvre. lie is 
an artist of much promise. 

Longfellow, Henrt Wadswobth, LL.D. 
(H. U. 1859), poet, b. Portland, Me., Feb. 27, , /;■ 
1807.^Bo-.vd. Coll. 1825. Son of Hon. Stephen. oL. 5*vri. 
At an early age he produced the " Hymn of the / / . , /v, 
Moravian Nuns," "The Spii-jt of Poatry,"' ^ '? ' 
"Woods in Winter," and "Sunrise on the <;j, -_ ^y 
Hills." After studying law in his father's office, ' 

he became prof, of modem languages and lit- 
erature at Bowd. Coll.; spent 4 years ( 1 826-30) 
in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany ; and 
was in 1835-54 prof, of modarn UimiuaL'-es and 
beUes-lcttres at H. U. He u:a.\ a a,a, ! i;„. 
ropean tour in 1835-6. Shora ;. a. :- 

ing himself with Harvard, li^ \ ■■'• i> 

in the old Craigic House, the \Va kai^^aaa luaJ- 
quartcrs, which he has since purcUasjd. lu 
his contributions to the N. A. Review, in his 
translation of the " Coplas de Manrique " ( 1 833 )^ 
and in his "Outre-Mer" (1835), he endeavored 
to cultivate a taste here for European litera- 
ture. He puh. " Hyperion," an exquisite prose 
romance, and " Voices of the Night," in 1839; 
"Ballads and other Poems," 1S41 ; "Poems 
on Slavery," 1842; "The Spanish Student," 
1843; "Poets and Poetry of Europe," 1845; 
"The Belfry of Bruges," 1846; "Evangeline," 
1847; "ICavanagh," a novel, 1849; "Seaside 
and Fii-eside," 1850; " The Golden Legend," 
1851 ; "The Song of Hiawatha," his most pop- 
ular work, 1855; "The Courtship of Miles 
Standish," 1858 ; " Talcs of a Wayside Inn," 
1863; "Flower de Luce," 1866; and "New- 
England Tragedies," 1868. Many of his other 
poems are scattered through numerous periodi- 
cals. " As a translator, ho has succeeded ad- 
mirably in preserving tlie spirit of the originals, 
and as a poet he appeals to the universal aJlix- 
tions of humanity by thoughts and images de- 
rived from original perceptions of natm-o and 
life." His works have passed through many 
editions, both in this country and in Eng. He 
has been a frequent contrib. of occasional poe- 
try to the Atlantic Monthly. His translation of 
Dante (3 vols. 1.867-70) is remarkable for fidel- 
ity to the original. No poet of the U.S. is so 
popular and well known in Eng. Mr. 
Longfellow's second wife was burned to death 
in 1861. His son Ernest Wadswobth is an 
artist in Boston. 

Longfellow, Rev. Samuel, poet, bro of 
H.vV., b. Portland, .Junr i ^, 1S19. U.U. 
1839. Ord. at Fall Kiin, .M-., 1\ I, 16, 1848, 
altcrward settled at liia.dklui. .\.Y. Pub., in 
conjunction with Ucv. .Samuel Johnson, 
" Hymns of the Spirit," a beautiful vol. of sa- 
cred poetry, and, with T. W. Higginson, " Tha- 
hitta, a Book for the Seaside," 12jno, 1853; 
also author of "A Book of Hymns." 

Longfellow, Stephen, LL.D. (Bowd. 
Coll. 1828), lawyer and politician, b. Gorham, 
Me., 23 June, 1775 ; d. Aug. 2, 1849. 11. U. 
1798. His ancestor Wm. of Newliury, b. Hamp- 
shire, Eng., 1651, m. Ann Scwail in 1676, and 
was drowned at Anticosti 1630. Descended on 
the mother's side from John Aldcn the Pilgrim. 
Adm. to the bar in 1801 ; practised with suc- 
cess in Portland ; delegate to the Hartford Conv. 
in 1814; M.C. 1823-5; pres. of the Me. Hist. 
Soc. in 1834. He compiled 16 vols, of Ms. 



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5G1 



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and 12 vols, of Me. Reports. Father of H. W. 
the poet, and of Rev. Samuel. 

Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin, LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1841), educator and author, son of Wm., 
b. Augusta, Ga., Sept. 22, 1790; d. Oxford, 
Mpi., 9 Sept. 1870. Y.C. 1813. He studied 
law at Litchfield, Ct. ; was adm. to practise 
1815; represented Greene Co., Ga., in the legisl. 
in 1821 ; in 1S22 was made judge of the Supe- 
rior Court of Ockmulgee circuit. Declining re- 
election to the bench, he returned to the bar, 
and became especially disting. in criminal cases. 
An ardent State-rights man, his "Bob Short" 
articles exerted groat influence in nullification 
times ; and ho established at that time the Au- 
gusta Sentinel. In 1833 he entered on the min- 
istry of the M. E. Church, and in 1839 con- 
tinued his ministrations iu Augusta duriuL' a 
terrible epidemic Pros, of Emory Coll. in 1839- 
43 ; of C 'ntenary Coll., La., fur a short time ; 
of Mpi. U. until 1856; and subsequently of 
S.C. Coll. A frequent contiib. to newspapers, 
magazines, and reviews. Among his best ef- 
forfs are his Inaug. at Emory Coll., his Bacca- 
laureataat S.C. Coll. (1858), and a sermon on 
Infidelity. He also pub. "Letters to Clergy- 
men of the Northern Moth. Church " on sla- 
very ; speech in the convention at Louisville, 
Ky., for organizing the South. Moth. Church; 
"Letters from Ga. to Ms. ; " and an able review 
of the decision of the Supreme Court in the 
case of McCullough vs. the State of Md. As a 
humorous writer, h" 1= n!<o disMn?. for his 
"Georgia Scones," aii'l " Misr r Wiii^ Mitten," 
a novel ; and has oo; i i i ■. t i i ! i . V- t'/iiolia Marj- 
azine, the Southern L^i. ^i/. ,.-„; r, the Meih. 
Quarterly, and the A ih. (-./«'/( Ccnluri/. 

Longstreet, Gen. James, b. Ala. 1820. 
West Point, 1842. Entering the 4th Inf., he 
borame 1st liont. 8th Inf. 23 Fob. 1847; was 
firlj, in l'-17 "^1; Imv. capt. for Contreras and 
( '!i ; I AuL,'. 1847, and major for Mo- 

lii: ' : '' ~^ i't-; and was disting. and se- 

vi 1 ,. : 4 at Chapultepec; capt. 7 Dec. 

18;):;; iiayiu. (rank of major) 19 July, 1858; 
and resigned 1 June, 1861. Made bri;|.-gen. 
Confed. army 1 Oct. 1861, having previously 
com the 4th brigade of Beauregard's 1st corps 
at Bull Rim 21 July; made maj.-gen 17 June, 
1862; lieut.-^en. 8 May, 1864; and was dis- 
ting. in all of Lee's campaigns. He was in the 
battles of the Peninsular campaign and that 
against Pope ; com. the right wing at Antie- 
tim, and the left at Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. 
1862 ; com. the 1st corps at Chancellorsville, at 
Gettysburg, at Cliickamauga, 1 9-20 Sept. 1863 ; 
in the exped. against KnoxviUe in Nov. 1 863 ; 
rejoined Lee in Mar. 1864; disting. and dan- 
gerously wounded in the battles of the Wilder- 
ness, 6 May, 1864 ; went to the aid of Early in 
the Shenandoah Valley ; participated in the 
battles and operations of Lee's array in Va. in 
1864-5; and surrendered with Lee in April, 
1865. He was regarded as Lee's right hand, 
and was called by the soldiers " Uncle Peter." 

Longstreet, William, inventor, b. N. J. 
ab. 1760; d. Ga. 1814. He removed to Ga. ; 
and ab. 1790 constructed a small model steam- 
boat which made 5 miles per hour against the 
stream on the Savannah River. He next in- 
vented the " breast roller," moved by horse- 



power, entn-ely superseding the former method 
of ginning cotton, two of which he set up in 
Augusta, which were propelled by steam, and 
worked admirably. They were, however, soon 
destroyed by fire. He next erected steam-mills 
near St. Mary's, Ga., which were destroyed by 
the British in an invasion in the war of 1812. 
These disasters impoverished and discouraged 
him, but did not destroy his belief that steam 
would soon supersede all other motive-powera. 

Longueuil (deh-lon'-gul), Paul Joseph 
DE, b. Canada; d. Tours, ITranee, May 12, 
1778. Son of Charles Le Moine, and bro. of 
Charles, second baron of Long-ueuil. Capt. in 
the troops of the marine; com. of Detroit 
1747; Iieut*-gov. of Three Rivers, and subse- 
quently of Quebec. He m. in Canada after 
1763; and fought against the Americans in 
\T;5.—0'Callaffhan. 

Longworth, Nicholas, wine manufac- 
turer, b. Newark, N.J., Jan. 16, 1782; d. Cin- 
cinnati, Feb. 10, 1863. In his youth he was a 
clerk in the store of an elder bro. in S.C. At 
the age of 21 he migrated to Cincinnati, then 
just settled ; studied law under Jacob Burnet, 
and, foreseeing the future growth of the place, 
out of his professional earnings purchased con- 
siderable tracts of land, long since covered by 
the rapidly-increasing city. Retiring alter 25 
years' practice from the bar, he devoted him- 
self to the culture of the grape, with a view to 
wine manuf, but was unsuccessful until he 
tried the species indigenous to our soil. His 
Catawba and Isabella wines attained a high 
market-value. He had 200 acres of vineyards. 
He was also favorably known as a horticulturist 
by his experiments on the sexual character of 
the strawberry. He w^as kindly, but eccentric, 
giving much to those whom lie called " The 
Devil's Poor," — the vagabonds and estrays of 
social life. At his death, his property was 
estimated at nearly 15 million dollars. He pub. 
" Buchanan's Treatise on the Grape, with an 
Appendix on Strawberry-Culture by N. L." 
8vo, 1852, rev. ed. 1856. 

Looker, Othniel, acting gov. of O. 1814, 
b. on L.I., N.Y., Oct. 4, 1757'; d. Palestine, 
111., 5 Apr. 1845. He began life as a weaver's 
apprentice, but by his own exertions obtained 
a liberal education ; served 5years in the Revol. 
army, and iu both branches of the legisl. of 
N.Y. In 1804 he removed to Hamilton Co., 
0., and soon after was elected to the State 
senate, where he continued by re-election for 
many years. In 1814 he became gov. by virtue 
of his office as speaker of the senate, i'n place 
of Gov. E. J. Meigs ; seven years assoc. judge 
C.C.P. 

Loomis, Elias.LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1854), 
physicist, b. Tolland Co., Ct., Aug. 1811. Y.C. 
1830. Tutor there 1836-9. He was the first 
American who saw Halley's comet at its return 
in Aug. 1835, of which he pub. an account in 
ihe Jour, of Science. After a visit to Europe 
in 1836-7", he became prof, of nat. philos. in 
the W. Reserve Coll., 0. ; from 1844 to 1859 
held the same chair in the U. of N.Y. ; and 
succeeded Prof. Olmstead in the same chair at 
Y C. 1860, which he now holds. Between 1845 
and 1849 he was employed, under the direction 
of the supt. of the coast-survey, in determining 



562 



LOR 



the diffiTcnce of longitude between N.T. and 
otlicr cities Uy means ot tlie electric telegraph, 
Tlie veJDcity of the electric current was thus 
fir»t ilutermined. He has pub. Elements of 
Algebra, of Geometry and Conic Sections, 
of AnaUtical Geometry, and of DifiFerential 
and Integral Calculus', " Trigonometry and 
Tables," " Introduction to Practical Astron- 
omy," " Recent Progress of Astronomy," a 
treatise on Meteorology, on Arithmetic, and 
" Elements of Natural Philosophy." He has 
contrib. a laryc number of papers on astronomy, 
magnetism, meteorology, &c., to the Trans. 
Amer. Philos. Soc. and to the Jour, of Sriencp ; 
one on storms to tlie Smit/is. Coutribs. ; and 
astrun. papers to Gould's .Utroii. Journal, and to 
theTrans.of the Amer. Asso. for the Advance- 
ment of Science. His son Francis English, 
Ph. D.(18C6), Y.C. 1864, is prof, of physics 
at Cornell U. University. 

Loomis, Gdstavus, brevet brig -gen. 
U.S.A., b. Vt. West Point, 1811. Lieut.of 
art. Mar. 1, 1811 ; capt. 7 Apr. 1819; maj. 2d 
Inf. Julv 17, 1838 ; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. Sept. 22, 
1840; col. 5th Inf. Mar. 9, 1851 ; brev. brig.- 
gcn. Mar. 13, 1865; retired June 1, 1863. At 
the capture of Ft. George, U.C.,27 May, 1813; 
was captured at Fort Niag.ira, 19 Dec. 1813 ; 
and was at the battle of Okeechobee, Fla., 25 
Dec. 1837. 

IiOOmis, Rev. Justin R., L.L.D., prof, of 
chemistry and geology at Lewisburg U., Pa. ; 
pres. since 1859; b. Bennington, N.Y., 1810. 
Author of "Elements of Geology," 1852; 
" Anatomy and Physiology," 1853. 

Lopez, Don Fr.\ncisco Solano, dictator 
of Paraguay, b. Asuncion, Paraguay, 24 July, 
1831 ; killed in battle, I Mar. 1870. Educated 
in Kurope. Minister to France 1853-62, nego- 
tiating treaties with Eng., France, and Sardinia. 
Assumed the presidency on the death of his 
father Carlos Antonio, 10 Sept. 1862. He 
declared war against Brazil in Dec. 1864, and 
com. his army in person with var_\ing success, 
prolonging the contest until his resources were 
exhausted, and his country ruined. Hisdefence 
of Humaita was desperate aiul brilliant; and 
he contested the ground inch by inch against 
overwhelming numbers. — See IVashbuj-ne^s 
Paraguay. 

Lopez, Narciso, Cuban revolutionist, b. 
Venezuela, 1799; garrotted at Havana, Sept. 
20, 1851. His father conducted a commercial 
house at Caracas, a branch of which, at Va- 
lencia in the interior, was placed under the 
charge of Narciso, when quite young. During 
the. troubles of 1814, he sided with, the popular 
party, but enlisted in the Spanish army, in 
which he was a col., in 1 822. Afterthe Spanish 
evacuated Venezuela, Lojiez went to Cuba, 
where he established himself, soon making him- 
self conspicuous by his advocacy of liberal prin- 
ciples. During the first Carlist troubles, be 
was in Madrid on private business, and, joining 
the royalist party, was honored by the queen, 
but threw up his offices, including tliat of 
senator for Seville, after the refusal of the Cortes 
to admit the representatives of Cuba. On his 
return, he was employed by Gov.-Gen. Valdes 
in various capacities ; also turned his atten- 
tion to the exploration of copper mines. In 



1849 Lopez c.T me to the U.S., and organized 
the force which made the attempt at an invasion 
known as the Round Island exped. In Aug. 
1851 he again landed in Cuba at Bahia Honda, 
but after a brief contest was captured and exe- 
cuted. 

Loras, Mathias, D.D., E.G. bishop of 
Dubuque, consec. July 28, 1837 ; d. Feb. 19, 
1858. 

Lord, Benjasiin, D.D. (Y.C. 1774), min- 
ister of Norwich, Ct., from Oct. 1717, to bis d. 
in Apr. 1784, a. 90. Y.C. 1714. Tutor there 
1715-16. He pub. a Half-Century Discourse 
Nov. 29, 1767, and some sermons. Spr'n/ue. 

Lord, Daniel, LL D. (Y.C. 1846), an emi- 
nent lawver of N.Y. Citv, b. Stonington, Ct., 
Dec. 1794; d. N.Y. City, March 4, 1868. 
Y.C. 1814. He studied law at Litchfield; was 
admitted to tlie bar in 1817 ; became thorough- 
ly versed in commercial law; and acquired a 
very large practice and great wealth. He was 
employed in most of the cases involving large 
moneyed interests for a period of 50 vears. 

Lord, Eleazar, LL.D. (U. of N'.Y. 186'6), 
author and philanthropist, b. Franklin, Ct., 9 
Sept. 1788; d. Piermont, N.Y., 3 June, 1871. 
Received the hon. degree of A.M. from Dartm. 
in 1821, and from Wms. Coll. in 1827. Rufus, 
Thomas, and David N., well-known merchants 
of N.Y., were his bros. He studied at Ando- 
vcr; removed to N.Y. in 1809; pub. a pam- 
phlet which led to the formation of the Amer. 
and other edncational societies; entered the 
ministry in 1812, and, after 2 years of occasion- 
al preaching, was compelled by weakness of 
the eyes to abandon professional study. To- 
wards the end of 1815, he took the lead in found- 
ing the N.Y. S.S. Union Sue, of which he was 
corresp. sec. in 1818-26, and prcs in 1826-36 ; 
also assisting in the formation of the Home and 
Foreign Mi.^^i(>nary, and other philanthropic 
societies. In 1817-^18 he was in Europe, where 
he enjoyed the acquaintance of many dieting. 
men. Alter his rciiirti, lie cnga^'cd in banking 

in N. Y. (■||^ : ;nl^.,.:, m1 ,|ic ,M-..hvl„ ,„ uf 

Amer. ni..!i nilnrcil 1|. nry ( 'Liy 

to invotiLM . ii.- I .: I iiiuri' lnlly ll)an he 
had dour, aii.i lu :i\..\\ l.iiiisrit' ill opiiusition 
10 free-tni.le. Fuiiii.lcr ..f the Manhittan Ills. 
Co., and its prcs. in I8:il-34; he introduced 
important changes in the \vliole system ot in- 
surance. Prominent, also, in establishing the 
Erie Railroad, and ii, i i.- :i. i-i its organiza- 
tion until 184.'), nim > r^ with scru- 
pulous fidelity. I i 1 - ''i )i ,,' - 'if Curren- 
cy and Banking," I J, I, : I ■ ! I.s:.'i, he rec- 
ommended the system adopted in 18:i8 in N.Y., 
and afterward in several other States, known 
as the " free-banking system." He also assist- 
ed in founding tlie tlieol. seminaries at Au- 
burn and at E. Windsor, and in establishing 
the U. of N.Y., of which he was for many 
years a trustee. Removing to Piermont in 
1836, he devoted himself to the composition 
of theol. works, among which are, " Geology 
and Scriptural Cosmogony," 1843 ; " The 
Epoch of Creation," 1851 ; " The Messiah in 
Moses and the Prophets," 1853; "Symbolic 
Prophecy," 1854 ; " Plenary Insp. of the Holy 
Scriptures," 1857 ; " The Prophetic office of 
Christ," 1858; "Analysis of the Book of 



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563 



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Isaiah," 1861, &c. In 1S61 he pub. a 
" Letter on National Currency," addressed to 
the sec. of the treas., recommending the estab- 
lishmentof a free-banking system ; and in 1865 
articles on the currency in the Internal Revenue 
Recorder. He edited Lempricre's " Biograph- 
ical Dictionary," adding selections from 
Watkins, and some 800 original articles of 
Amer. biog., mostly prepared for the press by 
his bro. David N., and pub. 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y., 
1825. He was an aocomplished scholar, an 
upright and liberal man, and a successful pro- 
jector of comprehensive schemes for the public 
good. 

IiOrd, Nathan, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, 
b. S. Berwick, Me., Nov. 28, 1793 ; d. Hanover, 
N.H., Sept. 9, 1870. Bowd. Coll. 1809; And. 
Thcol. Sfm. 1815. Two years an assist, at 
Pliillips Exeter Acad. ; ord. pastor of the Cong, 
church, Amherst, N.H., May 22, 1816; and 
from Oct. 29, 1828, to July, 1863, was pres. of 
Dartm. Cull. Dr. Lord had a high reputation 
as a pulpit orator ; in theology he was of the 
school of Edwards, Hopkins, and Bellamy, and 
inclined to a literal interpretation of the proph- 
ecies. As a college president he possessed the 
qualifications of superior scholarship, great cx.- 
ecutive ability, remarkable firmness of charac- 
ter and devotion to principle, unwearied appli- 
cation to labor, equanimity of temper, and a 
winning address. During his pres. 1,824 pu- 
pils were grad. He has contrib. to thcol. re- 
views, and pub. numerous sermons, as well as 
essays on theol. and ethical topics ; among 
them are a " Letter to Rev. Daniel Dana, 
D.D., on Prof. Park's Theology of N. En,-.," 
1852; Inaug. Address at Hanover, 29 Oct. 
1828; an essay on. the "Millennium;" ^nd 
two " Letters to Ministers of the Gospel of 
all Drnoiiiinatiuns on Slavery," 1854-5, in 
u'li Ii ii r,I ivori-d to prove from the Bible 
I'l ^(slavery. His views of slavery 

11 : I' criticism and bitter denun- 

(1 li lii II -.o edited (12mo, 1850) a selec- 
tion Iroin ilic sermons of his son John Kino, 
minister at Cincinnati, who d. there 13 July, 
1849, a. 30. 

Lord, William W., rector of an Episc. 
church, Vicksburg, Mpi., h. Western N.Y. ab. 
1818. Author of poems, N.Y. , 12mo, 1845; 
" Christ in Hades," an epic poem, 12mo, 1851 ; 
"Andre'," a tragedy, N.Y. 1856. 

Loring, ChaklesGeeelev, LL.D. (H.D. 
1850), lawyer, b. Boston, May 2, 1794; d. 
Beverly, Oct. 8, 1867. H.U. 1812. Long a 
recognized leader of the Boston bar ; actuary 
Ms. Hosp. Life Ins. Co. from 1857 to his d. ; 
member Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, and 
of the Ms. Hist. Soc. He delivered the 4th 
of July oration before the town authorities of 
Boston in 1821, and an address, Feb. 26, 1845, 
before the Mercantile Library Association ; 
author of " Memoir of Hon. Wm. Sturgis," 
1864; and "Neutral Relations of Eng. and 
the U.S.," 1863. 

Loring, Ellis Gray, law^-er and philan- 
thropist; d. Boston, May 24, 1858, a. 52. He 
early connected himself with the antislavery 
movement, and disting. himself by his legal 
ability in the celebrated case of the slave-girl 
Med. in the Ms. Supreme Court. 



Loring, Israel, author and clergyman, 
b. Hull, Apr. 6, 1682; d. March 9, 1772. 
H.U. 1701. Ord. pastor of the church in Sud- 
bury, Nov. 20, 1706. Mr. Loring was one of 
the readiest writers of his day, and pub. a 
number of occasional sermons. He was an 
ardent temperance-reformer, and was often 
called out on great occasions. — N. E. [I. and 
Gen. Reg., vii. 328. 

Loring, James Speak, b. Boston, 6 Aug. 
1799. Resides in Brooklyn, N.Y. ; 30 years a 
bookseller in Boston ; and a contrib. of histor- 
ical and biographical articles to the " N. E. 11. 
and G. Reg. • " author of " The Hundred Bos- 
ton Orators," 8vo, Boston, 1852. James his 
father, 55 years a printer and bookseller of 
Boston, b. Hull, Ms., 22 July, 1770, d. 9 
July, 1850. He ed. the Christ. Watchman, and 
pub. the Ms. Stale Register 1800-48. His an- 
cestor Deacon Thomas came from Dover, 
Eng., to Hingham, 22 Dec. 1634. 

Loring, Joshda, capt. British navy, b. 
Ms.; d. Highgate, Eng., 1781. Made capt. 
R.N. Dec. 19, 1757; com. in the naval opera- 
tions on Lakes George and Champlain in 1759, 
and on Lake Ontario in 1760, in which year he 
accomp. Amherst to Montreal. His son, 
Joshua, jun., app. high sherifi^of Ms. in 1768, 
was afterward town-maj. ; left Boston with 
the British troops in March, 1776. The estates, 
at Jamaica Plain, of Joshua Loring, manda- 
mus counsellor, were confiscated by the State 
of Ms. in 1779. Sir John Wentworth Loring, 
his son, was b. 13 Oct. 1775: another son, 
Henry Lloyd, d. archdeacon of Calcutta in 1 832. 
Joseph, son of Capt. Joshua, b. N.Y. 1744, 
commiss. of prisoners British army in Amer. 
1777-83, d. En-lefield, Eng., Aug. 1789. 

Loring, William W., gen. C.S.A., b. N.C. 
ab. 1815. App. lient.com. adetachmentof vols, 
in Florida war (1835-42) ; capt. mounted rifles, 
May 27, 1846; maj. Feb. 16, 1847; com. his 
regt. in the battles in Mexico ; brev. lieut.-col. 
for battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 
20,1 847; brev.col. for battle of Chapultepec, Sept. 
13, 1847; severely wounded at assault on De 
Bclen Gate, losing an arm; lieut.-col. Mar. 15, 
1848; col. Dec. 30, 1856; com. Gila exped., and 
disting. in conflict with Mogollan Indians, N. 
Mexico, May 24, 1857; jesigned M.ay 13, 1S61 ; 
app. a brig.-gen.Confed. army, and subsequently 
maj.-gen. In Sept. 1862 he com. the forces in 
Western Va., but was recalled a month later; 
com. a division of Johnston's army in the opera- 
tions around Vicksburg in 1863; and at the 
battle of Champion Hills com. the right of 
Pemberton's army ; afterward joined Bragg at 
Chattanooga. 

Lorini, Vleginia (Whiting), primadon- 
na, b. Boston; d. Santiago de Cuba, Feb. 28, 
1865. Her father was a popular comedian, 
formerly of New York. She was m. to Sig. 
Lorini by whom she left several children. 

Losada (lo-sa'-dii), DiEOO.a Spanish ofiicer 
who conquered the native tribes of Venezuela, 
and founded Santiago de Leon ; d. 1569. 

Loskiel, George Henrt, a Moravian 
bishop, b. Courland, Nov. 7, 1740; d. Feb. 23, 
1814. Ord. deacon May 22, 1768; presb. Mar. 
19, 1775; bishop at Hernhutt, March 14, 1802. 
In 1802 he was sent to America as the supt. of 



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564 



the Moravian churches, and pastor of the church 
at Bethlehem. Author of a" History of the Mis- 
sion of the United Brethren amon;j; tlie Indians 
in N.A.," Lond. 1794, 8vo, and also of a devo- 
tional manual entitled " Jilivas fnerz Herz." 

IiOSSing, Benson John author and artist 
b Be kman NY ieb lo 1813 A M of 
Han coll 18 6 E 1 icated at a d st s hool 
an! IS b V api it ed to a wxtchmaker 
n Po I 1 eo| si ^ le tly hecom „ a pa t- 
ner H 1 n j I n tl b s, n Sb i tl e i itumn 



N -1 



Maga ne U \ \ 1 II 

of the F n \ II 

tratci 185 4 I t 1 s 

andi 1848 9 i I tl >o / // M 
or II s Pi to 1 I< eld B ok of the E o 
lution {18o0 ) ■> \ol Svo s a ok of 
g eat val e tl e I I h v e 1 1 

ske ched every | 11111 1 

Revoluton Vmo 1 I 



H 



O (-0 ntrjmcn 1 M I 

ncnt A 1 18 1 H V 

of tl US ISo Mount V rnon a 1 s 
A s 1 ISbO LI 1 T e of PI 

IpSI jler OvlSbJ LfeofWih „ 

ton 3 vols 8 o L ves of tl e Pre I » ot 
tl e U S Tl e N V World Tl e 01 o 

Book The Cenotiph IS'iS P r I 

i el 1 Book of the W otlSH 8 1868 
an ed of 1 1 111 I 1 e Ne v Fa 

by Ho] k n 1 1 o es 1 1 II sts 

185 II 1 I II 3 ol 1866 

8 Vi s 1 11 I r 186 He 

has been a 1 i 1 | i I 

I te ature of th d y I I 1 I // / » 

1/a/a e a ser s t II 1 1 oi 

An cr cm B o^rapl y 1 1 

to the Lonl A t Jo I ent led Tl e Hui 
so fon 1 eW Ideinesb to tl e bea Uust it 
el tl I sown d aw ^s Jin 1 18 ' TTie 
An H Peco 1 a monti Ij h t ^w ne 
to b e 1 te I 1 y I 1 u e 1 to appuar 

He e 1 at Do N "i 

Lothrop Si l1 r UNP D D (H 
U 52) I U N 'I s 4 H U 

18 1 D \ 11 I t 



1S34 



Jol 



r ot I 1 1 n 

r J o 1 11 H t 

ur 1 1 o bobt 11 1 o 
E I Co nc 1 n the case of 

ri o t 1841 anloccas sermons 



Loudon, John Campbell 4tl ea 1 b 

1 I Ap 1 S") Su cee le 1 I s father 

H I N V 1 31 In J Iv 1 56 I a r ved 

\ I 1 c pp of go an 1 also a com n s 

a I fof the Bnt sh io os n Amer 

D 111 r took cl arge of Va affi a 

and London, who was mefBcient, returned to 
Eng. in 1757; was made lieut.-gen. in 1758; 
gen. in 1770. 

Loutre, Lotris Joseph de la. a French 
missionary, sent to Canada in 1737 liy the 



Society of Foreign Missions, and headed the 
Acadiansand Micmacs in an attack on Annap- 
olis in 1744. He resided near Mcssai,'Ouchc, 
now Fort Lawrence, N.S. The English ort'ered 
a reward for him in 1745. Revisiting France, 
he was intrusted with a large sum of money 
for theimpro\ement of h s m ss o do Is 

ret rn w s ajp car gen of \ 1 After 
n tl e ne tril iren h bvh v e o n 

sel h 1 I neith n 1 h r f tl 1 
t H 1 n I 1 to I r 1 r f i rt 

B ej inl a n t Q 1 alt 

terly lep oiched by the b shop a d eiil ked 
for t an Aug 1 57 On the p ssage 1 e fell 
nto the I ands of the Br t si and vas confined 
8ve r tl I hndof J r y — C II In 
Lovejoy lit I y 



\o k 



O 



t I y J I Q ncy A 1 ims — See Po (■< n d 
Poet /of tie We!>t l0TS\ec nsofh Veise 
Lovejoy, Owtv a t si v v orator and 
p c b All on Me Ji 6 1811 i 

Br kl n \\ M ch 18b4 He no k I 



Bo vd Coll 
bo cd t 1 
present 1 
that lay 1 
si ver II 



to VI 



Lovelace, Col Francis gov of N Y 

1668 J ly 30 16 3 s o d so of R h r 1 
B o I f II 1 I 1 Col L 

alnn t 1 I ol all 

He vas 1 re 1 e 

la d out 1 I I nd o 

tle4tl lo 1 L 1 „ o \ 1 \1 ^ 1' 1 09 
— Ot llujla 

LovoUjCharles S brev br g gen USA 
b Mb d lo V lie Iv J 3 18 1 
P V te M U S V t Jan 1831 "d 1 t 6tl 
I f O t 13 1S3 c pt J e 18 184b and 
engage I at tl e 1 ttles ot Ch r I sco Mol no 
del Rey, Chapultepec, and city of Mexico; 
maj. 10th Inf. May 14, 1861 ; in the Peninsular 
campaign Mar. to June, 1862; com. brigade 
at battles of Malvern Hill, Gaines's Mill, secjnd 
Bull Run, Antietara, and Fredericksburg, earn- 



LOV 



inj; brevets of licut.-col., col., and biitr.-gen. 
U.S.A.; lieiit.-col. 18th Inf. Jan. 21, 1863; 
col. 14th Inf. Feb. 16, 18C5 ; retired Dec. 1870. 

IiOVell, James, patriot of the Revol., b. 
Bost., Oct. 31, 17.37 ; d. Windham, Me., July 14, 
1814. H.U. 1756. Son of " IVIaster Lovell." 
Uslier of tbe Latin School 1757-75, and was 
also master of the North Grammar, now the 
Eliot School. He delivered April 2, 1.771, 
the oration before the town authorities on the 
issacre ; was imp 

Qmediately after the battle i 
was conveyed to Halifa.K with the British army, 
and kept in close confinement until exchanged 
for Gov. Skene in Nov. 1776. Member Cont. 
Congress Dec. 1 776-82 ; receiver of taxes 1784- 
8; coll. of the port of Boston 1788-9; and 
naval ofiScur 1790-1814. He pub. some tracts. 
His son Maj. J.\mes, b. July 9, 1738, d. St. 
Mathews, S.C., July 10, 1850 (H.U. 1776), 
was adj. in H. Jackson's Ms. rcgt. 1776-9; 
afterwards adj. of Lee's Legion ; and present in 
many battles of the ReviBl., from Lexmgton to 
Eutaw. — Loriny's Boston Orators. 

Loveli, John, schoolmaster, b. Boston, 
June 16, 1710; d. Halifax 1778. 11. U. 1728. 
He entered the Latin School 1717; became 
usher 1729; and was principal from 17.J4 until 
Apr. 19, 1775, when the school was dispersed 
by the siege of the town. Being a zealous 
loyalist, he embarked with the British troops 
for Halifax, March 14, 1776. He was an ex- 
cellent classical scholar, and, thongli a rigid 
disciplinarian, was a humorous and agreealjle 
companion. He delivered the first pub. adilrcss 
inFaneuil Hall, Mar. 14, 1743. on the dpnth of 
thedonor, dedicatingif'totbc inrnr-r-; of fn'li, 
of justice, of loyalty, of hiiTi'M- o' !'' f lli~ 
portrait, by Smibert, is in tli : ! 

ingsat H.U. He wrote somr \.: '',,..• n, , "■ i-> ,,[, 
and theological pieces, aud cuiitnli. to tlic 
Pietaset Gratidatio, 1761. 

IiOVell, Joseph, M.D., surgeon-gen. of the 
U.S.A., b. Boston, Dec. 22,1788 ; d. Washing- 
ton, D.C., Oct. 17, 1836. H.U. 1807. Son of 
the patriot James Lovell. App. Apr. 1812, 
surgeon of the 9th Inf., served on the Niagara 
frontier, and was there hospital surgeon. In 
Sept. 1818 he was placed at the head of the 
med. dcpt. of the service. Sept. 1817, he m. 
E. Mansfield. 

Lovell, Mansfield, gen. C.S.A., son of 
the preceding, b. D.C. about 1822. West 
Point, 1842. Entering the 4th Art., he be- 
came 1st lieut. Feb. 16, 1847; served as aide 
to Gen. Quitman in the Mexican war ; was 
brev. capt. for gallantry at Chapultepec, where 
he was wounded ; was wounded again at the 
Helen Gate, and resigned Dec. 18, 18.54, with 
his friend G. W. Smith (afterward a Confed. 
gen. ), in order to join Gen. Quitman's projected 
Cuban exped. Smith and Lovell, who were 
to have held important commands in the Cuban 
army, were employed, after the failure of that 
project, in connection with Messrs. Cooper and 
Hewitt's iron-works, Trenton, N.J. In 1858 
Smith was made street-commissioner of New 
York, and Lovell became his deputy. He 
was at the same time captain of an art. com- 
pany known as the City Guard. Early in 1861 
he was made a brig.-gen., then a maj. -gen.; 



Oct. 9, 1861, was given the com. at New Or- 
leans, where he remained until driven out by 
the Union forces under Admiral Farragut and 
Gen. Butler in the following April ; in May, 
1862, he joined Beauregard at Corinth ; suc- 
ceeded to the com. of Polk's Corps, 14 June, 
and repulsed Slierman at Kenesaw 27 June, 
1864. 

Lovewell, Capt. John, b. Dunstable, 
N.H. ; d. May 8, 1725. Son of John, an 
ensign in Cromwell's army, who d. in Dun- 
stable, aged 120. John, at the head of a com- 
pany of vols., led several successful expcds. 
against the Indians in 1724-5, but May 8, 
1725, encountered a party of them under the 
celebrated Paugus, and was killed at the first 
fire. A long and mournful ballad commemo- 
rates this event. His bro. Zaccheus, col. of a 
N.H. regt. in the French war (1738-6.)), b. 24 
July, 1701, d. 12 Apr. 1772. — .See Expeds. 
of Capt. L., ed. by F. Kidder, 1805. 

IiOW, Isaac, merchant of New York ; d. 
Eng. 1791. At first a prominent Whig, but 
afterwards a loyalist refugee ; was a member 
of the first Cont. Congress; an active mem- 
ber of the com. of corresp. ; member of the 
N.Y. Prov. Congress of 1775, but was arrested 
in 1776 on suspicion of holding corresp. with 
the enemy. In 1 782 he was pres. of the N.Y. 
Chamberof Commerce. He was attainted, his 
property was confiscated, and he went to Eng. 
His son Isaac became a commiss. gen. in the 
British army. — iafciW. 

Lowe, Col. John Williamson-, b. New 
Brunswick, N. J., Nov. 15, ISd'.l; kilkd at 
C.iruifex Ferry, Va., Sept. in, ISGl. During 
llii' Mcxic;!!! war he com. the 4lli Ohio regt. 



• I, ]<-t , ;iii>l iu Cox's brigade operated on the 
Kuuavvha liiver, fighting the battle which 
cleared the Kanawha Valley of Confed. sol- 
diers. 

Low, Samoel, poet, b. Dec. 12, 1765. 
Pub. at New York, in 1800, 2 vols, of poems, 
containing an ode and other verses on Wash- 
ington, patriotic and social pieces, and a de- 
scriptive poem of some length on winter. — 
Dui/clcincL 

Lowell, Mrs. Anna C, b. Boston. Has 
pub. " Theory of Teaching," 1841 ; " Edward's 
First Lessons" in Grammar," 1S43 ; " Gleanings 
from the Poets," 1843 ; " F-lw u T Fii -t Les- 
sons in Geometry," 1844 ; "': >:i'iP'<," 
1843; "Outlines of Astrni.iH i Let- 
ters to Madame Pulkskv, I ,.J: 1 ii.Mj^hts 
on the Education of Girls," IbM; •■Seed- 
Grain for Thought and Discussion," 2 vols., 
1836. 

Lowell, Charles, D.D. (H.U. 1823), 
clergyman, son cif Ju.li^f John, b. Boston, 
Aug. 15, 178J; .1. Cainiiri.lur. Jan. 20,1861. 
H.U. 1800. Hi. an. , .lo,-, 1',, rival of Bristol, 
Eng., settled in ^^'\vlll^T, -Ms., iu 1639, d. 
there 1663. His early education was received 
at Medford and at Andover Acad. He began 
to study law in Boston, but soon turned his 
attention to theology. In 1802 he visited 
Europe; studied two years at Edinburgh, and 
returned to the U.S. in 1805. Jan. 1, 1806, he 
was settled as minister of the West (Cong.) 



LO-W 



566 



Church in Boston, where he continued till his 
death. In 1837-40 he travelled extensively 
in Europe and the East. He pub. 2 vols, of 
sermons (Boston, 1855), besides many occa- 
sional discourses. Father of J. R. and K. T. 
S. Lcvell. 

Lowell, Brig.-Gen. Charles Russell, 
b. Boston, Jan. 2, 18-35 ; d. near Middletown, 
Va., Oct. 20, 1864, of wounds in the battle of 
Cedar Creek. H.U. 1854. Grandson of Rev. 
Charles. He was employed some time in steel 
and iron works, and on the Burlington and 
Mo. River Railroad, and in the spring of 1861 
was superintending iron-works in the Cumber- 
land Valley, Md. When the Rebellion broke 
ont, he was one of the first to offer his services. 
Capt. 6th Cav. May 14, 1861 ; served on the 
staff of Gen. McClellan, until in Nov. 1862, 
he organized the 2d Ms. Cav., and was made 
its col. Apr. 15, 1863. He saw much service 
in Va., much of the time having a brigade of 
cav. under him; and was actively engaged in 
pursuing Mosby's Guerillas. Made brig. gen. 
Oct. 19,1864, on Gen. Sheridan's recommen- 
dation, for services in the Shenandoah Valley. 
He was a man of much culture and soldierly 
capacity. James Jackson, a younger bro., 
d. near Richmond, Va , July 4, 1862, of a 
wound at Glendale. H.U. 1858. 

Lowell, FR.iNCis Cabot, merchant, son 
of Judge John, b. Newbiiryport, Apr. 7, 1775 ; 
d. Boston, Aug. 10, 1817. H.U. 1793. In- 
fluential in introducing the cotton manuf. into 
the U.S., by the establishment at Waltham, 
Ms., and by procuring the protective clause in 
the tariff act. The city of Lowell was named 
for him. 

Lowell, James Rossell, poet, son of 
Rev. Charles, b. Cambridge, Ms., Feb. 22, 
1819. H.U. 1838; Camb. Law School, 1840. 
Adm. to the bar in 1840, and opemd an of- 
fice in Boston, but soon devoted himself en- 
tirely to literature. In 1841 he pub. a vol. of 
poems entitled " A Year's Life." In 1843, in 
conjunction with Robert Carter, he pub. 3 nos. 
of The Pioneer, a literary and critical maga- 
zine. He pub. another vol. of " Poems " in 
1844; in 1845 a vol. of prose entitled " Con- 
versations on some of the Old Poets :" a sec- 
ond series of his poems in 1848 obtained great 
popularity among the opponents of slavery. 
He also pub. in 1848 " The Vision of Sir 
Launfal," a poem, and "The Biglow Papers," 
a witty and humorous political satire. In 
1848 also appeared anonymously "A Fable 
for Critics," an ingenious rhymed essay upon 
the principal living American authors. Be- 
tween July, 1851, and Dec. 1852, Mr. Low- 
ell was travelling in Europe. In the winter of 
1854-5 he delivered at the Lowell Institute a 
course of lectures on the British Poets. After 
a year, chiefly passed in study at Dresden, he 
returned home in Aug. 1855, and succeeded Mr. 



much for the. N.A. Review, Putnam's Monthly, 
the London Daily News, the National Anti- 
slavery Standard, and other periodicals ; and in 
1857-62 edited the Atlantic Monthly. Several 
editions of his poems have appeared in Eng. 
He has also pub. "Fireside Travels," 1864; 



a new series of " The Biglow Papers ; " and in 
1863, in connection with Charles E. Norton, 
undertook the editorship of the TV. Amer. Re- 
view. " The Cathedral," a poem, appeared in 
the Atlantic in 1869 ; " Under the Willows and 
Other Poems," 1869; and in 1870 "Among 
my Books ; " and " My Study Windows." His 
wife, Maria (White), poetess, b. Watertown, 
Ms., July 8, 1821, d. Cambridge, Oct. 27, 
18.53. A vol. of her poems was privately 
printed in Cambridge, 1855. 

Lowell, John, LL D. (H.U. 1792), jurist 
and statesman, b. Newbury, Ms., June 17, 
1743; d. Roxbury, Ms., May 6, 1802. H.U. 
1760. Son of Rev. John, minister of New- 
buryport in 1726-67. Adm. to the bar in 
1762, he soon became eminent, and removed to 
Boston in 1777. In 1776 he was a member of 
the legisl. and an officer of militia ; member 
of the legisl. from Boston in 1778; delegate 
to the State Const. Conv. in 1780 ; member of 
the Old Congress 1782-3; a commiss. to 
establish the boundary-line between Ms. and 
N.Y. in 1784 ; judge of the Court of Appeals 
in 1783-9 ; of the U.S. Dist. Court, for Ms. in 
1789-1801 ; and in 1801 chief justice of the 
Circuit Court for Me., N.H., Ms., and R I. ; 
member of the com. by whicfi the constitution 
of Ms. was draughted, and inserted in the 
" Bill of Rights " the clause declaring that 
" all men are born free and equal," for the 
avowed purpose of abolishing slavery in Ms. 
At the bar he was the formidable rival and fre- 
quent competitor of Theophilus Parsons. He 
was active in establishing the Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences, before which he delivered an ora- 
tion on the death of Pres. Bowdoin, Jan. 26, 
1795, prefixed to the 2d vol. of its Memoirs. 
Author of an English poem (no. 3) in the Pie- 
tas et Gialulutio, 1761. Some of his Letters 
are in the Hist. May., vol. i. 

Lowell, John, LL.D. (H.U. 1814), law- 
yer and author, b. Newburvport, Ms., 6 Oct. 
1769; d. Bo,lon, 12 Mar. 1*840. H.U. 1786. 
Son of Jud^-e John. Adm. to the bar in 1789, 
and practised MRCus>fully until 1803, when he 
visited Europe. After his return he wrote, ■ 
under a vaiiety of signatures, upon politics, 
agriculture, theology, and other topics for the 
press, and pub. some 25 pamphlets. He at- 
tacked with great severity the supporters of 
the war of 1812, and exerted a great influence 
upon public opinion in Ms , but would never 
take oflSce; a founder of the Ms. Gen. Hos- 
pital, the Boston Athemeum, the Savings 
Bank, and the Hospital Life-insurance Co., 
and many years pres. of the Ms. Agric. Soc. 
He possessed, said Mr. Everett, " colloquial 
powers of the highest order," and wielded "an 
accurate, elegant, and logical pen." 

Lowell, John, Jun., founder of the Low- 
ell Institute at Boston, b. there May U, 1799; 
d Bombay, March 4, 1836. Son of Francis 
Cabot. Educated at the High School of Edin- 
burgh, and at H.U. until in 1815 his poor 
health compelled him to make a tour abroad. 
He spent a few years in commercial pursuits ; 
but iu 1831, having inherited a fortune, he 
was able to indulge his strong passiou for trav- 
elling. He was a superior scholar, and pos- 
sessed one of the best private libraries in Amer- 



567 



ica. He bequeatheJ ab. $250,000 to main- 
tain forever in his native city annual courses 
of free lectures on natural and revealed re- 
)i;;ion, physics and chemistry, with their ap- 
plication to the arts, botany, zoology, geoloKy, 
and mineralogy, philology, literature, and elo- 

?ucnce. This establishment, " The Lowell 
nstitute," went into operation in the winter 
of 1839-40. 

Lowell, Robert Traill Spence, D.D. 
(Un. Coll. 1854), author, son of Rev. Charles, 
b. Boston, Oct. 9, 1816. H.U. 1833. His 
early education was received at Round Hill 
School, Northampton. In 1842 he was ord. a 
clergyman of the Church of Eng. by the bishop 
of Newfoundland and Bermuda, to whom he 
was chaplain, first at Bermuda, and then at 
Newfoundland, where he was for some years 
rector of Bay Roberts. He was afterward rec- 
tor of Christ Church, Newark, N.J. ; was subse- 
quently settled in Duancsburg, N.Y., and is 
now (1871) head master of St. Mark's School, 
Southliorough, Ms. In 1858 he pub. at Bos- 
ton a novel of Newfoundland life and scenery, 
" The New Priest in Conception Bay," a new 
ed. of which, illustrated bv Darley, app. in 
1863; and in 18G0 "Fresh Hearts that failed 
3,000 Years ago, and other Poems." 

Lowndes, Rawlins, lawver and states- 
man, b. British W. Indies, 1722; d. Charles- 
ton, S.C, Aug. 24, 1800. He was educated 
in Charleston, where his parents settled when 
he was very young. He practised law with 
great success; in 1766 was app. by the crown 
associate judge; in 1775 he was" one of the 
com. of safety ; in 1776 he was one of a com. 
to draught a constitution for the province, and 
subsequently a member of the legislative coun- 
cil. Elected pres. of the province in 1778, he 
exerted himself energetically in its defence, but 
was unable to prevent the capture of Chai-leston, 
and was himself for some time a prisoner. As 
a member of the S.C. legisl. he strenuously 
opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitu- 
tion, objecting to the restrictions which it im- 
posed upon the slave-trade, to the clause giving 
power to Congress to regulate commerce, and 
to the centralization of power in the Federal 
Govt. He closed one of his speeches against 
it thus: "I wish no other epitaph than this, 
' Here lies one who opposed the Federal Con- 
stitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties 
of his country.' " Thomas his son, M. C. 
1800-5, disting. for talent and eloquence iu de- 
bate, b. Charleston, 1765, d. there July 8, 
1843. 

Lowndes, William Jones, LL.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1822), son of Rawlins, statesman, b. 
Charleston, S.C, Feb. 7, 1782 ; d. at sea, Nov. 
27, 1822. From his 7th till his lOih year he 
was educated in Eng., completing his prepara- 
tory studies under Dr. Gallaher; he was grad. 
at Charleston Coll.; studied law with Chancel- 
lor De Saussure, and was adm. to the bar in 
1804, having previously m. Elizabeth, dau. of 
Gen. Thomas Pinckney. He was in the Gen- 
eral Assembly of S.C. from 1806 to 1810, and 
was M.C. in 1810-22. He co-operated with 
the Republican party of his time ; was a sup- 
porter of the war of 1812; a frequent speaker 
upon subjects of importance ; and was chair- 



man of the com. of ways and means from 1818 
to 1822. 

Lowrey, George, Cherokee chief, b. on 
the Tenn. River, al). 1770; d. Oct. 20, 1852. 
Hewas one of the delegates who visited Wash- 
ington in 1791 and at the treaty of 1819; a 
member of the conv. which framed the consti 
fution of the nation in 1827, and was elected 
assist, principal chief. He sustained various 
offices, and was an honest man and a pure pa- 
triot. He wrote a tract on temperance in Cher 
okee, and assisted in translating the Scriptures. 

Lowrie,WALTER, statesman, b. Edinburgh, 
10 Dec. 1784; d. N.Y.City, 14 Dec. 1868. In 
1791 his parents settled in Armstrong Co., Pa. 
Walter acquired a good education ; for many 
years represented Butler Co. in the State le- 
gisl.; was U.S. senator 1819-25; sec. U.S. 
senate 1825-36 ; and 32 years sec. Presb. 
Board of Foreign Missions. 

Lowrie, Rev. Walter Macon, b. Butler, 
Pa., 18 Feb. 1819; d. Aug. 19, 1847. Jeff. 
Coll. 1837. Son of Hon. Walter. He studied 
at Princet. Theol.Scm.; was ord. 9 Nov. 1841, 
and sailed to China to join the Presb. Mission 
there Jan. 19, 1842. He labored successfully 
at Macao and at Ningpo. He was thrown into 
the sea bv pirates when ab. 12 miles' sail from 
ChapoOi'in 1847. A Memoir by his father was 
pub. N.Y. 8vo, 1849. He was author of " Let- 
ters to Sabb. School Children ; " " The Land 
of Sinim," Phila., 18mo, 1846; "Sermons 
preached in China," 8vo, 1851 ; " Missions in 
Tonjceand Feejce," 12mo, 1852. — AIMone. 

Loyaute, Anne Philippe Dieddonne 
DE, a French artillery officer, b. Mctz, 1750; 
d. ab. 1830. He served under his father in the 
art. in Germany and in Corsica. A capt. in 
1776, he was sent with 50 field-pieces and 10,- 
000 muskets to the state of Va. ; remained in 
this country, and served through the war as 
insp. gen. of art. and fortifications in Va. He 
attained the rank of lieut.-col., and served as 
engineer under Steuben in the trenches of 
Yorktown. During the rcvol. in France, he 
was a royalist, and suffered imprisonment and 
exile, but was suffered to remain in obscurity 
after the restoration, and d. in a state of com- 
plete destitution. 



Lucas, John B. C, D.C.L. (U. of Caen, 
1782), politician and jurist, b. Normandv, ab. 
1762; d. St. Louis, Sept. 1842. Son of the 
chief justiciar of N. He practised law two 
years, and in 1784 crossed the Atlantic, and ' 
located himself on a farm near Pittsburg, Pa. 
In 1792 he entered public life. Served in the 
legisl. of Pa. several years, and as judge of 
the C.C.P. in the district where he resided. 
M.C. 180.3-5, and in 1805-20 was judge of the 
U.S. Court in Upper La. He was also app. 
commiss. for the adjustment of Land Titles in 
Upper La. ; at the same time was app. judge, 
and continued a member of the board until 
its dissolution in 1812. His son, James H. 
Lucas, was a banker of St. Louis, and a 
prominent citizen. 

Lucas, Robert, statesman, b. Shepherds- 
town, Va., 1 Apr. 1781 ; d. Iowa City, 7 Feb. 
1853. His father, a capt. in the Revul. army, 
was descended from William Penn. Ho removed 
to Ohio in 1800, where he rose to the rank of 



UlTD 



568 



Lxj:sr 



maj.-tjen. of militia; app.capt. 19tliU.S.Iiif. 14 
Mar. 1812; lieut.-col. 20 Feb. 181.3; resijjned 
30 June, 181.3; brig. -gen. of Ohio militia in 
defence of the frontier 181.3 ; member Oliio 
legist. ISU; pres. of the Democ. nat. convent, 
which in May, 1832, renominated Jackson for a 
second pres. term; gov. of Ohio 1832-6; first 
terr. gov. of Iowa 1838-41. Gov. L. was a 
prominent Mason ; a man of strong impulses, 
and strict integrity. — A. T. Goodman's Ms. 
Memoir. 

Ludewig, Herman Ernst, author of 
" Literature of American Local History," b. 
Dresden, Saxonv, Oct. 14, 1809 ; d. Brooklyn, 
N.Y., Dec. 12, 1856. He received a fini.shed 
education in his native country ; came to NY. 
City in 1842, and practised law. His book, 
printed in 1846, was never pub., but was given 
away to friends and public institutions. A 
supplement was issued in 1848, relating entirely 
to the State of N.Y. A philological work 
by him, "Bibliotheca Glottica," was actually 
in press in London, and was announced to ap- 
pear Dec. 15, three days after the author's 
death. In 1854 he communicated to the Soci&g 
de G^x/raphie of Paris an article entitled 
" De L'Ulstoire des Aboriijinies da Mexirjue," 
printed in the 9th vol. 4th series of its Bul- 
letins, i. 119. He contrih. fn Naiimann's 
"Seiapeum" articles on Aninican IJIiraries, 
" Aids to American Bibli.ii;ni|il.v,' ;ui.l ■■ The 
Book-Trade of the U.S." — //,n^ ,l/„y. i. 23. 

Ludlow, FiTZ Hugh, njagazine writer, 
son of Rev. Henrv G. of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 
b. 1837 ; d. Geneva, Switzerland, 13 Sept. 
1870. He began his contribs. to N.Y. journals 
in 1855; afterwards wrote for Harper's Maij. 
a series of stories, collected under the title of 
"Little Brother ;" pub. in 1857 the "Hash- 
eesh-Eater," and afterward " The Heart of tlie 
Continent" on a journey he had made across 
the plaiii.s and " The Opium Habit." His 
heal til bad been destroyed by the use of hasheesh 

Ludlow, Gabriel G., lovalist of N.Y. ; 
d. Oct. 4, 1808, a. 72. In 1782 he was col.- 
com. of De Lancy's 3d batt. ; went to New 
Brunswick at the peace ; was mayor of St. 
John in 1785; was in 1792 judge of vice- 
admiralty; a member of the council; col. of 
militia; and in 1803, on the deposition of Gov. 
Carleton, was sworn in as cora.-in-chief. — 
SaUne. 
' Ludlow, George DnscAs, jurist and 
loyalist of N.Y., bro. of the preceding ; d. 
Frederiekton, N.B., Feb. 12, 1 808. In Dec. 1 769 
he was app. one of the judges of the Supreme 
Court ; In 1780 he was app. master of the rolls, 
and supt. of police on Long Island. His large 
estates on L.I. were confi>cated ; and he re- 
tired to New Brunswick in 1 78,3, where he was a 
member of the first council, and, as senior coun- 
sel, administered the govt. ; and was tiie first 
chief justice of the Supreme Court. — Sabine. 

Ludlow, John, D.D., LL.D., divine, b. 
Aquackanonk, N. J., Dec. 13, 1793; d. Phila. 
Sept. 8, 1857. Ua. Coll. 1814. His grand- 
father Richard was an officer of the llevol. 
After studying law, he entered the N. Bruns- 
wick Theol. School ; was tutor at Un. Coll. one 
year ; completed his studies in 181 7, and became 



pastor of the R.D. Church, N. Brunswick ; in 
1818 he became prof, of biblical literature ; and 
from 1823 to 1834 was pastor of the church in 
Albany ; provost of the U. of Pa. from 1834 to 
1852, when he took the chair of eccl. history in 
the Theol. Sem. of the R.D. Church, N. Bruns- 
wick, N.J. — Simpson. 

Ludlow, Roger, dep.-gov. of Ms. (1634) 
and of Ct. ; was a "pious gentleman of good 
family " in the west of Eng. who came with 
the first settlers of Dorchester in 1630. He 
was an assist. 4 years. Failing to be chosen 
gov. in 1634, he went in 1635 with the settlers 
of Wiii'Kor, C't., where he was 19 years a 
ni;i^i.ii;iii Ml- tlr|i — ijv.,andone ofthe commi.ss. 
of t!i. Millie. 1 C'ulunies. In 1639 he removed 
to FairlielJ, the inhabitants of which, in 1653, 
having declared war against the Manhadoes, 
chose Ludlow com.-in-chief. The Gen. Court 
of New Haven discountenanced the project, in 
consequence of which Mr. Ludlow embarked 
forVa. in Apr. 1654, with his family. The 
time and place of his death are unknown. His 
dau. Sarah m. rev. Nath'l. Brewster of Brook- 
haven. John Endicott was his bro.-in-law. 
Well versed in jurisprudence, he compiled the 
first Ct. code of laws, printed in 1672. 

Lumpkin, Joseph Henry, LL.D. (N.J. 
Coll. 1851), jurist and scholar, b. Oglethorpe 
Co., Ga., Dec. 23, 1799 ; d. Athens, Ga., June 
4, 1867. N.J. Coll. 1819. He studied law in 
the ofince of Judge Cobb ; was adm. to the bar 
in Oct. 1820 ; began practice at Lexington, 
Ga., and took high rank as a lawyer. After a 
successful career of 24 years, he retired from 
practice. Elected judge of the Supreme Court 
of Ga. in his absence in 1845 ; he was thrice 
re-elected for the term of 6 years, without op- 
position. Elected prof, of rhetoric and oratory 
in the Ga. U. in 1846, he was compelled to 
decline. Long a prof, of law in the Lumpkin 
Law School attached to the University. In 
1855 he declined a seat on the bench of the 
Court of Claims. One of the compilers of the 
Penal Code of Ga. in 1833. 

Lumpkin, Wilson, statesman, b. Pittsyl- 
vania Co., Va., Jan. 14, 1783. Removed to 



tion ; studied l.aw ; served in the State legisl. 
a number of years ; was M.C. in 1815-17; and 
1827-31 ; gov.of Ga. 1831-5 ; and U.S. senator 
in 1837-41. In 1823 he was app. by Pres. 
Monroe to mark out the boundary-line between 
Ga. and Fla. ; and by Gen Jackson was app. 
a commiss. under the Cherokee treaty of 1835. 
He was also a member of the boiird "of public 
works. He resided at Athens, Ga. Died 1871. 
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, b. Hand- 
wich, N.J., Jan. 4, 1789; d. Lowell, III., Aug. 
22, 1839. His parents were Quakers. Until 
19 he labored on his father's farm, and after- 
ward removed to Wheeling, Va. Having set- 
tled in business in St. Clairs-vnlle, Va., in 1815, 
he founded an :i:ri I.n : , >n, i.-ry,nnd wrote an 
ajjpealontli . ]\.' H.' also con- 

trib. to a j..;i: i : / ■;',,/, ini!ui:pist. He 

then went tn Sl l.iui-, ■ In n-, lor near 2 years, 
he was eng.aged in the exposition ofthe slavery 
question. Returning to Mt. Pleasant, he com- 
menced in Jan. 1822 the Genius of Universal 



LTJlSr 



Emancipation, the office of which was soon re- 
moved to Jonesborough, Tenn., and thence in 
1S24 to Baltimore. He visited Hayti in 1824, 
and the Eastern States in 1825, where he formed 
the acquaintance of Wm. Lloyd Garrison, af- 
terwards associated with him in editing his 
journal. lu 1828-9 he was assaulted for an 
alleged libel, indirectly censured by the Court, 
and soon afterward removed to Washington. 
He was the fir^t to establish antislavery peri- 
odicals, and to deliver antislavery lectures. 
Uis " Life and Travels," by Thos. Earl, was 
pub. in Phila. 1847. 

Ijunt, George, lawyer, author, and journal- 
ist, b. Newburyport, Ms., Dec. 31, 1803. H.U. 
1824. Studied law ; was principal of the high 
school in Xcwburypor'; nri<' pr.icti^cdlawthere. 
He was several til; 1 ;i h 'n ■ i- of the State le- 
gisl.; began to w , : i i : : li poetiyatau 
early age. A vol . ^ j . , . :i i > . i i ! . i ; J ; another iu 
1843, entitled " I'lje Aj^c ui Guid;" in 1851 
" The Dove and the Eagle ; " " Lyric Poems," 
1854; "Julia," 1855. In 1845 he delivered be- 
fore the Boston Mercantile Library Assoc, a 
poem called "Culture." In 1848 he removed 
to Boston; and from 1849 till March, 1853, was 
U.S. dist. atty. for Ms. From Mar. 1857 till 
1862, and at a later period, he edited the Boston 
Courier, a conservative journal. His other pub- 
lications are " Eastford, or Household Sketch- 
es," 1855; "Three Eras of New England," 
1857; "Radicalism in Religion, PhUosopliy, 
and Social Life," 1858; "The Union," a po- 
em, 1860; and "Origin of the Late War." 

Lunt, Rev. Willia.m Parsons, D.D. 
(H.U. 1855), a popular and eloquent Unitaiian 
divine, b. Newburyport, Apr. 21, 1805 ; d. Ak- 
bah in Arabia Pctrsea, March 20, 1857. H.U. 
1823. Son of Capt. Henry. Studied law one 
year. Ord. pastor of the Second Unit. Church 
in New York 19 June, 1828, which he left Nov. 
19, 1833, and was pastor of the Unit, church, 
Quincy, Ms., from June 3, 1835, to his d. He 
left home in Dec. 1856 to make the tour of 
Europe. His writings, both in prose and poe- 
ti-y, display a singularly pure taste and classic 
refinement, and have been much admired. Ho 
pub. a number of occasional discourses. 

IiUquede(da-loo'-ka),HER!JASDO, a Span- 
ish bishop of Peru ; d. 1532. He was a priest 
of Panama, when in 1525 he associated him- 
self with Pizarro and Almagro in an exped. for 
the conquest of Peru, furnishing the money for 
the enterprise. — See Hcr-r-ra; and Prescott's 
Conquest of Pent, 

Lusk, John, an aged soldier, b. Staten Is- 
land, N.Y., Nov. 5, 17J34; d. near McMinnviile, 
Tenn., Juue 8, 1838, a. 104. Of Dutch extrac- 
tion. He was in the military service nearly 60 
years. He commenced this career when ab. 20, 
at the conquest of Acadie ; was present at the 
siege of Quebec ; saw the brave G^n. Wolfe fall 
on the Plains of jSbraham ; served in Arnold's 
expcd. to Canada ; was engaged in the erection 
of Fort Edward, and was there wounded ; was 
at the battle of Saratoga, the surrender of 
Burgoyne, and also of Comwallis ; and subse- 
quently served under Wajme in the campaign 
against the Indians. 

Luzenberg, Chakles A., surgeon, b. 
Verona, July 31, 1805; d. Cincinnati, July 15, 



1848. Of Austrian parentage. He came with 
his family in 1819 to Phila., attending the lec- 
tures of the JetT. Med. Coll., giving special at- 
tention to surgery. In 1829 he went to N. Or- 
leans; became house surgeon to the Charity 
Hospital, and soon became celebrated in his 
profession ; established the Medical School, of 
which he was the first dean ; founded the Soci- 
ety of Nat. Hist, in 1839, and in 1843 the La. 
Medico-Chirurgical Society, of both which he 
was first pros. In 1832-4 he visited Europe. lie 
performed successfully many of the most diffi- 
cult surgical operations, such as the extirpation 
of the parotid gland, the excision of 6 inches 
of the ilium, and the tyin^ of the primitive iliac 
artery. — Gross's Med. Biog. 

Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, LL.D. 
(H.U. 1781), a French diplomatist, b. Paris, 
1741 ; d. Eng. Sept. 14, 1791. After having 
served in the Seven- Years' War, in which he rose 
to the rank of col., he abandoned the military 
career, resumed his studies, and turning his 
views to diplomacy, in 1776 was sent as cnvoy- 
extr. to Bavaria. In 1778 he was app. to suc- 
ceed Gerard as minister to the U.S.; amved 
in Phila. Sept. 21, _1779,_ and conducted him- 
self, during 4 years in which he remained there, 
with a prudence, wisdom, and concern for their 
interests, that gained him the esteem and aiTec- 
tion of the Americans. In 1780, when the 
American army was in the most destitute con- 
dition, and the government without resources, 
he aided with his purse in relieving the distress. 
In 1783 he returned to France, having received 
the most flattering expressions of esteem from 
Congress; and in 1788 was sent ambassador to 
London, where he remained till his d. When 
the Federal Govt, was organized, the sec. of 
state addressed a letter to the Chevalier de la 
Luzerne, by direction of Washington, making 
an express acknowledgment of his services, and 
the sense of them entertained by the nation. 

Lyell, SiK Charles, D.C.L. (Oxf. 1855), 
LL.D. (H.U. 1844), a British geologist, b. Kin- 
nordy, Forfarshire, Nov. 14, 1797. Oxf. U. 
B.A. 1819; M.A. 1821. Originally a lawyer. 
The lectures of Prof. Buckland turned his atten- 
tion to geology. The first vol. of his " Princi- 
ples of Geology " appeared in Jan. 1 830, and was 
received with great favor. This work in 1 838 
was divided into two treatises, — the " Elements 
of Geology," and the "Principles;" and in 
1851 the "Elements"appcarcd with the title of 
"Manual of Elementary Geology." In 1841 he' 
visited the U.S., delivered a couree of lectm-cs 



on geology in Boston, travelled extensively 
through the Northern and Middle States, and 



2 " (2 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1845) contain the gen- 
eral results of this journey. The scientific 
papers connected with it are found in the "Pro- 
ceedings" and "Trans." of the Gool. Soc. of 
Lond., the " Reports of the British Associa- 
tion," and the "Am. Journal of Science." In a 
second journey, made in Sept. 1845-June, 1846, 
he visited the Southern States, and passed up 
the Mpi. He pub. "A Second Visit to the 
U.S.," 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1849. In 1849 he was 
knighted ; was elected prcs. of the Geol. Society 
in 1836 and 1850; created a baronet in 1864. 



LYN 



He pub. in 1 863 " Geological EviJences of the 
Antiquity of Man," &c. 

Lyman, Henry, missionary, b. Northamp- 
ton, Ms., 1810; killed by the"Battahs at Su- 
matra, with Mr. Miinson, June 28, 1834. Arab. 
Coll. 1829. Son of Thcoilore. He pub. 
" Condition of Females in Pimaii Countries." 

Lyman, Joseph, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1801), 
minister of Hatfield, "41*., from ab. 1772 to his 
d., March 27, 1828; b. Lebanon, Ct., 1750. 
Y.C. 1767 ; tutor there 1770-1. He was an 
original member of the Amer. Foreiijn Mis- 
sionary Society, and from 1823 its pres. He 
pub. 18 occasional sermons, 1787-1821. — 

Lyman, Phine.^s, maj.-gen., b. Durham, 
Ct., ab. 1716; d. West Forida, 1775. Y.C. 
1738; tutor there 1738-41. He was bred a 
weaver, but soon raised himself above this con- 
dition, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and 
finally settled as a lawyer in Sufficld. He 
took a conspicuous part in the dispute between 
Ct. and Ms. relative to the right of jurisdiction 
over the town of SufiBeld ; was for some yejrs 
a magistrate, held various public office*, and 
was app. maj.-gen. and com.-in-chief of the Ct. 
forces, and built Fort Lvman, now called Fort 
Edward, N.Y. He served under Sir William 
Johnson at the battle of Lake George, and, 
after Johnson was disabled, conducted the en- 
gagement to a successful issue. He served 
under Abererombie in 1758; was with Lord 
Howe when be was killed ; was at the capture 
of Crown Point, the surrender of Montreal; 
and in 1762 led the provincial troops against 
Havana. In 1763 he went to Eng. as the agent 
of his brother officers to receive their share of 
prize-money, also as agent of a company called 
the Military Adventurers, to solicit a grant of 
land on the Mpi. Deluded from year to year 
by idle promises, he sunk to imbecility, and 
returned in 1774, about which time a tract 
near Natchez was granted to the petitioners. 
He went thither with his eldest son and other 
emigrants, and died soon after reaching West 
Florida. The emigrants, after undergoing 
many hardships, were obliged, on the conquest 
of the country by the Spaniards in 1781-2, to 
take refuge in Savannah. 

Lyman, Theodore, mayor of Boston 
1832-5, b. there Feb. 19, 1792; d. July 17, 
1849. H.V. 1810. The son of a rich and 
liberal merchant of that city, he inherited a 
fortune. He received his early educatiou at 
Phillips Exeter Acad. In 1814 he visited 
Europe; afterward studied law, and made a 
second visit to Europe; in 1819 he began to 
take part in the business of public life ; was an 
efficient member of both branches of the legisl. ; 
delivered the 4th of July oration in Boston in 
1820; and took an interest in the militia, and 
for a time was brig.-gen. ; was an active mem- 
ber of the State Hortic. Society, and at his 
decease gave to it $10,000; a trustee and 
liberal benefactor of the Farm School, to which 
at his decease he also bequeathed $10,000. He 
founded the State Reform School at West- 
borough, to endow which he first gave $22,000, 
and at his death bequeathed to it $50,000 more. 
Author of " A Few Weeks at Paris ; " " Politi- 
cal State of Italy," 1820; "Account of the 



Hartford Convention," 1823; "Diplomacy of 
the U.S.," 2 vols. 1828. 

Lyman, William, b, Northampton, Ms., 
1753. Y.C. 1776. M. C. 1793-7; consul to 
London from 1805 to his d., Oct. 1811 ; mem- 
ber of the Ms. legisl. 1787 ; State senator 
17S9; brig.-gen. of militia. 

IfHnan, William, D. D. (N. J. CMl. 
ISO^fminister of Haddam, Ct., and China, 
N.Y. ; d. 1833, a. ab. 70. Y.C. 1784. He 
pub. Election Serm. 1806; on the death of Mrs. 
Griswold of Lyme; Dedication Serm. at Leba- 
non, 1807; Ordination of J. Harvey, 1810. 

Lynch, Col. Charles, Revol. officer; d. 
soon after 1783, at Staunton, Campbell Co., 
Va, His bro. John was the founder of Lynch- 
burg, Va. ; and his son Charles, gov. of Mpi. 
183.i-7, d. near Natchez, Feb. 16, 1853. At 
Guilford a regt. of riflemen under Col. Lynch 
behaved with great gallantry. The term 
" lynch law " was occasioned by his appre- 
hending, and causing to be punished without 
anv superfluous legal ceremony, a lawless band 
of Tories and desperadoes that infested that 
newly-settled country. — Va. Hist. Colls. 

Lynch, Isidore de, a French gen. of 
Irish descent, b. Lond. June 7, 1755 ; d. Aug. 
4, 1821. He was educated at the Coll. of Louis 
le Grand at Paris; entered the army; made 
the campaigns of 1771-2 in India, and subse- 
quently those of the war of the United States. 
Before rejoining the army of Rochambeau, in 
which he was aide to the Marquis de Chastellux, 
he had taken part in the exped. of D'Estaing, 
and at the siege of Savannah exhibited a cool 
bravery worthy the record of it in the Memoirs 
of Count Segur. On his return to France he 
was made second col. of the regt. of Walsh, 
and received the cross of St. Louis. He was a 
lieut.-gen. at the battle of Valmy. — Diaj. Univ. 
iSiip/A. 

Lynch, Thosias, Jun., signer of the Decl. 
of Indep., b. Prince George Parish, S.C., Aug. 
5, 1749; d. at sea in the latter part of 1779. 
Of Austrian descent. His father, a man of great 
wealth and influence, having early espoused 
the cause of the Colonists, was a member of the 
Cont. Congress from 1774 till his d. in 1776. 
His son was educated at Eton and Cambridge, 
Eng.; afterward studied law at the Temple, but, 
before completing his course, returned to Amer. 
in 1772. Relinquishing the profession of the 
law, he settled upon a plantation on the North 
Santee River, presented to him by his father, 
and m. a Miss Shubrick. In 1 775 he was chosen 
a copt. in the 1st S.C. regt.; but, in consequence 
of the illness of his father, toward the close of 
that year was elected to fill his scat in Congress. 
The decline of his health obliged him in the au- 
tumn of 1776 to retire from public employment. 
Near the close of 1779 he embarked for St. Eu- 
statia, with the intention of visiting Europe, 
and, by some unknown accident, perished, with 
aU the ship's company, at sea. 

Lynch, William F., naval officer, b. Va. 
1801 ; d. Baltimore, Oct. 17, 1865. Midshipra. 
Jan. 26, 1819; lieut. May, 1828; com. Sept. 
1849 ; capt. Apr. 1856. Iii 1847 he planned an 
exped. to explore the course of the River Jordan 
and the shores of the Dead Sea ; sailed in Nov. 
for Smyrna ; arrived with his party iu the Bay 



571 



LYO 



of Acre Mar. 31, 1848, and in April was up- 
on the Lake of Tiberias, and commenced the 
navigation of the Jordan to the Dead Sea, which 
they reached Apr. 18. A thorough exploration 
was made ; and the depression of the Dead Sea 
below the Mediterranean was found to be 1,312 
feet. Lieut. Lynch's narrative of this exped. 
has passed through 7 editions. He subsequent- 
ly planned an exploration of Western Africa, 
which was not executed. He is also the author 
of "Naval Life, or Observations Afloat and on 
Shore," 12mo, 1851. He resigned April 21, 
1861 ; June 10, 1361, was app. a commodore 
in the Confed. navy ; led a flotilla in defence of 
lloanoke Island and the coast of N.C.; and was 
defeated (Feb. 9, 1862) by Flag-Officer Golds- 
borough. He was subsequently in com. of the 
defences of Smithville, near Fort Fisher, N.C. 

Lynde, Benjamin, chief justice of Ms., b. 
Salem, Sept. 22, 1666; d.Mar. 28, 1745. H.U. 
1686. He studied law at the Temple, Lond. ; 
was app. judge in 1712, and eh. justice in 1729. 
Member of the council from 1723 to 1737. De- 
SLcnded from a Dorsetshire family. His son 
Ben-ja.min, jurist, b. Oct. 5, 1700, d. Oct. 9, 
1731. H.U. 1718. From 1737 he was many 
years a member of tho council, representative, 
naval officer of the port, a judge of the Court 
of Sessions and C. PI., and, toward the close of 
life, judge of probate. Judge of the Supreme 
Judicial Court from 1745 to 1771. At the trial 
of Capt. Preston in 1770 ha presided in court. 
He resigned the office of chief justice in 1772. 

Lyndon, Josiah, gov. R.I. 1763, b. New- 
port, Mar. 10, 1721; d. Warren, Mar. 30, 1778. 

Lyon, Asa, minister, b. Pomfret, Ct., Dec. 
31, 1763; d. South Hero, Grand Isle Co., Vt., 
April 4, 1841. Dartm. Coll. 1790. Pastor of 
the Cong, church at Sunderland, Ms., from Oct. 
4, 1792, to Sept. 23, 1793; at South Hero, Vt., 
from Dec. 21, 1802, to Mar. 15, 1840; and was 
M.C. from Vt. in 1815-17. App. chief judge 
of Grand Isle Co. in 1 805, '6, '8, and '13 ; was a 
representative in 1802, '4, '5, '6, and '8, and from 
1810 to 1314 ; was a member of the exec, coun- 
cil in 1803. Ho was an able preacher, and pub. 
sermons and patriotic addresses, indicating a 
high order of talent and scholarsliip. 

Lyon, MiRY, teacher, b. Buckland, Ms., 
Feb. 23, 1797 ; d. South iladley, Ms., Mar. 5, 
1849. She commenced teaching at Shelbnme 
Falls in 1814 ; from the fall of 1821 till the 
spring of 1824 she taught in the Sanderson 
Acad., Ashfield; from 1824 to 1828 she was 
associated mth Miss Grant in teaching the Ad- 
ams Female Acad, at liondonderry, N.H., and 
aftenvard at Ipswich ; for 6 years, during 
winters, when the acad. was closed, she taught 
sjhool in Buckland and Ashland ; in the au- 
tumn of 1834 she resigned; and Nov. 8, 1837, 
she opened theMt. Holyoke Female Seminary, 
in South Hadley, over which she presided 12 
years. A feature of her plan, to which there 
was much opposition, was, that the whole do- 
mestic labor of the institution was to be per- 
formed by the pupils and teachers; and it was 
intended to make the pupils independent of 
servants, to teach self-denial, to promote their 
health, and to preserve their interest in domes- 
tic duties. She pub. a pamplilet entitled " Ten- 
dencies of the Principles embraced and the Sys- 



tem adopted in the Mt. Holyoke Female Semi- 
nary " (1840), and the "Missionary Offering," 
1843. — See Life and Labors of Marii Lmii, by 
Edward Hitchcock, D.D., 1851. 

Lyon, CoL. Mathew, politician, b. Wick- 
low Co., Ireland, 1746; d. Spadra Blulf, Ark., 
1 Aug. 1822. Emigrating at the age of 13 to 
N.Y., and unable to pay for his passage, the 
captain of the ship, in accordance with the cus- 
tom of the time, assigned him for a sum of 
money to a fanner in Litchfield Co., Ct.,whom 
he served some years. Becoming a citizen of 
Vt., he was in 1775 a lient. in a company of 
" Green Moiratain Boys ; " was cashiered for 
deserting his post in the latter part of the year; 
was in 1777 temporary paym. of the Northern 
army ; was subsequently serving as commiss.- 
gen. and as col. of militia; and was in 1778 
dep. sec. to the gov., and clerk of the Court of 
Confiscations. Founding the town of Fair- 
haven in 1783, he built saw-mills and grist- 
mills, established a forge, manufactured paper 
from basswood, and established the Freeman's 
Library, newspaper. He was 10 years a mem- 
ber of the lcgK-1.; assist, judge of Rutland Co. 
Court in 1786 ; M.C. 1797-1801, and had on 
the floor of Congress a personal dithculty with 
Roger Griswold, when an unsuccessful attempt 
was made to expel him ; gave the vote that 
made Jciferaon pres. ; and being in Oct. 1798 
convicted of a libel on Pres. Adams, was con- 
fined 4 months in the Vergennes Jail, and fined 
$1,000, which was paid by his friends. Remov- 
ing to Ky., he was in its legisl. in 1801-3 ; was 
its rep. in Congress in 1803-11 ; tlien became 
bankrupt h-om the speculation of building gun- 
boats for the war of 1812; and in 1820 was 
made a factor among the Cherokee Indians in 
Ark., and was app. territorial delegate to Con- 
gress, but did not live to take his seat. His 
son Chittenden Lyon, M.C. from Ky. 1827- 
35, d. Caldwell Co., Ky., Nov. 1842. Col. L. 
was rough and impetuous in manner, but was 
an able debater. — See pampUet notice of Lyon 
by Rev. Pliny H. White, 1853. 

Lyon, Nathaniel, brig.-gen vols., b. Ash- 
ford, Windham Co., Ct., July 14, 1319; killed 
at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 
1861. West Point, 1841. Grand-nephew of 
Col. Knowlton. Entering the 2d Inf. he dis- 
ting. himself in the Florida war; took part 
in the capture of Monterey in 1846; became 
1st lieut. Feb. 1847 ; and, joining Gen. Scott, 
was present at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo; 
com. his company at Contrcras and Cliuru- 
busco, winning the brevet of capt. ; and was 
wounded in the assault of the Bclen Gate, 
Mexico City. Ordered to California ; June 11, 
1851, he became capt. ; was on active duty in 
Kansas during the Free-State troubles ; and, 
when the civil war broke out, was placed in 
com. of the arsenal at St. Louis. This he made 
secure against surprise ; and May 10, with 
the aid of several thousand " Home Guards," 
under Cols. Blair and Sigel, broke up the ren- 
dezvous of the secessionists at Camp Jackson ; 
brig.-gen. vols. 17 May, 1861; June 1 the 
com. of the dept. devolved on him. He broke 
up a Confederate force at Potosi, and caused 
several important seizures of war rnal&iel des- 
tined for Camp Jackson. Gov. Jackson, hav- 



572 



m:c^ 



ine called out 50,000 militia to " repel the in- 
vasion of the State," left for Booneville on the 
14th ; Gen. Lyon followed him, defeating the 
militia on the 17th; he then marched to 
Springfield. Aug. 2, he defeated the Confede- 
rates under McCulloch at Dug Spring. Mc- 
Culloch having been joined by Gen. Price, 
thus making a force 4 or 5 times as large as 
his own, he determined, rather than abandon 
S. W. Mo., to risk a battle. He accordingly 
marched on and attacked the enemy on tlie 
10th, at Wilson's Creek; and, after being twice 
wounded, was leading into action a regt. wliose 
col. had been killed, when he was struck by a 
minie-ball, and killed. Great honors were paid 
to his memory. He bequeathed nearly all his 
property, some $.30,000, to the govt, to aid in 
the preservation of the Union. In 1860, while 
stationed at Camp Kilcy, he pub. a series of 
letters in favor of Abraham Lincoln's election 
to the presidency, in a local newspaper, since 
collected in a vol., entitled " The Last Politi- 
cal writings of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon," with a 
memoir, 1862. 

Lyon, Richard, poet and preacher, was 
in 1644-7 private tutor to an English student 
at Cambridge. He lived with Pres. Dunster, 
with whom he was app. to revise Eliot's " Bay 
Psalms." In 1722 the 20th edition was pub. ; 
many passages from the other parts of the 
Bible, called " The Spiritual Songs of the Old 
and New Testament," are inserted. — Allen. 

Lyons, James Gilborne, LL.D. ; d. Jan. 
2, 1868, at Haverford, near Phila., where he 
had for many years a select boys' school of a 
high character. He was an accomplished 
scholar, and pub. " Christian Songs, Transla- 
tions, and other Poems," Phila. 12mo, 1861. 

Lyons, Kichard Bickerton Pemell, 
baron, G.C.B., D.C.L., envoy-extr. to the 
U.S. Dec. 1858-reb. 1865, b. Lyniington, 26 
Apr. 1817. Succeeded to the title of his father 
(Admiral Lyons) 23 Nov. 1858. Educated at 
O.xford. Attache at Athens (1839), Dresden 
(1852), Florence (1853); sec. of legation there 
185S; envoy to Tuscany (1858) ; app. amb.as- 
sador to Constantinople in Aug. 1865 ; trans- 
ferred to Paris in July, 1867. 

Lytle, William Haines, soldier and poet, 
b. Cincinnati, Nov. 2, 1826; killed Sept. 20, 
18G3, at the battle of Chickamauga. Cin. 
Coll. 1843. His great-grandfather Wm. was 
a capt. in the Pa. line, and emig. to Ky. in 
1779. Wm. his grandfather, an early pioneer 
of Ohio, was famous in the border wars of the 
West, and under Jackson, his intimate per- 
sonal friend, held the surveyor-generalcy of 
public lands. .His father Robert T. Lytle, a 
Demoe. politician, and M.C. 1833-5, d. N. Or- 
leans, Dec. 21, 1839. Wm. H. studied law; 
served in the Mexican war as capt. in Irving's 
regt. ; resumed practice at its close ; was a 
member of the 0. legisl. ; was the unsuccess- 
ful candidate of the Democ. for lieut.-gov. in 
1857 ; and became, soon after, maj.-gen. first 
division of 0. militia. At the commencement 
of the Rebellion he com. the 10th O. regt.; 
served in West Va. ; took part in the gallant 
attack upon Rich Mountain, July, 1861 ; and 
was wounded at the battle of Sunimcrville, 
Sept. 10, 1861. When sufficiently recovered, 



he took com. of the Bardstown camp of in- 
struction; and then of the 17th brigade under 
Gen. O. M. Mitchell, participating in the 
brilliant operations along the Memphis and 
Chattanooga Railroad ; at Perryville he was 
again wounded, and fell into the hands of the 
enemy, but was soon exchanged ; made brig.- 
gen. for gallantry Nov. 29, 1862 ; and subse- 
quently served under Gen. Rosecrans. Some 
of his poetry is collected in the " I'oets and 
Poetry of the West," by Coggeshall. 

Lyttleton, William Henry, Baron 
Westcote, gov. S. C. 1755-60, afterward gov. 
of Jamaica; d. 14 Sept., 1808. Envoy-ex. and 
rain, to Portugal 1766 ; made Baron Westcote 
31 July, 1776; made Lord Lyttleton 13 Aug. 
1794. 

Mably (mii-bli), Gabriel Bonnot, abbd 
de, a French author, b. Grenoble, 14 Mar. 
1709; d. Palis, 23 Apr. 1785. A misunder- 
standing with his patron and relative, Cardinal 
Tencin, prevented his rise iu the Church. He 
wrote memorials and rciiurts fur Tciicin ; and 
it was from miiuites drawn up by liiiii fur the 
cardinal that he prepared his " Droit Public." 
Employed in 1743 in secret negotiations with 
the Prussian ambassador at Paris, he con- 
cluded a treaty against Austria; and also 
drew the instructions of the French minister 
at the congress of Breda. Besides several 
political and historical works, he wrote in 
1784 "Sur les Constitalions iles Etats Unis de 
l'Am€nque," embodying his views on the prep- 
aration of the constitution, upon which he 
was consulted by Congress in 1783. This 
work contains many sentiments adverse to 
civil liberty and religions toleration, which are 
inconsistent with his previous opinions. 

McAdam, John Loudoun, originator of 
macadamized roads, b. Ayr, Scotland, 21 
Sept. 17.^G; d. Dumfrieshire, 26 Nov. 1836. 
Li 1 770 he came to New York ; was adopted by 
his uriclc a merchant there, who acquired a 
fortune as agent fur the sale of prizes during 
the Rcvul. ; at the close of which he returned 
to his native land, having been compelled, as 
a loyalist, tu abandon most of his property. 
He began to e.vperiment upon the scientific 
construction of roads in 1810; succeeded, in 
spite of great opposition from the farmers, 
traders, and common people; and for his ser- 
vices was rewarded by govt, with a gift of 
£6,000 and the honor of knighthood ; the lat- 
ter he declined in favor of his son Sir James 
Nicholl McAdam. In 1827 he was made gen. 
surveyor of tlie metropolitan roads. His first 
wife was a Miss Nicholl of New York ; his sec- 
ond was a dan. of John Peter De Lancey. 
Author of " Kemarks on Road-Making," 8th 
ed. London, 1824. 

McAfee, Robert B., b. Mercer Co., Ky., 
1784. The iMcAfees, George, James, and 
Robert (the father of R. B.), all energetic and 
determined men, left Sinking Creek, Botetourt 
Co., Va., June 1, 1773, and settled in Ky., 
where they were conspicuous in the Indian 
warfare of their times. R. B. was app. capt. 
in R. M. Johnson's regt. Ky. Vols., under Gen. 
Harrison in battle of the Thames ; lieut.-gov. 
of Ky. 1820-4; cliar(j£ d'affaires to Colombia 
1835-7. Author of " History of Late War 



MCA 



573 



MCC 



in the Western Country," 8vo, Lexington, 
1816. 

McAlester, Miles D., brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. N.Y. 1834; d. Buffalo, N.Y., Apr. 
23, 1869. West Point, 1856. Entering the 
engr. corps 2 May, 1861, he was made 1st 
lieut. ; capt. March 3, 1863; and maj. March 
7, 1867; chief engr. 3rt army corps in the 
Army of the Potomac till Oct. 30, 1862, being 
in all its important battles, and winning two 
brevets; from Oct. 30, 1862, to Apr. 1863, chief 
engr. of the dept. of Ohio ; in June and July 
chief engr. at the siege of Vicksburg; assist, 
prof, of engr. at West Point from Sept. 1863, 
to July 15, 1864, when app. chief engr. of the 
railit. v:livision of West Mpi. ; engaged in 
the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, 
Mobile Bay, in July and Aug., 1864, and of 
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, Mobile, in 
Apr. 1865. For these services he was brev. 



defences at Mobile aud 
leans, and in the improvement of the Mpi. 
Eiver. Engr. of the 8th Lighthouse dist. May 
22, 1867. 

McAllister, Matthew H.vll, LL. D. 
(Col. Coll.), jurist, b. Savannah, Ga., 26 Nov. 
1800; d. San Francisco, Cal., 19 Doc. 1865. 
Bred to the law, he was in 1827 app. U.S. dist. 
atty. for Ga., a post held by his father during 
Washington's admin. A leading lawyer and 
politician of Savannah ; some years its mayor ; 
an opponent of nullification in 1832; a promi- 
nent and Influential member of the legisl. in 
1835; 5 years State senator; and caused the 
establishment of the Court of Errors; emig. 
with his family to Cal. in 1850 ; and from 1855 
to 1862 was U.S. Circuit judge of that State. 
Author of a " Eulogy on President Jackson," 
and a vol. of legal opinions, pub. by his son. 

Maeanally, D.ivin Hice, Methodist di- 
vine, b. Granger Co., Tcnn., 17 Feb. 1810. 
Has pub. a Life of Mrs. Ramsay, and other biog- 
raphies ; and since 1851 has edited the Chris- 
tian Advocate, and had charge of the Meth. 
book-concern at St. Louis. Ord. Nov. 1831 ; 
preached in Tenn., N. C, and Va. ; and in 
1843-51 was pres. of the Female Inst., Knox- 
ville. 

McArthur, Duncan, soldier, and gov. of 
Ohio 1830-2, b. Dutchess Co., N.Y., June 14, 
1772; d. near Cbillicothe, O., 28 Apr. 1839. 
When only 8 years of age, his father removed 
to the frontier of Pa. At the age of 18, he 
volunteered in defence of the frontier against 
the hostile Indians, and served in Harmar's 
campaign. He also studied surveying, and 
acquired great landed wealth. In 1805 he 
was a member of the Ohio legisl. ; and in 1808 
became major-gen. of militia; col. Ohio vols. 
May 7, 1812, and second in com. at Hull's sur- 
render; brig.-gen. Mar. 12, 1813; and, after 
serving 2 years as second in com., succeeded 
Gen. Harrison in 1814 in com. of the army of 
the West. In the latter part of this year he 
projected and partly accomplished a bold plan 
of conquering Upper Canada, which he was 
obliged to relinquish from the failure of the 
force.-* of Gen. Izard to co-operate with him. He 
had been elected to Congress by the Democ. 
party in 1813, bat declined leaving his com- 



mand. In ihe AdI of 1815 he was again elected 
to the legisl.; in 1816 was app. coramiss. to 
negotiate a treat;y with the Indians; in 1817 
was again commiss. to conclude treaties with 
other tribes; and again elected a member of 
the legisl., and speaker of the house ; again in 
1819 was returned to the same body; and M.C. 
in 1823-9. While gov. he met with an acci- 
dent by which he was horribly bruised and 
maimed, and from the effects of which he never 
recovered. 

McArtllur, John, brev. maj.-gen. U. S. 
Vols., b. parish of Erskine, Renfrewshire, Scot- 
land, Nov. 17, 1826. He worked in his father's 
blacksmith-shop till 23, when he emig., and 
settled in Chicago. Here, after working at 
boiler-making, he opened a boiler-factory of his 
own. Capt. of a militia company when the 
civil war broke out, he was soon chosen lieut.- 
col. and then col. 12th 111. Vols. He com. a 
brigade at the battle of Fort Donelson ; and, for 
gallantry on that occasion, was made brig.-gen. 
of vols. Mar. 21, 1862. He was wounded at 
Shiloh ; com. a division of McPherson's corps 
in the operations against Vicksburg ; and in 
A. J. Smith's corps at the battle of Nashville, 
for which he was brev. maj.-gen. 

McCall, George Archibald, brig.-gen., 
b. Phila. Mar. 16, 1802 ; d. West Chester, Pa., 
Feb. 25,1868. West Point, 1822. Aide to Gen. 
Gaines, Apr. 1831 to 1836 ; capt. Sept. 1836 ; 
disting. under Col. Worth in Florida war; 
brev. major and lieut.-col. " for gallant and dis- 
ting. services in battles of Palo Alto and R. 
de la Palma," May 9, 1846; assist, adj.-gen. 
(rank of major), July 7, 1846; major 3d Inf. 
Dec. 26, 1847; insp.-gen. June 10, 1850; re- 
signed Apr. 29, 1853, and settled in Chester Co., 
Pa. On his return from the Mexican war, he 
was presented with a sword by the citizens of 
Phila. When the civil war broke out, he organ- 
ized the Pa. Reserve Corps of 15.000 men. and 
was made brig.-gen. of vols. May 17, 1861. 
This force was converted into a division of 3 
brigades, which he com. He planned the move- 
ment against Dranesville, Dec. 20, 1861, which 
resulted in a brilliant victory ; June 18, 1862, 
he joined McClcllan before Richmond ; was 
posted at Mechanicsville ; and June 26 fought 
a severe battle with a greatly superior force, 
whom he repulsed; on the 27th he fell back 
to Gaines's Mill, where he held the left of the 
Union line in the desperate battle of that day; 
and on the evening of the 30th, while reconnoi- 
tring, was captured, and, after a rigorous con- 
finement in Richmond, returned to his home in 
Chester Co., with health much impaired, about 
the middle of Aug. Aug. 26 he received a 
sword from the citizens of Chester Co. Re- 
signed Mar. 31, 1863. Author of " Letters 
from the Frontiers," &c., Phila. 12mo, 1868. 

McCall, Ed-htard R., capt. U. S. N., b. 
Charleston, S.C, Aug. 5, 1790; d. Borden- 
town,N.J., July 31,1853. Midshipman Jan. 1, 
1808; lieut. Mar. 11,1813; and in the autumn 
of that year served on board the brig " Enter- 
prise," com. by Lieut. Burrows. In the action 
with the British brig " Boxer," Sept. 4, 1813, 
Lieut. Burrows was mortally wounded; and the 
command devolved on Lieut. McCall, who suc- 
ceeded in capturing the enemy's ship. For 



574 



this service he received a gold medal from Con- 
gress. Master com. Mar. 3, 1825; capt. Mar. 
3,1835. 

McCall, Hugh, major U. S. A., b. S. C. 
1767; d. Savannah, Ga., July 9, 1824. En- 
sign of inf. May 12, 1794; dep. paym.-gen. 
Jan. 31, 1800; ca'pt. Aug. 1800; military store- 
keeper at Savannah, Mar. 31, 1818, at Charles- 
ton, S.C, May, 1821. He pub. "A History of 
Georgia," 2 vols. 8vo, 1816. 

MeCaUa, Daniel, D.D. (S.C. Coll.), b. 
Neshaminy, Pa., 1748; d. Wappetaw, S.C, 
Apr. 6, 1809. N. J. Coll. 1766. Licensed to 
preach 20 July, 1772. He taught an acad. in 
Phila. ; was ord. pastor of N. Providence and 
Charleston, Pa., in 1774; was chaplain with 
Gen. Thomson, and captured at Trois Kiviferes, 
in 1776. After his exchange, at the close of 
the year, he taught an acad. in Hanover Co. 
He was 21 years minister of the Cong, church 
at Wappetaw, S.C, and was a learned and elo- 
quent, as well as a useful man. His sermons 
and essays, with a Life by Hollingshead, were 
pub. in 2 vols., 1810. 

McCaul, Rev. J., D.D., an eminent Ca- 
nadian scholar, b. Dublin ab. 1810. At Trin- 
ity Coll. he obtained the highest honors, and 
was classical tutor and examiner. In Nov. 

1838 he was app. principal of the Upper Can- 
ada Coll., entering upon its duties in Jan. 

1839 ; in 1842 vice-pres. of Kings Coll., and 
prof, of classics, logic, rhetoric, and belles-let- 
tres ; pros, of the U. of Toronto, formerly 
Kings Cull. ; in 1849, and since 1853, pres. of 
University Coll. Toronto, and vice-chancellor 
of the U. of Toronto. Author of Disquisitions 
on the Greek Tragic Metres, the Horatian Me- 
tres, Scansion of the Hecuba and Medea of 
Euripides, lectures on Homer and Virgil, and 
has edited some of the classics, also a Canadi- 
an monthly, the Mapie-Leaf, and an intercsiing 
article ou Latin inscriptions in the Canadian 
Journal. He is also composer of some anthems 
and other pieces of music. — Morgan. 

McCauley, Charles Stewart, com. 
U.S.N., b. Pa. 1793; d. Washington, 21 May, 
1869. Midshipm. 16 Jan. 1809 ; lieut. 9 Dec. 
1814; com. 3 Mar. 1S31 ; capt. 9 Dec. 1839. 
Nephew of Adm. Stewart. At the breaking- 
out of the Rebellion, he com. the Norfolk Navy 
Yard, and destroyed the property there to 
prevent its falling into rebel hands. 

McCaulle, Thomas Harris, D.D. ; d. 
Savannah, Ga., ab. 1800. N.J. Coll. 1774. 
He was in 1776 ord. a Presbyt. minister in the 
western counties of N.C., and was several years 
pres. of the coll. at Waynesborough, S. C 
Eminent for eloquence and for classical and 
scientific knowledge. 

McClellan, George, M.D. (U. of Pa. 
1819), ]ihvsician, b. Woodstock, Ct., Dec. 23, 
1796; d. 'Phila. May 9, 1847. Y.C. 1816. 
In 1825 Dr. McClellan, with a few able co-ad- 
jtitors, founded in Phila. the Jeff. Med. Coll., 
and in 1839 that of Pa. at Gettysburg. He 
was remarkably successful as a practitioner, 
particularly renowned as a surgeon, and 
evinced great boldness and originality in his 
mode of action. He was prof, of surgery in 
Jefi'. Coll. in 1826-38, and at Gettysburg in 



1 839-43 ; 



popi 



liar as a lecturer; contrib. 



largely to the med. journals ; and left behind 
him a work, which was pub. after his decease, 
on the Principles and Practice of Surgery. — 
Gross's Sled. Biog. 

McClellan, Gen. George Brinton, b. 
Phila. Dec. 3, 1826. U. of Pa. 1842. West 
Point, 1846. Son of the preceding. Ordered 
to Mexico, as lieut. of sappers, miners, and 
pontoniers. At the siege of Vera Cruz he was 
in Worth's division, and was commended in 
the official reports ; he was specially mentioned 
for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Mexico city ; 
at Contreras and Churubusco he won the 
brev. of 1st lieut., and at Molino del Rey that 
of capt., which he declined, but accepted it for 
meritorious conduct at Chapultepec. In 1847 
he took com. of his company, with which, after 
the war, he was sent to West Point as instruc- 
tor of bayonet-exercise. His " Manual " trans- 
lated from the French, became the text-book of 
the service. In 1852 he accomp. C':ipt. R. B. 
Marcy (now his father-in-law) on an exped. 
to explore the Red River; and in Sept., with 
Gen. C. F. Smith, as senior engr. surveyed the 
rivers and harbors of Texas. In Apr. 1853 
he was detailed for the examination of the 
western part of the proposed line of a route for 
a Pacific Railroad. He explored the Yakina 
Pass, and various portions of the Cascade 
range, and the most direct route to Puget's 
Sound ; his report forming the 1st vol. of " Pa- 
cific Uailroad Surveys," pub. by govt. His next 
service was a secret mission to San Domingo; 
1st lieut. July, 1853 ; capt. 1st Cavalry, March, 
1854. In the spring of 1855 he was sent with 
Majors Delafield and Mordecai to Europe to 
study the organization of European armies, and 
observe the war in the Crimea. Capt. McClel- 
lan's report on " The Armies of Europe " was 
repub. in Phila. in 1861. Resigning in Jan. 
1857, he acted 3 years as vice-pres. and engr. 
of the III. Central Railroad ; then became gen. 
supt. of the Ohio and Mpi. Railroad, and, two 
months later, pres. of the eastern division of 
the same road. When civil war broke out, he 
was made maj.-gen. by the gov. of Ohio, and 
took com. of the vols', of Ohio, Ind., and 111. 
in the dept. of the Ohio. A brief campaign 
followed, during which, in June and July, the 
whole of N. W. Va. was cleared of Confed. 
troops. July 22, he was ordered to take conj. 
of the national troops on the Potomac ; was 
made maj.-gen. of the regular army, dating 
from May 14; and on the retirement of Gen. 
Scott, Nov. 1, he was app. gen.-in-chief. Mar. 
6, 1862, a general advance was ordered to Ma- 
nassas Junction. The Confederates having 
evacuated that place, he embarked his main 
body for the peninsula. Yorktown was evacu- 
ated May 4, after a siege of 1 month. Mean- 
while, he was relieved of all his commands ex- 
cept that of the Army of the Potomac. After 
the defeat of the Confederates at Williamsburg 
and Hanover Court House, he took up a posi- 
tion on the Chickahominy ; finding his line 
too much extended, he resolved to retreat to 
the James River. The whole of this difficult 
flank movement, begun June 27, was a contin- 
uous battle. July 2, they reached a position 
of safety at Harrison's La'nding on the James, 
where, protected by thegunboats.thcy remained 



575 



nntil Aug. 24 : the army was then with- 
drawn in safety, Gen. Pope effecting a diversion 
In McClellan's favor by a movement toward 
Richmond from the north. At the close of 
Gen. Pope's Va. campaign, he resumed his old 
command. When Gen. Lee invaded Md., Mc- 
Clellan attacked and defeated him in the bat- 
tle of Antictam, Sept. 17 ; but, on the following 
day, Leo safely rcerossed the Potomac. Fail- 
ing seasonably to resume operations, though 
expressly ordered so to do, he was relieved of 
his com. Nov. 7, and resigned his com. in the 
army 8 Nov. 1864. A commission to investi- 
gate the surrender of Harper's Ferry, Sept. 15, 
severely censured Gen. McClellan for failing 
to relieve or protect that place. He was the 
unsuccessful Democ. candidate for the presi- 
dency in 1864. Besides the works above men- 
tioned, Gen. McClellan has written " Regula- 
tions and Instructions for the Field-Service of 
the U. S. Cavalry in Time of War," "Euro- 
pean Cavalry," and " Report on the Org. and 
Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac," &c., 
12mo, N.Y., 1864. — See Life of McCieUan, 6y 
Geo. S. mihrd. 

MoClellandjRoBERT, statesman, b. Green 
Caslle, Franklin Co., Pa., 1807. Adm. to the 
bar in 18.31 ; practised law at Pittsburg in 
18,33 i removed to Mich., and established him- 
self at Monroe. He was an ardent, able, and 
eloquent member of the convention which 
formed the constitution of Mich, in 18.35, pre- 
paratory to her admission into the Union ; and 
served several years in the State legisl., being 
speaker of the house in 1843; M.C. 1843-9; 
gov. of Mich, in 1852 and '53 ; and was sec. of 
the interior in 1853-7. Practises law in De- 
troit. 

McClernand, John Alexandek, maj.- 
gen. vols , b. Breckenridge Co., Ky., May 30, 
1812. His father dying in 1816, his mother re- 
moved to Shawneetown, 111., where he worked 
on a fiirm. He was adm. to the bar in 1832 ; 
volunteered in the war against the Sacs and 
Foxes, and then engaged in trade. In 1835 
he established the Shawneetown Dimocrat; re- 
sumed the practice of law ; was a member of 
the legisl. in 1836, '40, and '42 ; and was M.C. 
in 1843-51. In 1860 he was chosen to Con- 
gress from the Springfield dist., and served 
until the opening of civil war, when he re- 
signed, returned to III., and, with Cols. Logan 
and Fonke, raised the McClernand brigade. 
Made brig-gen. May 17, 1861; he aecomp. 
Gen. Grant to Belmont; greatly disting. him- 
self at Fort Donelson; was made maj.-gen. 
March 21, 1862; com. a division at the battle 
of Shiloh 6-7 April ; succeeded Gen. Sherman 
as com. of an army in Mpi. in Jan. 1863; 
and was disting. at Ark. Post, Port Gibson, 
Champion Hills, Big Black River, and Vicks- 
burg. He com. the 13th army corps at the 
time of his resignation, 30 N.iv. 1864. 

McClintOCk, Sir Francis Leopold, 
arctic explorer, b. Dundalk, 1819. Entering 
the navy ab. 1831, he became a lieut. in 1845 ; 
aecomp. Ross's exped. in search of Sir John 
Franklin in 1848-9; disting. himself in subse- 
quent expeds. ; and performed remarkable leats 
in sledge-travelling. Sent by Lady Franklin 
in 1857 in " The Fox," in a final search for tid- 



ings of Sir John; in Mav, 1859, he found at 
Point Victory, on King William's Island, the 
record of Franklin's death, and the remains of 
the last survivors of his party. Returning in 
Sept. 1859, he was knighted, and received va- 
rious honors and rewards. Author of a 
" Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of 
Sir John Franklin," 1860. 

Macclintoek, John, D.D., LL.D., cler- 
gyman, h. Phila. 1814; d. Madison, N. J., 4 
Mar. 1870. U. of Pa. 1835. He became a 
member of the N. J. Conf., and, after being 
a short time in the Meth. ministry, was In 
1837 elected prof, of mathematics in Dick. 
Coll., and was in 1839 transferred to the chair 
of ancient languages. While at Carlisle, he 
translated, with Blumenthal, Neandcr's " Life 
of Christ," and, with Prof. Crooks, began a 
series of Latin and Greek text-books. He 
edited the Meth. Qnarlerly Review \a 1848-56, 
when he was app. a delegate of his church to 
the English, Irish, French, and German confer- 
ences. He was also present at the World's 
Convention at Berlin in 1856. On his return 



York. In June, 1860, he sailed for Paris to 
take charge of the American chapel there. 
Pres. of- the Drew Theol. Sem., Madison, 
N.J., from its organization in 1867, until his 
death. For several years he was, in connection 
with Dr. Strong, preparing a " Cyclop, of Sa- 
cred Literature," 3 vols, of which h.ive been 
pub. He pub. " Analysis of Watson's Theol. 
Institutes,'' " Temporal Power of the Pope," 
and ■' Sketches of Eminent Methodist Minis- 
ters," 8vo, 1854, and edited Bungener's " Hist, 
of the Council of Trent," 1855. 

Macclintoek, Samuel, D.D. (Y.C. 
1791), divine, b. Medford, Ms., May 1, 1732; 
d. Greenland, N.H., Apr. 27, 1804. N. J. 
Coll. 1751. Ord. at Greenland, Nov. 3, 1756. 
A chaplain in the Old French War, and also 
chaplain of the N.H. troops in 1775 ; and was 
at the battle of Bunker's Hill, Trumbull's pic- 
ture of which makes him a prominent figure. 
Three of his sons fell in the struggle for liber- 
ty. He pub. occasional sermons, and an ora- 
tion commemorative of Washington, 1800. — 
N.E. n. and Gen. Reg. i. 249, x. 100. 

MeCloskey, John, D.D., R.C. archbp. 
of N.Y. (consec. 21 Aug. 1864), b. Brooklyn, 
N.Y. Ord. bishop of Axieren andco-adj. to f 
Bishop Hughes of N.Y. 10 Mar. 1844; trans- 
lated to the see of Albany 21 M-iy, 1847, offi- 
ciating at the Cathedral of St. Mary's. He In- 
stituted a female orph. asylum at Troy, and an- 
other, in 1852, in Albany, and inI855,at Utica, 
an acad. for boys. He Is one of the most pol- 
ished and eloquent of the R.C. clergy in the U.S. 

McCluney, William J., commo. U.S.N., 
b. Pa. 1796; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 11, 
1864. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812; was in the 
action between the " Wasp " and " Frolic," 
Oct. 18, 1812; lieut. Apiil 1, 1818; com. 
Dec. 9, 1839 ; capt. Oct. 13, 1851 ; commo. July 
16, 1862, when he was retired. In 1853 he 
com. " The Powhatan," in Com. Perry's exped. 
to Japan. In 1856 he was app. supervisor of 
the construction of the " Stevens Battery," at 
New York. 



MCC 



576 



m:cc 



MeCluny, Col. Alexander K., lawyer, 
b. Mason Co., Kv., ab. 1812 ; il. by his own hand 
at Jack.son, Mp'i., 2.3 Mar. 1835. Nephew of 
Ch. Justice Marshall ; son of Judge Wm. 
McChing. When a lad, he enlisted in the 
navy ; afterward studied law, and practised in 
Mpi. ; was a lieut.-col. in the Mexican war, 
and dangerously wounded at Monterey ; and in 
1849-51 was charge d'affaires to Bolivia. He 
delivered an able euloginm on Henry Clay, 
at the State Capitol in 1852. A bro. John A. 
is the author of " Sketches of Western Adven- 
ture," 12mo, Phila. 18.32. 

MeClure, Alexander Wilson, T).T>., 
Cong, clergyman, b. Boston, May 8, 1808; d. 
Canonsburg, Pa., 20 Sept. 1865. Amh. Coll. 
1827. And. Sem. 1830. Ord. at Maiden 1832 ; 
preached there 1 1 years ; then in St. Augus- 
tine, Fla. ; returned to Boston, where he pub. 
and edited the Christian ObservatoriiS years ; 
was assist, editor of the Puritan Recorder 3 
years ; again preached a few years at Maiden ; 
was 3 years pastor of the Grand-street Church, 
Jersey City ; succeeded Dr. Baird as sec. of tlie 
Anier. and For. Christian Union ; was some 
time chaplain at Rome; but in Mar. 1859 was 
compelled by the asthma to desist from active 
labor. Author of " The Life-Boat," " Four 
Lectures on Ultra Universalism," 2 vols, of 
"Lives of the Chief Fathers of N. E.," 
" Translators Reviewed," and principal ed. of 
the ■' Bi-Centennial Book of Maiden," 18.50. 

MeCllire, David, D.D. (D.C. 1803), min- 
ister of N. Hampton, N.H., from Nov. 13, 
1776, to Aug. 30, 1785, and of E. Windsor, 
Ct., from 1786 to his death, June 25, 1820; b. 
Brookfield, Ms., 1749. Y.C. 1769. He pub. 
with Dr. Parish " Memoirs of E. Wheeloek," 
8vo, 1810 ; "24 Sermons on the Moral Law," 
8vo, 1818; an account of Windsor in "Hist. 
Colls.," V. ; Oration 1 May, 1783, at the open- 
ing of Phillips E.xetcr Acad. ; and occasional 
sermons. 

McClure, Gen. George, b. near London- 
derrv, Ireland, 1771 ; d. Elgin, 111., Aug. 16, 
1851. Emigrating to Baltimore in 1791, he 
settled in Bath, N.Y., in 1794, and removed to 
111. in 1835, where he took an active part in 
the enterprises and public questions of the day ; 
and was member of the legisl., sheriff, surro- 
gate, and judge of vSteuben Co. In 1813 he 
com. a brigade on the Buffalo frontier, and was 
severely censured for the burning of Newark 
(afterw'ards Niagara). 

MacCIure, Sir Robert John Le Me- 
stjRiER, capt. R. N., b. Wexford, Ireland, 28 
Jan. 1807. Was knighted, and given X5,000, 
for his discovery of the N.W. passage, which 
has been sought for3 centuries. (See " Discov. 
N.W. Passage, by H. M. S. ' Investigator,' 
. Capt. R. MacCIure, 1850-4," Lond. 8vo, 1856 ) 
He had served many years in the navy ; was in 
Capt. Buck's arctic exploring exped. ; accomp. 
Sir James Ross's exped. in 1848 ; became a capt. 
in 1849 ; and in 1850-1 entered a strait, which 
he named the Prince of Wales Strait; and, after 
his ship was frozen in, reached in sledges Mcl- 
villes or Barrows Strait. This is called the first 
discovery of the N.W. passage. In the next 
season he discovered a second passage on the 
north side of Baring Island. 



McClurg, James, M.D,, physician, b. 
Hampton, Va., 1747; d. Richmond, July 9, 
1823. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1762. Son of 
Dr. Walter. Took the degree of M. D. at 
Edinburgh, in June, 1770, and continued his 
studies at Paris and London, where he pub. 
his " Essay on Bile," which was so highly 
esteemed as to be translated into all the lan- 
guages of Europe. Returning homo ab. 1773, 
he established himself at Williamsburg, where 
he soon rose to the head of the prof., but re 
moved to Richmond ab. 1783. He was a long 
time one of the Council of State in Va., and 
was a member of the convention that formed the 
US. Constitution. He was killed by his horses 
running awav. Author of some pleasing Vers 
de Socie't^ eiititled " The Belles of Williams- 
burg," written in 1777. — TlxicJici: 

MeClurg, Joseph W., soldier and politi- 
cian, b. St. Louis Co., Mo., Feb. 22, 1818. 
Educated at Oxford Coll., O. ; was a teacher 
in La. and Mpi. in 1835-7; went to Texas in 
1841, where he was adm. to the bar, and was 
clerk of the Circuit Court ; and settled as a 
merchant in Mo., in 1844. In 1861 he suffered 
from rebel depredations upon his property; 
became col. of the Osage regt., and afterward 
of a cav. regt. Member of the State conv. of 
1862; M.C 1863-9; gov. of Mo. 1869-72. 

MeCoU, Evan, a Canadian poet, b. Ken- 
more, Scotland, Sept. 21, 1808. In 1837 he 
began to contrib. to the Gaelic Magazine^ 
Glasgow. He came to Canada in 1850, and 
holds a post at the port of Kingston. He 
has pub. " Poems and Songs in Gaelic," and 
" The Mountain Minstrel." He excels as a 
song-writer. Among his best songs are 
" Robin," " L.ake of the Thousand Isles," and 
"Bonnet, Kit, and Feather." — Mwyan. 

MoConaughy, David, D.D. (Jeff. Coll. 
1833), LL.D. (Wa.-h Coll. 1849), pres. of 
Washington Coll. Pa. (1832-49), b. Menallen, 
York Co., Pa., 29 Sept. 1775; d. there Jan. 
29, 1852. Dick. Coll. 1795. Pastor of Upper 
Marsh Creek Church, Pa., 1810-32. He taught 
a school at Gettysburg in 1807-12. Author 
of " Discourses, Chiefly Biographical," 1850, 
and some sermons." — Sprague. 

Macconnell, John L., author, b. 111. 
Nov. 11, 1826 He studied law under his fa- 
ther, Murr.ay Macconnell, and grad. at the Law 
School of Transylv. U. in Lexington, Ky. He 
sei-vcd in Hardin's regt. in the Mexican war ; 
and after the battle of Buena Vista, where he 
was twice wounded, became capt. Re-com- 
mcncing the practice of law at Jacksonville, 
he has since resided there. He is a writer of 
fiction illustrating Western life and character, 
and has pub. " Talbot and Vernon," 1850 ; 
" Grahame, or Youth and Manhood," 1850; 
"The Glenns," 1851; and " Western Charac- 
ters," illustr. by Dariey, 1853. He is engaged 
upon a " Hist, of Early Explorations in Amer- 
ica," having especial reference to the labors of 
the early R.C. missionaries. — Duijckinck. 

MeCook, Alexander McDowell, brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Columbiana Co., O., Apr. 
22,1831. West Point, 1852. Enteringthe3d 
Inf , he served with distinction against the Indi- 
ans in New Mexico in 1857 ; was assist, instr. 
of tactics at West Point 1858-61 ; 1st licut. 



Dec. G, 1838; capt. May 14, 1861 ; col. 1st 0. 
Vols. 16 Apr. 1861 ; disting. at the first battle 
of Bull Run ; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 3, 1861 ; 
and maj.-gen. July 17, 1862; disting. at Shiloh, 
Apr. 7, 1862, and at the siege of Corinth. In 
Sept. he took com. of the 1 st corps of the Army 
of the Ohio, and fought the battle of Perryville, 
Oct. 8, 1862 ; he com. the right wing of the ar- 
ray which was discomfited at Stone River, Dec. 
31, 1862; he was afterward placed in com. of 
the 20th army corps, and was in the battle of 
Chickamauga 19-20 Sept. 1863. Erev. col. 
for Shiloh; brig.-gen. for Perryville, and maj.- 
gen. for services during the Rebellion ; lieut.- 
col. 10th U.S. Inf. Mar. 5, 1867. 

McCook, Dan, brig.-gen. vols., b. Car- 
rollton, O., 22 July, 1834; killed at Kenesaw 
Mountain, 17 July, 1864. Bro.of the preceding. 
Florence Coll., Ala., 18.57. Cul. 52d 0. Vols. ; 
served at Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission 
Ridge, and the Atlanta Campaign. The father. 
Major Daniel, b. 1796, d. 19 July, 1863, of 
wounds received in the fight with Morgan's 
men, near Bufiington Island, O. 

McCook, Robert Lati-mer, bro. of the 
preceding, brig.-gen. vols., b. Columbiana Co., 
O., Dec. 28, 1827; murdered by guerillas while 
lying sick in an ambulance, near Salem, Ala., 
Aug. 6, 1862. He practised law at Columbus 
and Cincinnati; became col. 9th Ohio Vols.; 
served in Western Va., where he com. a brigade 
under Gen. Rosecrans ; and especially disting. 
himself at Rich Mountain, Carnifcx Ferrv, and 
Mill Spring, Ky., Jan. 19, 1862; was'made 
brig.-gen. Slar. 21 ; and com. a division in 
Thomas's corps of Gen. Buell's army. This 
family contributed 16 of its members to the 
war. 

Maccord, David J., lawj-er and author, 
b. St. Mathew's Parish, S.C, Jan. 1797; d. 
Columbia, S. C, May 12, 1835. S. C. Coll. 
1816. Adm. to tlie"bar in 1818, he became 
law-partner of Wm. C. Preston in 1822. State 
reporter in 1S24, he reported the decisions both 
of the Court of Appeals and of Equity in 1825- 
7 (2 vols. 1827-9). He was mayor of Colum- 
bia, where he welcomed Lafayette on his visit 
in 1825. On retiring from the bar in 1836, he 
became pres. of the State Bank at Columbia, 
and edited for a short time the S.C. Law Jour- 
nal. In 1839 he was app. compiler and editor 
of the Statutes at Large of S.C. (10 vols. Svo). 
Many years a member of the State legisl., and 
chairman of the important com. on Federal re- 
lations. In 1840 he m. his second wife, a dau. 
of Langdon Cheves, became a successful cot- 
t(m-planter, and a contrib. of articles on poli- 
tics and political economy to the Southern 
lii'view and to De Bow's Review. He did much 
to improve the State judiciary system. He 
])iib. liesidus the above "Reports on the Consti. 
Ct. of S.C. 1821-8," 4 vols. Svo, 1822-30; 
with II. J. Nott, " Reports of Cases in Consti. 
Ct. of S.C. 1817-20," 2 vols. Svo, 1842. 

MeCord, J. S., Canadian jurist, b. near 
Dublin, 18 June, 1801 ; d. 27 June, 1865. He 
came to Canada in 1806 ; was called to the bar 
in 1823 ; made dist. judge in 1841 ; subse- 
quently a judge of the Circuit Ct., and in 1837 
of the Superior Ct. of the Montreal dist. In 
the rebellion of 1837 he com. a brigade of 



cavalry. One of the founders of the Jlontreal 
Nat. Hist. Soc. ; chancellor of the U. of 
Bishops' Coll., Lennoxville. 

Maccord, LoniSA S., authoress, b. Co- 
lumbia, S.C, Dec. 3, 1810. Dau. of Langdon 
Cheves ; wife of D. J. Maccord. She was 
educated in Phila. Marrying in 1840, she 
soon after went with her husband to their 
plantation at Fort Motte on the Congaree, a 
site noted in the Revolution. In 184S she 
pub. " My Dreams," and a translation of Bas- 
tiat's "Sophisms of the Protective Policy;" 
in 1851 she produced her tragedy of " Caius 
Gracchus," and has been a contrib. to the 
Southern Review, De Bow's Review, and the 
Southern Lit. Messenger, discussing slavery, 
woman's rights, &c. 

McCormick, Cyrus Hall, inventor of 



derived from a common school, and from his 
father's farm and workshop, in which at 15 he 
had constructed a cradle used in harvesting in 
the field. His father in 1816 had invented a 
reaper; and Cyrus in 1831 invented his ma- 
chine, which he first patented in 1834, patent- 
ing valuable improvements in 1845, '47, and 
1858. He removed to Cincinnati in 1845, and 
in 1847 to Chicago. In 1845 the gold medal 
of the Amer. Institute was awarded to him for 
his invention ; at the World's Fair Exhih. in 
London in 1851 he received the council medal 
of the Exhih. ; the grand gold medal of the 
Paris Exposition of 1855 ; the prize medal of 
the Lond. Intern. Exhib. of 1862; the first 
pri.-e at the Intern. Exhib. at Lille, France, in 
1863; the gold medal of that at Hamburg in 
1863; from the U.S. Nat. Agric. Soc. at Syra- 
cuse the grand gold medal of honor in 1857 ; 
the gold medal of the Paris Expos, of 1867, 
and the order of the Legion of Honor from 
Napoleon III. In 1859 he founded and en- 
dowed the Theol. Sem. of the North-west at 
Chicago, and has since endowed a professor- 
ship in Wash. Coll., Va.— Sketches of Men of 
Proaress. 

MeCosh, James, D.D., LL.D. (H.U. 
1868), pres. of N.J. Coll. since 18CS, b. Ayr- 
shire, Scotland, 1811. Educated at the Univer- 
sities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. He became 
a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and 
in 1851 prof, of logic and metaphys. at Queens 
Coll., Belfast, Ireland. Author of " Method 
of Divine Govt.," &c., 1850; "Intuitions of 
the Mind," &c., 1860; "E.xamination of J. S. 
Mill's Philosophy," 1866 ; and, with Dr. Geo. 
Dickie, " Typical Forms and Special Ends in 
Creation," 1869; "The Supernatural in Rela- 
tion to the Natural," 1862; and has contrib. to 
various periodicals. 

McCoskey, Samuel Alles, D. D., 
D.C.L. (Oxf), b. Carlisle, Pa., 9 Nov. 1804. 
Dick. Coll. Son of Dr. Samuel A. ; grandson 
of Dr. Nisbet, 1st pres. Dick. Coll. After one 
year at West Point Acad, and his coll. course, 
he lead law ; was adm. to the bar ; was 2 years 
dep. atty.-gen. ofCumb. Co.; in 1831 began 
to study divinity ; was ord. deacon and priest ; 
was rector of Christ Ch., Reading, Pa., one 
year; was 2 years rector of St. Paul's, Phila.; 
and 9 July, 1836, was consec. 1st bishop of 



MAC 



578 



JNIAC 



Mich. ; and was also nailed to St. Paul's 
Church, Detroit, of which he was pastor 27 
years. 

Macerea, Jane, b. Leamington, N. J., 
1754 ; killed by the Indians near Fort Edward, 
N.Y., July 27, 1777. She was the dau. of a 
Scotch Presb. clergyman settled in N. J., after 
whose death she went to live with abro. on the 
Hudson River, near Fort Edward. The inva- 
sion of Burgoyne caused her bro. to prepare to 
seek a place of safety ; but, on the morning of 
the day of removal, a party of hostile Indians 
made prisoners of Mrs. McNiel and Miss Mac- 
erea, and hurried them off to Burgoyne's camp. 
Soon after the safe arrival of Mrs. McNiel, 
another party of Indians came in with some 
fresh scalps, among them one which she readily 
knew to be that of Miss Macerea. The event 
caused a general feeling of horror througli the 
country, and even in Europe ; and Burke used 
the story with powerful effect in the British 
house of commons. 

McCulloeh, Ben., soldier, b. Rutherford 
Co., Tenn., 1814; killed in the battle of Pea 
Ridge, Mar. 7, 1862. Son of Alexander McCul- 
loeh, aide to Gen. Coffee in Creek war, 181.3- 
14. He attended school in Tenn. until he was 
14, when he followed the career of a hunter. 
Emigrating to Texas, he fought as a private 
artillerist at San Jacinto, and was a eapt. of 
rangers in the Mexican war. Hedisting. him- 
self at Monterey ; was made qnarterm. (rank of 
maj.) July 16, 1846 ; held the office till Sept. 6, 
1847, commanding meanwhile a spy company 
at the battle of Buena Vista, where be gained 
new laurels. He afterward joined Gen. Scott's 
army ; and, for gallant conduct at the taking 
of the city of Mexico, was made marshal of 
Texas in Apr. 185.3 ; declined the app. of maj. 
1st Cav. Mar. 3, 1855 ; and was app. a commiss. 
by Pres. Buchanan to adjust the difficulties 
with the Mormons in Utah in May, 1857. App. 
brig.-gen. of the forces of Ark., he com. at the 
battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861, 
when Gen. Lyon was killed ; and under Gen. 
Van Dorn led a corps of Ark., La., and Texas 
troops at Pea Ridge, falling in the second day's 
battle. 

McCulloeh, Hugh, financier, b. Kenne- 
bunk, Me. Studied at Bowd. Coll. in 1824-5, 
but left on account of ill-health ; was adm. to 
tlie practice of law, and settled at Fort W.ayne, 
Ind., in 183.3 ; was an officer of the State Bank 
of Ind. in 1835-57, and its pres. in 1S57-63 ; 
U.S. compt. of the currency 1863-5 ; sec. U.S. 
treas. 1865-9; since one of the banking-firm 
of Jay Cooke and McCulloeh, Lond. 

McCurdy, Charles Johnson, LL.D. 
(Y.C.), jurist, b. Lyme, Ct, 7 Dec. 1797. Y.C. 
1817. His emig. ancestor was of Scotch extrac- 
tion, and came from the north of Ireland. His 
mother was of the blood of the Griswold and 
Wolcott families. Me studied law with Judge 
Swift; was prominent in the profession; was 
a member of both branches of the legisl., and 
three years speaker of the house; lieut.-gov. 
1845-6; U.S. minister to Austria in 1851-2; 
in 1856 he was app. a judge of the Superior 
Court; and was subsequently, until 1867, upon 
the Supreme bench. In Feb. 1861, he was an 
active member of the Peace Congress. 



McDonald, Donald, a loyalist leader in 
N.C. Gov. Martin, early in the struggle, au- 
thorized him to raise and embody a force on 
the side of the crown, of which McDonald was 
to be capt.-gen. His success was, at first, very 
great. Feb. 26, 1776, he was attacked by the 
Whigs under Gen. Moore at Cross Creek, and 
was defeated, and made prisoner. 

MacDonald, Floka, celebrated for aiding 
in the escape of Charles Edward, the Young 
Pretender, b. South-Uist, Scotland, 1720 ; d. 
4 Mar. 1790. Dau. of MacDonald of Milton. 
In 1750 she m. Alex. MacDonald, with whom 
she came to N.C. in 1773, and settled in Fay- 
etteville. He was a captain in the Loyal High- 
landers ; and, after experiencing reverses of 
various kinds, they returned to Skye, Scotland, 
before the end of the Revol. war. She gave a 
proof of her courage during an attack on the 
ship while on the voyage home, taking part 
in the action, in which her arm was accidentally 
broken. Two of her sons were loyalist offi- 
officers in the Rcvol. war. Oneof them John, 
an accomplished scholar, lieut.-col., and a fel- 
low of the Roval Soc, d. 16 Aug. 1831, a. 72. 

Macdonald, James, M.D., physician, b. 
White Plains, N.Y., July 18, 1803 ;'d. Flush- 
ing, L.I., May 5, 1849. Coll. of Phv*. and 
Surgs.,N.Y.,1825. Uiinl 1 -;" h- v .- ,,.,i(k>nt 



e: 



n 1831 



tbei 



rope; and on his return he h:i<l cliui;.'-*; of the 
asvlum until 1837. He was for 4 yeals a visit- 
ing physician of the N.Y. Hospital. In 1841 
he opened a private institution for thi' insane, 
first at Murray Hill, and subsequently at Flush- 
ing. In 1842" he Iwgan a course of lectures on 
mental diseases at the Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., 
probably the first ever delivered in the U.S. 
He pub. " A Review of Ferrers on Insanity ; " 
" Statistics of the Bloomingdale Asylum," 
1839; "A Letter to the Trustees of the N.Y. 
State Lunatic Asylum,"l 842 ; " A Dissertation 
on Puerperal Insanity ;" " Reports on the Con- 
dition of the Blackwell's Island Asylum." He 
was acontrib. to the Amn-.Jour ofliisanili/. 

MacDonald, James M.,D.D.,b. Limerick, 
Me., 1812. Un. Coll. 18.32. Sonof Maj.-Gen. 
John MacDonald. Ord Presb. min. 1 835, and 
for some years pastor of the First Presb. 
Church, Princeton, N.J. Author of " Credu- 
lity as illustrated by Successful Impostures," 
&c., 1843; "Key to Revelation," 1846; "Hist, 
of the Presb. Church of Jamaica, L.I.," 1847 ; 
"My Father's House," 1855; " Ecclesiastes 
E.xplaincd," 1856. He has pub. sermons in 
the Nat. Recorder, and contrib. to the Bibl. 
Repertory and the Princeton Revieic. — AUibone. 

Macdonald, Sm John Alexander, 
LL.D., D.C.L. (O-von.), G.C.B., Canadian 
statesman, b. Sutherlandshire, Scotland, 1814. 
Hugh his father settled in Kingston in 1820. 
The son was called to the bar in 1835 ; became a 
member of parliament in 1844; receiver-gcn. 
May 21, 1847; soon afterward commiss.' of 
crown-lands; and from 1848 to 1854 was a 
conservative leader of the opposition in the 
Canadian parliament. In 1857 he became pre- 
mier ; resigned May, 1862; atty .-gen. 1854-62, 
and Mav, 1864-7; minister of militia 1865-7. 



579 



He was leader of the conservative party of 
Upper Canada; is an able constitutional law- 
yer, a clever tactician, and a fluent debater. 
Minister of justice, and atty.-aen. of the Dom. 
Govt, of Canada since 1S67. — .1/en of the 
Time. 

McDonogh, John, an eccentric and phi- 
lanthropic merchant, b. Baltimore, 1778; d. 
N. Orleans, Oct. 26, 1850. Removed to N. Or- 
leans in 1800, where, by hard labor and the nar- 
rowest economy, he amassed immense wealth, 
the bulk of which, by his will, was given in 
equal portions to the cities of N. Orleans and 
Baltimore for the purpose of establishing free 
schools, and an asylum for the poor. A large 
sum was given to the Am. Colonization Socie- 
ty, to which he was a warm friend. He estab- 
lished a colony in Afiica, to which he sent 
many of his negroes, after giving them an edu- 
cation and a trade. 

Macdonough, Thomas, commo. U.S.N., 
b. New Castle Co., Dcl.,Dcc. 23, 1783; d. at sea, 
Nov. 16, 1825. His father, Maj. McD. (d. 1796), 
emig. from the north of Ireland at an early 
age, and was an ofScer of valor and distinction 
in the Del. Hue of the Revol. army, and after- 
ward a judge. His e'der bro. James, a mid- 
shipman in the navy, was disting. in the action 
between "The Constellation" and "L'lnsur- 
gente," frigate, but, ha\-ing a foot shot off, was 
obliged to retire from the navy. Midshipm. Feb. 
5, 1800; lieut. 6Feb. 1807 ; com. 24 July, 1813; 
and in 1803 was attached to the frigate "Phila- 
delphia," Capt. Bainbrid^e, in the squadron em- 
ployed against Tripoli. Aug. 26, 1803, was cap- 
tured the Moorish frigate "Meshboa;" and 
Madonough escaped the captivity which sub- 
sequently befell the officers and crew of " The 
Plila." by being left at Gibraltar with her prize. 
He afterward served in the schooner " Enter- 
prise," under Decatur, participating in the vari- 
ous attacks made in 1 804 upon the city and bat- 
teries of Tripoli ; and was one of the party which 
recaptured and destroyed " The Pluladelphia " 
on the night of Feb. 16, 1804. In 1814 he 
com. a squadron on Lake Champlain ; and on 
Sept. 1 1 gained a very important victoiy over 
a British squadron com. by Com. George 
Downie, which outnumbered his in vessels and 
guns. For this disting. service he was pro- 
moted to capt. (Sept. 11), and received a gold 
medal from Congress. Numerous civic honors 
were also bestowed on him by different cities 
and towns ; and the legisl. of Vt. presented him 
with an estate upon Cumberland Head, which 
overlooked the scene of the engagement. 

McDougall, Alexander, maj.-gen. Rev- 
ol. army, b. Scotland, 1731 ; d. N.Y. June 8, 
1786. He came to America with his father, 
who was a farmer, ab. 1755; settled near N. Y ., 
ia which city his youth was passed in various 
active emplo^Tnents. While a printer, the ac- 
tion of the State Assembly in the winter of 
1769, in rejecting the vote by ballot, and favor- 
ably considering the bill of supplies for troops 
quartered in the city, to overawe the inhabit- 
ants, caused him to issue an address, entitled 
ayed Inhabitants 
thi'ir conduct to 
just indignation. This^was by vote of the As- 
sembly declared " an infamous and seditious 



libel ; " and its author was imprisoned. Regain- 
ing his liberty, he entered into corresp. with the 
master-spirits of the country, and July 6, 1774, 
presided over the celebrated meeting prepara- 
tory to the election of delegates to the First 
Congress. App. col. 1st N.Y. regt. ; brig.-gen. 
Aug. 9, 1776 ; and maj.-gen. Oct. 20, 1777. He 
superintended the embarkation of the troops on 
the evening of Aug. 29, 1776, after the defeat 
on Long Island; was actively engaged on Chat- 
terton's Hill, White Plains (Oct.' 28), and in 
various places in N. J. ; and in the spring 
of 1777 took com. at PeekskiU, but was com- 
pelled by a superior force to retreat, destroy- 
ing a considerable supply of stores Mar. 23. 
He participated in the battle of Gcrmantown ; 
took com. of the posts on the Hudson, Mar. 1 6, 
1778; and, assisted by Kosciusko, actively 
pushed the constniction of the fortifications on 
the Highlands until the close of 1780. He was 
a delegate to Congress from N.Y. in 1781 and 
again in 1784-5. In the beginning of 1781 he 
was app. by Congress minister of marine, but 
did not remain long in Phila. Wlien the army 
went into winter-quarters at Newburg in 1 783, 
he w as chosen to head the committee sent to 
Congress to represent its grievances. At the 
time of his death he was a member of the N.Y. 
senate, to which he was first elected in 1 783. 

MacDougal, David D., commo. U.S.N., 
b. Ohio, Sept. 27, 1809. Midshipm. AprU 1, 
1828 ; lieut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; com. Jan. 24, 1857; 
capt. Mar. 2, 1864; commo. 1869. Attached 
to brig " Consort," coast survey, 1840-3 ; U.S. 
steamer "Mississippi" at capture of Vera 
Cruz ; com. steam-sloop " Wyoming," Asiatic 
squadron, 1861-4; engaged 6 batteries and 3 
vessels of war at Simonsaki, Japan, July 16, 
1863 ; com. navy-yard Mare Island, Cal., 1865- 
6; steam-sloop "Powhatan," So. Pacific squad., 
1868-9; com. South squad. Pacific fleet, 1870. 
— Ilamcrdy. 

McDoilgall, James A., a U.S. sen.itor, b. 
Bethlehem, N.Y., Nov. 19, 1817; d. Albanv, 
N.Y., Sept. 3, 1867. Educated at the Albany 
grammar school. Studied law, and began 
practice in Pike Co., III., in 1837; atty.-gen. 
of that State in 1842 and again in 1844"; pur- 
sued the occupation of civil engineer; ori 



nated and acconip. an exploring exped. 
Rio del Norte, the Gila, and the Colorado in 
1849 ; and, having settled in San Francisco, 
resumed there the practice of law. In 1850 he 
was atty.-gen. of Cal. ; for a time was a mem- 
ber of the legisl. ; M.C. in 1853-5 ; U.S. sena- 
tor in 1861-7 ; and chairman of the com. on the 
Pacific Railroad. In the early part of the war, 
he was identified with the war Democrats, and 
was a delegate to the Chicago convention which 
nominated Gen. McClellan for pres. in 1864. 
He was gifted with remarkable natural elo- 
quence. 

McDougall, Hon. William, Canadian 
statesman, b. Toronto, 25 Jan. 1822. His 
grandfather fought against the Americans in 
the Revol. war. Wra., educated at Toronto 
and at Victoria Coll., was a member of the bar; 
conducted a monthly agric. journal, of large 
circulation, at Toronto, in 1848-58; and in 
1850-7 edited and pub. the Xorth-Amrrican, 
wliich was merged in the Toronto Globe. Elect- 






ed to parliament as a reformer in 1858; com- 
miss. of crown-lands, and member exec, council 
May, !862-Mar. 1864; app. prov. sec. in June; 
was made minister of raarme in 1866 ; minister 
of public works in the Dom. Govt, since 1867. 
He is a practical man, ready and powerful in 
debate, and was a leader of the moderate XSo- 
erais. — Men of the Time. 

McDowell, Ephraim, M.D., surgeon, b. 
Rockbridge Co., Va., Nov. 11, 1771 ; d. Dan- 
ville, Ky., June 25, 18.30. Son of Judge Sam- 
uel. Completing his med. studies at Edinburgh, 
he settled in practice at Danville in 1795, and 
for years was the Icadintr practitioner in the 
West. In 1S02 he m. Sarah, dau. of Gov. Shel- 
by, lu 1809 he successfully performed the op- 
eration for extirpation of the ovary, the first 
on record, and acquired, in consequence, Euro- 
pean celebrity. lie also ranked high as a lithot- 
omist. — Gross's Med. Biog. 

McDowell, Ikvin, brev.m.ij.-gen. U.S.A., 
' b. Frankliiiton, <)., I )ct. 15, 1818.^ Nephew 
of Gen. Cass. Kducatcd at a milit. school in 
France, and at West Point (18.38), and, entering 
the 1st Art , in 1S41 was as>ist. instr, in tactics 
at West Puint, and was adj. tlicre until 1845 ; 
made 1st licut. in 1842; lie'acconip. Gen. Wool 
as aide-de-camp to Mexico in 1846; and at 
Buena Vista won the brev. of capt. 13 May, 
1847; became assist, adj. -gen. (rank of capt.); 
maj. March 31, 1856; and brig.-gen. U.S.A. 
May 14, 1861 ; two weeks later he took com- 
mand of the dept. of N.-E. Va. ; com. at the 
first battle of Bull Run, July 21 ; and, after the 
app. of Gen. McClellan to com. the Army of 
the Potomac, was placed in charge of a divis- 
ion under him; 14 March, 18G2, he was as- 
signed the 1st corps; app. maj. -gen. of vols. ; 
and early in April his corps was detached from 
the Army of the Potomac, and he was placed in 
com. of the dept. of the Rappahannock. He 
occupied Fredericksburg until the retreat of 
Gen. Banks down the Valley of the Shenan- 
doah, when he was recalled to take part in the 
vain pursuit of " Stonewall" Jackson. June 
26, his com. was consolidated with those of 
Fremont and Banks to form the Army of Va., 
under Maj. -Gen. Pope, McDowell command- 
ing the 3d corps. He took a prominent part 
in the campaign between the Uappahannock 
and Washington, and was highly commended 
in Gen. Pope's official report, but was relieved 
at his own request, Sept. 5, 1862, and subse- 
quently com. the dept. of C'al. ; brev. maj.- 
gen. 13 Mar. 1865. fur Ced.ir Mountain, Va. 

McDoweU, James, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1846), statesman of Va., b. Rockbridge Co., 
1796 ; d. near Lexington, 24 Aug. 1851. N. J. 
Coll. 1816. Descended from Ephraim, long 
and honorably known in Rockb. Co. Gov. of 
Va. 1843-6; M.C. 1845-51. While gov. he 
favored the propssition for the emancipation 
of the slaves. An eloquent, upright, and patri- 
otic man, and a friend of temperance. 

McDowell, John, LL.D., provost U. of 
Pa. ; .1. Franklin Co., Va., Dec. 1820. 

McDowell, Joseph, b. Pleasant Garden, 
Burke Co., Feb. 25,1758; d. there Aug. 1801. 
Major at the battle of King's Mountain; a 
member of the legisl. in 1780-95 ; and M.C. 
1733-5 and 1797-9; member of the conven- 



tion to adopt the Federal Constitution in 1788, 
and a strong opponent of it. His son Jost:PH 
J. was M.C. from Ky. 1843-7. His bro. Gen. 
Charles (b. Winchester, Va., 1743, d. Burke 
Co., N.C., March 31, 1815) was the com. of 
the dist. in which, during 1780-1, several bril- 
liant actions with the British and Tories took 
place, among them that of Musgrove's Mill and 
King's Mountain. Member of the N.C. legisl. 
in 1778 and 1782-8, and 1809, 1811. 

McDowell, CoL. Samuel, a disting. and 
active Whig of the Rcvol. ; d. near Danville, 
Ky., 25 Oct. 1817, a. 84. An early pioneer 
of'Ky., having settled in Danville in 1783. 
Many years member of the Ky. legisl., and a cir- 
cuit judge, having organized the first court at 
Danville. Father of Dr. Eph., and Judge Jo- 
seph. — Gross's Med. Bio;;. 

Macduffie, George, statesman, b. Co- 
lumbia Co., Ga., ab. 1788; d. Sumter dist., 
S.C, March II, 1851. S. C. Coll. 1813. He 
began life as a clerk in Augusta, Ga. ; was 
adm. to the bar in 1814; practised in Edge- 
field, S.C. ; was sent to the S. C. legisl. in 
ISIS; and disting. himself as an eloquent 
speaker and an able political writer. In a 
political controversy with Col. Wm. Cum- 
inings of Ga., which led to more than one 
duel, he received a bullet-wound in the shoul- 
der. In his writings at this time, embodied in a 
series of pamphlets entitled " The Crisis," he 
maintained the principle of consolidation 
against lh:U of State-rights; M.C. in 1821-5; 
gov. of S.C. in 1834-6; and U.S. senator in 
1842-6. In Dee. 1823 he advocated the ex- 
pediency of changing the Conrtitution so as to 
establish uniformity in the mode of electing 
the members of the house of representatives, 
and also in the mode of choosing pres. electors. 
He opposed internal improvements in the States 
by Congress, and also opposed the Panama 
Congress. As chairman cf the com. of ways 
and means, he endeavored to maintain the 
U.S. Bank. He was an opponent of the pro- 
tective tariff, and was prominent in all im- 
portant debates. In Dec. 1830 he made a 
forcible speech in the impeachment of Judge 
Peck. In the nullification controversy he il- 
lustrated and vehemently defended the views 
and positions of S.C. as enunciated by Cal- 
houn ; and in the S.C. conv. of 1834 he wrote 
a remarkable address to the people of the U.S. 
In Congress, few men have treated more ably, 
or with such eloquence, so great a variety of 
diflicult subjects. He was a very successful 
planter, and delivered an admirable oration 
before the State Agric. Society. At one time 
he was a major-gen. in the State militia. 
He pub. a Eulogy on R. Y. Hayne, 8vo, 
1840. 

McEUigott, James N., LL.D., educator 
and author, b. Richmond, Va., 3 Oct. 1812 ; 
d. N.Y. City, 22 Oct. 1866. Educated at the 
U. of N.Y. He was teacher and vice-principal 
there, and afterward conducted McEUigott's 
Collegiate and Classical School until his 
death. Author of the " Amer. Debater," 
"Analytical Manual," "Young Analyzer," 
" Humorous Speaker," and " Humorous Read- 
er," also of lectures, addresses, and essays, and 
for a time edited the Teacher's Advocate. Cho- 



581 



sen pres. N.Y. Teachei's Assoc, in 1839. He 
had some skill as a poet. 

McEntee, Jervis, landscape-painter, b. 
Kondout, N.Y., 1828. He studied under 
Church in Kew York in 1850-1 ; opened a 
studio there in 185S; and in 1861 became 
known by his " Melancholy Days." Among 
his best efforts are " Virginia," " Indian Sum- 
mer," " A Late Autumn," " October in the 
Kaatskills," and "Woods of Asshokan." — 
Titckerman. 

McFarland, Asa, D.D. (Y.C. 1812), 
minister of Concord, N.H., from Mar. 1798 to 
July, 1824, b. Worcester, 19 Apr. 1769; d. 
Concord, N.H., 18 Feb. 1827. Dartm. Coll. 
1793. Pres. of the State Missionary Soc. 
Pub. "Hist. View of Heresies," 1806, 12mo, 
Concord, and 18 occas. sermons. 

MeGee, Thomas D'Arcy, statesman 
and orator, b. Carlingford, Ireland, Apr. 13, 
182.) ; assassinated at Ottawa, U.C, Apr. 7, 
1868. Educated at Wexford, where his father 
held a custom-house office ; eraig. to Amer. in 
1842, and was employed on the Boston press; 
but returned to his native country when the 
Young Ireland movement began ; joined the 
staff of ihe. Nation, newspaper, and sought to 
rouse the Irish people to battle for their rights. 
On the failure of the movement, McGce evaded 
the British police, and reached America. Es- 
tablished the American Celt in Boston. Origi- 
nally an ardent Republican, his views, during 
the Know-nothing exritement, underwent a 
change ; and, from the period of liis removal to 
Canada, he avowed himself a royalist, and, by 
letters and addresses, did his utmost to turn 
the tide of Irish immigration from the U.S. to 
the New Dominion. His ability and eloquence 
caused him to be chosen to represent Montreal 
in 1857. In 1864 he was made pres. of the 
exec, council; in 1867 minister of agric. ; 
and was chief Canadian commiss. at the first 
Paris and Dublin exhibitions. He took a 
prominent part as delegate in all the confer- 
ences held to promote the confederation of the 
Brit. N. Amer. Provinces. His hitter hos- 
tility to the Fenian movement probably occ:i- 
sioned his assassination, for which James Whc- 
lan, an Irish Fenian, was tried and executed. 
Among his pubs are " Lives of Irish Writ- 
ers ;"' Hist. Sketches of O'Connell and his 
Friends," i2mo, Cost., 1854; " C.inndian Bal- 
la^i^, M 1 (Vr,,.. \Vr-'.,"l^-^: " IH^t. .rv , f t!ie 
L '. - ' - • \ \ ■■ ;: .- :, !-■: ,■ 1' ... 



trader, by the halfbreed dan. of 

e received a good education in New 



French 



1S54; " Speeches and Addresses," 1865. 

McGill, James, founder of McGill U. 
Montreal, b. Glasgow, Scotland, Oct. 6, 1744 ; 
d. Montreal, Dec. 19, 1813. He came to Can- 
ada when quite young, and, engaging in mer- 
cantile pursuits, amassed a fortune, of which he 
made the noblest uses. He was successively 
a member of parliament, of the legisl., anil 
exec, councils, and rose to the rank of brig.- 
gen. of militia in the war of 1812. — Mur'ian. 

MaoGillivray, Alexander, cliief of the 
Creelv Indians, b. Coosa River, near Wetump- 
ka, Ga., ab. 1740; d. Pensacola, Feb. 17, 1793. 
Son of Lachlan MacGillivray, an Indian 



officer. H( 

York and Charleston. His father placed him 
in a counting-house in Savannah ; but distaste 
for trade led him to return to his Indian rela- 
tives. He soon took a Iiigh position among 
the united tribes of Creeks and Serainoles, and 
was their leader during the Amer. Revol., and 
with his father, who was a col. in the British 
service, warmly espoused the royal cause. After 
the war, Alexander, in behalf of the Muscogee 
confederacy, became the ally of Spain, and a 
commissary in its service, with the rank and 
pay of col. He diverted the trade of the Creeks 
to Pensacola, and long opposed the efforts of 
the U.S. Govt, to recover it, and obtain the 
cession of disputed lands on the Oconee. In 
1790 he signed a treaty, ceding the territory 
for a peeuuiary consideration, and was, by a 
secret article, app. agent for the U.S., and brig.- 
gen. in the army. This treaty lessened his 
influence with the Creeks ; but he succeeded in 
obtaining an increase of salary and authority 
fi'om the Spanish Govt. His hospitality and 
generosity were almost princely. He was a 
bro.-in-law of LeClerc Milfort, and an uncle of 
Wra. Wcatherford. 

Maegregor, John, a British statistician, 
b. Stornoway, Ross Shire, in 1 797 ; d. Boulogne, 
April 23, 1857. Placed when young in a com- 
mercial house in Canada, he collected the 
statistics of the resources of the country, pub. 
in 1832 in his " British America." Returning 
to Eng., he was in 1840 a sec. to the board of 
trade, and M.P. for Glasgow in 1847. He 
established the Royal British Bank ; but it 
failed, and he withdrew to Boulogne. He com- 
piled " Tlie Progress of America from the 
Discovery by Columbus to 1846;" "Commercial 
Statisticsof America," 5 vols. 1848-50; "Emi- 
gration to Brit. America," 8vo, 1829; and left 
incomplete a " History of the British Empire 
from the Accession of James I." 

McGregor, David, minister of London- 
derry, N.U., from 1736 to liis d.. May 30, 1777 ; 
b. Ireland, 6 Nov. 1710. A.M. of N.J. Coll. 
1754. Son of James, first minister of L., 
who settled there in 1719, d. 1729. David 
was an able and eloquent preacher, and a 
zealous and intrepid assertcr of the liberties of 
his country. Ue pub. some tracts and ser- 

McHenry, James, statesman, b. Md., 
175.-J; d. Baltimore, 8 May, 1816. Aide-de- 
camp to Lafayette, with rank of licut.-col., in 
17S0 ; meuiher Old Congress 1783-6 ; one of the 
framersof the U.S. Constitution in 1787; and 
sec. of war 27 Jan. 1796, to 13 May, 1800. 

Macilvaine, Charles Pettit, D.D., 
LL.D.(Camb.U.185S),D.C.L. (Oxf. U. 1853), 
Prot.-Ep. bishop of Ohio, b. Burlington, N. J., 
Jan. 18, 1798. N. J. Coll. 1816. Son of Joseph, 
U.S. senator fi-om N. J. Ord. a deacon July 
4, 1820, and after officiating in Christ Church, 
Georgetown, Md., was ord. priest in 1822; 
prof of ethics, and chaplain at West Point in 
1825-7 ; rector of St. Anne's Church, Brook- 
Ivn, N.Y. ; and was consec. bishop Oct. 31, 
1832. Pres. Kcnyon Coll. 1832-40; now 
pres. of the theol. sem. of the diocese of O. 
He has pub. " Lectures on the Evidences of 



582 



m:ci 



Christianity," delivered in the U. of N.Y. in 
1831 ; "Justification hy Faith," 16rao, 1840; 
" Oxford Divinity compared with that of tlie 
Romish and Anglican Churches," 8vo, 1841 ; 
" The Truth and the Life," a vol. of sermons, 
1854; and has compiled 2 vols, of " Select 
Family and Parish Sermons ; " contrib. to 
many relig. periodicals. 

Mcllvaine, Joseph, b. Bristol, Pa., 1768 ; 
d. Burlington, N. J., Aug. 19, 1826. Adm. to 
the X. J. bar in 1791 ; clerk of Burlington Co. 
1800-24; U.S. disl. atty. for N. J. 1801-20; 
app. judge of the Superior Court in 1818, but 
declined ; U.S. senator 1823-6. 

Mcintosh, DcNCAN, philanthropist, b. 
Scotland; d. Aux Cayes, Nov. 1820. An 
American citizen residing at St. Domingo, 
having by trade acquired great wealth, he 
Baeriflced it freely in behalf of the French popu- 
lation, whom the slaves, bursting their fetters, 
sought to massacre. During the eight months 
duration of this terrible convulsion, he saved 
in vessels, which he freighted for that purpose, 
over 900 men and 1,500 women and children. 
Death was decreed to those who should conceal 
the French ; and he was more than once the 
inmate of a dungeon. 

Mcintosh, James M., capt. U.S.N., b.Ga.; 
d.Washington.D.C, Sept.l, 1860. Midshipm. 
Sept. 1, 1811; lieut. April 1, 1818; com. Feb. 
28, 1838; capt. Sept. 5, 1849. 

Mcintosh, James S., col. U.S.A., b. Lib- 
erty Co., Ga., June 19, 1787 ; d. city of Mexico, 
Sept. 26, 1 847. Son of Gen. John. App. licut. 
of rifles Nov. 13, 1812; disting. under Maj. 
Appling at Sandy Creek ; severely wounded in 
affair near Black Rock, Aug. 3, 1814 ; soi-ved 
with Gen. Jackson throughout the Indian war; 
capt. Mar. 1817 ; maj. 7th Inf. Sept. 21, 1836 ; 
lieut.-col. 5th Inf. July 1, 1839; brev. col. for 
gallantry in battles of Palo Alto and R. de la 
Palma, May 9, 1846, in which he was danger- 
ously wounded; com. his brigade in Worth's 
div., and disting. in battle of Churubusco, also 
at Molino del Rcy, where he was mortally 
wounded. His son James, gen. Confed. army 
(West Point 1849, capt. 1st U.S. Cav. 16 Jan. 
1857), was killed at the battle of Pea Ridge, 
Nov. 7, 1862. 

Mcintosh, Gen. John ; d. at his planta- 
tion, Mcintosh Co., Ga., Nov. 12, 1826, a. ah. 
70. Bro. of Gen. Lachlan. An officer of the 
Ga. line in 1775; he served throughout the 
war ; com. the fort at Sunbury, with the rank 
of lieut.-col., when it was besieged by Lieut.- 
Col. Fraser; displayed great bravery at the 
battle of Brier Creek, March 3, 1779, and 
was made prisoner ; maj. -gen. of Ga. militia 
in U.S. service at Mobile under Jackson, Nov. 
1814 to May, 1815. 

Mcintosh, John B., brev. maj. -gen. 
U.S.A., b. Fhi. 2d lieut. 5th U.S. Cav. June 
8, 18B1; 1st licut. June 27, 1862; in the 
Peninsular battles ; at South Mountain and 
Antietam ; col 3d Pa. Vols. Nov. 1862 ; com. 
brigade at Rappahannock Bridge, Kelly's 
Ford, Stoneman's Raid to Richmond, Chan- 
cellorsville, Gettysburg, Warrenlon, and Rapi- 
dan Station; capt. 5lh Cav. Dec. 7, 1863; 
com. cav. brigade at Parker's Store, Wilder- 
ness, Spottsylvania, Haxall's Landing, "ifellow 



Tavern, Ashland, Hawes Shop, Bethesda 
Church, Southside R.R. (com. division), and 
battle of Petersburg; brig -gen. vols. July 21, 
1864 ; com. cav. brigade at Winchester, Sum- 
mit Point, and Opequan, where he lost a leg ; 
brev.-maj. U.S.A. for White-oak Swamp ; 
lieut.-col. for Gettysburg; col. for Ashland; 
brig.-gen. for Winchester; and maj.-gen. for 
gallant and merit, services in the field during 
the war; lieut.-col. 42d Inf. 28 Julv, 1866; 
Retired brig.-gen. 30 July, 1870. — Ileim/. 

Mcintosh, Gen. Lachlan, b. near Inver- 
ness, Scotland, March 17, 1725; d. Savannah, 
Feb. 20, 1806. John More his father, the head 
of the Boriam branch of the clan Mcintosh, with 
100 adherents, came to Ga. with Oglctliurpo in 
1736, and settled at New Inverness in what is 
now Mcintosh Co. He origiuated the protest 
made by the colonists to the board of trustees 
in Eng. against the introduction of African 
slaves into Ga. Of his sons and grandsons, 
seven bore commissions in the Revol. army. 
Made a prisoner by the Spaniards, and sent to 
St. Augustine, Lachlan was left to the care of 
his mother at the age of 13. His opportuni- 
ties of education were few; but, in the study of 
mathematics and surveying, he received great 
assistance from Oglethorpe. Arrived at matu- 
rity, he went to Charleston, became a friend of 
Henry Laurens, whose counting-room he en- 
tered as clerk. Returning to his friends on 
the Altamaha, he m., and became a land-sur- 
veyor. He acquainted himself with military 
tactics, and, when the Revol. War began, w.as 
first app. col., and Sept. 16, 1776, brig. -gen. 
Persecuted beyond endurance by his political 
rival. Button Gwinnett, he |irr>n.>inM .-il Iiini a 
scoundrel, and, in theduel whirii ( n^nrl, killed 
him. He afterwards com. in tin- \\r,icrn 
dept., and led an exped. ii-ainst iln.' Indians 
in the spring of 1778, succeeding with a 
small force in restoring peace on the frontier; 
returned to Ga. in 1779; and was at thesiegeand 
fall of Savannah. He was with Lincoln at 
Charleston when he was made a prisoner. 
Member of Congress in 1784. In 1785 he was 
one of the commiss. to treat with the Southern 
Indians. — See Nat. Port. Gallery. 

Mcintosh, Makia J., authoress, b. Sun- 
burv, Ga., 1803. Her father Major Lachlan 
Mciutosh, son of Col. Wm., and grandson of 
John More, was a lawyer and soldier. She 
was educated at the Sunbury Acad. ; after 
1835 she resided in New York with a married 
sister, and then with her bro., Capt. James M. 
Mcintosh, U.S.N. She lost her property in the 
crash of 1837, and, resorting to her pen for sup- 
port, produced in 1841 her first tale " Blind 
Alice," under the pseudonymeof " Aunt Kitty." 
She has since pub. " Jessie Graham ; " " Flor- 
ence Arnott;" "Conquest and Self-Con- 
quest," 1844 ; " Praise and Principle ; " " Wo- 
man an Enigma ; " " Two Lives, or to Seem 
and to Be," 1846 (all collected in a single 
volume in 1847) ; " Charms and Counter- 
Charms," 1848; "Donaldson Manor," 1849; 
"Woman in America," 1850; " The Lofty 
and the Lowly," 1853; " Violet, or the Cross 
and the Crown," 1856; " Meta Gray," 1858; 
"Two Pictures," 1863, &e. 

Mcintosh, Gen. William, a Creek half- 



MCK 



583 



breed warrior, b. Coweta, Ga. ; killed May I, 
1825. His father was Capt. Win. M., a 
Scotchman ; his mother, a native Indian. The 
son was tall, well-formed, intelligent, and 
brave. Joining the American forces in 1812, 
he was highly commended by Gen. Floyd for 
bravery at the battle of Autossee, in which he 
was a major ; was disting. at the battle of the 
Horse Shoe, and also in the Florida campaign. 
His connection with the treaty at the Julian 
Springs in 1825 was the cause of his being 
killed by the Indians opposed to a cession of 
their lands to the U.S.— Ga. Colls. 170. 

McKay, Donald, ship-builder, b. Shel- 
burnc, N.S., 1809; learned the art in N.Y. 
City; began business for himself at Newbury- 
port, Ms., and in 1845 removed to East Bos- 
ton. He built many fast clipper-ships for the 
Cal. and Australian trade, and 4 Oct. 185.3, 
launched "The Great Republic," of 4,500 
tons. 

McKean, Joseph, D.D. (All. Coll. 1817), 
LL.D. (X. J. Coll. 1814), scholar, b. Ipswich, 
Ms., Apr. 19, 1776; d. Havana, Mar. 17,1818. 
H. U. 1794. His father, a native of Glasgow, 
came to Anier. in 1763; his mother was a 
dau. of Dr. Joseph Manning of Ipswich. He 
taught school a few years in Ipswich, and the 
acad. in Berwick; and Nov. 1, 1797-Oct. 3, 
1804, was minister of Milton; afterward a 
teacher in Boston; and Boylslon prof, of rheto- 
ric and oratory in H. U. from Oct. 31, 1809, 
to his d. Member of the Ms. Hist. Society, 
also of that of N.Y., and of the Amcr. Acad. 
He pub. " Sacred E.Ktracts," for the use of 
schools, ISmo, 1814; some sermons, and Me- 
moir of John Eliot in the Colls, of the Ms. Hist. 
Soc, 2d ser. v. i. 

McKean, Thom.is, LL.D., jurist and 
Revol. patriot, b. Chester Co., Pa., March 19, 
1734 ; d. rhila. June 24, 1817. After an aca- 
demic and professional course of study, he was 
udm. an atty., and soon obtained the app. of 
dep. atty.-gen. in the county of Sussex. In 
1757 he was adm. to the bar of Pa., and 
elected clerk of the Assembly ; member of the 
Assembly for the county of New Castle 1762- 
79. In the Gen. Congress at N.Y. in 1765, he, 
with Lynch and Otis, framed the address to 
the British house of commons ; and was app. 
judge of the C. C. P., and of the Orphans' 
Court for New Castle. In 1771 he was app. 
coll. of the port of New Castle ; member of 
the Cont. Congress in 1774 ; and was annually 
re-elected nntil Feb. 1783, being the only man 
fho was without intermission a member during 



the wt 



•iod ot the 1 



In 1778 he was 



one of the convention which framed the Arti- 
cles of Confederation ; in 1781 he was pres. of 
Congress. In addition to his congressional 
duties, in 1777 he ofiBciatcd as pres. of the 
State of Del ; and held from July, 1777, until 
1 799, the office, and executed the duties, of chief 
justice of Pa. He was particularly active and 
useful in promoting the Decl. of Indcp., which 
he signed ; and a few days after that event 
marched with a battalion to Perth Amboy, 
N.J., to support Washington. He returned 
to Del. to prepare a constitution for that State, 
which he drew up in the course of a night, and 
which was unanimously adopted the next day 



by the Assembly. At that period, as he relates, 
he was " hunted like a fox by the enemy : " he 
was compelled to remove his family five times in 
a few months ; and at length placed them in a 
little log-house on the banks of the Susque- 
hanna ; but they were soon obliged to leave 
tills retreat on account of the Indians. Gov. of 
Pa. from 1799 to 1808; and in 1790 he was 
a member of the convention which framed the 
constitution of Pa. He was highly esteemed 
for integrity, impartiality, and learning. In 
politics he "was one of the leaders of the repub- 
lican party ; as a member of the convention 
of Pa. , he urged the adoption of the U.S. 
Constitution. 

McKean, William W., conimo. U. S. N., 
b. Pa. 1801 ; d. near Bin-bamton, N.Y., 22 
Apr. 1865. Son of Judge McKean ; nephew of 
Gov. McKean. Midshipman 30 Nov. 1814; 
lieut. 13 Jan. 1825; com. 8 Sept. 1841 ; capt. 
14 Sept. 1855; commo. 16 Julv, 1862; gov. 
Naval Asylum 1858-61 ; retired 16 July, 1862. 
Com. a schooner in Porter's West India squad. 
1823-4; and active in suppressing piracy 
there. In 1860 on special service of conveying 
the Japanese Embassy home ; and on his re- 
turn, was for a short time in com. of the W. 
Gulf block.iding squadron. 

McKee, William R., col. U.S. Vols., 
b. Kv. IbO-i ; killed in battle of Buena Vista, 
Mexico, 2! Feb. 1847. West Point, 1829. 
Lieut, uf US An. ; resigned Sept. 1836 ; rail- 
road ciigr. 1836-46 ; col. 2d Ky. Vols. 9 June, 
Mift. ^ Gardner. 

McKeen, Joseph, D.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1804), educator, b. Londonderrv, N.H., Oct. 
15, 1757; d. Brunswick, Me., July 15, 1807. 
Dartm. Coll. 1774. At college he evinced a 
strong predilection for mathematics. After 
teaching for some time, and being an assistant 
in the And. Acad., he was ord. pastor of the 
church in Beverly, M.-vy U, 1785. From Sept. 
2, 1802, until his' death, he was first pres. of 
Bowd. Coll. He pub. sermons, and some 
papers in the " Transactions " of the Amer. 
Academy. 

Mackeever, Isaac, commodore U.S.N., 
b. Pa. Apr. 1793; d. Norfolk, Va., Apr. 1, 
1856. Midshipman Dec. 1, 1809; lieut. Dec. 
9, 1814, and com. a gunboat in the flotilla of 
Lieut. Jones, which was captured by the British 
on Lake Boryne, La., Dec. 1814. In the en- 
gagement, which was very warm, he was 
severely wounded. In the galliot " Sea Gull," 
in 1825, aided by some boats of the British 
frigate "Dartmouth," he, after a sharp fight, 
captured two pirate schooners. May 27, 1830, 
he was made a com. ; and a capt. in Dec. 1838. 
He coin, the squadron on the coast of Brazil 
in 1851-4. His son Chacncey McKeever 
West Point, 1849, was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 
13 Mar. 1865, for merit, services during the Re- 
bellion. A. A. G. rank of maj. 17 July, 1862. 

Mackellar, Thomas, poet, b. New York, 
Aug. 12, 1812. Son of an officer of the Brit, 
navy, who emigrated to N.Y. At. 16 he entered 
the printing-establishment of the Harpers. In 
1833 he removed to Phila., where he became 
senior partner of the great type-foundry of 
Lawrence Johnson and Co. He early wrote for 
the Journal of the Sunday-School Union. He 



584 



pub. "Droppings from the Heart," 1844; 
"Tarn's Fortnight's Rambles," 1847; and 
" Lines for the Gentle and Loving," 1853. 

Mackendree, William, D.D., bishop 
M.K. Church, b. King William Co., Va., July 
5, 1757 ; d. Mar. 5, 1835. During the Revol. 
war he attained the rank of adj . In 1 787 be be- 
came a Methodist; in 1791 he was made iTn 
elder; app. to several offices of importance and 
trust ; was sent to the first general conf. ; and 
was afterward made pres. elder of a new conf. 
in the Far West. Chosen bishop May 12, 1808, 
during that year he visited with Bishop Asbury 
nearly the whole of the U. S. and a part of 
Canada. 

McKenney, Col. Thomas Lorraine, 
author, b. Hopewell, Md., 21 Mar. 1785; d. 
New York, 20 Feb. 1858. Educated at Wash. 
Coll., Chcstertown, and became a merchant in 
Georgetown, D.C. App. in 1816 supt. of U.S. 
trade with the Indian tribes, and in 1824 of 
the bureau of Indian affairs in the war dept., 
and in 1826 a special commiss. with Lewis 
Cass to negotiate a treaty with the Chippeway 
Indians at Fond du Lac. Author of " Tour to 
the Lakes, and Treaty of Fond du Lac," 8vo. 
1827 ; " Memoirs Official and Personal," 8vo, 
1846 ; and, with James Hall, " History of In- 
dian Triiies," &c., 3 vols. fol. IS3S-H.— Red 
Bonk of Mich. 

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, traveller, 
b. Inverness, Scotland ; d. Dalhousie, Mar. 12, 
1820. At one time a Canadian merchant en- 
gaged in the fur-trade. Previous to com- 
mencing his journey across the continent, be 
passed a year in Eng., acquiring a knowledge 
of astronomy and navigation. He then re- 
turned to Chippewyan, where he had been 
stationed for 8 years, and June 3, 1789, set out 
on his exped. At the western part of the 
Great Slave Lake he entered a river, to which 
he gave his own name, being then in a track 
wholly new to Europeans. He followed the 
course of the stream till the 12th of July, when, 
the ice opposing further passage, he returned 
to Fort Chippewyan, where he arrived Sept. 
27. 69° r N., was the northern boundary of 
his voyage. And in Oct. 1792 he undertook 
a more hazardous exped. to the western coast 
of N.A., and succeeded in July, 1793, in reach- 
ing Cape Menzics, so named bv Vancouver, 
lat. 52° 21' N., and long. 128° 12' W. Mac- 
kenzie returned to England in 1801, and in the 
following year was knighted. He pub. with 
excellent maps " Voyages from Montreal 
through the Continent of N. America to the 
Frozen and Pacific Oceans in the Years 1789 
and 1793," Lond. 1801. 

Mackenzie, Alexander Sudell, naval 
officer and author, b. New York, Apr. 6. 1803; 
d. Tarrytown, Sept. 13, 1848. Son of John 
Slidell, a merchant of New York, and bro. of 
Senator John Slidell, and in 1837 added, at 
the request of a maternal uncle, his mother's 
family name, Mackenzie, to his own. He en- 
tered the navy Jan. 1, 1815, as a midshipman. 
At the age of 19 he took command of a mer- 
chant-vessel to improve himself in seamanship. 
Lieut. 13 Jan. 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1841. In 
1825 he visited Europe, and pub. his " Year in 
Spain." After his return home from a three- 



years' cruise in the Mediterranean in 1833, he 
pub. a vol. of Popular Essays on Naval Sub- 
jects. " The American in England," and 
" Spain Revisited," were the fruits of a subse- 
quent tour; and in 1836 he pub. an enlarged 
edition of the " Year in Spain." His cruise 
in 1842 in the brig " Somers " gave him an 
unhappy notoriety. A mutiny among the 1 '^v*^ ^ ^^^ 
crew, headed by a midshipman, having been 1 . r 

discovered, a council of officers was held, which *- ,f '"'^ 
ordered that the three most guilty should suf- ' (-,', i<;;'w\ 
fer death at the yard-arm, which sentence was ' 

promptly carried into effect. Individuals een- ■I'^i.-wi^ 
sured Lieut. Mackenzie for undue severity ; but I i 
the tribunals to which he was amenable acquit- «i,>A* i*-*"* 
ted him of blame. (See his Defence before 
the CourtMartial, N. Y., 8vo, 1843.) Ord- . ' ;,.>-*-^ 
nance officer under Com. Perry in " The Mis- 
sissippi " at Vera Cruz; com. the 2d division 
of art. detarhed from the fleet in the storming 
and capture of the city of Tabasco, June 16, 
1847. He pub. Lives of Paul Jones, O. H. 
Perry, and Stephen Decatur. 

Mackenzie, Charles Kenneth, F.R.S., 
author, b. Scotland, 1788; d. by the conflagra- 
tion of the Rainbow Hotel, New York, Julv 6, 
1862. He was a ripe scholar, an e.xccllent'lin- 
guist, with great and versatile literary attain- 
ments, having been a contrib. to the Edinburgh 
and Quarlerly Reviews, and "The Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"and also leading editor of a London 
daily conservative journal. He was a doctor 
both of law and medicine. In his youth he 
was an aide-de-camp of the Duke of Welling- 
ton ; in 1823 he accomp. to Mexico the British 
commiss. on the recognition of her independence, 
and was app. consul for Vera Cruz; in 1S25 
he was sent conMil-^en. to Hayti ; and in 1830 
was commiss. of arbitration to the mixed com- 
mission at Havana. A dispute with the foreign 
office in Nov. 1834 ended his connection with 
the British Govt. He had resided in the U.S. 
about 14 years when he died. 

Mackenzie, RoBii kt Shelton, M. D., 

p.C.L. (Oxf. 1844), LL.D. (Glasgow, 1834), 
journalist, b. Drew's Court, Limerick Co., Ire- / - 
land, June 22, 1809.^ Educated at a school in ^^.-IthJ ,11 
Forraoy, where his father, originally a British 
officer, was postmaster; at the age of 13 was 
apprenticed to an apothecary in Cork; passed his 
medical examination; opened a school in Fer- 
moy ; and in 1829 became editor of a journal 
pub. in StalTordshirc, Eng. In 1830-1 he was 
employed In literary labors in London. Be- 
tween 1834 and 1851 he was the English cor- 
resp. of the N.Y. Eceniny Star, besides contrib. 
frequently to Amer. periodicals. In 1847 ho 
was an active member of Lord Brougham's 
Law Amendment Society. In the latter part 
of 1852 he came to New York, where for several 
years he wrote for some of the principal jour- 
nals; in 1857 he became literary and foreign 
editor of the Phila. Press. Among his pubs, 
are " Lays of Palestine," 1829 ; " Titian," an 
art novel, 1843; " Partncrsliijjcn Coniniandite'," 
8vi., 1S47; "Murnings at Matlock," 1850, a 
collection of In-itive nuiuazine ]iicccs; Shell's 
" Sketches of the Iii.^li Bar." 1854, with mem- 
oirs and notes; an edition of the "Noctes Am- 
brosiante," with sketches of the contributors, 
and notes, 5 vols. 1854 ; " Bits of Blarney," 



585 



1855 ; " Dr. Maginns's Wfitings and others; " 
"Tressillianand his Friends," 1859 ; an edition 
of the "Memoirs of Robert Houdin," 1859; 
"Life of Charles Dickens," 1870; "Life of 
Sir Walter Scott," 1871. — Appleton. 

Mackenzie, William Lyon, leader of the 
Canadian insurgents in 1837-8, b. Springfield, 
Forfarshire, Scotland, Mar. 12, 1795; d. To- 
ronto, Aug. 28, ISfil. At 17 lie commenced 
business, and kept a circulating-library in 
Ayleth, near Dundee, and afterward went to 
Eiig., where he was a clerk in the employ of 
Lord Lonsdale. He came to Canada in 1820; 
was employed as supt. over the works of the 
Lachine Canal ; and was engaged in the book 
and drug trade in Toronto, with success, until 
1823, when he entered upon political life. 
From May 18, 1824, until 1833, he edited the 
CohnlaL Aduocate at Niagara, freely criticising 
the acts of the govt., which made every effort 
to suppress it; and in 182G a mob destroyed 
the otiice. This riot brought hira more prom- 
inently into notice; and in 1828 he was chosen 
to parliament from York Co. For an alleged 
libel upon the Assembly in his newspaper, he 
was five times expelled, and as often re-elected. 
The Assembly, at last, refused to issue the writ 
for a new election. In May, 1832, he went to 
Eng. with a petition of grievances to the im- 
perial govt. In 1836 he was the first mayor of 
Toronto. The rebellion with which his name 
is so conspicuously connected was quickly 
subdued; but it awakened the attention of the 
home govt, to various abuses, and brought about 
beneficial changes. Outlawed by his govt., he 
fled to the U. S., where he was arrested, and 
sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment for a 
breach of the neutrality laws ; and was confined 
in Monroe Co. jail, Rochester, N.Y. He after- 
ward pub. Mackenzie's Gazette, and was long 
connected with the N.Y. Tribune. Having re- 
ceived a pardon, he returned to Canada in 1850, 
and was again a member of the Assembly until 
1858. It is generally conceded that he acted 
from a thoroughly honest motive; and it is un- 
questionable that he did his share to advance 
the cause of civil liberty in his adopted countiy. 
While in New York he pub. some political 
pamphlets, one of which (Sketches of Wm. L. 
Marcy, Jacob Barker, and others, 8vo, 1845), 
compiled from papers found in the custom- 
house, professedly exposed the intrigues of 
several prominent political leaders, and created 
much excitement. His admirers raised a sum 
sufficient to purchase hira a small annuity and 
a residence near Toronto. Author of " Sketches 
of Canada and the U.S.," Lond. 12mo, 1833.— 
Monian. 

Mackenzie, Ranald S., brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. N.Y. West Point (1st in cla,s), 

1862. Son of Com. A. S. Mackenzie, U.S.N. 
Entering the engr. corps, he became 1st lieut. 
3 Mar. 1863; capt. 6 Nov. 1863; col. 2d Ct. 
Heavy Art. 10 July, 1864; brig.-gen. vols. 19 
Oct. 1864 ; col. 4th Cav. 6 Mar. 1867. He was 
in tlie action at Kelly's Ford, Va., 20 Aug. ; 
brev. 1st lieut. 29 Aug. 1862, for battle of 
Manassas, where he was wounded ; engr. of 
Sumner's div. at Fredericksburg; brev. capt. 
3 May, 1863, for Chancellorsville; maj.4 July, 

1863, for Gettysburg; served through the Rich- 



mond campaign, and brev. lieut.-col. 18 Juno, 
1864, for Petersburg, Va. ; com. brigade 6ih 
corps in Shenandoah campaign, and engaged 
at Opequan, Fisher's Hill; and brev. col. 19 
Oct. 1864, for Cedar Creek, where he was 
wounded; and com. a cavalry division at the 
battle of Five Forks; brev. maj.-gen. vols. 31 
Mar. ; and brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar., for gal- 
lant and merit, services in the field during the 
Rebellion. — C««i»«. 

Mackey, Albert Gallatin, physician 
and author, b. Charleston, S.C", 1807. ' M.D. 
of S.C. Coll. 1832. He procured by school- 
teaching the means of preparing himself for 
the medical profession. After practising some 
years, he was in 1838 elected demonstrator of 
anatomy in S.C. Med. Coll. In 1844 he be- 
came connected with the Literary Bulletin, 
Southern Patriot, Evening News, and other 
Charleston periodicals ; established a Masonic 
monthly in 1850, which he continued 3 years; 
and a quarterly in 1858-60. He has lectured 
upon the middle ages, and has prepared a work 
on the subject of abstruse symbolism. Author 
of "Lexicon of Freemasonry," 1845; "The 
Mystic Tie," 1849; "Principles of Masonic 
Law," 1856; "Book of the Chapter," 1858; 
and " Text-Book of Masonic Jurisprudence," 
1859. 

Mackie, John Milton, author, b. Ware- 
ham, Ms., 1813. B. U. 1832, where he was 
tutor 1834-8, and subsequently fravelled in 
Europe. In 1845 he pub. "Life of Leibnitz," 
and contrib. to Sparks's "Am. Biog." a " Life 
of Samuel Gorton;" in 1848 " Cosas de Es- 
paha;" "Life of Schamvl, the Circassian 
Chief," 1856; " Life of Tai-Ping- Wang, Chief 
of the Chinese Insurrection," 1857; and "From 
Cape Cod to Dixie," a vol. of travels, 1864. 
Contrib. to the N. A. Review, principally of 
articles on German literature and history. 

McKinley, John, jurist, b. Va., May I, 
1780; d. LouisvUle, Ky., July 19, 1852. He 
removed to Ky. ; thence to Ala. ; was U.S. 
senator from Ala. from 1826 to 1837; and in 



McKinly, John, M.D., physician and 
statesman, b. Ireland, Feb. 24, 1724; d. Wil- 
mington, Del., Aug. 31, 1796. He settled in 
Wilmington in early life, and soon became 
eminent in his profession. He filled several 
important public posts, and in 1777 was the 
first pres. of the State of Del. Captured by the 
British Sept. 13, 1777. 

McKinstry, James P., commo. U.S.N., 
b. New York, Feb. 9, 1807. Midshipm. Feb. 
1, 1826; lieut. Feb. 9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 
1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 
1866; com. mail-steamer "Georgia" 1854-5; 
steamer "Dakotah" 1861 ; steam sloop "Monon- 
gahela," at Port Hudson and Vicksburg, 1863, 
and wounded. Retired 9 Feb. 1 869. — Hamersly. 

McKnight, Charles, M.D., physician, 
of Irish descent, b. Cranberry, N. J., Oct. 10, 
1750; d. New York, 1791. N. J. Coll. 1771. 
Son of Charles, a Presh. clergyman. He studied 
medicine with Dr. Shippen, and, entering the 
Revol. array, became sen. surgeon of the middle 
dept. He settled in N.Y. after the war ; m. 
the dau. of John Morin Scott ; was particularly 



586 



JVICL 



eminent as a surgeon, and was for some time 
prof, of anatomy and surgery in Col. Coll. He 
pub. a paper in Memoirs of Loud. Med. Soc., 
vol. iv. 

McLane, Col. Allen, a brave and enter- 
prising Rcvol. otiieer, b. Aug. 8, 1746 ; d. Wil- 
mington, Del., May 22, 1829. He removed to 
Kent Co., Del., in 1774. At the commence- 
ment of the Revol. ho held aa estate in Phila. 
worth Sl.'j.OOO, the whole of which he sacrificed 
in the service of his country. As a vol. he 
witnessed the repulse of the British at Great 
Bridge, Va. In 1775 he became licut. in Caesar 
Rodney's Del. regt. In 1776 he joined the 
army of Washington ; disting. himself at the 
battle of Long Island ; was at White Plains 
and Trenton ; and, by his good conduct and 
gallantry at Princeton, won from Washington 
the commission of capt. in 1777. He com. 
the outposts of the army around Phila., and 
was engaged in the battle of Monmouth. In 
July, 1779, he was made maj. of the inf. of 
Lee's Legion, taking part in the brilliant affairs 
of Paulus Hook and btony Point; and was at 
the siege of Yorktown. In a personal combat 
with three British dragoons, near Frankford, 
Pa., he killed one, wounded another, and the 
third retired. He was a member and speaker 
of the legisl. ; 6 years a privy councillor ; many 
years judge C.C.P. ; marshal Del. dist. 1790-8 ; 
and collector of the port of Wilmington from 
1808 untH his death. 

McLane, Gen. Jeremiah, a Western 
pioneer and politician, b. 1767 ; d. Washington, 
March 19, 1837. He was a soldicrofthe Revol. 
Settled at Chillicothe in 1790 ; was sec. of state 
of O. 21 years ; removed to Columbus in 1816 ; 
and was M.C. in 1833-7. 

McLane, Lonis, statesman, b. Smyrna, 
Kent Co., Del., May 28, 1786; d. Baltimore, 
Oct. 7, 1857. Newark Coll. Son of Col. 
AUcn. Entered the navy as midshipm. in 1 798, 
aud cruised one year in " The Philadelphia," 
Com. Decatur. He began to study law in 1804 
with James A. Bayard ; was adm. to the bar 
in 1807 ; M.C. 1817-27 ; on the Mo. question 
he voted against permitting slavery in that 
State, in opposition to his constituents, but in 
obedience to his own convictions ; U.S. senator 
1827-9 ; minister to Eng. May, 1829-31 ; sec. 
U.S. treasury 1831-3 ; sec. of state 1833 ; retired 
from political life in 1834. Pres. of the Bait. 
and O. Railroad Co. from 1837 to 1847. In 
June, 1845, he was intrusted by Pres. Polk 
with the mission to Eng. during the Oregon 
negotiations. His last public service was as a 
delegate to the reform convention at Annapolis, 
in the winter of 1850-51. 

McLane, Robert Milligan, son of 
Louis, b. Del. June 23, 1815. Educated at 
Wash. Coll., D.C., St. M.ary's Coll., Bait., 
and West Point, 1837. Ho was in Europe 
with his father in 1829-31. Served in Florida, 
the Cherokee country, and in the north-west, 
and resigned in 1843 ; adm. to the Bait, bar in 
1843; member Md. legisl. in 1845-7; M.C. 
1847-51 ; minister to China 1853-5 ; and min- 
ister to Mexico from Mar. 1859 to Nov. 1860. 

McLaughlin, Edward A., b. N. Stam- 
ford, Ct., 9 Jan. 1798. Pub. in Cincinnati in 
Oet. 1841, "The Lovers of the Deep," and 



other poems. — See Poets and Poetry of the 
West. 

McLaws, Lafayette, gen. C.S.A., b. 
Ga. West Point, 1842. Entering the 6th 
Inf., he became 1st lieut. Feb. 16, 1847 ; capt. 
Aug. 24, 1851 ; and resigned Mar. 23, 1861. 
Engaged during the Mcx. war at defence of 
Ft. Brown, battle of Monterey, and siege of 
Vera Cruz. He became a m.aj.-gcn. in tlia 
Confcd. army ; com. a division in fije's army ; 
disting. at the 2d Fredericksburg battle. May 
3, 1863, in which he forced Gen. Sedgeiviek'a 
corps across the Rappahannock ; was at Gettys- 
burg ; opposed Sherman's advance at Pocota- 
ligo Bridge, N.C., 15 Jan. 1865; and at Averys- 
borough, 17 Mar. 1865 ; surrendered with John- 
ston's army, 26 Apr. 1865. 

McLean, Canadian jurist, b. St. Andrew's, 
U.C, Apr. 1791; d. Oct. 1865. Educated 
at the Cornwall grammar school, he sen'cd 
through the war of 1812, and was wounded 
at Qucenstown. Called to the bar, he became 
in 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, 
and aftenvards chief justice of U.C. Several 
years a member, and twice speaker, of the 
legisl. assembly of U.C, and opposed the union 
of the two provinces. 

Maclean, Col. Allan, a British ofScer, 
b. Toriish, Scotland, ah. 1725; d. 1784. A 
lieut. in the Scots Brigade in the Dutch service 
in 1747, and taken at the siege of Bergen Op 
Zoom. Obtaining in 1757 a comp. in the 62d 
regt., he left the Dutch service ; came to 
America ; was at the taking of Ft. Duquesne 
in 1758; served mider Amherst in 1759; and 
raised the 114th Highlanders, of whom he was 
m.tj. comg. Made Seut.-col. 25 May, 1771 ; in 
1775 he came again to America; raised a corps 
known as the Roy. Highland Emigrants, and 
threw himself into Quebec, 12 Nov. 1775, just 
in time to prevent its surrender to Arnold, and 
to render great service during its siege. He 
com. the fort at Penobscot, Me., against which 
the unfortunate exped. of Lovell and Salton- 
stall was directed in July, 1779; and was made 
a col. in Jan. 1780. He was a brave aud 
active officer. 

McLean, Daniel Vekch, D.D., Presb. 
clergyman and author, b. 1801 ; d. pastor of a 
church at Red Bank, N. J., 23 Nov. 1869. 
Miami U. Several years pastor of the Old 
Tcnncnt Church, Freehold, N. J. ; pres. of Laf. 
Coll., Easton,Pa., 1854-64. 

Maclean, John, M.D. (U.of Aberd. 1797), 
chemist and physician, b. Glasgow, Mar. 1771 ; 
d. Princeton, Feb. 1814. Son of an eminent 
surgeon. After studying at various cities, he 
commenced the practice of surgery at Glasgow 
in 1791. He came to Amer. in 1795, and was 
app. prof, of chem. and nat. history in the 
Coll. of N. J., and subsequently of nat. philos, 
and mathematics, which he resigned in 1812, 
ha^nng been app. prof of nat. philos. and 
chem. in Wm. and Mary Coll. His prin- 



• also wrote other papers in the ( 
with Dr. Priestly, pub. in the N.Y Me3. 
Renos. 

McLean, John, merchant, whose name is 
perpetuated by the McLean Asylum for the 
Insane, at Somcnille, Ms., b. 1 759 ; d. Oct. 1 823. 



587 



He once failed for a large sum, and went 
throuj;h bankruptcy. Subsequently acquiring 
wealth, he paid his former creditors in full. Ho 
bequeathed $100,000 for the Ms. Gen. Hospital, 
and S50,000 more to that and to PI.U. 

McLean, John, LL.D (H.U. 1839), jurist 
and statesman, b. Morris Co., N. J., Mar. 11, 
1785; d. Cincinnati, ()., Apr. 4, 1861. In 
1789 his father removed to Va., thence to Kv., 
and in 1799 to Warren Co., 0. Here the son 
received a scanty education, laboring on the 
farm until 16 years of age ; was in 1807 adm. 
to the bar, and commenced practice at Lebanon, 
O. M.C. in 1813-16, supported Madison's 
administration, originated the law to indemnify 
individuals for property lost in the public ser- 
vice, and introduced a resolution inquiring into 
the expediency of giving pensions to the wid- 
ows of the officers and soldiers who had fallen 
in their country's service. From 1816 to 1822 
he was a judge of the Ohio Supreme Court; in 
1822 he was app. commiss. of the gen. land 
Office ; and in July, 1 82.3, he became postmaster- 
gen. After refusing the offer of the war and 
navy depts., he in Jan. 1830 entered upon the 
duties of a justice of the U.S. Sup. Court. 
His charges to grand juries while on circuit 
were disting. for ability and eloquence. One of 
the ablest of these was delivered in Dec. 1838, 
in regard to aiding or favoring unlawful mili- 
tary combinations by our citizens, a;,;ainst any 
foreign govt, or people with whom we are at 
peace, with special reference to the Canadian 
insurrection and its Amer. abettors. In the 
Dred Scott case he dissented from the decision 
of the court as given by Chief Justice Taney, 
and expressed the opinion that slavery has its 
origin merely in power, and is against right, 
and in this ciiuntry is sustained only by local 
law. Long identified with the party opposed 
to the extension of slavery, his name was be- 
fore the free-soil convention at Buffalo in 1848, 
as a candidate for nomination as pres. He 
pub. " Reports U.S. Circuit Court, 1829-42," 
2 vols. 8vo ; Eulogy on James Monroe, 1831 ; 
occasional addresses, &.c. 

Mac Lellan, Isaac, Jun., b. Portland, 
1810. Bowd. Coll. 1826. Practised law in 
Boston, but withdrew to Long Island, and en- 
gaged in agriculture. Author of " The Fall 
of the Indian, with other Poems," 18.30; "The 
Year and Other Poems," 1832; "Miscellane- 
ous Poems," 1844; "Journal of a Residence 
in Scotland," &c., 1834 ; " Mount Auburn and 
Other Poems,"1843. — See Grtswold's Poets of 
Amer. 

McLeod, Alexandek, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 
1809), Presb. clergyman and author, b. Is- 
land of Mull, 1774; d. N.Y.Feb. 17,18.33. 
Un. Coll. 1798. Son of Rev. Kiel of St. Kil- 
da. Came to the U.S. at the age of 18, studied 
theology, and was settled pastor of the First 
Ref. Church in N.Y. He was a powerful 
preacher, a man of learning and wisdom, and 
a devout Christian. Among his pubs, are " Ne- 
gro Slavery Unjustifiable," 1802; "On the 
Messiah," 1803; "On the Catechism," 1807; 
"On the Ministry," 1808; "Life and Power 
of Godliness," 1816; "Lectures on Revela- 
tions," 1814; and "Sermons on the War," 
1815. He assisted Dr. Mason in editing the 



Chr. 



See Memoir by Dr. S. B. IFy/ifi, 



Macleod, Xaviek Donald, author, b. 
N.Y. Nov. 17, 1821 ; crushed to death by rail- 
road accident near Cincinnati, July 20, 1865. 
Col. Coll. Son of Alexander. He took orders 
in tlie Epis. Church in 1845, was settled for a 
sliort time in a rural parish, and travelled 
al)ioad 1850-2. After his return he devoted 
himself to literary pursuits, contributing to va- 
rious magazines, and pub. " Pynnshurst," N.Y., 
1852; "Life of Sir Walter Scott," "The 
Bloodstone," 1853 ; " Life of Mary Queen of 
Scots," 1857; "TheElder's House; " "Chateau 
Lescure ; " and " A Life of Fernando Wood," 
1856. His fugitive poems, some of which have 
great merit, are his most characteristic pro- 
ductions. In 1857 he became editorial'y con- 
nected with the Leader, newspaper at St. Louis. 
He subsequently became prof, of rhetoric and 
belles-lettres at Mount St. Mary's Coll. near 
Cincinnati, and was ord. a priest in the R.C. 
Church. 

Maclure, William, geologist, b. Ayre, 
Scotland, 1763 ; d. San Angel, near the city 
of Mexico, 23 Mar. 1840 In his youth he had 
a strong predilection for the natural sciences. 
At 19 he visited the U.S., but returned to Lon- 
don, where he acquired a fortune by commer- 
cial pursuits. In 1796 he again came to the 
U.S., and formed the plan of making geol. 
surveys of the whole country. In the course 
of his pedestrian journeys, he crossed and re- 
crossed the Alleghany Mountains 50 times. 
Constructed maps showing the results of his 
labors, pub. in the Trans, of the Amer. Philos. 
Soc, and pub. his Geol. Memoir in 1817. 
Pres. of the Phila. Acad, of Nat. Hist. 1817- 
40. In the Journal of this acad. he pub. the 
results of 20 visits to the W. I. Islands. In 
1803 he was in Europe as one of the commiss. 
to settle the claims of Amer. citizens against 
France for spoliations of Amer. commerce. 
In 1819-24 he was in Spain, where he attempt- 
ed to establish an agric. school. He purchased 
land and erected buildings near Alicante ; but 
on the overthrow of the govt, his property re- 
verted to the church, from which the land had 
been confiscated. He then made a geol. tour 
through Southern Spain. He endeavored in 
1825 to establish a similar agric. school near 
New Harmony, Ind., but did not succeed. In 



" Opinions on Various Subjects," mainly on 
polit. economy, 2 vols. 1837. His " Catalogue 
of Min. and Geol. Specimens at N. Harmony " 
was pub. 1840. He gave over 5,000 vols, to 
the library of the Phila. Acad., to which body 
his gifts amounted to $2.5,000. Many of his 
contribs. are in the eariy vols, of Siiliman's 
Jour, of Science. — See Notice bi) S. G. Morton, 
in Amer. .lour, of Science, xlvii. 1. 

McMahon, Barnard, founded in 1809 a 
botanic garden near Phila. ; d. Sept. 1816. 
He pub. in 1806 " The Amer. Gardener's Cal- 
endar." 

McMaster, Erasmits D., D.D., Presb. 
clergyman (son of Dr. Gilbert), b. Pa. 1806; 
d. Chicago, Dec. 10, 1866. Un. Coll. 1827. 
Licensed to preach in 1829; ord. 1831, and 



588 



MCN" 



pastor at Ballstoa, N.Y. ; prcs. of the S. Han- 
over Coll., Ind., 1838-45, of tlie Miami U. 
1845-9 ; prof, of syst. theol. in tlie N. Albany 
Theol. Sem. 1849-66 ; and was then app. to 
the same chair by the Gen. Assembly of the 
Theol. Sem. of the North-west. Author of 
some religious works, some sermons, addresses, 
&,c. 

MoMaster, Gilbert, D.D. (Un. Coll. 
1828), a Presb. clergyman, b. Ireland, Feb. 13, 
1778 ; d. N. Albany, Ind., Mar. 17, 1854. Jeff. 
Coll. 1803. While yet a child, his fathercame 
with his family to this country, and settled as 
a farmer in Franklin Co., Pa. Ord. Aug. 8, 
1808, and was settled as pastor of the cong. in 
Duanesburg, N.Y., where for 32 years, and as 
pastor of the church in Princeton, Ind., from 
1840 to 1846, he exercised his ministry with 
great acceptance. Author of " An Essay in 
Defence of some Fundamental Doctrines of 
Christianity;" " An Analysis of the Shorter 
Catecliisni," 1815 ; " An Apology for the 
Book of Psalms ; " " The Moral Character of 
Civil Govt, considered," 1832 ; " Thoughts on 
Union in the Church of God," 1846 ; various 
occasional sermons, synodical speeches, eccle- 
siastical papers, and articles in periodicals. 

MacMiehael, Morton, journalist and 
orator, b. Burlington Co., N. J., Oct. 20, 1807. 
Contrib. to Phila. periodicals fiom 1824 to 
1844. Since that year, editor of the Phila. 
North-American. A specimen of his verse is 
in the Phila. Book, 1836. — Allihone. 

McMin, Joseph, gov. of Tenn. 1815-21 ; 
d. Cht-rokee Agency 17 Nov. 1824. 

McMurtrie, Henry, M.D., prof, of anat- 
omv and philos. in the Pliila. high school ; 
d. Phila. 26 May, 1865, a. 73. Author of some 
valuable text-books and " Sketches of Louis- 
ville," 8vo, 1819. 

MaoNab, Sir Alan Napier, a Cana- 
dian statesman, b. Niagara, Feb. 19, 1798 ; d. 
Toronto, Aug. 8, 1862. His father was a lieut. 
of dragoons in the Queen's Rangers, and prin- 
cipal aide-de-camp to Gen. Simcoe during the 
Kevol. war. At the attack of Toronto by the 
Americans, Apr. 27, 1813, Alan, then a school- 
boy, carried a musket; soon after entered as 
a midshipman on board Sir James Yeo's ship, 
but abandoned the navy for the army ; was 
ensign of the 100th Regt. ; was present at 
the capture of Fort Niagara; and com. the 
advanced guard at the battle of Plattsbur^. 
After the war, he studied law, and practised ra 
Hamilton, acting, also, as clerk of the jour- 
nals in the Assembly of U.C. Chosen mem- 
ber of the Assembly in 1829; he was subse- 
(juontly speaker of the lower house. During 
the ins'urriotion of 1837-8 ho com. the mi'.itia 
on the Niagara frontier, with the rank of col. 
He routed the insurgents near Toronto, Dec. 7, 
1837, and seized and burnt the steamer " Car- 
oline," employed in conveying men and supplies 
to them from the American side. This act, 
although it excited much angry comment in the 
U.S., was approved by the Brit. Govt. For 
his eminent services in quelling the insurrec- 
tion, he was knighted July 14, 1838, After 
the union of the two provinces of Canada in 
1 844, he became speaker of the new Icgisl., and 
was prime-minister from 1854 to 185G; created 



a bart. in Feb. 1858. In Oct. 1857 ho retired 
from public life, but in 1860 was chosen a 
member of the western division of the legisl. 
council. — Morgan. 

MeNair, Gen. Alexander, gov. Mo. 
1820-4, b. Pa.; d. May, 1826. App. lieut. inf. 
Jan. 8, 1799; disb. June, 1800. He was an 
early emigrant to Mo. Terr. ; adj. and insp. 
gen. 1812; col. Mo. militia in U.S. service 
1813; he held also an important otHce in the 
Indian dept. — Gardner. 

McNeil, Gen. John, b. Hillsborough, 
N.H.,1784; d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1850. 
App. capt. nth Inf. Mar. 12, 1812; maj. 
Aug. 15, 1813 ; brev. lieut.-col. for Chippewa, 
July 5, 1814 ; brev. col. for the battle of Ni- 
agara, July 25, 1814, in which he was severely 
wounded; lieut.-col. 1st Inf. Feb. 24, 1818; 
brev. brig.-gen. July 25, 1824; col. 1st Inf. 
Apr. 28, 1826; resigned Apr. 23, 1830; app. 
surveyor of the port of Boston 1829. — Gardner. 

McNeil, Gen. .John, b. Brit. Provinces, 
of Amer. parents, ab. 1820. He learned the 
hatter's trade in Boston, which he carried on 
successfully in St. Louis for 20 years. Pla^ 
cing himself by the side of Gen. Lyon, he 
entered the service May 8, 1861 ; routed the 
rebel brigadier Harris at Fulton ; was placed 
by Fremont in com. of St. Louis ; made col. 
19th Mo. Vols. 3 Aug., and early in 1862 took 
com. of a cav. regt., and of the dist. of N.E. 
Mo., which he soon cleared of guerillas, de- 
feating Porter at Kirkeville, 6 Aug. He was 
made a brig.-gcn. 29 Nov. 1862, and (listing, him- 
self in defence of Cape Girardeau in the spring 
of 1863, and during the raid by and pursuit 
of Gen. Price in Oct. 1864. 

McNeil, Gen. William Gibbs, engineer 
and soldier, b. N.C., 1802 ; d. Brooklyn, Feb. 
16, 1853. West Point, 1817. Entering the art. 
he rose to the rank of maj. of topog. engrs., 
and resigned Nov. 23, 1837. He was many 
years employed as a railroad engr., and in 
building the dry docks at Brooklyn. During 
the Dorr excitement in R.I., he com. the State 
troops as maj.-gen., acting throughout with 
prudence and firmness. — Gardner. 

McNeven, William James, M.D., scho- 
lar and physician, b. Galway Co., Ireland, 
Mar. 26, 1763; d. N.Y. City, July 12, 1841 ; 
educated at the colleges of Prague and V'ienna, 
at the latter of which he grad. in 1784. He 
became a member of the society of United 
Irishmen, and after an imprisonment of 4 years 
was liberated, and passed the summer of 1 802 
in travelling through Switzerland on foot, of 
which journey he pub. an account, entitled 
" A Ramble in Switzerland." He was subse- 
quently a capt. in the Irish brigade of the 
French army, but resigned his commission, 
and emigrated to Amer., arriving at New York 
July 4, 1804. From 1808 to 1830 he was a 
prof, in the Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., or in a 
med. school connected w"ith Rutgers Coll., N.J. 
In 1812 he was app. by Gov. Clinton resident 
physician ; in 1840 was a second time nomi- 
nated to the same office; and in the cholera 
season of 1832 he was one of the medical coun- 
cil. He pub. an " Exposition of the Atomic 
theory;" "Pieces of Irish History," 8vo, 1807; 
" Use and Construction of the Mine Auger," 



isLCisr 



Lond. 1 788 ; and an edition of Brande's chemis- 
try, besides occasional addn^sses, and he was 
also a contrib. to scientific journals. — Gross's 
Med. Bioq. 

MeN'utt, Alexander G., gov. of Mpi. 
1837-41, b. Rockbridge Co., Va., 1801 ; d. 
De Soto Co., Mpi., Oct. 22, 1848. Wasli. 
Coll. Va. In 1824 he removed to Jackson, 
and subsequently to Vicksburg, Mpi., where 
he practised law. In 18.35 he was elected to 
the State senate from Warren Co. Careless, 
slovenly, and intemperate in the earlier part 
of his life, his vices were latterly all correct- 
ed. He was formidable in debate, and upon 
" the stump " had no superior. 

Macomb, Alex.\nder, maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Detroit, 13 Apr. 1782; d. Washington, 25 
June, 1841. His father Alex., member N.Y. 
legisl. at the adoption of the U.S. Const., d. 
Georget., D.C., 19 Jan. 1831, a. 82. He had 6 
sons in the war of 1812-15. Alex, was edu- 
cated in Newark, N.J. ; was app. cornet, of 
cav. 10 Jan. 1799 ; became maj. corps of engs. 
23 Feb. 1808; lieut.-col. 23 July, 1810; col. 
3d Art. 6 July, 1812 ; brig.-gen. 24 Jan. 1814 ; 
maj.-gen. 24 May, 1828; gen.-in-chief from 
that date until his d. Engaged in construct, 
and rep. of fortifications, chiefly in the Caroli- 
nas, 1805-12; acting adj.-gen. of the army 28 
Apr. to 6 July ; engaged at Sackett's ILirbor, 
N.Y. ; bombard, of Ft. Niagara 21 Nov. 1812 ; 
capture of Ft. George, U.C., 27 May, 1813; 
com. the forces which gained the victory of 
Plattsburg, 1 1 Sept. 1814, for which he received 
thanks of Cong., a gold medal, and brev. of 
maj.-gen. ; com. of engineers, and insp. Milit. 
Acad. 1821-8; and took the field for a short 
time in the Fla. war in 1836. Author of trea- 
tise " On Martial Law and Courts-Martial," 
1 809. — See Memoirs by Geo. H. Richards, N. Y. 
1833. 

Macomb, William H., commo. U.S.N., 
b. Detroit, Mich., June 16, 1818. Son of the 
preceding. Midship. Apr. 10, 1834 ; lieut. Feb. 
27, 1847 ; com. Jnlv 16, W,-2 ; cipt. July 25, 
1866; commo. Jnlv, 1 ■*:n. In ,.;loop "Ports- 
mouth," E. I. ,s(|ii,nl , I s,'ii'.--'^ ; engaged and 
captured the bariiii Im t-. ( anion, China, Nov, 
16-22, 1856; com., '■ Metacomet," Paraguay 
exped., 1859; steamer " Genesee," 1862-3; 
attempted the passage of confed. batteries at 
Port Hudson, Mar. 14, 1863; and was in fre- 
quent actions with confed. batteries in April- 
June, 1863; com. "Shamrock," N.A. block, 
squad., 1864-5; com. naval force in capture 
of Plymouth, N.C., Oct. 30, 1864; and in ac- 
tion with confeds. on the Roanoke River, near 
Poplar Point, N.C., and for his gallantry and 
energy in this service was advanced in grade ; 
com. steam-sloop " Plymouth," Europ. squad., 
1869 ; light-house insp. 1871. — Hamerslij. 

Macon, Nathaniel, statesman, b. War- 
ren Co., N.C., 1757; d. there June ?9, 1837. 
Sent to Princeton to complete his education, 
he returned home when the Revol. closed the 
halls of science, and vol. as a private in the 
comp. of his bro. Col. John Macon. He was 
present at the fall of Charleston, the rout of 
Camden, and the retreat of Greene across Caro- 
lina. Member of the General Assembly in 
1 780-5. About this time he m. Miss Hannah 



Plummcr. He opposed the adoption of the U S. 



as confer 



power 



on the new govt. ; and be twice declined 
postmaster-generalshi]) tendered by Jefferson. 
M.C. 1791-1815; U.S. senator 1816-28; 
from 1801 to 1806 he was speaker of the house; 
and from 1825 to 1828 he presided /jjo tempore 
in the senate ; pres. of the State Const. Conv. 
of 1835. The State preserved the memory of 
his services by naming a county after him in 
1828. He was the bosom-friend of Jefferson 
and Madison ; and no one was more devoted 
to him than John Randolph, who characterizes 
him in his will as " the best and purest and 
wisest man that I ever knew." A sketch of 
his life by E. R. Cotton was pub. at Balti- 
more, 1840. 

McPherson, Edwabd, LL.D. (Pa. Coll. 
1867), b. Gettysburg, Pa., 31 July, 1830. Pa. 
Coll. 1848. He edited a paper at Harrisburg 
a few years ; was M.C. 1859-63 ; clerk of that 
body 1863-9 ; and sec. " Union National Com- 
mittee" 1860-t. Author of a "Political Histo- 
ry of the U.S. during the Rebellion," and a 
" Political Manual," and of ttvo series of Let- 
ters on the Internal Affairs of Pa. He has de- 
livered many addresses on literary and other 
topics. One of the proprietors and editor of 
the Geth/sburg Sentinel. 

Macpberson, James, author of the 
" Poems of Ossian," b. Inverness, Scotland, 
1738; d. Feb. 17, 1796. In 1764 he accomp. 
Gov. Johnston to Fla. as private sec. ; but after 
spending a short time there, and visiting other 
parts of N.A., he returned to Lond. in 1766. 
In 1775 he supported the measures of Lord 
North, by his " Rights of Great Britain over 
her Colonies asserted," and was rewarded 
with the lucrative office of agent to the nabob 
of Arcot, and a seat in house of commons. 

McPberson, James Birdsete, brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Clyde, Sandusky Co., O., 14 Nov. 
1828; killed near Atlanta, Ga., 22 July, 1864. 
West Point, 1853 (1st in his class). Entering 
the engr. corps, he was assist, instr. at West 
Point in 1853-4 ; was engaged on the defences 
of N.Y. harbor in 1854-7, and in San Fran- 
cisco Bay in 1858-61 ; 1st lieut, 13 Dec. 1858; 
capt. 6 Aug. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 15 May, 
1862; maj.-gen. vols. 8 Oct. 1862; brig.-gen. 
U.S.A. 1 Aug. 1863 for his great services in 
the capture of Vicksburg. Nov. 12, 1861, he 
was aide-de-camp to Gen. Halleck, and chief 
engr. of the Army of the Tenn. ; at the capture 
of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battle of 
Shiloh, the operations around Corinth, the 
battle of luka, and the second battle of Cor- 
inth. In the advance through Central Mpi. 
in Nov. and Deo. 1862, he com. one wing of 
the army (the 17th Corps) with great ability. 
At the battle of Port Gibson, the advance from 
Hankerson's Ferry to Jackson, the 17th 
Corps fought the bulk of Johnston's army 
alone, and was conspicuous at Champion 
Hills. He repulsed the enemy at Canton, 
Mpi.; was second in com. to Gen. Sherman in 
the exped. to Meridian in Feb. 1864; and in 
the Atlanta Campaign disting. himself at Re- 
saea, Dallas, Alhuoona, Kulp House, and 
Kcnesaw ; having been app. 12 Mar. 1864, 
com. of the dept. and Army of the Tenn. In 



:m^c 



590 



MCM 



the battle before Atlanta he held the left of the 
line. While superintending an advance of the 
skirmish-line he was amhuslied and shot. He 
was one of the ablest officers of the army. 

Macpherson, Gen. William, b. Phila. 
1756 ; d. near there, Nov. 1813. Son of Capt. 
John, and Mar<,'arct, sister of Dr. John Rod- 
gers of N.Y. His education was completed at 
Princeton, N.J. App. a cadet in the British 
army at 13, he became lieut. and adj. of the 
16th Regt. He joined the Amer. army on the 
Hudson ab. the end of 1779, and was app. by 
Washington a brev. major. After serving as 
aide-de-camp to Lafayette, he was afterwards 
app. by Washington to com. a partisan corps 
of cavalry, which served in Va. in 1781. App. 
surveyor of the port of Phila. Sept. 19, 1789; 
insp. of the revenue, Mar. 8, 1792 ; and naval 
officer, Nov. 28, 1793, which office he held till 
his death. He was made a col., subsequently 
brig.-gen. of militia, and Mar. 11, 1799, was 
app. brig.-gen. of the provisional army of the 
U.S. ; bro. of John, aide to Montgomery, who 
fell at Quebec. A son, Josisph Stout, capt. 
U.S.N., d. 28 Apr. 1824, a. 35.— Rot/ers. 

McRae, John J., gov. Mpi. 1854-8 ; b. 
Wayne Co., Mpi. ab. 1810; d. Balize, British 
Honduras, May 30, 1868. U. of Mpi. 1834. 
He received a good education ; adopted the 
profession of the law; was frequently elected 
to the State legisl., officiating during 2 sessions 
as speaker; wasalsoelected to the State senate ; 
was in 1851 for a short time in the U.S. senate ; 
M.C. 1858-61. Joined in the Rebellion, but 
did not become prominent. 

Mac Bea, William, col. U.S.A. ; d. near 
Shawneetown, III., Nov. 3, 1832, a. 65. App. 
from Va. lieut. of leviesof 1 791 ; wounded at St. 
Clair's defeat, Nov. 4, 1791 ; cnf>t. Dec. 1794; 
capt. art. June, 1798; maj. July 31. 1800; 
lieut. -col. Apr. 1814, disting. in battle of N. 
Orleans; brev. col. Apr. 19, 1824. — Gardner. 

McRee, Griffith Joh.v, lawyer and 
author, I). Wilmington, N.C., 20 Sept. 1820. 
N.J. Coll. 1838. Adm. to the bar 1841 ; m. 
Penelope, dau. of Gov. Iredell. Author of 
" Life of James Iredell," 2 vols. 8vo, 1857. 
Grandson of Col. G. J. McRee (b. N.C. 17.53, 
d. Wilmington, N.C, Oct. 1801), nephew of 
William, who came from Down Co., Ireland, 
and in 1737 wasa judge at Wilmington, N.C. ; 
maj. and licut.-col. in the Revol. army ; capt. 
artillerists and engs. June 2, 1794; collector 
of revenue dist. of Wilmingion, N.C, Apr. 
1798. His father, James F., an eminent phy- 
sician and naturalist, b. Wilmington, 1778, 
d. in the fall of 1869 (Coll. of Phvs. and 
Surgs., N.Y.). G. J. is a member of the N.Y. 
and Wise. Hist. Societies, and of the N. E. H. 
and Geneal. Society. 

McBee, William, colonel U.S.A., son 
of Col. G. J. McRee, b. Wilmington, N.C, 
Dec. 13. 1787; d. St. Louis, Mo., 10 Sept. 
1832. West Point (lient. of engrs.), 1805. 
Capt. 23 Feb. 1808; major, July 31, 1812; 
chief engr. in Gen. Brown'sarmy, 1814; brev. 
lieut.-col. for gallant conduct in battle of 
Niagara, July 25 ; brev. col. for disting. and 
merit, service in defence of Fort Erie, Aug. 15, 
1814; lieut.-col. Nov. 12, 1818; U.S.surviyor- 
gen. public lands. 111., Mo , and Ark. Terri- 



tories, Jim. 1 825 to 1 832. In 1 81 6 he was sent 
with Major Thayer on a mission to France to 
collect scientific and military information for 
the military acad. Resigned 1819. He pos- 
sessed a highly cultivated mind and excellent 
judgment. 

MeSparran, James, D.D. (U. of Glasg. 
1737), an Episc. clergyman, b. Ireland; d. S. 
Kingston, R.I., Dec. 1, 1757. Ord. deacon, 
Aug. 21, and priest, Sept. 25, 1720, he was sent 
as a missionary to Narragansett, R.I., where 
he spent the rest of his useful life. Arriving 
Apr. 28, 1721, he immediately commenced his 
labors in the Church of St. Paul's, Kingston. 
Wilkins Updike has pub. a large octavo vol. 
of interesting notes, biographical and historical, 
relative to this society. May 22, 1722, he was 
m. to Hannah, dau. of William, and sister of 
Dr. Sylvanus Gardiner of Boston. Dr. Me- 
Sparran pub. a series of letters entitled "Amer- 
ica Dissected," an historical tract of merit, 
1752; also sermons and other occasional pro- 
ductions elicited bv incidents in his ministry. 

MacVickar, John, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1825), 
author and clergyman, b. N.Y. 1787; d. Bloom- 
ingdale, N.Y., Oct 29, 1868. Col. Coll. 1804. 
After spending some time at Cambridge, Eng., 
he was ord. an Episc. clergyman, and in 1811 
was settled over a parish in Hyde Park, N.Y. 
In 1817-57 he was prof, of moral philos., rhet- 
oric, and belles-lettres in Col. Coll.; prof, of 
nat. and rev. religion in 1857-64 ; and after- 
ward emeritus prof, and chaplain at Govern- 
or's Island. Author of " A Domcsiic Narra- 
tive of the Life of Saml. Bard," 1822 ; " Outlines 
of Political Economy," 1825; "Early Years," 
1834; "The Professional Yeare of Bishop Ho- 
bart," 1836; "Remains of Key. Edmund D. 
Griffin, with Memoir," 2 vols. 8vo, 1831 ; " On 
Abolishing Damages on Protested Bills," &.c., 
Svo, 1829 ; " Hints on Banking," 1827 ; and of 
numerous essays, addresses, &c. — See I/ife by 
W. A. McVic/.-ar, New York, 1871. 

Maewhorter, Alexander, D.D. (Y.C. 
1776), Pi-esb. divine, b. Newcastle Co., Del., 15 
July, 1734; d. Newark, N.J., 20 July, 1807. 
N.J. Coll. 1757. Settled near Newark in 1759; 
was employed in a mission to N.C. in 1 764-6 ; 
and in 1 775 was sent by Congress to the western 
counties of N.C. to persuade the numerous roy- 
alists there to adopt the patriot cause. Chap- 
lain to Knox's brigade in 1778 ; settled in Char- 
lotte, N.C, in 1779, but from 1780 to his death 
preached in Newark. In 1788 he was promi- 
nent in settling the confession of faith, and form- 
ing the constitution of the Presb. Church. In 
1 800 ho pub. a century sermon at Newark, and 
in 1803 a coll. of sermons in 2 vols. — -Sjtraffue. 

McWillie, William, politician, h. near 
Liberty Hill, Kershaw Dist., S.C, Nov. 17, 
1795; d. Kirkwood, Mpi., Mar. 3, 1869. S.C. 
Coll. 1817. During the war of 1812 with Eng., 
he served as adj. in the regiment of his father. 
Col. Adam McW. Adm. to the bar in 1818, 
he became a successful lawyer ; many years a 
representative and senator in the S.C. legisl.; 
and in 1845 removed to Mpi., where he had 
established a large planting interest 10 years 
before. M.C. from Mpi. 1849-51 ; and gov. in 
1853-60. He was active and prominent in the 
Rebellion. 



TNtATD 



591 



Madison, George, soldier and statesman, 
b. Va. 1763; d. Paris, Ky., Oct. 14, 1316. 
Having at an early period removed to Ky., at 
the age of 1 7 he served as a soldier on our west- 
ern frontier, and was engaged in several bat- 
tles with the Indians. He com. a company, 
and was wounded, under St. Clair; Heut. Ky. 
mounted vols, under Maj. Adair ; wounded m 
action with Indians, near Fort St. Clair, Nov. 
6, 1792 ; maj. Ky. vols, in battle with British 
and Indians at Frenchtown, Jan. 18, 1813 ; and 
under Wilkinson in his defeat at River Raisin, 
where he was taken prisoner. After being 20 
years auditor of the public accounts, he was 
chosen gov. of Ky. for 4 years in 1816, but d. 
a few weeks after his election. Bro. of bishop M. 

Madison, James, 4th pres. of the U.S., b. 
Port Conway, King (ieorge Co., Va., 16 Mar. 
1751 ; d. Montpelier, Va., 28 June, 1836. N. J. 
Coll. 1771. Son of Col. James and Nelly Con- 
way. He studied law, and by close application 
injured his health. In 1776 he was elected to 
the Va. Assembly; in 1778 to the exec, coun- 
cil, and in 1779 to Congress. In this body he 
strongly opposed the issue of paper money by 
the States ; as chairman of the com. to prepare 
instructions to the U.S. foreign ministers, drew 
up an al)le paper in support of our territorial 
claims and the free na\ngation of the Mpi., and 
zealously advocated in 1783 the establishment 
of a system of general revenue. Member of 
the convention which in 1787 formed the U.S. 
Constitution, taking a prominent pan in the 
debatf^s, and supporting it in a series of able 
essays in the Federalist, and also in the Va. 
convention of 1788. M.C. 1789-97, uniting 
with the Republicans as a moderate opponent 
of the administration of Washington ; and in 
1793 declined the post of sec. of state vacated 
by Jelferson. He opposed the alien and sedi- 
tion laws of 1798, and was the author of a se- 
ries of resolutions adopted by the legisl. of Va., 
and kno^vn as the "Resolutions of 1798," 
which protested against all attempts to increase 
the power of the govt, by forced constructions 
of general clauses of the Constitution. Sec. of 
state in 1801-9 ; elected pres. in 1808 ; and re- 
clectedin 1812. On taking his office 4 Mar. 1809, 
he found the U.S. involved in disputes with the 
British Govt, upon the impressment of her sea- 
men, the searching of her vessels for deserters, 
and upon commercial restrictions by orders in 
council. Non-interconrse was decreed in May, 
1810, and war was declared 18 June, 1812. Can- 
ada was invaded ; Washington was captured and 
the Capitol burned in Aug. 1814; and 8 Jan. 
1815, Jackson achieved a splendid victory at 
N. Orleans. A treaty of peace was signed at 
Ghent 24 Dec. 1814; but the right of search 
was not relinquished. After his retirement, ho 
passed his days on his farm at Montpelicr. 
Dorothy Todd, whom he m. in 1794, and who 
long occupied a prominent place in society, d. 
12 July, 1849, a. 82. Madison was the per- 
sonal and political friend of Jeti'erson, though 
their characters were essentially diftercnt. His 
" Reports of the Debates in the National Con- 
vention of 1787" were pub. 3 vols. 8vo, 1840, 
under the supervision of H. D. Gilpin. He 
was a member of the Va. convention of 1829 
to amend its constitution. His complete works 



have been pub. in 6 vols. 8vo. — Sre IF. C. 
Bives's Life and Times of Madison, 3 vols. 1859- 
68; J. Q. Adams's Life of Madison, 1850. 

Madison, James, I).D., Pr.-Epis. bishop 
of Va., b. near Port Republic, Va., Aug. 27, 
1749; d. Mar. 6, 1812. Wm. and Mary Coll. 
1768. Son of John, who was cousin of the fa- 
ther of President Madison, and for a long time 
clerk of West Augusta. At an early age the 
son was sent to an acad. in Md. Amongother 
honorable testimonials of proficiency, he re- 
ceived in 1772 the gold medal assigned by Lord 
Botetourt for the encouragement of classical 
learning. He studied law under Mr. Wythe, 
and was adm. to the bar, but devoted himself 
to the church. In 1773 he was chosen prof, 
of mathematics in Wm. and Mary Coll., of 
which he was pres. from 1777 to his death. 
He visited London, where he continued until 
the latter part of 1778, enjoying the instruction 
of Cavallo in nat philos., and of other disting. 
men in various branches of science. In 1784 
he gave up the mathematical dept. of the coll., 
and became prof, of nat. and moral philos., and 
continued in this office until his death. In 
1788 Mr. Madison was chosen bishop of the 
Pr.-Ep. Church, and was consec. in Eng. Sept. 
19, 1790. Various universities and literary so- 
cieties subsequently conferred their honors on 
him. Under his care the coll. of Wm. and 
Mary advanced steadily in reputation. His only 
publications were several occasional discourses, 
a "Eulogy on Washington," 1800, a large 
map of Virginia, and papers in Barton's Jour- 
nal, and in "Trans. Amer. Soc." ii., iii., iv. 

MadockawandO, saclicm of Penobscot, 
was a powerful chief in the wiirof 1676. Ho 
assisted the Frenchman Pontneiif at the cap- 
ture of Caseo Fort in May, 1690, and June 10, 
1692, co-operated with the French in the un- 
successful attack on Storcr's garrison in Wells, 
com. by Capt. Convers. He afterward entered 
into the treaty at Pemaquid ; but Thury the 
missionary persuaded him again to take up the 
hatchet. In 1694 he accomp. the Sieur de 
Villierswith 25(1 Indians in the attack at Oyster 
River, Piscataqua, killing and capturing, July 
17, nearly 100 persons, .-ind burning 20 houses. 
He fought bravely, carried his scalps to Canada, 
and was rewarded by Frontenac. 

Madrid de, Jose Fkrnaijdez, b. Cartha- 
gena, S. America, 1789; d. 1830. Chosen pres. 
of the republic of New Gr.anada in 1816, but 
in the same year was made prisoner by the 
Spaniards ; escaping after 9 years' imprison- 
ment at Havana, he was employed by Bolivar 
as secret agent at Paris. Author of " Atala," 
a tragedy. 

Maffitt, JoHs Newland, an eloquent 
Metb. j.reacher, b. Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 28, 
1794 ; d. Mobile, Ala., May 28, 1850. He be- 
came a preacher in Ireland, and displayed 
remarkable oratorial powers. He came to the 
U.S. in 1819; was adm. into the N.E. conf. ; 
and for 13 years was app. to some of the most 
prominent churches. Removing to New York, 
he preached, lectured, and delivered addresses, 
in various parts of the country. In 1833 he 
was connected with the Western Methodist, a 
weekly journal. His labors as a preacher at 
the \Ve^t and South were attended with great 



592 



IS/LAJ. 



success. He was elected to the chair of elocu- 
tion and belles-lettres in La Grange Coll., Ala., 
in 1837, and was chaplain to Congress in 1841. 
In 1847 he took up his residence in Arkansas. 
Author of "Poems," 12mo, Louisville, 1839; 
" Tears of Contrition " (an autobiog.), 12mo, 
lS2\.—See Trial of J. T. Buckinghnm for libel 
on, 1822. His son, John Newland, a capt. 
in the confed. navy, entered the U.S.N, as mid- 
shipm. in 1832 ; was a com. in 1861, and dur- 
ing the Rebellion did great damage to U. S. 
cammerce in " The Florida." 

Magaw, Robert, col. 6th Pa. Rcgt. in the 
Revol. army ; d. Carlisle, Pa., Dec. 1789. He 
quitted the Phila. bar to join as major, Thomp- 
son's rifle regt. ; com. at Ft. Washington, and, 
after a brave defence, was compelled to sur- 
render that post 16 Nov. 1776. 

Magellan or Magalhaens, Ferdin.\nd 

DE, a famous Portuguese navigator, b. ab. 
1470; d. Apr. 27, 1521. He served under 
Albuquerque in the East Indies, and especially 
disting. himself at the taking of Malacca in 
1511. He afterward entered the Spanish ser- 
vice, and was intrusted by Charles V. with 
the com. of a fleet destined to explore a pas- 
sage to the Molucca Islands, by sailing west- 
ward. The voyage was begun Sept. 20, 1519; 
ab. the end of Oct. 1520, he entered the straits 
since called after him ; and Nov. 27 discovered 
and named the Pacific Ocean. Continuing his 
course, he arrived at the Ladrone Islands ab. 6 
March, 1521, and subsequently at the Philip- 
pines, on one of which he lost his life in a skir- 
mish with the natives, or, as some accounts 
state, by the mutiny of his crew. One of his 
ships, with 1 8 men, escaped, and reached Seville, 
Sept. 8, 1521, under Sebastian del Cano, who 
first circumnavigated the globe. An Italian 
named Pigafetta, who accomp. Magellan, kept 
a journal of this last voyage, which was pub. — 
See Mavor's Voyages, v. 1. 

Maginnis, Johk, journalist, b. Dromore, 
Ireland, 1814 ; d. N. Orleans, 3 Mar. 1863. A 
resident of N.O. ; many years connected with 
the press ; one of the editors of the Picayune, 
1843-5 ; 18 Nov. 1849, he commenced to pub. 
the True Delta, which he made one of the most 
popular, influential, and profitable papers of 
the day. 

Magoon, Elisha L., D.D., Baptist clergy- 
man and author, b. Lebanon, N.H., Oct. 20, 
1810. His father was an architect. He was 
between the agei 
he was 6 years pas- 
tor of the Second Baptist Church at Richmond, 
Va. ; then made the tourof Europe, and on his 
return became pastor of a church in Cincinnati. 
In 1849 he removed to N.Y. City, and became 
pastor of the Oliver-street Baptist Church ; in 
1857 he was settled in Albaqy. He has pub. 
"Orators of the Amer. Revol.," N.Y. 1848; 
" Living Orators in America," 1849 ; " Crumbs 
for the People," 1849 ; " Republican Christian- 
ity," 1849; "Western Empire," 1856 ; " Elo- 
quence of the Colonial Times," Ciu. 1847 ; and 
" Eloquence and Liberty," an oration at Lex- 
ington, Va., 24 June, 1846. 

Magruder, Allan B., lawyer and U.S. 
senator from La. in 1812, b. Ky. ; d. Opelousas, 
La., Apr. 1822. He pub. " Reflections on the 



Cession of La.," 8vo, Lexington, 1803; "A 
Character of Mr. Jefferson ; " and had collected 
materials for a gen. hist, of the Indians. 

Magruder,JonNBANKHEAD,gen. C.S.A., 

b. Va, ab. 1810; d. Houston, Tex., 19 Feb. 
1871. West Point, 18.30. Entering 7th Inf., 
he became 1st lieut. March 31, 1836 ; capt. 18 
June, 1846; in 1847 was hrev. major for gal- 
lantry at Cerro Gordo, and lieut.-col. for Cha- 
pultepec, where he was wounded ; and com. the 
light battery with Gen. Pillow's division. He 
resigned Apr. 20, 1861 ; was made a col. in the 
Army of Va., and com. at Yorktown until its 



May 3, 1862, having received the 
successive grades of brig, and maj. gen. in the 
Confed. service. He took part in the battles 
of the Chickahominy campaign ; Oct 16, 1862, 
was put in command of the forces in 'Texas, 
Arizona, and N. Mexico, and com. the exped. 
which obliged the national forces to evacuate 
Galveston. 

Mabam, Col. Hezekiah, Revol. officer, b. 
parish of St. Stephens, S.C, June 26, 1739 ; d. 
1789. Member of the first Prov. Congress of 
S.C. ; capt. in Huger's regt. in the spring of 
1776; was at the siege of Savannah and the 
battle of Stono; was a com. of horse in Marion's 
brigade, and lieut.-col. of an independent cav. 
corps ; and bore an efficient and conspicuous 
part in the capture of several British posts in 
S.C. In the attack on Fort Watson, Maham 
suggested the erection of a quadrangular tower 
of sufficient height to overlook the stockades. 
Upon the top of this a parapet was made, 
aft'ording shelter for marksmen. This rendered 
the post untenable, and it was obliged to sur- 
render. — Lossing, 

Mahan, Dennis H., LL.D., engineer, b. 
N.Y. City, 1802; drowned in the Hudson 
River 16 ,Sept.l871. West Point, 1824. Assist, 
prof, maths, at W. Point, 1821-5 ; assist, prof, 
eng. 1825-6; act. prof, milit. and civil eng. 
1830; prof, of same Mar. 1831 to his d. He 
was under orders in Europe in 1827-30; at- 
tached to the military school at Metz in 1829- 
30 ; under orders in Europe from May to Nov. 
1857. Author of " Elem. Treatise on Civil 
Engineering," Svo, 1838; "Field Fortifica- 
tions," 8vo, 1836; "Advanced Guard Outpost 
and Detachment Service," 1847 ; " Permanent 
Fortifications," 1867 ; "Industrial Drawing," 
Svo, 1852; Moseley's "Architecture and En- 
gineering," 1856; " Fortification Drawing and 
Stereotoniy," 1865. His works are text-hooks 
at West Point and in some of the U.S. col- 
leges. Member of manv sclent, societies ; 
LL.D. of Wm. and Marv, Brown, and Dartm. 
Colls. — Cullum. 

Mahan, Milo, D.D., Pr.-Ep. clergyman 
and author; d. Baltimore 4 Sept. 1870. Some 
years prof, in Col. Coll., afterward rector of St. 
Paul's Church, Baltimore; recently elected 
prof, of systematic divinity in the N.Y. Gen. 
Theol. Sem. Author of an able reply to Co- 
lenso's works against the inspiration of the 
Scriptures, and of a curious work on the signi- 
ficance of the numbers in the Scriptures. 

Maitland, John, lieut.-col., a British offi- 
cer ; d. Savannah, Ga., Oct. 25, 1779. He had 
lost a hand in the E. Indies ; was a man of 
fortune, and a member of the British parlia- 



393 



mcnt; lieut.-col. 71st Regt. Oct. 1 4, 
and disting. at the siege of Savannah; com. 
boat expedition, May 8, 1778, which de- 
strovcd the Anier. shipping in the Delaware 
Hiver. 

Makemie, Frakcis, an early Presb. min- 
ister of \'a., b. Donegal Co., Ireland ; d. Bos- 
ton in the Slimmer of 1708. He came from 
Scotland ab. 1682; preaclied in Va. and the 
Carolinas, and was in 1090 a resident of Ac- 
comac Co., Va. ; engaged in the W.I. trade. 
He afterward qualified himself under the Tol- 
eration Act in Barbadoes as a Dissenting min- 
ister; and in 1699 pub. in Edinburgh " Truths 
in a New Light," &c In Oct. 1699 he was 
licensed to preach in Va. He went to Eng. in 
1704, and pub. in London " A Plain and Lov- 
ing Persuasion to the Inliabitants of Va. and 
Md. for promoting Towns and Co-habitation." 
Returning in 1705, he was licensed to officiate 
on tlie eastern shore of Md. For preaching in 
N.Y.Jan. 19, 1707, he was arrested by Gov. 
Cornbiiiy, and imprisoned two months. He 
soon after went to Boston, where this sermon 
was printed. He also pub. " A Narrative " of 
the artair, which was reprinted in 1755 by 
Hugh Gaine in N.Y., and in Force's Tracts, v. 
Coriibnry wrote to the lords of trade and the 
plantations, that Makemie was "a preacher, 
a doctor of physic, a merchant, an attorney, a 
counsellor at law, and, which is worst of all, a 
disturber of governments." In 1692 he pub. 
in Boston " An Answer to George Keith's Li- 
bel on a catechism pub. by F. Makemie ; "■ iin- 
primnhir Increase Mather. He possessed learn- 
ing, energy, talent, and public spirit. — Presb. 
Ch. in America. 

Makin, Thomas, poet, d. Pa. 1 735. He 
was an early settler of Pa. ; was in 1689 usher 
to George Keith in the Friend's Grammar 
School, succeeding him as master in 1690. He 
was forsorae time clerk of the Prov. Assembly. 
He pub. two Latin poems in 1728 and 1729, 
inscribed to James Logan, entitled " Encomium 
PennsylvaniiB," and " In Litiulis Pennsi/lvunia; 
Poemii," extracts from which are in Proud's 
" History of Pennsylvania." 

Malbone, Edward G., portrait-painter, 
b. Newport, R.I, Aug. 1777; d. Savannah, 
Ga., May 7, 1807. He early displayed a tal- 
ent for painting, and, while a boy, painted an 
entire scene lor a theatre. At 17 he establislied 
himself in Providence as a portrait-painter. 
Removing to Boston in 1796, he practi^ed 
there, and in New York and Pliila., until, in 
1800, he accomp. AUston to Charleston, and 
the next year to Europe. While in London, 
Malbone was urged by West, the pres. of the 
Royal Aciid., to remain ; but he returned to 
Charleston in Dec. 1801. He painted minia- 
tures in various places with high repute, until 
his intense application undermined his health, 
and, relinquishing his pencil in the summer of 
1806, he soon after made a voyage to the W. 
Indies, from which he derived no benefit. 
Many of his portraits are owned in Charleston, 
where he was often employed. His other coin- 
positions are marked by agreeable style, and 
warmth and delicacy of coloring; and be oc- 
casionally attempted landscape in oil. One of 
his finest works, the Hours, represents three 



8, beautiful females moving i 



past, 



nd futun 



Malcolm, Rev. Alexander, author of an 
ariibraetie and an algebra of merit, b. Scot- 
land ; d. Md. July, 176.3, at an advanced age. 

Malcolm, James Peller, artist and an- 
tiquary, b. Pbila. Aug. 1767, who, while 
young, went to London \o study painting, and 
d. Apr. 5, 1815, in indigent circumstances. 
His maternal ancestor, James Peller, was an 
emigrant with Penn. Failing with the pencil, 
he took the graver, and executed a number of 
topographical plates, chiefly for the works of 
Gough and Nichols, and the Gentleman's 
Mai/uzine ; and became a member of the Society 
of Antiquaries. He pub. " Londinum lleclincum, 
or an Ancient and Modern Description of Lon- 
don," 4 vols. 4to ; " Letters between the Rev. 
James Granger and many Eminent Men," Svo ; 
" First Impressions, or Sketches from Art and 
N.iture," 8vo ; " Anecdotes of the Manners and 
Customs of London," 4to; "Miscellaneous 
Anecdotes," 8vo ; " An Histoncal Sketch of 
the Art of Caricaturing," 4to. — Gentleman's 
Ma<j., May, 1815. 

Malcdm, Howard, D.D. (U. of Vt. 1841 ), 
LL.D. (Lcwisb. U., 1659), Baptist clergyman 
and author, b. Phila. Jan. 19, 1799. He en- 
tered Dick. Coll., Pa., in 1813 ; was licensed to 
preach in May, 1818; and, on finishing his 
studies at Princeton Theol. Sem., m. and settled 
over a church in Hudson, N.Y. He was after- 
wards settled in Boston (1827-35) and Phila. ; 
was pres. of the coll. at Georgetown, Ky., from 
1839 to 1849, and of the U. of Lewisburg, Pa., 
from 1851 to 1859, having reliuquislied preach- 
ing from failure of voice. He filled in both 
institutions the chair of m^taphys. and moral 
philos. He travclkd extensively in Eiuope 
and (as a deputy from the Bapt. Miss. Soc.) 
in Hindostan, Burmah, Siam, China, and 
Africa. He was prominent in estab. the Am. 
S.S. Union and the Am. Tract So 'i.-'ty. His 
pubs, are a " Dictionary of the BiUlo ; '' " The 
Extent of the Atonement," 1833 ; " The Chris- 
tian Rule of Marriage;" "Memoir of Mrs. 
Malcom," 1835; "Travels in South-eastern 
Asia," 2d ed. 1839; "Memoli-ofMaryLo.hrop," 
1832 ; addresses, and other tracts. 

Mallary, Charles Daniel, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1850), Baptist clcrgvman, bro. of R. C, 
b. Poulrney, Vt., Jan. 1801; d. 1864. Midd. 
Coll. 1821. Ho removed to Colum'oia, S.C., 
in 1822, where he was ord., and preached 6 
years, afterward residing in Ga. ; a principal 
founder of Mercer U. In the division of the 
denomination in 1 835, on the missionary ques- 
tion, he advocated that system. He pub. a 
"Life of Mercer," and "Soul Prosperity." 

Mallary, Rollin Carlos, lawyer and 
statesman, b. Cheshire, Ct., May 27, 1784 ; d. 
Baltimore, Md., Apr. 15, 1831. Midd. Coll. 
1805. Moved with hia father to Vt. early in 
life; he practised law in Castleton from 1807 
to 1818, and in Poultney from 1818 till his 
death; was att'y. of Rutland Co., Vt., in 1811, 
•13, and '16; and M.C. in 1819-31. A zealous 
advocate of protection, he was chairman of the 
com. on manuf. ; reported the tariif of 1828, and 
exerted himself greatly to procure its passage. 
Bro. of Charies D. 



>LAJL, 



594 



Mallery, Gareick, LL.D. (Laf. Coll. 
18401, jurist, Ij. Woodbury, Ct., 17 Apr. 1784; 
d. Phila. 6 July, 1866. Y.C. 1808. Prin- 
cipal of the Wilkesbarre Acad. ; studied at 
the Litchfield Law School ; admitted to practise 
in Wilkesbarre in 1811; member Pa. legisl. 
1828-31; pres. judge 3d jud. dist. 1831-G; 
removed to Phila. in Nov. 1836, and was a 
successful practitioner ; several years master in 
chancery of the Sup. Court. lie was, wliile in 
the le;.'isl., largely instrumental in establishing 
thegeuei-al improvement and penitentiary sys- 
tems of Pa. 

Mallory, Col. ; killed while repelling the 
British invasion of Elizabeth City Co., Va., 
1780. His son Chables K., lawyer, member 
Va. Assembly, exec. coon. 1808 ; lieut.-gov., 
was collector of Norfolk at his d., 15 Apr. 
1820, a. 38. 

Mallory, Stephen R., sec. of the Confed. 
navy, b. Trinidad, 1810. Son of a sea-capt. of 
Bridgeport, Ct., who d. in 1821, while at Key 
West with his vessel ; and the wife and son, 
remaining, opened a hotel there. Educated in 
N.Y. and Ct. lie returned to Key West ; 
studied law there ; was adm. to the bar in 1833 ; 
was app. by Pres. Jackson insp. of the customs , 
at Key West ; became county judge for Monroe 
Co., and judge of probate; in 1845 received 
from Pres. Polk the lucrative office of collector 
of Key West ; and was U.S. senator from 
1851 until after the secession of Fla., 21 Jan. 
1861. While in the senate, he was several 
yeara chairman of the com.- on naval affairs, and 
an adherent of the Democ. party ; after the war 
he was some time a prisoner of state. He m. 
a dau. of Senor Moreno of Pensacola, one of 
the wealthiest of the old Spanish inhabitants 
of Fla. Delegate to the Nashville i 



Maltby, Gex. Isaac, militaiy writer, of 
Hatfield, Ms. ; d. Waterioo, N.Y., Sept. 1819. 
Y.C. 1 786. Many years a member of the Ms. 
legisl., and was a brig.-gen. ot militia in 1814. 
He pub. "Elements of War," 12mo, 1812; "A 
Treatise on Courts-Martial and Military Law," 
1813. 

Maneo Capac I., legislator, and first 
inca of Pcru,was the 12th in ascent from the inca 
who reigned at the time of the Spanish invasion, 
in 1 532, an interval of ab. 400 years. He is sup- 
posed to have been somestran^er from a civilized 
land, who employed the associations of religion 
to procure an ascendency which enabled him to 
form a regular govt. He had a long and pros- 
perous reign, and seems justly to have been 
entitled to rank among the benefactors of man- 
kind by the benevolence of his institutions. — 
Rohei'tson. 

Maneo Capac II., inca of Peru ; killed 
1 544. Second son of Huayna Capac, the con- 
queror of Quito, who d. ab. 10 years after the 
first arrival of the Spaniards. Maneo was, after 
the taking of Cuzco, placed on the throne. 
Unwilling to be a puppet in the hands of 
Pizarro, after in vain petitioning for power to 
exercise the sovereignty, he fled ; was capture<l 
and imprisoned, but again escaped ; roused the 
whole nation to arms; and appeared before 
Cuzco Feb. 1536, with an immense host of In- 



dians. After a siege of 5 months, in which i lie 
Spaniards were reduced to extremities, he was 
compelled, from scarcity of food, to withdraw 
to the fortress of Tambo, where he was defeated 



years the terror of the Spaniards, who in vain 
endeavored to conciliate him. He was killed 
by a party of Spaniards belonging to the 
younger Almagro's faction, who, on the defeat 
of their leader, had taken refuge in the Peruvian 
camp, and who were in turn massacred by iho 
Indians. 

Mandrillon, Joseph, a political writer, 
b. Bourg-en-Bresse, 1742 ; guillotined Jan. 7, 
1794. Having embraced the mercantile pro- 
fession, he travelled in America and Holland. 
He settled in Holland ; but his opposition to the 
stadtholder made him unpopular, and he re- 
turned to France, where the independence of 
his character rendered him suspected by Robe- 
spierre. He wrote " The Amencan Spectator," 
8vo, a work of merit, and " R&herchcs Philoso- 
phiquessurla Dccouverte de I' Amerique," Amatei- 
dam, 8vo, 1784. 

Mangum, Willie Person, U.S. sen:itor, 
b OniiiL-e Co., X.C., 1792 ; d. there Seiit. 14, 
1861. U. i.fN.C. 1815. He studied law; rose 
in the profession; entered political life; and 
was elected to the house of commons in 1818 ; 
in 1819 and again in 1826 he was elected a 
ju^'ge of the Superior Court; M.C. 1823-6; 
U.S. senator 1831-7 and 1841-53 ; in 1837 he 
reetMved 1 1 electoral votes for Pres. of the 
U.S. ; and during the administration of Mr. Ty- 
ler was pres. of the Senate. He was a leading 
member of the Whig party. The depression 
occasiuncd by the loss of an only son, wounded 
at Mamissas, probably hastened his death. 

Manigault (man'-e-go'), Gabriel, patri- 
otic menhant of S.C, b. 1704; d. CbaHeston, 
S.C, 1781. Of Huguenot parentage. He ac- 
quired wealth by commercial pursuits; and in 
the iicgimiing of the Revol. he loaned the State 
S220000. In May, 1779, at the age of 75, 
when the British gen. Prevost appeared before 
Cliiuieston, he equipped himself as a soldier, 
and,equipping also his grandson of 15, led him 
to ilie lines to repel an expected assault. He 
bequeathed .£5,000 to a charitable society. His 
son Peter, also a patriot, was speaker of the 
house from 1766 to his d. in 1773, a. 42. His 
dau. m. Lewis Morris, and lost her life in the 
great hurricane on Sullivan's Island in 1822. 

Manly, Basil, D.D., Baptist clergyman, 
b. near Pittslioiough, NC, Jan. 28, 1798; 
(i. Greenville, S.C, Dec. 21, 1868. S.C. Col- 
lege, 1821. He commenced preaching in Edge- 
field dist., S.C. In 1826 he took charge of 
the Baptist church in Charleston, S.C; was 
]ires. of the U. of Ala. in 1837-56; and took 
charge of another church in Charleston, which 
he subsequently gave up to engage in mission- 
ary travels throughout Alabama. He was ac- 
tive in organizing the southern Baptist conven- 
tion in 1845, and in establishing the theol. 
sem. at Greenville, S.C, in 1858. " A Treatise 
on Moral Science " from his pen, for some 
years a text-book in Southern colleges, indi- 
cated a high order of talent. 

Manly, Capt. John, a naval officer of the 



595 



Euvol., b. Torbay, Eng., 1733; d. Boston, 
Feb. 12, 1793. He became a mariner early in 
life ; settled in Marblehead ; and was master 
of a merchantman before the Revol. Cora- 
miss, capt. by Washington Oct. 24, 177.5, he 
sailed in the 'schooner " Lee," ami soon lap- 
tnrcd in Boston harbor 3 valuable prizes, hiden 
with heavy guns, mortars, and intrenching 
tools, — a capture of incalculable value to the 
patriot army then besieging Boston. Chased 
into Gloucester harbor by " The Falcon," he 
ran ashore, beat off the enemy with loss, and 
got his own vessel otTwitb little damage. Com- 
miss. by C<iiigri-ss cnpt, in the Cont. nnvy, 
Aug. 22, 177r», lu'com. " 'I'he Hancock," frii^atc, 
32 guns, in which he captured the British man- 
of-war " Fox." " The Hancock " was cap- 
tured July 8, 1777, by " The Rainbow " of 40 
guns; and Manly was confined in various places 
until near the close of ihe war. Soon after the 
capturcof •■ Tlic Fox," h liile com. the privateer 
" Jason." he was attarkcd by two Hriti>li priva- 
teers, one of 18, tli.- c.tlur |6 guns : he c.iptuied 
both. He com. " The Hngue," frigate, in .Sept. 



ised 



W. 



by a British 74 on a sand-hank at Guadaloupe, 
and for 3 days sustained the cannonade of 3 
ships, but finally got off. On returning to 
Boston he was arrested upon a variety of 
charges by one of bis ofiicers. The proceed- 
ings of the court were not altogether in appro- 
bation of his conduct. 

Mann, A. Uudlet, diplomatist, b. Va., 
180.5; was app. special plenipo. to negotiate 
commercial treaties with Hanover, Oldeuhnrg, 
and Mecklenburg, in 184.5; was accredited to 
all the German States, except Prussia, for the 
same object in 1847 ; was commiss. to Hungary 
in 1849 ; minister to Switzerland in 1850 ; and 
negotiated a reciprocal treaty; sec. to Prcs. 
Pierce in 1853, and resigned the same year. 
Having drvotod himself specially to the devel- 
opment of the material interests of the South- 
ern States, he was sent to Europe by the Con- 
fed, govt, upon a special mission, and was 
afterward joined with Slidell and Mason to 
represent it abroad. 

Mann, Ctrcs, Cong, clergyman and au- 
thor, h. Orford,N.H.,Apr. 3, 1785; d. Stough- 
ton, Ms., Feb. 9, 1859. Dartm. Coll. 1805. 
Princip:d of Gilmanton Acad. 2 years; teacher 
of the Trov high school one year; tutor at 
D.C. 1809-14; pastor of the church at West- 
minister, Ms., Feb. 22, 1815, to June 9, 1841 ; 
then of the Robinson Ch., Plymouth, 3 years ; 
next a teacher at Lowell several years ; finally 
acting pastor of the N. Falmouth church, 
1852-6. He pub. " A Treatise on Trigonome- 
try ; " " An Epitome of the Evidences of Chris- 



ty ; " "A History of the Temperance 
A Memoir of Mrs. Myra W. 



Eeforma 

Allen ; " and some sermons. 

Mann, Horace, LL.D. (H.U. 1849), edu- 
cationist, b. Franklin, Ms., 4 May, 1796; d. 
Yellow Springs, O., 2 Aug. 1869. " Brown U. 
1819. He was obliged to procure an educa- 
tion by his own exertions ; studied law at 
Litchfield, and in 1823 was adm. to the bar. 
He began practice at Dedham ; was a mem- 
ber of the Ms. house of reps, in 1828-33, 
and of the senate in 1833-7, presiding over it 



in 1836-7, and disting. himself for devotion to 
Ihe interests of education and temperance. In 
his law practice he would never espouse the 
unjust side of any cause, and by his honesty 
exercised extraordinary influence over the 
minds of juries. He moved to Boston in 1833, 
and in 1837-48 was sec. of the Ms. Board 
of Education. The State Lunatic Hospital at 
Worcester was founded through bis efforts. 
Important changes were made, through his in- 
fluence, in the school-laws and in the educa- 
tional system of the State. In May, 1843, he 
m. as his second wife, Mary, dau. of Dr. 
Nathaniel Peabody, and visited Europe soon 
after, inspecting the school-systems of Europe, 
and especially of Germany. M.C. and succes- 
sor of Jolin Quincy Adams in 1848-5:!. he 

from the Territories' Prcs. of Aniioch Cull, 
trora Sept. 1852 to his death: under bis able 
management it attained a large degree of 
success ; but his labors were too much for his 
health, which gave way soon after his extraor- 
dinary eflport at the coll. commencement in 
July, 1859. In 1835 he was a commiss. to 
superintend the pub. of the revised statutes of 
Ms., for which he prepared the marginal notes 
and referenc-es. His annual Educational Re- 
ports, 12 in number, rank deservedly high. In 
the 7ih of the series he describes his educational 
tour in Europe. In the discussion upon the 
abolition of corporal punishment with the Bos- 
ton schoolmasters, he won a complete triumph ; 
and the practice was discontinued. His 10th 
Report was highly extolled by the Edinburgh 
Reciew. Mr. Mann edited the Common iSehool 
Journal, and pub. a vol. of " Lectures on Edu- 
cation," 1848. His " Letters and Speeches on 
Slavery " were pub. 1851; "Lectures on In- 
temperance," 1852. He engaged in a contro- 
versy with Daniel Wel]ster in 1850, on account 
of bis 7th-of- .March speech, .and was the unsuc- 
cessful candidate of the Free Soil party for gov. 
in 1852. — i^ee Life of, bi/ his widow, 8vo, 1865. 
Mrs. Mann has also pub. " Christianity in the 
Kitchen." " The Flower People," and a transl. 
of Sarmiento's " Life in the Argent. Republic," 



Mann, James, M.D. (B.U. 1815), A.A.S., 
surgeon, b. Wrentham, Ms., Julv 22, 1759; 
d. N.Y. Nov. 7, 1832. H.U. 1776. He was 
3 years a surgeon in the Revol. army. lu 1812 
he was a hospital surgeon, U.S.A., and head 
of the medical staff on the northern frontier ; 
post-surgeon, Apr. 1818; assist, surgeon. May, 
1821 . He pub. two Monographs which gained 
prizes in 1804, and " Medical Sketches of 
Campaigns of 1812-14," &c., 8vo, 1816. 

Manners, George, British consul in 
Boston, 1819-35. Author of some dramas of 
merit and some poetical works ; d. Coburg, 
Canada West, 18 Feb. 1853, a. 75. 

Manning, James, D.D., scholar and 
divine, b. Elizahethtown, N. J., Oct. 22, 1738; 
d. Providence, R.t., July 29, 1791. N. J. Coll. 
1762. He acquired fame as a preacher by his 
abilities and learning, aided by a fine voice and 
delivery. When the Baptists, in 1764, estab- 
lished "a coll. in R.I., he was invited to take 
charge of it; removed to Warren in the follow- 
ing year, where the institution was opened in 



lyLAN 



Sept. ; and, on its removal to Providence in 
1770, be«ime pastor of the Baptist church 
in that town. This position he occupied till his 
death, except during an interval of .six months. 
It hore the title of the Coll. of R. I. till 1804, 
when it was named Brown University in honor 
of its most munificent patron. In 1786 he 
was a delegate to Corifrress, a jiost he resigned 
on account of its inininiiniMiuv with his other 
duties. When the (' 1 1 : i :' -> , [he .subject 
of debate, he was a zr,, I , i In 178.3 

he. resumed his duri<^ ;i: ih' ^^ i- _'!■, suspended 
daring the war, and resiyntd the presidency in 
1790, and his pastorate in Apr. 1791. — 'See 
Life, Times, and Coiresp. of, by R. A. Guild, 
8vo, 1864. 

Marming, Richard, Jun., gov. of S C. 
1824-5, b. Sumter Dist., S C, 1 Mmv, 178'.) ; 
d. Phila. 1 May, 18.'!6. Col. Coll., S.C., 181 1. 
He com. a vol. company in ihe war of 1812; 
was frcquentlv a member of the State legisl. ; 
and M.C. 18.i4-6. 

Mansfield, Edward Deerikg, LL.D. 
(Mar. Coll. lS.-i+), author, b. New Haven, 1801. 
West I'ulnt. isl'j; N.J. Coll. 1822. Son of 
C.ii .1. r.|. (Miiitsellor at law in Ct. 182.5, 
iti ' 'iii'i lsi'(;-,:t; ; prof, const, law and history 
ill (iiinii. (■,,li.,().. 1836-7. Author of " Poli- 
tic al (■i^imiuMr," 1835; "Legal Rights of 
Woukii," 1845 ; " Life of Gen. Scott," 1846 ; 
'• Hist, of the Mexican War," 1848 ; " Ameri- 
can Kducation," 1850; "Treatise on Const. 
Law," 1835; "Memoirs of Daniel Drake," 
1855 ; with B. Drake, " Cincinnati in 1826 ; " 
editor of Cincinnati Chronicle and Atlas, 1836- 
.'^2, of the Railroad liecordsuKe 1852. Author 
also of a discourse on the " Utility of Mathema- 
tics," and of several addresses on edueatiun from 
1834 to 1849 ; now (1871 ) resides in Cincinnati. 

Mansfield, Col. Jared, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1825), b. N. Haven, Ct., 1759 ; d. there Feb. 3, 
1830. Y.C. 1777. He taught school in N. 
Haven in 1794; afterward had charge of a 
Quaker grammar school in Phila., where he 
hecameknown as a raathematician. App.capt. 
engrs. May 3, 1802, and acting prof. nat. and 
experimental philos. to June. 1805 ; U S. sur- 
vev<ir-tren. of Ohio and North-west Terr. Nov. 
14". 18(13-1812; major engrs. June 11,1805; 
lient.-iul. 25 Feb. 1808; prof. nat. and exp. 
pliilus. Military Acad. Oct. 7, 1812; resigned 
An- 31,1828. He ];ub " Essay.s, mathemati- 
cal .in.l physieal," 1802, 8vo. 

Mansfield, Joseph King Fesno, brig.- 
gcn. U.S.A., b. N. Haven, Ct., Dec. 22, 1803; 
d. of woiuids received at the battle of Antie- 
tam, Sept. 18, 1862. West Point, 1822. While 
an infant, his father d. at Vera Cruz ; and his 
mother, Mai-y Fcnno, returned to Middletown, 
Ct., her native place. Entering the engrs., he 
was employed in planning and constructing 
foriitieatioiis for coast and harbor defence. 1st 
licut. 5 Mar. 1832; capt. 7 July, 1838. Dur- 
ing the Mexican war he served nnder Taylor 
as chief engr.; was brev. major for his conduct 
in the defence of Fort Brown ; licut.-col. tor 
Monterey, where he was severely wounded lead- 
ing the column that stormed the city at the 
Tannery ; and col. for Buena Vista. May 28, 
1853, he became insp.-gcn., rank of col. ; Mny 
6, 1861, brev. brig.-gen.; and May 14 brig.-gen. 



U.S.A ; until Aug. 1861 he com. the dept. of 
Washington, and lor a short time that of Va. 
He fortified Washington on every side, crowned 
the heights of Arlington with earthworks, and 
took Alexandria; he next served at Cape 
Hattcras, and then at Newport News. After 
the destruction of " The Merrimack " and the 
occupation of Norfolk, he was put in com. of 
Surt'olk, Va. Ordered to join Gen. McClellan, 
he took com. of the corps previously under Gen. 
Banks. At Antietam he was mortally wounded 
early in the day. 

Mante, Maj. Thomas, assist, engineer at 
the sie^e of Havana, and maj. of brigade in the 
campaign of 1764. Author of " History of the 
Late War in N. Amer." (a very valuable work), 
4to, 1772; transl. of "Defensive Arms," Lon- 
don, 8vo, 1771, and of "System of Tactics," 
1781, 1784, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Mapes, James J., LL.D., agricultural 
chemist, b. New York City, May 29, 1806; d. 
Newark, N. J., Jan. 10, 18*66. He was a sugar- 
refiner; was app. prof, of chemistry and nat. 
philos. in the Nat. Acad, of Design, ami in- 
vented many useful proems,,.. i,i ~iij;ii- 111, king 
and refining, but later ill I i ; pi : ,,; : i < iits 
to the science of agriculttiti i !, i i.ee-s 

on a farm near Newark. 11. rn:. li i h ll',„/,-- 
ing /armer, and other agriciiliiiral pulili.atioiis. 
He manufactured a fertiiizer called "nitiogcn- 
ized superphosphate," from the sale of which he 
derived some profit. He delivered valuable lec- 
tures at agric. fairs, and -jvi-otc articles for scien- 
tific journals, American and English. Author 
of " The Amer. Repository of Arts, Sciences, 
and Manufactures," 4 vols. 8vo, 1840; "The 
Practical Farmer." 

Marble, Danforth, Y'ankee comedian, b. 
E. Windsor, Ct., 1807 ; d. Louisville, Ky., May 
1.3, 1849. First app. at the Chatham, N.Y., in 
1831 ; at the Walnut-st., Phila., Dec. 20, 1837, 
as Sam Patch ; and visited various cities suc- 
cessfullv as a star. Made his English Mmi at 
the Strand, London, Oct. 30, 1845, as Deuter- 
onomy Dutiful. Nov. 13, 1836, he m. Anna 
Warren, a successful actress. 

Marble, Manton, editor ^V. Y. World, h. 
Worcester, Ms., 16 Nov. 1835. U. of Roches- 
ter, 1855. Wm., his emig. ancestor, became a 
freeman of Boston 3 May, 1654. He was edu- 
cated at the High School, Prov., R.I., after- 
ward at the Albany Acad. After leaving coll. 
he went on the editorial staft" of the Bos'on 
Journal. ; was afterward the responsible editor 
of the Trnvdler;m 1858 went toN.Y.,andwas 
connected mth the Eve. Post until the estab- 
lishment of the IForW in June, 1860. Apr. 12, 
1862, he purchased this sheet, and has since 
conducted it as the exponent of Democ. prinei- 
ples. In Har/ter's Mag. for 1860 is an account 
of his " Trip to Red River and Beyond." 

Marbois (miii-'-hwa'j, Francois, marquis 
of Barbe' Marbois, a French diplomatist and 
author, b. Metz, Jan. 31, 1745; d. Jan. 14, 
1837. His father was director of the mint at 
Mctz. 1 le Iwcame tutor to the children of Cas- 
tries, minister of marine, through whom he ob- 
tained in 1779 the post of sec. of leg;ation to the 
U.S. during our Rcvol.; and was the principal 
agent in the most important operations of the 
embassy. On the retiu-n of Luzerne to France, 



m:^r. 



597 



Mar'jois continued in this country as c-har je 
d'affaires. As consul-yen. of France, he or- 
ganized all the French consulates in this coun- 
try, in which he resided until 1785. lie was 
afterwards app. intendant of St. Domingo ; re- 
turned to Franco in 1790, and was immediately 
sent by Louis as ambassador to the German 
diet. In 1795 he was chosen a member of the 
council of eldei-s, and in the struggle between 
the directory and the councils, having defended 
the latter, he was, with others, condemned to 
deportation to Cayenne. Returning after an 
exile of two years and a half, he was nominated 
by tha first consul counsellor of state, and in 
1801 sec. of the treasury. In 1803 he was app. 
to cede Louisiana to the U.S. for 50,000,000 
francs, but had the skill to obtain 80,000,000, 
a piece of diplomacy for which he was liberally 
rewarded by Najioleon. In 1808 he was made 
prcs. of the com- (Its romptes ; in 1813 he was a 
senator; and in 1814 was among the first to 
vote (or the dejiosition of Napoleon. Louis 
XVIII. created him a peer, and confirmed him 
in the presidency of the cour dcs coinptcs. Keep- 
er of the seals in 1815-16, and was soon after- 
wards created marquis. Author of some agri- 
cultural and financial essays ; " Conwlot d' Ar- 
nold," " Histoire de la Louisiane et de la Cession 
de cette Colonie," Paris, 1 829, and " Reflections 
on St. Domingo." 

March, ALDEN,M.D.,LL.D.CWms.CoU.), 
snrgeon, b. Sutton, Ms., 1795 ; d. AUiany, June 
17, 1869. B.U. 1820. He attended medical 
lectures in Boston, and subsequently at B.U., 
where he was distinguished tor his skill in anat- 
omy, and in 1820 settled in practice at Albany. 
He was a dexterous and skilful operator, and 
originated many important improvements in 
surgery. He was the fiither and one of the 
founders of the Albany Med. Coll., and was 30 
years at its head ; was also a founder of the Al- 
bany City Hospital. Prcs. Auilt. Med. Assoc. 
Author oV " Improved Forceps for Harelip Op- 
erations," 1855; "Wounds of the Abdomen 
and Larynx," 1854. 

March, Charles W., author, b. Ports- 
mouth, N.H., 15 Dec. 1815; d. Alexandria, 
Egypt, 24 Jan. 1864. H.TJ. 1837. He studied 
law ; practised in Portsmouth ; was a member 
of the N.H. legisl. ; removed toN. Y. City; and 
wrote for the Tribune, Times, and for the Bos- 
ton Courier, under the signature of " Pequot." 
U.S. vice-consul to Cairo. Author of " Trav- 
els in Madeira and Spain ; " " Daniel Webster 
and his Contemporaries," 4th ed. 12mo, 1852; 
and "Reminiscences of Congress." Contrib. 
of many brilliant essays to magazines and 
journals. 

Marchand, John B., commodore U.S.N., 
.^Kyr, b. Pa. Aug. 27, 1808. Midslupra. May 1, 1828 ; 
'^"'^ lieut. Jan. 29, 1840; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
ctpt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; 
ret. 27 Aug. 1870. Aug. 1841 to Aug. 1842 
in com. of steamer " Van Buren," operating in 
the everglades of Florida against the Seminole 
Indians; participated in the bombardment of 
Vera Cruz and the capture of Tupsan, 1 847 ; 
com. steamer " Memphis," Paraguay exped., 
1859-60; steamer "Jas. Adger," S. Atl. block, 
squad., 1862; participated in the capture of 
Fernandina, Fla., Mar. 1862; slightly wound- 



ed while reconnoitring in the Stono River, 
Mar. 16, 1862; com. steam-sloop "Lackawana," 
W. Gulf block, squad., 1863-t, and in battle of 
Mobile Bay ; and assisted to capture the rebel 
ram "Tennessee," Aug. 5, 1864. — Hamersli/. 

Marchant, HiiSRv, LL.D. (Y.c. 179'2), 

jurist, b. Martha's Vineyard, Ms , Apr. 1741 ; 
d. Newport, R.I., 30 Aug. 1796. Pliila. Coll. 
1762. Studied law under Judge Trowbridge 
of Cambridge, Ms.; practised in Newport; 
was atty -gen. of R. I. in 1770-7, and nieml)er 
of the Assembly; took a prominent part in 
the Revol. movements of the time ; was chair- 
man of the cotn. to prepare instructions to the 
delegates in Congress; member of the Old 
Congress 1 777-80 and 1783^; and an etHeient 
member of various important committees; 
member of the convention to adopt the U.S. 
Constitution; and, from 1790 to his death, 
judge of the U.S. Dist. Court. — Updike's R.I. 
Bar. I 

Marey, E. E., M. D., homoeupathist, b. 
Greenwich, Ms., Dec. 9, 1815. Amii. Coll. 
1837; Jeff. Med. Coll. 1840. Since 1852 ho 
has edited the A^. A. Homceop. Jour., quarterly. 
He edited Hahnemann's Lesser Writings, 
pub. 1854, by Radde. He has written numer- 
ous essays on medical and chemical subjects, 
and is recognized as a standard authority. A 
skilful practitioner, he has the largest and most 
lucrative practice in N.Y. Author of " Theo- 
ry and Practice of Medicine," 8vo, 1852; 
" Homoeopathy vs. Allopathy," 8vo, 1854. — 
Allilmie. 

Marcy, Randolph B., insp.-gen. U.S.A , 
b. Ms. ab. 1811. West Point, 1832. Entering ^ /u-i ' 
the 5lh Inf. he became 1st lieut. June 22, 1837 ; , /' 

eapt. Mav 18, 1846 ; engaged at Palo Alto and //f^ 2- 2 . 
Resaca de la Palma 8-9 May, 1846 ; iu e.\- 
pbn-ation of Red River Country ; in hostilities 
auaiiist the Seminoles in 1857 ; served in the 
Utah ti.xped. in 1857-8 ; com. a detachment 
sent to N. Mexico to procure su|)plies in Nov. 
1857, returning in Mar. 1858, after great suf- 
fering ; became paym. (rankofmaj.) Aug. 22, 
1859 ; insp.-gen. (rank of col.) Aug. 9, 1861 ; 
was attached as chief of staff to the Army of 
the Potomac under Gen. McClellan (his son- 
in-law); and 23 Sept. 1861 became brig.-gen. 
vols. He was on Gen. McClellan's staff during 
the campaigns in Western Va., the Peninsula, 
and Md. Author of " Exploration of the Red 
River in 1852," 8vo, 1853; "Prairie Travel- 
ler," 1859; "Personal Recollections," 8vo, 
1866. 

Marcy, William Learned, statesman, 
b. Southbridge, Ms., Dec. 12, 1786; d. Ball- 
ston Spa, N.Y., July 4, 1857. B.U. 1808. lie 
taught school for a while in Newport, R.I., 
studied law, and commenced practice in Trov, 
N.Y. At the commencement of the war of 
1812, being an oflScer of a military company, 
he volunteered his services, and acted with the 
company until the cessation of hostilities. On 
the night of Oct. 22, 1812, he disting. himself 
in the capture of a corps of Canadian militia 
posted at St. Regis, being the first prisoners 
taken on land, and their flag the first captured 
during the war. He was app. recorder of 
Troy in 1816; edited the Troi/ Bud'iH. a lead- 
ing Democ. organ; adj.-gen. of the State in 



]VLAR 



598 



JVLAJl 



J:in. 1821; state comptroller in 1823; assoc. 
justice of the N.Y. Supreme Court in 1829 ; 
U.S. senator ia 1831-3; gov. of the State in 
183.3-9 ; and a commiss. to decide upon the 
claims of the Mexican Govt, in 1839-12 ; sec. 
of war under Pres. Polk from 1845 to 1849, 
he performed the arduous duties of that posi- 
tion with signal ability durinj^ the Mexican 
war. His diplomacy was displayed in the set- 
tlement of the Oregon boundary. He was an 
advocate of the tarifif of 1846 ; and opposed 
all interlL-rence on the slavery question. U.S. 
sec. of state 185.3-7. He was a hard-workintr, 
careful, plain man, of great integrity, and a good 
scholar. His state papers on Central Amer. 
affairs, on the enlistment question, on the Dan- 
ish Sound dues, and on many other topics of 
national interest, exhibited remarkable ability 
as a writer, statesman, and diplomatist. 

Mareciial, Ambroise, 1>.])., K.C. arch- 
bishop of Baltimore, b. Ingre, near Orleans, 
France, 1769; d. Baltimore, Jan. 29, 1828. 
Educated at the seminary of St. Sulpice, he 
came to Baltimore in 1792. Returning to 
France, he was from 1803 to 181 1 prof, in the 
seminaries of St. Flour, Aix, and Lyons. He 
retused the bishopric of N.Y., which was ten- 
dered him, but accepted the post of eo-adjutor 
to the archbishop of Baltimore, whom he suc- 
ceeded on his decease, Dec. 14, 1817. He vis- 
ited Kome in 1821-2 to procure aid for his 
church in Baltimore. 

Margil, Jescs de (Father Antonio), an 
early Franciscan missionary to Texas, b. Va- 
lencia, Aug. 18, 1657 ; d. Mexico, Aug. 6, 
1726. Author of *'A7 Pereqfino Septentrional 
Atlante," &c., Valencia, 1742. He is styled 
" NotarioApostolico," " Commissario del San- 
to Oficio," "Fundador y Ex Guardian do tres 
Coligios," and " Prefecto de las Missiones de 
Propaqande Fide en todas las ludias Occiden- 
tales," &c. — Hist. Mag. Juno, 1861. 

Marguerittes, Julie de. or Mbs. Rea, 
authoress and critic, b. Lond. 1814 ; d. Phila. 
June 21, 1866. She was dan. of Dr. A. B. 
Granville, F.R.S. At an early age m. Baron 
de Marguerittes, with whom she travelled all 
over Europe. The revol. of 1848 compelled 
him to leave France, and seek an asylum in 
the U.S. She soon became a contrib. to the 
N.Y. Saturdai) Courier, writing " The Ins and 
Outs of Paris," afterward pub. in book-form. 
Marguerittes having returned to France, and 
discarded her, she went upon tlie stage, Alarch 
9, 1852, at the Broadway, NY., in the opera 
of " La Gazza Ladra," but retired Irom it soon 
after. After the death of her husband, in 1856, 
she removed to Phila., and became contrib. and 
dramatic critic to the Sitndai/ Transcript, 
which contained her " Parisian Pickings," and 
other papers. Her second husband, George 
G. Foster, who d. in 1860, was a well-known 
writer. She afterward m. Samuel J. Rea of 
tlie Phila. press. She was a very voluminous 
writer, and by her pen supported and educated 
her children. Her dau. Noemie is dramatic 
critic of the Phila. Transcript. 

Marion, Fk.4NCIS, brig. -gen., a celebrated 
partisan ofBtcr in the Revol. war. h. near George- 
town, S.C, 1732; d. Feb. 29, 1795. At the age 
of 16 he entered on board a vessel bound to «he 



W. Indies; but she foundered on her passage 
out, and the crew took to tlie buat. Dc^tiruto 
of water or provisions, several iliud of liiingt-r 
before they were rescued. He then ciii;:i;;ed 
in agriculture until 1759, when he was a lieut. 
in Gov. Lyttleton's cxped. against the Chero- 
kees; and in Apr. 1761 was a capt. in that of 
Col. Grant. He led the forlorn hope in the 
battle of Etchoee, and was one of the few who 
escaped. When the Revol. war began, he was 
elected to the Prov. Congress ; made a capt. in 
the first corps raised in S.C. ; served as major 
in the defence of Fort Moultrie ; was lieu t.-col. 
(com. of his regt.) at Savannah and at the 
siege of Charleston, where, fracturing his leg 
by accident, he escaped the captivity to which 
the garrison was eventually forced to submit. 
App. a brig.-gen. in 1780, he commenced his 
partisan career as soon as he recovered from 
the fracture of his leg, with only 16 men. Fer- 
tile in stratagem, he struck, unperceived, and, 
retiring to those hidden retreats in the morasses 
of Pedee and Black River, he placed his corps 
out of the reach of his foe. The country from 
Camden to the sea-coast, between the Pedee 
and Santee, was the theatre of his exertions. 
Soon after the defeat of Gates (Aug. 20, 1780), 
he captured a British guard of 90, and rescued 
150 Continental prisoners. He surprised Mnj. 
Gainey, an English partisan officer of reputa- 
tion, and took his whole party. He next 
attacked Capt. Barfield's party of Tories, kill- 
ing or capturing 30 out of 49. He routed 
with great loss a large body of Tories at Shep- 
herd's Ferry, another under Col. Tynes at the 
forks of Black River, and succeeded in escap- 
ing from Tarleton after a long and hot pur- 
suit. Watson, Gainey, Tynes, McIUraith, 
Tarleton, and Doyle were at different times 
sent to crush him, but were either foiled by his 
strategy, or disgracefully defeated. In 1781 he 
was joined by Lee's Legion, captured a num- 
ber of the enemy's forts, and participated in 
the battle of Eutaw. After the war he m. 
Mary Videau, a lady of wealth ; resided in his 
native paiish of St. John's, and was returned 
to the State senate. In 1790 he was a member 
of the State Const. Conv. He was small in 
stature, thin, neither pleasing in visage, nor 
captivating in his manners, and was reserved 
and silent. — See Lives of iVnrion bi/ P. Horry 
and M. L. Weems, and by IF. G. Simms. 

Markoe, Petek, poet, <i. Phila. 1792. 
Pub. "Miscellaneous Poems," 1787; "The 
Times," a poem, 1788 ; " The Patriot Chief," 
a tragedy ; " Reconciliation," an opera ; and 
is the supposed author of " The Algerine Spy." 
— Simpson. 

Marquette (mar'-ket'), Jacques, one of 
the first explorers of the Mpi., b. Laon, France, 
1637 ; d. May 18, 1675. Becoming a Jesuit at 
the age of 17, he sailed for Canada as a mis- 
sionary in 1666. After passing ab. 18 months 
at Three Rivers, in Apr. 1668 he founded at 
Lake Superior the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. 
In 1669, after a short stay at Lapointc, he fol- 
lowed the Hurons to Mackinaw, where ■ i 1671 
he built a chapel at the mission of St. Ignatius, 
or Miehilimacinac; in May, 1673, he accomp. 
Jolliet's exped. to explore the Mpi., and, after 
travelling in canoes over 2,500 miles, returned 



599 



in Sept. They proceeJcd to Green Bay, 
through Fox River, to the Wiseonsin, and 
thence by Portage to the Mpi., which they de- 
scended to the Arkansas. Returning, they 
usccnded the Illinois, proceeded thence across 
to Lake Michigan, to Green Bay, and to the 
mission, without serious accident. During this 
exped. he prepared a map of the route. Hav- 
ing promised the Kaskaskia Indians to return 
and preach to them, after being detained a year 
by sickness, he set out in Oct. 1674, with two 
white men and a number of savages, for the 
village of Kaskaskia. After wintering at the 
Portage in the Chicago, he reached Kaskaskia, 
Apr. 8, 1675, and at once Ix-gan a mission by 
erecting an altar, and celebrating the fe>tival 
of Easter ; but, conscious that his end was ap- 
proaching, he soon attempted to return to 
Mackinaw, but died near the mouth of a river 
on the east shore of Lake Michigan, which 
still bears his name. " He was of a cheerful, 
joyous disposition, playful even in his manner, 
and universally beloved." His narrative was 
pub. at Paris in 1681, in Thevenot's " Eecueil 
ae Voyages." This account, as well as a jour- 
nal of the missionary's last exped., is in Shea's 
"Discovery and Exploration of the Mpi. Val- 
ley," N.Y. 1852. 

Marryat, Capt. Frederick, R. N., an 
English novelist, b. London, July 10, 1792; d. 
Aug. 2, 1848. His mother was the dau. of 
Frederick Geycr of Boston. Entering the 
navy at an early age, he disting. himself in 
several engagements, particularly in 1814 by 
cutting out 4 vessels in Boston Bay, and in an 
action with gunboats on Lake Pontchartrain. 
He also benelited the naval profession by the 
invention of his well-known code of signals. 
He commenced his literary career in 1829, pro- 
ducing a great number of' sea-tales, among the 
best of which are " Peter Simple," " Midship- 
man Easy," " Percival Keene," &c. In 1837 
he visited the U.S., and on his return pub. his 
" Diary in America," which reflected some- 
what severely on our national characteristics. 
This was followed by 3 additional vols., and by 
his " Travels of M. Violet," supposed to be 
founded on the adventures of Chateaubriand in 
the woods of the New World 

Marsh, Charf-es, LL. D. (D. C. 1828), 
lawyer, b. Lebanon, Ct., July 10, 1765; d. 
Woodstock, Vt., Jan. U, 1849. Dartm. Coll. 
1786. His father, Hon. Joseph Marsh, removed 
to Vt. before the Revol., where he became a 
leading VVhig, and was several years lieut.-gov. 
of the State. Charles studied law, and com- 
menced practice at Woodstock, Vt., in 1788. 
For 50 years he was a successful lawyer. Dur- 
ing the presidency of Washington he was dist. 
atty. of Vt. The A.B.C.F.M., the Bible, and 
Colonization Societies, long felt his efficiency 
and liberality as a member ; and he took an 
active part in the Dartm. Coll. Controversy. 
M.C. 1815-17, and a founder of the American 
Colonization Society. 

Marsh, Dexter, student of the fossils of 
the Ct. Valley, b. 1806; d. Greenfield. Ms., 
Apr. 2, 1853. An uneducated l.iborer, his at- 
tention was drawn in 1835 to the subject of 
fossils, by observing the footprints in slabs used 
for flagging-stones. He explored the valley 



"d ; fit . 



from the northern line of Ms. to Wethersfield, 
and also the States of N.J. and N.H., and made 
very extensive collections, which were sold at 
auction alter his death. 

Marsh, George Pekkins, LL.D. (H.U. 
1859), philologist and diplomatist, b. Wood- 
stock, Vt., Mar. 17, 1801. Danm. Coll. 1820. cl^ \ oJ^c 
Son of Charles. He settled as a lawyci 
Burlington, Vt., and acquired an exten 
practice. Member of the State legisl. 
executive council in 1835; M.C. in 1842 
resident minister to Turkey in 1849-53; in 
1 852 he was charged with a special mission to 
Greece; and since 1861 has been resident min- 
ister to Italy ; in 1 857 he was app. by the gov. 
of Vt. to make a report to the legisl. on the 
artificial propagation of fish ; Vt. laiiroad 
commiss. 1857-9. Author of " The Goths in 
New Eng.," a grammar of the old Northern or 
Icelandic language ; and of various essays, lite- 
rary and historical, relating to the Goths, and 
their connection with America; of an interest- 
ing work on the Camel; and numerous pub. 
addresses and speeches ; " Lectures on the 
English Language," N.Y. 1860 ; " The Origin 
and History of the English Language," 1862 ; 
"Man and Nature," 1864. He m. in 1838 
Caroline Cbane, b. Berkeley, Ms., Dec. I, 
1816. She has pub. "The Hallig, or the 
Sheepfold in the Waters," translated from the 
German ; and " Wolfe of the Knoll and other 
Poems," N.Y. 1860. 

Marsh, James, a British gen. ; d. 1804. 
Capt. in the 46th Regt. Feb. 2, 1757; was 
wounded in the attack on Fort Ticonderoga, 
July 8. 1758; became major, July 23, 1772; 
and licut.-col. (43d) Aug. 28, 1776, the day 
after the battle of Long Island. After serving 
through the American war, he was app. col. 
(77th Foot) Oct. 12, 1787 ; maj.-gen. Oct. 12, 
1793 ; and lieut.-gen. Jan. 1, 1798. 

Marsh, James, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 1833), 
scholar and divine, b. Hartford, Vt., July 19, 
1794; d. Colchester, Vt., JulyS, 1842. Dartm. 
Coll. 1817; And. Sem. 1822. His boyhood 
was passed on a farm. Tutor at D. Coll. 
1818-20. Ord. as a Cong, minioter 12 Oct. 
1824; was in 1824-6 prof, of languages in 
Hamp. Sid. Coll. Va. ; in 1826-33 was pres. 
of the U. ofVt. ; and was in 1833-42 prof, 
of moral and intell. philos. there. In 1829 Dr. 
Marsh published an edition of Coleridge's 
" Aids lo Reflection," with a preliminary essay, 
and copious notes. Besides this. Dr. Marsh 
published some translations from the German, 
among them Herder's " Spirit of Hebrew 
Poetry," and articles in the leading reviews. 
In 1829 he pub. a series of papers in the Vt. 
Chronicle, signed " Philopolis," on Popular 
Education ; and in 1830 " Selections from Old 
English Writers on Practical Theology." Am- 
herst College and Columbia College each con- 
ferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity. 
He was a thorough scholar, a profound thinke'r, 
and an eloquent advocate of the highest truths 
of religious philosophy. Prof. Torrey, of the 
U. of Vt., pub. a vol. of his " Remains," with 
a Memoir, Boston, 1843. 

Marsh, John, D.D. (JefF. Coll. 1852), 
Cong, clergvman and temperance reformer, 
b." Wethersfield, Ct., Apr. 2, 1788; d. Brook- 



600 



lyn, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1868. Y.C. 1804. He 
studied theology with his father, who was 47 
years pastor of the Cong, church of Wethers- 
field, and d. Sept. 13, 1821. Began to preach in 
1809; and from Dec. 16, 1818, to Apr. 1, 1833, 
was pastor of the First Church,' lladdam, Ct. 
Becoming deeply interested in the teinper- 
auce reform, he delivered lectures, and organ- 
ized societies through tha State. In 1831 
he labored 3 months in Baltiraoro and Wash- 
ington. He was agent for the Temperance 
Union in Phila. in 1833-6; and from that time 
till his death was sec. of the Union in New 
York, and editor of its journal. Retiring in 
1866, he pub. "Temperance Recollections." 
He pub. many addresses on temperance, and a 
"Compendium of Ee. :.=; i-ti nl IIi;rnrv" in 
1838, revised in 1SIJ.'>: ■ i' ' '' i:. r '!':;'- 
ute to the Cause of 'I' ; , '.^ . i i^ , :; ; 
" The Temperance Sp :il. r. ' Ijum., i,-.,ii. In 
1846 he was delegate to the W'oritl's Temper- 
ance Convention at Loud. 

Marshall, Alexander K., pub. Reports 
Court of Appeals, Kv., 1817-21, 3 vols. Svo, 
1819-26 ; d. Ma^ou Co. 1825, a. 55. 

Marshall, CnniSTOPHER, Revol. patriot 
of Phila. He retired from business with a 
competency before the Revol., in which, al- 
though a Quaker, he took an active part in 
the committees of council and of safety. His 
Diary, 1774-81, called "Marshall's Remem- 
brancer," edited by Wm. Duane, was pub. in 
1839 and 1849. 

Marshall, Edward Chauncet, lawyer 
of New York, b. Little Falls, N.Y., 1824. A 
descendant of Capt. Samuel, killed in the 
" Swamp Fight," son of Thos. the pioneer 
at Boston, fi-om whom Marshall St. is named. 
Author of "Book of Oratory," 1852; "Firat 
Book of Oratory ; " " Genevcse," a vol. of poems ; 
" History U.S. Naval Acad.," 1862 ; " Ancestry 
of Gen. Grant" 1869; and a pamphlet, "Are 
the West-Point Graduates Loyal 1 " 1862. 

MarshaU, Homphrey, botanist and hor- 
ticulturist, b. West Bradford, Pa., 1722; d 
1801. A cousin of John Bartram. He pnb. 
Arbustum Aviericanum, the American grove, a 
catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, Phila. 8to, 
1785and 1788. AFrench translation appeared 
in 1788. — See Memorials of J. Bartram and 11. 
Marshall, by W. Darlington, Phila. 8vo, 1840. 

Marshall, Humphrey, pioneer to Ky. in 
1780; d. Lexington, Ky., 1 July, 1841, at the 
residence of his son, A. K. Marshall. A relative 
of Chief Justice M. Member of the State con- 
vention in 1787 ; served many years in the 
State legist. ; and was U.S. senator in 1795- 
(LLlUi- (i- IS"'- Author of the first History of Ken- 
, , L tucky, pub. in 1 vol. 1812, enlarged to 2 vols. 

"> 7'-±'-.>ll]l>- in 1824. 

Marshall, Hcmphret, politician, b. Frank- 
fort, Ky., .Jan. 13, 1812. West Point, 1832; 
resigned 1 833. He studied law, which he prac- 
tised in Louisville with success ; joined Gen. 
Taylor as col. of cavalry, fighting at Buena 
Vista, and leading the charge of the Ky. vols. 
In 1847 he retired to a farm in Henry Co. ; 
M.C. 1849-52 and 1855-9; and was coraraiss. 
to China, which was immediately raised to a 
first-class mission, 1852-3. In 1861 he was a 
gen. ill the Confed. army ; com. in Ky. ; de- 



feated by Gen. Garfield at Prestonburg 7 Jan. 
1862 ; and afterward com. under ICirby Smith. 
Marshall, Jou.s, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 18U2), 
jurist, b.Gennantown, Fauquier Co., Va.,Sept. 
24, 1755 ; d. Phila. July 6, 1835. Son of Col. 
Thomas, 3d Va. Kegt., a man of superior tal- 
ents, but a planter ot small fortune, who signal- 
ized bimseif dining the Revol., especially iit 
BrMvlvwMi.'. v.-h'To his regt. bore the brunt of 
; '■'•' : ' I lilt led by Cornwallis in person. 
.1 , , . , vet- at college, had some clas- 

M' .1 III- 1, engaged with ardor in the 

licwl. snut;g.e, wasalieut. in 1776; and capt. 
in ila^, 1777. He fought against Loid Dun- 
more m the battle of Great Bridge, and was 
afterwards in the battles of Brandywine, Ger- 
niintiiAn, ami Monmouth. In 1781 ho re- 
t ,;ij>i, luiviiig been adra. to the bar, de- 

\ : I I >i.it to the practice of the law, and 

^ aii.uinil euiiuence. Member of the con- 

MMitiijTi assembled in Va. fur the ratification 
of the Constitution of the U.S., greatly dis- 
ting. himself by his powerful reasoning and 
eloquence, as he also subseiiuently did in the 

Jay's treaty. He was solicited by \Vusliiiif;tou 
to accept the ofiice of iitty -gen., and again, ou 
tlie recall of Mr. Monroe Vioin France, tendered 
the ap[j. as his successor ; but he declined botli ; 
yet he afterwards accepted from Pres. Adams 
the app. of envoy to France, with Gov. Pinckney 
and Mr. Gerry. The envoys, however, not be- 
ing accredited, Marshall returned to the U.S. 
iu the summer of 1798. M.C. 1799; in 1800 
sec. of war; soon afterwards succeeded Picker- 
ing as sec. of state ; and, on the resignation of 
Chief Justice Ellsworth, was made, Jan. 31, 
1801, chief justice of the U.S., which ofiice he 
filled with disting. reputation until his death. 
Pres. of the Colonization Soc. ; vice-pres. of 
the Bible Soc. Author of " The Life of Wash- 
ington," pub. 5 vols. 1805, second edition, 
greatly improved, and compressed into two 
vols., 1832; " Hist, of the Colonies planted by 
the English in N. A.," Svo, Phila. 1824. His 
writings upon the Federal Constitution were 
pub. 8vo, Boston, 1839. His decisions (Va. 
and N.C. circuit) were pub. bv Brockenbrougli, 
2 vols. 8vo. 1837. 

Marshall, John James, jurist, b. Wood- 
foid Co., Kv., Aug. 4, 1785; d. Louisville, 
June, 1846 " N.J. Coll. 1806. He attained 
distinction in the profession of the law; was 
also an active politician; in 1814, and many 
years subsequently, was a member of the State 
iegisl. From 1836 to his death he presided 
over the Circuit Court. His ample estate was, 
during the financial revulsion in 1837, placed at 
the disposal of his friends ; and he died a poor 
man. He pub. "Reports Ky. Ct. of Appeals, 
1831-4," 7 vols. Svo. 

Marshall, Thomas, col. Revol. armv, b. 
Boston, 1718; d. Weston, Ms., 18 Nov. 1800. 
Son of Capt. Christopher. Capt. A. and Hon. 
Art. Co. 1763 and '67 ; raaj. Boston regt. 1705 ; 
lieut.-col. 1767-71 ; com. the 10th Ms. Regt. in 
the Revol., and w.is' disting. at Saratoga. 

Marshall, Thomas Alexander, LL.D 
(Y.C. 1866), b. Woodford Co., Ky., 15 Jan. 
1794 ; d. Louisville 17 Apr. 1871. Y.C. 1815. 
Son of Senator Humphrey by a dau. of Col. 



601 



Thos. Marsliall. Began to practise law in 
Frankfort in 1817; moved to Paris, Ky., in 
1819. M.C. lS.31-5; judge of the Court of 
Appeals 18--!5-5G; prof, of law school of Trans. 
U. 1836-49 ; chief justice Court of App. 1S66. 

Marshall, Thomas F., iiolitkian, h. Kv ; 
d.near Versailles, Woodford Co., Kv.. Srpt.'JJ, 
lS64,ab.a.64. Asonof Chief Justice iMarshall. 
A lawyer by profession, a man of talent and 
genius, he sacrificed to intemperance the prom- 
ise of a bright career. He began practice at 
an early age; removed to Louisville in 1831 ; 
became disting. as a political speaker ; was 
sent to the legisl. in 1834; was a judge of the 
Louisville Circuit Court ; and was M.C. in 
1841-3, adding to his high reputation by his 
speeches in that body. 

Marston, Oilman, M. C. 1859-63 and 
1865-7, b. Orford, N.H. Dartm. Coll. 1837 ; 
Dane Law School, 1840. Began to practise 
law at Exeter, N.H., in 1841 ; member N.H. 
legisl. 1845-9, and of the Const. Conv. in 1850; 
col. 2d N.H. Regt. June, 1861, serving in both 
battles at Manassas, through the Peninsular 
campaign, and at Fredericksburg; made brig.- 
gen. 29 Nov. 1862; attached to the Army of the 
James in 1864; and engaged at Drury's Bluff, 
Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. 

Martin, Alexander, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 
1793), b. N.J. ab. 1740; d. Danliurv, N C, 
Nov. 1807. N.J. Coll. 1756. In 1721 his 
father emig. from Tyrone Co., Ireland, and 
settled in N. J. Alex, settled in Guilford Co., 
N.C., in 1772; was a member of the Colonial 
Assembly; col. of a Cont. regt.; and in the 
battles of Brandywine and Gerraantown ; State 
senator 1779-82, '85, '87, and '88; speaker of 
the senate at the close of the war, and, as such, 
acting gov. in 1781-2; gov. of N.C. 1782-5 
and 1789-92; member of the convention to 
adopt the Federal Constitution 1788 ; U.S. 
senator 1793-9. He was vain of his literary 
attainments, and pub. in the N. C. Uidoersitij 
Mag. poetical tributes to Gen. Francis Nash 
and Gov. Caswell. — Wheeler. 

Martin, David, author of " Erin is my 
Home," and other popular pieces; d. Baton 
llougc. La., 1856. 

Martin, FRANgois Xavier.LL.D. (H.U. 

1841), jurist, b. Marseilles, France, March 17, 
17G2; d. N. Orleans, Dec. 10, 1846. In 1782 
he came to the U S. ; established himself in 
Newbern, N.C. He at first supported himself 
by teaching French; learned printing, and 
established a newspaper, the copies of which 
he peddled through the adjoining counties ; and 
afterwards pub. school-books, almanacs, trans- 
lations of French works, &c. He then studied 
law, and was ab. 1789 adm. to the bar, and be- 
came disting. in the profession. Pursuing at the 
same time his vocation of printer, he pub. 
brief treatises on the duties of sheriffs, of justices 
of the peace, and of executors and adminis- 
trators. App. during Jefferson's administration 
jndge of the Mpi. Terr.; and Feb. 1813 was 
app. atty.-gen. of the State. Feb. 1, 1815, he 
■was elevated by Gov. Claiborne to the Supreme 
Bench of La., and was chief justice from Jan. 
5, 1837, to 1845. Judge Martin was a good 
general scholar, as well as a sound lawyer. 
His Histories of La. (2 vols. 8vo. 1818) and N.C. 



(N.O. 1829, 2 vols. 8vo) are monuments to his 
industry, and his talents as an historian. He 
pub. " Notes of Decisions in the Superior Cts. 
of NC. 1787-96," 8vo, 1797; "Acts of the 
N.C. Assembly, 171 5-1803," 2 vols. 4to; "Re- 
ports of the .Supurior Court of Orleans from 
I8U9 10 1812 ; " and " Reports of the Supreme 
Court of La. tiom 1813 to 1830," besides a 
].)igcst of the Territorial and State Laws in 
French and English. 

Martin, George, chief justiceof Michigan, 
b. Middlebury, Vt., 1815; d. Detroit, 15 Dec. 
1867. He settled in Grand Rapids, Mich., 
1836; became a county judge; inl851ajudge 
of the Sup. Court, and chief justice from 1857 
to his death. 

Martin, John, gov. of Ga. 1782-3. App. 
in 1761 naval officer at Snnbury, Ga. ; member 
of the 1st Prov. Congress, July, 1775, and of 
the council of safety ; entered the Ga. Cont. 
line as eapt ; and was in 1781 lieut.-col., and 
member of the leuisl. from Chatham Co. ; 
State treasurer in 1783; commiss. to make a 
treaty with the Creek Indians in Jan. 178.3. 

Martin, Joseph P., a Revol. soldier, b. 
Berkshire Co., Ms., 1760; d. Prospect, Mc, 
May 2, 1850. Son of a Cong, clergyman. He 
entered the Revol. army in the spring of 1776, 
serving throughout the war, and participating 
in several of its most bloody battles. At its 
close he removed to Prospect, then compara- 
tively a wilderness, whore he was town clerk 
for over a quarter of a century. He pub. in 
1830 a narrative of his adventures. 

Martin, Joshua L, M.C, Ala., 1835-9; 
gov of Ala. 1845-7;d. Tuscaloosa, Nov. 2,1856. 

Martin, Josiah, gov. of N.C. 1771-5, b. 

Apr. 23, 1737; d. Lond. July, 1786. His 
father Samuel of Va. lost a large estate by 
confiscation. His brother Samuel, M.P. lor 
Camelford, fought a duel with John Wilkes. 
Josiah became ensign 4th Foot, Dec. 1756, and 
was in 1769 a lieut.-col. He succeeded in 
pacifying the regulators of N.C, and took 
energetic measures to preserve the royal author- 
ity in 1775 ; but Apr. 24 w.isobliged to fly, and 
took refuge on board " The Cruiser," firom 
which ship he issued a proclamation, Aug. 8. 
He was on board the fleet of Sir P. Parker at 
Charleston in June, 1776 ; was with Cornwal- 
lis at the defeat of Gates at Camden in 1780, 
but left N.C on account of ill health in Mar. 
1781, and withdrew to Long Island, and thence 
to England. 

Martin, Lcther, LL.D.. lawyer, b. N. 
Brunswick, N. J., 1744 ; d. N.Y., July 10, 1826. 
N J. Coll. 1 766. He taught school in Qneens- 
town, Md. ; studied law; was adm. to the bar 
in 1771 ; commenced practice in Accomac and 
Northampton, Va. ; and was adm. an attorney 
in the courts of Somerset and Worcester, soon 
attaining a lucrative practice. In 1774 he 
became a member of the com. to oppose the 
claims of Great Britain, and a member of the 
Annapolis convention. He pub. an answer to 
the address of the Bros. Howe ; also an address 
" To the inhabitants of the Peninsula between 
the Del. River and the Chesapeake ; " member 
of the Old Congress in 1784-5. Feb. II, 1778, 
he was app. atty.-gen. of Md. A violent poli- 
tician, he wrote many pungent essays against 



3VIAR 



602 



V^ 



the thon Oeiiioc. party ; was in 1804 one of the 
ileteiultTS of Juilye Chase impeached in the 
h. of represfntatives ; and was the personal and 
political fiiond of Burr, whose acquittal he was 
instruniental in ])rocuring when tried for 
treason in 1807. App. chief judj^e of oyer and 
terminer in 1814 for Baltimore, and aj;ain 
atty.-gen. of the State in 1818. He violently 
opposed the Federal Constitution, though a 
member of the convention which framed it, 
advocating the equality of the States, and con- 
tending that a small State should have as many 
Congressmen as a large State. Author of a 
" Defence of Capt. Cresap from the Charge 
of Murder made in Jefferson's Notes," and 
"Genuine Information, &c., of the Convention 
at Phila.," &c., 8vo, 1788. — Sre Nat. Port. 

Gilllrril. 

Martin, Robekt M., jurist, b. Worcester 
Co.,Md., 1798; d.Saratoga,N.Y., July 20, 1870. 
N. J. Coll. M.C. 1825-7 ; chief judge West- 
ern Circuit of Md. 1845-51 ; judge Superior 
Court of Baltimore 1856-67; and prof, m the 
Law School U. 1867-70. 

Martin, Simeon, Revol. patriot.; d. See- 
konk, R.I., Sept. 30, 1819, a. 65. In 1775 he 
joined Col. Crane's art. rogt., and was a capt. 
iu the R.I. line at the battle of Trenton. Dur- 
ing the war he was adj.-gen., and subsequently 
maj.-gcn. of the State militia. He long repre- 
sented Newport in the Gen. Aasemhly, and, un- 
til he declined in 1816, was repeatedly chosen 
lieul.-gov. of R.I. 

Martin, Col. William, soldier, b. Va. 26 
Nov. 1765 ; d. Smith Co., Tenn., 4 Nov. 1846. 
Near the close of the Revol. he took part in a 
campaign against the Indians. About 1786 he 
led a company of pioneers to Teuu. ; afterward 
settled in S.C., where he was a member of the 
legisl. He returned to Tenn. in 1798; was a 
member of the legisl.; and in 1812-13 com. a 
regt. of vols, under Jackson in the Creek cam- 
paign ; and was at Talladega and in other en- 
gagements. 

Martin, William D., lawyer and politi- 
cian, b. Martintown, S.C, Oct. 20, 1789; d. 
Charleston, Nov. 16, 1833. He studied law at 
Litchfield, Ct. ; practised atEdgeworth, Coosaw- 
hatchie, and several other courts; and in 1816 
was a member of the legisl. In 1818 he was 
made chairman of the judiciary com. and clerk 
of the State senate ; and was M.C. from 1827 to 
1833. One of the ablest jurists and advocates 
of S.C, he became in 1830 a judge of the Cir- 
cuit Court. He was of the ultra State-rights 
school, and was prominent in maintaining the 
principle of nullification. 

Martindale, John IIenbt, lawyer and 
soldier, b. Saudy Hill, Washington Co., N.Y., 
Mar. 20, 1815. West Point, 1835. In 1836 he 
became a civil eugr.; afterward studied law with 
his father; and practised smcessively at Bata- 
via and Rochester. Made brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 
9, 1861, he accomp. Gen. McClellan to York- 
town ; and was in all the battles before Rich- 
mond, in the 5th army corps, under Gen F. J. 
Porter. Engaged in operations south of Rich- 
mond, in the Army of the James, in May, 1 864 ; 
participated with the Army of the Potomac in 
the battles of Cold Harbor^ June 1-3, 1864,and 
siege of Petersburg; and com. 18th army corps 



i/ 



July-Sept. 1864. Brev. maj.-gen. U.S. vols. 
13 Mar. 1865, for battle of Malvern Hill ; re- 
signed 13 Sept. 1864; atty.-gen. N.Y. 1866.— 
Cullum. 

Martineau, Harriet, an English author- 
ess, b. Norwich, June 12, 1802. Slie had estab- 
lished a liigh reputation as a thinker and a nov- 
elist, when, in Aug. 1834, she sailed lor Amer- 
ica, and travelled extensively in the U.S., where 
she received much attention, and, on her return 
in the summer of 1836, pub. " Society in Amer- 
ica." She also pub. in 1838 her "Retrospect 
of Western Travel;" "History of England 
during the 30-Years' Peace," 2 vols. 1850; and 
"Biog. Sketches," 1869. Besides her numer- 
ous publications, she is a frequent contrib. to 
some of the leading magazines and periodicals, 
and to the London Daily News. 

Masearene, Jean Paul, acting gov. of 
Nova Scotia in 1 740-9, b. Castras, Languedoc, 
France, 1684; d. Boston, Jan. 22, 1760. Of a 
Huguenot family. Paul, at the age of 11, ex- 
patriated himself to Geneva, where he was edu- 
cated by Mr. Rapin. He went to Eng., where 
he was naturalized iu 1 706 ; entered the army 
as a lieut. the same jrear ; came with the Eng- 
lish troops to America in 1711, and was em- 
ployed in Nova Scotia, where he was by decrees 
advanced to the rank of col., and was also lieut.- 
gov. and com.-in-chief. Made a maj.-gen. in 
1758. App. a councillor in 1720, and many 
years the senior on the board. Ah. 1720 he 
transmitted to the plantation office a complete 
description of the province, with suggestions for 
its settlement and defence. In 1 744 he defended 
Annapolis, and beat otf the French under Du 
Vivier. With the govs, of Ms. and N.H. he 
negotiated with the Indians the treaty of 1725. 

Mason, Abmistead Tho.msox, U.S. sena- 
tor 1815-17, b. Loudon Co., Va., 1787; 
killed in a duel with Col. McCany, Feb. 5, 
1819. Wm. and M. Coll. 1807. Son of Sen- 
ator Stevens Thomson Mason. Was a farmer 



by occupation ; a col. in 



of 1812, and 



ably defended Norfolk; and was subsequently 
a brig.-gen. of Va. militia. His only child, 
Stevens Thomson, a capt. of the raoimted rifles, 
fell mortally wounded at Cerro Gordo. In con- 
sequence of a political dispute with his relative 
John McCarty, they fought a duel at Bladens- 
burg with muskets. His corresp. with his an- 
tagonist, which was pub., manifested the most 
malignant ferocity. 

Mason, Charles; d. Phila. 1787. Assist. 
of Dr. Bradley at the Roy. Observatory, Green- 
wich. He pub. Mayer's " Lunar Tables Ira- 
proved," Lond. 4to, 1789; and contrib. astro- 
nomical papers to "Phila.Trans.," 1761, '68, 
'70. With Jeremiah Dixon he ran the bound- 
ary-line between Md. and Pa., known as "Mason 
and Dixon's Line," in 1763-8. 

Mason, Charles, lawyer, b. N.Y. aljout 
1808. West Point (1st in class), 1829. Enter- 
ing the engrs., he resigned 3 Dec. 1831, and 
has since practised law at Newburg, N. Y. 
(1832-4), N. \. City (1834-6), Buriington, 
Iowa (1847-53, 1858-9), and at Washington, 
D. C. (since 1860). Acting editor N. Y. Evg. 
PuM 1835-6; dist.-atty. Des Moines Co., Wis., 
1837-8; chiefjustieeSup. Court of Iowa 1838- 
47 ; commiss. to draught a code of laws for State 



-'.^r 



'r '■ 



IVIA-S 



of Iowa 184S-51 ; judge of Dcs Moines Co. 
Court 1851-2; U.S. commissioner of patents 
185.3-7. — C"u//«m. 

Mason, Euenezer Porter, astronomer, 
b. Washington, Ct., Dec. 7, 1819; d. near 
Riclimond, Va., Deo. 24, 1840. Y.C. 1839. 
Though only 21 at the time of his death, 
young Mason had attained distinguished rank 
as a mathematician and astronomer. In the 
summer of 1840 he assisted in exploring and 
fixing the disputed boundary between Me. and 
Canada. In the short interval between his 
graduation and death, he found time, in nar- 
row circumstances Willi ru|iidlv-lailing health, 
to pursue and pub. Ins ■■ i (1,^, i lations on Neb- 
ula;," a paper whirh ;^aiiK(l On: luliniration of 
Sir J. Herschel. lli> Lite ami Writings were 
pub. in 1842 by Prof. Olmstead. 

Mason, Erskine, D D. (Col. Coll. 1837), 
minister of Bleeckerst. Church, New York. 
18.30-51, b. N.Y. City, 16 Apr. 1805; d. May 
14,1851. Dick. Coll. 1823. Son of Dr. John 
M. Mason. Ord. Presb. church, 20 Oct. 1826 ; 
installed over the church at Schenectadv 3 
May, 1827 ; prof, of Eccles. Hist. Union the- 
ol. Sem. 1836-42. His Memoir, by Rev. 
Wm. Adams, is prefixed to his sermons on 
practical subjects, entitled " A Pastor's Lega- 
cy," 8vo, 1853. — Spraqae, 

Mason, Francis, D.D. (B.U. 1853), cler- 
gyman and missionary, b. York, Eng., Apr. 2, 
1799. He was a sho'emaker's apprentice ; at 
19 emig. to Phila. ; settled at Canton, Ms., in 
1825 ; studied at the Theol. Sem., Newton, Ms., 
in 1827 ; and in May, 1830, having been ord., 
sailed with his wife for Calcutta as a mission- 
ary of the Baptists to the Karens. Acquiring 
the language, he wrote its first book, "The 
Sayings of the Elders." He prepared Pali and 
Burmese grammars, and acquired many of 
the Oriental languages. In 1853 he pub. a 
Karen translation of the Bible. He was also 
medical adviser to this tribe, and, having stud- 
ied medicine, pub. a small work on materia 
medica and pathology in one of the Karen dia- 
lects. Many years editor of the Morning Star, 
a Karen monthly, in both the Sgan and Pwo 
dialects. Member of many literary and scien- 
tific bodies. His English writings are " Re- 
port of the Tavoy Mission Society ; " " Life of 
Kothabvn," the Karen apostle ; " Memoir of 
Mrs. Helen M. Mason," 1847; "Memoir 
of "San Quala," 1850; and " Burmah, its 
People and Natural Productions," 1852, en- 
larged edition, 1861. — Ajipleton. 

Mason, George, statesman, b. Doeg's 
Neck, Fairfax Co., Va., 1726; d. Oct. 7, 1792. 
His ancestor Col. George, an M. P. in the 
reign of Charles I., subsequently an officer in 
the army of Charles II., after the defeat at 
Worcester in 1651, escaped to America, and 
landed at Norfolk, Va. George, after his mar- 
ria-;e with Ann Eilbeck, built Gunston Hall on 
the hanks of the Potomac, where he resided till 
his death. In 176? he drew up the non-im- 
portation resolutions, which were presented by 
Washington in the Va. Assembly, and unani- 
mously adopted. Against the assertion by the 
British parliament of the right of taxation. 
Mason wrote a tract, entitled " Extracts from 
the Va. Charters, with some Remarks upon 



them." At a meeting of the people of Fair- 
fax, July 18, 1774, Mason presented a scries of 
24 reso'lutions, which reviewed the whole 
ground of controversy, recommended a con- 
gress of the Colonies, and urged the policy of 
non-intercourse with the mother-country. 
They were sanctioned by the Va. conv. of 
Aug., and substantially adopted by the first 
Gen. Congress on the 20th of Oct. He was a 
member of the com. of safety; and in May, 
1776, in the Va. convention, drafted the decl. 
of rights and the constitution of Va., which 
were adopted by a unanimous vote. His ability 
as a debater, as well as his liberal spirit, was 
eminently displayed in the first legisl. of Va., 
upon his measure for the repeal of all the old 
disabling acts, and for legalizing all modes of 
worship. In 1777 he was elected to the Cont. 
Congress ; in 1 787 he was a member of the 
convention to frame the U.S. Constitution ; 
took a leading part in its debates, and favored 
the election of the pres. directly by the people, 
and for a term of 7 years, with ineligibility 
altcrvvard. He spoke with great energy 
against the clause of the Constitution which 
prohibited the abolition of the slave-trade till 
1808, declaring that slavery was a source of 
national weakness and demoralization, and it 
was therefore essential that the Gen. Govt, 
should have power to prevent its increase. 
Some of his propositions were defeated ; and he 
refused his signature to the instrument. In 
the Va. convention, with Henry, he opposed 
its ratification, unless with certain amendments, 
some of which were afterwards adopted by 
Congress and the State. Elected first U.S. sen- 
ator from Va., he declined, and devoted the 
rest of his life to study, and to hunting and 
fishing, of which he was extremely fond. Jef- 
ferson says of him, " He was a man of the first 
■ idom, of expansive mind, profound 
jment, cogent in argument, learned in the 
lore of our former constitution, and earnest 
for the republican change on Democratic prin- 
ciples." 

Mason, George C, editor of the New- 
port Mercuri/, b. Newport, R.I., 1820. Author 
of "Newport Illustrated," 1854; "George 
Ready," a story for boys, 1857 ; " The Ap|)li- 
cation of Art to Manufactures," 12mo, 1858. 
— Al/ibone. 

Mason, James L.,brev. lieut.-col. U.S.A., 
b. Providence, R.I., 1817; d. San Francisco, 
Cal., Sept. 5, 1853. West Point, 1836. Son 
of Maj. Milo Mason. Lieut, of engr. July, 
1836; capt. 24 Apr. 1847; brev. major for 
gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco ; brev. 
lieut.-col. for El Molino del Rcy, Sept. 8, 
1847, where he was severely wounded ; and was 
superintending the construction of fortifica- 
tions at San Francisco at the time of his death. 
He was long in charge of the construction of 
the fortifications of Fort Adams ; and was 
a skilful and scientific engineer. Author of 
" Analytical Investigation of the Resistance of 
Piles to Superincumbent Pressure," 1850, and 
of various milit. and sclent. re|iorts, 1836-53. 

Mason, James Mcrray, senator, b. Ana- 
losta Island, Fairfax Co., Va., 3 Nov. 1798; 
d. near Alexandria, Va., 29 Apr. 1871. U. of 
Pa. 1818. Grandson of George, and son of 



judgn 
lore c 



:^zA.a 



604 



Gen. John, who d. Clermont 19 Mar. 1849, 
a. 82. He studied law at Win. and Mary 
Coll.; bej^'an practice in 1820; was elected to 
the h. of delegates in 1 826, and twice re-elected ; 
M.C. in 1837-9; and U.S. senator from 1847, 
until expelled in July, 1861, for taking part in 
the Rebellion. He was a leading proslavery 
senator, and was chairm. of the com. on for- 
eign relations. He served in the Confed. con- 
gress; was app. with John SliJell a commiss. 
to Eng., and was captured in the British mail- 
packet " Trent," by Capt. Wilkes, 8 Nov. 
1861, in the Bahama Channel, and confined in 
Fort Warren, Boston harbor, until released on 
demand of the British Govt. 2 Jan. 1802. Ko- 
turning to Eng., the commissioners afterward 
resided some time in Paris, where their recep- 
tion was very friendly. Mr. Mason was the 
author of the Fugitivj-Slave Law of 1850. 

Mason, Jeremiah, LL.D. (H.U. 1817), 
lawyer, b. Lebanon, Ct., Apr. 27, 1768; d. 
Boston, Oct. 14, 1848. Y.C. 1788. Descended 
from Capt. John Mason of Ct. His maternal 
ancestor was Rev. James Fitch. His father. 
Col. Jeremiah, Revol. off., com. a comp. of min- 
ute-men at the siege of Boston, and d. Lebanon 
1813. The son studied law ; was adm. to the 
Vt. bar iu June, 1791 ; and began to practise in 
Westmoreland, a few miles below Walpole; 
but iu 1794 removed to Walpole, and in 1797 
to Portsmouth. In 1 802 he was app. atty.-gen., 
and soon became the acknowledged head of his 
profession in the State. U.S. senator 1813-17 ; 
member of the N.H. legist, during several ses- 
sions, in which he took a leading share in the re- 
vision of the State code. He draughted the reso- 
lutions and report of the legisl.on the Va. resolu- 
tions touching the Mo. Compromise. In Apr. 
1832 he removed to Boston, where, until the age 
of 70, ho was extensively retained in important 
causes. Hj was personally little known out 
of New England ; but his name and presence 
were familiar to every lawyer of his o^vn and 
the adjoining States; and nothing could ex- 
ceed the respect, and almost terror, that waa 
felt at the bar for the acuteness, rapidity, and 
vigor of his mind. Mr. Webster said of him, 
" I am hound to say, that of my own profes- 
sional discipline and attainments, whatever 
they may be, I owe much to that close atten- 
tion to the discharge of my duties, which I 
was compelled to pay for 9 successive years, 
from day to day, by Mr. Mason's ell'orts and 
arguments at the same bar. . . . The char- 
acteristics of his mind, as I think, were real 
greatness, strenifth, and sagaciti/. He was great 
through strong sense and sound judginent." 



1622, jointly with Sir F. Gorges, he procured 
a patent for a tract of land on the seaeoast, 
between the Merrimack and Sagadahoc Rivers, 
called the Province of Maine; early in 1623 
he sent a colony to settle on the w. banks of 
the Piscataqua River, the beginning of the first 
settlement of that region. Treas. and paym. 
of the king's armies during the war with Spain 
in 1624-9. Nov. 7, 16i9, he took from the 
council for N.E. a patent for a tract of land on 
the seacoast, between the Merrimack and the 
Piscataqua Rivers, called Xew Hampshire ; 
and Nov. 17, 1629, took wi.h Gorges a patent 
for a tract embracing Lake Champlain and 
the country thereabouts, called Laronia ; in 
1630 he sent additional colonists to the Piscat- 
aqua; and, in the autumn of 1631, Mason, 
Gorges, and others ibrmed a partnership in 
Lond. for the purpose of trade and settlement 
there; in 1632 he became a member of the 
Great Council for N.E., and soon after vice-pres. ; 
was ab. this time app. capt. of the South Sea 
castle, a fortress at the entrance of Portsm. har- 



j Capt. Johs, founder of N.H., b. 
King's Lynn, Norfolk Co., Eng. ; d. Lond. 
Dec. 1635. Buried in Westminster Abbey, 
Lond. In 1610 he had charge of a naval 
exped. sent by King James to subdue a re- 
hellion in the Hebrides; in 1616 he went to 
Newfoundland as gov., surveyed the island, and 
made an accurate map of it, which was pub. 
Lond. 1626. He also wrote a description of 
Newfoundland, pub. Edinb. 1620. In 1617 he 
explored the coast of N.E. ; Mar. 9, 1 622, he ob- 
tained from the Great Council a grant of a tract 
of land on the seacoast between Naumkeag and 
MeiTimack Rivers, called Mariana; Aug. 10, 



bor, Eng. ; was judge of the courts in Hamp- 
shire in 1635; was a commiss. to visit annually 
all the forts and castles in Eng. ; in Oct. he 
was app. vice-adm. of N.E., and, while prepar- 
ing to come hither to assume the duties of his 
olhee, fell sick and d. Mason's heirs sold their 
rights to the province of N.H. to Samuel Allen 
in 1691. Col. John* Tuftojj Maso.n, a lineal 
descendant, sold all his rights (29 Jan. 1746) for 
^1,500 to 12 gentlemen of Portsm. known as 
the Masonian proprietor's. — C. W. Tattle's Life 
of Capt. John Mason now in preparation. 

Mason, Capt. John, soldier, b. Eng. ab. 
1600; d. Norwich, Ct., 1672. He served in 
the Netherlands under Fairfax, who esteemed 
him so highly as to invite him by letter to join 
his standard in the civil war. Mason was one 
of the first settlers of Dorchester in 1630, but 
removed to Windsor ab. 1635. In May, 1637, 
he led a force of 90 wliites, and several hun- 
dred Indians, under Uncas and Miantonomoh, 
against the Pequot fort at Mysiic. Attacking 
them in the early morning of the 26th, they 
were surprised: an entrance was cflTected; a 
hand-to-hand conflict ensued; the torch was ap- 
plied ; 600 Indians perished ; and the strength 
of this formidable tribe was broken. Mason 
was soon after app. maj.-gen. of the Ct. forces, 
continuing till has death; was a magistrate 
from 1642 till May, 1668, and dep. gov. from 
May, 1660, till May, 1670. After the Pequot 
war he removed to Saybrook, at the request of 
its settlers, and for the defence of the Colony, 
whence, iu 1 659, he removed to Norwich. Mason 
was tall and portly, equally disting. for cour- 
age and vigor. At the request of the Gen. 
Court, he drew up and published a hi.^tory of 
the Pequot war, reprinted in Increase Mather's 
Relation of Troubles by the Indians, 1677; it 
was also repub., with notes by Prince, in 1736, 
12mo. — See Life hg Geo. E. Ellis, in Sparks's 
Ainer. Bioq., new ser. iii. 

Mason, John, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1786), 
Pre.-b. minister, b. Scotland, 1734; d. N.Y. 
Apr. 19, 1792. At the age of 24 he taught 
logic and moral pliilos. in the theol. sem. of 
the Autiburghers at Abemethy, by whom he 
was ordained; and took the pastoral charge of 



605 



a cong. in Cedar St., New York, on his arrival 
in 1761. He was a man of groat learning, and 
accurate and mature scholarship. 

Mason, John Mitchell, D.D. (U. of Pa. 
1804), divine, b. N.Y. Citv, Mar. 19, 1770; d. 
there Dec. 26, 1S29. Col Coll. 1789. Son 
of the preceding. He studied at the U. of 
Edinburgh, but was recalled, on his father's 
death in 1 792, to succeed him in the ministry. 
By his efforts a theol. scm. was established in 
N.Y. in 1804, of which he was app. prof, of 
theol.; in 1806 he projected the Ciristian's 
Miyazlne, in which he earned on a contro- 
versy wiih Bishop Hobart. Resigning his pas- 
toral charge in 1810, with the purpose of 
forming a new cong., he preached a wliile in 
a Presb. thurch-ediiice, and, having established 
more intimate relations between the two congs. 
than were b jlieved by some to bo authorized by 
the constitution of the Associate Ref. Church, 
the subject was brought before the synod at 
Phila. in 1811, and occasioned Dr. Mason's 
" Plea for Sacramental Communion on Catholic 
Principles." Provost of Col. Coll. in 1811-16; 
impaired health caused him to \-isii Europe, 
where he travelled extensively; returning in 
1817, he was from 1821 to 1824 pres. of Dick. 
Coll. ; in 1822 he connected himself with the 
Presb. Church. He was celebrated for his 
eloquence. A collection of his works was 
edited by his son, Rev. E. Mason, 4 vols. 8vo, 
N.Y. 1832 and 1849. His orations of the 
most general interest were on the death of 
Washington and of Hamilton. Memoii-s, with 
some of his Correspondence, was pub. by his 
son-in-law, J. Van Vechten, D.D., 2 vols." 8vo, 
1856. 

Mason, John Y., LL.D. (U. of N. C), 
statesman, b. Greensville, Apr. 18, 1799; d. 
Paris, Oct. 3, 1359. U. of N.C. 1816. He 
adopted the profession of law ; and was a dele- 
gate to the General Assembly 10 years; judge 
of the Dist. Court of Va. ; M. C. 1831 to 1837 ; 
in 1837 he was app. judge of the U.S. Court for 
Va. ; delegate to the Const. Convs. of 1828 and 
1849 ; a member of Pros. Tyler's cabinet as 
sec. of the U.S. navy in 1844 ; of Pres. Polk's, 
first as atty.-gon, and, secondly, as sec. of the 
navy, 1846-9; and was app. by Pros. Pierce, 
Jan. 22, 1854, minister to France, in which 
position he remained until his death. 

Mason, Jonatd.yx, lawyer and statesman, 
b. Boston, Aug. 30, 1752; d. there Nov. 1, 
1831. N.J. Coll. 1774. Son of Dea. Jonathan 
of the Old South Church. Studied law under 
John Adams, and became an atty. in 1777. He 
was one of the witnesses of the Boston Massacre, 
and delivered the oration Mar. 5, 1780. He 
became eminent as a counsellor ; and member 
of the State legisl.; in 1798 was of the gov- 
ernor's council ; was U.S. senator in lSOO-3 ; 
and M.C. in 1817-20 ; in the senate he took a 
prominent part in the discussions, and es- 
pecially in the celebrated debate on the repeal 
of the judiciary act of Fib. 13, 1801 ; he was a 
firm Federalist ; was disting. for great energy 
of character, and dignity of manners. 

Mason, Lowell, Mus. Doc. (U. of N.Y. 
1855), musical teacher and composer, b. Mod- 
field, Ms., Jan. 8, 1792. He commenced teach- 
ing very young ; removed to Savannah, Ga., in 



1812; and in 1821 pub. the "Boston Handel 
and Haydn Collection of Church Music ; " ho 
removed to Boston in 1827 ; devoted himself to 
the musical instruction of children, and the 
introduction of vocal music into the public 
^chools ; associating himself with J. G. Webb, 
vocal music received a now and extraordinary 
impulse in Boston and throughout New Eng- 
land; the Boston Academy of Music was 
established ; and " Teachers' Institutes," for 
the training of teachers and leaders of choirs, 
were generally established. His was the fii:st 
musical degree ever conferred by an Amer. 
coll. He has been a frequent eontrib. to the 
Musical Review and other periodicals; has 
pub. many juvenile collections of music and 
glee books, and 20 sacred and church music 
books, with the assistance of Mr. Webb : those 
works contain some pieces of his own compo- 
sition. His sons, under the style of " Mason 
Brothers," carry on an extensive publishing- 
business in N.Y. City. 

Mason, Richard B., brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Va. ; d. Jefferson Barracks, Mo., July 25, 
1850. Grandson of George Mason. Lieut. 
8th Inf. Sept. 2, 1817; capt. Jnly, 1819; in 
Black Hawk's war, major 1st Dragoons Mar. 4, 
1833; liout.-col. Juljr 4, 1836; col. June 30, 
1 846 ; com. the forces in Ca!., and ex officio gov., 
1847-8 ; brev. brig.-gen. for meritorious con- 
duct in Mexican war. May 30, 1848. 

Mason, Stevf.xs Thomson, son of Thom- 
son Mason, patriot and senator, b. Stafford, 
Va., 1760 ; d. Phila. May 10, 1803. Wm. and 
Mary Coll. At the age of 20 he had attained 
the rank of col. in the Revol. army, and served 
with distinction near the close of the war ; he 
attained the rank of gen ; was a member of the 
Va. h. of burgesses ; was a conspicuous mem- 
ber of the convention of Va. in 1788; and was 
a U.S. senator from 1794 until his death. He 
had great powers of oratory, wit, and sarcasm, 
and was very popular. 

Mason, Stevens Thompson, a pioneer 
statesman of Mich., b. Loudon Co., Va., 1811 ; 
d. N.Y. Jan. 4, 1843. Grandson of S. T. ; onlv 
son of Gen. Jolm T. Mason of Ky. Wa's 
app. when 1 9 years old sec. of the newly-or- 
ganized Terr, of Mich., performing also the 
responsible duties of gov. in 1834-5, when the 
Terr, became an independent State, and was 
adm. into the Union. He was gov. in 1836-40. 

Mason, Thomson, jurist, younger bro. of 
George, b. 1730; d. 1785. He sutdied law in 
the Temple at London ; settled in Loudon 
Co. ; was frequently a member of the h. of 
burgesses, and became an eminent jurist. In 
1774 he pub. a series of masterly papere, in 
which he maintained the duty of open resist- 
ance to the mother-country : the first of these 
papers was signed " A British American ; " 
the others appeared under his own name. In 
1778 ho was a member of the State Supremo 
Court ; and, with liis bro., w.^.s nominated l>y 
the senate to revise the laws of Va. ; member 
of the legisl. in 1779 and 1783. 

Massasoit, a sachem of the Wampano- 
ags; (i. in the latter part of 1661, a. ab. 80. 
His domain extended from Cape Cod to Narra- 
ganset Bay ; but his tribe, sui)posed to have 
numbered '30,000, had, just before the landing 



606 



:VLA.T 



of the Pilgrims, dwindled, from iliseasc, to 1)11 i-oly 
300. March 16, 1621, he appeared before the 
infant settlement at Plymouth, with 60 of his 
warriors, armed and painted, for the purpose 
of forming a friendly le.igue with the whites. 
Gov. Carver, in behalf of the Colony, eonoliuled 
with the Indians a treaty of peace, kept sa- 
credly for 50 years. In March, 162.3, he was 
visited, while sick, by Edward Winslow, and, 
grateful for his attentions, revealed a plot for 
the destruction of the Plymouth settlers. He 
resided within the limits of Warren, R.I., near 
a spring which still bears his name. Roger 
AVilliams, while on his way to Providence, was 
for several weeks his guest at this place. Mas- 
sasoit was just, humane, and honest, never 
breaking his word, and constantly endeavoring 
to imbue his people with a love of peace. 
Morton, in his " Memorial," says he was "a 
portly man in his best years, grave of counte- 
nance, spare of speech." His second son Pom- 
etacom, called by the colonists King Philip, 
who ultimately became sachem, in the vain en- 
deavor of putting a stop to the encroachments 
of the whites, inaugurated the bloody contest 
known as Philip's War. 

Massie, Ges. Nathaniel, b. Goorhland 
Co., Va., Dec. 28, 1763; d. P;unt Creek F'alls, 
O., Nov. 13, 1813. Son of iMaj. Nathaniel, a 
farmer. Ho entered the Revol. army at the age 
of 17; afterwards studied surveying ; emigrat- 
ed to the West in the fall of'l783, locating 
himself in Ky., but removed to Manchester, 
Ohio, in 1790, pursuing the occupation of a 
surveyor. In 1796 he laid out Cliillicothe from 
his own land. He was actively engaged in 
the early Indian wars of the North-west; be- 
came col. and afterwards gen. of the militia of 
O. ; was a delegate to the convention for fram- 
ing a State constitution in 1802; then to the 
senate, of which he was chosen speaker ; and 
was often a member of the legisl. ; a candidate 
for gov. of the State in 1807, and declared 
duly elected, but he immediately resigned. 

Massey, Rt. Hon. Eire, Lord Clarina, 
a Rrit. gen., b. Ireland, May 24, 1719; d. 
May 17, 1804, at Bath. He entered young 
into the service, and was wounded at the battle 
of Culloden in 1745; was at the head of the 
grenadiers who stormed and took the Moro 
Castle, Havana, where he was again wound- 
ed; also at the taking of Martinique. He 
was one of the last of Wolfe's companions at 
Quebec ; captured Fort Oswegachio in Aug. 
1760; and was a brig.-gen. during the Revol. 
war, commanding at Halifax, N.S. ; made an 
Irishpeer Dec. 27, 1800. 

Masterman, Stillman, physicist, b. 

Weld, Me., 28 Jan. 1831 ; d. there 19 July, 
1863. With but a scanty education he applied 
all his leisure to aiequisitions in natural science 
while working on a farm. His " Observations 
on Thimder and Lightning," in Smithsonian 
Reports for 1855, give the results of 304 obser- 
vations in 1850-4. He was an accurate and 
faithful observer, and contrib. nearly 20 papers 
to the Smithsonian Reports, the Anier. Journal 
of Science, and the Astronomical Journal. 
Mather, Cottox, D.D. (Glasg. i7io), 

F.R.S., the most noted of early N. Eng. 
divines; b. Boston, Feb. 12, 1663; d. there 



Feb. 13, 1728. Son of Increase Mother, and 
grandson of John Cotton. He was trained for 
Harvard by the learned Ezekiel Cheever, and 
was a precocious student, graduating in 1678 
with extraordinary proficiency. Employed 
several years in teaching; ord. minister of the 
North Church in Boston, as colleague with his 
father. May 13, 1684. He carried the doctrine 
of special providence to excess. A firm be- 
liever in witchcraft, he entered vigorously 
upon the persecutions of his day in N. Eng., in 
which he was chiefly instrumental, honestly be- 
lieving he was doing God service by w'itch- 
hnntinj. Hi- " Memorable Providences relating 
to Witihiralt 'a|i|i. in 1689. 20e.\ecuiions took 
place at Sakin in MJ'J-2. His " Wonders of 
the Invi.-ible WuiM " (1692) gives an account 
of the witchcraft trials. Even after the publi- 
cation of Robert Calcf's replv, " More Wonders 
of the Invisible World" (Lond. 1700), Mather 
made no retraction of his former judgments or 
convictions. In other respects, the memory 
of Mather deserves to be held in esteem. 
When the new discovery of inoculation tor 
the small-pox, which he was the first to in- 
troduce, came up, Mather set him.self against 
the popular outcry, and on the side of re- 
form. The great Franklin, in his Autobiog- 
raphy, acknowledges his obligations to Dr. 
Mather's " Essays to Do Good." He was one 
of the first to employ the press extensively in 
the dissemination of tracts ; he early lifted his 
voice in favor of temperance ; he preached and 
wrote for sailors ; he instructed negroes ; and he 
was a devoted historiograjdier of his country; 
besides discharging the sacred duties of his 
prolession. The catalogue of his printed 
works, enumerated by his son Samuel at the 
close of his Memoirof his father, numbers 382, 
bearing date from 1686 to 1727. His great 
work is the " Maqnulin I'hrisfi Ann nniini" 
(Lond. fol. 1702)." Tbe 2.1 .\niir. nl, «ith 
introd. and notes by Rlv.TImj-^. liobliiiis, D.I)., 
and tr.inslations of the quotations bv L. F. 
Robinson, 2 vols. 8vo, 1855, contains a Me- 
moir of Mather by S. G. Drake. Among his 
other works are " The Christian Philoso])her," 
and " The Psalterium Americanum," 1718, an 
attempt to improve the careless version of the 
Psalms then current, by a translation exactly 
conformed to the original, and written in blank 
verse; "Life of Increase Mather," 8vo, 1724; 
"Mirabilia Dei," 1719 ; " Ratio Dtsciplince," and 
" Directions to a Candidate for the Ministry," 
1726. — Did/cHnck; AUibone. 

Mather, Increase, D.D. (H. U. 1692), a 
learned divine and author, b. Dorchester, Ms., 
June 21, 1639 ; d. Aug. 23, 1723. H.U. 16.56 ; 
Dublin U. 1658. Son of Rev. Richard. Ho 
spent some years in Eng., a part of the time 
as a preacher, and, returning to Boston ab. 
Sept. 1, 1661, began to |Meaeh at the North 
Church, though not oid. there until May 27, 
1664. He was pres. of H.U. from June 11, 
1685, to Sept. 6, 1701. A member of the syn- 
od of 1679 and 1680, he drew up the result 
which was adopted. He was the first upon 
whom was conferred in this country the degree 
of D.D. ; he strenuously opposed the surrender 
of the charter of Ms. ; went to Eng. in Apr. 
1688, as its agent for redress of grievances; 



607 



aiA-T 



and returned to Boston, May 14. 1692, with a 
new charter, which gave to Mather the nomi- 
nation of the gov., lieut.-gov., and the coun- 
cil. He was one of the few who opposed the 
violent measures toward those accused of 
witchcraft in 1692, and wrote a treatise on the 
subject. He was a man of great indiistiy, 
learning, and usefulness. His wife was Maria, 
dau. of Rev. John Cotton. Author of " The 
History of tlie War with tlie Indians," 1676 ; 
" A Relation of Troubles of N.E. from the 
Indians," 1677 (both i-epub. with notes and 
introd. by S. G. Drake) ; " Cometographia, or 
a Discourse concerning Comets," 1683 ; "Re- 
markable Providences," 1684; "Several Pa- 
pers relating to the State of N.E.," 1690 ; 
"The Revolution Justified." A listof 92 of his 
pubs, is in the N. E. H. and G. Reg. ii. pp. 2.3, 24. 

Mather, Moses, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1791), 
clergyman, a descendant of Richard, b. Lvme, 
Ct., Feb. 23, 1719; d. D.irien, Ct., Sept.' 21, 
1806. Y. C. 1739. 14 June, 1744, he was in- 
stalled over the Cong, church at Darien, Ct., 
■where he remained till his death. He warmly 
espoused the cause of the Colonies in the 
Revolutionary war; and was twice taken by 
the British and Tories, carried to New York, 
and confined in the Provost Prison. He pub. 
a Reply to Dr. Bellamy on the Half-way Cove- 
nant; "Infant Baptism Defended," 1759; and 
was the author of a posthumous work, " A 
Systematic View of Divinity," 12mo, 1813. 

Mather, Richard, minister of Dorches- 
ter, b. Lowton, Lancash., Eng., 1596; d. Dor- 
chester, Ms., Apr. 22, 1669. Son of Thomas. 
Adra. a student at Oxford in May. 1818, but 
soon after became the minister of Toxteth, 
until silenced for non-conformity in 1634. In 
May, 1635, he left Eng. ; arrived at Boston 
Aug. 17 ; and was settled, Aug. 23, 1636, over 
the church in Dorchester, where he spent the 
remainder of his life. He was prominent in 
every svnod in N. E. from his arrival until his 
death. ' In 1646 he assisted Eliot and Welde 
in making the N. E. version of the Psalms. 
His model of church-discipline presented to 
the synod of 1648 was generally adopted. He 
pub. in 1639 the Discourse about the Church 
Covenant, and the Answer to 32 Questions ; a 
treatise of Justification, 1652 ; and prepared for 
the press an elaborate defence of the churches of 
N. E. His son Nathaniel, minister in Lon- 
don, of eminent piety and learning, b. Lan- 
cashire, Eng., 20 Mar. 1630, d. London, 26 
July, 1697. H.U. 1647. — See Life and Death 
<jf R. M; hi; Inc. Mather, 4to, 1670; Jonrnal 
( from orifi. AlS. in their archives) in Culls. Dorch. 
Antiq. and [list, .^oc, No. 3. 

Mather, Samlel, divine, son of Richard, 
b. Lancashire, Eng., May 13, 1C26 ; d. at Dub- 
lin, Oct. 29, 1671. H. U. 1643. He came 
with his father to N. E. ; was a fellow of Harv. 
Coll. ; was some time assist, to Rev. Mr. Rog- 
ers in Rowley ; and was pastor of the North 
Church, Boston, 1649. Returning to Eng. in 
1650, he was app. chaplain of Magdalen Coll., 
Oxford ; preached in Scotland and Ireland ; 
went to Dublin in 1655; and was senior fel- 
low of Trinity Coll., Dublin, and minister of 
the Church of St. Nicholas. Soon after the 
Restoration, he was suspended on a charge of 



sedition ; he was then minister at Burton 
Wood until ejected in 1602; he afterwiird 
gathered a church at his own house in Dublin, 
and was succeeded by his bro. Nathaniel. He 
held the first rank as a preacher. He pub. ser- 
mons and tracts ; " Old-Testament Types Ex- 
plained and Improved," 4to, London, 167'! ; 
" Life of Nathaniel Mather; " with several ser- 
mons, 1689. 

Mather, Samuel, D.D. (H.U. 1773), min- 
ister in Boston, son of Rev. Cotton, b. Oct. 30, 
1706; d. June 27, 1785. H. U. 1723. Ord. 
colleague with Mr. Gee, June 21, 1732 ; dism. 
Oct. 23. 1741. A church was built for him in 
Bennet St. by those who withdrew with him 
from the Old North, of which he was pastor 
till his death. He pub. a "Life of Cotton 
Mather," 8vo, 1729; "Essay on Gratitude," 
1732; "An Apology for the Liberties of the 
Churches in N. E^," 8vo, 1738; '■America 
Known to the Ancients," 1773; "The Sacred 
Minister," a poem in blank verse, 1773; and 
occasional sermons. 

Mather, William Williams, LL.D. 
(B.U. 1855), geologist, b. Brooklyn, Ct., Mav 
24, 1804; d. Columbus, 0., Feb. 27, 1859. 
West Point, 1828. Assist, prof, of chemistry 
and mineralogy from 1829 to 1835; 1st lieut. 
Dec. 1834;- and resigned 31 Aug. 1836; prof 
of chemistry of the La. U. 1836 ; geologist of 
South-eastern N. Y. 1836-1844; State geolo- 
gist of O. 1837-40, and of Ky. 1838-9; prof, 
of natural scienceofthcU. of O. 1842-5; and in 
1847-50 vice-pres. and acting pres. of the same. 
He is said to have had the largest and best col- 
lection of minerals, and every description of 
geological specimens, in the West. Author of 
" Elements of Geology," 1833; with others, 
" Report of the Geo!. Surv. of Ohio," 8vo, 
1838; "Geol. of N.Y." 1843; also of the 
States of Ms., Ct., Pa., Ky., Mich., and West- 
ern Territories ; and of numerous scientific 
papers. Editor of Western Ar/riculturist 1 85 1-2 ; 
memher of many scient., hist., and lit. associa- 

Mathew, Edward, a British gen., b. 1 729 ; 
d. Dec. 26, 1805, at Clanville Lodge, Hants, 
England. Ensign in the Coldstream Guards 
in 1746; capt. and lieut.-col. 1762; col. March 
20, 1775; and March 23 aide-de-camp to the 
king. He came to America in 1776 in com. 
of a brigade of the Guards, with the rank 
of brig.-gen. ; took part in the capture of 
Fort Washington, Nov. 1776; in May, 1779, 
com. the party sert to destroy Gosport, Va. ; 
and after his return accomp. Clinton up the 
Hudson when Verplancks and Stony Points 
were captured. In Feb. 1779 he was app. 
maj.-gen. ; became col. of the 62d Regt. the 
same year ; and was stationed at or near N.Y. 
in 1780, in which year he returned home. He 
was app. com.-in-chief of the forces in the W. 
Indies in Nov. 1782; in 1783 was gov.-gen. of 
Granada and the southern Caribbee Islands; 
and in 1 797 became a general. 

Mathews, Coknelhts, author and jour- 
nalist, b. Port Chester, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1817. 
U. of N.Y. 183.5. Adm. to the bar in 1837. In 
1836 he commenced writing in prose and verse 
for the Amer. MoiMi/ Ma;/., the N. l'. Review, 
the Knickerbocker Mag., and other periodicals. 



IkLA-T 



608 



HL'piib. "Behemoth" in 1S39; "The Politi- 
cians," a comedy, 1840; " The Career of PuillT 
Hopkins," 1841 ; "Poems on Man in the Re- 
pnblii-," 1843; "Big Ahcl and Little Manliat- 
tiin," 1845; "Witchcraft," a tragedy, 1846; 
"Jacob Lcisler," a play produced in Phila. 
1848 ; "Mony Penny, or the Heart of the 
World," 1850; "Chanticleer, a Thanksgiving 
Story of the Peabody Family ; " " Pen-and-ink 
Panorama of N. Y. City," 1853; "False Pre- 
tences," a comedy, 1 856, &c. He was some time 
associate editor of Arcturus, a monthly maga- 
zine; has since edited various journals, and 
contrih. largely to the Lkerari/ World and oth- 
er periodicals ; and has been an active ^ advo- 
cate of international copyright. His writings, 
which are characterized by originality, were 
pub. in N.Y. 8vo, 1843. 

Matthews, Geouge, soldier and states- 
man, b. Aug. Co., Va., 1739; d. Augusta, 
Ga., Aug. 30, 1812. He led a vol. company 
against the Indians at the age of 22, and dis- 
ting. himself greatly at the battle of Point 
Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. Col. 9th Va. rcgt. in 
the Eevol., he was engaged at Brandywine and 
at Gormantown, where he was made prisoner, 
though not until he had received 9 bayonet 
wounds. Confined on board a prison-ship in 
N. Y. harbor, he was not exchanged until Doc. 
5, 1781, when he joined Greene's army as com. 
of the 3d Va. Regt. In 1785 he removed with 
his family to a tract of land which ho had pur- 
chased on Broad River, Oglethorpe Co., Ga. 
Of this State ho was gov. in 1780 and 1793-6; 
M.C. 1789-91 ; afterward brig .-gen. Ga. mili- 
tia, he was authorized by the pres., Jan. 26, 
181 1, to take possession of W. Florida, and, in 
certain contingencies, of E. Florid.a, and cai> 
turcd Amelia Island. 

Mathews, George, jurist, b. near Staun- 
ton, Va., Sept. 21, 1774; d. near Bayou Sara, 
La., Not. 14, 1836. Son of the preceding. 
Studied law at Liberty Hall Acad., Va.,.and 
was in 1799 adm. to the barof Ga. App. in 
1 805 by Jefferson a judge of the Superior Court 
of Mpi. Terr., and in 1806 of the Superior 
Co. rt in the Terr, of Orleans; ho was, on the 
organiz.ition of the Statu judiciary of La., app. 
pres. justice of the Supreme Court, which post 
he held till his death. 

Matthews, Johx, gov. of S.C. 1782-3, 
and one of the most active and influential pro- 
moters of the Eevol. in that State ; d. Charles- 
ton, Nov. 1802, a. 58. He was the first .speaker 
of the house of representatives after the disso- 
lution of the royal govt, in 1776, and was app. 
that year an associate justice of the Supreme 
Court. In 1778-82 he was a delegate to Con- 
gress ; and was one of the com. to visit the ar- 
mv ; and also a member of the com. to confer 
with the Pa. line, which had mutinied. In 
1784, on the establishment of the Court of 
Equity, he was app. one of the judges. 

Matlaek, Col. Timothy, Revol. patriot, 
b. Haddonficld, N. J., 1730; d. near llolmcs- 
burg, Pa., Apr. 15, 1829. One of the Society 
of Free Quakers, or, as they were usually 
called. Fighting Quakers. He was among the 
most active spirits of the time ; was one of the 
gen. com. of safety ; and, as col. of a Pa. bat- 
talion, did good service; member Old Con- 



gress 1780-1. Ho was many years "master of 
the rolls ; " resided at Lancaster a long time ; 
and was afterward juothonotary of one of the 
Phila. courts. He lived to be 99, and retained 
his faculties in a remarkable degree. — SiMyJson. 

Mattaeks, John, gov. of Vt. 1843-4, b. 
Hartford, Ct., 4 Mar. 1777; d. Peacham, Vt., 
14 Aug. 1847. His father, who was state treas. 
of Vt. 1786-1801, settled in Tinmonth about 
1778. John began to practise law at Danville 
in 1797, but in 1798 removed to Peacham, and 
practised there successfully many years. Sev- 
eral years in thelcgisl. ; brig.-gcn. of militia in 
the war of 1812-15; M.C. 1821-5 and 1841-3; 
judge of the Sup. Court in 1833-4 ; and mem- 
ber Const. CoDV. of 1835. 

Matteson, Tompkins, artist, b. Peterbor- 
ough, N.Y., May 9, 1813. llele^.rned the rudi- 
ments of his art from an IihIkmi l:iinnus f.n- liis 
carvings and drawings. Aliei many i!i-e.>iir- 
agements, he in 1839-42 ijairited |iuiiiait.s in 
Western N.Y. with success. He acquired 
celebrity by bis " Spirit of '76." Settled in 
New York in 1842, and in 1850 purchased a 
home at Sherburne, X.Y. Among liis pietures 
are "The Burnin- oi Sel,. n- :.-i , ' ■ I n>t 
Sabbath of the l'il,-i im-. ' > _ :■ ' -in- 

pact on Board tli- Mi : l-.^t 

ijreaching to the InMians.' " I i:-i I'iumv in 
Congress," "A Ju>licc's Court," "Rip Van 
Winkle's Return from the Mountains," &c. 
lie became pres. of tlie Chenango Agric. Soc. 
in 1855, and member of the State legislature. 
— Tnrlc-man. 

Matthias, a religious impostor, whose real 
name was Robekt Matthews, b. Washington 
Co., N.Y., about 1790 ; d. in Ark. He kejit a 
country store, but failed in 1816, and went to 
N Y. City. In 1827 he removed to Albany, 
where he became much excited by the preach- 
ing of Messrs. Kirk and Finney. He becjtme 
active in the temperance cause ; claimed to have 
received a revelation, and began street-preach- 
ing. Failing to convert Albany, he prophesied 
its destntction, and fled secretly to the city of 
N.Y., where ho was tried and acquitted on a 
charge of poisoning a wealthy disciple, in whose 
family he lived ; and, his impositions having 
been exposed, he soon disappeared from public 
view. — Matthias and his Impostures, by W. L. 
Stone, N.Y. 1835. 

Mattison, H. B., artist and play\vright ; d. 
Bergen, N. J., 28 Feb. 1871. 

Mattison, Hikam, D.D., Meth. clergyman 
and author, b. Oswego, N.Y., 1811 ; d. Jersey 
City, Nov. 24, 1868. Many years a prof, of 
math, and physics in the Black-river Inst. 
He prepared an eleraentaiy text-book on astron- 
omy, and revised Burritt's " Geography of the 
Heavens." In 1850 he became a minister in 
N.Y. City, and a contrih. to the National Mag., 
in which" ho zealously attacked Spiritualism. 
His strong antislavery sentiments led him to 
separate himself from the church in 1860; and 
he h:^.d a large church holdin;j his own views 
in Sixth Avenne, called the Trinity Meth. Ch. 
In 1865-7 he preached in Jersey City; in 1867 
he became sec. of the Amcr. and Foreign Christ. 
Union. While holding this position, he made 
a most forcible onslaught upon Roman Cathol- 
icism, and pub. a small vol. upon the case of 



609 



Marianne Smith, a Methodist, whose father, a 
Eoman Catholic, had caused her arrest and.do- 
tention in a Magdalen asylum in N.T. Asso- 
ciate editor of the Xorthem Inc/ependent, Au- 
burn, N.Y. Author of " Essay on the Trini- 
ty," &e. ; " Modem Necromancy, or Pretended 
Intercourse with the Dead," 12mo, 1855. 

Mattoon, Eeenezer, Revol. officer, b. 
Amherst, Ms., Aug. 19, 1755 ; d. there Sept. 
11,1843. Dartm. Coll. 1776. The son of a 
farmer. He joined the army in Canada ; was a 
lieut. in an art. comp. at the battle of Bemis 
Heights, Oct. 7, 1777 ; left the service with the 
rank of major. He was a delegate from Am- 
herst to 2 conventions; was several times a 
member of the legisl. From 1797 to 1816, 
maj.-gen. 4th division ; adj.-gen. of the State 
1816; State senator 1795-6 ; 20 years sheriff 
of Hampshire; M.C. 1801-3 ; and in 1820, al- 
though blind, was a member of the State Const. 
Conv. He commanded the A. and H. Art. 
Company in 1817. Gen. M. was a scientific 
and practical farmer. 

Maturin, Edward, novelist and poet, son 
of the celebrated Irish novelist and dramatist, 
Charles Kobert Maturin ; has been some years 
a resident of New York. He has pub. " Mon- 
tezuma, the last of the Aztecs ; " " Benjamin, 
the Jew of Granada ; " " Eva, or the Isles of 
Lil'i' and Death," 1848; "Lyrics of Spain and 
Kriii." ISJO; " Bianca," a passionate story of 
Italian and Iri^h incidents, 1853 ; "Mclmoth, 
the VTanJerer;" "Sejanus, and other Koman 
Talcs."— Z>«(/c/./«ct. 

Maude, John, of Moor House, Yorkshire. 
Author of " Visit to the Falls of Niagara in 
1800, and Tour through Canada," 1826; also 
"Wensleydale," a descriptive poem with notes. 

Mauduit, Iseael, a political writer, b. 
Exeter, Eng., 1708; d. June 16, 1787. His 
father, a dissenting minister, educated him for 
the same career ; but he became a prosperous 
merchant, and partner of liis bro. Jasper in 
Loud. In 1760 he pub. a pamphlet, entitled 
" Considerations on the Present German War." 
While his bro. Jasper was agent for the Prov. 
of Ms. Bay (1763Hi), he managed the busi- 
ness of the agency. In 1765 he was app. to 
the customs at Southampton. He pub. in 
1769 his "Short View of the History of the 
N.E. Colonies," and " Short View of the Hist, 
of Ms. Bay," 8vo, 1774 (2d ed.); " The Case 
of the Dissenting Ministers," 1774; and subse- 
quently wrote several able pamphlets in refer- 
ence to the American war, in which he treated 
with particular severity Viscount and Sir W. 
Howe. 

Mauduit Duplessis, Thomas Antoine, 
Chev. de, a disting. Erench soldier, b. Ilenne- 
bon, France, Sept. 12, 1753; d. St. Domingo, 
Mar. 4, 1791. Descended from a family noble, 
and disting. in arms. At the ago of 12 he ran 
away from college to visit the fields of Mara- 
thon, Thermopylffi, &c. On returning to his 
parents, he presented, in excuse (or his conduct, 
the plans, di-awn by his own hand, of the most 
famous places which he had visited. In 1 779 he 
was capt. in the art. regt. of Toul. Ho served in 
America, attaining, by his talents and courage, 
marks oi particular consideration. As vol. 
aide to Gen. linox, and as engineer and officer 



of art., he was of great service both in construct- 
ing and defending Fort Mercer at Red Bank. 
He displayed great bravery at the battles of 
Brandywine and Germantown ; made licut.- 
col. Nov. 20, 1777; at Monmouth he seiTed 
the art. of Greene's division with skill and 
success, and was disting. at Yorktown. After 
his return to Franco, he became, in 1777, col. 
of the regt. of Port-au-Prince, which was sta- 
tioned at St. Domingo ; where the brave Mau- 
duit, inflexible in his opposition to the rcvol. 
spiiit which began to manifest itself in their 
midst, finally fell a sacrifice to their fury. 

Maurepas(mor'-pa'), Jean Feed. Phelt- 
PEAUX, Count de, French statesman, b. Ver- 
sailles, 1701 ; d. Nov. 1781. Grandson of the 
Chancellor Pontchartrain. He became minis- 
ter of marii>e in 1725; app. minister of state 
in 1738; and removed in 1 749 for an epigram 
on Mme. Pompadour. Recalled in 1774, and 
made pres. of tlie council, he restored the ex- 
iled parliaments; called Turgot and Necker 
successively into the ministry ; and was instru- 
mental in bringing about the treaty of alliance 
with the U.S. in 1778. 

Maury, Ann, dau. of James (U.S. consul 
at Liverpool 1789-1837), b. Liverpool, Eng., 
1803. A descendant of Rev. James Fontaine, 
whose Autobiography, with an account of his 
descendants, under the title of " Memoirs of a 
Huguenot Family," she pub. N.Y. 1854, 12mo. 

Maury, Dabney II., gen. Confed. service, 
b. Va. ab. 1824. West Point, 1846. Enter- 
ing the Mounted Rifles, he was brev. for Cerro 
Gordo, whore he was severely wounded 1 8 Apr. 
1847 ; assist, prof, geog., hist., and ethics, 
at West Point, 1847-50, and of inf. tactics 
1850-2; assist, adj.-gcn. (brev. capt.) 17 Apr. 
1860; dism. the army 25 .June, 1861. Joinmg 
the confcds., he attained the rank of maj.-gen., 
and com. the defences of Mobile, which place 
was captured by Gen. Canby 10 Apr. 1865. 
Author of " Skirmish DriU for Mounted 
Troops," 1859. 

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, LL.D., 
naval officer and hydrographer, b. Spottsylvania 
Co., Va., Jan. 14,'l806. While he was young, 
his parents removed to Tenn. Midshipm. Feb. 
1 , 1 825 ; and, while circumnavigating the globe 
in " The Vincennes," began his treatise on 
"Navigation." Lieut. June 10, 1836. In 1839 
he met with an accident, which resulted in per- 
manent lameness, and unfitted him for active 
service afloat. While confined from this cause, 
he amnsed himself by writing a series of ar- 
ticles on various abuses in the navy, pub. in the 
South. Lit. Messenger, entitled " Scraps from 
the Lucky Bag, by Harry Blnff." He was then 
placed in charge of the hydrograpliical ofiice ; 
and, on its union with the naval observatory in 
1844, he became superintendent. He inves- 
ti.Lrated the physical geog. of the sea, and gath- 
ei cd many observations of the ocean winds and 
curicnts from the records of naval and merchant 
vessels. In 1844 Lieut. Maury's paper respect- 
ing the Gulf Stream, ocean-currents, and great 
circle sailing, was read before the National In- 
stitute, and printed in the South. Lit. Messevr)er. 
The principal results of his researches are em- 
bodied in the wind and current charts and the 
sailing-directions pub. by the observatory for 



610 



TMASS. 



general distribution among mariners, and in 
" riivsical Geography oftlie Sea " (N.Y. IS55). 
In 1855 lie was made commander, and in 1 861 
threw up his ap|jointments, and joined in the 
Rehellion. Res. the pres. of the U. of Alii. in 
1871. Member of the principal scientific as- 
sociations of America and Europe ; from whom, 
as well as from forei{;n govts., he has received 
disting. honors. He has, beside the above, pub. 
" Letters on the Amazon, and tlie Atlantic 
Slopes of .S. America ; " " Relation between 
Navigation and the Circulation of the Atmos- 
phere ; " " Astronomical Observations," 1853 ; 
and also several addresses before lit. and scien- 
tific bodies. 

Maury, Sakah Mytton, dau. of James, 
b. Livrrpool ; d. Va. 1848. She possessed rare 
talents and remarkable conversational powers. 
Author of '• Statesmen of America in 184G," 
Loud. 8vo, 1847; "Progress of the Catholic 
Church in America," 1847; "An Englishwo- 
juan in America," 8to, 1848. — Allibone. 

Maverick, Samuel, an early settler of 
Ms., b. Eng. ab. 1602; d. N.Y. after 1667. 
Son of Rev. John of Dorchester. He settled 
as early as 1G29 at Noddle's Island (now East 
Boston), of which he received a grant from the 
Gen. Court, A|ir. 1, 1G.!.3. He was a zealous 
Episcopalian, anil, liaving suffered much per- 
secution on this aecouni, went to Eng. to com- 
plain to tlie king; and Apr. 2.3, 1664, was app. 
by Charles I. one of llie four commissioners 
for the settlement of dilKeidtics with the N.E. 
Colonies, and also to " reduce the Dutch at 
the Manhadoes." The conimi.'-sioners were un- 
successful in Ms. ; and Maverick, ab. 1665, took 
up his abode in N.Y. — Unniner's East Boston. 

Maxcy, Jonathan, D.D. (H. U. 1801), 
an eloquent clergyman, b. Attleborough, Ms., 
Sept 2, 1768; d. Columbia, S.C, June 4, 1820. 
B.U. 1787. Tutor there 1787-91. Ord. pastor 
of the First Baptist Church in Providence, 
Sept. 8, 1791; and in the same _year he was 
elected prof, of divinity in B.U., and in Sept. 
1792 he was app. pres. Under him the college 
acquired a high reputation for belles-lettres 
and eloquence. In 1802 he accepted the prc- 
idency of Un. Coll., Schenectady; in 1804 
he accepted the presidency ol Col. Coll., S.C, 
where he continued until his death. He m. a 
dau. of Com. Hopkins of Providence. Dr. 
Maxcy was well versed in philology, criticism, 
metaphysics, logic, politics, morals, and philos- 
ophy. He pub. 15 sermons, 5 baccalaureate 
addresses, 3 orations, and an introductory lec- 
ture to a course on the philos. principles of 
rhetoric and criticism. The most celebrated 
of his pubs, was his sermons on the Existence 
of God, which passed throngh many editions. 
His writings were collected and pub. with a 
Memoir by Rev. Romeo Elton, D.D.,8vo, 1844. 

Maxcy, Viboil, lawyer and politician, 
bro. of the preceding, b. Attleborough, Ms ; 
killed, Feb. 28, 1844, on board the U.S. steamer 
" Princeton," by the explosion of one of her 
puns. He studied law with R. G. Harper of 
Md., and settled in that State, where he soon 
became eminent in the profession. He disting. 
himself in both houses of the State legisl., as 
solicitor of. the U. S. treasury, and as charge 
d'a^ains to Belgium. He pulj. " Compilation 



of the Laws of Md. from 1692 to 1809," 4 vo's. 
8vo, 1809; "Oration before the Phi Beta 
Kajipa Society," 18.33. 

Maximilian, Feisdinand Joseph, arch- 
duke of Austria, and emperor of Mexico, b. 
SchiJnbrun, July 6, 1832; shot at Queretaro 
19 June, 1867. He was educated at Vienna; 
sci'ved in the Austrian navy; was viceroy of 
Lombardy and Venice in 1857-9 ; and in Aug. 
1863 was offered the crown of Mexico by 
Napoleon III., which he accepted Apr. Id, 
1864, and landed at Vera Cruz 28 May. Afnr 
3 years of war, and the withdrexwal of the 
French forces, which had assisted to place hiui 
in power, he was defeated, and captured at 
Queretaro, May 15, 1867. He was shot in re- 
taliation for liis order, declaring the republican 
pres. Juarez, and his supporters, bandits and 
outlaws. Julv 27, 1859, he m. Maria Carlotia, 
dau. of Leopold I., king of the Belgians. 

Maxwell, Col. Hcoh, Revol. officer, b. 
Ireland, Apr. 27, 1733 ; d. on the return vovage 
from the W. Indies, Oct. 14, 1799. His father, 
also named Hugh, emigrated toN. Eng. in 1733. 
Col. M. served 5 campaigns in the old French 
wars; was taken at Fort Edwaril, and barely 
escaped with his life. In 1773 he removed to 
Charleraont, now Heath, Ms. A lieut. at 
Bunker's Hill, and wounded there ; maj. in 
Bailey's regt. July, '77, and at the battle of Sar- 
atoga ; and was a lieut.-col. at the close of the 
war. His brother, Thompson Maxwell, b. 
Bedford, Ms., 174-.', d. 18.35. He was a Ranger 
in the French war, 17.08-63; assisted in de- 
slroving the lea in Boston harbor in 1773; 
fought at Bunker's Hill and Three Rivers; 
was a member of the State Const. C'onv. ; re- 
moved to Miami Co., 0., in 1800; serveil under 
Col. Miller in 1812; was a prisoner during the 
war of 1812-15, and in 1814 deputy barrack- 
Maxwell, William, brig.-gen. Revol. 
army, b. N.Jersey; d. Nov. 12, 1798. App. 
col. of the 2d N.J. batt. Nov. 7, 1775, with 
which he served in the disastrous campaign of 
1776 in Canada; and he was one of the re- 
monstrants against llie decision of the council 
of oflScers, held July 7 in that year, to abandon 
Crown Point. It appears by bis memorial to 
Congress, Aug. 28, 1776, be had been in "con- 
stant service in the army fitteen years, since the 
spring of 1758 ; had served his country to the 
utmost of his power, and hopes with some 
good effect, which he can make appear if re- 
quisite; notwithstanding be finds himself much 
aggrieved by having a younger ofRfer, St. 
Clair, promoted over him." Congress ajip. 
him brig.-gen. Oct. 23, 1776. Ho com. the 
N.J. brigade at Brandy wine andGermantown ; 
harassed the enemy o"n their retreat through 
N.J. after the evacuation of Phila. ; sustained 
an important part in the battle of Monmouth ; 
and in Aug. 1779 was in Sullivan's exped. 
against the Indians. Soon after the action at 
Springfield, June 22, 1780, he resigned. 

Maxwell, William, LL.D.,pres. Ilamp. 
Sid. Coll. 1838-44, b. Norfolk, Va., Feb. 27, 
1784; d. Richmond, Va., Jan. 9, 1857. Y.C. 
1802. He studied law; practised in Norfolk, Va., 
and attained great eminence ; acted as literary 
editor of the N. Y. Journal of Commeice in 1 827 ; 



611 



resumed practice m 182S; was a member of 
the Va. h. of delegates in 18.30, and of the 
State senate 1831-7 ; sec. of the Hl<t. Society 
of Va. ; and edited the Va. Historical Rrr/lsler 
in that State in 1848-53, 6 vols, in 3, l'2mo. 
Author of Memoir of Rev. John H. Rice, 
D.D., 12mo, Phila. 183.5. 

May, Fredi!rick, M.n. (H.u. isii), 

physician, b. Boston, IVIs., Nov. 16, 1773; d. 
Washington, Jan. 23, 1847. II. U. 1792. Eld- 
est son of Col. John, a di>tiiii:. merchant 
of Boston, and one of the "Indians" who 
threw the tea into the harbor. He stud- 
ied medicine under Dr. John Warren ; re- 
moved to Washington, D.C, in 179.5 ; and was 
the physician and surgeon of Washington, as 
well as of the other disting. men of the vicinity. 
Piof. of obstetrics in Col. Coll. from 1S23 to 
1839 ; and was at the time of his death pres. of 
tlicD C. Med. Society, as well asof the Med. As- 
sociation of Washington. Father of IIenkt, 
M.C. of Baltimore 185.3-5, and Col. Charles 
A., a disting. cavalrv-officer in the Mexican 
war (b. 1S18, d. N.Y. fitv 24 Drc- I.'^64J. 

May, i;i:v. Son . L :i...,,'n, ]iMI,,titl.n.. 
pist, b. i;ii-i"ii. Sc;! 1 :. I,:i7: ,i S\r:i.u- , 
N.Y.,July 1,1-71. 11 r i-17. .\ri.||.;.a. hiii^r 

lyn, Ct., he became gcu. agent of the Ms.' Anti- 
slavery Society ; was afteiward pastor in So. 
Scituate, Ms. ; was principal of the Lexington 
Normal School in 1842-5; ami settled in the 
Unit, ministry at Syracuse in 1845, remaining 
until 1 868. He devoted his energies especially to 
the antislavery cause for many years ; having 
been one of the first members of the N.E. Soc. 
in 1832, and a member of the Phila. conv. of 
1833, which formed the Amer. Antislavery 
Soc. Author of " Recollections of our Anti- 
slavery Conflict," 1S69. 

Mayer, Brantz, lawyer and author, b. 
Baltimore, Sept. 27, 1809. Educated at St. 
Mary's Coll., Baltimore. He visited Java, 
Sumatra, and China, returning in 1828; and 
practised law from 1832 to 1841, when he was 
app. sec. of legation to Mexico, reujaining one 
year. He has since edited the Baltimore Amer- 
ican ; in 1844 pub. " .Mexico n? it Was and as 
itis;" "Mexico, Azicr, Spani li. and Republi- 
can," 2 vols. 8vo, Is.M; "I'apfaiii Canot, or 
20 Years of an Atiiea.i Slavci,' 1854; "Ob- 
servations on Mexican History and Archeolo- 
gy," pub. in the Smithsonian " Contributions 
to Knowledge," 1856; and "Mexican Anti- 
quities," Phila. 1858. His occasional addresses 
are numerous ; and he has contrib. to the Md. 
Hist. Society, of which he was corresp. sec. and 
a liberal benefactor, "The Journal of Charles 
Carroll during his Mission to Canada," and 
" Tah-gah-jute, or Logan and Captain Michael 
Crcsap," &c., 8vo, 1851. 

Mayhew, Experience, minister of Mar- 
tha's Vineyard, b. Jan. 27, 1673; d. Nov. 29, 
1758. Eldest son of Rev. John, and grandson 
of Rev. Thomas, he succeeded them as an In- 
di.in preacher in March, 1694. Familiar with 
the Ind. language, he was employed by the 
Society for propagating the Gospel in N.E. to 
make a new version of the Psalms, and of 
John, which he did in 1709. He pub. in 8vo, 
1727, " Indian Converts," being lives of 30 In- 



dian ministers and 80 other pious Indians ; 
also "Grace Defended," 8vo, 1744. His son 
Zachariah was Indian missionary at M.V. 
from Dec. 10, 1767, to his d. March 6, 1806. 
He received literary honors from H.U. 1720. 

Mayhew, Ira, educator, b. Ellisburg, 
N.Y., 1814. Prominent in the cause of educa- 
tion in the West, and repeatedly superint. of 
public instruction in Michigan. Author of 
" Treatise on Popular Education," N.Y. 1850 ; 
" Practical Svstem of Book-Keeping," Phila. 
1851. 

Mayhew, Jonathan, D.D.(Aherd. 1749), 
minister of the West Church, Boston, from 
June 17, 1747, to his d. Julv 9, 1766 ; b. Mar- 
tha's Vineyard, Oct. 8, 1720. H.U. 1744. 
Son of Expeiionce M. He possessed great 
abilities and learning; was a writer of superior 
power, and corresp. with Lardncr, Benson, 
Kippis, Blackburne, and Hollis. In 1 763 he 
had a warm controversy with Mr. Apthorpe, 
the Episcopal missionary in Boston. He was 
a man of independent views, inclined in his 
tlieol(v_rii-al opinions to Unitariaiii>m ; a sin- 
e.ulM.iid oi civil and religious liberty; the 
a^^M, i,!i,. .,1 ( >\\< and other patriots of the day ; 
and lai-r!\ mllncnced the Rovol. tendencies of 

tin- |iLU|ile lie pnl. nianv a^innal sermons. 

Ml. .'I hi t'l.. Urpeal of the 
I ' : I w,n thcEarth- 



Sta 



Act 



quakes" in N... 17, !;. :..r. 8vo, 1760; 
and in 1749, in cm., ' .Scv.ii .Sermons." His 
writings, with a Memoir, were pub. by Alden 
Bradford. 8vo, Boston, 18.38. 

Mayhew, Thomas, gov. of Martha's 
Vineyard and the adjacent islands, b. Eng. 
1592'; d. Mar. 1G82, a. 90, wanting 6 days. 
Ho had been a merchant in Southampton, 
Eng.; came to N.E. in 1631; resided in Wa- 
tertown, M<.. in lfi3fi; obtained of the agent 
of Lord Sni lin j in I let. 1641 a grant of lands, 
and in In 17 li. _,in a Mttlement at Edgartown. 
He aiiird 111- M.n ill converting the Indians. 
Having pioved ljini~cil their father and friend, 
they were exceedingly attached to him. At 
the age of 70, after the death of his son, he 
preached to the natives as well as to the Eng- 
lish. During Philip's war in 1675-6, these 
Indians kept aloof from the conflict, and 
guarded their friend. 

Mayhew, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
first minister of Martha's Vineyard ; d. Nov. 
1657, a. 36. In 1642 he accomp" his father to 
that island, and preached to the whites ; and in 
1646 began to preach to the Indians, who«e 
language he acquired. So earnest were his la- 
bors, that in 1650 he had 100 converts. He 
sailed for Eng. in Nov. 1657 to obtain aid 
from the Society for propagating the Gospel ; 
but the vessel was lost at sea. He was liber- 
ally educated. Four of his letters respecting 
the progress of the gospel were pub. in Lon- 
don. Matthew his son succeeded to the 
govt, of the island in 1681; also preached to 
the Indians, and d. 1710. His grandson Dr. 
Matthew, a man of wit and of uncommon 



nf mind. 



before 181.5 



. 85. 



Maylem, John, poet of Boston, b. 1691 ; 
d. Newport, R.L H.U. 1715. In 1758 w.as 
pub. two poems, " The Conquest of Louis- 
burg," and " Gallic Perfidy." He affixes to 



]yLA.Y 6 

his name on the titlepages "Philo-Bclhim." 
He was for a while a resident of Halifax, N.S. ; 
the date of his d. usually given (1742) is too 
early, as the capture of Louisburg occurred 
in 1745. 

Mayo, Amoky Dwioht, clersrvnian and 
author, b. Wai-wiek, Ms., Jan. 31,1 823. While 
young he kept in his father's store, teacliing 
school in the winter ; at 20 he entered Amh. 
Coll., and, after studying theology under Dr. 
Hosea B.allou, was ord. in July, 1846, and 
settled at Gloucester, Ms., over the Independent 
Christian Church ; after a ministry of 8 years, 
he removed to Cleveland, O., and preached one 
year to the Cong. Society of Liberal Christians ; 
in 1855 he took charge of the First Cong. Unit. 
Society of Albany, and is now pastorin Cincin. 
He has pub. "the Balance," Boston, 1347; 
" Graces and Powers of the Christian Life," 
1852 ; " Symbols of the Capital," N.Y. 1859 ; 
and a selection from the wntings of hi.s wife, 
Mrs. S. C.Mayo, -with a Memoir, Boston, 1849. 
Some of his later works have appeared in the 
Albany serial " Tracts for the Times." He has 
contrib. to the Unioersaiist Quarterly, and to 
various newspapers. 

Mayo, Mrs. Sarah C. Edgarton, b. 
Shirl.y, Ms., 1819; d. 1848; m. Rev. A. D. 
M.iyo, 1846. She edited for 9 years the flose 
of Sharon, an annual ; also edited the Ladies' 
hrpoaitori/ ; contrib. prose and verse to it and 
to the Knicherbodcer Mar;, and other periodicals. 
Author of "The Palfreys," "Ellen Clitibrd," 
" Memoirs and Poems of Mrs. J. H. Scott," 
" The Poetry of Women," " Flower Vase," 
"Spring Flowers," "Fables of Flora," 
"Floral Fortune-Teller." — &e Selections from 
her Writings, with a Memoir by her Husband, 
12mo, 1849;^//i'6on«. 

Mayo,WiLLiAM Staebuck, M.D., author, 
b. Ogdensburg, N.T., Apr. 20, 1812. His ances- 
tor. Rev. John, was of an Eng. family ; came 
to N. E. in 1 630, and was the first pastor of 
the North Church, Boston ; ord. Nov. 9, 1655 ; 
dism. Apr. 15, 1662. Wm. S. received a good 
classical education at the acad. of Potsdam, 
and at 17 began to study medicine at the Coll. 
of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y. City ; he 
received his diploma in 1833; practised his 
profession several years ; and travelled through 
the Barbary States and Spain. In 1849 he 
pub. " Kaloolah," the most popular of his 
productions, narrating imaginary adventures 
m Africa ; in 1850 " The Berber, or the Moun- 
taineer of the Atlas ; " and " Romance Dust 
from the Historic Placer." He resides in New 
York. — Dni/rkincl.: 

Mazzeij Philip, author, b. Tuscany, 1730; 
d. Pi>a, March 19, 1816. He studied physic; 
practiced a while at Smyrna; and from 1755 
t > 1783 was in London, engaged in commercial 
lusiness; he came to America in Dec. 1773, 
,fith a {:vr of his countrymen, for the purpose 
of introducing into Va. the culture of the 
grape, the olive, and other fruits of Italy ; he 
took an active part in support of our independ- 
ence, and was the friend and corresp. of Jeffer- 
son ; in 1783 he returned to Europe on a secret 
mission from the State of Va. ; revisited the 
U.S. in 1785; and in 1788 wrote in Paris his 
" R&h'rches Historiqucs et Politiques sur les 



Etnts-Unis de I 'Am&ique Septenti-ionale," in 4 
vols., which has never been translated. He was 
subsequently privy councillor of the King of 
Poland until 1792 ; and in 1802 received a pen- 
sion from the Emperor Alexander of Russia ; 
he was a zealous republican, and an enemy to 
intolerance in Church and State. — See Memorie 
della Vita di, 2 vols. 1845. 

Meaeham, Jambs, clergyman and scholar, 
b. Rutland, Vt., 1810 ; d. Middlcbury, Vt., 
Aug. 22, 1856. Midd. CoU. 18.32. He was tu- 
tor there ; studied theol. ; was settled minister 
ofNew Haven, Vt. ; was e.nllrd ti> thr j,n ,t. ssor- 
ship of elocution and En^. lit. in Mi-Id. (oil.; 
andM.C. 1849-55; at the lime ..I his (i.:ith ho 
was a regent of the Smithsonian lustiLute. 

Meade, George Gokdon, LL.D. (H.U. 
1865), maj.-gcn. U.S.A., b. Cadiz, Spain, 1816. CL . v'/iJlT (a 
West Point, 1835. Son of U.S. consul Richard 
W., and bro. of Com. R. W. Meade, U. S. N. 
Entering the 3d Art., he served against the 
Seminoles in Fla., but resigned 26 Oct. 1836, 
and was employed in the Texas and North-east, 
boundary survevs 1838-42; app. 2d lieut. 
topogt engrs. 19'May, 1842 ; 1st lieut. 4 Aug. 
1851; capt. 19May, 1856; maj. 13 -June, 1862 ; 
brig.-gen. vols. 31 Aug. 1861 ; maj.-ien. vols. 
29 Nov. 1862 ; brig.-gen. U.S.A. 3'july, 1863 ; 
maj.-gen. 18 Aug. 1864. During the Mexican 
war he was engaged at Palo Alto, Resaca de 
la Palma, and the siege of Vera Cniz, and 
brev. 1st lieut. 23 Sept. 1846 for Monti-rey; 
engaged in geodetic survey of northern lakes 
1856-61 ; com. brignde at DranesvUle, Va., 
20 Dec. 1861 ; and in Peninsular campaign ; 
and severely wounded at Glendale 30 June, 
1862; in the battle of Manassas 29-30 Aug. 
1862 ; com. div. 1st corps at South Mountain 
and Antietaui ; com. 5th corps at Fredericks- 
burg and Cbaneellorsville ; com. Army of the 
Potomac 23 June, 1863, to 1 July, 1865 ; and 
engaged at Gettysburg, and in all the battles 
and operations in Va. to the surrender of Lee, 
9 Apr. 1865; now commands Dept. of the 
East. 

Meade, Larkis G., sculptor, b. Brattle- 
borough, Vt. From the Army of the Potomac ho 
sent numerous spirited camp and battle scenes 
to a N.Y. illustrat'jd paper. His statue of 
Ethan Allen is in the State House, Montpelier. 
His other works are " The Returned Soldier," 
" La Contadinella," " The Thought of Free- 
dom," and " Echo." — TnrLvrman. 

Meade, William, M.D., mineralogist of 
disting. literarv and scientific attainments ; d. 
Newburg, N.Y'., Aug. 29, 1833. 

Meade, William, D.D., Prot.-Ep. bishop 
of Va., b. Frederick, now Clarke Co., Va., Nov. 
11, 1789; d. Richmond, Va., March 14, 1862. 
N. J. Coll. 1 808. Son of Col. Richard Kidder, 
aide to Washington 12 Mar. 1777-83 (b. 
1750, d. Feb. 1805). Ord. 1811. Theseeneof 
his labors was the parish near hU patrimonial 
estate; and for many year- lii- inl. j.. ihl-nt 
pecuniary circumstances en ili :' ■ i:;te 

gratuitously. He contrili. : . tlie 

establishment of a dioees: n iii mI, > i.,., and 
other educational .and missionary soeirties in 
Va. Unanimously chosen assist, bishop in 
1829, and eonsec. in Phila. Aug. 19; assumed 
the chief care of the diocese ; and in 1841 took 



IS^I'EA. 



613 



the sole charge of it. Bishop Meade wielded a 
remarkable influence in Va., and made feiTent 
though futile efforts to prevent the secission of 
Va. and the appeal to the sword. He delivered 
annually a course of lectures at the Epis. Sem., 
and published occasional tracts and treatises on 
doctrinal questions, local churcli-history, &c. 
He was the recognized head of the evangelical 
branch of the Prot.-Epis. Church in the U.S. 
He pub. "Family Prayer," 1834; "Lectures 
on the Pastoral Office ; " " Lectures to Stu- 
dents," N.Y. 1849; and "Old Churches, Min- 
isters, and Families in Va.," 2 vols. 8vo, Phila. 
1856. 

Meagher, Gen. Thomas Francis, b. 
Wateilbrd, Ireland, Aug. 3, 1823; drowned at 
Ft.Benton, Montana, July 1, 1867. He studied 
at the Jesuit Coll. of Clongowes, Co. Kildare, 
and at Stonyhurst Coll., near Preston, Eng. 
Leaving the latter in 1843, he became in 1846 
one of the leaders of the " Young Ireland " 
party, with which he was a favorite orator; and 
in 1848 was sent a delegate to congratulate the 
French republic. On his return he was ar- 
rested for sedition, and held to bail. Charged 
with treason, a reward of £300 was offered ; 
and, after many adventures, he was finally cap- 
tured near Rathgannon, in Aug. ; was tried in 
Clonmel in Oct. ; found guilty, and sentenced 
to death ; afterward commuted to banishment 
for life to Van Dieman's Land, from which he 
escaped, and landed in N.Y. in May, 1852. He 
lectured with great success throughout the 
country; and in 1854 visited Cal. On his re- 
turn he studied law, and entered on its practice. 
In 1856 he edited the Irish News. He raised a 
company in the 69th N.Y. Vols., and served 
with distinction at Bull Run as major ; after- 
ward raised an Irish brigade, and was made 
brig.-gen. of vols. Feb. 3, 1862; attached to 
Sumner's corps during the battles before Kith- 
mond ; at Antietam fought in Richardson's 
division; attached to Couch's corps (2d), and 
wounded at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862; at 
Chaneellorsville, May 2-4, 1863, he led his bri- 
gade for the last time; and resigned May 8, 
1863. Early in 1864 he was recornmissioned 
brig.-gen. of vols., and assigned to the com. of 
the district of Etowah. App. sec. of Montana 
in 1865; and for some time previous to his 
death, which was occasioned by a fall from the 
deck of a steamer, had been acting governor. 
Author of " Speeches on the Legislative Indep. 
of Ireland," 12mo, 18.i2. 

Means, Alexander, M.D., D.D. (1854), 
LL.D. (Em. Coll. 1858), clergyman, b. N.C. 
Feb. 6, 1801 . After teaching school in Mocks- 
ville, N.C, he removed to Ga. ; studied medi- 
cine, and in 1840-1 received his degree from 
the Augusta Med. Coll. In 1828 he became a 
minister in the M.E. Church ; in 1834 supt. of 
the Manual Labor School near Covington, Ga. ; 
from 1836 to 1856 occupied the chair of natu- 
ral science in Emory Coll., lecturing also on 
chemistry during part of the vear at the Augusta 
Med. Coll. from 1841 to 1858; pres. of the 
Masonic Female Coll. in Covington in 18.')3; 
and in 1854-5 was pres. of Emory Coll. He has 
since occupied the chair of chemistry at the 
Atlanta Med. Coll. 

Means, John H, gov. S.C. 1850-2; col. 



in the Confcd. service ; killed at the battle of 
Manassas, Va., 28 Aug. 1862. 

Mease, James, M.D., an eminent physician 
of Phila. Author of " Geolog. Account of the 
U.S.," 1807; "Picture of Phila.," 1811; "On 
VVm. Penn's Treaty with the Indians," 8vo, 
1836; "Utility of Public Loan Offices," &c., 
8vo, 1836; "Description of some of the Medals 
struck in N.A.," 8vo, Phila. 1821 ; " Letter on 
the Rearing of Silk- Worms," 8vo, 1828 ; " Ob- 
servations on the Bite of a Mad Dog," &c., 
1792. 

Medary, Samuel, editor and Democ. pol- 
itician, b. Montgomery Co., Pa., Feb. 25, IfiOl ; 
d. Columbus, Nov. 7, 1864. He had a limited 
education ; became a printer ; was an adherent 
of Gen. Jackson ; was many years editor of the 
Ohio Slutesman ; and established and carried on 
until his death the Columbus Crisis. A leading 
man of his party ; gov. of the Terr, of Minne- 
sota in 1857-8, of Kansas in 1859-60 ; and was 
during the Rebellion, a " peace Democrat." 
In 1869 his personal and polit. friends erected 
a costlv monument to his memory. 

Medill, William, gov. of O. in 1853-6, b. 
New Castle Co., Del., 1805; d. Lancaster, 0., 
Sept. 2, 1865. He received an academical edu- 
cation ; studied law; and, having removed to 
Ohio, was adm. to the bar in 1832 ; was soon 
after elected to the State legisl., serving a num- 
ber of years, and was twice elected speaker; 
was M.C. in 1839-43 ; was first assist, postra.- 
gen. in 1845-9, and subsequently held the office 
ofcommiss. of Indian affairs; member of the 
State Const. Gonv. of 1850, and chosen chair- 
man ; in 1851 and '52 was lieut.-gov. of Ohio. ; 
and by Pres. Buchanan was app. first compt. 
of the U.S. treasury. A Democ. in polities. 

Medley, John, D.D., Pr.-Ep. bishop of 
Frederickton, N.B., b. 1804; educated at Wad- 
bam Coll., Oxf (B.A. 1826; M.A. 1830). Sev- 
eral years vicar of St. Thomas's, Exeter, and 
prebend of that cathedral; and was in 1845 
consec. first bishop of F., which includes the 
entire province of New Brunswick. — Men of the 
Time. 

MedOWS, Sir William, a British gen., b. 
Dec. 31, 1738 ; d. Bath, 14 Nov. 1813. Enter- 
ing the army in 1756, he served in Germany; 
came with his regt. (55th) to Amer. Sept. 1775, 
and com. the 1st brig, of grenadiers ; disting. 
himself on many occasions, notably at Bran- 
dywine, where he was wounded ; (listing, and 
wounded at the taking of St. Lucie, and made 
col. 89th Regt. ; major-gen. and com. of the 
forces at Madras in 1791 ; and led the right 
wing of Cornwallis's army at Seringapatam in 
1792; afterward made full gen.; gov. of the 
Isle of Wight ; Kt. of the Bath ; and was com. 
of the forces in Ireland in 1801-3. 

Meek, Alexander Beaufokt, author 
and lawyer, b. Columbia, S.C, July 17, 1814 ; 
d. Columbus, Mpi., Nov. 30, 1865. U. of 
Ala. His father settled at Tuscaloosa in 1819. 
Adm. to the bar in 1835, and edited the Flag 
of the Union, a Democratic paper. In 1836 he 
served as a lieut. of vols, against the Seminoles, 
and was a short time atty.-gen. of the State; 
in 1S39 he edited the Southron, a literary 
monthly at Tuscaloosa; in 1842-4 he was 
county judge, and pub. a suppt. to the " Digest 



614 



of Alabama." He was law clerk in the office 
of the solicitor of the treasury at Washiii);ton 
in 1845 ; U.S. dist. atty. for the southern (list, 
of Ala 1846-50; assoc. editor of the lUohlle 
Daih/ Rfgisier l8-i8-53 ; 



^b 



'-l3 



1853; he disling. himself by originating and Quebec (Sepi 



etta, 0. He was app. commiss. of clothing 
under Gen. Wayne in 1795 ; and in 1801 was ^ 
app. by Jefferson agent for Indian affairs ; from 
the Indians he received the sobriquet of " The - 
White Path." His Journal of the Exped to ^ 



75^ai 



securing a free-school system in Ala. ; judge 
of proliate in Mobile Co. in 18.54; speaker of 
the legisl. in 1859. In 1855 he pub. " The Red 
Eagle, a Poem of the South ; '' and in 1857 a 
vol. of orations, sketches, and essays, entitled 
" Komantic Passages in South-western His- 
tory," and " Songs and Poems of the South." 
He also delivered many orations, essays, and 
criticisms, in prose and verse, and had written 
a History of Alabama. He excelled as a chess- 
player. — Appleton. 

Megapolensis, John, Jun., a Dutch min- 
ister, settled at Albany in 1642-9, afterwards in 
New York, where he d. ab. 1669. Came to N.Y. 
at the age of 39. His account of the Mohawk 
Indians in 1644 is in Hazard, i. 517-26. 

Meigs, Charles DELncEN.i, M.D. (U. 
of Pa. 1814; N.J. Coll. 1818), medical writer, 
b. Ga. 17 Feb. 1792; d. Del. Co., Pa., 25 
June, 1869. Settled in Fhihi. in 1820; had a 
lucrative practice in his specialty, — obstetrics, 
and diseases of women and children, — and was 
a prof in Jeff. Med. Coll. in 1840-62. Author 



1776) is in the ■^ 
776, and was print- 



' Mid« 



' Lectu 



Cholera," 1848; 
eases of Cliildrer 
" Diseases of thi 



the 
" Remarks on Spasmodic 
"Obstetrics," 1849; " Dis- 
,"1850; "Childbed Fevers;" 
Neck of the Uterus," 1854 ; 
and " Lives of S. G.Morton (I851)and Daniel 
Drake, M.D." Ed. the N.A. Med. and Surg, 
■four., and trans. " Typhaines Abbey," a 
French novel, 1868. 

Meigs, Montgomery Cunningham, qm.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Ga. ab. 1816. West Point, 
1836. Entering the 1st Art., he was transf. to 
theengrs.; became 1st lieut. 1 July, 1838; eapt. 
3 Mar. 1853; col. lllh Inf. 14 May, 18G1 ; 
qra.-gen. (rank of brig. -gen.) 15 May, 1861 ; 
brev. raaj.-gen. U.S.A. 5 July, 1864, for dis- 
ting. services during the Rebellion. He was 
employed at Fort Delaware 1834-41 ; Fort 
Wayne, Detroit, 1841-9; on the Potomac 
Aqueductand U.S.Capitol Extensionl852-61; 
directing the equipping and supplying the ar- 
mies in the field during the Rebellion ; particu- 
larly employed in providing transportation and 
supplies for the forces at Chattanooga ; and en- 
gaged in the battle of 23-25 Nov. 1863; also 
in supplying and refitting Sherman's army at 
Savannah and Goldsborough, N.C. 

Meigs, Return Jonathan, col. Revol. 
army, b. Middletown, Ct., Dec. 1740; d. Chero- 
kee Agency, Jan. 28, 1823. Immediately after 
the battle of Lexington, he marched a company 
of light inf. to Cambridge ; with the rank of 
major accomp. Arnold to Quebec, and upon 
its attack by Montgomery, Dec. 31, 1775, was Tales," 1829 
made a prisoner ; exchanged in 1776; and in 
1777, having raised a regt., was promoted to 
col. ; May 23, 1777, he performeil a brilliant 
exploit at Sag Harbor, for which Congress 
(Aug. 3) voted him thanks and a sword ; he 
com. a regt. at the storming of Stonv Point, 
July 16, 1779 ; and served to theend of the war. 
In 1788 he was one of the first settlers of Mari- 



Amer. Remembrancer for 1776, and was print- ^ i^i!^ \ 
ed, with an Introd. and Notes by C. I. Bush- ^r" !> v V 
nell. N.Y. 1864. ^ > t V 

Meigs, Return Jonathan, jurist and ^ ^■^>«^ 
statesman, son of the preceding, b. Middle- "S i ^ 
town, Ct., Nov. 1765; d. Marietta, 0., Mar. -3 - ^^ 
29, 1825. Y. C.1785. He studied law ; emig. _ ^ is 
to Marietta in 1788 ; was sent on a mission to -fl X,- s 
the British com. at Detroit by Gov. St. Clair «^ ^ 
in 1790; and was subsequently often engaged ^ ."^ t^ 
in the Indian fights of the day ; chief justice ^ ;■■. 
oftheOhioSup.Courtfroml803toOct. 1804; '^ ' -s 

brev. col. U.S.A., and com. of the St. Charles f ^^ ^ 
dist.. La., from Oct. 1804 to Apr. 21, 1806; _J '^ ^ 
judgeof the Sup. Court of that dist. in 1805-6 ; 3 "^ ». 
judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Mich, from <?• t -^ 
Apr. 2, 1807, to 1808; U.S. senator 1808-10; ^ ?^ ^f 
gov. of O. 1810-14; and U.S. postmaster-^_^v\ ^ 
gen. from 1814 to June, 1823. During the war "" m\ 
of 1812, Meigs did more than any other gov. ?^k, "** 
to aid the country during that conflict by the 5 J7 V^ 
prompt organization of the militia, by garri- O ^o.-^ !^ 
soning the forts and securing safety to the ex- r^ .^^ V? 
posed settlements, and the aid he rendered H:ir£2^ 
rison's army. x'TIe pub.^' Reporfs of Cases in 
the Supreme Court of Tenn.," 8vo, 1839. 

Melish, John, geographer and polit. econo- 
mist, b. Perthshire, Scotland, 1771 ; d. Phila. 
Dec. 30, 1822. He came to the U.S. in 1809. 
Author of " Travels in the U.S. and in Great 
Britain and Canada in 1806-11," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1812; "A Description of the Roads," &c., 
1814 ; " Traveller's Direetorv," 1815," Descri|)- 
tion of the U.S.," 1816; "Universal School 
Geography and Atlas ; " " Necessity of protect- 
ing Manufactures," 1818 ; " Maps of Penn. and 
of the U.S. ; " "Information to Emigrants," 
1819 ; " Statistical View of the U S.," 1822. 

Mellen, Grenville, poet, son of Chief 
Justice Prentiss, b. Biddeford, Me., June 19. 
1799; d. New York, Sept. 5, 1841. H. U. 
1818. He studied law, but altera few years' 
practice in Portland, Me., devoted hiiuself 
wholly to literature, and wrote for magazines, 
annuals, and periodicals, among others for the 
U. S. Lit. Gazette. He was a resident of N. 
Yarmouth, Me., in 1823-8 ; then resided in 
Boston ab. 5 years, and removed thence to 
N.Y., where, in 1839, he began the Monthly 
Miscellant/, soon discontinued. In 1826 he re- 
cited a poem liefore the Peace Society in Me., 
called " The Rest of Empires ; " and in 1828, 
before the Athenseum Society of Bowd. Coll., 
he read an anniv. poem on " The Light of 
Letters." He also pub. " Our Chronicle of 
Twentv-six," 1827; "Glad Tales and Sad 



The Martyr's Triumph, Buried 
Valley, and other Poems,"" in 1833. He edited 
" A Book of the U.S.," 8vo, Hartford, 1837. 

Mellen, Henrt, poet, b. Sterling, Ms., 
Oct. 24, 1757 ; d. Dover, N.H., July 31, 1809. 
H.U. 1784. Son of Rev. John, minister of S. 
(1744-84). He studied law, and settled at 
Dover. A collection of his poems was pub- 
lished. 



MEL 



615 



great 
his e 



Mellen, Pkentiss, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 
1828), jurist, b. Sterling, Ms., Oct. 11, 1764; 
d. Portland, Me., Dec. 31, 1840. H.U. 1784. 
Bro. of Henry. He practised law in various 
places, and finally removed to Portland in 1806, 
rising to the head of the bar of Me. Member 
of the exec, council 1803-9 and 1817. In 1S17- 
20 he was U.S. senator of Sis. ; and was the 
first chief justice of the Supreme Com-t of Me. 
in 1820-34. His decisions are found iu the first 
1 1 vols, of the Me. Reports. 

Melmoth, Mbs., a celeb, actress ; d. New 
York, Sept. 1823, a. 74. 

Melville, Herman, author, b. New York, 
Aug. 1, 1819. Grandson of Major Thos. At 
the age of 18 he shipped before the mast. In 
1842 he deserted from a whaling-ship at Nuka- 
heva, one of the Marquesas Islands, aud, wan- 
dering into the Typee Valley, remained four 
months a prisoner m the hands of its warlike 
inhabitants. Recovering his liberty, he arrived 
in Boston in Oct. 1844. "Typee," a narrative 
of his adventures, pub. in N.Y\ m 1 846, met with 
,t success. "Omoo" (N.Y. 1847) relates 
escape from Typee, and subsequent voyage. 
" Mardi, and a Voyage thither, and " Red- 
bum," appeared in the same year. After a 
residence in N.Y., he removed in 1850 to Pitts- 
field, Ms., producing " White Jacket, or the 
World in a Man-of-War," 1850; " Moby Dick, 
or the White Whale," 1851 ; "Pierre, or the 
Ambiguities," 1852; "The Piazza Talcs," 
1856 ; and " The Confidence Man," 1857. In 
1847 he m. the dau. of Chief Justice Shaw. In 
1860 he again sailed on a whaling-voyage 
round the world. 

Melville, Milj. Thomas, a patriotic mer- 
chant of Boston, b. Jan. 27, 1751 ; d. there 
Sept. 16, 1832. N.J. Coll. 1769. Grandson 
of Thomas, minister of Scoonie Parish, Fife- 
shire ; and son of Allan, a merchant of Boston, 
who came to America in 1748. He became a 
merchant; and in Dec. 1773 was one of the fa- 
mous Tea Party of Boston. He took an active 
part in the Revol. war; and, as maj. in Crafts's 
regt. of Ms. art., was in the actions in R.I. in 
1778. From 1789 to 1829 he was naval officer 
and surveyor of the port of Boston. Member 
of the State legisl. in 1832. — Dui/cLincl: 

Memminger, Charles GusxAvns, law- 
yer and politician, b. Wurtemberg, Germany, 
Jan. 7, 1803. S.C. Coll. 1820. Brought by 
his mother in infancy to Charleston, S.C, he 
soon afterwards became an orphan, but by the 
patronage of Gov. Bennett was helped to an 
education. He began to practise law m Charles- 
ton in 1825 ; became a leader of the Union par- 
t V in the nullification contest ; and wrote " The 
Book of Nullification," 1832-3, satirizing its 
advocates in biblical style. For nearly 20 years 
he was at the head of the finance com. in the 
lower house of the legisl., from which he re- 
tired in 1852. He was again in the legisl. in 
1854, and was active in school reforms; in 1859 



he was 



app.j 



I Va. ; sec. of the treas. 



in the cabinet of Jefierson Davis, Feb. 1861- 
June, 1864. 

Mendoza de (damen-do'-tba), Don Pe- 
dro, b. Cadiz, Spain, ab. 1487 ; d. at sea on 
his return to Spain, soon after founding the 
city of Buenos Ajtcs, in 1535. He offered his 



services to Charles V. in 1529 to complete, at 
his own expense, the exploration of the Rivers 
La Plata and Paraguay ; was created military 
cliief of the countries adjacent to them ; and set 
sail in 1534. 

Menendez de Aviles, Pedro, a disting. 

Spanish olTicer of an an ient Asturian family, 
b. 1519; d. ab. 15 Sept. 1574. WUd in his 
youth, he gained distinction in cruises against 
the corsairs and the French ; acquired wealth 
in the New World ; was capt.-gen. of the fleet 
sent with troops to Flanders, contributing, it is 
said, to the victory of St. Quentin ; afterward 
went to the W. Indies as gen. of the fleet and 
army; amassed vast riches; and in 1561, on 
his return to Spain, was arrested by the Coun- 
cil of the Indies, imprisoned, and heavily fined 
for his conduct there. At the head of an cx- 
ped. for the conquest and colonization of Flori- 
da, he sailed from Cadiz 29 June, 1565 ; Sept. 
7 he discovered the bay and river, which he 
named St. Augustine, and, landing, took formal 
possession on the 8th, aud laid the foundation 
of St. Augustine, the oldest town in tho U.S. 
Sept. 21, at daybreak, he surprised and put to 
the sword the French Huguenot garrison at 
Fort Caroline, — a piece of cruelty afterwards 
avenged by De Gourgues upon the Spanish 
garrison there. He returned to Floiida two 
years later; rebuilt San Mateo ; and in 1574, 
after his return to Spain, was given t!ie com. 
of the Armada of 300 sail at Santander, destined 
against England, when he d. suddenly at the 
age of 55. 

Menken, Adah Isaacs, actress, b. near 
N. Orleans, June 15, 1835; d. Paris, Aug. 10, 
1868. Her maiden name was Dolores Adios 
Fuertos. Her father was a Spanish Jew, and 
her mother a native of Bordeaux. At the age 
of 7 she lost her father, and went on the stage 
as a danseuse; afterward joined the Montplai- 
sir troupe, and played in Havana and Mexico, 
becoming a great favorite. She made her di'- 
but in Fazio at the Varieties, New Orleans, in 
185S; and as Mazeppa, at the Opera House, 
San Francisco, Aug. 24, 1863. In 1856 she m. 
John Isaacs Menken. In 1859 she m. John 0. 
Heenan, the pugilist, fi-om whom she w.is after- 
ward divorced ; and in Oct. 1 861 m. R. H. New- 
ell (Orpheus C. Kerr), which alliance was, like 
the others, speedily followed by a separation. 
In 1 860 she performed in New York. In the 
early part of the civil war she played in the 
Southern theatres ; afterward at Astley's in 
Lond., and in Paris, to crowded houses ; the 
part of Mazeppa being the only one in which 
she excelled. In May, 1868, she was directress 
of Sadler's Wells Theatre, Lond. She owed 
her success to a beautiful form, and played in 
pieces which enabled her to exhibit its attrac- 
tiveness to the greatest advantage. She wrote 
a vol. of poems entitled " Memories," under 
the signature of " Indigina ; " and in 1 8G7 " In- 
felicia," said to have been edited by the poet 
Swinburne. 

Mercer, Charles Fenton, LL.D. (N. J. 
Coll. 1826), M.C. from Va. 1817-40, b. Fred- 
ericksburg, Va., June 6, 1778; d. Howard, 
near Alexandria, Va., May 4, 1 858. ^ N. J. Coll. 
1797. A capt. in the army, he resigned, and, 
after spending a year in Europe, returned in 



1803, and practised law. From 1810 to 1817 
he was a member of the Assembly ; was called 
in 1811 to military duty, and rose to the rank 
of brig. -gen. of militia, commanding the forces 
at Norfolk. He was chief supporter of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal scheme, and was 
pres. of the company ; chairman of the com. of 
finance in Congress, and a protectionist. In 
1853 he visited Europe, and used his eftorts for 
the entire abolition of the African slave-trade. 

Mercer, Hdgh, brig.-gen., b. Aberdeen, 
Scotland, ab. 1721; d. Princeton, N. J., Jan. 
12, 1777. Educated for the medical profession 
at the U. of Aberdeen. He was an assist, sur- 
geon at the battle of Cullodcn, and, in conse- 
quence of his participation in the rebellion, 
emig. to America early in 1747, and settled as 
a phy-ician near the present village of Mercers- 
burg, Franklin Co., Pa. In the Fr. and In- 
dian w.ir of 1755-6 he was a capt., and the 
companion of Wasliington; and, in the exped. 
of Braddock at the battle of the Monongahela, 
was severely wounded ; became separated from 
his men, and, after weeks of wandering and hard- 
ship, reached Fort Cumberland. He received 
a medal from the corporation of Phila. for his 
courage and conduct in tliis exped. On the 
re-organization of the Prov. forces in 1758, 
Mercer, promoted to be lieut.-col., accomp. the 
ariny of Gen. Forbes to Fort Duquesne, and 
com. that post until relieved, when he fi.xed his 
residence at Fredericksburg, Va., and resumed 
the practice of medicine. On the breaking-out 
of the Eevol. he warmly espoused the cause of 
liberty ; left his profession ; com. 3 regts. of 
minute-men in 1775; in 1776 drilled and or- 
ganized the Va. militia ; was made col. 3d Va. 
Regt. Feb. 13, 1 776 ; and June 5, 1 776, was app. 
by Congress a brig.-gen. At Trenton, Mercer 
led the column of attack, and, after its brilliant 
result, suggested at the council of war the 
daring night-march on Princeton. In that 
march he was intrusted with the com. of the 
advanced party. Encountering at daybreak 
of Jan. 3, 1777, a large body of British troops, 
he threw his brigade between them and their 
reserve at Princeton, thus forcing a general 
action. Mercer was dismounted, and, endeav- 
oring to rally the militia, was felled by a blow 
from the musket of a British soldier, pierced 
with bayonet-wounds, and left for dead. Re- 
moved to a neighboring farmhou.se, he lingered 
several days in extreme sufl'ering till he ex- 
pired. A monument has been erected to his 
memory at Laurel Hill, near Phila. Provision 
was made by Congress in 1793 for the education 
of his youngest son, Hdgh, who d'. Fredericks- 
burg, Va., Dec. 2, 1853, a. 77. Another son. 
Col. John, d. Va. Sept. 30, 1817. His only 
dau., Anna Gordon P.4Tton, d. Fredericks- 
burg, Va., May 12, 1832, a. 58. 

Mercer, James, statesman, of Hampshire, 
Va.; d. 1793, a. ab. 50. Wm. and M. Coll 
1767. A member of the Va. h. of burgesses; 
a member of all the Va. conventions, and of 
the committee of safety ; a member of Con- 
gress 1779-80 ; and a judge of admiralty, and 
of the First Court of Appeals. — (irigshi). 

Mercer, Jesse, Baptist clergyman, b. 
Halifax Co.,N.C., Dec. 16, 1769 ; d. Butts Co., 
Ga., Sept. 6, 1841. Ord. in 1789, he took 



charge of a chtirch in Wilkes Co., Ga. ; was a 
member of the conv. to amend the constitution 
of Ga. in 1798. He was an eloquent preacher, 
and compiled "Mercer's Cluster," a vol. of 
hymns still in use. Mercer U. in Penfield, 
Ga., to which he left $60,000, was named in 
his honor. — See Memoir of Mercer, by C. D. 
Mallory. 

Mercer, John Francis, a Revol. soldier, 
gov. of Md. 1801-3, b. 1758; d. Phila. 30 Aug. 
1821. Wm. and M. Coll. 1775. Deleg. from Va. 
to the Old Congress in 1782-5; from Md. to 
the conv. which framed the Federal Constitu- 
tion; M.C. 1792-4 ; and member of the State 
legisl. His dau. Margaret (1791-1846) vol- 
untarily reduced herself to poverty by freeing 
her slaves, supporting herself 25 years l)y teach- 
ing. She prepared tor her pupils " Studies for 
Bible Classes and Ethics in Letters to Young 
Ladies." — See Memoir, by Dr. Caspar Morris, 
8vo, 1848. 

Mercer, Samdel, commodore U.S.N., b. 
Md. 1800; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Mar. 6, 1862. 
Midshipman, Mar. 1815; lieut. Jan. 13, 1825; 
com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Sept. 4, 1855. He 
was in " The Wabash," blockading Charleston 
harbor, and afterward in the attack on Hat- 
Meredith, Samuel, U.S. treasurer, 1789- 
1801, b. Phila. 1740; d. Behnont, Pa., Mar. 
10, 1817. He was for a time in the Colonial 
legisl. of Pa. ; maj. 3d Pa. batt. in 1775; and 
personally engaged in the battles of Trenton, 
and with his family was exiled from Phila. on 
its occupation by the British. He, with George 
Clymer, his bro.-in-law, gave £10,000 in silver 
to carry on the war. He was a member of the 
State legisl., and of theOld Congress in 1787-8. 
Meredith, William Morris, of Pa., sec. 
U.S. treas., from Mar. 7, 1 849, to July 20, 1 850, 
and a leading lawyer, b. Phila. 8 June, 1 799. 
U. of Pa. 1812. lie began practice in Dec. 
1817, and was long one of the first lawyers in 
the State; a representative in the Pa. legisl. in 
1824-8 ; pres. of the Select Council of'Phila. 
1834-49; member State Const. Conv. 1 857; 
atty.-gen. of Pa. 1861-7 ; app. one of the coun- 
sel for the US. at the Geneva conf , but de- 
clined. 

Meriam, Ebenezer, statistician and me- 
teorologist, b. Concord, Ms., June 20, 1794; 
d. Brooklyn, L. 1., Mar. 19, 1864. He was a 
manuf. in Ky , a dry-goods dealer in Zanes- 
ville, 0. ; in 'l838 went to N.Y. City, and, in 
the manuf. of soap and candles, acquired a com- 
petence. Devoting himself to meteorology, 
ho originated the theory of cycles of atmos- 
pherical phenomena; began in 1841 the .!/«»/- 
ci/ial Gazetteer, a scientific journal; contrih. 
scientific articles to the Jmimal o/ Commerre and 
other papers ; and for more than 30 years kept 
a record of the weather. 

Meriwether, David, .soldier and states- 
man, b. Va. 1755; d. near Athens, Ga., Nov. 
1822. A lieut. in the Revol. army, he served 
in N. J., and was taken prisoner at the siege 
of Savannah. In 1785 he settled in Wilkes 
Co., Ga., which he several times represented in 
the State legisl. M.C. in 1S02-7, and a warm 
supporter of Jefferson, who in 1804 app. him a 
commiss. to treat with the Creek Indians. He 



617 



MET 



also, with Gen. Jackson and Gov. McMin of 
Tenn., concluded a treaty with the Cherokees, 
by which a large territory west of the Appa- 
lachee River was ceded to the U.S. 

Merrick, James Ltman, b. Monson, Ms., 
11 Oct. 1803; d. Amherst, Ms., 18 June, 1866. 
Amh. Coll. 1830; Columb. Tlieol. Sem. 1833. 
Descended from Thos., of Springfield, Ms. (ab. 
1638). Ord. missionary to Persia 1834 ; sailed 
to Constantinople in Aug. ; and in Aug. 1835 
went to Persia, where he travelled and labored in 
various places until his return in 1845. After 
Jan. 1849, pastor of the Cong. Chnrch, Am- 
herst, Ms. Author of " Pilgrim's Harp," a 
vol. of poems, 8vo, 1847; " Life and lieligion 
of Mohammed," 1850 ; " Keith on Prophecy," 
transl. into Persian, 1846 ; " Treatise on Eng- 
lish Orthography," &c. ; " Geneal. of the Mer- 
rick Family, I860. He bequeathed all his 
property to the institutions in which he had 
been educated, for the purpose of foundin^four 
Persian scholarships. — N. E. H. and G. Regis- 
ter, 1866. 

Merrick, Flint, LL.D.(H.U.1853),judge, 
b. Brookfield, Aug. 2, 1794 ; d. Boston, Feb. 1, 
1867. H.U. 1814. Son of Pliny (H.U. 1776). 
He studied law with Levi Lincoln ; commenced 
practice in Worcester in 181 7; subsequently 
practised at Swanzey and Taunton ; was app. 
CO. atty. in 1824 ; in 1832 atty. for the middle 
district; in 1827 representative for Worcester ; 
in 1843 judge of the C.C.P. ; in 1844 of the 
Municipal Court ; State senator in 1 850 ; again 
judge of the C.C.P. in 1851, and in 185.3-64 
of the Ms. Supreme Court ; pres. of the Wor- 
cester and Nashua Railroad Co. In 1 849 he 
was senior counsel in the defence of Prof Web- 
ster, who murdered Dr. George Parkman. 
Much of his large property was bequeathed to 
the city of Worcester for the establishment of 
schools of a high grade. 

Merrill, David, Presb. minister at Ur- 
bana, O., 1827-41, and of Peacham, Vt., from 
1841 to his d., July 21, 1850, a. 52. Dartm. 
Coll. 1821. He pub. three occas. sermons, and 
contrib. to several periodicals. After his death, 
a vol. of his sermons, with a Memoir by T. S. 
Pearson, was pub. 12mo, Windsor, 1855. 

Merrill, Thomas Abbot, D. D. (Mid. 
Coll. 1837), Cong, clergyman, b. Andover, 
Ms., Jan. 18, 1780 ; d. Middlebury, Vt., April 
29, 1855. Dartm. Coll. I80I. Hewas atutor 
at Dartm. and Midd. Colleges, and was pastor 
of the church at the latter place from Dee. 19, 
1805, until his death. Numerous revivals at- 
tested his power as a preacher. He was 49 
years one of the corporation of Midd. Coll. He 
pub. some sermons, and a valuable history of 
Middlebury in 1840. 

Merritt, Timothy, clergyman, b. Bark- 
hamstead, Ct., Oct. 1775; d. Lynn, Ms., 1845. 
He became a minister in the M.E. Church in 
1796; edited Zion's Herald in Boston, and the 
Christ. AdixKate and Journal at New York ; and 
pub. "The Christian's Manual," "Convert's 
Guide and Preacher's Assistant," "Universal 
Salvation," and " Memoir of Miss S. H. Bunt- 
ing." 

Merritt, Wesley, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N. Y. 1836. West Point, 1860. Entering 
the Dragoons, he became capt. 2d Cav. 5 



April, 1862; brig.-gen. vols. 29 June, 1863; 
maj.-gen. 1 Apr. 1865; lieut.-col. 9th Cav. 28 
July, 1866. He took part in Stoneman's Raid, 
Apr. 1863 ; com. reserve cav. brigade at Gettys- 
burg, and brev. major, 1 July, 1863 ; com. cav. 
division, Nov. 1863 to Apr. 1864, in operations 
in Central Va. ; com. cav. brigade in the Rich- 
mond campaign, being frequently engaged ; and 
brev. lieut.-col. 11 May, 1864, for battle of 
Yellow Tavern, and col. for battle of Hawes 
Shop, 28 May, 1864; also engaged at Cold 
Harbor and Trevillian's Station ; com. cav. div. 
Shenandoah campaign; and brev. maj.-gen. 
vols. 19 Oct. 1864 for Winchester and Fisher's 
Hill ; com. cav. div. in Richmond campaign, 
Mar-Apr. 1865; engaged at Dinwiddle C.H. 
31 Mar., and Five Forks, for which he was 
brev. brig.-gen. LT.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; and 
brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit. 
services ending in Lee's surrender. — Cullum. 

Merry, Robert (Delia Crusca), poet, b. 
Lond. 1756; d. Baltimore, 24 Jan. 1798. U. 
of Cambridge. He acquired reputation. as a 
poet; m. in 1792 the actress Anne Brunton, 
who in I796accomp. him to America. Author 
of "Pains of Memory," Boston, 1797. His 
widow ra. William Warren the comedian in 
1806. 

Mervine, William, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Pa. 1790; d. Utica, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1868. 
Midshipm. Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. Feb. 4, 1815 ; 
com. Jan. 12, 1834; capt. Sept. 8, 1841 ; com- 
mo. 16 July, 1862; rear-adm. 1866. He did 
good service during the first year of the civil 
war ; but ill health compelled his retirement in 
Nov. 1861. 

Messer, Asa, D.D. (H.U. 1820), LL.D. 
(U. of Vt. 1812), b. Methuen, Ms., 1769; d. 
Providence, R. I., Oct. II, 1836. Brown U. 
1790. He was tutor in 1791; prof, of lan- 
guages in 1796; of mathematics and moral 
philos. in 1799 ; and was pres. of B.U. from 
1802 to 1826. The citizens of Providence for 
several years elected him to important civil 
offices. Several of his discourses and orations 
have been pub. He was licensed to preach by 
the First Baptist Church, Providence, in 1792, 
and ord. in 1801. 

Messerve, Col. Nathaniel, ship-builder, 
b. Portsmouth, N.H. ; d. June 28, 1758. Lieut.- 
col. of Moore's regt., and rendered essential ser- 
vice, at the siege of Louisburg, 1745 ; com. the 
N.H. regt. raised for the Crown Point expcd. 
in 1756, and gallantly defended Fort Edward. 
In 1758 he embarked to aid in the second siege 
of Louisburg, and died of small-pox. His son 
George was app. stami>agent for N. H. ; 
afterward coll. of customs in Boston and Ports- 
mouth ; was a loyalist, and went to England in 
1777. 

Messheimer, Frederick Val., entomol- 
ogist ; d. ab. 1814. Lutheran minister of Han- 
over, York Co., Pa. He pub. " A Catalogue 
of Insects ofPa " 1806. 

Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, baron, 
gov.-gen. of Canada 1842-4, b. Berkshire, 
Eng., Jan. .30, 1785 ; d. Basingstoke, Sept. 5, 
1846. Theophilus his fiither was a member 
of parliament. He was educated at Eton ; 
went to India in 1800, where he filled various 
civil and diplomatic posts; succeeded to the 



618 



atTD 



baronetcy on the death of his bro. in 1822; 
gov.-gen. of Jamaica 1839-42; created a baron 
in 1844. 

Metcalf, Ralph, gov. of N.H. 18.3.5-6, b. 
Charlestown, N.H., Nov. 21, 1798; d. Clare- 
mont, N.H., Aug. 26, 1858. D.C. 1823. He 
followed farming until the age of 1 8 ; began the 
practice of lav? at Newport in 1826; was sec. 
of state several years from 1830 ; held a clerk- 
ship at Washington in 1838-40 ; was chairman 
of the com. for conipiling the laws of the State 
in 1852; mcmlicr of the honse in 1852-3 ; re- 
gister of probate for Sullivan Co. in 1845. — 
Ahimn! D.C. 

Metcalfe, Samuel L., M.D., b. Va. ; d. 
1856. Some time a resident of Ky., and prof, 
of chemistry in Transylv. U., Lexington. 
Author of "Narrative of Indian Warfare in 
the West," Lex. 8vo, 1821 ; "New Theory of 
Terrestrial Magnetism," 8vo, 1833 ; " Caloric," 
&c., 2 vols. 8vo, 1843. 

Metcalf, Thekon, LL.D. (B.U. 1844; 
H.U. 1848), jurist, b. Franklin, Ms., Oct. 16, 
1784. . Brown U. 1805. App. reporter Ms. 
Supreme Court in 1839, and judge from Feb. 
24, 1848, to 1865. Author of " Digest of Cases 
in the Ms. Sup. Court," 1816-23; " MetcalPs 
Reports, 1840-49," 13 vols. 8vo, 1840-51; 
" Digest of Decis. of Cts. of Common Law and 
AdmiraltyintheU.S.,''vol.i.,1840; with L. S. 
Cushing, Suppt. to the Rev. Statutes of Ms. 
to 1844. He has edited the Gen. Laws of Ms. 
to 1822 by Commissioners Stearns and Shaw, 
2 vols. 8vo, 1823; Maule and Selwyn's Re- 
ports ; Russell on Crimes ; Starkie on Evi- 
dence; Yelverton's Reports; &c. Author of 
able articles in the Amer. Jurist on the Law 
of Contracts (since pub. in an 8vo vol.), &c. ; 
an Oration at Dedham, July 4, 1810; and 
" An Address to the P. B. K. Soc. of Brown 
U." 1832 

Metcalfe, Gen. Thomas, statesman, b. 
Fauquier Co., Va., Mar. 20, 1780 ; d. Nicholas 
Co., Ky., Aug. 18, 1855. In his youth his 
parents emigrated to Fayette, Ky., where he re- 
ceived a few months' schooling ; became a 
stone-cutter at the age of 16, and devoted all 
his leisure to study. In 1809 the prospect of 
a war with Eng. occasioned his first appearance 
as a public speaker; in 1813 he com. a com- 
pany at the battle of Fort Meigs, distinguish- 
ing himself greatly ; and, while absent on this 
campaign, was elected to the legisl., receiving 
within 13 of the entire vote of the county; 
after serving there several years, he was M.'C. 
1819-29; gov. 1828-32; State senator 1834, 
and U.S. senator 1848-9; pres. of the Board 
of Internal Improvement in 1840. He was 
the friend and follower of Henry Clay, and 
delighted in the appellation, — having refer- 
ence to his occupation of a stone-mason, — the 
" Old Stone Hammer." In Congress and the 
executive chair. Gov. M. greatly disting. him- 
self by his ability and firmness. 

Miantonomo, Sachem of the Narragan- 
setts; d. Sept. 1643. He was the nephew and 
successor of Canonicus, and assumed the govt, 
in 1636 ; making in that year a treaty with the 
English at Boston. He was the friend and 
benefactor of the R.I. settlers, to whom he 
gave their territory. In 1638 he entered into 



with Uncas, Sachem of the 
Mohegans, not to make war upon one another 
without first appealing to the English. Cited 
in 1642,upon mere rumorofintended hostilities, 
to appear at Boston before the gov. and council, 
he prom))tly appeared, declared his innocence, 
and called upon the English to produce his ac- 
cusers. None appearing, he was dismissed 
with honor. Gov. Winthrop, in his Journal, 
testifies to the respect in which the ability of 
this great chief was held. The rivalry between 
the Mohegans and Narragansetts, which it was 
the policy of the English to foment, produced 
its inevitable result. Driven by the insults and 
injuries of the unprincipled Uncas, he attacked 
him, but was defeated, and made prisoner, and, 
by the advice and con.sent of the English 
magistrates and elders, was executed. Brave 
and magnanimous, he was doubtless the most 
able of the Indians of New England. 

Micconopy (Pond-King), head chief of 
theScminoles; d. Fort Gibson, Ark., Jnn. 1849, 
a. ah. 63. He com. in person at Dado's defeat, 
and with Osceola at the Onithlacoochic in 1836, 
but was opposed to the war, and surrendered 
in Dec. 1837. 

Michaux, Andke, botanist, b. Sartory, 
near Versailles, Mar. 7, 1746 ; d. Madagascar, 
Nov. 1802. He devoted himself to agric. pur- 
suits ; but the early loss of his wife changed 
his career. In 1780 he made a botanical ex- 
cursion to Spain, and in 1782 to Persia. In 
1785 he was sent to America for the purpose 
of sending out trees and shrubs for the estab- 
lishment at Rambouillet ; made botanical ex- 
cursions in various parts of the continent ; and 
established gardens for arboriculture at N.Y. 
and at Charleston, S.C. In 1796 he returned 
to Europe ; was shipwrecked on the coast of 
Holland, but saved the greater part of his 
valuable collection, and, on his arrival at Paris, 
found that few of the 60,000 stocks which he 
had sent out to Rambouillet had escaped the 
ravages of the Revol. In 1800 he was attached 
to the expcd. of Baudin to New Holland. 
Author of " Hisioire des Chenes del'Ame'rique," 
1301 ; and " Flora Borenli Americana," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1803. His son FRANgois Andhe (b. 
1770, d. Oct. 23, 1855), who accomp. his father 
in most of his voyages, in 1802 made, by- 
order of the French' govt., a voyage to Amer. 
to examine theproductionsof the States beyond 
the Alleghanies. In 1804 he pub. "A Journey 
to the West of the Alleghany Mountains ; " to 
which was added " A Memoir on the Natural- 
ization of the Forest-Trees of N. Amer.," &c. 
In 1806 he was again sent to collect such seeds 
as he thought might be successfully introduced 
into France. His " N. Amer. Sylva," transl. 
by Hillhouse, with notes by J. j. Smith, was 
pub. 3 vols. 8vo, Phila. 1850. 

Middleton, Arthcr, statesman of S.C, 
son of Edward (b. Twickenham, Eng.), a 
member of the council in 1680, was active in 
public affairs as early as 1712. Possessing 
property and talents, he exerted all his in- 
fluence on the popular side, and in 1719 headed 
the revol. which substituted for the proprietary 
govt, the immediate protection of the crown. 
He presided over the popular convention, and 
was spokesman in the proceedings by which 



619 



the gov. was formally deposed by the popular 
govt. Gov. of the Colony from 1725 to 1731 ; 
he was afterwards in the council. His ailminis- 
iration was marked by war and nesotiations 
with the Spaniards of Florida and the French 
of La. His son Thomas disting. himself in 
1761 in com. of a provincial regt. against the 
Cherokees. Another son, Henry, was prcs. 
of Congress 1774-5. 

Middleton, Artucr, a signer of the 
Decl. of Indep., b. at the family-seat on Ashley 
River, 174.3; d. Jan. 1, 1788. Grandson of 
the preceding, and son of Henry. He was 
educated at Harrow and Westminster schools ; 
graduating at Cambridge U. in 1764. After 
his marriage with the dan. of Walter Izard, he 
revisited Europe, and made a tour of two 
years on the Continent. Beturning in 1773, 
lie became a planter ; a prominent Revol. 
leader ; a most efficient member of the council 
of safety; and in 1776 one of the committee 
to prepare the State constitution ; delegated to 
Congress in 1776-7; declined the governorship 
of S.C. in 1778; took arms in the defence of 
Charleston in 1779; saw his plantation dev- 
astated by the British ; was made prisoner 
on the fall of Charleston in 1780; his estate 
was sequestered, and he was imprisoned at St. 
Augustine, and thence transferred to the Jersey 
prison-ship ; exchanged in July, 1781 ; he was 
again a member of Congress 1781-3 ; and was 
afterwards in the State senate. Skilled as a 
stenographer, he took down many of the de- 
bates in which he participated. Under the 
signature of "Andrew Marvell " he wrote 
some effective political essays. Arthur, his 
grandson (son of Henry, min. to Russia), 8 
years sec. of legation in Sp.iin, b. S.C. 28 Oct. 
1795, d. Naples, Italy, June 9, 18.53. H.U. 
1814. Married at Rome the Countess Benti- 

Middleton, Chrfstopher, an English 
arctic navigator ; d. Jan. 24, 1770. He sailed 
from Eng. in May, 1741; and, after having 
passed the winter at the entrance of Churchill's 
River in Hudson Bay, he proceeded to Wager 
River, and penetrated towards the west as far 
as 88 degrees. He then steered to the north- 
west, and reached a bay, which he called Re- 
pulse Bay, in consequence of being prevented 
by the land and ice from making farther prog- 
ress. On the 9th of Aug. he sailed back to 
Eng., where a violent controversy took place 
between him and Arthur Dobbs, a gentleman 
of fortune, at whose instance Middleton had 
undertaken the exped. Further researches 
\indicated the reputation of Middleton, who 
was, in consequence, presented with a medal, 
and elected a member of the Royal Soi'iety. 

Middleton, Henry, statesman, son of 
Arthur the signer, b. 1771; d. Charleston, 
S.C, 14 June, 1846. Member of the legisl. 
1801-10; gov. 1810-12; M.C. in 1815-19; 
and minister to Russia 1820-31. A man of 
great liberalitv. His son Henry, b. Paris, 
1797 (West Point, 1815), studied law, and 
was adm. to the Charleston bar in 1822, but 
never practised. He pub. " The Government 
and the Currency," 1850, and many pamphlets 
on piilitics, polit. economy, &c. 

Middleton, Joh.v Izard, second son of 



Arthur the si; 
d. Paris, Nov. 
He resided at Paris during the last 25 years 
of his life, and was an intimate in the circles 
of Mmes. De Staiil and Recamier. His work 
on " The Cyclopean Walls " (fol. Lond. 1812) 
shows great acquirements in classical literature 
and the details of art. 

r'ETER, M.D., physician, b. 
Edin- 
burgh. He made with Dr. Bard, in 1750, tha 
first dissection on record in America, and was 
one of the most disting. medical men in N.Y. 
in the middle of the last century. In 1767 he 
aided in establishing a new med. school in 
N.Y., of which he was app. first prof, of physi- 
ology and pathology, and was the instructor 
in materia medica 1767-76; gov. of King's 
Coll.,N.Y., 1775. In the Med. Repos., vol. ix., 
is an able letter by him on the Croup. He 
also pub. in 1769 " Historical Inquiries into the 
Ancient and Present State of Medecine." — 
Thacher. 

Mifflin, Thomas, major-gen., b. Phila. 
1744; d. Lancaster, Pa., Jan. 21, 1800. Of 
Quaker parentage. Educated in Phila. Coll. 
and in a counting-house. He visited Europe in 
1765, and, soon after his return, entered into 
partnership with an elder bro. ; and such was 
his reputation ami intluence, that in 1772 he 
was chosen to the legisl. ; was re-elected in the 
following year, with Dr. Franklin; and in 1774 
was a delegate to the first Congress. App. a 
major of one of the first regis, raised in Phila., 
he accomp. Washington to Cambridge as aide- 
de-camp (with the rank of col.) ; in Aug. was 
made qmr.-gen. ; adj. -gen. shortly afterwards ; 
brig.-gen. May 16, 1776 ; maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 
1777. He com. the covering-party during the 
retreat from L.I. ; and was active in arousing 
the militia of his State, which he traversed, 
making patriotic addresses, and in bringing 
aid to Washington before the battles of Tren- 
ton and Princeton. In the gloomy period 
succeeding the campaign in N. J., Gen. Mif- 
flin did not attempt to conceal his discontent, 
and, after the battle of Germantown, resigned 
his commission of qmr.-gen. on the ground 
of ill-health, but was at the same time chosen 
a member of the new board of war. He was 
one of the chief conspirators engaged in the 
Conway cabal, and continued to cherish an 
unfriendly disposition towards the com. in 
chief. In Nov. 1782 he was elected a delegate 
to Congress; was chosen pres. in 1783 ; mem- 
ber and speaker of the State legisl. in 1785; a 
delegate to the convention to frame the Federal 
Constitution in 1787; pres. of the supreme 
exec.councilof Pa. fromOct. 1788 to Oct. 1790; 
pres. of the convention which formed the State 
constitution 1790; from 1791 to 1800 gov. of 
the State; and finally died a member of the 
legisl. He assisted in quelling the Whiskey 
Insurrection in 1794; making a circuit through 
the lower counties, publicly addressing the 
militia on the crisis of affairs. — Siinpnon. 

Mignot, Lonis B., landscape-painter, b. 
S.C. Left N.Y. City, where he had long been 
prosperously established, at the outbreak of 
the Rebellion ; and has been a successful paint- 
er in Lond. He is a remarkable delineator of 



620 



RTir. 



tropical atmosphere and vegetation. Among 
his pictures are " The Source of the Susque- 
hanna," " Evening in the Tropics," " Holland 
Winter-Scene," and " Southern Harvest." — 
Tuckerman. 

Milbum, WiLWAM Henry (" the blind 
preacher "), an eloquent clergyman, b. Phila. 
Sept. 26, 1823. In 1827 his father moved to 
Jacksonville, 111. William had partially lost 
his sight in childhood, but was an indefatiga- 
ble student, and studied a while in 111. Coll. ; 
but at the age of 20 gave up from ill-health, 
and engaged as a Meth. itinerant preacher. In 

1846 he became chaplain to Congress, where 
he was engaged for 10 sessions; in 1848 he 
was established in Ala., first at Montgomery, 
afterward at Mobile. He removed to N.Y. in 
18.54, and became a popular lecturer. In 1859 
he delivered lectures in the principal cities of 
Eng. to crowded audiences. He subsequently 
joined the Episc. Church. His " Ten Years 
of Preacher-Life " was pub. 1859 ; " Pioneers 
and People of the Mississippi Valley," 1860; 
" Rifle, A.xe, and Saddle-Bags," 1857." — 
Duiickinck. 

Miles, Dixon S.,co1. U.S.A., b. Md. 1803 ; 
killed at Harper's Kerry, Va., Sept. 16, 1862. 
West Point, 1824. Adj. May, 1830, to 1836; 
capt. 8 June, 1836 ; assist, quarterm. 1839-45 ; 
brev. major for defence of Fort Brown, May 9, 
1846; Com. his regt., and brev. lieat.-col. for gal- 
lantry, at Monterey, Mex. ; maj. 5th Inf. Feb. 
16, 1847; military and civil gov. ■ of Jalapa, 
Mex., July, 1848; com. in Gila exped., and 
disting. in conflicts with Indians of N. Mex- 
ico, June 27, 1857 ; and in several conflicts 
with Navajoes, N. Mex., Sept. 1858; lieut.- 
col. 3d Inf Apr. 15, 1851 ; col. 2d Inf. Jan. 
19, 1859. In the battle of Bull Run he com. 
the 5th division in reserve. In Sept. 1862 he 
was intrusted with the important com. of 
Harper's Ferry. One of his subordinates 
abandoned Maryland Heights ; and, on the ap- 
proach of the enemy in force, he surrendered 
the post with nearly 12,000 men. 

Miles, Henbt Adolphcs, D.D. (B.U. 
1850), b. Grafton, Ms., 30 May, 1809. B.U. 
1829. Many years sec. Amer. Unit. Assoc. ; 
formerly settled over a Unit. Church at Lowell. 
Has pub. " Lowell as it Was and Is," 2d ed. 

1847 ; " Genealogy of the Miles Family," 1840 ; 
and a discourse before the A. and Hon. Art. 
Co., 5 June, 1843. 

Miles, James Warlet, scholar, b. Charles- 
ton, S.C., ab. 1819. S.C. Coll. He took 
holy orders, and became a missionary to the 
East, acquiring the Oriental tongues. On his 
return he became assist, rector of St. Michael's, 
Charleston, which he gave up for the profess- 
orship of Greek and history in the Charleston 
Coll. Visiting France and Germany for his 
health, he studied philology and philos. at 
Berlin, ami, returning after two years' absence, 
became librarian of the Charleston Coll. He 
has contrib. vigorous articles for the Southern 
Review ; and pub. " Philosophic Theology," 
1849, and a number of addresses. He has 
also written fugitive poems of merit. — Duyc- 
kinck. 

Miles, Nelson A., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Wachusettville, Ms., 8 Aug. 1839. Re- 



ceived a fair education, and at 17 entered a 
store in Boston. He entered the service as 1st 
lieut. 22d Ms. Oct. 1861 ; was disting. and 
wounded at Fair Oaks ; also disting. at 
Charles City Cross-Road and at Malvern ; 
acted asadj.-gen. 1st brigade, Istdiv. 2d corps, 
from Fair Oaks to Harrison's Landing ; was, 30 
Sept. 1862, made col. 61st N.Y., which he led 
at Fredericksburg ; and was carried from the 
field of Chancelloisville (as was supposed) fa t;il- 
ly wounded ; com. the I st brig. Istdiv. 2d corps 
in the Richmond campaign of 1864; was 
made brig.-gen. 12 May, 1864 ; and brev. maj.- 
gen. for gallantry at Reams's Station, Dec. 
1864 ; maj.-gen. 21 Oct. 1865 ; col. 40th inf. 28 
July, 1866 ; transf. to 5th Inf. 15 Mar. 1869 ; 
brev. brig, and maj.-gen. 2 Mar. 1867. 

Miles, Pliny, b. Watertown, N.Y., 1818 ; 
d. Malta, 6 April, 1865. Well known by his 
letters from abroad under the signature of 
" Communipaw." Was the author of " Senti- 
ments of Flowers;" "Statistical Register," 
8vo, 1848; "Art of Memory," 8vo, 1848; 
" Rambles in Ireland," 1854 ; " Ocean Steam- 
Navigation," 1857 ; "Postal Reform, its Ur- 
gent Necessity and Practicability," 1855. To 
this subject he devoted his later years. In 
his early years he was a schoolmaster. 

Miles, Richard Pids, R. C. bishop of 
Nashville, consec. Sept. 16, 1838; d. Feb. 1, 
1860. 

Milfort, Le Clero, a French adventurer, 
who in his youth came to Amer. ; travelled 
through the Colonies, and ab. 1776 attached 
himself to MacGillivray, the Creek chief, wbose 
sister he married ; was made a war chief by 
the Indians ; and served actively against the 
patriots of Ga. during the Revol. In 1796, 
after having lost his wife and his bro.-in-law 
MacGillivray, he returned to France, and was 
made a gen. of brigade by Bonaparte. In 

1814 he disting. himself by a gallant defence 
of his own house in Rheims against a party 
of Russians, and died soon after. He pub. 
in France an interesting memoir of his resi- 
dence among the Creeks, " S^jours dans la 
Nation Creek," 8vo, Paris, 1802. 

Millard, David, clergyman, b. Ballston, 
N.Y., Nov. 24, 1794. The" son of a Revolu- 
tionary soldier. He was brought up on a farm, 
and became a teacher at the age of 17. In 

1815 he became a minister; and was settled in 
West Bloomfield, N. Y., from 1818 to 1832: 
in Portsmouth from 1837 to 1840; visited the 
Mediterranean and the East in 1841 ; and 
was some years a prof in the Meadville Theol. 
School, Pa. He pub. " The True Mes.siah in 
Scripture Light," 1818; " Travels in Egypt, 
Arabia Petrsea, and the Holy Land," 1843; 
and edited a monthly mag., the Gospel Lvmi- 
nari/. 

Milledge, John, soldier and statesman, b. 
Savannah, 1757 ; d. at the Sand Hills, Feb. 9, 
1818. He descended from one of the early 
settlers of the Colony; was brought up in the 
office of the king's at'ty. ; at the commencement 
of the Revolution espoused the cause of the 
Colonies ; and was one of the party which 
made Gov. Wright prisoner, June 17, 1775. 
He was at the siegesof Savannah and Augusta; 
served frequently iu the legisl. ; was in 1 780 app. 



atty.-gen. of the State; gcv. in 1802-6; M.C. 
1 792-1802, excepting one term ; anJ U.S. sena- 
torI806-9; pres. pro. (cm. 1809. In 1802 he, with 
James Jackson and Abraham Baldwin, were 
commits, for ceding to the U.S. certain por- 
tions of the territory of Ga. He was tlie prin- 
cipal founder of the U. of Ga., and presented 
the land which forms its site. His memory 
was honored by an act of the leglsl., calling the 
capital of the State Milledgeville. 

Milledoler, Philip, D.D., clergyman of 
the D. R. Church, b. Farmington, Ct., Sept. 
22, 1775; d. Staten Island, Sept. 22, 1852. 
Col. Coll. 1793. Of Swiss parentage, he be- 
came disting. as a scholar while at Edinburgh, 
particularly in the application of chemistry to 
the pursuits of life. The Highland Agric. 
Society having offered a premium of 50 sover- 
eigns for the best analysis of oats, he was the 
successful competitor. In May, 1795, he be- 
came minister of the Ref. Church iuN. Y. ; 



oiEciated in Rutgers-street Collegiate Church, 
N.Y. ; in 1825-35 was pres. of Rutgers Coll., 
N. J., being prof, of moral philos. at the same 
time. He was one of the founders of the Bible 
Society; was an industrious scholar; and pub. 
lectures, addresses, essays, and treatises. 

Miller, Edward, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1784), 
physician and medical writer, b. Dover, Del., 
9 May, 1760; d. N. Y. City 17 Mar. 1812. 
Son of Rev. John, 43 years Presb. pastor of 
Dover, who d. July, 1791 . He received a clas- 
sical education ; studied medicine ; was sur- 
geon's mate in the Rcvol. army in 1780 ; and 
surgeon in an armed ship in 1781-2 ; practised 
successfully in Dover, until in 1796 he removed 
to N.Y. City, where, with Drs. Mitchell and 
Smith, he founded, in Aug. 1797, the Med. Re- 
pository, the first work of the kind in America, 
continued till his death. Its conductors were 
members of a Friendly Club, which also in- 
cluded William Dunlap, Brockden Brown, 
Anthony Bleecker, and James Kent. Made 
resident physician of N.Y. in 1803, he pub. a 
treatise of 'great merit on the Yellow-Fever; 
app. prof, of the practice of physic in the U. of 
N.Y. in Mar. 1807, and in 1809 clinical lecturer 
in the N.Y. Hospital. He received professional 
honors from all quarters ; had a large corresp. 
wiih men of letters in both hemispheres; and 
assisted his bro. Samuel in preparing his "Ret- 
rospect of the 18th Century." He was a con- 
spicuous advocate of temperance, and opposed 
the use of tobacco. His medical writings, with 
a Memoir, were pub. by his bro., S. Miller, Svo, 
1814. 

Miller, Elihd Spexcer, prof, in the Law 
School of the U. of Pa., b. Princeton, N.J., 
1817. N.J. Coll. 18.36. Son of Rev. Samuel. 
Author of " Law of Partition by Writ in 
Pa.," &c., Svo, 1847; "Caprices," a coll. of 
poems, 12mo, 1849. Editor of Serjeant on the 
Law of Mechanics, Svo, 1856. — 4/W)o«e. 

Miller, Gen. Henry, Revol. officer, b. 
near Lancaster, Pa., Feb. 13, 1751, d. Car- 
lisle, Pa., Apr. 5, 1824. He studied law, and 
began praciiee ; but, on the breaking-out of the 
war, marched to Boston as a lieut. ; rose to lie 
col. ; performed important services during the 



campaign in N. J. ; had two horses killed under 
him at Monmouth ; was in many battles during 
the war; was qnarterm.-gen. in the Western 
exped. ; and com. a brigade of militia for the 
defence of Baltimore in the war of 1812. He 
was a merchant of Baltimore ; afterward pro- 
thonotary of Perry Co.; and supt. of revenue 
for the dist. of Pa. 

Miller, Gen. James, b. Peterborough, 
N.H., Apr. 25, 1776; d. Temple, N.H., July 7, 
1851. He was bred to the law; but entered 
the army as major 4th Inf. July 8, 1 808 ; app. 
licut.-col. 5th Inf. Nov. 30, 1810; brcv. col. for 
disting. service at Brownstown, Aug. 9, 1812, 
where he commanded ; disting. in capture of 
Fort George, U.C, May 27, 1813; col. 21st 
Inf. Mar. 9, 1814; brevet brig.-gen. for dis- 
ting. service at Niagara Falls, July 25, 1814; 
received a. gold medal, "with suitable emblems 
and devices," presented " in testimony of the 
high sense entertained by Congress of his gal- 
lantry and good conduct in the several conflicts 
of Niagara'and Erie," Nov. 3, 1 814. Gov. of 
Arkansas from March, 1819, to March, 1825; 
and coll. of the port of Salem in 1825-49. His 
son James F., commodore U.S.N, (b. 1803, d. 
Charlestown, Ms., 11 July, 1868), entered the 
navy in 1826, became commo.inlS66, and saw 
service in the Mexican war. 

Miller, James William, poet and miscel- 
laneous writer, d. W. Indies, 1829, a. 27. His 
early life was passed in a variety of occupa- 
tions. After studying law, he engaged in lite- 
rary pursuits in Boston, but went to the West 
Indies in 1828, and obtained a grant of land 
from the Spanish govt. He was for a short 
time assoc. with John Neal in the editorship 
of the Yanl-ee, and contrib. in verse to this and 
other periodicals. A vol. of his Poems and 
Sketches was collected and pub. at Boston, 
12mn, 18.30. 

Miller ("Joaquin"), Cincinnatus Hi- 
ker, poet, has been successively a Cal. miner, 
propr. of a pony-express over the mountains, 
editor of a Democ. paper in Eugene City, Ore- 
gon (his father's home), atty. at law in Canyon 
City, and county judge of Grant Co. He m. 
ab. 1 863 a young lady named Minnie Myrtle, 
known as a writer of verses, from whom he sep. 
in 1870, and has since resided in London. A 
vol. of his poems, " Songs of the Sierras," was 
pub. there in 1871. 

Miller, Rev. John, M.A., chaplain to the 
troops in N.Y. 1 692-5. Author of " Description 
of the Pro^'ince and City of N.Y., &c., in 1695," 
pub. London, Svo, 1843, and, with Introd. and 
Notes by J. G. Shea, N.Y. Svo, 1862. 

Miller, John, statesman ; d. near Flori- 
sant. Mo., March 18, 1846. Lient.-col. 17th Inf. 
March 12 ; col. 19th Inf. July 6, 1812; disting. 
in com. of detachment from the army in Fort 
Meigs, destroying enemy's batteries. May 5, 
1813 ; resigned Feb. 10, 1818. Register of pub- 
lic lands in Howard Dist., Mo., some years. 
Edited IVestem Herald, at SteubenviUe, 0., un- 
til 1 825. Gov. of Mo. 1 826-32 ; M.C. 1 837^3. 

Miller, Samuel, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1804), 
LL.D. (Wash. Coll., Pa.), scholar and divine, 
b. Dover, Del., Oct. 31, 1769; d. Princeton, 
N. J., Jan. 7, 1850. U. of Pa. 1789. Son of 
Rev. John, a native of Boston, who early set- 



]VIIL 



622 



tied as a Presb. clersvman in Del. ; and bro. 
of Edward Miller, M^D. From 1793 to 1813 
he was minister of a Presb. church in N. Y. 
City, acquiring much reputation as a theolo- 
gian and a polemical writer; and in 1813-49 
was prof, of eccl. hist, and chnrch eovt. in the 
Thcol. Sem. at Princeton, N.J. Author of " A 
Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century," 
2 vols. 8vo, 1803; "Letters on the Constitu- 
tion and Order of the Christian Ministry," 
which originated a controversy between him 
and Rev. John Bowdcn on the subject, 1807; 
a discourse before the N.Y. Hist. Soc, of which 
he was 9 years corresp. sec, on the cliscnv. of 
N.Y. by Hudson, 1809; "Memoirs of Rev. 
John Rodgers," 8vo, 1813 ; " Infant-Baptism," 
12mo, 1840; " Letters on TJnitarianism," 8vo, 
1821; "Letters on Clerical Manners and 
Habits," 1827; " Presb vterianism Truly Prim- 
itive," &c., 12mo, 1840; "On the Eternal 
Sonship of Christ," 1 :'23 ; " Memoir of Rev. 
Charles Nesbit, D.D.," 1840; besides numer- 
ous occasional sermons, and a " Life of Jona- 
than Edwards " in Sparks's " American Biog- 
raphy." He was an early member of the Amor. 
Philos. Society, and a con-esp. member of the 
Ms. Hist. Society.— 5ec Memoir of Bev. S. Mil- 
ler, b:/ Samuel Miller, 1 859 ; Sprague. 

Miller, Samuel IT., app. judge U.S. Sup. 
Court 16 July, 1862, b. Richmond, Kv., 5 Apr. 
1816. U. of Transylv. Took the degree of 
M.D., and practised medicine a few jfears ; then 
adopted the law ; became an emancipationist in 
1848; and in 1850 settled in Iowa, where he 
became a Repub. leader, declining a'l offices, 
and attending wholly to his profession. 

Miller, Stephen D., statesman, b. Wax- 
haw Settlement, S.C., May, 1787; d. Raymond, 
Mpi., March 8, 1838. S.C. Coll. 1808. He 
adopted the profession of the law ; was M.C. 
1819-20; member S.C. senate 1822; gov. of 
S.C. in 1828-30; and U.S. senator in 1831-3. 

Miller, Stephen Franks, lawyer and au- 
thor, b. N.C. In his youth he removed to Ga. ; 
was adm. to the bar at 21, soon after which 
the legisl. elected him solicitor-gen. of the 
South'"rn Circuit. Engaging afterwards in hi; 
prof, in Ala., a severe bronchial affection com- 
pelled him to engage in other avocations ; and 
m 1840-7 ho edited the Monitor, a Wliig journal, 
at Tuscaloosa. In 1848 and 9 he was associ- 
ated in the editorial management of De Bow's 
Review and the Daili/ Commercial Times in N. 
Orleans. His health failing, he removed to 
Ogletliorpe Co., Ga. Author of " The Bench 
and Bar of Georgia," 2 vols. Svo, Pliila. 1858; 
" Wylkins Wylder, or the Successful Man," 
1860; and a "Memoir of fen. David Black- 
shear." 

Miller, Wilj-iam, the prophet of the Mil- 
Icrites, b. Pittsfield, Ms., 1781 ; d. Hampton, 
N.Y., Dec. 20, 1849. During the last war with 
Eng. he served as a capt. of vols, on the North- 
em frontier. He began to speak in public as- 
semblies upon the subject of the millennium in 
1833 ; and for 10 years labored assiduously in 
the Middle and Northern States. He was un- 
educated ; yet he succeeded in building up a 
sect of some thirty or forty thousand 'disciples, 
which disappeared rapidly after the close of, the 
" day of probation " in 1843. 



Mills, Abraham, LL.D. (Mad. U.), au- 
thor, b. Duchess Co., N.Y., 1796; d. N. York 
City, 8 July, 1867. Educated at an acad. He 
established himself in New York, where he was 
a teacher of and lecturer on rhetoric and belles- 
lettres. Author of " English Literature," 1851; 
" Greek Literature," 1853 ; "Lectures on Rhet- 
oric and Belles-Lettres," 1854 ; " Compendium 
of the History of the Ancient Hebrews," 1856. 
He pub. also a lecture on " Literature and 



Literary Men of Great Britain.' 

Mills, Clark, sculptor, b. unonaaga 
N.Y., Dec. I, 1815. While a child, he lost his ^ 4' ' 



Onondaga Co., 



parents. He learned the trade of a plasterer, -i 
which he foUowed 9 years in Charleston, S.C. * '^ 
From the age of 22 he manifested a taste for 
sculpture; and in 1846 finbhed a bust of 
Calhoun, which adorns the City Hall of Charles- 
ton. His equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson, 
cast in Oct. 1852, was inaug. Jan. 8, 1853, and 
stands in Lafayette Square, Washington, near 
the President's house. During the next session, 
$50,000 was appropriated by Congress for a 
colossal equesman statue of Washington, to 
be executed by him : this statue, which is some- 
what larger than that of Jackson, was inaug. 
at Washington Feb. 22, 1 860. Mr. Mills's next 
employment was the casting of a colossal statue 
of Liberty, from a design by Crawford ; finished 
in 1863 : it now crowns the dome of the Capitol. 

Mills, Robert, engineer and architect of 
S.C, d. Washington, D.C., 3 Mar 1855. Ar- 
chitect of the US. P.O., Treasury, and Patent- 
office buildings. Author of " Amer. Pharos, 
or Light-house Guide," 8vo, 1832 ; " Statistics 
of S.C," Svo, 1826 ; "Atlas of S.C," fol. 1826 ; 
"Guide to the Nat. Exec. Offices, Washington," 
1842. 

MiUs, Samcel Johtj, "The Father of 
Foreign Missions in America," b. Torringford, 
Ct., Apr. 21, 1783; d. at sea, Juno 18, 1818. 
Wms. Coll. 1 809. Son of the eccentric clergy- 
man of Torringford of the same name ( 1 743- 
1 833 ) . At the And. Theol. Sem. he was active 
in disseminating his project, which resulted in 
the app. of a "Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions ; " in the embarkation of 
Rev. Messrs. Hall, Nott, Judson, Rice, and 
Newell, for Calcutta, in Feb. 1812; and the 
establishment of missions in Ceylon, the Sand- 
wich Islands, &c. Ord. June21, 1815, and made 
two tours through the Southern and Western 
States with Messrs. Schcrmerhorn and Smith, 
of which he pub. an account, Andover, Svo, 
1815. On liis return he originated the Amer. 
Bible Society, formed in N.Y. May 8, 1816; 
and was instrumental in the formation of the 
Amer. Colonization Society, Jan. 1, 1817 ; app. 
its agent to explore the west coast of Africa for 
a suitable site for the colony, he reached its 
coast, March 12, 1818; explored the country; 
and embarked for the U.S., via England, May 
22, but died on the passage. His Memoirs have 
been pub. by Gardiner Spring, D.D., Svo, 1820. 

Milmore, Martin, sculptor, b. Boston, 
1845, Entered Ball's studio in July, 1860, and 
has produced an alto-relief, "Prosphor; " a stat- 
uette of "Devotion ; " busts of Longfellow, Sum- 
ner, Geo. Ticknor, Gen. Thayer, and an ideal 
of " Miranda ; " statues of Ceres, Flora, and 
P,omo]ja, in Horticultural Hall, Boston ; and 



;-y 



MIL 



623 



; at Forest Hills, commemorating, 
by tlie city of Roxbury, her sons who fell dur- 
ing the Rebellion. Now (1871) engaged upon 
a similar work for the city of Boston, to be 
placed on Boston Common. — Tuchennan. 

Milnor, James, D.D. (U. of Pa.), clergy- 
man, b. Phila. June 20, 1773 ; d. N.Y. Apr. 8, 
1S45. U. ofPa. He studied law ; commenced 
practice in 1794; removed to Phila. in 1797; 
soon attained a prominent position ; and was 
M.C.inlSU-13. Ord.tothe ministry in 1814; 
officiated in Pa. ab. two years ; and was from 
1816 to liis death rector of St. George's Church. 
He was an efficient supporter of the Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb, and of the Bible and 
Tract Societies. He pub. a few addresses and 
occasional sermons. — See " Memoirs of the 
Life of James Milnor," by J. S. Stone, D.D., 
N.Y."l848. 

Milns, William, teacher and dramatist; 
d. Boston Mar. 1801, a. 40. He had been a 
teacher in N.Y. and Boston. Author of some 
plays, — " The Comet," "All in a Bustle," and 
"A Flash in the Pan." 

Milroy, Gi;n-. Robert H., b. Ind. ab. 
1814. He studied law; was adm. to the bar; 
served as capt. 1st Ind. Vols, in the Mexican 
war; entered the service in 1661 as brig.-gen. 
Ind. Vols. ; served in Western Va. under 
McClellan and Rosecrans; com. the forces 
engaged at Can-ick's Ford ; and was app. brig.- 
gen. vols. Sept. 3, 1861 ; he served under Fre- 
mont and Sigel, and in the 2d battle of Bull 
Run; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; he com. ab. 
8,000 men at Winchester, where he was at- 
tacked 15 June, 1863, and retreated, losing 
nearly half his force. 

Milton, Gex. Homer Virgil, Revol. 
officer; d. Jeff. Co., Ga., May, 1822. Maj. 3d 
U.S. Inf. Mav, 1808; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. 3 
Sept. 1810; col. 3d Inf. 15 Aug. 1S13; re- 
signed 30 Nov. 1814. 

Mina (mee'-na), Xaviek, a Spanish offi- 
cer, b. Navarre, 1789. Nephew of the celebrat- 
ed Spanish guerilla chief; undertook to liberate 
Mexico, which he entered in Apr. 1817 with a 
small force. He gained several victories, but 
was captured and shot at Mexico, 11 Nov. 1817. 

Miner, Alonzo Ames, D.D. (H.U. 1863), 
Universalist clergyman, b. Lempster, N.H., 17 
Aug. 1814. Grandson of Charles, a Revol. sol- 
dier, who was 6th in dcsc. from Thos. of Boston, 
1630. Brought up on a farm, and received an 
academical education ; principal of the Scient. 
and Milit. Acad, of Unity, N.H., 1 835-9. Ord. 
June, 1 839 ; settled at Mcthuen, Ms. ; and over 
the 2d Church of Lowell, July, 1842 ; also edit- 
ing the Star ofBetldehrm ; chosen coll. of Mr. 
Ballou (2d Church, Boston) 1 May, 1848, 
where he still continues; since 1852, and till 
recently', has been sole pastor ; pres. of Tufts 
ColL since July, 1862 ; a leader m antislavery 
and temperance reform, and disting. as a lec- 
turer on these topics. Contrib. to Rose of 
Sharon, and to the Ladies' Repository. 

Miner, Charles, editor and M.C. (1825- 
9), b. Norwich, Ct., ab. 1800 ; d. Wilkesliarre, 
Ct., Oct. 26, 1865. Emigrating at 19 to tlic 
Wyoming Valley, he became popular as a 
printer, and editor of the Luzerne Federalist, 
then of the Gleaner ; was afterward assist, edi- 



tor of the PoUlieal and Commercial Register of 
Phila.; and subsequently, with his hro., estab- 
lished in West Chester the I'lV/aje Record, 
where, over the signature of " John Harwood," 
he made the paper very popular. He revived 
the silk-growing interest, and wrote the able 
report introduced by Gen. Van Rensselaer as 
chairman of the Congressional com. on agri- 
culture. Author of a " History of Wyoming," 
8vo, 1 845. To the Gleaner he contrib. the cele- 
brated essays entitled " From the Desk of Poor 
Robert the Scribe." 

Miner, Thomas, M.D., b. Middletown, 
Ct., Oct. 15, 1777; d. Worcester, Ms., April 
23, 1841. Y.C. 1796. Pres. Ct. Med. Soc. 
1834-7. He practised first at Middletown, 
and was a founder of the Yale Med. Institute, 
and of the Ct. Retreat for the Insane. In 1 823, 
iu connection with Dr. Wm. Tally, he pub. 
" Essays upon Fevers and other Medical Sub- 
jects ;'" in 1825 he pub. an account of Typhus 
Syncopalis. Dr. Miner contrib. to the period- 
icals of the day biographical sketches of dis- 
tinguished physicians of Ct., medical essays, 
and translations from French medical works. 
Dr. Williams has pub. his Autobiography. 

Minns, Tho.mas, pub. of the Mercury, 
and editor of the N.E. Palladium, 1792-1828; 
d. Boston, 4 Apr. 1836, a. 62. 

Minor, Benjamin Blake, b. Tappahan- 
nock, Va., 1818. Educated at U. of Va., and 
Wm. and Mary Coll. (1838). Editor of new 
editions of Wythe's " Reports," with a Memoir, 
and of Hening and Mumford's "Reports Sup. 
Ct. of Appeals." Some years editor and pro- 
prietor Soulhem Lit. Messenger. — Allibone. 

Minor, Lhcian, b. Louisa Co., Va., 1802. 
Wm. and Mary Coll. 1823. Atty.-gen. of Va. 
for Louisa Co. 1828-52. Has pub. many ad- 
dresses, &c. ; contrib. to the Southern Lit. Mes- 
senger, &c. ; author of a large portion of what 
relates to the civil duties of a J. P. in Davie's 
"Guide to Justices;" added notes and preface 
to Call's " Va. Reports ; " and has condensed 
the 4 vols, of Hening and Mumford into one, 
adding subsequent decisions and enactments. 
His best known tract, " Reasons for abolishing 
the Liquor-Traffic," had a sale of 30,000. — 
Allihone. 

Minor, William Thomas, LL.D. (Wesl. 
U. 185.-)), lawver, gov of Ct. 1856-8 ; b. 
Woodbury, Ct." 3 Oct. 1815. Y.C. 1834. 8 
years in the State Icgisl. Consul-gen. to Il.a- 
vana 1864-7; judge Sup. Court of Ct. 

Minot, George, lawver, b. Haverhill, Ms., 
Jan. 5, 1817; d. Reading, Ms., Apr. 16, 1858. 
H.U. 1836. Son ot Judge Stephen. After 
completing his legal studies with Rufus Choate, 
he was adm. to the Suflilk bar in Apr. 1839 ; 
opened an office in Boston, and ro.se rapidly to 
distinction. Editor for 10 years of the U.S. 
Statutes at Large ; rendered valuable aid to 
Mr. Peters in the preparation of the first 8 
vols, of the statutes pub. in 1848; reported 
the decisions of Judge Woodbury ; and pub. an 
edition of the 9 vols, of Eng. Admiralty Re- 
ports in 1854. In 1844 he edited the valuable 
" Digest of the Decisions of the Sup. Ct. of 
Ms.," to which he added a Supplement in 1852. 
— Necrology of H.U. 

Minot, Geobge Richards, judge, and 



624 



man of lutters, b. Boston 2S Dec. 1758; d. 
there2 Jan. 1802. H.U. 1778. Ad m. to the 
bar in 1781 ; practised law successfully in 
Boston ; clerk of the house of reps. 1782-91 ; 
sec. of the convention which adopted the U. 
S. Constitution; apj). jiid;;e of probate 1792 
forSuffollcCo.; chief justice C.C.P. 1799; and 
judge of the Municipal Court of Boston, 
1800-2. A founder of the Ms. Hist. Roc, and 
editor of 3 vols, of its Collections. He deliv- 
ered the Oration at Boston 5 Mar. 1782; a Fu- 
neral Eulogvon Washington in 1800; an Ad- 
dress to theCharitableFire Soc. in 1795; was 
the author of a " Hist, of the Insurrection in 
Ms." in 178G, and of a continuation of 
Hutchinson's "Hist, of Ms.," 2 vols. 1798- 
1802, besides many fugitive pieces in the mag- 
azines ami newspapers. His son William 
(II U. 1802) has kmu' been an eminent lavvv..r 
of Boston. — .sVf ,1/. «««>/». l/s. Hist. Coll!,, viii. 

Minto, Walter. LL.D., mathematician, 
b. Scotland, Sept. 6, 175.3 ; d. Princeton, N.J., 
Oct. 21,1796. U. of Edinburgh. He became 
tutor of the two sons of George Johnstone, 
M.P., comniiss. to this country 1778, and with 
thrni iiavcllcd .iver Europe. He came to 
Aiih I- 111 i:-i,, ami was prof, of math, in the 
CmII. nl X.,1 iinin 1787 to 1796. He pub. an 
'■IiKiiii; Address on the Mathematical Scien- 
ces," 1788; a work stating the claim of Napier 
as the discoverer of logarithms; a demonstra- 
tion of the path of the new phiiiet ; and re- 
searches into some parts of the thcoiv of the 
planets, 8vo, 1783. — Prinrrton Mivj. i. 38-47. 

Minturn, Robert Bowne, merchant and 
philanthro|)ist, b. N.Y. City, Nov. 16, 18o5; 
d. there Jan. 9, 1866. He received a good edu- 
cation, but at 14 lost his father, and entered a 
counting-house. In 1825 he was admitted a 
partner in the house of Mr. Charles Green ; 
and in 1830 to the house of Fish and Grinnell, 
since widely known as " Grinnell, Minturn, and 
Co." He was one of the first comniiss. of emi- 
gration ; an originator of the As>ociation tor 
improving the Condition of the Poor; and one 
of the founders of St. Luko Hospital. During 
the Rebellion, the state of his health compelled 
him to go to Europe, where all his energies 
were exerted in behalf of his country. Pres. 
of the Union League Club until his death. 

Minty, Gen. Robert H. G., b. Mayo, Ire- 
land, 4 Dec. 1831. Served in the Brit, army in 
1849-53; emig. to the U.S., and settled in 
Mich.; app. lieut.-col. 3d Mich. Cav. 1861; 
col. 4th. 21 July, 1862; brig. -gen. 1864; dis- 
ting. at New Madrid, Farmington, pursuit of 
Bragg, and in various minor engagements ; 
com. cav. brigade in 1863-5 ; disting. at Stone 
River, Chickamauga, and the Atlanta cam- 
paign ; was in Kilpatrick's celeb, raid around 
Atlanta, and on many other battle-fields. 

Minuit, Peter, first gov. of New Nether- 
lands, 1626-32 ; came from Wesel, Rhenish 
Prussia, ah. 1624. He had been deacon in the 
Walloon Church of Wesel, and was connected 
with prominent families there. — Hist. Mug. 
May, 1868. 

ilirabeau, Boniface RiQUETTi, Vicomte 
de, younger bro. of the celebrated orator, b. 
1754 ; d. Friburg, Oct. 1792. Col. of the regt. 
Touraine, serving under Rochambeau in Amer- 



ica during the Revol. war. He was a man of 
wit and courage, and an opponent of the French 
revol., but was so bloated by drinking as to be 
nicknamed " Barrel Mirabeau." He emigrated 
in 1790, and joined the Royalist army on the 
Rhine. His celebrated brother was the author 
of " Considerations on the Order of Cincin- 
natns," 1784. 

Miramon, Miguel, a Mexican soldier, b. 
Mexico, 1830; executed as a traitor at Quere- 
taro, Mexico, June 19, 1867. Son of Gen. M., 
and was educated at the Chapultcpec Military 
Acad. He served under Alvarez ; was made 
prisoner by Comonfort.but succeeded in making 
his escape. Disting. for courage, rather than 
statesmanship, he became the nominal leader 
of the anti liberal and clerical party; and at- 
tained the supreme com. of the revol. forces 
during the civil war of 1 858-60. OnZuloaga's 
retirement from Mexico, Miramon became pres. 
While in this position, he forcibly took posses- 
sion of a large sura of money belonging to 
British bondholders, and brought about the 
Mon- Almonte treaty with Spain ; thus giving 
occasion for the intervention ofEng., France, 
and Spain in Mexico. He was defeated Aug. 
13, 1860, and withdrew to Spain in 1861. Af- 
ter the accession of Maximilian, his petition to 
return was finally granted; and, joining the 
emperor, he was placed in high command. 

Miranda, Francisco, a Spanish-Amer. 
revolutionist, b. Caracas, of which province 
his grandfather was gov., ah. 1750; d. Cadiz, 
Spain, 1816. At 20 he travelled on foot through 
a great portion of America, and was afterwards 
a col. in the corps destined to act with our 
French auxiliaries in the Revol. war. Visit- 
ing the U.S. in 1783, he afterwards travelled 
on foot through Eng., France, Italy, and Spain. 
After an abortive attempt to free the Guati- 
nialans from the Spanish yoke, he fled to Eu- 
rope, presented his revol. projects to various 
courts; and in 1789 Catharine of Russia en- 
deavored to engage him in her service. Con- 
necting himself with the Girondists at Paris in 
1792, he was sent on a mission to Eng. ; was a 
gen. of division, and second in com. in the army 
of Dumouriez; and acquired high repute as an 
engineerand tactician at the siege of Maestricht 
and the battleof Nerwinde, butwas imprisoned 
in consequence of his intrigues. Liberated in 
July, 1794, he was afterward ordered to leave 
France, but, returning, was in 1797, and again 
in 1804, expelled the country. In 1806-11 he 
was engaged in revol. projects in America, and 
in 1811 endeavored to establish a consular 
govt, at Caracas. Aided by citizens of Eng. 
and the U.S., he was gaining ground, when his 
plans were ruined by intestine disputes. Es- 
caping to Carthagena, he was delivered by Boli- 
var to the Spaniards, and passed the remainder 
of his days in a dungeon at Cadiz. He pos- 
sessed great energy and sagacity ; was bold, 
active, intelligent, and full of resources. — See 
Histon/ of his Attempt, ^c, Boston, 12mo, 1808. 

Missroon, John S., commo. U. S. N., b. 
S.C. 1810; d. Boston, 23 Oct. 1865. Midsh. 
27 June, 1824; lieut. 31 Dec. 1833; com. 14 
Sept. 1855 ; commo. 16 July, 1862 ; ordn. offi- 
cer at the Boston Navy- Yard 1862. 

Mitchell, Gen. David, Revol. officer, b. 



625 



1742; d. Jamaica, Cumb Co., Pa, 25 May, 
IS18. He was a soldier in Bouquet's exped. 
1 764 ; was the friend of tlie Indian cliief Logan ; 
was in 27 Indian encounters; and was 23 times 
a representative in tlie Pa. legisl. 

Mitchell, David Bradie, lawyer and 
staiosman, b. Scotland, Oct. 22, 1766 ; d. Mil- 
Icd-evnie, Ga., Apr. 22, 1837. His uncle Dr. 
David Bradie, made prisoner at Savannah, d. 
from close confinement in a prisonship, leaving 
liis property to Mitchell, who arrived at Savan- 
nah in 1783 to take possession. He studied 
law; was in 179.5 elfcml 5,,li,-itni--<r,.„. of Ga. ; 
was in 1796 a meii!!.. )■ -I ii ' -1, ; in 1804 
became maj. -gen. lit i: ! i- nov. of 

tlic State in 1809-10 ,,:, : : l : , aiicrwards 
a;;ent to the Creek IiiJ..iii , wiili ulium, Jan. 
22, 1818, he concluded a treaty. 

Mitchell, Donald GR.iUT, author, b. 
Norwich, Ct., Apr. 1822. Y.C. 1841. His 
fatlicr was pastor of the Cong, church at Nor- 
wich, and .iiis grandfather was Stephen Mix 
Mittlicll. After passing 3 years on a farm, he 
travclk'd extensively in Europe, returned home, 
ami commenced the study of law in New York 
in 1846; and in 1847 pub., under the pseudo- 
nyme of " Ik Marvel," " Fresh Gleanings," giv- 
ing his reminiscences of European travel. He 
spent several of the eventful months of 1848 in 
Paris and its environs, recording his experi- 
ences in "The Battle Summer," N.Y. 1849. 
Ilis satirical work, " The Lorgnette," was pub. 
in 2 vols. 1850. In the same year appeared 
his most popular work, " The Reveries of a 
Bachelor;" and in 1851 his "Dream-Life." 
In 1853-5 he was U.S. consul at Venice. On 
his return, in 185.5, he settled on his farm near 
New Haven. His other works are, "Fudge 
Doings," a satire on American fashionable life, 
1854 ; " My Farm of Edgewood," 1863 ; " Wet 
Days at Edgewood," 1864; "Seven Stories," 
1865; "Doctor Johns," 1867; "Rural Stud- 
ies." He has delivered several agric. ad- 

„ .1 ; " , and is 

ng the History of the Republii 
ice. 

Mitchell, Elisha, D.D. (Ala. U. 1838), 
chemist, b. Washington, Ct., Aug. 19, 1793; 
lost his life on the Black Mountain, N C, June 
27, 1857. Y.C. 1813; tutor there in 1816-18. 
In 1817 he was elected prof, of mathematics in 
tlie U. of N.C. ; and in 1825 was transferred to 
the chair of chemi.-try. In 1821 he was ord. 
by the presbytery of Orange, and was an able 
preacher and biblical scholar. He was for 
some time State surveyor, and made a geolog. 
and topog. exploration of its territory ; eon- 
trib. to the Journal of Science. 

Mitchell, John', M.D., F.R.S., botanist, 
h. Eng. ; d. there Mar. 1763. He came to 
Amer. ab. 1700; settled at Urbana, Va. ; and 
returned to Eng. ab. 1748. He paid particular 
attention to hybrid productions, and transmit- 
ted much valuable information concerning 
plants to Linnseus, who perpetuated his name 
by the " Mitrhclla repen/t." Besides papers 
in the Philos. Trans., he pub. a work on Bot- 
any, 4to, 1769; and is the supposed author of 
the map of N.A., pub. in 1755, pref. to a pam- 
phlet, " The Contest in America." Some of 
his papers, including one on the Yellow-Fever 



in Va. in 1737-42, are in the Med. and Philos. 
llerf. vol. iv. — Tliarher. 

Mitchell, Jon>-, Cong, clergyman, and 
author, b. Chester, Ct., Dec. 29, 1794; d. 
Stratford, Ct., Apr. 28, 1870. Y.C. 1821. He 
studied 9 months at And. Tbeol. Sem. ; edited 
the Christian Spectator in 1824-9; began to 
preach in Newtown, Ct. ; was pastor of the 1st 
Church in Fairhaven, Ct., from Dec. 18.';o to 
Dec. 6,1836, and from that time till 1842 
of the Edwards Church, North.mipton, Ms. 
He pub. " Principles and Practice of the 
Cong. Churches of N. Eng.," 16mo, 183S; 
"Notes from Over Sea," 2 vols. 8vo, 1844; 
" Scenes and Characters in College," 12mo, 
1847; "My Mother, or Recollections of Ma- 
ternal Influence ; " " Rachel Kell ; " and " Prac- 
tical Church-Member," 1835. He also pub. 
occasional sermons and contrib. to periodicals 
and newspapers. 

Mitchel, John, an Irish adventurer, b. Co. 
Derry, 1815. He was for a time assoc. editor 
of the Dublin Nation, and then of the United 
Irishman, which, however, was soon suppressed 
by the Briti:.h govt. ; and Mitchel was banished 
for 14 years to Australia. He escaped in 1 834 ; 
came to New York ; afterward edited the South- 
em Citizen in Tenn.; and, during the Rebel- 
lion of 1861-5, edited the Richmond Exam- 
iner, one of the most virulent and scurrilous of 
the Secession journals. 

Mitchell, John Kearslet, M.D., phy- 
sician, b. Shepherdstown, Va., May 12, 1796 ; 
d. Phila. Apr. 4, 1838. U. of Pa. 1819. He 
made 3 voyages to China as surgeon, and set- 
tled in Phila. in 1822. In 1824 he lectured on 
the Institutes of Medicine and Phvsiology in 
the Phila. Institute; in 1826 he acccptcd'the 
chair of chemistry there; and in 1833 lectured 
in the Franklin Institute on Clicinistrv applied 
to the Arts. In 1841 he was called to 'the chair 
of the theory and practice of medicine in the 
Jefif. Jled. Coll. His services during seasons 
of pestilence, in the city hospital of Phila., were 
twice rewarded by municipal gifts. Author of 
" Indecision and other Poems," 1 839 ; " Popular 
Lectures on Scientific Subjects,^' which were 
translated into several foreign languages; and 
left a work, " On the Cryptogamous Origin of 
Malarious and Epidemical Fevers," and many 
valuable contribs. to the Amei-ican Journal of 
the Medical and Physical Sciences. A collec- 
tion of his essays, including a valuable paper 
on Animal Magnetism, was pub. in Phila. 1858. 
— Apphlon. 

Mitchell, Jonathan, minister of Cam- 
bridge, Ms., from Aug. 21, 1650, to his d. July 
9, 1668; b. Halifax, Eng., 1624. II.U. 1647. 
His father Matthew brought liim to N.E. in 
1635. Soon after Ws settlement, he had a con- 
troversy with Prcs. Dunster upon pedobaptism, 
which occasioned his removal from college ; he 
was a member of the synod at Boston in 1 662, 
the result of which was chiefly written by him; 
and was frequently called to eccl. councils- Ho 
possessed a retentive memory, and was a fer- 
vent and energetic preacher. He pub. some 
occasional pieces : a vol. of his sermons was 
pub Lond. 1677, 8vo. 

Mitchell, Maria, astronomer, b. Nan- 
tucket, Aug. 1,1818; a member of the Society 



MTT 



626 



MIX 



of Friends. From her father Wm. (who d. 
2 Apr. 1869, a 75) she derived a fondness for 
astronomy, and became of material assistance 
to him in this pursuit, to which he was devot- 
ed ; she gave much time to the examination 
of nebula;, and the search for comets; Oct. 1, 
1S47, she discovered a telescopic comet, for 
which she received a gold medal from the King 
of Denmark ; she was afterwards employed in 
observations connected with the coast-survey, 
and in the compilation of the nautical almanac. 
She is a member of the American Assoc, for 
the Advancement of Science, and also of the 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences, being the first 
female admitted to that body ; app. prof of 
astronomy at Vassar College soon after its 
opening in 1 865. 

Mitchell, Nahum, judge, b. E. Bridge- 
water, Ms., Feb. 12, 1769; d. Aug. 1, 1853. ■ 
H.U. 17S9. He taught school, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1792, and settled in 
the practice of the law in his native place. 
From 181 1 to 1821 he was jndge of the circuit 
C. C. P., and the two last years chief justice ; 
from 1798 to 181 2 representative in the (Jcneral 
Court; M.C. 1803-5; State senator 1813-14; 
member of the exec, council in 1814-20; state 
treasurer in 1822-7; and in 1839-40 State 
representative from Boston, where he then re- 
sided ; app. one of the commiss. for settling 
the boundary-lines between Ms. and R. I., and 
afterwards for settling the line between Ms. and 
Ct. ; was chairman of the commiss. for ex- 
ploring and surveying the country from Bos- 
ton to Albany for a railroad route, 1 827 ; and 
was librarian and treasurer of the Ms. Hist. 
Soc; he was also several years pres. of the 
Bible Society in Plymouth Co. He pub. a 
History of Bridgewater, Ms., 1840, 8vo; and 
a vol. of sacred music, entitled " The Bridge- 
water Collection." 

MiteheH, Ges. Ormsbt MacKnight, 
LLD. (Ham. Coll. 1S56), astronomer, b. 
Union Co., Ky.,/Aug. 28, ISlOt) d. Beaufoit, 
S C, Oct. 30, 1862. West Poirit, 1829. He 
received his .early education at Lebanon, O. ; 
assist, prof of mathematics at West Point in 
1829-31 ; then studied law, and practised at 
Cincinnati until 1834; and was prof of mathe- 
matics, philos., and astronomy, in Cincinnati 
Coll., in 1834-44. In 1845 he proposed the es- 
tablishment of an observatory at Cincinnati, 
of which, when built, he became director. He 
visited Lond., Paris, and Munich, for the re- 
quisite apparatus. Adj. -gen. of Ohio 1847-8, 
chief engineer Ohio and Mpi. Railroad 1848- 
9 and 1852-3. In 1859-61 he was director of 
the Dudley Observatory at Albany. He was 
very popular as an astronomical lecturer, and 
perfected instruments for recording right ascen- 
sions and declinations by electro-magnetic aid, 
and for the accurate measurement of large dif- 
ferences of declination. Aug. 9, 1861, he was 
made brig.-gen. of vols., and ordered to the 
dept. of the Ohio ; after the capture of Nash- 
ville, he made a forced march southward, seized 
the railroad between Corinth and Chattanooga, 
captured Huntsville, and occupied various 
porats in Northern Ala., for which he was 
made maj -gen Apr. 11, 1862 ; Sept. 17 he was 
made com. of the dept. of the South, and was 



making preparations for a vigorous campaign 
when he fell a victim to yellow-fever. He pub. 
" Planetary and Stellar Worlds ; " " Popular 
Astronomy;" "A Treatise on Algebra;" 
"Astronomy of the Bible," 1863 ; "The Orbs 
of Heaven," 8vo, 1851. July 1, 1846, he be- 
gan and continued for two years a periodical 
entitled the Sidereal Messeiiger. 

Mitchell, Gen. Robert B., gov. New 
Mexico since Nov. 1 865, b. Richland Co., O., 
1828. Wash. Coll., Pa. He studied law, and 
was adm. to the bar. Served as 1 st lieut. of Ohio 
Vols, in the Mexican war; afterward resumid 
his profession; removed to Kansas in 1856, and 
took an active part with the free-state men in 
their struggle with the proslavery party; he 
was in the Terr, legisl. in 1857-8; treasurer 
from 1858 to 1861 ; adj.-gen. 1860-1 ; col. 2d 
Kansas Vols., and severely wounded at Wilson's 
Creek, and soon after raised a regt. of cavalry ; 
brig.-gen. Apr. 8, 1862, and placed in com. of 
the 13th division of Gen. Buell's army; and 
fought at Perryville, 8 Oct. 1862. 

Mitchell, Samuel Augustus, geogra- 
pher, b. Ct. 1 792 ; d. Phila. Dec, 20, 1 868. Some 
years of teaching led him to prepare better text- 
books of geography than those in use ; and his 
text-books, maps, and treatises became standard 
authorities. He also pub. " General View of 
the World," 8vo, 1846; "American Traveller;" 
" Universal Atlas," 1851. His various works, 
24 in number, reached an annual sale of over 
400,000 copies. 

Mitchell, S.Weib, M.D. (Jeff. Med. Coll. 
1850), physician, son of Dr. J. K. Mitchell, b. 
Phila. IS'Feb. 1829. Particularly kno«-n by 
his researches respecting the venom of serpents, 
pub. in the Smithsonian Contrihs., and in the 
Memoirs of the Philos. Society; also "Re- 
searches on the Plivsiology of the Cerebellum," 
in AmcT. Jour. Hied. Science, A-pr. 1869. He 
pub., with Drs. Keen and Morehouse, " Ef- 
fects of Gunshot Wounds," &c., 1864; "Anat. 
and Physiol of Respiration in the Chelonia," 
in Smithsonian C'oiitribs., vol. 13; and "Five 
Essays on the Cryptogamous Origin of Ma- 
larious and Epidemic Fevers," 1 2mo. 

Mitchell, Stephen Mix, LL.D. {Y.C. 
1807), jurist, b. Wethersfield, Dec. 20, 1743 ; d. 
there Sept. 30, 1835. Y.C. 1763. Hewastutor 
in the coll. 1766-9; commenced the practice 
of law in Wethersfield in 1772; was app. assoc. 
judge of the Hartford Co. Court in 1779; in 
1790 was made pres. judge of that court; in 
1795 judge of the Superior Court of Ct. ; chief 
justice of that court from 1807 till 1814; 
deleg. to the Old Congress in 1783, '85 ; U.S. 
senator 1793-5; and established in that body 
the title of Ct. to the " Western Reserve," 
Ohio. 

Mitehill, Samuel Latham, M.D. (U. of 
Edinb. 1786), LL.D., scientist, b. N. Hemp- 
stead, L.I., 20 Aug., 1764; d. N. Y. City, 7 
Sept. 1831. He began his medical studies with 
his maternal uncle Dr. S. Latham, and Dr. 
BardofN.Y. After studying law, he was in 
1788 a commiss. to treat with the Iroquois In- 
dians for the purchase of lands in Western 
N.Y. ; was a member of the N.Y. legisl. in 
1790 ; and in 1792 became prof of chemistry, 
nat. hist., and philos., in Col. Coll.; in 1793-4, 



327 



-MON 



with R. R. Livingston and Simeon De Witt, 
he (bunded the Soc. lor the Promotion of Agri- 
culture, Manufactures, and the Useful Arts; 
and in 1796 pub. a report of his tour along the 
banks of the Hudson, establishing his fame 
here and in Europe ; in Aug. 1797, with Drs. 
E. Miller and E. H. Smith, he established the 
quarterly Med. Repositori/, which he edited 16 
years. Again a member of the legisl. ; M.C. 
1801-4 and 181&-13; and U.S. senator 1804- 
9 ; prof, of nat. hist, in Coll. of Physicians and 
Surgeons 1808-20; of botany and materia 
medica 1820-6 ; and in 1826-30 was vi<e-pres. 
of the Rutgers Med. School ; in 1815, he, with 
Drs. Hosack and Hugh Williamson, founded 
the N.Y. Literary and Pliilos. Soc. He had 
great learning and a remarkable memory ; en- 
larged the boundaries of natural science ; was 
an early friend of Fulton, whom in 1807 he ac- 
corap. ia his first steamboat-trip on the Hud- 
son ; was an active member of most of the 
leiirned societies of Europe and America, and 
a contrib. to their "Transactions;" and was 
frequently the orator at the anniversaries of 
those of his own city. His eccentricities were 
satirized in the poems of " Croaker and Co." 
by Halleck and Drake. Among his writings 
are " Observations on the Absorbent Tubes of 
Animal Bodies," 1787; " Nomenclature of the 
New Chemistrv," 1794 ; "Present State of 
Learning in the Coll. of N.Y.," 1794; "Life 
of Tammany," 1795; " Synopsis of Chemical 
Nomenclature," 1801; " History of the Botani- 
cal Writers of America." in N.Y. Hist. Colls.; 
and treatise on the Fishes of N.Y., in the 
Trans, of the N.Y. Lit. and Philos. Soc. ; be- 
sides addresses, &c. — Gross's Med. Diog. 

Mitre, Bartholomew, president of the 
Argentine Republic I862-S, b. 26 June, 1821. 
Spent some years in Peru and Chili as a jour- 
nalist ; and, returning to Buenos Ayres, held 
offices under Obligado and Alsina, and disting. 
himself as an orator in the Assembly. He led 
the insurrection against Gen. Rosas in 1851 ; 
com. of the forces of Buenos Ayres in 1852; 
became minister of war in 1859 ; led the army 
against Urquiza, and lost the battle of Cepeda, 
Oct. 23 ; made gov. of Buenos Ayres in May, 
1860; and July 9 brig.-gen. ; Sept. 17 he 
gained the battle of Pavon over Urquiza ; re- 
ceived the adhesion of the province of Cordova, 
and entered Rosario with 12,000 men. Presi- 
dent Derqui, being powerless between the two 
generals, abdicated; a few months later, Mitre 
made a treaty with Urquiza, leaving him the 
govt, of the province of Entre Rios ; and was 
app. prov. gov. of the Arg. Repub. Oct. 1861. 
He opened the 9th provincial legisl. at Buenos 
Ayres 1 May, 1862; and was unanimously 
chosen pres. 5 Oct. 1862. 

Molina, Felipe, statesman of Central 
America, son of Pedro, b. Guatimala, 1812; 
d. Washington, D.C., Feb. 1, 1855. He was 
a member of the liberal party, and had held 
several political offices ; but, fortune having de- 
cided against the party of Federation, Molina 
and his father took refuge in Costa Rica. In 
1848 he was app. envoy-extr. to Nicaragua; 
was subsequently sent in the same character to 
Eng., France, Spain, Rome, and the Hanseatic 
towns; and, while accredited to the U.S., nego- 



tiated a commercial treaty. He pub. in various 
languages sketches of Costa Rica, and reports 
respecting the boundary and navigation ques- 
tions between that republic and Nicaragua. 

Molina, Giovanni Ignazio, naturalist, 
b. Chili, 1740, lived many years at Bologna; 
d. 1829. Author of "Essay on the Natural 
History of Chili," 1782 ; and a " Civil History 
of Chili," 1787, transl. "by an Amer. gentle- 
man" (Alsop), and pub. at Middletown, Ct., 
8vo, 1808. 

Molina, Pedro, an able writer and states- 
man, b. Guatimala, 1777; d. ab. 1850. He 
advocated by his writings constitutional prin- 
ciples in Central America before the assertion 
of the independence of his country ; was one 
of the leaders of the liberal party, and a strenu- 
ous supporter of reforms and free institutions 
during a long and active life. He was one of 
the first members of the national executive in 
1823; in 1825 he was ambassador of the U.S. 
of Central America to Colombia, where he 
signed a treaty of alliance between the two 
countries; in 1826 he was the representative 
of Central America in the Congress of Pana- 
ma; in 1829 gov. of Guatimala; in 1832 and 
1833 sec. of foreign affairs; and in 1848 
dept. to the const, assembly. He was disting. 
as a physician, politician, and poet. For many 
years he was pres. of the medical faculty, and 
chief director of the U. of Guatimala. 

Momber^er, William, artist, b. Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main, 1829. Son of a merchant, 
and was well educated. He took lessons in 
art of Jacob Becker of the Dusseldorf school ; 
and, having taken part in the levol. of 1848, 
was obliged to leave Germany; came to N.Y., 
and became a skilful chromo-lithographer. He 
afterward gave his attention to the illustrating 
of books, and erected a studio at Morrisania. 
Among his paintings is " Sugar-loaf Moun- 
tain," near Winona, Wis. 

Monagas, Jose Tadeo, a Venezuelan sol- 
dier, b.ab. 1786 ; d. Nov. 18, 1868. He fought 
under Bolivar for S. American independence 
with disting. bravery and talent. His services 
having been ignored by Paez, pres. of Vene- 
zuela, he headed an insurrection, which was 
quelled ; a second ambitious attempt against 
Vargas meeting a similar fate. Elected pres. 
in 1846, he overthrew the constitution in 1848; 
drove Paez into exile; and was dictator 11 
years, and until overthrown by a successful 
revol. in 1859. He led the insurrectionary force 
which overthrew Pres. Falcon, and assumed 
the office of provis. pres ; but died before he 
could be elected to the supreme office. He 
was remarkable for his soldierly qualities, and 
possessed great wealth. 

Monck, Charles Stanley, viscount, 
gov.-geu. of British N.A., b. Templemore, 
Ireland, 10 Oct. 1819. Educated at Trinity 
Coll., Dublin. Called to the Irish bar in 1841 ; 
succeeded his father as 4th viscount in 1849 ; 
entered parliament in 1852 ; was a lord of the 
treasury in Palmerston's administration 1855- 
7; and in Oct. 1861 was made gov.-gen. ; 
re-app. gov. of the " Dominion " of Canada, 
June, 1867 ; resigned Nov. 1868 ; made a peer 
of the United Kingdom in 1866. 

Monckton, Gen. Robert, gov. N. Y. 



m:ois- 



MION 



1762, b. Eng. ; d. May 3, 1782. Son of John, 
first Viscount Galway. He began his military 
career in Flamiers in 1742, and was at Dettin- 
gen and in other engagements. Lieut.-col. 
47th, Feb. 28, 1750; stationed at Halifax in 
1753, he suppressed the riots among the (5er- 
mans at Lunenburg; was gov. of Annapolis 
Royal in 1754 ; in June, 1755, com. at the re- 
duction of Beauscjour and other French posts 
at the Isthmus ; lieiit.-gov. of Nova Scotia 
1756; in 1757 made licut.-coI. 60th (Koy. 
Amer.), and attached to Loudon's army; com. 
a batt. at' the siege of Louisburg under Am- 
herst in 1758; iind in 1759 as brig.-gen., and 
second in com. under Wolle at the capture of 
Quebec, was severely wounded, and made col. 
17th Foot; m.ij.-gen. 1761 ; lieut.-gen. 1770. 
He com. the exped. which captured Martinico 
in Jan. 1762; was made gov. of Berwick in 
1766; of Portsmouth in 1778, and represented 
it in parliament. Offered a com. in the Amer. 
war, he declined to draw his sword against the 
Americans. A bro., Hon. Henry, who had 
no such scruples, was a lieut.-col. of grenadiers, 
was shot through the body at Long Island, and 
killed at the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 

Monerieff, Col. J.imes, killed in a sally 
made l)V the French from Dunkirk, Sept. 7, 
, 1793. Eldest son of James, of the county of 
Fife. Educated at the Military Acad, at 
Woolwich ; and was a capt. of engrs. in N.Y. 
in 1776 ; disting. himself at the siege of Savan- 
nah ; and, for liis important services on this 
occasion, received a " generous donation from 
his royal master," and the commission of liuut.- 
col. Sept. 27, 1780. He planned the works in the 
siege of Charleston in 1780, and was warmly 
commended by Sir H. Clinton for skill and 
good conduct. 

Monette, Johm Wesley, M.D., author 
of a " History of the Discovery anci Settle- 
ment of the Valley of the Mpi.," 2 vols. 1848 ; 
d. Madison Parish, La., Mar. 1, 1851. 

MoniS, JoDAH, Hebrew instr. at H.U. 
from 1722 to 1761, b. Italy, Feb. 4, 168.0 ; d. 
Northborough, Ms., Apr. 25, 1764. Embra- 
cing Christianity, he was baptized at Cambridge 
in 1722. He pub. "Truth, Whole Truth, 
Nothing but the Truth," 1722 ; and a Hebrew 
Grammar, 4to, 1735. 

Monroe, James, 5th pres. of the U.S., 
b. on the Potomac, Westmoreland Co., Va., 
Apr. 28, 1759; d. N.Y. City, July4, 1831. Wm. 
and Mary Coll. 1776. Son of Spence Monroe, 
a planter, lie was descended from one of the 
fi'St patentees of the Province. At 18 he 
joined the patriot army as a cadet in Mercer's 
rest. ; was engaged at the battles of Harlem 
and White Plains ; and at Trenton received a 
bullet-wound, which scarred him for life. Pro- 
moted to a CMptaincy for bravery, he in 1777-8 
acted as aide to Lord Stirling ; and was disting. 
at the battles of Brandywine, Gcrmantown, 
and Monmouth. In 1 778 he studied law under 
Jefferson, but performed important military 
services when Va. was invaded. As military 
commissioner for Va., he in 1780 visited the 
Southern army under De Kalb. In 1782 he 
was a member of the State Assembly; .-•oon 
after was one of the exec, council ; and in 1783- 



6, a delegate to Congress ; in 1786 he became 
a member of the legisl. ; and in 1788 a delegate 
to the State Convention to adopt the Consti- 
tution, which he opposed; from 1790 to 1794 
he was a U.S. senator, and an opponent of 
Washington's administration. He was tlicn 
app. minister to France, but was recalled in 
1796. Having incurred the censure of the 
administration fornot vindicating at the French 
court the British treaty, he pub. (8vo, 1798) 
the whole corresp., with 100 pages of prelimi- 
nary observations. From 1799 to 1802 he was 
gov. of Va; in 1802 he was app. envoy-extra, 
to France, and was a party to the purchase of 
La. ; in 1803 he was app. minister to Eng. ; 
in 1805 he was associated with C. C. Pinckney 

William Pinkney, he negotiated a commercial 
treaty with Eng., which Jefferson rejected be- 
cause it did not provide against impressment. 
Returning home in 1808, he was again elected 
to the State Assembly in ^810; was gov. in 
1811 ; was sec. of state from Nov. 25, 1811, 
till his inauguration as pres.. Mar. 4, 1817, 
having also officiated as sec. of war from Sept. 
27, 1814, to Mar. 2, 1815; and was re-elected 
pres. in 1821. In May-Nov. 1817 he made a 
tour of inspection of our frontier defences from 
Portland to Detroit, the results of which were 
pub. 8vo, 1818. His administration was ener- 
getic, harmonious, and prosperous ; the army 
and navy were strengthened ; surveys and 
plans uf fortifications were made ; the cession 
of Florida from Spain was obtained; the in- 
dependent State> of S. Amer. were recognized ; 
and the bold declaration, known as the " Mon- 
roe Doctrine," was made to the world, — that 
European ni terference in respect to American 
States would not be tolerated. Vigorous ef- 
forts were also made to suppress the slave- 
trade ; pensions for the Revol. soldiers were 
voted ; and an acknowledgment was made of 
the great services of Lafayette. In 1831 he 
quitted his residence in Loudon Co., Va., and 
look up his abode with his son-in-law, Samuel 
L. Gouverneur. His wife, the dau. of Law- 
rence Kortwright, d. at his residence in Loudon 
Co., Va., Sept. 23, 1830. 

Montagu, George, admiral, b. Dec. 12, 
1750; d. Dec. 24, 1829. Eldest son of Adm. 
John. Educated at the Royal Naval. Acad. 
Having attained the rank of post-captain in 
1773, he was employed at the commencement 
of the American war in blockading the ports 
of Marblehead and Salem. He covered the 
embarkation of the army at the evacuation 
of Boston ; assisted in the evasion of Lord 
Dunmore and family, and at the taking of N.Y., 
where his vessel, " The Fowey," was stationed 
by Lord Howe as the advanced ship ; was in 
1794 promoted to a flag ; in 1801 made a full 
admiral. 

Montoalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph, 
Saint Veran, a celebrated French gen., b. 
near Nismes, 1712; d. Sept. 14, 1759. De- 
scended from a noble family uf Koncrgue. 
After receiving a careful ediuatiun, he entered 
the military service in hia 15th year; disting. 
himself particularly at the battle of Placcnza 
in 1746, and that of Exiles in Piedmont, 1747, 
in both of which he was wounded. In 1756, 



629 



with the lank of maj.-gen., he was sent to Can- 
ada as com -in-chief ; took Fort Ontario at Os- 
wego, Aug. 14; Fort Wm. Henry, on Lake 
George, Aug. 9, 1757 ; and received the cross 
of St. Louis, and was made a lieut.-gen. 
Gained a complete victory over Abercrombie 
at Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758 ; repulsed Wolfe 
at Montmorenci, July 31, 1759, but finally fell 
gloriously under the walls of Quebec, which he 
had so well defended in the battle with Wolfe, 
Sept. 13. After receiving one muskct-ball 
early in the action, he was mortally wounded 
while attempting to rally a body of fugitive 
Canadians. On being told that hi.s death wr.s 
near, " So much the better, he said : I shall not 
live to see the surrender of Quebec." He died 
the next morning; and his death was followed 
by the loss of all Canada. A public monu- 
ment to the memory of both Wolfe and Mont- 
calm was erected at Quebec in 1 827. 

Monteflore, JosHnA, author, b. London, 
1752; d. St. Alban's, Vt., June 26, 1343. 
Some time an atty. and notary public in Lon- 
don. He pub. a " Commercial Dictionary," 
Lond. 4to, 1S03; "Commercial Precedents," 
Phila. 8vo, 1803; a work on the Bankrupt 
Laws ; " Synopsis of Mercantile Laws," 2d 
Amcr. cd. by C. C. Biddle, 8vo, 1830. 

Montezj Lola, Maki.v Dolores, Porris 
Y MoNTEZ, Countess of Landsfuld. b. Lim- 
erick, Ireland, 1824; d. N.Y. Jan. 17, 1861. 
At 15 she was m. to Capt. James at Dublin, 
but quitted him on account of hi, cruelty to 
her; app. as adanscKsc at Paris in 1840; after- 
wards at Munich, where she fascinated King 
Louis, over whom she exerted a powerful in- 
fluence, and who in 1846 made Iter Countess 
of Landsfeld. She was in 1848 obliged to 
leave the country. Came to the U.S. in the 
same ship with Kossuth. Made her debut, 
Dec. 29, 1851, at the Broadway, N.Y., as 
Betty in " The Tyrolean." Afterward Icc- 
tureil on Spiritualism and other subjects in 
the U.S. and Eng. Author of 3 works of little 
merit. 

Montezuma I., the greatest of the Mex- 
ican monarchs ; d. 1471. Ho ascended the 
throne ab. 1436; was victorious over many 
of the Mexican tribes, and added numerous 
provinces to his empire. 

Montezuma II., the last of the Aztec 
emperors, b. ab. 1480; killed June 30, 1520. 
In 1519, when Cortes arrived on the coast, and 
expressed his intention of visiting the emperor 
in his capital, Montezuma' sent him a rich 
present, but forbade his farther advance. His 
despotic govt, had procured him many ene- 
mies, who willingly joined Cortes, and assist- 
ed him in his progress to Mexico ; and he as- 
signed quarters to the Spaniards in the town 
of Cholula, where he plotted their destruction. 
His plot being discovered, a massacre" of the 
Cholulans followed ; and Cortes, in Nov., en- 
tered the capital without resistance, lie next 
seized Montezuma, and kept hiiu :i~ a l.itiui'. 
He was at first treated with i^ k 

soon changed to insult ; cani i .. i . i t- 

ters were put on his legs. Winn i ::. ^>llll 
a great part of his forces, marclioil out to op- 
pose Narvaez, the Mexicans rose, and furiously 
attacked the Spaniards who remained. The 



return of Cortes alone saved them from de- 
siruction ; and hostilities were still going on, 
when Montezuma was induced to advance to 
the battlements of the Spanish fortress in his 
royal robes, and attempt to pacify his subjects : 
this excited their indignation against him, and, 
being struck on the temple with a stone, he 
fell to the ground. From motives of policy, 
every attention was paid him by Cortes ; but, 
rejecting all nourishment, he tore off his ban- 
dages, and soon after expired, spurning every 
attempt at conversion. His 2 sons and 3 dans. 
were converted ; and Charles V. gave a grant 
of lands, and the title of Count of Montezuni:i, 
to one of his sons, who was the founder of a 
noble family in Spain. One of the counts of 
Montezuma was viceroy of Mexico from 1097 
to 1 701. 

Montgomerie, John, gov. of N.Y. from 
his arrival there, 4 Apr. 1728, to his death, 1 
July, 1731 ; b. Ayrshire, Scotland. Bred a 
soldier, he was at one time an aide to George 
II., and groom of the bed-chamber, and several 
years a memlier of parliament. 

Montgomery, George W., author, b. 
Valencia, Spain, 1804; d. June 5, 1841, at 
Washinston, D.C. John his father, a citizen 
of the U S., was many years a merchant at 
Alicant, Spain. He came in early life to this 
country, and was long employed in the dept. 
of state, and had been'U.S. consul at Tampiro 
and at Porto Rico. He is best known by his 
historicnl lun;-! ■■ IVrnnrdo del Carplo."' He 
translairl hii - ■(■iinquest of Granada" 
into S|i:iii!ii . ,1:;. In t\M South. Lil. Mcssen- 
</fT anil .MiP I |.. !i . h li-. and pub. a narrative 
of a j.JUllu■^ lu (juaiiinala in 1838, 8vo, 18-.9. 

Montgomery, John B., rearadm. U.S. 
N., b. N.J. Midshipm. June 4. 1812; lieut. 
Apr. 1, 1818; com. Dec. 9, 1839; capt. Jan. 
6,1853; commo. July 16, 18C2; rcar-adm. 
(retired list) July 25, 1866; served on Lake 
Ontario, in attack on Kingston, U.C, Nov. 10, 
1812; capture of York Apr. 27, and of Fort 
George and Ncw.ark M.ay 27, 1813; in " The 
Niagara," in Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 
Sept. 10, 1813, — receiving a sword and the 
thanks of Congress ; in Decatur's squad, in 
the Medit. in 1815 ; and participated in the cap- 
ture of Algerine frigate and brig, and block, 
of Algiers; com. sloop "Portsmouth," Pacific 
squad., 1845-8. During the cruise of "The 
Portsmouth " in the Pacific, he took jiossession 
of California, and blockaded Mazatlan some 
months. In Oct. 184", he, with Capt. Lava- 
lette. in "The Congress," captured (iuayamas 
on the Gulf of California; com. Pacific squad. 
1860-1. — Hamershj. 

Montgomery, Gen. Richaisd, b. Convoy 
House, near Raphoe, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1736; 
slain in the attack on Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775. 
His father (Thomas) was M. P. for Lifford. 
Educated at Trin. Coll., Dublin. He entered 
the army at the age of 1 8 ; and, nt the siege of 
Louisburg, his courage and capacity won the 
approval of Wolfe. After its fall, his regt. 
(17th) formed part of the force sent in 1759 
with Amherst to reduce the French forts on 
Luke Champlain ; and Montgomery became 
adj. of his regt. 15 May, 1760, and was in the 
array that marched upon Montreal under Col. 



MOIST 



630 



Haviland ; capt. in May, 1762. He served in 
tlie campaign against the Spanish W. Indies ; 
resided for a time in this country, but revisited 
Eng., where, in 1772, he sold out his commis- 
sion, and came to America. In 1773 he pur- 
chased an estate at Rhinebeck on the Hudson, 
and m. the dau. of R. R. Livingston. He rep- 
resented Dutchess Co. in the first Prov. con- 
vention in 1775 ; received in June the app. of 
brig-gen. from Congress; and was second in 
com. nnclor Schuyler in the exped. against 
Canada. The illness of Schuyler threw the 
chief com. upon him in Oct.; and notwith- 
standing the scanty supplies of munitions of 
war, and the mutinous spirit of his troops, he 
captured St. Johns, Chambly, and Montreal, 
and finally effected a junction with Arnold 
before the walls of Quebec, Dec. 4. He was 
(Dec. 9, 1775) made a m.ij.-gen. Quebec was 
immediately invested; though the army was in- 
adequate, and on the point of mutiny, their 
guns few in number, and insufficient in size, and 
they disheartened by severe cold and protracted 
marches. At a council of officers, it was deter- 
mined to attempt to capture the place by a 
coup de main. The assault took place' early in 
the morning of the last day of the year, in the 
midst of a snow-storm, and would probably 
have been successful but for the fall of the gal- 
lant leader, who, with two of his aides, was 
killed by the first and only discharge from a 
battery upon which they were advancing. His 
troops, disheartened by his fall, retreated. His 
death was regarded as a great public calamity; 
and public honors were paid him throughout 
the land. He was eulogized in the British par- 
liament by Chatham, Burke, and Bane, and 
even by Lord North. Congress voted to erect 
a monument to his memory, which was placed 
in front of St. Paul's Church, N. Y. City. 
Montgomery's widow survived him more than 
half a century. His brother Alexander, com- 
monly called "Black Montgomery," was in 
parliament for Donegal Co. many years. 

MontS, PlEERE DD GUAST, SlEDR DE, a 

French colonizer of Acadia. He was gentlc- 
man-in-ordinary of the king's chamber, and 
gov. of Pons, and had been to the St. Law- 
rence with Chanvin, when in 1604 he received 
a grant of Acadie, a region defined as extend- 
ing from the 40th to the 46th deg. N. lat. ; and 
was made lieut.-gen. in Acadie, with vice-regal 
powers. Accomp. by Poutrincourt and Cham- 
plain, he set sail 7 Apr. 16U4, discovered An- 
napolis Harbor, explored the Bay of Fundy, 
visited and named the River St. John, and, 
planting his colony on an islet at the mouth of 
the River St. Croix, wintered there, but in the 
following Aug. removed to Port Royal, where 
he began a settlement. He soon afterward re- 
turned to France, leaving the com. to Pont- 
grave, and despatched another ship with sup- 
plies for the Colony in May, 1805; but, his 
monopoly having been rescinded in 1607, he 
abandoned an enterprise from which he had 
reaped no benefit. 

Moody, James, loyalist, b. N. J. ; d. Sissi- 
bon. Nova Scotia, Apr. 3, 1809, a. 65. He was 
a farmer in N.J. at the outset of the war, and 
has left a written account of his celebrated par- 
tisan warfare in a pamphlet pub. in Lond. in 



1783, entitled " Lieut. James Moody's Narra- 
tive of his Exertions and Sufferings in the 
Cause of Govt, since the Year 1776." A new 
edition, ed. by Charles I. Busbnell, was pub. 
NY. 1865. He was taken and imprisoned at 
West Point, but subsequently escaped. After 
the war, went to Eng., and settled on his balf- 
pav in N.S., where he was a col. of militia. — 
Dui/ckinck. 

Moody, JosHnA, minister of Portsmouth, 
N.H., b. Eng. 16.33; d. Boston, July 4, 1697. 
H. U. 1653. Ord. 11 July, 1671. William 
his father settled in Newbury in 1634. Joshua 
began to preach ah. 1658. His regard for the 
purity and reputation of his church having 
brought upon bim the enmity of Gov. Cruu- 
field, he was imprisoned, but was shortly re- 
leased upon condition that he would preach 
no more in N.H. May 23, 1684, he became 
assist, minister of the First Church, Boston, 
and was invited to take charge of H.0., but 
declined. During the witchcraft troubles in 
1692, he opposed the unjust and violent meas- 
ures toward the imagined offenders, and aided 
Philip Engliah and his wife to escape from 
prison. .His zeal in this matter occasioned his 
dismission from hii church ; and he passed 
the rest of his life in Portsmouth. Author 
of "Communion with God," 12mo, 1685; 
Election Sermon, 1692. 

Moody, Paul, mechanician, b. Byfield, 
Ms., 23 May, 1779; d. Lowell, July 7, 1831. 
Descended from Wm. Moody. Obtained a 
common-school education ; worked a while in 
a woollen-factory in his native town; and, at- 
tracting by his talent the attention of the cele- 
brated inventor Jacob Perkins, he intrusted 
him with his maehine-shop. He took charge 
of the cotton-factory at Waltham ab. 1813; 
and when similar establishments were com- 
menced at Lowell, ab. 1824, his valuable ser- 
vices were transferred to those. Ho made 
several important inventions, among them the 
dead spindle and the governor. — Hce Sketches 
o/lhf Moodij Family. 

Moody, Samuel, minister of York, Me., 
b. Newhurv, Ms., Jan. 4, 1676; d. Nov. 13, 
1747. H.U 1697. Ord. Dee. 29, 1700. He 
was an eccentric but very useful man. Though 
deriving his support from voluntary contribu- 
tions, he was very charitable and benevolent. 
Chaplain to Pepperrell's Cape Breton exped. 
1745. He pub. " The Doleful State of the 
Damned," 1710; "Account of the Life and 
Death of Jo.^eph Quasson, an Indian," &c. 

Moody, Samuel, 30 years an eminent 
teacher at Dummer Acad, b. Apr. 18, 1725; d. 
Exeter, Dec. 14,1795. H.U. 1746. Son of Rev. 
J. of York, where he began teaching. Many dis- 
ting. men were his pupils. — Moodi/ Familij. 

Mooers, Gev. Benjamin, b. Haverhill, 
Ms., Apr. 1, 1758; d. Plattsburg, N.Y., Feb. 
20, 1838 Entering an ensign in the Revol. 
army, he was at the surrender of Burgoyne and 
of Cornwallis, serving in the capacity of lieut. 
and adj. in Hazen's rcgt. to the end of the war. 
In 1783 he settled in the vicinity of Plattsburg, 
then a wilderness ; held various otBees ; was 8 



Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814. 



m:oo 



631 



JMOO 



Moore, Alfred, jurist, b. Brunswick Co., 
N.C.. May 21, 1755 ; d. Belfont, N.C., Oct. 15, 
1810. Son of Judge Maurice. Educated in 
Boston, where he also acquired a knowledge of 
military tactics. In 1775 he joined the Cont. 
troops of N.C., with the rank of capt. ; and, 
when the British seized Wilmington, he raised 
a troop of vols., with whom he did good ser- 
vice. Tlie war left him penniless, and with- 
out any means of supporting his family. In 
1790 the Assembly eleaed him atty.-gen. of 
the State, although lie was no lawyer, and had 
never in his life read a law-book. By study, 
as well as by careful observation, he mastered 
the intricacies of judicial science, and soon be- 
came an ornament of the bar. In 1 798 he was 
promoted to the bench of the State ; and in 1 799 
-1805 was an assoe. justice of the U.S. Supremo 
Court. Alfred his sou, b. Brunswick Co., 
N.C., 1783, d. July 23, 18.37. He possessed 
splendid talents, was learned and eloquent, and 
was fur many years a member as well as speak- 
er of the h. of delegates. 

Moore, Gen. Andrew, soldier and states- 
man, b. Va. ; d. May, 1821. He served in the 
battle of Point Pleasant, Oct. 10. 1774. M.C. 
1789-97 and 1803-4; U.S. senator 1804-9. 

Moore, Benjamin, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1789), 
Prot.-Ep. bishop of N.Y., b. Newtown, L.I., 
Oct. 16, 174S; d. Greenwich, N.Y., Feb. 27, 
1816. Col. Coll. 1768. InMay, 1774, he went 
to England to obtain orders and in June was 
ord. deacon and priest by the bishop of Lon- 
don ; lie was settled assist, minister of Trinity 
Church, N.Y., on his return ; became rector 
Dee. 22, 1800 ; and consecrated bishop Sept. 
11, 1801. In 1784-7 he was prof, of logic 
and rhetoric in Col. Coll.; and in 1801-11 
pres. of that institution. He was an accom- 
plished scholar and preacher. A colleciion of 
his sermons was pub. after his death by his son 
C. C. Moore, 2 vols. 8vo. N.Y. 1824. 

Moore, Charles Wuitlock, a promi- 
K>'1 'f/Snent Freemason, b. Boston, 29 Mar. ISOl^He 
received a good education ; entered the M^on- 
ic order in 1822, attaining the highest degrees, 
and was Recording G.S. of the G.L. of Ms. 34 
years. He ably defended the order in the days 
of its persecution (1827-34) ; pub. the Masonic 
Mirror in 1825 ; in 1828 the Amaranth, after- 
ward merged in the Bunker-hill Aurora ; and in 
1841 began, and has since conducted, the Free- 
mason's Monthlji Mar). In 1823 he issued the 
first No. of Zion's Herald. He has pub. Law- 
rie's " Hist, of Freemasonry," with notes and 
additions, 18mo, 1829; and "Masonic Trestle- 
Board," 8vo, 1843. 

Moore, Clement Clarke, LL.D., 
scholar, b. New York, July 15, 1779; d. New- 
port, R.I., July 10, 1863. Son of Bisliop 
Moore. Col. Coll. 1 798. ,He studied Hebrew ; 
was app. prof, of biblical learning in the Prot.- 
Ep. Sem. in N.Y. in Dec. 1821 ; app. prof of 
Hebrew and Greek lit., afterwards changed 
to Oriental and Greek lit. To this institution 
he gave the large plot of ground on which it 
stands in the city of N.Y. He received the 
title of emeritus prof, in 1850. He pub. a col- 
lection of poems, 12mo, N.Y^. 1844; and 
"George Castriot," 12mo, 1850. To Dr. 
Moore belongs the high merit of having been 



the pioneer in this country in the dept. of He- 
brew lexicograpliy ; his Hebrew and Greek 
Lexicon having been pub. in 1809. He also 
pub. a collection of Bishop Moore's sermons, 
2 vols. 8vo. He wrote the famous ballad, 
commencing "'Twas the night before Christ- 
mas ; and all through the house," &c. 

Moore, Cornelius, b. Hunterdon Co., 
N. J., 1806. Editor and prop. Masonic Mag. 
since its commencement in 1838; author of 
"History of the Ancient Charges and Regula- 
tions of Freemasonry ; " " Outlines of the Tem- 
ple," 12mo, 1854; "The Craftsman," 8vo; 
" The Templar's Text-Book," 12mo, 1853.— 
Allilione. 

Moore, Edward M., M.D., surgeon, b. 
Rahway, N.J., 15 July, 1814. U. of Pa. 1838. 
In 1838, in conjunction with Dr. C. L. Pen- 
nock of Phila., he performed a series of origi- 
nal expeilraents relative to the heart, which ex- 
cited much attention. Removing to Rochester, 
N.Y. , ab. 1840, he acquired a high reputation 
in his profession ; many years prof of surgery 
in the Buffalo Med. College. — Thomas. 

Moore, Edwin Ward, commo. in the 
Texan navy, b. Alexandria, Va., 1811 ; d. New 
York, Oct. 5, 1865. Entering the U.S. navy 
in 1825, he was a 1st lieut. in 1836, when se- 
lected by the new Texan govt, to com. its 
navy, yet to be created. Resigning in 1837, 
he, jiavtly from his own resources, purchased 
two small ships, and equipped them as vessels 
of war. He set sail early in 1838, and, con- 
trary to the orders of Pres. Houston, attacked 
the Mexican fleet of 8 vessels, including two 
steamers, in the Bay of Campeachy; and in a 
series of hot engagements finally routed and 
dispersed it with heavy losses in ships and 
men. He received from the Texan Congress 
for this service an extensive grant of land, and 
a large sum of money. 

Moore, Frank, b. Concord, N.H., 17 Dec. 
182S. Sec. ol legation at Paris. Son of Ja- 
cob B. He pub. " Songs and Ballads of the 
Amer. Revol.," 1856 ; " Cyclopaedia of Amer. 
Eloquence," 2 vols. 8vo, 1857; "The Press 
of the Amer. Revol. ; " " Diarv of the Amer. 
Revol.," 2 vols. 8vo, 1860; "The Rebellion 
Record," 11 vols. 8vo., 1862-8; " Speeches of 
And. Johnson, with a Biog. Introd.," 1865 ; 
" Lyrics of Loyalty," 1864 ; "Rebel Rhymes 
and Rhapsodies," 1864; "Personal and Pdlit. 
Ballads," 1864 ; and " Materials for History," 
4to, 1861. 

Moore, Gabriel, statesman of Alabama, 
b. Stokes Co., N.C.; d. Caddo, Texas, 1844. 
M.C. 1822-9; gov. 1829-31; U. S. senator 

Moore, George H., LL.D. (N. Y. U ), 
author, b. Concord, N.H., Apr. 20, 1823. 
N. Y. U. 1843. Son of Jacob B. Moore. Ho 
went to New York in 1839 ; was assist, lib. of 
the N.Y. Hist. Soc. in 1841-9 ; librarian since 
1849. He has pub. "Treason of Charles 
Lee," 8vo, 1860 ; " Employment of Negroes in 
the Revol. Army," 1862 ; " Hist, of Slavery in 
Ms.," 8vo, 1866, since followed by Additional 
Notes on the same subject. He is now (1870) 
engaged upon a Hist, of the Jurisprudence of 
N.Y. Contrib. to the Hist. Mag. and to the jour- 
nals of New York. — Hist. Mag. vol. vii. 1. 



JMOO 



632 



MOO 



Moore, Sir IIenky, b. Jumaira, 1713. 
Fur supjircssing a sliivu-insurrcction in Jamai- 
ca, of whicli he was gov. (app. l/SG), lie was 
made a bart., and gov. of N.Y. from 29 Jan. 
1764 to lii.s d. 11 Sept. 1709. He arrived in 
the Colony in Nov. 176.5. 

Moore, Heney E.4.TOJt, composer of music, 
1). Andovcr, N.H., July 21, 1803; d. E. Cam- 
bridge, Ms., Oct. 23, 1S41. He serve<.l his time 
as a printer with his bro. Jacob B. and Isaac 
Hill, and pub. the Grafton Journal at Plymouth, 
N.II., fi-om Jan. 1, 1825, to March, 1826 ; he 
aftenvard became a teacher, and a thorough 
proficient in musical science ; vn-ote the " Mu- 
sical Catechism," "Merrimack Collection of 
Instrumental Music," "N.II. Coll. of Cliurch 
Music," " The Choir," " A Collection of An- 
thems, Choruses, and Set Pi<ces," and the 
"Northern Harp." Another broilier, Joiim 
Weeks Mooke, b. Andovcr, April 11, 1807, 
also a printer, edited the Dclloics-Falls GazUtc 
for several years ; and has pub. " A Complete 
Encyclopoedia of MuL-ic," 1S54; "Vocal and 
Instrumental Self-Instructor," " Sacred Min- 
strel," Musician's Lexicon," .and "Amor. Coll. 
of Instram. Music," 4to, 1856. — Dui/ckincL. 

Moore, Horatio Newton, novelist, b. 
N. J. 1814 ; d. Phila. Aug. 26, 1859. Author 
of " Mary Morris," " The Groomsman," " The 
Marria'_'i'-C 'rtiiieate," "The Heart Over- 
task, d," ■• Two Months Married," "Fitzgerald 
and Hopkins," " The Keign of Terror," and 
"Right aud Wrong;" also the tragedies of 
" Orlando " and " The Regicides," and Lives 
of Gen. Marion and Gen. Wayne (1845). He 
contrib. memoirs of the famous refugees, the 
Doanes, to the Boston Masaim. — Simpson. 

Moore, Jacob Bailey, M.D., surgeon and 
song-writer; d. Jan. 10, 1810, a. 40. Of a 
Seo'tch family who settled at Georgetown, Me. 
His fatlur was a surgeon in a national vessel. 
The son practised in Andover from 1 796 to 
Apr. 1812, when he became a surgeon U.S.A. 
Some of his musical compositions arc in 
Hoiyoke's " Repository." 

Moore, Jacob Bailey, hist, ivritcr, b. 
Andover, N.H., Oct. 31, 1797 ; d. Bellows Falls, 
Vt., Sept. 1, 1853. Son of the preceding; 
learned the trade of a printer in the office of 
the Patriot, at Concord, N.H., to which he was 
a contrib ; marrying a si-ster of Isaac Hill the 

Eroprietor, ho became a partner in his business, 
ut subsequently established the N. H. States- 
man to support j. Q. Adams for the presidency ; 
member of the State legisl. in 1828 ; sherilf of 
Merrimack Co. in 1829-34; and from 1826 to 
1829 edited the N. [I. Journal. Removing to 
N.Y. in 1839, he edited the Vailij Whiij for a short 
period ; was in ! 841-5 in the post-officeat Wash- 
ington; librarian of the N.Y. Hist. Soc. 1845-8; 
and in 1 848-52 was postmaster at San Francisco, 
Cal. Farmer and Moore's " Hist. Colls, of 
N.H." (3 vols. 1822-24) gathered up, and ar- 
ranged in an enduring form, fragments of great 
value, which might otherwise have been lost : 
this was one of the first publications devoted to 
local history in this country. He also pub. 
"Memoirs of American Governors," 1846; 
" Gazetteer of N.II. ; " " Laws of Trade in the 
U.S.," 1840 ; " Hist, of Andover " and " Hist, 
of Concord," 1824; and essentially aided Mr. 



John Farmer in his antiquarian researches. 
His sons George H. and Frank are known as 
authors. 

Moore, James, gov. of S.C. in 1700-3 and 
in 1719-21 ; undertook an unsuccessful exped. 
against the Spaniards at St. AuguBtine in 1702, 
entailing a heavy burden on the Colony, to meet 
which the first paper-money was issued in S.C, 
under the name of bills of credit. In 1 703 he 
chastised the Appalacliian Indians, and de- 
stroyed their settlements. {S,:e ace. of this exped. 
in Carroll's Hist. Colls, of S.C.) He was after- 
ward in the council ; was atty. and rec. gen., 
and judge of the Admiralty Court ; and in 
1721-5 was speaker of the Assembly. 

Moore, James, of New Hanover" N.C., brig, 
gen. Revol. army ; d. 1776. Ca]it. of art. under 
Gov. Tryon at the defeat.il il,' r (il,ii,.i-s, 
May IG, 1771 ; audin Aiie. i;; . I "in 

the'Prov. Congress at Hills:,. . ,_ . : e , ,,,. 
of the first regt. raised for the .Ijeiiee >.A 1\.C. 
In Feb. 1776, Gen. McDonald, wich 1,500 men, 
principally Highlanders, having erected the 
king's standard at Cross Creek, Col. Moore, with 
his regt. and a detachment of militia, Feb. 26, 
with the aid of Cols. Caswell and Lillington, 
attacked and routed him. The Prov. Council 
of N.C. on the 4th of Mar. passed a vote of 
thanks to Col. Moore for this signal senicc. 
Made a brig.-gen 1 March, 1776; he died of 
fever shortly after, while on his way to join the 
army under Washington. 

Moore, Rev. Martin, 20 years editor of 
the Boston Recorder, b. Sterling, Ms., 22 Apr. 
1790; d. Cambridge, Ms., 12 Mar. 1866. 
B.U. 1810. Descended from John of Sudbury, 
1642. Nearly 30 years minister at Natick, 
Ms., and afterward at Cohiisset; in 1861-6 
vice.-pres. of the N. E. Hist. Gencal. Society. 
Author of a "Life of John Eliot," 1842; and 
a " Hist, of Nalick, Ms.," 1817. 

Moore, Maurice, jurist, b. Brunswick 
Co., N.C. ; d. 1776. His grandfather Sir Na- 
thaniel, gov. of N.C. in 1705, claimed descent 
from the Marquis of Drogheda, Ireland. 
Maurice, together with Martin Howard and 
Richard Henderson, constituted the judicial 
bench of N.C.when the Revol. closed the courts ; 
memberof theProv. Congress in 1775-6; aided, 
materially in fonning the State constitution ; 
and was one of a com. app. to draw up an addr. 
to the people of Great Britain on the wi-ongs 
of the N.A. Colonies. It is remarkable that 
liis disting. bro. Col. James Moore, then on hia 
way to join Gen. Washington, d. in the same 
house, at the same time. 

Moore, Nathaniel F., LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1825), scholar, b. Newtown, L.I., Dec. 25, 
1782. Col. Coll. 1802. Nephew of Bishoji 
Benj. Moore. Adm. to the bar in 1805; app. 
in 1817 adjunct prof.; and was from 1820 to 
1835 prof.' of Latin and Greek in Col. Coll.; 
librarian 1837-42; pres. 1842-9. In 1839 he 
visited Egypt and the Holy Land. Besides 
pamphlets and essays, he has pub. " Ancient 
Mineralogy," 1834; "Remarks on the. Pro- 
nunciation of the Greek Language ; " " Lec- 
tures on the Greek Language and Literature ; " 
and a Iiist. sketch of Col. Coll. 1846. 

Moore, Richard Channing, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1794), Prot.-Ep. bishop of Va., b. New 



IWCOO 



633 



York, Aug. 21, 17G2; d. Lynchburg, Va., Nov. 
11, 1841. Ho was educated at King's Coll., 
N.Y. Followed a sea-faring lilb for a short 
time, and became a medical practitioner; but 
took holy ordei-s in July, 1787, and after a 
brief service at Rye, Westchester Co., he was 
called to St. Andrew's parish, embracing the 
whole of Staten Island, where he continued 20 
years. Rector of St. Stephen's Chmvh, N.Y. 
City, 1809-May IS, 1814 ; then consec. bishop, 
and app. rector of the Monumental Church ia 
Richmond, which position he occupied until 
the close of his life. — See Memoirs of his Life, 
with a Selectioitfrom his Sermons, by J. P. K. Llen- 
shaw, 8vo, 1843. 

Moore, Thomas P., soldier and M.C., b. 
Ky. 1795; d. Harrodsburg, Ky., July 21, 1853. 
He was an officer in the war of 1812 ; M.C. in 
1823-9 and in 1833-5; minister to the Repub- 
lic of Colombia in 1829 ; and maj. 18th U.S. 



Moore, Zephaniah Swift, D.D. (Wras. 
Coll. 1816), S'jholar, b. Palmer, Ms., Nov. 20, 
1770; d. Amherst, Ms., June 30, 1823. Dartm. 
Coll. 1793. While a child, his parents removed 
to Vt. Principal of the Londonderry Acad, in 
1793-4; studied divinity ia Ct.; was minister 
of Leicester, Ms., June 10, 1798, to Oct. 2S, 
1811; prof, of languages in Dai-tm. Coll. 1811- 
15; chosen pres. of Wms. Coll. in Sept. 1815, 
he became unpopular on a,ccount of the at- 
tempted removal of the institution to Hamp- 
shire Co. ; and, on the establishment of Amh. 
Coll. in 1821, was chosen its first pres., and as- 
sumed its charge in 1 S22. 

Moran, Benjami.v, diplomatist, b. Lane 
Co., Pa., 1820. His father was manager of a 
small cotton-factory at Trenton, N.J. The 
son, at first a printer in Phila., went to Eng. 
ab. 1850; travelled over it on foot in 1851-3; 
and pub. a vol., " The Footpath and High- 
way." In 1854 he prepared the cases for the 
commiss. then sitting in Lond. tor the settle- 
ment of claims between the U.S. and Great 
Britain. Mr. Buchanan then made him clerk 
to the mission, afterward his private sec. ; and 
in Nov. 1 855 he was made sec. of legation ; 
.vice-consul at Lond. Apr. 1S56 to 1 Jan. 1857; 
' assist, sec. of legation to July, 1 864 ; and sec. 
fciuce that time, frequently acting as charye' or 
acting minister. A contrib. to English and 
American periodicals. 

Morazan, Gen. Francisco, a Central- 
Amer. statesman, b. Honduras, 1799; shot in 
Costa Rica, Sept. 15, 1842. Of Coi-sican ex- 
traction. In 1824 he became scc.-gen. of Hon- 
duras ; and soon after was elected gov. of the 
State, discing, himself both as a statesman and 
as a soldier. Having in 1829 driven th%re-ac- 
tionary party from the city of Guatimala, the 
National Congress decreed him the title of sa- 
viorof the Republic; and he soon .after accepted 
the presidency. Expelled in 1840 by the influ- 
ence of the priests, he took refuge in Chili, 
whence, in 1842, he went to Costa Rica, where 
he was made pres. by acclamation. An insur- 
rection shortly after took place, to which he 
fell a victim. 

Mordecai, Alfred, maj. U.S.A., b. N.C. 
West Point, 1823. Assist, prof. nat. philos. 



and eng. to July, 1825; capt. of ordnance 30 
May, 1832; brcv. major for meritorious con- 
duct in Mexico, May 30, 1848 ; major, Dec. 31, 
1S54; resigned 5 May, 1861 ; assist, cngr. Mex- 
ico and Pacific R. R. since 1863. Ordered to 
Europe to observe the Crimean War, April 2, 
1855. Author of Report thereon to the Sec. of 
War ; " Reports of Experiments on Gunpow- 
der," 1845_and 1849; of "Artillery for U.S. 
Laud Service," 1849; of " Ordnance Manual," 
1850; "Digest of Military La%vs," 8vo, 1833. 

Morehead, Chaeles S., lawyer and poli- 
tician, b. Nelson Co., Ky., 1802; d. near Green- 
vUle, Mpi., Dec. 23, 1868. Edueatrd at Tran- 
sylvania U. He adopted the pnife-slun of law; 
was member of the legi^l. 1 82,-'-;i ; ai tv.-gen. in 
1834-7; was again in theb-isl.iii 1838-41, ofli- 
ciatingas speaker in 1840 and '41 ; was re-elected 
in 1842 and 1844, and for the third time chosen 
speaker; M.C. 1847-51; again in thelegisl.in 
1853 ; gov. in 1855-9. Many years one of the 
most devoted friends and supporters of Henry 
Clay. Delegate to the Peace Convention of 
Feb. 1861. His endeavors to bring about the 
secession of Ky. occasioned his arrest, Sept. 19, 
1861, and incarceration in Fort Lafayette, 
where he was long kept. With M. Brown, he 
pub. "Digest of the Statute Laws of Ky.," 
&c., 8vo, 4 vols. 1834. 

Morehead, James T., lawyer, b. Coving- 
ton, Ky., Mav 24, 1797; d. there Dec. 28, 1854. 
U. of N.C. 1819. In 1813-14 he studied at 
Trausylv. U. and in the law-office of J. J. Crit- 
tenden; commenced practice in 1819 at Cowl- 
ing Green ; from 1828 to 1831 was a member 
of the Ky. legisl. ; in 1832 was lieut.-gov. ; 
gov. in 1834-6; he then returned to the bar 
at Frankfort ; in 1837 was again elected to the 
State legisl. ; was pres. of the Board of Inter- 
nal Improvements in 1838-41 ; U.S. senator 
1841-7. He subsequently practised law at Cov- 
ington. He pub. " Practice and Proceedings at 
Law in Ky.," 8vo, 1846; "Address commem. 
of the First Sett, of Ky. at Boonesborough," 25 
May, 1840, Frankfort, 8vo. 

Morehead, John M., gov. ofN.C.1841-5, 
b. there ab. 1796; d. Rockbridge, Va., Aug. 
28, 1866. U. of N.C. 1817. He was a success- 
ful and able lawyer, and a warm friend of 
Henry Clay. Pres. of the National Whig Con- 

Morell, Geoeoe, jurist, b. Lenox, Ms., 22 
Mar. 1786; d. Detroit, Mar. 8, 1845. Wms. 
Coll. 1807. Adm. to the bar in 1811 ; settled 
at Cooperstown, N.Y. ; app. first judge Otsego 
Co. Court 1827; member of the Assembly 
1829; re-app. judge 1832; U.S. judge of Mich. 
Terr. 1832-6 ; judge Sup. Ct. of Mich. 1836- 
43 ; chief justice 18 July, 1843, to his de»th. 

Morelos, Jose Maria, a Mexican revolu- 
tionist, b. N. Mexico, 1780 ; shot near the city 
of Me.wo 22 Dee. 1815. He was curate of 
Nucapetaro in Valladolid ; and in Oct. 1810 
joined the insurgent chief Hidalgo, who made 
him capt.-gen. of the provinces on the south-w. 
eoa.'t. He soon made himself remarkable for 
his audacity and activity ; captured many places 
in the southern part of the province; andftook 
Acapulco, Aug. 30, 1813. In Dec. oT'that 
year he marched against Valladolid, but was 
defeated there by Iturbide with great loss, and 



IVLOR 



QM 



from this time su6Fered a succession of defeats; 
while marching to join Toledo and Humbert, 
he was (Nov. 5, 1815) surprised and taken, and 
shot as a traitor. 

Morfit, Campbell, chemist, b. Herculane- 
um, Mo., 1820. Columbian Coll., Washington, 
D.C. Studied chemistry in Phila. He became 
proprietorof a manuf. of commercial chemicals ; 
and in 1848 was co-editor of the "Encyclopaj- 
dia of Chemistry " with Prof. Booth. He or- 
ganized the chemical dept. of the Md. Institute, 
and tilled the chair of analyt. and applied chem- 
istry in the U. of Md. in 1854-8. He has 



a report upon g 



un-metal to the U.S. 



ordnance dept.; in 1851 pub. a report of the 
Progress of the Chemical Arts for the Smiths. 
Institution; and, with A. Muckle, "Chemical 
and Pharmaceutic Manipulations," 8vo, 1849. 

Morgan, Abel, liapt. min. of Pennepek, 
Pa., b. Wales, 1637 ; d. 16 Dec. 1722. He com- 
piled a folio Concordance to the Welsh Bible, 
printed at Phila. ; and also translated " Century 
Confession" into Welsh, with additions. — 
Benedict, i. 583. 

Morgan, Charles W., commo. U.S.N., b. 
Va. 179U; d. Washington, DC, 5 Jan. 1853. 
Nephew of Gen. Dan. Morgan. Midsh. I Jan. 
1808; lieut. 3 Mar. 1813; com. 15 Apr. 1820; 
capt. 21 Feb. 1831; lieut. of "The Constitu- 
tion " in her action with " The Guerriere," 19 
Aug. 1812, and with "The Java," 29 Dec. 1812, 
for which services he received a sword from 
the Va. legisl. He com. the Mediterranean 
squadron in 1841-3. 

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, b. Hunterdon Co., 
N.J., 1736; d. Winchester, Va., July 6, 1802. 
He had little education; at the age of 17 left 
his father's farm, and was a wagoner in Brad- 
dock's army in 1755. In the spring of 1756 
he knocked down a British lieut. who had in- 
sulted him, for which he received 500 laslies. 
The officer afterward made him a public apolo- 
gy. In 1757 he served in the militia, and dis- 
ting. himself in the defence of Edwards Port. 
In 1758 he was made an ensign, and, while 
carrying despatches, was waylaid and severely 
wounded by Indians, escajjing by presence of 
mind and the Ueetness of his horse, trom whose 
back he was taken insensible. After the peace 
he was much addicted to gambling and dissipa- 
tion, and noted as a pugilist ; but before 1771 
had reformed; became a man of substance ; and 
in 1774 com. a company inLordDunmore's ex- 
ped. against the Indians. Immediately after 
the battle of Lexington, he, in less than a 
■week, enrolled 96 men, the nucleus of his cele- 
brated rifle corps, and marched them to Boston. 
He com. 3 companies in the exped. of Arnold 
against Quebec, and behaved with gallantry, 
but was made prisoner. On his exchange he 
was app., Nov. 12, 1776, col. of a rifle corps 
( 1 1 th Va.). Sent to the assistance of Gates in 
Sept. 1777, he took a most important part in 
the victory at Saratoga. The Va. legisl. voted 
him a horse, pistols, and sword, for this ser- 
vice. Rejoining the main army near Phila., he 
had a severe skirmish near Chestnut Hill with 
a part of Cornwallis's division. During a part 
of 1778 he was in com. of Woodford's brigade; 
March 20, 1779, he was made col. 7th Va. Regt., 
hut resigned in June. After the defeat at Cam- 



den he joined the remnant of Gates's army at 
Hillsborough, and, Oct. 1, was placed in com. 
of a legionary corps; Oct. 13, 1780, he was 
made a brig.-gen. Shortly after Greene as- 
sumed the com. in Dec, Morgan was detached 
to the country watered by the Broad and Pa- 
colet Rivers. Pursued by Col. Tarleton, he 
withdrew to the Cowpens, where, Jan. 17, 1781, 
he gained a brillant victory over that renowned 
ofiicer, capturing or destroying nearly the whole 
of his force. A gold medal testified the appre- 
ciation of Congress of the skill and bravery of 
Morgan on this occasion. By a rapid retreat 
he evaded the pursuit of Corn wallis, and joined 
Greene; but ilhiess, occasioned by exposure and 
hardship, compelled him to retire from active 
service. In 1794 he com. the army sent against 
the insurgents in Western Pa., and was M.C. in 
1795-9. In 1800 he removed to Winchester. 
His oldest dau. m. Gen. Presby Neville of Pitts- 
burg. In 1799 he pub. an address to his con- 
stituents, vindicating the administration of Mr. 
Adams. His son Willodghbt, col. U.S.A., 
d. Fort Crawford, Upper Mpi., 4 Apr. 1832.— 
Life of ilorqan, by James Graham, 12mo, 1859. 

Morgan, Gen. David Banister, b. 
West Springfield, Ms., 1773; d. Covington, 
La., July 15, 1848. He removed to La. in 
1803 ; was in the Terr, legisl. ; member of the 
Const. Conv. ; representative and senator ; and 
surveyor-gen. of the States of La. and Mpi. ; 
brig.-gen. at the battle of New Orleans. 

Morgan, Edwin Dennison (LL.D. of 
Wms. Cull. 1867), statesman, b. Washington, . 
Ms., Feb. 8, 181 1. Entering a grocery-store in ^ 
Hartford, Ct., in 1828, he became a partner in J 
1831 ; removed to New York in 1836, and be- 
came a highly-successful merchant. A State 
senator in 1849-53 ; he was made chairman of 
the Repub. Committee; and was gov. of N.Y. 
in 1859-63. His administration was marked 
by a decrease of the State debt, an increase in 
the revenue from the canals, and a frequent 
use of ihe veto-power. Such was his zeal and 
efficiency in raising and equipping troops for 
the war, that the State sent about 220,000 men 
to the Held. Maj.-gen. of vols. 20 Sept. 1861 ; 
resigned Jan. 1, 1863. U.S. senator in 1863- 
9. Ottered the secretaryship of the treasury <, 
by Mr. Lincoln, but declined. 

Morgan, Gen. George W., b. Washing- 
ton Co., Pa., 20 Sept. 1820. He was a capt. in 
the Texan struggle for independence. Studied 
at West Point in 1841-3, but removed to Mount 
Vernon, 0., where in 1845 he began, to practise 
law. When the Mexican waf broke out, he 
became col. 2d Ohio Vols. (Jan. 1846), with 
which he repulsed the Mexican cavalry near 
Marin (Feb. 1847) ; was app. col. 15th U.S. Inf. 
Mar. 1847 ; and won the brev. of brig.-gen. for 
gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, where 
he was severely wounded. Consul at ilarseilles 
1856-8; res. minister at Lisbon in 1858-61; 
brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 21, 1861. Assigned to duty 
under Gen. Buell in Mar. 1862, he took com. 
of the 7th division of the Army of the Ohio, 
with which he occupied Cumberland Gap in 
S.E. Ky., driving out the Confederates, June 18, 
but was compelled to retreat Sept. 17. In Nov. 
he was assigned to a com. under Gen. Rose- 
crans in Tenn. He com. a division under 



Jr. >l 



m:or 



nviOR 



Sherman ngainst Vicksburg in 1863, in which 
year he resigned. Denioc. M.C. 1868-72. 

Morgan, Sir Henry, buccaneer, b. ab. 
1637; d. 1690. Sou of a Welsh farmer. 
For many years he maintained his position 
among the W. India islands as chief of a host 
of pirates composed of adventurers from all 
the nations of Europe. From his strongholds, 
one of which was the Island of St. Catharine's, 
he made many successful descents upon the 
Spanish settlements in his vicinity; and at 
sea captured many lich prizes. In 1666 he 
took Porto Bcllo and Panama from the Span- 
iards. Having amassed a large fortune, he 
settled at Jamaica, of which island he was app. 
gov. by Charles II., and knighted. Author of 
" Voyage to Panama, 1670," Lond. Svo, 1683. 
An account of him is in Esqueraeling's "Buc- 
caneers of America," Lond. 4to, 1684. 

Morgan, Gen. James D., b. Boston, Ms., 
Nov. 19, 1810. At the age of 16 he went to 
sea in the ship " Beverley." The crew muti- 
nied ; and the ship was soon after burned. 
Morgan, with others of the crew, escaped in 
boats ; finally landed in S. America ; and, 
after the greatest hardships, made his way 
back to Boston, after 6 months' absence. Re- 
moving to Quincy. 111., in 1834, he engaged 
in mercantile pursuits. During the Mexican 
war he was capt. in the 1st 111. Vols. ; in 1861 
he became lieut.-col. 7th 111. Vols. ; and, for 
merit, services at New Madrid and Corinth, 
was made brig.-gen. 17 July, 1862 ; in Nov. 
1862 he com. a brigade at Nashville, Tenii. ; 
and in Sherman's Atlanta and Georgia cam- 
paigns com. a division of the 14th corps. 

Morgan, John, M.D. (Edinb. U. 1764), 
F.R.S., an eminent physician, b. Phila. 1735 ; 
d. there Oct. IS, 1789. Phila. Coll. 1757. 
He studied medicine under Dr. Redman ; and, 
as a surgeon and lieut. of Pa. troops, served 
in the war with France until 1760, when he 
went to Europe ; attended the lectures and 
dissections of the celebrated \Vm. Hunter; 
and, after spending two years iu Edinburgh, 
visited Paris, Holland, and Italy ; and, on his 
return to London, was elected a fellow of the 
Eoy. Soc; a member of the Coll. of Physi- 
cians in Edinburgh; and a licentiate of the 
Coll. of Phys. in London ; returning to Phila. 
in 1765, he was elected prof, of the theory 
and practice of med. ; and at once founded a 
med. school in connection with the college. 
In Oct. 1775 he was app. by Congress director- 
gen, and physician in chief to the gen. hospital 
of the army ; removed in 1777 in consequence 
of unjust clamors. A committee of Congress 
afterward investigated his conduct, and honor- 
ably acquitted him of all the charges against 
him. He pub. a " Discourse upon the Insti- 
tution of Medical Schools in America," 1765; 
" A Recommendation of Inoculation according 
to Baron Dinesdale's Method," &c., 1776. He 
received in 1766, from John Sargeant of Lon- 
don, a gold medal for the best essay on the recip- 
rocal advantages of a perpetual nnion between 
Great Britain and her American Colonies. In 
1777 he pub. a vindication of his public charac- 
ter of director-gen. One of the founders of 
the Amer. Philos. Soc. in 1769, and pub. some 
papers in its Transactions. In 1773 he visited 



Jamaica to procure donations for Philadelphia 
College. 

Morgan, John H.,gen. C.S.A.,b. Hunts- 
ville, Ala., June 1, 1826 ; killed at Greenville, 
Tenn., Sept. 4, 1864. In 1830 he settled near 
Lexington, Ky. He was 1st lieut. in Mar- 
shall's cav. at the battle of Bucna Vista; was 



at Lexins 



ely engaged in the manuf. of bagging 
gton ; when, in Sept. 1861, he joined 
Buckner at the head of the Lexington Rifles, 
and at Shiloh com. a squadron of cavalry. 
He soon after commenced his series of raids 
into Ky., in which he destroyed many mil- 
lions of dollars' worth of military stores ; cap- 
tured and burned railroad-trains filled with 
supplies, tore up railroad - tracks, burned 
bridges, and destroyed culverts, in the rear of 
the Union armies ; and made it necessary to 
garrison every important town in the State. 
He moved with the utmost celerity, and, by tak- 
ing a telegraph-operator with him, misled his 
foes, and acquainted himself with their move- 
ments to intercept him. In 1863 he undertook 
a bold and extensive raid through K v., Ind., and 
Ohio ; but he with nearly his whole com. were 
captured, and Morgan and his oflBccrs were 
confined in the Ohio Penitentiary. He after- 
ward escaped : subsequently undertook a raid 
into Tenn. ; but, being betrayed while stopping 
at a farm-house, was surrounded in the night by 
fed. cavalry, and killed in an attempt to escape. 

Morgan, William, whose singular fate 
has given his name a great notoriety, b. Cul- 
pcper Co., Va., ab. 1775; d. Sept. 19, 1826. 
He served under Jackson at the battle of New 
Orleans; moved to York, U.C., in 1821, where 
he commenced business as a brewer, but sub- 
sequently removed to Batavia, N. Y. In Aug. 
1 826 it became known that he was preparing 
for the press a work divulging the secrets of 
Freemason ry. Some infatuated members of the 
fraternity in his neighborhood, having failed 
in the attempt to dissuade him from his pro- 
ject, took him, on the 10th of Sept., under the 
pretence of a charge for larceny, to Canan- 
daigua. This charge having been abandoned, 
and a civil suit instituted, judgment was ob- 
tained for a small amount ; and he was com- 
mitted to the jail of Ontario Co. Discharged 
on the evening of the 12th, he was seized as 
he passed out of the jail, put into a carriage, 
and taken to Fort Niagara, where he was 
murdered. This outrage excited the most in- 
tense indignation against the order, which was 
soon turned to political purposes. An Anti- 
Masonic party was formed, which predominated 
in Western N.Y., and had many converts else- 
where. Author of " Illustrations of Masonry," 
the 2d ed. of which (1826) contains an ace. of 
his kidnapping. 

Morillo, Pablo, Count of Carthagena, 
and Marquis de la Puerta, a Spanish gen., b. 
Fuente, 1777; d. Madrid, 1838. He first 
served against Napoleon, rising to the rank of 

General ; placed in 1815 at the head of the 
panish forces in S. America, he became noted 
for his cruelty to the revolutionists, but was 
finally defeated by Bolivar, and compelled to 
sign the truceof Truxillo, Nov. 25, 1820; after 
wiiich he returned to Spain. Ho then sided 
alternately with both parties, and, on the resto- 



MOR 636 Mon 

ration of absolute monarchy, was cxppUod the office, editor of the N. U. Observer, a rcUyious 

country, aud his estates confiscated. He was newspaper. 

allowed to return in 1832; was made gov. of Morrill, JnsTi;« S., M.C. fiom Vt. 1855- 

Galicia, and com. the forces against Don Car- 67 ; chosen U.S. senator in 1867 ; b. Stratford, 

los. He pub. his "3/emoiVes" in Paris, 1820. Vt., Apr. 14, 1810. Educated at an academy. 

Morison, Kev. John Hopkins, D D (II. Ho was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 

U. 1858), b. Peterborough, N.IL, 25 July, ISOS. 1848, when he turned his at'ention to agricul- 

II.U. 1831. Unit, pastor of Milton, Ms., since ture. Author of the "Morrill " tarilf of 1861. 

1846. Author of "M.anual for Sunday Morrill, Lot M., statesman, b. Belgrade, -; J' 

Schools;" " Centen. Address at Pcterb. Oct. Kennebec Co., Me., 3 May, 1813. Entered (Z. ffw r'.^ 

24, 1839 ; " " Life of Hon. Jere. Smith, LL.D.," Wateiwille Coll. in 1 834 ; and in 1 839^as adm. , O^ .^^^ , j 

1845; also a number of occasional sermons, to the bar; member of the Me. legisl. in 1854; "* /^'"^ 

addresses, &c. of the senate in 1856, and made its pres. ; gOT. ' 

Morphy, Paul Charles, the greatest of of Me. in 1858-60; U.S. senator in 1861, 
modern chess-players, b. N. Orleans, June 1863-9; re-elected for the teim of 1871-7; and 
22, 1837; son of Judge M. of the Supreme member of the Peace Congress of 1861. 
Court of La., and learned the moves from see- Morris, Charles, Capt. U.S.N., b. Wood- 
ing his father pLiy. In the autumn of 1849 stock, Ct., July 26, 1784; d. \rashington, Jan. 
Herr Locweuthal, 'the cchbrateil Hungarian 27, 1856. He entered the navy, Julj^ 1, 1799; 
player, viDitcd the Crescent City; and out of was engaged with Decatur in destroymg the fri- 
3 games against the young Paul, then but 12 gate "Philadelphia," in the harbor of Tripoli, 
years old, he lost 2, and di-ew 1. He was edu- on the night of Feb. 15, 1804 ; also disting. him- 
cated at the S. C. College, and studied law. self in the same war by the capture of a French 
At the Chess Congress in New York in 1857, privatier; was made lient. Jan. 28, 1807; was 
Morphy defeated in a majority of games — thiM'\f<'. oi^i^'n-of "TheConstitution"in 1812, 
many being at considerable odds — the first in 1 1 - ! n i v : i ; i ' . ' ^ -j n [le after a chase of 60 hours 
players of the U.S.; visiting Europe in 1853, from ;t ;;, ! i : : :i|ion ; was greatly disting., 
he contended mih all the great plaj'ers of aul ,i ... ,:, 'n^h the body, in the encounter 
Europe — Locweuthal, Hamvitz, Riviere, La- ut iluu -iiipv. iai ikv; Brit, frigate " Guem'ere ; " 
roeho, Journoud Dovinck, and the'cekbratcd capt. 5 Mar. 1813. In Aug. 1814, winle in com. 
AdolphAnderssen, whom he vanquished — with of "The John Adams," having run up the 
the exception of Mr. Stanton, who prudently Penobscot River to Hampden for repairs, a 
declined the contest. At the annual meeting strong Brit, force entered the river ; aud, to 
of the British Chess Association at Bu-ming- escape capture, the frigate was destroyed, the 
ham, he played 8 games simultaneously, with- crew making their way for 200 miles across the 
out seeing the boards, winning 6, losing 1, and thinly-inhabited country to Portland. In 1816- 
1 being dra^vn. He has latterly devoted him- 17 he com. the naval forces in the Gulf of Mex- 
self almost exclusively to the practice of law ico; in 1819-20 a squadron to Buenos Ayres; 
in New Orleans and Richmond. in 1823-7 and 1832-41 was navy commiss. ; 

Morrell, Capt. Benjamin, b. Worcester in Sept.-Oct. 1825 com. the frigate " Brandy- 
Co., Ms., 1795; d. 1839. Author of "Narra- wine," in which Lafayette returned to France 
live of Four Voyages to the South Sea," &c., after his \-isit to this country ; in 1 825-6 he 
N.Y. 8vo, 1832. was employed in examining the dockyards of 

Morrell, Rev. William, who aceomp. France and Eng. ; com. in 1841-4 the squad- 

Capt. Rolicrt Gorges to America in 1623, and ron on the coast of Brazil and in the Mediter- 

resided at Plymouth, Ms., ab. a year. On his ranean; in 1844-7 was chief of bureau of 

retuni toEng., hopub. inl625, in Latinhexam- construction; was in 1847-51 insp. of ord- 

eters and English heroics, a poem entitled nance; and from 1851 to the time of his death 

"Nova Antjlia," repr. in "Ms. Hist. CoUs.," was chief of the bureau of ordnance and 

1st scries, i'. hydrography; for many years he supervised 

Morrill, Anson P., gov. of Me. 1855-7; tlie Naval Acad, at Annapolis. It has been 

M.C. 1861-3 ; b. Belgrade, Me., June 10, 1803. said of him, that he was, in all the varied quali- 

He engaged in mercantile and manuf. pursuits, ties which constitute excellency in his profes- ^^ 

and was some years in the Me. legislature. sion, the ablest naval commander in the world. "^ 

Morrill, David Lawrence, M.D. (D.C.jJ Morris, Edward Jot, author and M.C, ^^ ^ 
LL.D. (U. of Vt.), b. Epping, N.H., June loXb- Phila. July 16, 1*15. H.U. 1836. Member vj "^ 

1772; d. Concord, Jan. 28, 1849. Afterrecciv- of the Pa. legisl. in 1841-3; M.C. 1843-5;^ ^. 

ing a good acad. and med. education, he estab- charge d'affaires to Naples in 1850-4; again a i* ft> 

lished himself in practice at Epsom in 1793, meiiiber of the State legisl. in 1856; member \^ 

but in 1800 began to study theology ; pastor of the 35th, 36th, and 37th Congresses; and 

of the Cong, church in Goft'stown, N.H., in minister to Turkey 1S61-70. He has pub. 

1802-11 ; practised medicine in 1807-30 ; was "A Tour through Turk, y, Greece, Egypt, aud 

a representative to the Gen. Court in 1808-17 ; Arabia Petr.^a ; " " TIm' Turkish Empire, So- 

speaker in 1816; U.S. senator from 1817 to cial and Political; " "Afraja, or Life and Love ^ 

1823, when he was elected to the State senate, inNonvay" (a translation ) ; and also a transl. 

and was chosen pres. of that body ; gov. in from the German of Grcgorovius, " Corsica, ^C, 

18l'4-7. He was connected with many of the Social and Political," &c. 

charitable, medical, and agricultural associa- Morris, George P., poet and journalist, 

tions of his time. He pub. several sermons, b. Phila. Oct. 10, 1 802 ; d. N. Y. City, July 6, 

orations, and conti-oversial pamphlets; and 1864. Removing in e.arly life to New York, he 

was, for some years after abandoning public wrote for the N. Y. Gazette aud the American, 



T< 



:mor 



contributing verses in his 15th year. lie puh. 
the N. Y. Mirror from Aug. 1823 to Dec. 31, 
1S42; in 1843 ho associated himself with Mr. 
Willis in the pub. of the New Mirror, of which 
3 vols, were issued ; in 1844 he established the 
Evening Mirror, a daily, assisted hy Willis and 
Hirara Fuller ; at the close of 1 845 he com- 
menced a weekly journal, the National Press, 
changed in Nov. 1846 to the IJome Journal, 
which he edited with Mr. Willis until a short 
time befoi-e his death. As a song-writor he has 
achieved great popularity. Among the best are 
" Woodman, spare that Tree," " Long Time 
Ago," "The Origin of Yankee Doodle," "My 
Mother's Bible," " WhippoorwiU," &c. In 
1853 he pub. " The Deserted Bride, and other 
Poems," 8vo, N. Y. ; ed. a vol. of " American 
Melodies ; " and, in conjunction with Mr. Wil- 
lis, "The Prose and Poeti-y of Europe and 
America," Svo, N.Y; in 1837 he produced the 
successful drama of " Brierclift'," and in 1842 
tlio libretto of " The Maid of Saxony." He 
also pub. a vol. of prose sketches entitled " The 
Littio Frenchman and his Water-Lots," 1838. 
The last complete edition of his poems appeared 
in 1860. In ISGl he contrib. an introil. Me- 
moir to the Poetical Works of Samuel Wood- 
worth. He was at one time a brig.-gen in the 
State militia. 

Morris, GonvEHNEUE, statesman and ora- 
tor, b. Morrisania, N.Y., 31 Jan. 1752; d. there 
6 Nov. 1816. Kings Coll. 1768. Son of Lewis 
Mon-is. Studied law with Wm. Smith ; was 
adm. to practice in 1771; soon attained great 
reputation ; was a delegate to the Prov. Con- 
gress of N.Y. in 1775; one of the com. that 
dradghted the State Const, in 1776: member 
of the Cont. Congress 1777-80, serving on sev- 
eral important committees ; pub. in 1779 a suc- 
cessful pamphlet called " Observations on the 
Amor. Revel. ;" and in 1 780 removed to Phila., 
and, by being thrown from a can-iage, fractured 
his leg so as to render amputation necessary. 
In July, 1781, he was the colleague of Robert 
Morris as assist, supt. of finance, and, after the 
war, erabarkod with him in mercantile enter- 
prises; in 1785 ho pub. "An Address to the 
Assembly of Pa. on the Abolirion of the Bank 
of N.A.," arguing against that project. Pur- 
chasing in Dec. 1786 the estate of Morrisania 
from his bro. Staats Long Morris, he made it 
his future residence. He was one of the com. 
that draughted the Federal Constitution in the 
conv. of 1787. In 1788-91 he was in France, oc- 
cupied in selling land ; was a private agent of 
theU.S. inLond.in 1791; minister to France in 
1 792-Oet. 1 794 ; afterward travelled in Europe, 
and, while at Vienna, endeavored to eftect the 
liberation of Lafayette from the dungeon of 
Olmutz; returned to the U.S. in the autumn 
of 1798; was U.S. senator in 1800-3, acting 
with the Federalists, and actively opposing the 
abolition of the judiciary system in 1802 in 
speeches of great ability ; was prominent in the 
great canal project of N.Y., and chairman of 
the canal commiss. from their first app. in Mar. 
1810 until his death; and passed the latter 
years of his life in munificent hospitality. Au- 
thor of a series of essays on the Cont. Currency 
and Finances, and of eulogies on Washington, 
Hamilton, and George Clinton. — .See Life, 



Correspondence, and Writings, by Jared Sparks, 
3 vols. 1832, 8vo. 

Morris, Henrt W., commo. U.S.N., b. N. 
York, 1806 ; d. there Aug. 14, 1863. Son of 
Thomas, a lawyer of N. Y., and grandson of the 
preceding. Midshipm. Aug. 21,'~r819";"lieut. 
May 17, 1828 ; com. Oct. 12, 1849 ; cajrt. Dec. 
27, 1856; commo. July 16, 1862. In 1845 ho 
com. the storeship " Southampton," of the Af- 
rican squadi-on ; the sloop-ot-war " German- 
town," of the Brazilian squadron, in 1 853 ; and 
in 1855 was fleet-capt. under Com. Stringham 
in the Mediterranean ;. in 1861 he superintended 
the construction of the steam sloop-of-war 
" Pensaeola " at the Washington N.ivy-yard. 
In her he successfully passed the Confed. bat- 
teries on the Potomac in Jan. 1 862 ; then joined 
the Gulf block, squad., and took part in the 
capture of New Orleans. 

Morris, John G., D.D., b. York, Pa., 
1803. Dick. Coll. 1823. He studied theology 
at Princeton, and since 1826 has been pastor 
of the Firat Lutheran Church, Baltimore. He 



has 



pub. a number of addresses, theol. treatises. 



and translations from the German ; " Popular 
Expos, of the Gospels," 2 vols. 1840; "Life of 
John Arndt," 1853 ; "The Blind Uiri of Wit- 
tenberg," 1856; "Catharine De Bora," 1856; 
" Martin Behaim, a Discourse before the Md. 
Hist. Soc," Jan. 25, 1855, Svo, paper. Edited 
the Lutheriin Obsm-rr 1831-2, and was co-editor 
of the " Year-Book of the Refoi-mation," 1844. 
He has lectured bcf. the Smithsonian and other 
scientific bodies on entomology and other sci- 
ences, and has written on tlie lepidoptera of 
N. A. in the Smitlisonian " Misc. Colls." — 
Alllbone. 

Morris, Lewis, statesman, b. Morrisania, 
N.Y., 1671 ; d. lungsbury, N. J., May 21, 1746. 
Son of Richard, an officer of Cromwell's army, 
who settled, ab. 1672, on a farm of 3,000 acres, 
near Harlem, N. Y., called Mon-isania. Adopted 
by his uncle Lewis, he once, through fear of his 
resentment, fled to Va., and thence to the West 
Indies. Embracing the law, he became a judge 
of the N. J. Superior Court in 1692, and a 
member of the council ; was afterward an ac- 
tive member of the Assembly, and an opponent 
of Grov. Combury, against whom he drew up 
the complaint of the Assembly, and presented 
it in pel-son to the queen. He was lor several 
years chief justice of N.Y. and N.J. ; was state 
coimcillor in 1710-38; acting gov. 1731 ; and 
gov. of N.J. 1738-46. Active in bringing 
about the separation of the govts, of N.Y. and 
N. J.in 1738. Of his sons, Lewis was a judge 
of vice-admu-alty ; and Robert Hunter was 
20 years chief justice of N. J. — Mem. by Rev. R. 
Davidson, N. J. Hist. Proc. vol. iv. 

Morris, Lewis, signer of the Decl. of In- 
dep., b. Morrisania, N.Y., 1726 ; d. there Jan. 
22, 1798. Y.C. 1746. He was the eldest of 
four bros., — Staats, a gen. in the British army 
andanM.P.; Richard, judge in the N.Y. Vice- 
Adm. Court, afterward chief justice, who d. Apr. 
1810; and Godverneur. Devoting liimself 
to agriculture, he possessed at the penod of the 
Revol. an ample estate. In the Congress of 
1775 he served on the most important commit- 
tees, and had assigned to him the arduous task 
of detaching the Western Indians from the co- 



MOR 



638 



MOR 



alition with Great Britain, which he executed 
with zeal and address. In the beginning of 
1776 he resumed his seat in Congress, where he 
was a laborious and serviceable member ; and 
his beautiful and extensive manor near New 
York was soon after laid waste by the British. 
He left Congress in 1777, and was afterwards 
in the State legisl., and a maj.-gen. of militia. 
Three of his sons served with distinction in the 
army, and received the thanks of Congress, — 
Lewis (N J. Coll. 1774) was aide to Gen. Sul- 
livan, and afterward to Gen. Greene ; Staats 
was aide to Gen. Wayne (his son Lewis N., 
capt. U.S.A., was killed at Monterey. Lewis 
O., son of the latter, col. 113th N.Y. Vols., feU 
at Cold Harbor, 3 June, 1864); Jacob, aide 
to Gen. Charles Lee, afterward member of the 
N.Y. Assembly and senate, b. 28 Dec. 1755, d. 
10 June, 1844. His youngest son Richard 
Valentine, capt. U.S.N, (app. June, 1798), 
d. New York, May 1815 ; com. squadron in 
the Mediterranean in 1802-3. 

Morris, Robert, financier and statesman, 
b. Liverpool, Eng., 20 Jan. 1733; d. Pbila. 7 
May, 1806. At 13 he came with his father to 
Phila. ; entered the counting-house of Charles 
Willing, and was a partner in the business in 
1 754-93. He was supercargo in several voyages, 
and on one occasion was made prisoner by the 
French. Prominent in opposition to the Stamp 
Act : in signing the Non-Importation Act of 
1765, the house of Willing and Morris made a 
great sacrifice. Delegate to the Cont. Cong, in 
1776-8, and signer of the Decl. of Indep. Mem- 
ber of the committee of ways and means, his 
personal credit was exerted to the utmost, espe- 
cially at the close of 1776, when the term of 
service of the troops had expired ; performing 
a siuiilar service in aid of Gen. Greene's prose- 
cution of the Southern campaign in 1780, and 
raising $1,400,000 to enable Washington to 
proceed in the exped. whii* resulted in the 
capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown. In 1780 
he established a bank, to which he subscribed 
£10,000, mainly to supply the army with pro- 
visions ; founded the Bank of N. America ; 
and from Feb. 1781 to Nov. 1784 was supt. of 
finance, pledging his personal credit whenever 
his official resources were inadequate. Mem- 
ber of the Pa. legisl. in 1786, and of the conv. 
which framed the Federal Const, in 1787 ; U.S. 
senator 1789-95; offered the post of sec. of 
the treas., he declined, and named Alex. Ham- 
ilton for that office. He engaged with Gouv. 
Morris in the E. I. and China trade ; but in 
his old age embarked in vast land-speculations, 
which proved ruinous to his fortunes; and he 
passed the latter years of his life in prison for 
debt. Morris was a fluent and impressive ora- 
tor, and possessed much political knowledge, 
and great acquaintance with general affairs. 

Morris, Robert, chief justice of N. J. dur- 
ing the Revol. war, and U.S. judge from 1789 
to his d. at New Brunswick, N. J., May 2, 
1815, aged 70. 

Morris, Robert Hhnter, cliief justice 
of N. Jersey, son of Gov. Lewis; d. Feb. 20, 
1764. He was 26 years one of the council of 
N. J. ; and was lieut.-gov. of Pa. from Oct. 
1754 to Aug. 1756. He resigned the office of 
chief justice in the fall of 1757. 



Morris, Col. Roger, b. Eng. Jan. 28, 
1717 ; d. there Sept. 13, 1794. He obtained a 
captaincy 48th Foot, Sept. 13, 1745; aecomp. 
Braildock in his exped., serving as his aide-de- 
camp, and was wounded at his defeat ; he 
served under Loudon in 1757; Jan. 19, 1758, 
he ra. Mary, dau. of F. Phillipse of Westchester 
Co., N.Y. ; purchased a majority in the 35th ; 
and in the winter of 1758-9 was stationed at 
Fort Frederick ; occasionally engaged with the 
Indians, who harassed the settlements in Nova 
Scotia; attached to the Louisburg grenadiers 
in Wolfe's exped. against Quebec, he partici- 
pated in the battle on the Plains of Abraham, 
and did good service at the battle of Sillery, 
Apr. 28, 1760; app. in May, 1760, lieut.-col. 
47ih; he com. the 3d batt. in the exped. 
against Montreal under Gen. Murray ; retiring 
from the army in June, 1764, he was elevated 
to the exec, council of the province, in which 
body he took his seat Dec. 5. Having adhered 
to the crown in the Revol., his name was in- 
cluded in the N.Y. act of attainder of 1779. 
At the peace he retired to Eng. His widow 
survived him until July, 1825. — 0' Calhif/han. 

Morris, Sarah, Quaker preacher, b. Phila. 
1704; d. there Oct. 24, 1775. Anthony her 
father, an eminent preacher, d. Phila. Aug. 
23, 1721, a. 67. Sarah possessed a superior 
understanding, and a social and agreeable dis- 
position, and became an able gospel minister. 
She visited the Friends in N.J.,Md., and Long 
Island; went to R. I. in 1764 ; and travelled 
through Great Britain in 1772-3. — Coll. of 
Quaker Memorials. 

Morris, Staats Long, gen. in the British 
army, b. Morrisania, N.Y., Aug. 27, 1728 ; d. 
1800. Son of Judge Lewis. Cajit. 36th Foot, 
May 31, 1756; lieut.-col. 89th Highlanders; 
served at the siege of Pondicherry in 1761 ; 
hrig.-gen. July 7, 1763; maj.-gen. 'l777 ; gen. 
1796; app. gov. of Quebec 1797. His first 
wife, the Duchess of Gordon, died 1770. — 
0' Callnghan. 

Morris, Sdsanna, Quaker preacher, b. 
1683 ; d. Richland, Pa., Apr. 28, 1755. Wife 
of Morris Morris. For more than 40 years she 
labored faithfully in the ministry, travelling 
much in America and Europe; and made 3 
voyages to Europe, visiting Friends in Eng., 
Ireland, and Holland. — Coll. of Quaker Me- 

Morris, Thomas, judge and senator, b. 
Va., Jan. 3, 1776 ; d. Dec. 7, 1844, near Beth- 
el, (3. Son of a Baptist clergyman. At the 
ago of 19 he emig. to the Ohio Vallev, and set- 
tled near the present site of Cincinnati, but 
removed to Clermont Co. in 1800. In 1802, 
while engaged as a day-laborer, and without 
an instructor, he commenced the study of law, 
adopted the profession, and became eminent. 
Elected in 1806 to the legisl., he was a mem- 
ber of the senate or house for a period of 24 
years. He was elected in 1809 a judge of the 
Sup. Ct. of Ohio, and was a Democ. U.S. sen- 
ator in 1833-9; while in Congress he ably de- 
fended the freedom of the press, the freedom of 
speech, the right of petition ; and disting. 
himself as an opponent of slavery ; in Aug. 
1844 he was the candidate of the Liberty party 
for vice-pres. His Life, Speeches, and Writings 



JVtOR 



were pub. by his son, Rev. B. F. Morris, 12rao, 
Cincinnati, 1855. 

Morris, Thomas A., D.D. (McK. Coll., 
III., 1841), bishop of the M. E. Church (cho- 
sen in 1836), b. Kanawha Co., Va., Apr. 28, 
1794. He entered the Ohio Conf. as a trav- 
elling preacher in 1816 ; was ord. deacon, and 
in 1820 an elder; was an itinerant preacher 
in Ohio, Kv., and Tenn ; and was elected edi- 
tor of the IVestern Christian Advocate on its es- 
tablishment in Cincinnati in 183.3. Author 
of a vol. of sermons, and a miscellany consist- 
ing of essays, biog. sketches, and notes of 
travel. Self-educated, and a man of strong, 
clear sense, great simplicity, and a practical 
preacher. /U^ 

Morris, William Walton, brev. ou^.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Ballston Springs, N.Y.," 
Aug. 31, 1801; d. Fort McHenry, Baltimore, 
Dec. 11,1865. West Point, 1820. Disting. 
in engagement under Col. Leavenworth with 
Arickaree Indians, 11 Aug. 1823; capt. 17 
Dec. 1836; major of mounted Creek Vols. 
in Fla. Sept. 1836 to June, 1837; brev. 
major for gallantry in war against Fla. Indians 
27 Jan. 1837 ; maj. 4th Art. Nov. 4, 1853; 
lieut.-col. May 14, 1861 ; col. 2d Art. Nov. 1, 
1861. He was one of the ablest military law- 
yers in the service ; was disting, at Palo Alto 
and Rcsaca ; was military gov. of Tainpico, 
and afterward of Puebia ; on duty at Fort Mc- 
Henry at the outbreak of the Rebellion, and 
promptly turned his guns on the city of Balti- 
more during the riot on the 1 9th Apr. 1861. 
Brev. brig.-gen. June 19, 1862, for meritorious 
service; and brev. maj.-gen. 10 Dec. 1865. 

Morrison, Col. Joseph Wanton, b. 
N.Y. May 4, 1783 ; d. on the passage from 
Calcutta, Feb. 15, 1826. Son of John Morri- 
son, dep. commiss.-gen. in America. Entered 
the army as ensign in 1793 ; and as lieut.-col. 
89th Regt. com. the British force at Cbrystler's 
Fields, Williamsburg, L.C., gaining a victory 
over the Amer. Gen.s. Wilkinson and Boyd, 
for which he was honored with a medal, and a 
vote of thanks from the h. of assembly of L. 
Canada. Severely wounded at Lundy's Lane 
in July, 1814. He afterwards served in India 
with the local rank of brig.-gen. 

Morrison, William, fur-trader and ex- 
plorer, b. Montreal, C.E., 1785; d. Morrison's 
Island, Aug. 7, 1866. In 1802 he was ap- 
prenticed to the N.Y. Fur Co. at Fond Du 
Lac, and soon became a partner; in 180.3-15 
he explored the North-west; and from 1816 to 
1 826 had charge of J. J. Astor's business. Mr. 
Morrison was the first white man who dis- 
covered the sources of the Mpi. River, — .an 
honor usually awarded to Mr. Schoolcraft. 

Morrow, Jkremiah, statesman, b. Gettys- 
burg, Pa., Oct. 6, 1771 ; d. Warren Co., O., 
Mar. 22, 1852. Removing in the spring of 
1795 to the North-west Terr., he was a member 
of the O. Terr, legisl. in 1801 ; in 1802 was a 
delegate to a convention for forming a State 
const; was State senator in 1803; was the 
first M.C. from the State, serving fiora 1803 to 
1813 ; was a U.S. senator in 1813-19 ; gov. in 
1822-6 ; then canal commiss. ; again State 
senator in 1827-8; State representative 183.5- 
7; again M.C. in 1841-3; and was pres. of 



the Little Miami Railroad Co. until 1847. In 
1814 lie was app. a commiss. to treat with the 
Indians west of the Miami. While in Con- 
gress, he was chairman of the com. of public 
lands. — 4. T. Goodman. 

Morse, Rev. Abner, genealogist, b. Mcd- 
wav, Ms., Sept. 5, 1793 ; d. Sharon, Ms., May 16, 
1865. Brown U. 1816; And. Sem. 1819. De- 
scended from Capt. Joseph, who settled ab. 1670 
in Bogistown (Medway). He was in 1819-22 
Cong, pastor in Nantucket, Ms. ; subsequently 
at Boundbrook, N.J., and in Indiana, where he 
procured a charter for a college, and was some 
time a professor. He delivered courses of lec- 
tures on geology, also devoting himself to 
genealogical pursuits. He pub. "Memoiialof 
the Morses," 1 850 ; " Descendants of Lawrence 
Litchfield," 1855 ; " Capt. John Grout," 1857 ; 
of " Several Ancient Puritans," 3 vols. 1857- 
60 ; and " Gen. Register of Sherbom and 
Holliston." — iV. E.H. and Gen. Reg. xix.37I. 

Morse, Jedediah, D.D. (U. of Edinb. 
1794), clergyman and geographer, b. Wood- 
stock, Ct., Aug. 23, 1761 ; d. N. Haven, June 
9, 1826. Y.C. 1783. Licensed to preach in 
1785; tutor in Y.C. in 1786; Apr. 30, 1789, 
installed minister of the First Cong. Church, 
Charlestown, Ms., which he resigned in 1820. 
Dr. MoFse is the father of American geography. 
He prepared in 1784 at New Haven, for the use 
of schools, the first work of the kind in Amur. 
This was followed by larger works of geography, 
and gazetteers, from materials obtained by 
travelling and correspondence, — especially that 
of Jeremy Belknap the historian, Thomas 
Hutchins, geog.-gen., and Ebenezer Hazard. 
His larger geographical works were reprinted 
in Europe. Dr. Mi)r.<e was also much occupied 
in religious controversy ; in upholding the 
orthodox faith in the N.E. churches against 
the assaults of Unitarianism, — an undertaking 
which seriously affected his health. In 1804 
he was active in enlarging the Ms. Gen. Assoc, 
of Cong. Ministers ; was sole editor of tlie 
Panoplist from 1806 to 1811 ; and was promi- 
nent in establishing the Theol. Sem. at An- 
dover. Commissioned by the U. S. Govt, to 
visit the Indian tribes of the N.W., the result 
of his labors was a vol. pub. in 1822, entitled 
" Indian Report," &c. Dr. Morse also pub. 
"A Compendious History of New England," 
Camb. 1804; "Annals of the Amer. Revol.," 
Hartf. 1824; and 25 sermons and addresses on 
special occasions. He was an active member 
of the Ms. Hist. Soc., and many other literary 
and scientific bodies. 

Morse, Samoel Finley Breese,LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1 846), one of the inventors of the electric- 
telegraph, b. Charlestown, Ms., 27 Apr. 1791. cLlJij^- '' 
Y.C. 1810. Eldest son of Rev. Jedediah. He 
went to Eng. with Washington Allston, arriv- 
ing in Aug. 1811 ; studied painting under 
Benjamin West ; exhibited his " Dying Her- 
cules " at the Roy. Acad, in 1813 ; and in May 
of that year received a prize of a gold medal 
from the London Adelphi for a plaster model 
of the same. He returned home in 1315; 
painted portraits in N. Hampshire at $15 per 
head ; took up his residence in N.Y. City ab. 
1822, .and painted a full length of Lafayette. 
In 1829 he ed. the poems of L. M. Davidson, 



:mor 



640 



with a biog. sketch. IIi' wm nenin in Enj. 

in 1829-32; and, on hi^ n niiM h , ihr first 

idea of a permanent n . _ , __ r h was 

suggested to him by Di .1 ■.' , n, L,- tdlow- 
passenger. In 1835 'lie dciu.;ii, Li.::^a liiu prac- 
ticability of his invention by a modi;! ; filed his 
caveat at the patcnt-oiEce in 18.57; perfected his 
invention in 1840; and in IS4t completed the 
first electric-telegraph iu the US., — between 
Baltimore and Washington. At a convention 
held in 1851 for the purpose of adopting a 
uniform system of telegraphing forall Germany, 
that of Morse was selected. Prof. Wheatstone, 
the English inventor, took out, with W. F. 
Cooke, a joint p;ueiit for a magnetic tcleg. in 
1837. The representatives of the principal 
European powers, assembled at Paris ab. 1857, 
presented Mr. Morse with the sum of 400,000 
francs as a recompense fur his invention. In 
a letter of Mr. Morse to the sec. U.S. treasury, 
dated 10 Aug. 1843, occurs the first suggestio'n 
of the project of the Atlantic telegraph. Honors 
have been showered upon hira by European 
sovereigns, and by scientific and literary so- 
cieties. He resides on the banks of the Hud- 
son, near Poughkecpsie. Author of " Foreign 
Con,spiracv asainst the U.S.," 1835; and a 
biog. sketch of Lewis Clauszing, N.Y., 1836. 
Ao to the real inventor of the electric teleg., see 
Dr. Wyntcr's "Curiosities of Civilization." 

Moi'se, Sidney Edwards, journalist, 
bro. of S. F. C. Morse, b. Charlestown, Ms., 
13/''/ Feb. 7, 1794. A Y.C. 1811. In 1815 he estab- 
lished the Boston Recorder, a weekly religious 
newspaper, of which for 15 years he was sole 
proprietor and editor. In 1817 he invented, in 
connection with his brother, and patented, the 
flexible piston-pump. He afterwards pah. 
geographical text-books. In May, 1823, with 
his younger bro., R. C. Jlnrse, lie o^tal.lisbod the 
N.Y. Observer, the o\<l.- , '■ •.>:- ,,,«.-:■. r 
inN.Y. State. In Ju> I- ' 
with Henry A. Munson. ! ; 
art, termed ccrography. mii. ; ; i:i'- -n." -i-r m 
thosf' hitherto known. Died .N.'l . I'S Dec. '71. 

Morton, Charles, minister of Charles- 
town from Nov. 5, 1686, to his d. Apr. 11, 
1698; b. Cornwall, Eng., 1626. Son of Rev. 
Nicholas. Educated at O.-cford U., of which 
he was a fellow. At first a royalist, he at 
length became a Puritan ; was minister at 
Blisland until ejected in 1662; and, after the 
great fire in Lond., established an acad. at 
Newington Green. De Foe, author of " Robin- 
son Crusoe," was on? of his pnpils. After 20 
years' service there, he was so pestered by pro- 
cesses from the bishops' court, that he was 
obliged to leave ; and came to N.E. in July, 
1686. He was a man of eminent learning. 
Author of a number of treaiises, among them 
a "Disconrse on improving the Country of 
Cornwall," a part of which is in the " Philos. 
Trans.," Apr. 1675; "Considerations on the 
New River ; " " The Ark, its Loss and Recov- 
ery." Viee-pres. of H.U., and drew up a sys- 
tem of logic long in use there. 

Morton, James St. Clair, brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Phila. 1829; d. near Peters- 
burg, Va., June 17, 1864. West Point, 1851. 
Son of Dr. Samuel George. Assist, prof, of 
eng. at West Point in 1855-7; and in 1860, 



by authority of Congress, explored the Chiri- 
qui Country, Central Amer., for a railroad route 
across the Isthmus. On his return he took 
charge of the work on the Washington Aque- 
duct. In Mar. 1861 he superintended the for- 
tifying of the Tortugas; capt. engineers 6 
Aug. 1861 ; app. chief engr. to the Array of 
the Ohio (Gen. Buelj) in May, 1862 ; he aided 
in fortifying Nashville ; and when Rosecrans 
assumed com. of the Army of the Cumberland, 
and organized the pioneer brigade, ho placed 
Gen. Morton in com. ; brig.-gen. Nov. 29, 
1S62. He rendered efficient service at the bat^ 
tie of Stone River, Dee. 31, 1862; was en- 
gaged in the advance on TuUahoma, June- 
July, 1863; wounded at Chickainauga ; and 
brev. col. 20 Sept. 1863 ; maj. cngrs. 3 July, 
1863; superintending engr. of defences of 
Nashville; chief engr. 9th army corps in Rich- 
mond campaign ; and engaged at the North 
Anna 24 May, Tolapotomy 28-29 May, 
Betliesda 30 May, and assault of Petersburg, 
where he was killed while leading the attack ; 
brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 17 June, 1864. Au- 
thor of a " Memoir on Fortification," 1858; 
" Dangers and Defences of N.Y. City," 1859 ; 
and " Life of Maj. John Sanders of the En- 
gineers," 1850. — Cullum. 

Morton, John, a signer of the Deel. of 
Indep., b. Ridley. Pa., 1724 ; d. Apr. 1777. Of 
Swedish descent. Intelligent and well edu- 
cated ; many years a surveyor, and a justice of 
the peace ; member of the Gen. Assembly of 
Pa. in 1756 and for many years subsequently, 
and speaker in 1772-5 ; delegate in 1765 to tho 
Stamp-Act Congress; high sheriff 1766-70; 
subsequently pres. judge of C.C.P., and a 
jndgeof the' Sup. Court of the Province; mem- 
ber Cont. Cong, in 1774-6.. Upon ihe ques- 
tion of adopting the Decl. of Indep., the 
Pa i'.'i -.iiini l.-irj -'■. ^''I'l, Morton gave the 
■ I';:, J I i- ■ ;:i !■ ■ ". i: , Ive. He assisted in 
' _ , I : . Miifederation for the 

I' 1-1 .and \Mi- ' ii iiniiaiiof the com. of the 

whole upon its adoption. 

Morton, Marcus, LL.D. (II.U. 1840), 
lawyer and politician, b. Freetown, Ms., Feb. 
19, 1784; d. Taunton, Feb. 6, 1864. Brown 
U. 1804. He studied law; in 1811 was cho- 
sen clerk of the Ms. senate ; was M. C. i n 1 8 1 7- 
21; member of the exec, council in 1823; 
lieut.-goT. in 1824; in 1825-39 a judge of the 
State Supreme Court ; and was in 1840 and 
1843 gov. of the State ; collector of the port of 
Boston in 184.5-8, when he resigned; and, 
quitting the Democ. party, took part in the 
Freesoil movement. Member of the Const. 
Conv. of 1853, and of the State legisl. in 1858. 

Morton, Nathaniel, historian, b. in the 
north of Eng. 1613; d. Plymouth, Ms., June 
29, 1685. He came to America with his fa- 
ther George (supposed to be G. Mourt of 
" Mourt's Relation ") in July, 1623. lie was 
sec. of Plymouth Colony from 7 Dec. 1647 to 
his death. His " New England's Memorial," 
written mainly from the MS. colls, of 
his uncle. Gov. Brailford, was pub. at Cam- 
bridge iu 1669 ; an edition was printed in 1721, 
and another in 1826, with many valuable notes 
by lion. John Davis. It relates principally to 
Plymouth Colony, and has been of great ser- 



m:or 



641 



TtlOR 



vice to later historians. A 6th edition was 
pub. by the Cong. Board 1855. In 1680 he 
wrote a brief eccles. history of the Church at 
Plymouth, preserved in Young's " Chronicles of 
the Pil-rims." ^:' ~ 

Morton, Oliver P., h Wayne Co., Ind., 
4 Aug. 1S23. Educated at the Miami U. ; 
adm. to the bar in 1847 ; app judge 5th Jud. 
Circ. of Ind. in 1852; lieut.-gov. 1860; gov. 
1861-5, rendering great service to the Gen. 
Govt, during war for the Union ; U.S. sena- 
tor for the term of 1867-73 ; app. minister to 
Eng. 23 Sept. 1870, and declined. 

Morton, Samcel George, M.D. (U. of 
Pa. 1820; Edinb. 1823), a disting. naturalist, 
b. Phila. Jan. 26, 1799 ; d. there May 15, 1851. 
In 1826 he established himself as a physician in 
Phila. He was rec. sec of the Acad, of Nat. 
Sciences in 1825, and its prcs. in 1840; was 
prof, of anatomy in the Pa. Med. Coll. from 
Sept. 18, 1839, to Nov. 6, 1843; and was a 
member of many learned societies in various 
parts of the U.S., in Europe, and in the East. 
In 1834 he made a voyage to the W. Indies, 
where he studied the 'di%'ersity of races, and 
the relations resulting from their cont.act. 



subjects, to the " Transactions " of the Acad., 
the Med. and Physiol, .fournal, SilUman's .Jour- 
nal, and the " Transactions of thePliilos. Soci- 
ety." Dr. Morton pub. " Illustrations of Pul- 
monary Consumption," Phila. 1834; "An Il- 
lustrated System of Human Anatomy," Phila. 
1839 ; '■ Cvania Ammrana," Phila. and Lond. 
1839; and "Crania Er/i/ptiacn," Phila. 1844. 
The former was pronounced by Prof. Silliman 
" the most important, extensive, and valuable 
contrilintion to the natural history of man 
which has yet appeared on the American con- 
tinent." ilis collection of skulls, which em- 
braced, according to the catalogue of 1 849, no 
less than 1,512 specimens, of wliich about 900 
were human, is said to be the most extensive 
and valuable in the world. A selection of his 
inedited papers was pub., with additional con- 
tributions from Dr. J. C. Noti and George R. 
Gliddon, under the title of " Types of Mankind, 
or Ethnological Researches, based upon the 
Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, 
and Crania of Races," &c. A Memoir has 
been pub. by Charles D. Meigs, M.D., and an- 
other bv Geo. B. Wood, M.D. An appendix 
to the former contains a full list of Dr. Mor- 
ton's writings. 

Morton, Sarah Westworth ■(Apthorp), 
poetess, called " the American Sappho," b. 
Braintree, Ms., Ang. 29, 1759; d. Quincy, 
Ms., May 14, 1346. She m. at Quincy, Feb. 
24, 1781, Hon. Perez Morton. She obtained 
great celebrity, under the signature of " Phile- 
nia," bv her contributions to the Ms. Marj. 
Pub. in" 1790 "Ouabi, or the Virtues of Na- 
ture;" "Beacon Hill," a poem in 5 books, 
Boston, 1797 (see preface to Paine's "Ruling 
Passion," 1797); and in 1823, in 8vo, "My 
Mind and its Thoughts." Her husband Perez, 
lawver and Revol patriot, b. Plymouth, Ms., 
13 Nov. 1751, d. Dorchester, 14 Oct. 1837. 
H.U. 1771. Speaker of the house in 1806-1 1 ; 
atty.-gen. of Ms. 1811-32, and a dulcg. to the 
State Const. Conv. in 1820. 
41 



Morton, Thomas, b. Eng. ; d. Agamenti- 
cus, Me., ah. 1646. Author of " The New 
English Canaan," containing an account of the 
natives, a description of the country, and the 
tenets and practice of the Church, '4to, 1632; 
rcpr. in Force's Tracts, iii. He was a lawyer 
who came over with \V (.■■.ton's Company in 
June, 1622; and, ictuniin-, came ag.iin with 
Capt. Wollaston in 162.'), and settled at .Mount 
Wollaston, now Braintree. On May Day, 
1626, this place was renamed Ma-re Mount, 
anil became so obnoxious by the free and licen- 
tious manners and lives of Morton and his 
associates, that he was taki-n ami s nt to Eng. 
in June, 1628. In 1629 lie n :;.rn.,l, l,ut was 
again seized and trans|iort..<l in li:o, ami his 
house demolished, " that it ini-lit iiu Inn^'r be 
a roost for such unclean birils." lleturning 
again in 1643, after being arrested and im- 
prisoned a year for his " scandalous book," he 
was dismissed with a fine in 1 644. 

Morton, WilliamThomas Green, M.D., 
discoverer of the use of ether as an anesthetic 
in surgery, b. Chariton, Ms., Aug. 9, 1819; d. 
N.Y. City, July 15, 1868. Quitting his father's 
farm at the age of 17, he came to Boston, but, 
not sneceeding in business, studied dentistry 
in Baltimore in 1840, and in 1842 settled in 
Boston, where he established a successful 
manuf. of artificial teeth on a large scale. 
While attending lectures at the med. coll. there, 
the idea was suggested to him that sulphuric 
ether might be used to alleviate pain in his 
operations. Satisfied of its safety by experi- 
ment on himself, he administered it success- 
fully Sept. 30, 1846, extracting without pain 
a firmly-rooted bicuspid tooth. The general 
introduction into surgery of ethereal antesthesia 
dates from Oct. 16, 1846, when, at the request 
of Dr. J. C. Warren, ether was administered at 
the Ms. Gen. Hospital to a man from whose 
jaw a v.ascular tumor was removed, the patient 
remaining unconscious during the operation. 
This discovery is, without doubt, the most im- 
portant benefaction ever made by man lo the 
human race. Various claimants at once ap- 
peared for the honor of originating it, among 
them Dr. C. T. Jackson. Dr. Morton, in Nov. 
1846, obtained apatent for his discovery, under 
the name of " Letheon," otTering, however, free 
rights to all charitable institutions. Govt, ap- 
propriated his discovery to its use without 
compensation. In 1852 he received the large 
gold medal, the Monthyon Prize in medicine 
and surgery. He suffered persecution almost 
unparalleled in private, and before Congress; 
his business was broken up; and even his house 
was attached by the sheriff for debt. From 
1846 to 1854 he struggled incessantly to pro- 
cure from Congress remuneration for his dis- 
covery, but, notwithstanding the favorable re- 
ports of the committee! to whom the subject 
was referred, failed to receive it. The close of 
this struggle left him and his family in poverty. 
The principal medical men of Boston, New 
York, and Phila., signed an appeal for a nation- 
al testimonial to Dr. Morton, concurring in as- 
signing to him the merit of the discovery. In 
1858, to save his house from a sheriffs sale 
for debt, he instituted a suit agains 
hospital surgeon for infringing 



MOS 



642 



MIOT 



which was deciJeil in his fevor in the U. S. 
Circnit Court. {" Trials of a Public Benefac- 
tor," In- Dr. Nathan P. Rice, N.Y. 1860.) A 
pMmphlct resp. his claims was pub. by R. H. 
Dana, 184S. Dr. M. pub. a work on "The 
Inhalation of Sulphuric Ether." — See "Hist. 
Memoranda," &c., by J. I. Bowilitch and others, 
1871 ; and see also art. " Horace Wells." 

Mosely, U\RX Wkbster; d. 1844, a. 52. 
Dan. of Robert Pleasants; wife of John. G. 
Mosely of Richmond, Va. Contrib. to period- 
cals, and pub. in 1840 " Pocahontas," a legend, 
with hist, notes. — AlUbone. 

Mosquera (mos-ka'-ra), Don Rut Gar- 
cia, a Spanish navigator, b. 1501, sailed with 
Seb. Cabot to S. America in 1526, and was sub- 
sequently one of the founders of Buenos Ayres. 

Motlie Cadillac, Antoi.se de la, ibund- 

er of Detroit, b. Gascony, ah. 1660; d. after 
1717. Of noble birth. He served in Acadia 
as a cipt. in the French army ; and in 1680 was 
ordered to France by Louis XIV. to furnish 
information relative to New France and the 
English Colonies, and especially to the con- 
dition of the harbors and defences on the coast. 
In 1691 he was made lord of Bouagnat and 
Mount Desert, Me. In 1694 Frontenac app. 
him com. of Michilimacinac. Landing at De- 
troit, July 24, 1701, he laid the foundations of 
the present city, which he named Fort Pontchar- 
train. The little settlement had among its 
enemies the Iroquois, the Jesuits, the gov.-gen. 
and all the Canadian officials, as De La Mothe, 
unlike thera, received his commission directly 
from the king ; and, moreover, this post threat- 
ened to divert profitable trade from Montreal 
and Quebec. Arrested at Quebec in 1704 
upon charges of o6Scial misconduct, he was, 
after vexatious delays, triumphantly acquitted. 
He returned to Detroit in the fall of 1706, and 
in 1707 marched against the Miamis, and re- 
duced them to terms. Visiting the Illinois 
country, he reported the discovery of a silver 
mine, afterward called the La Mothe Mine. 
He next established a post among the Indians 
of Ala. He punished the hostile Natchez tribe, 
who made peace; and a fort was erected in 
their country in 1714, named Fort Rosalie, in 
honor of Mme. de Pontchartrain ; another was 
built at Natchitoches to prevent the Spaniards 
approaching the French colony. App. in 1711 
gov. of La.; in 1717 the John Law Scheme 
was perfected, and the govt, and trade of La. 
passed into the hands of the new " Western 
Co.," and De La Mothe returned to France. 
In 1787 the Commonwealth of Ms. confirmed 
to hi< grand-daughter Mme. Gregoire so much 
of Mt. Desert Island as was not already granted 
to n I hers. 

Motley, John Lothrop, LL.D. (H. U. 
1860), D.C.L. (Oxf 1860), historian, b. Dor- 
L^, ,,5 7") Chester, Ms., Apr. 15, 1814.. H.U. 1831. He 
' ' spent a year at each of the Universities of 
Gottingen and Berlin ; afterwards travelled in 
Italy; returned to America; studied law, and 
was adm. to the bar in 1836, but did little in 
the profession. In 18.39 he pub. a novel, " Mor- 
ton's Hope;" in 1840 was sec. of legation to 
the court of Russia, but soon returned ; and in 
1 849 produced another historical novel, " Merry 
Mount." Meanwhile contrib. articles on De 



Tocqueville's "Democracy in America," ami 
on Goethe and his writings, to the .V. Y. lievuic ; 
and on Peter the Great to the N.A. lievieiv. 
Becoming interested in the history of Holland, 
he embarked for Europe, to gather material, in 
1851, and in 1856 pub. in Lond. 3 vols. 8vo, 
entitled "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." 
This work was translated into the Dutch, Ger- 
man, and French languages, the latter with an 
introduction by Guizot. Mr. Motley made a 
short visit to the U.S. in 1858, and in 1861 
pub. " The United Netherlands," 2 vols. 8vo, 
completed in 1868 by two additional vols. He 
has been elected a member of various learned 
societies in Europe and America, among thera 
the Institute of France. He m. a sister of 
Park Benjamin. In 1861 he pub. in the Lon- 
don Times an elaborate essay entitled " Causes 
of the American Civil War;" and, 16 Dee. 
1868, del. before the N.Y. Hist. Soc. an ad- 
dress entitled " Historic Progress and Amer. 
Democracy." Nov. 14, 1866, he was app. min- 
ister-plenipo. to Austria; recalled in 1867. 
From April, 1869, to Nov. 1870, he was min- 
ister to England. 

Mott, Gex. Gershom, b. Mercer Co., N. J., 
1822. Was an oflicer in the Mex^ war; lieul.- 
col. 5th N. J. Regt. in 1861 ; col. 6th N.J. Regt. 
7 May, 1862; brig.-gen. 7 Sept. 1862; brev. 
maj.-gen. 10 Sept. 1864 ; maj.-gen. 1 Dec. 1865 ; 
served in the Peninsular campaign; was wound- 
ed at the second battle of Bull Run ; com. 
2d N.J. Brig, in Sickles's division at Chancel- 
lorsville, and was again wounded ; was disting. 
al Gettysburg; com. 2d div. 3d corps in the 
operations before Richmond in 1864-5; and 
wounded a fourth time in the pursuit of Lee. 

Mott, LccRETiA (Coffin), preacher of tha 
Society of Friends, b. Nantucket, Jan. 3, 1793. c^, - A [fi 
Her parents removed to Boston in 1804, and 
to Phila. in 1809, where, in 1811, she m. James 
Mott, who became a partner with her father ; 
in 1817 she took charge of a large day-school 
in Phila., but began preaching in her 26th 
year; she travelled through N.E., Pa., Md., 
and a part of Va., preaching against slavery, 
and advocating the peculiar tenets of the Soci- 
ety of Friends, — obedience to the inward light, 
and a firm adherence to peace principles. In 
the division of the Society in 1827, Mrs. Mott 
adhered to the Hicksite party. She took an 
active part in organizing the American Ami- 
slavery Society in Phila. in 1833. She was a 
delegate to the World's Antislavcry Conven- 
tion in Lond. in 1840; but was excluded from 
a seat, a majority denying the right of women 
to tak-e part in pubUc assemblies. She has 
tsvken an active part in wonian's-rights con- 
ventions held annually since 1848. — Eminent 
Women of the Aye, 1868. 

Mott, Valentine, M.D. (Col. Coll. 1806), 
LL.D., surgeon, b. Glen Cove, L. I., Aug. 20, 
1785; d. N. York, Apr. 26, 1865. Henry his 
father, a disting. physician of N.Y., d. 1840, 
a. 83. After studying at Lond. and Edin- 
burgh, ho was app., on his return in 1809, 
to the chair of surgery in Col. Coll., which 
post he filled subsequently in the Coll. of 
Physicians and Surgeons until 1826, and from 
1826 till 1830 in the Rutgers Med. Coll. Dr. 
Mott afterward lectured in the Coll. of Phys. 



MOT 



G43 



M:otJ 



and Surgeons, and in the N.T. University Med. 
Coll. as prof, of surgery and relative anatomy, of 
which latter branch of science he is the founder. 
In 1818 Dr. Mott placed a ligature around the 
brachio-cephalic trunk, only two inches from 
the heart, for aneurism of the right subclavian 
artery; au operation whiih the patient survived 
26 days. He exsected the entire right clavicle 
for malignant disease of that bone, applying 
40 ligatures, — the most dangerous and dillicult 
operation, as he himself asserted, that can be 
performeii upon the human body. He was the 
first to tie the primitive iliac artery for aneu- 
rism, and was the first who removed the lower 
jaw for necrosis. Sir Astley Cooper says, " Dr. 
Mott has performed more of the great opera- 
tions than any man living, or that ever did 
live." In 1 835 he travelled extensively through 
England, the Continent, and the East. He 



Sub. " Travels in Europe and the East," 8vo, 
f.Y. 1842; translation of Velpeau's " Oix^ra- 
tive Surgery," 4 vols. 8vo, N.Y. ; " Anniver- 
sary Discourse " before the graduates of the 
N.Y.U. 1860; " Mott's Cliniques," and several 
papers in med. periodicals ; and the " Transac- 
tions of the N.Y. Acad, of Medicine." He re- 
ceived many honors from American and Euro- 
pean learned associations. 

Motte, Rebecca, a heroine of the Revol. ; 
d. in 1815 at her plantation on the Santee, S.C. 
Dan. of an English gentleman named Brewton ; 
m. Jacob Motte, a planter, in 1758, and was 
the mother of six children. A widow of fortune 
at the period of the Brit, occupancy of S.C, 
her fine large mansion was occupied by a gar- 
rison of 150 men under Capt. McPhcrson ; 
when it was attacked by Marion and Lee in 
May, 1781, and the expedient was adopted of 
setting fire to the house by fastening lighted 
combustibles upon the roof by means of arrows. 
Mrs. Mott herself supplied the means, present- 
ing to Lee a fine bow and a bundle of arrows. 
This measure was successful : the garrison capit- 
nlated, and the flamfs were extinguished with 
little damage. Gen. Thomas Pinckney ra. two 
of her daughters in succession: a third m. Col. 
Wm. Alston of S.C. 

Moulton, Ellev LonisE (Chandler), 
magazine-writer, b. Pomfret, Ct., 1835; m. in 
1855 Mr. William U. Moulton, a Boston edi- 
tor ; contrib. to periodicals from the age of 
15, under the signature of " Ellen Louise." 
She pub. "This, That, and the Other," a 
collection of stories, 1854 ; "Juno Clitford," a 
novel, 1855; "My Third Book," a collection 
of tales, 1 859. She has written many articles 
in prose and verse tor Harper's Man. and 
Weeldi). — Duj/ckinck: 

Moulton, Col. Jeremiah, b. York, Me., 
1688; d. there July 20, 1765. Taken prisoner 
in 1692 by the Indians, he was released, with 
other children, in gratitude for the release of 
some Indian prisoners by Col. Church. In 
May, 1 724, he com. the company which attacked 
Norridgewock, destroying the village, and kill- 
ing Father Ralle, the French missionary ; he 
com. a regt. at the capture of Louisburg in 
1745; was afterward sherifT of the county, 
councillor, and judge of C. C. P. and of pro- 

Moulton, Joseph White, historian, b. 



Stratford, Ct., June, 1789; resided in N.Y. 
City, where he practised law many years. He 
pub. a history of early New York, " New York 
70 Years Ago," 1849; "View of the City of 
Orange (New York) as it was in 1673;" 
" History of the State of N.Y.," with J. V. N. 
Yates, 2 vols. 8vo, 1824-6; " Chancery Prac- 
tice of N.Y.," 1829-32, 3 vols. 8vo; " Mitford's 
Pleadings." 

Moultrie, William, maj.-gen. Revol. 
army, b. S.C. 1731 ; d. Charleston, S.C, Sept. 
27, 1805. Son of Dr. John Moultrie, an emi- 
nent physician of Charleston, b. Scotland, d. 
ab. 1773. His education was respectable; .and 
in 1761 he was a capt. of light inf. in the Cher- 
okee exped. ; member of the Prov. Congress in 

1775 from St. Helena parish; elected col. 2d 
S.C. Regt. June 17; and Dee. 19, 1775, by 
planting a battery in the night at Haddrill s 
Point, compelled two British vessels blockading 
Charleston harbor to move farther olf; mem- 
ber of the council of safety ; and early in Mar. 

1776 was ordered to Sullivan's Island, where a 
fort made of palmetto-logs was building for the 
protection of the harbor. Here, June 28, 
1776, an attack was made by a British fleet 
under Sir Peter Parker, and a large land-force 
under Sir H. Clinton. The gallant and suc- 
cessftil defence of Fort Moultrie earned for its 
commander imperishable renown, and saved 
the South from further attack for a long period. 
He was made a brig.-gen. Sept. 16, 1776, and 
transferred to the com. of a body of North- 
Carolinians at Haddrill's Point. In Feb. 1 779 he 
defeated a superior British force, under Col. 
Gardner, near Beaufort. In May, with 1,000 
militia, he opposed the advance of Gen. Prevost 
upon Charleston ; retired before him, destroying 
bridges, and obstructing his march ; threw him- 
self into the city, and held it until the approach 
of Gen. Lincoln. In the spring of 1780 he 
again disting. himself at Charleston. On its 
capitulation he was taken, and remained a 
prisoner until exchanged, Feb. 1782, tor Gen. 
Burgoyne; maj.-gen. Oct. 15, 1782; crov. of 
S.C in 1785-6 and 1794-6. While a piisonur, 
he WTOte his " Memoirs," 2 vols. 8vo, 1802. 
His bro. John, M.D. (U. of Edinb.), eminent 
in literature and medicine, was a loyalist, and 
was lieut.-gov. of E. Florida, 

Mount, William Sid.vet, artist, b. Se- 
tauket, L.I , Nov. 26, 1807 ; d. there Nov. 19, 
1868. Bred a farmer's boy, at 17 be was ap- 
prenticed to his bro., a sign-painter in N.Y. 
Placed in 1826 at the school of the Acad, of 
Design, of which he became a member in 
1832 ; he produced in 1828 his first picture, — 
aport. of himself; in 1829 he established himself 
as a port.-painter in N.Y. A " Rustic Dance," 
in the Exhib. of 1830, attracted much atten- 
tion. His pictures of humorous subjects, of 
negro life and physiognomy, have been high- 



ly appn 



Among his best pieces are 



Husking Corn," " Walking the Crack,' 
" The Sportman's Last Visit," " The Ratfle," 
" The Courtship," " Nooning," " Bargaining 
for a Horse," " The Power of Music," " Music 
is Contagious," "Just in Time," "California 
News," " Banjo-Player," &c. Among his 
best portraits are those of Bishop Onderdonk 
and Gen. Jeremiah Johnson. 



644 



m:o"w 



Mountain,GEORGE.lEHosnAPUAT,D.D., 

O.C.lj., soil of Bishop Jacob, b. Norwich, 
Eiii;., 27 July, 1789; d. near Q.iiebec, 6 J^in. 
18('..). Trin.' Coll., Camb , 1810. (JrJ. dea- 
con Aug. 1812, priest 1813. lie came to Can- 
ada with his father in 179.3; officiated as lec- 
lurcr in the Quebec Cathedral in 1814; was 
rector of Fredcrickton, N. B., in 1814-17, 
when he became rector of Quebec ; archdeacon 
1821 ; consoc. bishop of Montreal 14 Feb. 
1836, and in I8.')() of Quebec. While bishop 
of Montreal, he administered that enormous 
diocese (since divided into six), travelling 
through its entire area until 1839. The whole 
of L. Canada remained under his supervision 
until 1850. In a visit to the Red River in 
1844, he wrote many of those adinin-d pinvs 
contained in his " Sougs ol ilir Wildrnirss," 
Lond. 184G In 1844 he lo.niJ-ii |;i.1im|„' 
Coll. Lennoxville. Author ol '■ .l.-ni ii.il ol a 
North-west American Mission," Luml. 12nio, 
1853. — jUo/v/uh. 

Mountain, Jacod, D.D., Pr.-Ep. Ushop 
of Quebec, b. Thwaite Hall, Norfolk, H.iO; 
d. near Quebec, June Ifi. 182.-i. Kducated at 
the U. of Cambrid-.', and enjovrd m rarlv life 
a |,articular intimarv uuli '.Mr. I'itt, who in 
17U3 ai.p. him to the srr ,,1 ^iuil.rr. He had 
j.reviously held the liviii-, ol Si. Andievv's, 
Norwich, of Burkdou, and ot llolbeach, as 
wcdl as a stall in Lincoln Cathedral. He was 
the first Prot. prelate in the Canadas. He 
promoted the formation of missions and the 
erec^tion of churches in all the more populous 
townships, which he regularly visited, — even 
when a^e and infirmity rendered so vast and 
fatiguing a circuit a most arduous and painful 
unilcrtaking. He served upon some important 
oicasions as a member ex officio of both the 
exec, and legisl. councils of the province; sat 
frequently in the lormer capacity in the Court 
of Appeals ; and was a faithful and laborious 
servant of the public and of the crown. — 
Morgan. 

Mountford, William, Unitarian divine, 
b. Worcestershire, Eng. Educated at Manches- 
ter Coll., York. Ord. 1838. In IS.W became a 
minister at Gloucester, Ms. Author of " Chris- 
tianity the Deliverance of the Soul," 1846; 
"Martyria," a legend, 1846; " Euthanasy," 
1850 ; "" Beauties of Channing," with an Es- 
say ; " Thorpe, a quiet English Town, and Life 
Tlierein," 1852; and "Miracles," 12mo, 1870, 
a timely book. He has contrib. to the Christ. 
ICrniiiiiier and the lUoiillili/ lictii/ious Mw/. — 

Mountfort, John, brev. major U.S.A., 
b. i;..Moii, 2 Nov. 1789; d. there 22 Oct. 1851. 
I,ieut. .3d Art. 24 Mar. 1812; brev. oapt. for 
liMttlc of Plattsbiirg U Sept. 1814; brev. maj. 
Aui,' 1829. Disting. also in Seminole war. 

Mourt, G. (supposed by Drs. Young and 
Drxter to be George Morton), pub. a Rela- 
tion, or Journal, of the English Plantation 
settled at Plymouth in New Eng., Lond 1622. 
This was abridged by Purchas, which abr. was 
rcpub. in Ms. Hist. Colls, viii. The parts of 
the original relation which are omitted in the 
abridgment are in Hist. Colls, ix. 26-74. An 
ed. with notes and an introd. by Rev. H. M. 
Dexter was pub. 1865, and another, by Rev. 



Geo. B, Checver, in 1848, entitled "Journal 
of the Pilgrims." 

Mouton, Alpked, gen. C.S.A. ; killed in 
the battle of Mansfield, Ark., April 9, 1804. 
Son of Alex., acting gov. of La. 1841-5, ami 
U.S. senator 1837-42. He was wounded at 
Shiloh, and, at the time of his death, com. a 
division in Dick Taylor's army. 

Mowatt (Ritchie), A.vna Cora, actress 
and author, b. Bordeaux, Fiance, 1819; d. 
Eng. July 28, 1870. liar father, S. U. Ugdcn, 
a merchant of N.Y., and a leading S|iirit in 
Miranila's exped., m. a grand-dau. of Francis 
Lewis, signerof the Decl. ol Indep., and went to 

ing in this, the family returned to N.Y., and 
suffered shipwreck on the passage. While at 
.school, she attracted the attention of James 
Mowatt, a lawyer of N.Y., with whom she 
made a runaway match before she was 17. 
She soon after pnb. " Peluv"," an opie in 5 
cantos; and "The RevieuVrs lln i,«. d ,■ a 
satire against the critics ■.! ilic Innnri- |]ocin. 
Her health failing, she vi~itr,l i;inu|,r, and 
wrote "Unlzara, or the IVr,mii .Slave." Fi- 
nancial reverses overtaking her husband, Mrs. 
Mowatt, who had appeared in private theatri- 
cals, resolved to give pnb'ic readings. Her 
first was given at Boston, Oct. 28, 1841. An 
attractive person, a sweet voice, and ladylike 
manners, achieved for her a ileeided success ; 
and she continued her readings throughout 
the country. This oerasii.ned a serious illness 
of two years, dnrinL' wlncli time she pub., 
under the pseudcMiymr ni •• II, Irn Berkley," 
" Evelyn," a novel, and ' Fashiiin," a 5 act 
comedy. Under the tninon ol \V. II. Crisp 



TIk 



Ba 



, she 



prepaieu nerseii tor tiie 
stage, and June 13, 1845, made her iM>iil as 
Pauline, in the " Lady of Lyons," at the Park 
Theatre. She became a favorite with the pub- 
lie, and began an engagement at the Howard 
Athenseum, Boston, Nov. 30, 1845. In Nov. 
1847, she went to Europe; played successful 
engagements at Manchester, London, and 
Dublin; and was at onetime li-ailin:,' lady at 
the Marylebone Theatre. Ibr husband dieil 
abroad; and her success in faiu'. was at the 
time largely due to ilr. E. L. Davenport, with 
whom she acteil for many months. After 
her return to America in jidy, IS5I, she ap- 
peared in all the leading cities, but took leave 
of the stage on being married, June 7. 1854, 
to W. F. Ritchie, editor of the Hirhmond En- 
quirer. She afterward lived in Eng., and 
corresp. with several American papers. Her 
other writings arc " Armand." a drama, IS47 ; 
"The Formnedlnnter," 18.-,4 ; " Autohi.ig. 
raphy of an Actress," 1854 ; "Mimic Life." 
1856; "Twin Roses," 1857; "Fai.v Fin- 
gers," "The Clergyman's Wife and Other 
Sketches," 1867 ; and " The Mute Singer." 

Mowatt, Henet, capt. R.N. ; d. Hampton 
Roads, March, 1797. Lieut. M., with Gov. 
Poivnal, selected a site for the fort on the Pe- 
nobscot in the spring of 1759. Oct. 18, 1775, 
he set on fire and destroyed a great portion of 
Falmouth (now Portland), Me. He continued 
on the Amer. coast throughout the war ; be- 
came a post-captain 26 Oct. 1782; and was at 
Nova Scotia in 1796. 



645 



r,: 



Mower, Joseph A, brev.maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Vt. ab. 1830; d. N. Orleans, 6 Jan. 1870. 
He received a plain education, and learned the 
trade of a carpenter- Private in an enter, com- 
pany in the Mexican war; app. from Ct. lieut. 
1st Inf. 18 June, 1855; capt. 9 Sept. IS61 ; in 
the opening battles of the war in Ky. and Tinn. ; 
prominent in the capture of Island No. Ten ; 
conspicuous at Corinth, severely wounded, and 
was for a time in the hands of the enemy ; die- 
ting, for his gallant defence of Milliken's Bend ; 
brig.-gcn. of vols. 29 Nov. 1862; major-gen. 12 
Aug. 1664 ; com. a brigade in the attack on 
Vicksburg in May, 1863, and in the Chatta- 
nooga operations ; com. a division under Gen. 
Banks in La. in Apr. 1864, and under Sherman 
in the Atlanta campaign and in the Ga. and 
Carolina campaigns, and rose to the com. of 
the 20th corps ; brevs. of col. for capture of 
Jackson, Mpi., 14 May, 1863; brig.-gen. for 
Fort de Russy, La. ; and ma).-gen. for passage 
of the Salkehatchie, Ga., 13 Mar. 1865. Col. 
25th Inf. 28 July, 1866. 

Mowry, Svlvestkk, author of " Geogra- 
phy and Resources of Arizona and Sonora," 
1865, b. U.I. ab. 1830. West Point, 1852. 1st 
lieut. 3d. Art. ; resigned 31 July, 1858. Uele- 
1 Congress from Arizona in 1857 and '59 ; 

'.S. comm. to ran boundarv-line bet. Cal. and 
the U.S. Ter. 1860-1. D.Lon. 17 Oct. 1871. 

Moylan, Stephen, brev. brig.-gen. Revol. 
army, b. Ireland, 17.34 ; d. Phila. Apr. 11, 1811. 
A bro. of the R. C. bishop of Cork. He was a 
resident of Phila. ; was among the first to 
hasten to the camp at Cambridge ; and, being a 
man of education and gentlemanly address, was 
selected by Washington, March 5, 1776, to be 
• one of his aides-de-camp ; and June 5 was app. 
commiss.-gen. Want of exact business-habits 
unfitted him for that duty, and he soon resigned, 
and re-entered the line as a vol. Early in 1777 
he com. the 4th Light Dragoons ; Oct. 4, 1777, 
was at Germantown; July 20, 1780, accomp. 
Wayne in the exped. to Bull's Ferry; in 1781, 
with the Pa. troops, accomp. G<jn. Greene to 
the South ; and was made brig.-gen. by brev. 
Nov. 3, 1783. After the peace, he resided on 
a farm in (ioshcn ; was register and recorder 
of Chester Co., Pa., in 1792 and '93; and until 
his death commiss. of lo.ans for the dist. of Pa. 
Vico-pres. Pa. Sec. Cincinnati, 1800. 

Mozier, Joseph, sculptor, b. Burlington, 
Vt., Aug. 22, 1812 ; d. Faids, Switzerland, Oct. 
1870. Engaged in mercantile pursuits in New 
York from 1831 to 1845 ; then visited Europe, 
and studied his art at Florence and at Rome, 
where he long resided. His best works are a 
statue of " Pocahontas ; " the " Wept of Wish- 
ton-Wish," in the International Exhibition at 
London in 1862; statues of "Trath" and "Si- 
lence," in the possession of theN.Y. Merc. Lib. 
Assoc. ; " Rebecca at the Well ; " " Esther ; " 
a group illustrating "The Prodigal Son;" an 
" Indian Girl at the Grave of her Lover ; " 
" Jephthah's Daughter ; " the " White Lady 
of Avcnel ; " and " Rizpah." — Tuckerinan. 

Mugford, Capt. James, a brave naval 
olhcerof the Revol., b. Maiblehead,Ms., 1725 ; 
killed while returning from Boston to Marble- 
head, in repelling a boat-attack on his vessel, 
Jan. 12, 1778. Ho rend' red most ess ntial ser- 



vice to the cause of liberty by capturing a Brit- 
ish ship, just arrived in the vicinity of Boston, 
riclilj' laden with arms, ammunition, and other 
warlike stores, intended for the British troops 
in Boston, and greatly needed by the Ameri- 
cans at that early stage of the Revol. contest. 

Muhlenberg, Fkederick Augustus,!), 
at the Trappe, June 2, 1750; d. Lancaster, Pa., 
June 4, 1801. Son of Rev. Henry M. Ord. 
to the ministry of the Lutheran Church in Ger- 
many ; officiated in Pa. and N. Y. City until 
the British entered; member Old Congress 
1779-80; member and speaker of the State V- 
gisl. 1781-4; member and pres. of the council 
of censors ; was treas. of the State ; pres. of the 
conv. which ratified the U. S. Constitution ; 
M.C. 1789-97 ; and receiver-gen. of the land of- 
fice ; and speaker of the 1 st and 3d Congresses. 
His casting vote carried Jay's Treaty into 
effect. 

Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Henry Ernst, 
D.D., clergyman and botanist, b. New Provi- 
dence, Pa., Nov. 17, 1753; d. Lancaster, May 
23, 1815. Son of Rev. Henry M. Sent in 
Apr. 1763 to Halle, ivith his two elder liros., to 
complete his education. He left the U. in 1770; 
travelled through a considerable part of Ger- 
many and En§. ; and, retuminj^ to Amer., was 
ord., and app. in 1774 third minister and assist, 
to his father in the Phila. cong. Minister of 
Lancaster from 1780 to his death. In 1786 he 
was elected a member of the Am. Phil. Soc, 
for whom his herbarium was purchased ; in 
1 793 member of the Naturforscttcnder Freunde 
in Berlin ; of the Philos. and Pliys. Societies 
of Giittingen in 1802 ; and was also a member 
of various other scientific associations. He 
pub. " Cataiogus Plantarum Amer. Seplnit.," 
1813; "Descriptio Vberior Graminium," &c., 
1816; and left in MS. "Flora Lancastrk'iisis." 

Muhlenberg, Henry Augustus, cler- 
gyman and statesman, b. Lancaster, Pa., May 
13, 1782; d. Reading, Pa., Au^^. 11, 1844. He 
was educated under the supenision of his fa- 
ther. Rev. Emst. He was pastor of the Lu- 
theran church at Reading, Pa., from 1802 until 
1 828, when he resigned in poor health, and re- 
tired to a farm. M.C. in 1829-38, and chair- 
man of several important committees ; candi- 
date of the Democ. party for gov. in 1 835, he 
was unsuccessful ; and, after declining in 1837 
the secretaryship of the navy and the mission 
to Russia, was minister to Austria in 1838- 
Dee. 1840. One of his sons, Henry A., M.C. 
1853-4, d. 9 Jan. 1854. Hi> jnib. the Life of his 
uncle. Gen. Muhlenberg, Phila. 1849. 

Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior. D.D., 
patriarch of the Lutheran Church in Anierieii, 
b. Eimbeck, Hanover, Sept. 6, 1711 ; d Oeu 
7, 1787. He was a pastor, and also gave in- 
struction in Francke's Orphan House at Halle. 
In the fall of 1742 he came a missionary to 
Phila.; but afterward lived at the Trappe, 
Montgomery Co. He devoted himself to 
preaching, searching out and relieving the des- 
titute, building up churches, and visiting dis- 
tant points as far even as Ga. In 1748 he was 
instrumental In organizing the first Lutheran 
.synod in Amer., — that of Pennsylvania. " The 
Life and Times of Muhlenberg," by M. L. 
Sidcver, has been pub. by the Lutheran Board 



Mxm 



Mxnsr 



of Publication. He was the principal contrib. 
to tlie Hallische Nachric/Uen, Halle, 1747-63. 

Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, 
inaj.-gen. Revol. army, b. at the Trappe, Pa., 
Oct. 1, 1746; d. near Sehuj-lkill, Pa., Oct. 1, 
1807. Son of the preceding, and.wiih his bros., 
was educated in Germany. While at Halle, 
he ran away from college, and was for a year, 
and until discovered liy a friend of his fiimily, 
a private in a rcgt. of dragoons. His father 
prepared him for the ministry of the Lutheran 
Church. Ord. in 1772, and officiated as a 
clergyman at Woodstock, Va., for a few years, 
but, after the commencement of the Revol., re- 
solved to lay aside his clerical robes, and, enter- 
ing the pulpit for the last time, in the course 
of his sermon told his hearers that there was 
a time for all things, — a time to preach, and a 
time to fight, — and now was the time to fight. 
After the services, he stripped oflF his gown in 
the pulpit, and, appearing in full uniform, read 
his commission as col., and ordered the 
drummers to beat up for recruits. Large num- 
bers of his parishioners joined his standard; 
and the " German regt." (8th Va.) was dis- 
ting. for its discipline and bravery. He had 
been in 1774 chairman of the com. of safety 
in his county, and also a member of the house 
of burgesses, and in 1776 a member of the 
State convention. He was in the battle at 
Charleston in 1776; Feb. 21, 1777, was made 
brig.-gen., and ordered to take charge of the 
Va. liue ; joining the army at Middlebrook in 
May following, he was in the battles of Bran- 
dywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and 
was at the capture of Stony Point; holding 
the chief com. in Va., in 1780, until the arrival 
of Steuben, he opposed the invasions of Leslie 
and Arnold, and, when Cornwallis entered Va., 
he was next in com. to Lafayette; he com. 
the first brigade of light inf. at Yorktown, and 
at the close of the war was made a maj.-gen. 
Removing to Pa., he was immediately elected a 
member of the council ; in 1 785 was chosen 
viee-pres. of Pa. ; was M.C. 1789-91, '9.3-5, 
and 1799-1801 ; was U.S. senator in 1801-2 ; 
and was app. by Jefferson supervisor of the 
revenue for the Dist. of Pa. ; in 1803 he was 
made collector of the port of Phila. — See 
Life of Gen. M., hif H. A. Muhlenberg, 1849. 

Muhlenberg, Rev. William Aug., 
D.D. (Col. Coll. 1834), was for many years 
the head of St. Paul's Coll., Flushing, L. I. ; 
now rector of the Epis. Church of the Holy 
Communion, N.Y. In 1823 he pub. " Church 
Poetrv ; " and has since pub., in connection with 
Pr. Wainwright, " Music of the Church ; " 
" The People's Psalter," new ed. 1858; and 
has also produced several highly-esteemed 
hymns, the best known of which is, " I would 
not live alway." 

Mullaney, J. R. Madison, comrao. U. 
S.N., b. N.Y. Oct. 26, 1816. Midshipm. Jan. 
7, 1832 ; lieut. Feb. 29, 1844 ; capt. July 25, 
1866 ; comino. 1870. Engaged at the capture 
of Tabasco in the Mexican war ; com. steam- 
er " Wyandotte " at l^ensacola, in Apr. and 
May, 1861 ; and aided in protecting Fort Pick- 
ens from rebel attacks, and also in its re-enforce- 
ment; com. steamer " Bienville," Apr. 1862- 
Aug. 1864 ; occasionally engaged with the 



forts on the coast ; com. steam-sloop " Onei- 
da" during attack on Forts Morgan and 
Gaines, rebel iron-clad " Tennessee," and gun- 
boats, Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864; lost left 
arm, and received a wound in the leg, by a 
shell from " The Tennessee " in that battle ; 
com. Mcdit. squad. 1869-71. — Uamersli/. 

MulMgan, Col. James A., b. Uiicai NY., 
of Irish parents, June 25, 1830; d. of wounds 
in Winchester, Va., July 29, 1864. His family 
removed to Chicago in 1836 ; and he, after grad- 
uating at the U. of St. Mary of the Lake in 
1850, began to study law. In 1851 he aceomp. 
J. L. Stephens, the explorer, to the Isthmus 
of Panama. Returning to Chicago, he re- 
sumed his studies, and edited a weekly Catho- 
lic paper, the Western Tablet. Adm. to tlia 
bar in Nov. 1855; in the winter of 1857 he 
was a clerk in the dept. of the interior at Wash- 
ington. Soon after the war broke out, he be- 
came col. 23 III. Inf.; Sept. 1, 1861, he left 
Jefferson City for Lexington, Mo., took the 
com., and defended the place heroically for 9 
days against an attack in overwhelming force 
by Gen. Price; he surrendered Sept. 20, and 
was exchanged Nov. 25. Returning to Chica- 
go, he re-organized his regt., and, after a short 
lecturing-tour in the Eastern States, took com. 
of camp Douglas, and afterward participated 
in several hard-fought battles in Va. He was 
offered a commission as brig.-gen., but declined 

Munford, William, lawyer and poet, I). 
Mecklenberg Co., Va., Aug. 15, 1775; d. 
Richmond, Va., June 21, 1825. Wm. and 
Mary Coll. His father, Col. Robert Munford, 
a Revol. patriot, was the author of two dra- 
matic compositions, entitled " The Candidate," 
and "The Patriots," pub. at Petersburj:, Va., 
1798. The son studied law under George 
Wythe; was in 1797-1801 a member of tho 
house of delegates ; served four years as sena- 
tor ; was then a member of the privy council 
until 1811 ; and was clerk of the house of del- 
egates from 1811 to his death. He was also 
for several years the reporter of the decisions 
of the Sup. Court of Appeals in Va., of which 
4 vols. (1806-9) were prepared in conjunction 
with W.W. Hening; and 6, from 1810 to 1820, 
were from his own pen. In 1819 he assisted 
in revising the V'a. statute laws. Also author 
of an early vol. of Poems, &c., Richmond, 
1798; and a translation of the Iliad into 
blank verse, 1846. In 1806 he delivered in 
the Capitol at Richmond a funeral eulogiuin 
on his friend Chancellor Wythe. 

MunOZ, John Baptist, a Spiinish histo- 
rian, b. Museno, near Valencia, in 174,); d. 
Apr. 1800. Educated in the U. of Madrid. He 
acquired considerable reputation by his writings 
on theology and philosophy. App. cosmogra- 
pher of tlie Indies by order of the king, he be- 
gan a history of America, of which he lived to 
pub. only one vol., under the title of " Hislo- 
ria del Niiova Mumlo," Madrid, folio, 1795. 

Munroe, John, brev. col. U.S.A., b. Scot- 
land ; d. N.Brunswick, N.J., Apr. 26, 1861. 
West Point, 1814. Entering the art., he be- 
came capt. 2 March, 1825 ; brev. maj. for cam- 
paigns against the Florida Indians, Feb. 15, 
1838 ; major 2d Art. Aug. 18, 1846; chief of 



6l7 



art. to Gen. Taylor, July, 1846 ; brev. lieut- 
col. for Monterey, Mux., May, 1847; brev. 
col. for battle of Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847 ; 
militarv and civil gov. of N. Mexico, Oct. 
1849-18.50; lieut.-col. 4th Art. Nov. 11, 1856. 
Munsell, Joel, printer and editor, b. 
Korthfield, Ms., Apr. 14, 1808. Established 
himself in Albany, 1827; pub. and edited 
"The New- York State Mechanic," 1841-3; 
compiled "Annals of Albany," 10 vols. 12mo, 
Albany, 1850-9 ; " Chronology of Paper and 
Papermaking," 3d ed., 8vo, 1864 ; " Every-day 
Book of History and Chronology," 8vo, 1858 ; 
" Collections on the History of Albany," 3 
vols. 8vo, 1865-70; "Outline of the Hi'st. of 
Printing, and Sketches of Early Printers," 
8vo, 1839. He has also pub. " Historical Series," 
10 vols., partly edited and annotated by himself, 
and other hist, works ; and has pub. also the 
Unionist, Albany Daily State Reffister, Albany 
Morning Express, and Statesman. His large coli. 
of works on printing was in part purchased by 
the State for its library. Mr. Mun.sell has also 
contrib. papers to " The Trans." of the Albany 
Institute. Few if any of our hist, writers have 
done so much as he in publishing Amer. docu- 
mentary history ; and much of it has been done 
without remuneration. 



Y. C. 1733. He studied divinity under Dr. 
Stiles ; was chaplain to Lord Gardner, sta- 
tioned at Long Island in the French war of 
1755; studied medicine under Dr. John Dar- 
Iv ; entered upon practice at Bedford, N.Y., in 
1756; and in 1760 removed to New Haven, 
where, for more than 50 years, he enjoyed a 
high reputation. Pres. of the Med. Soc. of 
Ct., ami was a prof, in the Med. School of Y. 
C. from its organization until his death. Dur- 
ing the Kevol. war, be was often in the legisl. 
His son iENEAS (Y. C. 1780), assist, surgeon 
Revol. armv 1780-3, afterward a merchant of 
N. H., d there 22 Aug. 1832, a. 89. — Thacher. 

Murat, Pbinxe Charles Locis Napo- 
leon AcHiLLE, son of the king of Naples, b. 
Paris, Jan. 21, 1801 ; d. in Jefferson Co., Fla., 
Apr. 15, 1847. After the expulsion of his 
family from Italy, Prince Murat resided in 
Austria until 1821, when he removed to the 
U.S., and settled in Florida. He m. a grand- 
niece of Washington, and wrote " A Moral 
and Political View of the U. S.," 1832; 
" America and the Americans," 1849. 

Murdocll, James Edward, elocutionist 
and comedian, b. Pliila. 25 Jan. 1811. He 
made his d^ut upon the Phila. stage in 1829 ; 
first appeared in the Tremont Theatre, Boston, 
in Aug. 1836; and at the Park Theatre, N.Y., 
in 18.38, as Benedick, in " Much Ado about 
Nothing;" and in 1840-1 was manager of 
the Chestnut-st. Theatre, Phila. He played 
at the Haymarket, London, in 1856. In 1858 
he bought a farm in Lebanon, O. He has 
played in the principal theatres of the U.S., 
and excels in genteel comedy ; he is also dis- 
ting. as an elocutionist ; and, in conjunction 
with Wm. Russell, pub. " Orthophonv, or Cul- 
ture of the Voice," 12mo, Boston, 1845. Dur- 
ing the Kebellion, Mr. Murdock devoted him- 
self to the care of the sick and wounded sol- 



diers, and gave entertainments all over the coun- 
try in aid of the Sanitary Commission, serving 
for a while on the staff of Gen. Rousseau. 

Murdock, James, D.D. (HU. 1819), 
Cong, clergyman and author, b. Westbrook, Ct., 
Feb. 16, 17(6; d. Columbus, Mpi., An", lo' 
1856. Y.C.1797. Ot Scotch-Irish descent. He 
was left an orphan at the age of 14. He stud- 
ied theology under Timothy Dwight; for a 
short time was preceptor of Hopkins gram- 
mar-school, New Haven, and also, for one year, 
of Oneida Acad. Licensed to preach in Jan. 
1801 ; ord. ministerof Princeton, Ms., June 23, 
1802; in 1815 he became prof, of ancient lan- 
guages in the U. of Vt. ; and from 1819 to 
1828 was prof, of sacred rhetoric and eccles. 
hist, in the And. Theol. Sem. In 1829 he 
removed to New Haven. While at Andover, 
he pub. two discourses on the Atonement. He 
pub. a translation from the German of Muen- 
scher's " Elements of Dogmatic History " in 
1830; a translation of Mosheim's "Eccles. 
Hist.," accomp. by notes, 3 vols. 8vo, 1832; 
and " Sketches of Moral Philos.," 1842 ; a 
literal translation of the New Test., from the 
Paschito Syriac version ; and a translation, 
from the Latin, of Mosheim's " Commentaries 
on the Affairs of the Christians before the 
Time of Constantino the Great," 8vo, N.Y. 
2 vols. 1852. Pres. of the Ct. Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences, vice-pres. of the Ct. Philolog. 
Society, and one of the founders of the Amer. 
Oriental Society. A notice of him is in 
"Brief Memoirs of the Class of 1797," by 
Thus. Day and James Murdock. 

Murphy, Henry Crude, politician and ~ 
author, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., 3 July, 1810. Col. 
Coll. 1830. Adm. to the bar in 1833; prac- 
tised in Brooklyn ; was city attv. ; mayor in 
1842; M.C. 1843-9; member of the State 
Const. Conv. in 1846; minister to Holland in 
1857-61; and, since, a member of both branches 
of the State legisl. In early life he was a con- 
trib. to the Amer. Quarterly Review and other 
periodicals. He has written much in illustra- 
tion of the early Dutch history of N.Y. For 
the N.Y. Hist. Colls, he translated De Vrie's 
"Voyages from Holland, 1632-44," and " Broad 
Advice to the United Netherland Provinces;" 
" Anthology of New Netherland, or Transla- 
tions from the Early Dutch Poets of N.Y., 
with Memoirs," 1865. In 1868 he pub. a 
transl. of a Journal of a Voyage to N.Y. in 
1679-80. —&e Notice in Democ. Rav. xxi. 78 ; 
Duyckinck. 

Murphy, John, gov. of Ala. 1825-9, b. 
B.C. 1786; d Clark Co., Ala., Sept. 21, 1841. 
S.C. Coll. 1808. He was clerk of the senate 
of S.C. ; and M.C. from Ala. in 1833-5. 

Murrah, Pendleton, gov. Texas 1863-5; 
b. Ala. ; d. Monterey, Mex., 23 Sept. 1865. 
Brown U. 1848. 

Murray, Com. Alexander, senior officer 
of the U.S.N., b. Chestertown, Md., 1755; d. 
at his seat near Phila. Oct. 6, 1821. His 
grandfather, who settled in Barbadoes, was an 
adherent of the Pretender; and his father was 
a physician. He went to sea early, and com. 
a vessel in the European trade at the age of 18. 
App. a lieut. in the Revol. navy at 21 ; and, no 
vsesel being in readiness to receive him, he 



648 



m;ur 



served in Smallwood's Md. regt. at White 
Plains, Flatbush, and N.Y. ; was made a capt., 
and served bravely to the close of the campaign 
of 1777. About the time of the evacuation of 
New York, he was severely injured by the 
bursting of a piece of ordnance in a battery at 
which he was stationed. He ram. at different 
periods several letters-of-nuirque, and in a 
number of well-fought naval actions exhibited 
intrepidity and skill. Having been captured 
by an English fleet, and soon afterwards e.x- 
changed, he volunteered his services as a lieut. 
on board the frigate " Trumbull," which, after 
clearing the capes of Delaware, and during a ter- 
rible storm at night, was attacked and_ taken 
by two British vessels of war. In this san- 
guinary engagement Murray behaved with die- 
ting, gallantry, and was severely wounded. On 
his recovery and exchange, he was selected as 
first lieut. of" Tiie Alliance " frigate, com. Bar- 
ry. He was in 13 battles in the army and navy. 
When our govt, organized a navy, he was com- 
missioned capt. (July 1 , 1 798) ; the com. of the 
corvette " Montezuma," 20 guns, was given 
him ; and he subsequently com. the frigates 
"Insurgent" and "Constellation." Being 
despatched with a squadron to the Mediterra- 
nean in 1842, his ship, while alone, was at- 
tacked by a squadron of Tripoline gunboats, 
which he drove into their own harbor. 

Murray, Alexander, conimo. U.S.N., b. 
Pa., Jan. 2, 1818. Midshipm. Aug. 22, 18.35 ; 
lieut. Aug. 12, 1847; cum. July 16, 1862; 
capt. July 25, 1866; commo. 1871. Engagedat 
Tabasco, Tuspan, and Vera Cruz, and slightly 
wounded at Alvarado, during the Mexican 
war; in coast survey 1846-9 and 1857-9; 
com. steamer "Louisiana," N.A.B. squad., 
1861-2; at repulse of rebel steamer "York- 
town," off Newport News, Sept. 1861 ; battle 
of Roanoke Island, Feb. 8, 1862; destruction 
of Lynch's fleet, Feb. 10, and battle of New- 
bern, Feb. 14, 1862; engaged with Wise's di- 
vision, battle of Wintoii, N. C, 1862; com. 
naval forces at battle of Kinston, N.C., and at 
repulse of Hill's forces from Newbern, N.C. ; 
com. naval exped. up the York and Pamunkey 
Rivers, destroying 27 vessels, in May, 1 862 ; 
on special duty in the sounds of N.C. 1863 ; 
com. steamer " Augusta," special service, 1866- 
7. — Hamersly. 

Murray, James, a British gen. ; d. June, 
1794. He was 5th son of the 4ih Lord Eli- 
bank ; was made licut.-col. 15th Foot, Jan. 5, 
1751 ; served with Wolfe in the exped. against 
Rochefort ; Jan. 5, 1758, was made col. in 
America in the exped. against Louisburg, 
where he com. the 2d brigade ; was junior briga- 
dier under Wolfe at Quebec in 1759, com- 
manding the 3d brig, on the Plains of Abraham; 
was app. gov. of Quebec, Oct. 23, 1759 ; was 
commissioned col. com. 1st batt. Royal Amer- 
ican regt. Oct. 24; maj.-gen. Jnlv. 1762; gov. 
of Quebec, Nov. 21, 1763, to 1766; col. 13th 
Foot, Dec. 1767; lieut. gen. May 25, 1772; 
lieut.-gov. of Minorca in 1774; gov. 1778; 
gen. 1783; gov. of Hull 1785; and col. 21st 
Fusileers, June 5, 1789. Though defeated by 
De Levis in the second battle of Quebec, yet by 
his courage and ability he held Quebec until 
aid arrived from Eng. Gen. Murray was sub- 



sequently disting. for his gallant though un- 
successful defence of Minorca, in 1781, against 
Dc Crillon. 

Murray, James, a partisan officer in the 
service of the E.L Co., b. Exeter, R.I., ab. 1765 ; 
d. 1806. In consequence of a quarrel with his 
family, he went to sea in early life, changing 
his name (Lilliliridge) to that of Murray. In 
1790 he entered the service of Holkar, the fa- 
mous Mahratta chief, and soon became noted 
forhis bravery and military skill. Incurring the 
displeasure of Holkar by bis humanity lo some 
British officers, after 15 years' service he aban- 
doned him, and, raising a large force, occupied 
as a sovereign a large dist. When the war 
broke out between the British govt, and Sciu- 
dia, Murray joined Lord Lake with a body of 
7,000 cavalry, and was employed by him in many 
dangerous and important services. At the 
siege of Bhurtpore he was in continual action, 
and attained the character of being the best 
partisan officer in the array. At the close of 
the war, having acquired a large fortune, he de- 
termined to return to America. At a splendid 
entertainment given by him a few days before 
his intended departure from Calcutta, he 
mounted a favorite Arabian horse to leap over 
the dining-table, — a feat which he had often 
performed for the entertainment of his guests ; 
but the horse, having his feet entangled in the 
carpet, threw his rider, who died from his inju- 
ries soon after. He was the best horseman in 
India, and unrivalled in the use of the broad- 
sword. 

Murray, James, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
a dissenting divine and author; d. Eng. 1782. 
Author of" History of tlie American War," 4 
vols. 8vo, London, July 29, 1T78; "Sermons 
to Asses," 12mo ; and " A History of the 
Churches of England and Scotland," 3 vols. 
8vo, 1771. 

Murray, John, the founder of Univer.^alism 
in Auier., and an eloquent preacher, b. Alton, 
Hampshire, Eng., Dec. 10, 1741 ; d. Boston, 
Ms., Sept. 3, 1815. His pious parents, who 
brought him up strictly, removed with him to 
Cork, Ireland, in 1752. He early became a 
convert to Methodism, and an occasional 
preacher in Wesley's connection. Returning 
to Eng. ab. 1760, he adopted Universalism ; 
emig. to the U. S. in 1770 ; and preached in 
N. Y., N. J., and subsequently in Newport, 
Boston, Portsmouth, NIH., and other places in 
New Eng., where his doctrines occasionally 
subjected him to violence. He resided in 
Gloucester, Ms., in 1774, and was ordered to 
depart on suspicion of being a British emissary ; 
but, through the exertions of his friends, he was 
enabled to remain and preach. In the spring 
of 1775 he was chaplain of the R I. brigade be- 
fore Boslon ; but a severe illness terminated this 
connection, and he returned to Gloucester, 
where he was established over a soeitty of 
Universalists. He took part in the first Uni 
versalist convention at Oxford, Ms., 1785, and 
for a number of years was a delegate to the 
gen. convention of that body. In 1788 he 
visited Eng. ; and in 1793 was installed over a 
society in Boston, where he passed the rest of 
his life. He published 3 vols, of Letters, and 
Sketches of Sermons, 1812-13; and wrote an 



MXTR 



Autobiography, of which tlie 8th edition was 
pub. in 1860, "lanio, Boston. His wiilow, Ju- 
dith Sargent, sister of Winthrop Sarjrcnt, a 
naiive of Cape Ann, d. Natcliez, Mpi., June 6, 
1829, a. 69. She wrote " The Repository and 
Gleaner," 3 vols. 1798, over the mm de plume 
" Constantia;" also poetical essays, siijned 
"Honoria Martesia," in the Boston Weekly 



iu.urra-y, joun, x reso. minisier, u. Antrim, 
Ireland, 22 May, 1742; d. Newburvport, Ms., 
13 Mar. 1793. " Educated at Edinburgh. He. 
came to Amer. in 1763 ; settled first as a pas- 
tor at Phila. ; from 1767 to 1779 in Boothbay, 
Me. ; and from 4 June, 1781, till his d., at New- 
buryport. Such was his eloquence, that a full 
company was raised for the Revol. army in 
two hours after his address for that purpose. 
He acquired great ascendency over the people 
of his district by his powers as a preacher and 
his patriotic activity. In Aug. 1777 he held a 
corresp. with Com. Collier about an exchange 
of prisoners. He pub. 3 sermons on Justifica- 
tion, 1780; 3 sermons on the Original Sin im- 
puted, 1791. 

Murray, Lindlev, grammarian and au- 
thor, b. Swetara, near Lancaster, Pa., 1745 ; d. 
near York, Eng., Feb. 16, 1826. His father, 
who removed to New York in 1753, was a 
member of the Society of Fi lends, and a mer- 
chant. The son, after receiving a good educa- 
tion, studied law ; Wiis adm. to the bar in 1766, 
and soon after married. His limited practice 
was temporarily interrupted by a visit to Eng. ; 
but, on his return to New York in 1771, he re- 
newed it with more success. Mr. Murray's 
religious principles preventing him from taking 
part in tlie Revol. struggle, he retired to Islip, 
L.I., and employed his leisure in an abortive 
attempt to make salt. The bar, at this period, 
holding out little prospect, he became, like his 
father, a general merchant in N.Y. City, and 
with such success, that he was enabled, near the 
close of the war, to retire from business with a 
handsome competency. In 1784 he made a 
second voyage to Eng. for his health, and pur- 
chased a small estate at Holdgate, about a mile 
from York, upon which he resided till his death. 
In 1787 he pub. a tract entitled " The Power of 
Religion on the Mind," which passed through 
1 7 editions. His next work, and th.tt by which 
he is principally known, was his " English 
Grammar," first pub. in 1795 ; succeeded by his 
"English Exercises " and " Key," an abridg- 
ment of which treatises was, in 1797, pub. in 
one volume. His other writings are " The 
English Reader," with an introduction and se- 
quel ; " The Eng. Spelling-Book ; " a new edi- 
tion of his Grammar, Exercises, and Key, in 
2 8vo vols. ; a selection from Home's " Com- 
mentary on the Psalms ; " and " The Duty and 
Benefit of Reading the Scriptures." He wrote 
a memoir of his own life, pub. after his decease, 
with a continuation by Elizabeth Frank, York, 
1826. His bro. John, Jun., philanthropist of 
K.Y., b. 3 Aug. 1758, d. 4 Aug. 1819. 

Murray, Nicholas, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 
1843), clergyman and author, b. Ballynaslow, 
Irelaiul, 25 Dec. 1802; d. Elizabethtown, N.J., 
4 Feb. 1861. Wms. Coll. 1826. He came to 
the U.S. in 1818, and was apprenticed in the 



printing-house of Harper & Bros. He studied 
theology at Princeton, N. J. ; was settled pastor 
of a Presb. church in Wilkcsbane, I'a., in 
1829 ; and from June, 1833, to liis death, was 
pastor of the First Church, Elizabeth town, N J. 
Moderator of the Presb. Gen. Assembly (O.S) 
in 1849. In 18.53, and again in 1860, he visited 
Europe. His " Letters to Archbi.shop H ughes," 
under the signature of "Kirwan," pub. in 1847, 
controverting with shrewdness and ability some 
of the doctrines and practices of the R.C. 
Church, were extensively reprinted in other 
lands, and gave him considerable re])utation. 
He also pub. " Notes, Historical and Biog., 
concerning Elizabethtown, N. J.," 1844 ; " Ro- 
manism at Home," 1852; "Men and Things 
as I saw them in Europe in 1853; " "Parish 
and other Pencilliiigs,"1854; "Happy Home," 
1859; "Preachers and Preaching," 1860; 
"American Principles, and National Prosperi- 
ty ; " and a series of Letters to the N. Y. Observ- 
er during his last visit to Europe. A posthu- 
mous vol. of his sermons, entitled " A Dying 
Legacy," was pub. 1861. An interesting me- 
moir of Murray is in a vol. of Memoirs by 

Murray, Rev. William Hen. Harbison, 
Cong, clergyman, b. Guilford, Ct., 26 Ajjr. 
1840. Y.C. 1862. Licensed to preach in 1863, 
he officiated several years in Greenwicli and 
other places in Ct. Since Nov. 1868 he has 
been pastor of Park-st. Church, Boston. Author 
of " Camp-Life in the Adirondack Mountains," 
1 868 ; " Music-hall Sermons," 1 870. Eminent 
as a pulpit-orator and a lyceum-lectnrer. 

Murray, William Vans, diplomatist and 
orator, b. Md. 1762; d. Dec. 11, 1803, at his 
seat in Cambridge, Md. Receiving a classical 
education, he went to Lond. after the peace of 
1783, and studied law in the Temple. The ob- 
servations of Price, Turgot, and Mably, sug- 
gested his pamphlet on "The Constitutions 
and Laws of the U.S.," which was much com- 
mended. He returned to Md. ab. 1785, and 
engaged in the practice of the law. Member 
of the Md. legisl., and of Congress in 1791-7. 
His name is conspicuous in the legislative an- 
nals of that period, few equalling him in elo- 
quence, or the other qualifications of a member 
of a deliberative assembly. App. by Washing- 
ton minister-plenipo. to the Batavian repub- 
lic, he restored the harmony which had been 
interrupted by the influence of France, and was 
app. by Pres. Adams sole envoy-extraordinary 
to the French republic. Judge Ellsworth and 
Gov. Davie were afterwards assoc. with him. 
Mr. Murray assisted in making the convention 
which was signed at Paris, Sept. 30, 1800, be- 
tween America and France ; then returned to 
his station as minister resident at the Hague, 
and in Dec. 1801 to his own country. 

Musgrave, Sir Thomas, 5lh hart., a 
British gen., b 1738 ; d. Dec. 31, 1812. Capt. 
64th Regt. 1759; brev. major 1772; licut.-col. 
40th Regt. Aug. 28, 1776; col.andaiile-de-camp 
to the king 1782; brig. -gen. in Amer. 1782; 
maj.-gen. 1790; gen. 1802. He was wounded 
at the battle of Pel ham Manor, Oct. 18, 1776. 
At the battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, he 
saved the day by throwing himself with 5 com- 
panies into Chew's stone house, where he sue- 



:mxjs 



650 



NA.G- 



cessfully lielJ the Amer. forces at bay until tlie 
repulsed British columns could rally"; and the 
Americans were compelled to abandon the field 
on which they came so near success. 

Muspratt, Susan Webb, well known to 
the theatrical world as Miss Susan Cusliman, 
particularly famed for her delineation of 
Juliet; b. Boston, Mar. 17, 1822; d. Liver- 
pool, Eng., May 11, 1859. Younger sister of 
Miss Charlotte Cushman: m., 1st, N. M. Mer- 
riman of Boston, Mar. 14. 1836; 2d, Prof. J. 
S. Muspratt of the Liverpool Koyal Coll. of 
Chenli^try, Mar. 22, 1848. She first appeared 
upon tlic! stage in N.Y. City in 1837, and, after 
a brilliant career of 10 years' acting in Europe 
and Aiiicrica, retired from the stage in Liver- 
pool in 1847. 

Mussey, Reuben Dimond, M.D., LL.D. 
(Dartin. Coll. 1854), surgeon, b. Pelham, N.H., 
June 23, 1780; d. Boston, June 21, 1866. 
Dartm. Coll. 1803; Phila. Med. School 1809. 
He practised in Salem from 1809 to 1814 ; was 
prof, of physic at Dartm. from 1814 to 1819, 
and of anatomy and surgery until in 1838 he 
became prot. of surgery in the Ohio Med. Coll. 
Ue resigned in 1852, and until 1860 was prof, 
of surgery in the Miami Med. Coll. ; he then 
settled in Boston, and pub. " Health, its Friends 
and its Foes." In 1830 he proved what Sir 
Astley Cooper had said was impossible, — that 
intra-capsular fractures could be re-united. He 
was the first to tie both carotid arteries. In 
1837 he removed the entire shoulder-blade and 
collar-bone of a patient suffering from osteo 
surconia, — the first operation of the kind on 
record. He was an early laborer in the temper- 
ance cause, and applied the same principle to 
articles of diet. Pres. of the N.H. Med. Soc. 

Muter, George, chief justice of Ky. ; d. 
May 9, 1811. App. in 1777 lieut.-col. of 
Marshall's Va, Art. Kegt., Revol. army. 

Mutis, Don Jose Celestino, Spanish 
botanist and physician, b. Cadiz 1732 ; d. 1808, 
leaving unfinished his " Flora of New Grana- 
da," — a most valuable work. He became prof, 
of anatomy at Madrid in 1757; and in 1760 
accomp. the Spanish viceroy to S. Amer. as 
his physician, and, devoting himself to scientific 
explorations, was the first to distinguish the 
various species of cinchona, the different proi> 
erties of which he has described in his " Historia 
de los Arboles del Quina." App. in 1 790 director 
of the Royal Acad, of Nat. Hist, at Santa Fe'. 

Muy, Jean Baptiste Loots Philippe 
UE Felix, Comte du,a French gen., b. Oliferes, 
Dec. 25, 1751 ; d. Paris, in June, 1820. He 
entered young into the service, and in 1775 
recei.'ed from his uncle. Marshal Du Muy, sec. 
of war, the com. of the regt. of Soissonnais. 
Succeeding to the title of his father, Oct. 10, 
1775, he made, at the head of his regiment, 
three campaigns of the American war, 1780-2, 
anddisting. himself at Yorktonn. Made raare- 
chalde-canip in 1788; served in 1792 in the 
Army of the South, being named gen. of divis- 
ion ; in 1795 was insp.-gen. of art. in the Army 
of the North ; served in Egypt; was captured 
by the English while on his return to France ; 
was soon afterwards exchanged ; made the cam- 
paign of 1806 against the Prussians and Rus- 
sians ; disting. himself, and obtained the govt. 



of Silesia. In Jan. 1811 he was elected to the 
senate ; com. the 2d military division at Mar- 
seilles in 1812-14, and was called to the cham- 
ber of peers in 1815. 

Myers, Albert J, brev. brig.-gen. U S.A., 
b. N.Y. Geneva Coll. 1847. M.l). U. of 
Buffalo, 1851. As.,i,-,t. surgeon U.S.A. Sept. 
1854; maj. and chief signal-officer U.S.A. 
July, 1860; aide to Gen. McDowell at Bull 
Run ; com. signal corps. Army of Potomac ; 
col. signal corps. Mar. 1863; introd. study 
of milit. signals at West Point, 1863 ; chief 
sig. off. div, W. M|,i. Mav, 1864; brev. lieut.- 
col. for sen i. , s ai Hanover C. 11., Va. ; col. 
for Malv. Ilill, ami Ijiil;, -^.-en. for di.^t. services 
in the si-nal mrp., e.-perialiy Oct. 5, 1864, in 
saving by timely signals the post ami garrison 
of Allaloona, Ga. Author of " Manual of 
Signals for U.S.A. and Navy," 1868. — Henri/. 

Myers, Peter Hamilton, novelist, 
member of the Brooklyn bar; b Herkimer, 
N.Y., Aug. 1812. He has written " The First 
of the Knickerbockers, a Tale of 1673," 1848 ; 
" The Young Padrone, or Christmas in 1690," 
1849 ; " The King of the Hurons," 1850, repuh. 
in Eng. as " Blanche Montaigne ; " and " The 
Prisoner of the Border, a Tale of 1838," 1857. 
He has also written 5 prize tales, for 3 of which 
("Bell Brandon," "The Miser's Heir," and 
" The Van Veldons ") he received prizes of 
$200 each. In 1841 he delivered a poem on 
science before the Englessian Society of Hobart 
Free College. 

Nack, James, poet, b. N.Y. City ab. 1807. 
Deaf and dumb in consequence of an accident 
in childhood. Author of " The Legend of the 
Rock, and other Poems," 1827 ; " Earl Rupert, 
and other Poems," with a memoir of Nack by 
P. M. Wetmore, 12mo, 1839 ; " The Immortal, 
and other Poems," 1850; "Poems," 1852, with 
introd. by Geo. P. Morrb; also translations 
fi-om the Dutch, German, and French. His 
" Minstrcl-Boy " is autobiographical. — Allibone. 

Nadal, Bernard H., D.D., LL.D., Meth. 
clergyman and scholar, b. Md. 1815; d. Madi- 
son, N. J., 20 June, 1870. Diek.Coll. Joining 
the Baltimore conf. in 1835, ho preached in 
Md., Va., and Del., afterwards in Washington, 
Phila., Brooklyn, and N. Haven ; became a 
prof, in Asbury (Ind.) U. ab. 1850; was for 
one session chaplain to Congress ; and on the 
organization of the Drew Thcol. Scm. became 
prof, of church history, and, on the death of 
Dr. McCliutock, acting pres. While in Ind. 
he pnb. " Essays upon Church History " in 
the Meth. Quart. Review, which marked him as 
one of the ablest writers of his denomination. 
He was a forcible writer, and a chief contrib. 
to the Methodist. 

Naglee, Gen. Henry Morris, b. Phila. 
Jan. 15, 1815. West Point, 1835. He sei-ved 
a few months in the 5th Inf.; was a civil 
engineer until the Mexican war, in which ho 
served as capt. 1st N.Y. Vols. ; afterward en- 
gaged in commercial pursuits in San Francisco, 
where he is now (1870) a banker; 14 May, 
1861, he was made lieut.-col. 16th Inf. ; resigned 
Jan. 10, 1862; brig.-gen. vols. Feb. 4, and 
joined Hooker's div. on the Lower Potomac; 
on the Peninsula he com. the 1st brigade, 
Casey's div., at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks, 



651 



where he was wounded ; in Oct. ho was attached 
to Koyes's ai'my eoi-ps at Yorktown, Va., of 
which he was made military gov. ; com. div. 
dcpt. of N.C. and dcpt. of South 186.3 ; com. 
7th army corps July Aug. 1863 ; mustered out 
4 Apr. 1864. 

Naglee, Gen. J.iMES, b. Pa. ; d. Pottsville, 
Pa., Aug. 22, 1866. Capt. 1st Pa. Vols, 
during the Mexican war; and in Apr. 1861 
became col. 6th Pa. (3 months) Vols., serving 
at the first battle of Bull Run ; as col. 48th Pa. 
fought gallantly at South Mountain, where he 
com. a brigade in Sturgis's div. of IJurnside's 
corps; made brig.-gcn. Sept. 10, 1862; maj.- 
gen. 29 Nov. 1862. Res. May 9, 1863. 

Narvaez (nar-va-<!th'), Pamphilo de, a 
Spanish adventurer, b. Valladolid, and went 
to America soon after its discovery. He served 
under Esquibal, gov. of Jamaica, and was in 
1520 com. of the unsuccessful exped. sent 
against Cortes by Velasquez, gov. of Cuba ; 
ho was defeated, and made prisoner by Cortes 
at Zamprala. He sailed in Apr. 1528 with 
400 men, intending to establish a colony in 
Fla. ; discovered the Bay of Pensacola, and 
having marched into the country, where he 
passed nearly 6 months, embarked with his men 
in boats of their own manufaiture, and perished 
in a storm near the mouth of the Mpi. in Sept. 
Four survivors of this cxped. succeeded, after 
extraordinary hardships, in reaching Mexico 
by land in 1536. 

Nash, Abner, statesman, b. Prince Edward 
Co., Va. ; d. N.Y. Dec. 2, 1786. At an early 
age he went to Newborn, N.C., where he 
studied and practised law many years ; mem- 
ber of the Prov. Congress in Aug. 1774, of the 
council in 1775, and of the Congress and 
com. that formed the State constitution in 1 776 ; 
member of the house of commons in 1777-8 ; 
speaker of the Senate in 1779 ; gov. from 1780 
until the spring of 1781, when he resigned; 
again a member of the Assembly in 1782-5, 
he was sent by that body a delegate to Con- 
gress in 1782-4 and 1785-6. Both his health 
and property were sacrificed to his country. 
His first wife was the widow of Grov. Arthur 
Dobbs. Bro. of Gen. Francis, and father of 
Judi^e Frederick Nash. 

Nash, Gen. Francis, bro. of Abner; d. 
Oct. 7, 1777. While clerk of the Superior Court 
for Orange Co., N.C, he was a capt. under 
the Crown, and served under Gov. Tryon 
against the regulators at the battle at Alla- 
niance, in 1771 ; member of the Prov. Congress 
at Hillsborough, Aug. 21, 1775 ; and was app. 
by that body a lieut.-col. in the Continental 
scryics ; in Feb. 1777 he was made a brig.-gen. 
by Congress; joined Gen. Washington, and 
com. a brigade at the battles of the Brandy- 
wine, Sept. 11, and Gcnnantown Oct. 4 of the 
same year, where he was mortally wounded. 

Nash, Frederick, jurist, b. Newborn, 
N.C, Feb. 9. 1781 ; d. liaisborough, N.C, Dec. 
4, 1858. N. J. CoU. 1799. Son of Gov. 
Abner. Studied law ; represented Newborn in 
theh. of commons in 1804-5; removed to Hills- 
borough in 1808 ; re])resented Orange Co. in the 
legisl. in 1814-15, and Ilillsborou-h in 1827-8; 
was a judge of the Superior Court in 1818-26, 
and in 1836-44, when he was transferred to the 



occupied till his 

Nash, Simeon, b. S. Hadley, Ms., 1804. 
Arab. Coll. 1829. Began to practise law at 
Gallipolis, 0., 1833; in Ohio Senate 1839 and 
'41; member const, convent. 1850; elected 
judge 7th dist. 1851. Author of "Digest of 
Ohio Reports," 8vo, 1853; "Pleading and 
Practice under the Civil Code," 8vo, 1856; 
contril). to Western Law Journal. 

Nason, Rev. Elias, b. Wrentham, Ms., 
Apr. 21, 1811. Brown U. 1835. His boy- 
hood was passed at Hopkinton, a portion of it 
at the celebrated " Frankland Place," the his- 
tory of which he has written. He has devoted 
much time to the study of music and the lan- 
guages. In 1836 he lectured on the Southern 
flora, in the South; in 1837 pub. the Geori/ia 
Courier in Augusta ; then taught the acad.' at 
Waynesborough, Ga. ; in 1840-9 was a teacher 
in Ncwburyport ; was licensed to preach in 
1849; and has been pastor of Cong, ehurehcs 
at Natick, Medford, and Exeter, N.H. He has 
pub., besides sermons, and collections of music, 
Lives of Sir Charles H. Frankland (1868) and 
Susanna Rowson (1870); and Eulogies on 
Lincoln, Everett, and Gov. Andrew, delivered 
bef the N. E. Hist, and Genual. Soc. Boston. 
His Lives of Frankland, Rowson, and of Rev. 
Nathaniel Howe, are good specimens of anti- 
quarian biography. He has been editorially 
connected with the N.E.H. and G. Reg., and is 
a popular lecturer. — Dutfckinck. 

Nast, Thomas, artist, b. Landau, Bavaria, 
1840. Son of a musician in the B.iv. army, 
who brought him to the U.S. in 1846. The 
only art-instruction he received was in draw- 
ing for 6 months with Kaufman. At 15 he be- 
gan drawing for an illust. paper, and made mon- 
ey enough to enable him to visit Europe in 1 860. 
In 1862 he began his remarkable series of illus- 
tration for Harper's Weekly. In 1866 he de- 
signed a series of grotesques for the bal d'opera, 
each of which was a palpable hit. Among his 
best efforts are his " Union Advance arriving 
at a Plantation," " The Chicago Platform," 
" Compromise with the South," and "Amphi- 
theatrum Johnsonianum." His best pictures 
are of an allegoric-political character, and evince 
both originality and power. 

Nauman, George, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. 
Lancaster, Pa., 7 Oct. 1802; d. Phila. Aug. 11, 
1863. West Point, 1823. Disting. in battle of 
Wahoo Swamp, Fla. ; capt. 4 Feb. 1837 ; brov. 
m-ij. for the battle of Cerro Gordo, Apr. 18, 1847 ; 
brev. lieut.-col. for the battles of Contreras and 
Churubusco, Aug. 20, 1847; wounded in battle 
of Chapultepec; maj. 3d Ait. Dec. 24, 1853 ; 
lieut.-col. 1st Art. July 23, 1861. 

Neagle, John, portrait-painter, b. Boston, 
Nov. 4, 1799; d. Phila. 1865. Apprenticed to 
a coach painter in Phila., he began taking like- 
nesses there in 1818. In 1826 his "Patrick 
Lyon, the Blacksmith," gave him reputation. 
He m. a dau. of Sully the painter in 1 820. He 
was 8 years pros, of the Artists' Fund Soc. of 
Phila. Among his portraits are Washington 
in Independence Hall, Phila., Gilbert Stuart, 
Sirs. Wood as Amina, Mathew Carey, Henry 
Clay, Dr. Chapman, and Com. Barron. 

Neal, Daniel, historian and divine, bi 



652 



I.ond. Dec. 14, 1678; d. Balli, Eng., Apr. 4, 
1743. I'Mucatcd at Rowe's dissenting school, 
and nt the U. of Utrecht; and from 1706 till 
liis death was minister of a cong in London. 
Ill 1720 he pub. a " History of New England," 
2 vols. 8vo. His most consideraWe work, " The 
History of the Puritans," appeared in 1732-8 
in 4 vols., and is highly creditalile to his abili- 
ties. It has been replied to by Warburton, 
Maddox, and Grey, whose objections were an- 
swered by Touiniin in a new edition of the 
work in 1797. He also wrote "A Narrative 
of the Method and Success of inoculating for 
the Small-Pox in New England," 8vo, 1722, 
which led to an interview with the Prince and 
Princess of Wales. An edition of " The Hist, 
of the Puritans," revised and enlarged, with 
notes bv J. O. Choules, was pub. in two vols. 
8vo, 1844. 

I^eal, John, author and poet, b. Portland, 
Mc., Aug. 25, 1793. Brought up in the So- 
ciety of Friends, at 25 he received his dis- 
missal from that body. At the age of 12 he 
was a shop-boy in Portland; a few years later, 
he tanght drawing and penmanship in the prin- 
cipal towns of Maine. In 181 4-1. 'i he was a 
dry-goods jobber in Boston and New York: 
then established himself in Baltinioio as a 
wholesale dealer in partncr-liip with .lulin Picr- 
pont; failed in 1816; stiirlicd law; but deter- 
mined 10 support himself bv his ].cii, and wrote 
for the Porf/co several years ': in 181 7 he pub. his 
first novel, "Keep Cool; " in 1818 "The Battle 
of Niagara, Goldau, and other Poems ; " in 1819 
" Otho, or the Bastard," a .5-act tragedy; and 
about the same time he assisted in writing " The 
History of the American Revolution," by Paul 
Allen. Adm. to the Md. bar in 1819; pre- 
pared an index to " Niles's Register" of 50 
vols, in 1823; pub. " Seventy-six," "Logan," 
"Randolph," and "Errata," written severally, 
according to his own account, in periods of from 
27 to 30 days. He went to Eng. in Jan. 1824 ; 
wrote for Blackwood's Mat/, and other periodi- 
cals, and resided with Bentham during a con- 
siderable portion of his career in Kng. After 
a brief visit to Paris and the Continent in 1827, 
he returned to America. He settled at Port- 
land ; was an active contrib. to various periodi- 
cals and newspapers, a practitioner in the courts 
of law, and a public lecturer ; and also estab- 
lished gymnasiums, and gave lessons to large 
classes in sparring and fencing. He gave up 
his profession in 1850. His chief productions 
are " Brother Jonathan," 3 vols. Lnnd. 1825; 
"Rachel Dyer," 1828; " Bentham's Morals 
and Legislation," 1830; "Authorship, a Tale," 
1833 ; " The Down-Easters," 2 volumes, ia33 ; 
"One Word More," 18.54; "True Woman- 
hood, a Tale," 1859; and" Wandering Recollec- 
tions of a somewhat Busy Life," 1870. 

Neal, Joseph Clat, humorist, b. Green- 
land, N.H., Feb. 3, 1807; d. Phila. Jtily 18, 
1 847. James, his father, was minister of Green- 
land. Joseph, after several years' residence in 
Portsmouth, went to Phila. in 1831 ; liccame 
editor of the Pemisi/lvanian ; and, after a tour 
in Europe and Africa for his health in 1841-2, 
assumed in 1844 the editorship of the 5a(ii;(/oy 
Gazdtc, which he continued till his death. Ho 
was remarkable for humor and caustic satire. 



His first humorous compositions were "The 
City Worthies," a series of sketches which ap- 
peared in the Pcnnsi/lvanian. In 1837 he pub. 
" Charcoal Sketches," reprinted in London un- 
der the auspices of Charles Diekcns; in 1844 
he pub. " Peter Ploddy and other Oddities," 
and subsequently a new scries of " Charcoal 
Sketches." 

Neale, Leonaud, D.D., R. C. archbishop 



of Baltimore, b. Md 
D.C., Juno 18, 1817. 
Archb. Carroll, Dec. 7, 
archbishop in 1815. 

Neale, Rollin He 

Southington, Ct., Ft 



1746; d. Gcorgete 
Consec. coadjutor to 
800 ; succeeded him as 

:ee,D.D. (B.U. 1850), 
.. 23, 1808. Col. Coll., 



Wash., 1829. Pastor First Bapt. Ch., Boston, 
since 1838. Author of " The Burning Bush," 
and occasional sermons and discourses. 

Neekere, Leo de, D.D., R. C. bishop of 
New Orleans, consec. 1829; d. Sept. 4, 1833. 

Needham, Fbancis, Earl of Kilmorey, 
a British gen., b. Apr. 15, 1748; d. Nov. 21, 
1832. Cornet 18th Dragoons 1762 ; capt. 17th 
Dragoons, May 1 774 ; served through the Amer. 
■nar, and was present at the blockade of Bos- 
ton, the actions in the Jerseys, White Plains, 
Monmouth, Germantown, Elizabethtown, in 
Va., and finally at Yorktown on its surrender. 
App. in 1793 aide-de-camp to the king, and col. 
in theai-my; in 1794 adj.-gen. to Lord Moira 
in the expeil. to the coast of France ; served 
during the Insh rebellion, and was present at 
the battle of Vinegar Ilill ; maj.-gen. 1795; 
lieut.-gen. 1802; gen. 1812; and received the 
patent of his earWom in 1 822. 

Neely, Hesky Adams, D.D.,Pr.-Ep. bish- 
op of Mc. (consec. 25 Jan. 1867), b. Fayette- 
ville, N.Y., Mav, 1830. Hob. Coll. 1849; tu- 
tor there 1849-51. Ord. deacon 19 Dec. 1852, 
and assist, rector of Calvary Church, Utica; 
ord. priest 18 June, 1854, having in Mar. 1854 
become rector. Rector of Christ Church, Roch- 
ester, from Oct. 1, 1855, to the autumn of 1862, 
■when he became 1st chaplain of Hob. Coll; 
two years later, he became assist, min. of Trin. 
Ch., N. Y. City, with the full pastoral care of 
Trin. Chapel. He ra. in 1858 Mary, dau. of 
John Delafield of Geneva. 

Negley, Gex. James S., b. East Liberty, 
Alleghany Co., Pa., Dec. 26, 1826. Enlisting 
as a private in the 1st Pa. Regt., he took part 
in the siege of Puebia, the battle of Cerro Gor- 
do, and other engagements in the Mexican war, 
and aftenvard applied himself to agriculture 
and horticulture. He com. a brigade of State 
militia when the civil war began, and aided in 
organizing and disciplining volunteers. lie 
com. a brigade under Patterson on the Upper 
Potomac; was made brig.-gen. vols. Oct. 1, 
1861 ; served under Gen. 0. M. Mitchell in 
Northern Ala. ; was afterward com. of the 8th 
division of Buell's Army of the Ohio, and sta- 
tioned at Nashville, Tenn. ; Oct. 7, 1862, he de- 
feated at Lavergne a Confed. force under An- 
derson and Forrest ; and took part in the 
bloody battle of Stone River, receiving for his 
gallantry the grade of maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862 ; 
at Chickaraauga he held the position of Owen's 
Gap Sept. 19-20, 1863. M.C. 1869-71 from 
Pittsburg. 

Neill, Rev. Edward Dofpield, sec. of 



JStEI 



653 



the Minn. Hist. Soc, h. Pliila. 1823. U. of Pa. 
and Amh. Coll. Son of Henry Neill, M.D., 
of Phila. From Apr. 1849 a Presb. divine at 
St. Paul, Minn. Sec. to President Johnson 
1867-8; now (I871)consul atDublin. Author 
of "Annals ot the Minn. Hist. Soc," 8vo, 1856; 
"Hist, of Minnesota," 8vo, 1858; "Hist, of 
the Virginia Comp.," 1869; "Fairfiixcs of 
England and Araer.," 1868; " Eng. Coloniza- 
tion of Amer. during the 17th Century," 1871 ; 
•' Terra Marine, or Threads of Aid. Colonial 
Hist." Contrib. to Bihliotheca Sacra and Pres- 
hjt rian Quarterli/ Review. 

Weill, William, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1812), b. 
near Pittsburg, 1779; d. 1860. N.J. Coll. 
1803; tutor there until Oct. 1805. Mini.stcr 
at Cooperstown, K J., Oct. 1805-Scpt. 1S09; 
at Albany, Sept. 1 809-Sept. 1 81 6 ; at 6 ih Presb. 
Phila. Sept. 1816-24; pres. Dick. Coll. 1824- 
9 ; sec. and gen. agent Presb. Board of Educ. 
1829-31; minister of Germantown, Pa., 1S31- 
42 ; afterward a resident of Phila. Author of 
"Lects. on Bibl. Hist.," 1846; "Exposition of 
the Epistle to the Ephesians," 1850 ; "Divine 
Origin of the Christian Religion," 1854; "Min- 
istry of 50 Years, with Anecdotes and Remi- 
niscences," 8vo, 1857. Dr. N. edited the Presb. 
May. for some years, and contrib. to religious 
periodicals. — AUibone. 

Neilson, Col. John, Revol. oilicer, b. near 
N. Brunswick, N. J., March U, 1745; d. there 
Mar. 3, 1833. Educated in Phila. and a mer- 
chant in N. Brunswick in 1769-75. He raised 
a company in 1775; was app. col. Aug. 31 of 
a rcgt. of minute-men, and was actively en- 
gaged in repelling British inroads until Sept. 
18, 17S0, when he was made dep. qmr.-gcn. for 
N.J. Early in 1777 he planned and success- 
fully executed the surprise of a British post at 
Bennett's Island. Member Old Congress 1778- 
9 In the N. J. convention to ratify the Federal 
Constitution, Col. N. was its zealous and influ- 
ential advocate. 



greatly instrumental in establishing a college 
ill JIarioii Co.. of which he became first pres. 
In 1 836 Dr Nelson, who was a warm emanci- 



pationist, 



ing out 



^,^^^^^, Albert Hobart, judge, b. Mil- 
ford, Ms., March 12, 1812; d. McLean Asy- 
lum, Somcrville, Ms., June 27, 185S. H.U. 
1S32. Son of Dr. John Nelson. Adm. to the 
bar, he practised law in Concord until 1S42, 
when ho removed to ^yobum, and had his otfice 
in Boston. He was several yeara dist. atty. for 
Middlesex and Essex; State senator 1 848-9 ; in 
1 S55 one of the exec, council ; and a few months 
afterward was app. chief justice of the Superior 
Court. 

Nelson, David, M.D., clergvman, b. near 
Jonesboroii-h, Tenn.. Sept. 24, 1793; d. Oak- 
land, 111., Oct. 17, 1844. Wash. Coll., Va., 
1810. He studied medicine in Danville, Ky., 
and the Phila. Med. School. As surgeon of a 
Ky. regt., he went to Canada in the war of 181 2. 
On his return he was found nearly dead of fa- 
tigue and hunger by bis relative Col. Allen. 
Returning from infidelity to his first religious 
convictions, he forsook a lucrative professional 
career to become a Presb. minister; and was 
licensed to preach Apr. 1825. He preached 3 
years in difl^erent parts of Tenn., and was en- 
gaged in the publication of the Cahinistic 
Ma;i. In 1828 he succeeded his bro. Samuel 
ns pastor of the Presb. church in Danville, 
Ky.; in 1830 he removed to Mo., and was 



of the slavery question, removed lo the neigh- 
borhood of Quincy, III., and established an in- 
stitute for the education of young men as mis- 
sionaries. This, like the former institution, 
failed, partly from Dr. Nelson's want of busi- 
ness qualifications. Author of " Cause and 
Cure of Infidelity," which has passed through 
many editions; besides many contriliutions to 
the public journals of the day. — Sprague. 

Welson, HcGH, minister to Spain in 1823, 
b. Va. ; d. AlbemaHe Co. Mar. 18, 1836. 
Wm. and Mary Coll. 1785-90. He had been 
speaker of the house of delegates of Va. ; 
judge of the Gen. Court; and M.C. 1811-23. 

Nelson, Capt. John, a patriotic citizen of 



Sir Thos. Temple. Hutchinson tells us that 
be was not allowed any share in the subsequent 
govt., on account of his being an Episcopalian. 
While on a trading-voyage to Nova Scotia, he 
was taken by the French, and imprisoned in 
Quebec. While there, he wrote a letter, dated 
Aug. 26, 1692, to the court of Ms., which gave 
particular information of the designs of the 
French, in consequence of which he was sent 
to France, where he remained in prison two 
years. Having found means to inlbrm Sir 
Purbeck Temple of his condition, a demand 
was soon after made for his release or exchange. 
The immediate effect of this was his transfer 
to the Bastille as a person of consequence ; but 
he was finally discharged, and returned to his 
family after an absence of 10 or 1 1 years. Sav- 
age says he d. prob. 4 Dec. 1721.-^ A'//o(. 

Nelson, John, lawver, b. Frederick, Md., 
1791; d. 1860. Wm. and Marv Coll. 1811. 
M.C. 1821-3 ; chanje d'affaires to the Two Si- 
cilies 1831-3; U.S. attv.-gen. Jan. 2, 1844, to 
Mar. 5, 1845 ; A.M. of N. J. Coll. 1825. 

Nelson, Joseph, LL.D. (Rutgers Coll. 

SO; • ■-•-•■ 

KutL 

Coll. 1804. Such was his power of memory, 

that he was an excellent teacher. 

Nelson, Robert, Revol. patriot, and chan- 
cellor of Vu. ; d. Malvern Hills, Va., Aug. 4, 
1818, a. 65. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1769. He 
was the last of 5 bros. of whom Gov. Thos. 
was the eldest, all of whom disting. tliemselves 
by their zeal and their sacrifices for their coun- 



Mary Coll. 1813-18. 

Nelson, Gen. Roger, Revol. soldier, and 
M.C. Irom Md. 1804-10; d. Frederiektown, 
June 7, 1815. At the battle of Camden he 
received several severe wounds, and was left on 
the field. After the war he studied and prac- 
tised law with success. M.iny years in the 
Va. legist., and from 1810 to 1815 was judge 
of the Upper Dist. of Va. 

Nelson, Samuel, LL.D. (Mid. Coll. and 
Gen. Coll.), jurist, b. Hebron, N.Y., Nov. 10, 
1792. Mid. Coll. 181.3. Of Irish descent. 
Adm. to the bar of N.Y. in 1817 ; practised 
successfully in Cortland Co. ; delegate to the 



NEL 



654 



NES 



State Const. Conv. of 1S2I ; and postmaster of 
Cortland ; judge of the Circuit Court 18^3-31, 
of the State Supreme Court 1831-7 ; chief jus- 
tice 1837-45 ; app. judge U.S. Supreme Court, 
Feb. 14, 1845. 

Nelson, Thomas, Revol. statesman and 
soldier, b. York Co., Va., Dec. 26, 1738; d. 
there Jan. 4, 1789. His father Win., many 
vears pres. of the council (rt. Nov. 19, 1772, a. 
60), sent him in his 14th year to Cambridge, 
Eng., where he was educated at Trinity Coll. 
While on his way home, he was elected, though 
scarce 21 , a member of the house of burgesses. 
In his 24th year he ra., and settled at Yorktown, 
where his family possessed valuable estates. 
Member of the first convention at Williams- 
burg, in Aug. 1774; in 1775 he was again a 
member of the prov. convention ; and in July 
he was app. col. of the 2d Va. Regt., which he 
resigned upon being elected to the Cont. Con- 
gress. A conspicuous member of the conven- 
tion which in May, 1776, framed a constitution 
for the State; and, July 4, signed the Decl. of 
Indep. He resigned his seat in Congress in 
May, 1777 ; in Aug. was app. com.-in-chief 
of the State forces, and soon after raised a 
troop of cavalrv, with which he repaired to 
Phila. Resuming his duties in the legisl., he 
strongly opposed the proposition to sequestrate 
British property, on the ground that it would 
be an unjust retaliation of public wrongs on 
private individuals. Again in Congress in 
Feb. 1779, he was again obliged liy indisposi- 
tion to resign. In May, however, lie was sud- 
denly called upon to organize the militia lo re- 
pel a marauding exped. of the enemy. A loan 
of $2,000,000 being called for by Va. in June, 
1780, Gen. Nelson, on his personal security, 
raised a great portion of the loan. He also 
advanced money to pay 2 Va. regts., ordered 
South, which had refused to march until their 
arrears were discharged. His ample fortune wiis 
now so seriously impaired, that he was involved 
in |)ccuni:iry embarrassments in the latter part 
of his life. From June imtil Nov. 1781 he 
was gov. of the State, opposing the enemy, 
who were ravaging the State, with all the mi- 
litia he could muster. At the siege of York- 
town, where he com. the Va. militia, he again 
displayed his disinterested patriotism by direct- 
ing tli;it his own splendid mansion, the sup- 
posed he;idquarters of Lord Cornwallis, should 
be bomliarded. His services and those of his 
troops were highly commended in General Or- 
ders, Oct. 20, 1781. With an impaired con- 
stitution, he passed the rest of his days in retire- 
ment. Hed. so poor, that his remaining pos- 
sessions were sold to pay his debts. His statue 
is one of the 6 placed around the Washington 
Monumentat Richmond, Va. Twoof his bros. 
were officers of the Revol. armv, — Mnj. John 
anil Win. (ni.ij. 7th Va. Regt. Feb. 29, 1776). 

Nelson, Thomas H., diplomatist, b. Ma- 
son Co., Kv., nil. 1824. Bro. of Gen. Wm. 
Removed early in lile to Rockville, and subse- 
quently to Terre Haute, Ind., where he has 
been prominent in law and in politics. An 
advocate and debater of great address and 
power, and one of the founders, in the West, of 
the Repub. party. Minister to Chili 1861-6; 
minister to Mexico since March, 1869. 



Nelson, William, chancellor; d. Wil- 
liamsburg, Va., Mar. 8, 1813, a. 53. Wm. 
and Mary Coll. 1776-81. Prof of law there 
in 1804-r3. 

Nelson, Gen. William, b. Maysville, 
Ky., 1825; d. Lonisville, Ky., Sept. 29, 1862. 
Bro. of Thomas, minister to Chili. Entering 
the navy in 1840, he com. a naval battery at 
the siege of Vera Cruz, and afterward served 
in the Mediterranean. Promoted lo master in 
1854, and lieut. in 1855; in 1858 he was or- 
dered to " The Niagara" when she carried back 
to Africa the negroes taken from the slaver 
" Echo." At the outbreak of the civil war, he 
was on ordnance-duty at Washington ; pro- 
moted to lieut.-com., and detailed to command 
the gunboats on the Ohio, he was soon detached 
from this duty, placed under the authority of 
the sec. of war, and ordered to Ky. He organ- 
nized camp " Dick Robinson," between Gar- 
rardsville and Danville, and another at Wash- 
ington, Mason Co. ; was very successful in 
raising troops; and had several contests with 
the Confederates in Eastern Ky. Made brig.- 
gen. Sept. 16, 1861; he com. the 2d division of 
Gen. Buell's army at the battle of Shiloh ; was 
wounded at the battle of Richmond, Ky. ; and 
took com. at Louisville when it was menaced 
by Gen. Bragg's army; maj.-gen. of vols. July 
17, 1862. He was shot by Gen. Jefferson C. 
Davis in a personal quarrel, occasioned by his 
overbearing disposition, and his harsh and un- 
just treatment of that officer. 

Nelson, WoLFRED, M.D., a Canadian 
jihvsician and patriot, b. Montreal, July 10, 
1792 ; d. June 17, 1863. The son of an Eng- 
lish commissariat officer. He studied medicine, 
and began practice in 1811 at St. Denis on the 
Richelieu River. During the war of 1S12 lie 
was .surgeon of a batt. raised in that (list. In 
IS27 he represented Sorel in parliament. Be- 
lirviii" his Ciinailian countrymen entitled to the 
saiiic ri:^lits as ilicir fellow-sulijects in Great 
liritain, he look up arms in 1837, the year of 
the ivljclliiiii, and won the victory of St. Denis; 
but was captured, and exiled to Bermuda. He 
settled in Plattsburg, N.Y., in 1838 ; but, when 
the amnesty was declared in Aug. 1842, went 
to Montreal. Elected to parliament from 
Richelieu in 1844, and again in 1845 ; declin- 
ing a third election, he was in 1851 made insp. 
of prisons, becoming chairman of the board m 
1859. He was also pres. of the Coll. of Phys. 
and Surgeons for Lower Canada, and twice 
mayor of Montreal. Robert his bro., also a 
physician, in 1838 led an invading force into 
Canada, which was speedily overthrown. He 
withdrew to Cal., and subsequently practised 
in New York. 

Nesmith, John, mannfacturer, b. Lon- 
donderry, N.H., Aug. 3, 1793; d. Oct. 15, 
1809. He began life poor; was an apprentice 
in acountry store ; afterward went into business 
for himself with his bro. Thomas, and, remov- 
ing to N.Y., built up a lucrative business. In 
1 831 they removed to Lowell, Ms., and invested 
largely in real estate and in manufactures. He 
was a large owner in the Merrimack Woollen 
Mills Co., and made a large sum by securing the 
supply of water in Winnipiseogee and Squam 
Lakes' as reservoirs for the Lowell mills in dry 



655 



NEW 



seasons. He secured the site where the city 
of Lawrence now stands, and the control of 
the water-power there. Among his inventions 
were those of machinery for making wire fence 
and shawl-fringe. He held various offices in 
the city govt, of Lowell; waslieut.-gov. of Ms. 
in 1862, and U.S. revenue coll. for the dist. 
He was a firm supporter of the temperance 
cause, and made liberal donations to charitable 
and benevolent objects. 

Nettleton, Asahel, D.D. (Hamp. Sid. 
1839), clergyman, b. N. Killingworth, Ct., Apr. 
21, 178.3; d. May 16, ISW. Y.C. 1809. Hav- 
ing studied thcologv, he was licensed to preach 
May, 181 1 ; and in"lS17 was ord. by the South 
Consociation of Litchfield Co. His preaching 
was so effective, that he gave up his intention 
of being a missionary ; and from 1812 to 18l>2 
brought about reviviils in 32 vilUv.'cs of Ct., in 
Western Ms., and the adiaeent towns in N \'. 
In 1827 he pub. a vol. of " VilLi-e Hymns." 
He went to Va. for his health in 1827; re- 
turned in 1829, and preached in N. Eng. and 
N.Y. until 1831. In the spring of that year 
he made a voyage to Eng., also visiting Scot- 
land and Ireland. Returning in 1832, he was 
shortly after app. prof of pastoral duty in the 
newly-organized theol. sem. at E. Windsor; 
and, though he did not accept the office, he 
took up his residence in the place, and lectured 
occasionally to the students. Dr. Nettleton's 
eermons were chiefly extemporaneous. In 
later life he opposed the doctrinal views of the 
New-Haven school of theology. — See Memoir 
by Bennett Ti/ler, D.D. ; Remains and Sermons, 
erf. bi/ liev. H. Ti/ler, 12mo, Hartford. 

Ifeuman, John Nepomucene, D.D., 
R.C. bishop of Phila. ; consec. Mar. 28, 1832; 
b. Bohemia, Mar. 28, 1811; d. Jan. 5, 1860. 
U. of Prague. Ord. priest at N.Y. Jan. 2.'j, 
1836 ; and subsequently entered the order of 
the Most Holy Redeemer. 

NeuwiedjOrWied, MAXuitLiAy Alex- 
ander Philippe, Prince of, a German natu- 
ralist and traveller; b. Sept. 23, 1782. He 
held the rank of maj.-gen. in the Prussian 
army, and explored Brazil from 1815 to 1817. 
He pub. " Reise nach Br.isilicn,'' 2 vols., Frank- 
fort, 1819-20 ; " Abhildtuyen :ur Nalurqesdiichte 
Brasiliens," Weimar, 1823-31 ; and " Beitruge 
zur Natiirgexchichte Brasiliens," 4 vols., Weimar, 
1824-33. He subsequently travelled in the 
U.S., and wrote "Reise durch Nordamerihi," 
with 81 plates, 2 vols., Coblentz, 1838-43; 
Lond. 1843. He is the uncle of the present 
Prince Herman of Wied. 

Neville, Edmund, D.D., b. London. Ord. 
Prot.-Epis. Ch., Phila., 1840. Had charge of 
St. Thomas's Ch., Taunton, Ms., until 1842; 
rector of St. Philip's, Phila., 1842-50; of 
Christ Ch., N. Orleans, 1850-2 ; of St. Thomas's 
Ch., N.Y., 1852-6; returned in 1856 to Taun- 
ton ; and in 1857 became rector of Trinity Ch.. 
Newark, N.J. Author of " Autumnal Leaves," 
1845; "George Selwood," 1848; "Questions 
on the Morn, and Even. Services," 1849; on 
"Nevin's Bibl. Antiq.," 1849 ; Sermons, and 
contribs. to National Preacher. — AUibone. 

Neville, Gen. John, Revol. soldier, b. on 
the head-waters of the Occaquan, Va., 1731 ; 
d. Montours Island, near Pittsburg, 29 July, 



1803. He engaged in Braddock's expcd. in 
1755; settled near Winchester, where he was 
some time sheriff; was in 1774 a dcleg. from 
Augusta Co. to the Prov. Convention; was 
col. 4th Va. Ecgt. in the Revol. war, and served 
at Trenton, Princeton, Gcrmantown, and Mon- 
mouth ; after the war he was a member of the 
exec, council of Pa., and, being a U. S. insp. 
under the excise law, was engaged in suppress- 
ing the Whiskey Insurrection in 1 794. 

Neville, Joseph, Revol. officer, and M.C. 
1793-5, b. 1730; d. Hardy Co., Va., 4 Mar. 
1819. Commiss. to run the boundary-line be- 
tween V.I. and Pa. Brig.-gen. State militia. 

Neville, Morgan, author, b. 1786; d. 
1839. Son of Presley. He was some time 
editor of the Pittsburg Gazette; removed to 
Cincinnati ab. 1824; became sec. of an ins- 
comp., and contrib. to the periodicals of that 
city. " Mike Fink, the Last of the Boatmen," 
was pub. in the Western Souvenir for 1829. 

Neville, Col. Presley, Revol. officer, 
son of Gen. John, b. Pittsburg, 1756 ; d. Fair- 
view, 0., 1 Dec. 1818. U. of Phila. 1775. 
He served through the Revol. war, part of the 
time as aide-de-camp to Lafayette ; was made 
prisoner at the capture of Charleston ; afterward 
brigade insp., and member of the Assembly; a 
merchant of Pittsburg in 1 792-1 8 1 8. He m. a 
dau. of Gen. Daniel Morgan. 

Nevin, Alfred, D.D., Presb. divine of 
Pa. Jeff. Coll. 1838. Author of " Spiritual 
Progression;" "Hist. Sketch of the Congs. of 
Franklin and Cumberland Counties, Pa.," 
12mo, 1853; "Guide to the Oracles," 1857. 

Nevin, John Williamson, D.D., theo- 
logian, b. Franklin Co., Pa., Feb. 20, 1803. 
Un. Coll. 1821. He studied 3 years in the 
Princeton Theol. Sera. ; was assist, teacher there 
two years, during wlueh he wrote " Biblical 
Antiquities," 2 vols., 1828 ; and was licensed to 
preach by the presbytery of Carlisle in 1828; 
fi-om 1829 to 1839 he was assist, teacher and 
prof, of Hebrew and biblical lit. at the theol. 
sem. in Alleghany City, and in the meanwhile 
was ord.; in 1833-4 he edited the Friend, a 
weekly literary journal ; in 1840 he removed to 
Merccrsburg, Pa. ; took charge of the theol. 
sem. there ; and from March, 1 841 , to 1 853, was 
pres. of Marshal Coll. In 1843 he pub. " The 
Anxious Bench," and a translation of Dr. 
SchafTs "Principle of Protestantism," with 
an introduction, and a sermon on " Catholic 
Unity ; " in 1846 he published " The Mystical 
Presence;" in 1847 the "History and Genius 
of the Heidelberg Catechism ; " in 1848 "Anti- 
christ, or the Spirit of Sect and Schism ; " 
" Summary of Bible Antiquities," 8vo, Phila. 
1853. From Jan. 1849 to Jaii. 1853 he edited 
the Merccrsburg Revieu;, to which he is still a 
contrib. He resigned his professorship at the 
close of 1851, and now resides near Lancaster. 
Dr. Nevin was the originator and exponent of 
the " Mercersburg System of Theology." 

New, CoL. Anthony, Revol. officer, b. 
Gloucester Co., Va., 1747; d. near Elkton, 
Todd Co., Ohio, 2 Mar. 1833. M.C. from Va. 
1793-1805, when he removed to Ky. ; and was 
M.C. from Ky. 18U-13, 1817-19, and 1821-3. 
Newberry, J. S., M.D. (Cleve. Med. Coll. 
1848), LL.D., geologist, b. Windsor, Ct. 



NE-W 



656 



W. Rps. Coll. 1846. His emi?. ancestor went 
in 1635 from Dorchester, Ms., to W. In 
1849-50 hi studied and trarcUed abroad ; estab- 
lished himself in practice in Cleveland in 1851 ; 
accomp. as assist, surgeon and geol. a U.S. 
sun'cy of N. California and Oregon in 1855; 
and pub. a vol. on tho geology, botany, and 
zoology of that region ; explored with Lieut. 
Ives tho Colorado River in 1857-S, and again 
wilh Capt. Macomb in 1859. During tho 
Rebellion he performed much labor in the 
■Western U.S. Sanitary Com. Since 1866 
prof, of geology Col. Coll., N.Y. ; and sinec 
l-^eg State geologist of O. He has been pros. 
of the Araer. Assoc, for the Adv. of Science ; ia 
now (1870) pros, of tho N.Y. Lyceum of 
Natural History, and is a member of many 
learned societies. 

Newcastle, Thomas Pelham Clintos, 
2d Duke of, b. July 1752 ; d. May 17, 1795. 
He entered the army as ensign 12th Foot, Mar. 
1769; became capt. 1st Drag. Guards, July, 
1 770 ; exchanged into the Tst Foot Guards 
Apr. 1775, and came to America, wheru he 
served as aide-de-camp to his second cousin. 
Sir Henry Clinton, wilh whoso despatches, an- 
nouncing the fall of Charleston, S.C, he went 
to England in 1 780 ; he was shortly after made 
a col., and aide-de-camp to the king; maj.-gcn 
1787; and succeeded to the dukedom in 1 794. 

NeTycomb, Harvet, D.D., author, b. 
Thetford, Vt., 1803; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Aug. 
30, 1 863. Removing to Alfred, N. Y., in 1 8 1 8, 



the Buffalo Patriot 1828-30, the Pittsburg 
Clirislimi Ihrald 1830-31 ; and for the next 10 
years wrote Sabbath-school books. Licensed 
to preach in 1 840, he had charge of the West 
Roxbury Cong. Church in 1 84 1 , and afterward 
of those of Needham and GrantviUe; in 1849 
he was assist, editor of tho Traveller, and 1850- 
51 of the N.Y. Observer; preached some time 
at the Park-street Mission Chiu-ch, Brooklyn ; 
and in 1 859 took charge of the church in Han- 
cock, Pa. He wrote 178 vols., mostly for 
children, among them 14 vols, of church his- 
tory; "Young Ladies' Guide," 1853; "Four 
Pillars, or the Truth of Christianity Demon- 
strated," 12mo, 1842; " Manners and Customs 
of tho N.A. Indians," 2 vols. 1 8mo ; and 
" Pastor's Gift." His largest work was " Tho 
Cyelopiedia of Missions," 8vo, 1 855. He was 
a regular contrib. to the Boston Recorder in 
1 837-42, and to tho Youth's Companion for a 
much longer period; he also contrib. to tho 
Puritan Recorder and the N. Y. Evangelist. 

Newell, Robert Henry (" Orpheus C. 
Iverr "). humorist and poet, b. N. Y. City, 13 
Dec. 1836. Educated liberally with a view to 
a profession. After a brief trial of mercantile 
lile. he became in 1858-9 literary ed. of tho 
N.Y. Atercmy, to which he contrib. those bur- 
lesque and satirically fanciful letters on tlie 
war of secession, under the .signature of Or- 
pheus C. Kerr ("office-seeker"), which have 
since appeared in 4 vols., and which stamped 
him as a genuine humorist. He relinquished his 
editorship in 1863, and visited Cal. He has 
also pub. "The Palace Beautiful," a vol. of 
serious and deseripiive verses; "Avery Gli- 



bun," &c., a romnnce in 2 vols. ; " The Cloven 
Fout," an adaptation of the "Mystery of 
Edwin Drood," 1870; and "Versatilities," a 
coil, of poems, 1871. Now preparing a hu- 
morous anil eccentric novel to be entitled 
" The Thief of Time," and contrib. to the 
Sumlav issue of the N. Y. ]Vorld " Social 
Studies." 

Newell, Samdel, missionary, b. Durham, 
Me., July 25, 1 785 ; d. Boml ay. May 30, 1 S21. 
H.U. 1807. He studied theology at Anilovcr. 
Offered himself as a missionary, .I'une 27, 1 s 1 ; 
was ord. at Salem with Jud>on, Nott, Rice, 
and Hall, Feb. 5, 1812; m. Hamet, duu. of 
Moses Atwood, Feb. 9, 1812, with whom, and 
in company with Judson, he sailed for Calcutta 
two weeks later. Ordered by tho Bengal 
govt, to leave on his arrival, he sailed to the 
Isle of France, thence to Ceylon, and finally, 
in 1817, joined Mr. Hall at Bombay. He was 
one of the first of our fort ign missionaries, and 
a signer of the paper which led to the Ibrmalion 
of the A.B.C.F.M. He wrote, with Mr. Hall, 
" Tho Conversion of the Wor'd, or the Claims 
of Six Hundred Millions," Andovcr, 1818 ; and 
"A Memoir of Harriet NcwlH" (b. 10 Oct. 
1793, d. 30 Nov. 1812), a memoir of whom 
was also wi-itten by Dr. Woods. 

Newell, WiLLUM A., statesman, b. Ohio. 
Rutgers Coll. 1836. Adopted the medical 
profession, and settled in N. J.; M.C. 1847-51; 
gov. of N. J. 1857-60; deleg. to the Bait, con v. 
1864. 

Newhall, Isaac, writer of a volume 
ascribing the authorship of " Junius " to Earl 
Temple, b. Lynn, Ms., 24 Aug. 1782 ; d. there 
July 6, 185S. A merchant in Salem in 1812- 
15, he afterward lived in Macon, Ga., but 
finally settled in Lynn. Ho was well informed 
upon British politics and literature. 

Newman, Fran-cis, gov. of New Haven 
from 1 653 until his d. 1 8 Nov. 1660 ; was in 1 653, 
together with several others, app. an agent to 
wait on Gov. Stuyvesant at Manhadoes, and 
obtain satisfaction for the injuries which tho 
Dutch had inflicted on the Colony. He had 
previously been sec. of the Colony during the 
administration of Gov. Eaton ; assist, in 1 653 ; 
and in 1654 and '58 was one of the commissioners 
of the United Colonies. Settled at N.H. in 1638. 

Newman, Samuel, first minister ot I?e- 
he>boih, b. Banburv, Eng., 1002; d. Julv 5, 
1063. U.ofOxf. 1620. Attirstaminislc'rof 
the Established Church. He came to N.E. ab. 
1636; spent a year and a half at Dorchester, 
ab. 5 years at Weymouth; and in 1644 re- 
moved to Rehoboth. He compiled a " Con- 
cordance," the 5th ed. of which, with consid- 
erable improvements, was pub. Lond. fbl. 1720. 

Newman, Samuel p., prof, of rhetoric 
and oratory at Bowd. Coll. 1824-39, b. An- 
dover, 1796; d. Barre, Ms., while in charge 
of the State Normal School, Feb. 10, 184-.'. 
Bowd. Coll. 1816. Son of Mark. Pub. 
" Rhetoric," and a treatise on " Political Econ- 
omy," Southern Eclectic Readers, pts. i., ii., iii. 

iTewnan, Col. Daniel, b. N. C. ; d. 
Walker Co., Ga., 1851. App. licut. 4th U.S. 
Inf. March, 1799 ; resigned Jan. 1, 1802 ; adj. 
and insp.-gen. of Ga. ; eol. com. Ga. Vols, in 
two actions with E. Fla. Indians, Sept. and 



657 



NIC 



Oct. I8I2; (listing, in attack on Creek Indians 
in Autossee towns under Gen. Flovd, Nov. 29, 
1813; lieut.col. com. Ga. Vols.' Dec. 1813; 
severely wounded in battle under Gen. Floyd 
with Creeks at Camp Defiance Jan. 27, 1814; 
M.C. 1831-3. ~ Gardner. 

Newport, C.4PT. CHRiSTOpnEK, an Eng- 
lish navigator, who commanded the first suc- 
cessful e.\ped. for the settlement of Va. He 
had previously acquired rt'putation in expeds. 
against the Spaniards in the W. Indies. With 
3 vessels he set sail from Blackwall, Dec. 19, 
1606; Apr. 26, 1607, they .saw and named 
Cape Henry and Cape Charles in honor of the 
sons of King James; landing Apr. 30, they 
named the spot Point Comfort, having recent- 
ly experienced a severe storm. They landed 
at Jamestown, the first permanent settlement 
effected by the English in N.A., May 13. 
Newport, in June, returned to Eng. Early the 
next year, he arrived opportunely with ad- 
ditional settlers and supplies. He soon after 
visited Powhatan at Werowocomoco, accomp. 
by Capt. Smith and a party of 30 or 40 men ; 
and next visited Opecancanough at Pamunkcy. 
He returned to Eng. after a delay of 3 and a 
half months, but visited Va. again late in 1608, 
bringing a second supply, including presents 
lor Powhatan. Ho subsequently came back 
to Va. in the fleet convoying Lord Delaware 
and the new charter to the Colony, but was 
wrecked at Bermudas, where they built a ves- 
sel, with which they reached their destination. 
Before returning to Eng. for the last time, he 
attempted, with RatclilFe, to depose Smith 
from the presidency, but was defeated in the at- 
tempt, and acknowled^'ed himself in the wrong. 
Newport's " Discoveries in Amer." were first 
pub. in 1860, in " Arclueologia Americana," 
vol. iv. p. 25, edited by Rev. E. E. Hale. 

Newton, Gilbert Stuart, artist, b. 
Halifax, N.S., Sept. 2, 1795 ; d. 5 Aug. 1835. 
Henry his father, a loyalist, left Boston in 
1776 ; bec.trae collector of customs in Halifax; 
and d. 1803. The son was then brought to 
Boston ; became the pupil of his uncle, Gil- 
bert Stuart; visited Italy; and in 1817 went 
with Leslie to London. Social intercourse 
and ill-health limited his work, and for several 
years a mental disorder blighted and isolated 
his life. He was a good colorist ; had humor, 
genius, and pathos. Amons his works is the 
" Dull Lecture," " The Poet reading his 
Verses," portraits of John Adams and Wash- 
ington Irving, and scenes from " Gil Bias" and 
Moliere. — Tuckerman. 

Newton, Isaac, naval architect, b. Scho- 
dack, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1794; d. N.Y. Nov. 22, 
1858. Son of a Revol. soldier; pursued the 
occupation of a ship-builder; and over 90 ves- 
sels have been constructed under his super- 
vision. The splendid Hudson-river boats, 
" Hendrick Hudson " and the " New World," 
were built by him ab. 1851. — Hist. May. iii. 
27. 

Newton, John, brev. maj.-sen. U.S.A., b. 
Va. al). 1820. West Point, 1842. Entering 
the engr. corps, he was assist, prof, of eng. at 
West Point 1843-6; 1st lieut. 16 Oct. 1852; 
capt. 1 July, 1S56; maj. 6 Aug. 1861; brig.- 
gen. vols. 23 Sept. 1861 ; maj.-gen. vols. 30 



Mar. 1863; lieut.-col. engrs. 23 Dec. 1865. 
He was engaged in various scrvii-LS, including 
the Utah exped. in 1858; the cun-truftion of 
Ft. Delaware, and repair of Ft. MitHin, IS.-18- 
61 ; com. a liri;;ade in the Peninsular camp ; 
and eiiu'i-'' >' 1 'i . -s .Mill and Glendale; 
al.so at > .> 1 1 nil and Aiitietani, tor 

which 111' ,: > 1 . Svpt. 1862 ; com. a di- 

vision at Fi iK II 1.-! 111,.' aiidat Gettysburg, for 
which brov. col. 3 Jtilv, 1SB3; com' 1st corps 
from 2 July, 1863, to Dec. 18G3 ; com. 2d div. 
4th corps in invasion of Ga. May-Sept. 18G4; 
and engaged at Rocky-faced Ridge, Resaca, 
Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach-tree Creek, Jonesbor- 
ough, and siege and capture of Atlanta; com. 
Dist. of Key West and Tortugas, Oct. 1864- 
June, 1865; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for 
Peach-tree Creek and Atlanta, Ga. ; and brev. 
m.ij.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services 
during the Rebellion. — C.(//um. 

Newton, John Thomxs, capt. U.S.N., b. 
Va.; d. Washington, D.C., July 28, 1857. 
Midshipman, Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. July 24, 
1813; master, March 3, 1827; capt. Feb. 9, 
1 837 ; acting lieut. of " The Hornet " in the ac- 
tion with " The Peacock," Feb. 24, 1813 ; and 
1st lieut. in that with " The Penguin," Mar. 23, 
1815. 

Newton, Roger ; d. Milford, Ct., Jan. 15, 

1771, a. 86. Col. and disting. in the expeds. of 
1709-10; many years a member of the coun- 
cil, and 33 years judge of C.C.P. In his epi- 
taph are these lines : — 

'• Newton, as steel, inflexible from right 
lu faith, in law, in equity, in light." 

Newton, Thomas, lawyer, b. Eng. Jan. 
10, 1661 ; d. Portsmouth, N.H., May 28, 1721. 
He was educated in Eng. ; was atty.-gen. for 
Ms. Bay 1720-1 ; dep. judge and judge of the 
admiralty; comptroller of the customs; sec. 
of N.H. until 1690; and for many years one 
of the chief lawyers of Boston. 

Nicholas, Ge.v., Revol. oflicer, b. Ireland. 
1724; d. Alexandria, Va., 9 Aug. 1807. He 
was a scholar, and translated from the French 
a work on military tactics. 

Nicholas, George, statesman and jurist, 
eldest son of Robert Carter N., b. Hanover, 
Va. ; d. Ky. 1799. Wm. and Mary Coll. 

1772. Was disting. during the Revoi. in the 
field and in the council ; maj. 2d Va. Regt. 
1777, and afterward col. ; was a leading mem- 
ber of the convention which ratified the Federal 
Constitution ; was a member of the house of 
delegates, whose deliberations he almost entirely 
controlled. Emigrating from Va. in 1790, he 
was chosen a member of the convention for 
framing a constitution for Ky., which met 
April 1, 1792, at Danville, and of which instru- 
ment he may be called the author. He was 
the first atty.-gen. of the State. 

Nicholas, Robert Carter, patriot and 
statesman, b. Va. 1715 ; d. at his scat in Han- 
over, Va., 1780. Wm. and M. Coll. Son of 
Dr. George, who emig. to Va. ab. 1700, and in. 
a widow, Mrs. Burwell, n& Carter. He was 
named for Robert Carter, pres. of the council 
in 1726, and studied and practised law, in 
which he rose to eminence. While young he 
represented James City in the house of bur- 
gesses, in which he continued till the house of 



NIC 



658 



delegates was oifranized in 1777, and sat in that 
body, till, in 1779, app. a judge of the High 
Court of Chancery, and consequently of the 
Court of Appeals. From 1764 to 'l776 he 
was a conspicuous member of the party of 
which Bland, Peyton Randolph, and Pendle- 
ton were prominent lenders ; and in 1765 voted 
against the Stamp-Act resolutions of Henry; 
treasurer of the Colony in 1766-77 ; in 1773 
was of the com. of corresp ; and was a mem- 
ber of all the conventions, and pres. pro tempore 
of that of July, 1775. He was a strong and- 
ready rather than an eloquentspeaker, a sound 
lawyer, and a good financier. His sons, all 
educated at Wm. and Mary Coll., and all 
disting., were George, John (M.C. 1793- 
1801, who afterward removed to N.Y.), Wil- 
son Cary (gov. of Va.), and Philip Nor- 
BORNE (many years atty .-gen. of Va., pres. of 
the Farmers' Bank, member of the convention 
of 1829-30, and a judge of the Gen. Court). — 
Griqsl'y. 

Nicholas, Robert Carter, U.S. senator 
1835-41, b. Va.; d. Terrebonne, La., 24 Dec. 
1857. App. capt. 20th Inf. 12 Mar. 1812; maj. 
12th Inf. March, 1813; lieut-col. Aug. 1814; 
charge d'affaires to Naples ; subsequently sec. 
of state of La. ; and in 1 85 1 became State supt. 
of public instruction. 

Nicholas, Samoel Smith, jurist, son of 
George, b. Lexington, Ky., 1796; d. Louis- 
ville, Ky., 27 Nov. 1869. At first a merchant 
in N. Orleans, afterward practised law in 
Louisville, Ky., with success, and in Dec. 
1831 was app. judge of the Court of Appeals. 
Sub.sequently member of the State legisl. 
Author of a series of essays on Constitutional 
Law, and assisted in preparing the revised code 
of Kentucky. 

Nicholas, Col. Wilson Cart, statesman, 
son of Robert Carter, b. Hanover, Va. ; d. Mil- 
ton, Va., Oct. 10, 1820. Wm. and M. Coll. 
An officer of the Revol. army ; commanded 
Wasliington's Life Guard until its disbandment 
in 1 783 ; and a member of the convention which 
ratified the U.S. Constitution. He was a dis- 
ting. M.C. in 1807-9; U.S. senator in 1799- 
1804, and ably supported the administration of 
Jellerson ; collector of the ports of Norfolk and 
Portsmouth in 1804-7 ; and gov. of Va. in 
1814-17. lie pub. a letter to his constituents 
in 1809. 

Nichols, Edward T., capt. U.S N., b. Ga. 
Mar. 1, 1822. Midshipm. Dec. 14, 1836 ; licut. 
Mar. 13, 1850; com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 
26, 1866. Com. steamer "Winona," W. Gulf 
b'ock. squad., 1861-2; bombardment of Forts 
Jackson and St. Philip ; received the surrender 
of the latter Apr. 28, 1862 ; at the attack and 
passage of Vicksburg batteries, June 28, 1862 ; 
engagement with rebel ram " Arkansas ; " 
bombardm. and passage of Vicksburg batteries, 
July 15, 1862; com. steamer "Alabama," W. 
I. squad., 1863; steamer "Mendota," N. Atl. 
block, squad., 1864-5 ; engaged with rebel bat- 
tery at Four-mile Creek, James River, June 1 6, 
1864; chief .of staflf, Asiatic squadron, 1870. — 
Hamersly. 

Nichols, Edward W., landscape-painter, 
b. Orlord, N H., 1820; d. PeeksUll, N.Y., 20 
.Sept. 1871. Son of a Baptist clergyman. Ha 



taught sacred music in N.E. ; afterward studied 
law at Burlington, Vt. ; and subsequently stud- 
ied art under Cropsey in N.Y., and for 2 years 
in Italy. His sympathy with and appreciation 
of the beauties of Nature eminently fitted him 
for his profession ; and his pictures are highly 
valued l^ good judges. 

Nichols, ICHABOD, D.D. (Bowdoin Coll. 
1821 ; H.U. 1831), clergyman, b. Portsmouth, 
N.H, July 5, 1784; d. Cambridge, Ms., Jan. 
2,1859. H.U. 1802. After studying theology 
at Salem, he was from 1 805 to 1 809 tutor in 
mathematics at Cambridge; Jan. 7, 1809, w.is 
ord. assoc. pastor with Rev. Dr. Deane of the 
First Cong. Church, Portland, at whose de- 
cease in 1 8 1 4 he became sole pastor, continuing 
so till 1855, when he received a colleague, and 
removed to Cambridge. Several years vice- 
pres. of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 
In his theology he was a Unitarian of the con- 
servative school. He pub. in 1830 a work on 
Natural Theology, containing some original 
views and illustrations. "Remembered Words 
from the Sermons of Rev. I. Nichols " ap- 
pearcd in Boston, 1 860 ; " Hours with the 
Evangelists," 2 vols. 1861. 

Nichols, Mrs. Mart Sergeant Gove 
(Neal),M D.,b. Goftstown.N.H., 1810. Wide- 
ly known as a practitioner of the water-cure 
system, and author of " Lectures to Ladies on 
Anatomy and Physiology," 1 844 ; under the 
nom de plume of " Mary Orme," " Uncle John, 
or is it too much Trouble ? " "Agnes Norris," 
and "Eros and Anteros," "Amcr. Ecleetive 
Papers" in the Amer. Review, and many pieces 
in Godey's Lady's Book. — See Mrs. Hale's 
Woman's Record. 

Nichols, Moses, physician, and gen. of 
militia; d.Amherst, Nil., May,1790, a.49. At 
Bennington, Aug. 17, 1777, he commanded the 
troops sent by Stark to attack the rear of the 
enemy's left. He practised physic many years, 
and held various offices. His son Moses, phys. 
and judge, lived in Canada. 

Nichols, Mrs. Rebecca S., dan. of Dr. 
Reed of Greenwich, N. J., and wife of W. Nich- 
ols of Cincin. Has pub. " Bemice, and othir 
Poems," 1844; "Songs of the Heart and the 
Hearthstone," 8vo, 1 !<52 ; and has contrib. 
verses to the Guest, a journal edited by herself, 
and to other periodicals. Her earliest pieces 
appeared in the Louisville Journal and the 
Ncws-Letter, ab. 1840, over the signature "El- 
len." A series of sprightly papers, under the 
nom de plume " Kate Cleaveiand, were contrib. 
by her to the Cin. Herald. — See Poets and Po- 
etry of the West. 

Nichols, Richard, gov. of N.Y. and N.J.; 
was one of the four commissioners app. in 1664 
to inquire into the state of the Colonies, to de- 
termine complaints in the various govts, of 
N.E., and subdue the Dutch at Manhadoes. 
They reached Boston in July, and soon pro- 
ceeded against the Dutch, who surrendered in 
Aug. After an administration in N.Y., con- 
ducted with great prudence, integrity, and mod- 
eration, Nichols returned to Eng., and was suc- 
ceeded by Col. Lovelace in 1667. The govt, of 
N.J. he resigned to Carteret in 1666. 

Nichols, William A., brev. maj.-gen. 
U S.A., b. Pa. 1817; d. St. Louis, Mo., Apr. 8, 



659 



NIC 



1869. West Point, 1S3S. Entering the 2d Art., 
he served with distinction in the Mexican war, 
first as aide to Gen. Quitman, and then as as- 
sist, adj. -gen to Gen. Garland. Disting. at 
Monterey, Churubnsco, and Molino del Rey, 
and brev. capt. and maj. ; assist, adj.-gen. (rank 
of capt.) July 29, 1852; lieut.-col. Aug. 3, 
1861 ; col. June 1, 1864; brev. brig.-gen. Sept. 
24, 1864; and brev. maj.-gen. March 13, 1865. 

Nicholson, Alfued Osbokn Pope, l.iw- 
ycr and politician, b. Williamson Co., Tenn., 
Aug. 31, 1808. U. of N.C. 1827. Settled in 
Tenn. as a lawyer in 1831 ; in 1832-5 he ed- 
ited the Wrstern Mercuri/, a Dcmoc. paper, at 
Columbia, Tenn.; from' Dec. 1844 to 1846 he 
edited the Nashville Union ; was a member of 
the legist, in 18.33-9; U.S. senator in 1840-2; 
State seiiator in 1 843-5 ; chancellor of the mid- 
dle division of the State in 1845 and '51 ; prcs. 
of the Bank of Tenn. in 1 846-7 ; printer of the 
house during the 33d, and of the senate during 
the 34th, Congresses ; and in 1853-6 editor of 
the Washington Daili/ Union. He was a mem- 
ber of the convention which met at Nashville 
in 1850, and delivered there an elaborate speech 
in favor of the " compromise movement," then 
before Congress ; member of the Democ. nat. 
convention of 1852; and was offered by Gen. 
Pierce a cabinet appointment, which "he de- 
clined. Elected U.S. senator in 1859, he was 
expelled in July, 1861. 

Nicholson, Sir Francis, a colonial gov. ; 
d. Lond. March 5, 1728. He was by profes- 
sion a soldier, and was lieut.-gov. of N.Y. un- 
der Andros, and at the head of the administra- 
tion in 1687-9 ; gov. of Va. 1690-2 and 1699- 
1705; gov. of Md. 1694-9. In 1710 he was 
com. of the forces that captured Port Royal 
Oct. 2. He returned to Eng. to urge another 
attempt on Canada, taking with him 5 Iroquois 
chiefs, who were presented to Queen Anne. He 
also com. the unsuccessful cxped. of the next 
year. Oct. 12, 1712, to Aug. 1717, he was gov. 
ot Nova Scotia. He was knighted in 1720; 
gov. of S.C. 1721-5 ; returned to Eng. in June, 
1 725 ; and made a lieut.-gen. Author of " An 
Apology or Vindication of F.N., Gov. of S.C," 
Lond., folio, 1724; "Journal of an E.xpcd. for 
the Reduction of Port Royal," Lon4-, 4to, 171 1. 

Nicholson, James, com. U.S.N., b. Ches- 
tertown, Md., 1737 ; d. N. York, Sept 2, 1804. 
Ho was trained to the sea with his two bros., 
Samuel and John, afterwards capts. in the na- 
vy ; was at the capture of Havana in 1762; 
resided in New York in 1763-71; entered the 
Rcvol. navy in " The Defence," a Md. vessel, 
in 1775, in which, in Mar. 1776, he recaptured 
several vessels which had been taken by the 
British; was app. to com. " The Virginia," of 
28 guns, in June, 1776 ; and in Jan. 1777 suc- 
ceeded Com. E-sck Hopkins as com.-in<hief of 
the navy, holding that post until its dissolu- 
tion. A strict blockade of the Chesapeake pre- 
vented " The Virginia " from getting to sea ; 
and Capt. Nicholson and his crew joined the 
army, and were present at the battle of Tren- 
toiL In a subsequent attempt to get to sea, 
his ship struck upon a bar, and Avas captured, 
the captain and most of his crew escaping. An 
inquiry, instituted by Congress, acquitted him 
of all blame. He atterward com. the frigate 



"Trumbull," of 38 guns; and June 2, 1780 
had a severe action of 3 hours with " The Wy- 
att," losing 30 men before the ships parted. In 
Aug. 1781 she was captured off the Capes of 
Delaware by " The Ins " and " Gen. Monk," 
after a gallant resistance, being completely dis- 
mantled. Capt. N. after the war resided in 
New York, where he was in lSOl-4 U.S. cora- 
miss. of loans. His three daughters were m. 
to Albert Gallatin, Win. Few, and John Montr 
gomery, an M.C., and mayor of Baltimore. 

Nicholson, J. W. A., capt. U.S N., b. Ms., 
Feb. 10, 1821. Midshipm. Feb. 10, 1838; 
lieut. Apr. 24, 1852 ; com. July 16, 1862 ; capt. 
July 25, 1866; in sloop " Vandalia." Japan ex- 
ped., 1853-5 ; in engagement with Confed. bat- 
teries at Aquia Creek, Potomac River, 1861 ; 
com. steamer " Isa.ic Smith," S. A. blockade 
squad., 1861-2; action with Confed. fleet, Nov. 
1861 ; battle of Port Royal, Nov. 7, 1861 ; ac- 
tion with Confe<l. flotilla in the Savannah River, 
Feb. 1862; engagement with Confed. infantry 
near .Jacksonville, Fla. ; com. ironclad "Man- 
hattan," W. Gulf block, squad., 1864; in bat- 
tle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864 ; bombard, of 
Fort Morgan, Aug. 1864 ; com. steamer " Mo- 
hongo," Pacific squad., 1865-6; com. " Wam- 
panoag, 1867-8. — Hamersli/. 

Nicholson, John B., commo. U.S.N. , b. 
Riclimond, Va., 1783; d. Washington, D.C., 
Nov. 9, 1846. Midshipm. July 4, 1800; lieut. 
May 20, 1812; com. March 5, 1817; capt. 
Apr. 24, 1828. At the capture of " The Mace- 
donian " frigate, he served as 4th lieut. of" The 
United States ; " he was the first lieut. of " The 
Peacock," and, after her brilliant fight with 
" The Epervier," brought the prize safely into 
port. 

Nicholson, Joseph Hopper, jurist, and 
M.C. 1799-1S06, b. Md. 1770; d. 4 Mar. 1817. 
He received a good education ; was a lawyer; 
app. chief judge 6th dist. ; and was also a judge 
of the Court of Appeals. 

Nicholson, Joseph J., capt. U.S N., b. 
Md. ; d. Baltimore, Dec. 12, 1838. Midshipm. 
A])r. 2, 1804; lieut. June 4, 1810; master, 
March 5, 1817 ; capt. March 3, 1827. 

Nicholson, Samdel, senior ofiicer U.S. N., 
bio. of James, b. Md. 1743; d. Chadestown, 
Ms., Dec. 29, 1811. He was a lieut. with 
Paul Jones in the battle between the " Bon 
Homme Richard " and " Serapis; " was made 
a capt. Sept. 17, 1779 ; and early in 1782 com. 
the frigate " Deane " of 32 guns, in which he 
cruised successfully, taking among other prizes 
3 sloops of war with an aggregate of 44 guns. 
Commiss. capt. on the re-organization of the 
navy, June 10, 1794; and was the first com. 
of the frigate " Constitution." Another bro., 
JoHX, was commiss. lieut. in the Revol. navy 

C, commo. U.S.N., 
b. Md. Midshipman June 18, 1812; lieut. 
Mar. 3, 1821 ; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. Aug. 
22, 1855; commo. (retired list) July 16, 1862. 
Cora, schooner " Boxer," Pacific squadron, 
1850; sloop "Preble," Medit. squad., 1843; 
fleet-capt. Pacific squad. 1855 ; com. steam-frig- 
ate "Mississippi," E.I. squad., 1858-60; steam- 
frigate "Roanoke," 1861. 
Nicklin, Philip Holbrook, bookseller 



660 



ami author, b. Phila. 1786 ; d. there March 2, 
1842. N.J. Coll. 180-t. After studying law 
hu hecame a bookseller, first iii Baltimore in 
1809, and in 1814 in Phila.; member of the 
Philos. Society, and, while a trustee of the U. 
(■t Pa., visiteil En;:., making, on his return in 
18:34, a report to the hoard on the condition of 
the Universities of Cambrid^'C and Oxford. 
He contrib. articles on concholon-y to Sllliman's 
Journal and to other periodicals ; pub. Letters 
Descriptive of Va. Sprin^js, " Remarks on 
Literary Property," various papers on free 
trade and the tariff system in relation to hooks, 
which were pub. araonpr the documents annexed 
to the report of the Phila. Free-trade Conven- 
tion in 1831, of which he was a member. 

Wicollet, JosEpn Nicolas, a French 
astronomer and ^eolo^ist, b. Savoy ah. 1795; 
d. Washington, O.C, Sept. 11, 184.3. Sec. 
and librarian of the Observatory at Paris in 
1817. He came to the U.S. ah. 183.3; ex- 
plored the Southern States, especially the great 
basin embraced by the sources of the Red, 
Arkansas, and Mo. Rivers; and in 1836 had ex- 
tended his explorations to the sources of the 
Mpi. He collected many interesting details of 
the history and dialects of the Indians, and of 
the products and natural history of tlie coun- 
try. He was engaged by the war dept., and 
instructed by Mr. Poinsett to revisit the Far 
West, and prepare a general report and map 
for the govt. Fre;i ont accomp. him as assist. 
In 1841 Nicollet presented to the Assoc, of 
Amer. Geologists at Phila. an interesting com- 
nmnication upon the geology of the Upper 
Mpi. region, and of the cretaceous formation of 
the Upper Jlissonri. 

Nieolson, S.imuel, inventor of the 
" Nicolson pavement;" d. Jan. 6, 1868, a. 

ITiles, Hezeki.4H, journalist, b. Chester 
Co., Pa., Oct. 10, 1777; d. Wilmington, Del., 
Apr. 2, 1839. Learning the trade of a printer, 
he was ah. 1 800 one of the firm of Bonsall and 
Niles, printers and pubs., Wilmington, Del., 
but was unsuccessful; afterward became a con- 
trib. of amusing essays, entitled " Quilldriv- 
ing," to a periodical ; and then for six years 
edited a daily paper in Baltimore. He is 
chiefly known as the founder, in 1811,of A7fes's 
Jieffisler, a weekly journal pub. at Baltimore, 
of'which he was the editor till Aug. 1836. 
The Ueaister was repnb. by him in 32 vols., ex- 
tending from 1812 to 1827, and was continued 
by his son W. O. Niles, and others, till June 
27, 1 849 ; making 76 vols, in all. He also com- 
piled a vol., " Principles and Acts of the liev- 
ol.," 8vo, 1822. He advocated protection to our 
national industry, and, with Mathew Carey, was 
one uf the ablest chamjjions of the " American 

Wiles, Joiix Milton, author and politi- 
cian, I. Win.l.^or, Ct., Aug. 20. 1787 ; d. Hart- 
ford, May 31, 18.56. He received a common- 
school education ; was adm. to the bar, and, 
removing' to Hartford in 1817, he, in connection 
with hi^ prolosional labor, established and prin- 
cipally edited the Hartford Tinie<:, to which he 
contrdiuted for 30 years. He was an active 
Democ. politician, a supporter of state-rights 
doctrines, and received from 1821 for several 



years the annual nim. nf j,i,Vj,. of t\v Ilni-fonl 
Co.Court; wasaS-, r , •, : . .,; -^ 

app. postmaster III I: ^ ! : -- • i < k- 

son ; from Dec. ly.'i.'i n.i n i ■ -i ;i:i,i m i - ; ,_;) 
U.S. senator; puM,..;v^ici-;xcncn,l m l>40. 
With Dr. John C. Pease, he edited a Gazetteer 
of Ct. and K.I., pub. in 1819. He pub. "The 
Ciiil Officer," a history of S. America and 
Mexico, 1838; "Life of Com. Perry," I8J0; 
and a number of orations, addresses, &c., upon 
a great variety of subjects; also an iinpruvcd 
edition of Robl)ins's Journal; edited for repub- 
lication in 1816 a large Eng. work, " The In- 
dependent Whig." He passed his later years 
in horticultural pursuits. In his will Senator 
Niles bequeathed S20,000 to be held in trust 
for the poor in Hartford. His library he gave 
to the Ct. Hist. .Society. 

Niles, NiTHAN.iEL, clergyman, inventor, 
and politician, b. South Ivineston, R. I., Apr. 
3, 1741 ; d. Oct. 31, 1828, at West Fairlee, Vt. 
N.J. Coll. 1766. He studied medicine and 
law, taught a while in N.Y. City, studied theol- 
ogy under Dr. Bo'lamy, and |)reached in sev- 
eral places in N.E. Becoming a resident of 
Norwich, Ct., he invented a process uf making 
wire from bar-iron by water-power, and con- 
nected it with a wool-card manufactory. Re- 
moving after the Rcvol. to Orange Co., Vt., 
he filled several public offices in tha t State ; was 
speaker of the house in 1784; several years 
judge of the Supreme Court; M. C. in 1791-5; 
one of the censors for the revision of tho 
State constitution. lie pub. four discourses 
on "Secret Prayer," 1773; two discourses on 
" Confession of Sin and Forgiveness ; " two 
sermons on " The Perfection of God, the Foun- 
tain of Good," 1774 ; a sermon on " Vain 
Amusements ; " and a " Letter to a Friend," 
1809; he also wrote " The American Hero," a 
Sapphic ode, once very popular in Norwich. — 
Sprof/ue. 

Niles, Samuel, minister of Braintrcc, Ms., 
b. Block Island, May 1, 1G74; d. May 1, 1762. 
II.U. 1699. He preached in Kingston, R. I., 
1702-10; in-tailed at 2d Church, Braintree, 
May 23, 1711. Ho pub. "A Brief and Sor- 
rowful Account of the Present Churches in 
N.E.," 1745; "Vindication of Divers Impor- 
tant Doctrines," 8vo, 1752 ; " Scripture Doc- 
trine of Original Sin," 8yo, 1757; "God's 
Wonder-working Providence for N.E. in the 
Reduction of Louisburg," 1747; and a "His- 
tory of the French and Indian Wars," in 
" liist. Colls." 3d ser., vol. vi. — Sprarju-. 

Ninigret, Sacuem of Ni antic, a chief of 
the Narragansetts at the settlement of R. I. by 
the whites. Ho was tho uncle of Miantonomoh, 
but did not participate in his war with the 
Pcquots in 1632. In the Pequot war of 1637 
he aided the English ; having \-isited tho West- 
em Indians, and the Dutch gov. Stnyvesant, 
he was suspected of plotting with them the 
destruction of the English ; and Sept. 20, 1653, 
the commissioners of the United Colonics de- 
clared war with him. It was not prosecuted, 
however, owing to tho opposition of Ms. Nini- 
gret meanwhile waged war with the Long- 
Island Indians; and, refusing to appear at 
Hartford, war was again declared m Sept. 
1654. Maj. S. Willard led the exped., and 



NIN" 



661 



NOA 



broiylit oir 100 Pequots; but Ninigrct had acd. 
Oot. 13, 1660, he, with Scutt ip and other chiefs, 
mortgaged their territory to II. Atlierion and 
oth-jrs, and gave possession at Petter|uamseot in 
1662. He kept aloof Ironi Pliilip's war 1675- 
6, and escaped the ruin which overtook the 
other triljes. 

Nino (nen'-yo), Pei>p.o Aloxzo, a Spanish 
navigator, surnani-il VA y -jm (th- Black), b. 
Andalusia, 140;; ' i I v • One of the 
companions of (.']:i;ni :, m In, third voyage ; 
afterward com. a ■ .,r i , i, :iihi n, ,,le discoveries 
on and near the !S. Am iiLua cuast. 

Nisbet, CiiAULES, D.D. {N.J. Coll. 1783), 
scholar and (Uvinc, h. Haddington, Scotland, 
21 Jan. 1733; d. Carlisle, Pa., Jan. IS, 1804. 
Edinb. U. 1754. Licensed to preach 24 Sept. 
1760. Ho was long a clergyman at Montrose, 
Scotland, and inflacntial in the Gen. Asseml}ly 
from his powers of wit and argument. He openly 
favored V.v .-m r r,f th ■ Pn'oTii , in their revol. 
Btrug:,'!' . ■ ' M : f 11 '., Coll. on its 

cstablislnii ■ ; I i; 1 I; . I I i ID the Urgen- 
cy of Dr. i;.! M, a'i4 I rr -1 ,11 i'iiihi. in June, 
1785. Liuaiiii'. to pivv.iii witii the trustees for 
a proper system of education, he resigned the 
next year, designing to return to Scotland ; 
changing his mind, he was re-elected in May, 
1 786 ; entered -vigorously on the prosecution of 
his duties, performing the groat labor of de- 
livering four concurrent series of lectures on 
logic, the philosophy of the mind, belles-let- 
tres, and systematic theology, and struggled 
inoftectually to bring the education of the 
times up to his standard. lie was a man of 
decided ability and scholarship ; possessed great 
humor, and an extraordinary memory. His 
posthumous works were pub. in 1805; his Me- 
moirs, by Dr. Miller, 1 840. — Sprague. 

Nisbet, James, editor and author, b. Scot- 
land ab. 1800; d. 30 July, 1865, by the wreck 
of the " Bro. Jonathan " o;T Oregon. An un- 
successful novelist and journalist in Eng. and 
Australia, in 1855 ho went to Cal., where he 
pub. " Annals of San Francisco," and was 
connected wiih the CliTonide and the Bulletin, 
of which, on the assassination of Mr. King, ho 
became editor. 

Nixon, Gen. Johjj, Revol. officer, b. Fra- 
mingham, Ms., Mar. 4,1725; d. Middlebury, 
Vt., Mar. 24, 1815. He served as a soldier at 
the capture of Louisburg in 1 745 ; returned to 
his native place after 7 years' service in the 
army and navy ; again entered the army as a 
capt., and fought at Ticonderoga when Aber- 
crombio was defeated, and in the battle of Lake 
George. Afterward, falling into an ambuscade, 
ho cut liis way through the enemy, and es- 
caped, but with the loss of nearly all his party. 
In the llevol. he led a company of minute-men 
at Lexington ; and at Bunker's Hill, where he 
com. a regt., he received a wound from which 
he never entirely recovered. Made a brig.-gcn. 
Aug. 9, 1776. At the battle of Stillwater, 
where he com. the first brigade, Ms. line, a 
cannon-ball passed so near his head as to im- 

Eair permanently the sight of one eye and the 
earing of one car. In poor health, he re- 
signed his commission, Sept. 12, 1780; in 1803 
hj removed \vith hiscliildron to Middlebury, Vt. 
Nixon, Col. John, Revol. ollicer, b. West- 



chester, Pa. ; d. Phila. 1 Jan. 1809. A mer- 
chant and an ardent patriot of Phila., he com. 
a regt. on Long Island and at Valley Forge. 
Pres. of thj Bank of N.A. 1782-1809. 

Nixon, Col. Thomas, bro. of Gen. John, 
b. Framingham, Ms., Apr. 27, 1736; d. on the 
passage from Boston to Portsmouth, N.H., 
Aug. 12, 1800 ; ensign in the French war in 
1756; com a company of minutc-nien in 1775; 
was afterward commissioned col. 6th Ms. Regt., 
and served through the war with bravery and 
ellicicncy. He removed to Southborough ab. 
1784. 

Noah, Major Mokdecai Manuel, editor 
and politician, b. Phila. July 19, 1785 ; d. New 
York, Mar. 22, 1831. His parents were Jews, 
and to that faith he adhered through life. 
Commencing life as an apprentice, he soon de- 
voted himself to the study of the law ; removed 
to Charleston, and took an active part in pub- 
lic aH'airs. In 1811 he was app. consul to 
Riga, and in 1813 to Morocco, with a mission 
to Algiers; he returned to the U.S. ab. 1816, 
and pub. the incidents of his foreign travel, 
Svo, N.Y., 1819. Editor of the Nuiional Advo- 
cate, aDcmoc. journal in N.Y., until 1826; he 
was, while thus engaged, elected shcritf of the 
city and CO.; in 1S26 he established thcA^.y. 
/«(/«//•./, -nil i|ii iiilv merged into the present 
Cm,: ! ' : in 1834 he established 

the /, , t withdrew from the daily 

press, :iiiil r 1 il.li ii.il, in connection with 
Messrs. Deans and Howard, a weekly paper, 
named the Sundai/ Times. In addition to the 
olEce of sheriiT, Maj. Noah was at one time the 
surveyor of the port, and judge of the Court 
of Sessions. He endeavored to form a settle- 
ment of Jews on Grand Island, in the Niagara 
River; but the scheme failed. In 1845 he de- 
livered a discourse upon the Restoration of the 
Jews, and pub. a collection of his newspaper 
essays, entitled " Gleanings from a Gathered 
Harvest," 12mo, N.Y. ; he also pub. a transla- 
tion of the " Book of Jasher," Svo, 1840 ; and 
was the author of several successful dramas, — 
" The Fortress of Sorrento," " Paul and Alex- 
is," "She would be a Soldier," "Marion, or 
the Hero of Lake George," " The Grecian 
Captive," and " The Siege of Tripoli." 

Noailles de (dch no'-iii'), Louis Marie, 
vicumte, b. 17 Ajir. 1756; d. 9 Jan. 1804. 
Second son of the Marshal De Mmichy. Adopt- 
ing the military career, hr In r anh \.r!lent 

tactician, and com. the r ■- i i - m the 

army of Uochambeau, 'li^ i m-rlfat 

the capture of Yorktowii, nnl Im mj ..in'ofthe 
commissioners to arran;;e the articles of capit- 
ulaticm. He was a bro.-in-law of Lafayette, 
and, imbibing an enthusiasm for liberty, was 
one of the nobles who, 13 July, 1789, resolved 
to divest themselves of their exclusive privi- 
leges, and sit with the tiers dat. He had a 
principal shnre in the early part of the French 
revol. struggle; bnt in May, 1792, hopeless of 
the success of constitutional liberty, he resigned 
the com. of the advanced posts of the c.imp 
of Valenciennes, and withdrew to the U.S. 
Re-entering the French service, he went to St. 
Domingo in 1803 as gen. of brigade, but was 
mortally wounded in an action with an English 
vessel. His wile was a victim of the guillotine. 



662 



ICoble, LoDis Legrand, b. Otsego Co., 
N.Y., 1812. Removed with his parents to 
Michigan in 1824. Ord. in Prot.-Ep. ch. 1840 ; 
officiated in N.C., at Catskill, N.Y., and became 
in 1854 rector of a church at Chicago. Au- 
thor of " Ne-mah-min," an Indian story in 3 
cantos, in Graham's Mwj.; "Life, Character, 
and Genius of Thos. Cole," 1853 ; " The Lady 
Angeline, and other Poems," 1 857 ; " After Ice- 
bergs with a Painter," — Church. 

Noble, Noah, gov. Indiana 1831-7 ; b. Va. 
Jan. 15, 1794; il. Indianapolis, Feb. 1844. 

Noble, OLivi;B,miui>ter of Coventry, Ct., 
1759-Gl ; of Ncwburv, Ms., 1762-83; and of 
Newcastle, N.H., froin 1784 to his d. 1792, a. 
56; b. Hebron, Ct. Y.C. 1757. He pub. a 
discourse on Church Music, 1774 ; on Boston 
Massacre, 1775. 

Noble, Patrick, lawyer and politician, 
b. Abbeville Dist., S.C, 1787 ; d. there Apr. 7, 
1840. N.J. Coll. 1806. He became a lawyer, 
a partner of Mr. Calhoun, and in 1812 a State 
representative ; in 1818-24 speaker of the legisl., 
and again in 1832 and '36 ; was pres. of the 
State senate ; and gov. in 1838-40. lu politics 
he was a state-rights Dcmoe., and was popular 
with the masses. 

Noel, Nicolas, M.D., formerly surgeon- 
major of the French and American armies ; 
menilier of the Amer. Philos. Society ; prof, of 
anatomy and phvsiology at Rheims ; b. Rheims, 
May 27, 1746 ; 'd. there May 11, 1832. Noel, 
sympathizing in the American struggle for 
independence, left Paris for the U.S. Dec. 1, 
1776, with Tronson du Coudray,and furnished 
with a brevet of surgeon-major of the Colonies, 
given him by Franklin. He served in that 
capacity until Jan. 1778, when he was app. to 
the ship of war " Boston " to accompany the 
ambassador John Ailams to France; subse- 
quently cruised in her, until ordered to return 
to America, where he rejoined the army. He 
was afterwards charged with the hospitals of 
the fleet and array of Rochambeau. During the 
French Revolution he was actively employed in 
the army, but returned to Rheims in 1794, and 
passed the remainder of liis d.iys in the labors 
incident to his profession. — Biog. Univ. 

Nordheimer, Isaac, Dr. Phil, of the U. 

of Munich, ]>rot. of Hebrew and teacln-r of 
German in Union Theol. Sem. ; d. New York, 
Nov. 1842. Author of Hebrew Grammar, 2 
vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1838; " Chrestomaihy," 8vo, 
NY. 1838; History of Florence ; N. and Tur- 
ner's Heb. and Chaldee Concordance, 1842. 

Nordhoff, Charles, b. Erwitte, Prussia, 
1830. His father was a discing, officer at 
Waterloo. He came to Amer. in 1834; entered 
the navy in 1845 ; and has been editorially con- 
nected with Harper's and other periodicals. 
Author of " Man-ol-VVar Life," 1855 ; " Mer- 
chant-Vessel," 1855; " Whaling and Fishing," 
1856; "Stories of the Island World," 1857; 
"Nine Years a Sailor," 1857; "Cape Cod, 
and all Along Shore." He edited Kern's 
" Landscape-Gardening," 18,55. Author of the 
article on Arctic Adventure in Appleton's 
" New Amer. Cyclopoidia." 

Norman, Benjamin Moore, author, b. 
Hudson, N.Y.. Dec. 22, 1809 ; d. near Summit, 



Mpi., Feb. 1, 1860. The death of his father, 
a bookseller at Hudson, called him from a clerk- 
ship in New York to take charge of the busi- 
ness there. He established a bookstore in N. 
Orleans in 1837, after conducting tlie business 
for a time in Phila. The loss of his wife by yel- 
low-fever in 1841 caused in him an unusual sym- 
pathy with the sufferers by this pestilence in 
subsequent seasons; and he became one of the 
most sel (-sacrificing and philanthropic men in 
that city. As the result of his travels in Yuca- 
tan, he pub. ill 1842 " Rambles in Yucatan," 
a work of great value ; also " New Orleans and 
its Environs," 1845 ; " Rambles by Land and 
Water," \%i5. — Ou^cUnch. 

Norris, Edward, minister of Salem, Ms., 
from Mar. 18, 1640, to his d. Apr. 10, 1659 ; 
b. Eng. ab. 1589. He was a teacher and min- 
ister in Gloucestershire, and came to N.E. in 
1639. He was tolerant; did not join in perse- 
cuting Gorton and the Anabaptists; and with- 
stood the witehcralt delusion of 1651-4; but 
in 1653 wrote in favor of making war on the 
Dutch. He pub. in Lond., 1636, a treatise on 
Asking for Temporal Bk-ssings, and " The New 
Gospel not the True Gospel," &c., 4to, 1638, 
a reply to John Trask's " True Gospel Vindi- 
cated," Lond. 1636. — Fi It's Ecc. Hist. 387. 

Norris, Isaac, chief justice of Pa. ; a Qua- 
ker; d. Germantown, Pa., June 3, 1735. He 
m. a dau. of Gov. Lloyd. 

Norris, John, one of the founders of the 
And. Theol. Sem.. to which he gave $10,000 
Mar. 21, 1808; d. Dec. 22, 1808, a. 57. Many 
years a merchant in Salem, and several years 
in the senate of Ms. Maky his widow be- 
queathed, in 1811, $30,000 to the sem., and a 
like sum to foreign missions. 

North., Col. Caleb ; d. Coventry, Pa., Nov. 
7, 1840, a. 88. He raised a company in Ches- 
ter Co., Pa. ; was acapt., and afterwards a liout- 
col., in the Revol. array till the close of tlio war ; 
many years a merchant in Phila ; at one time 
high sheriff of the city and Co. of Pliila. ; and 
at the time of his death pres. of the Pa. Society 
of the Cincinnati. 

North, Frederick, 2d Earl of Guildford, 
an English statesman, b. 13 April, 1732; d. 
Lond. 5 Aug. 1792. Succeeded to the caridora 
in 1790. Educated at O.^furd and Leipsic. 
Entering parliament from Biinbury in 1761, ho 
represented that place 30 years, lb- was at the 
head of the treasury in 176.3-5; eliaiiecllor of 
the exchequer 1767-70; first lor.l .if the treas- 
ury 1770-82. During his adniinistiati<jn, the 
American Colonies threw off tluir all.-innie to 
the British crown, becoming iielrpin^l' iii atter 
a struggle of 8 years, — 1775-'*;. lie ^uppurn d 
the Stamp Act and the right ul ta.\iii^ the C'.jlo- 
nies, but, during the last 3 years uf the war, per- 
severed in it only in deference to the wishes of 
the king. He possessed great good-temper, wit, 
and political ability. Though fiercely assailed 
by Chatham, Burke, andFox, he maintained liis 
position with eminent tact and ability until Mar. 
1782, when he resided ; the surrender of Com- 
wallis having terminated the war. 

North, Simeon, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1849), 
LL.D. (W. Res. CoU. 1842), b. Berlin, Ct. 
Y.C. 1825 ; tutor there 1827-9. Prof, of Ian. 
guages in Ham. CoU., N.Y., 1829-39; pres. of 



that iusc. 1839-57. Author of a number of 
sermons, discourses, and orations. 

North, Gen. William, b. Fort Frederick, 
Pemaquid, Me., 175.5; d. New York, Jan. 3, 
1836. Son of Capt. John of St. George's Fort, 
Thomaston, Me. Entering the Revol. army in 
1775, he was a capt. in Jackson's regt. at the 
battle of Monmouth; became aide to Baron 
Steuben in 1779, assisting him in introducing 
his sjrstem of discipline into the army ; accomp. 
him m Va., and at the surrender of Cornwallis, 
and, gaining the esteem of the baron, became 
heir to one-half his property. Adj. and insp.- 
gen. U.S.A. from July 19, 1798, to June, 1800 
(rank of brig.-gen.). He was a conspicuous Fed- 
eralist; was once speaker of the N.Y. Assem- 
bly ; one of the first canal commiss. of the State ; 
and U.S. senatorin 1798. App. adj.-gen. of the 
army in 1812, but declined. He m. Polly, dau. 
of James Duane. — MS. ilemoir, bu Aliss H. 
E. North. 

North, William, b. Eng., some time a resi- 
dent of N.York City ; d. there by suiL-iJe, 1S54. 
Contrib. raanv pieces in prose and verse to the 
periodicals. JVfter his death, " The Slave of 
the Lamp," a novel by him, was pub. 1855. 

Northend, Chakles, b. Newbury, Ms. 
Principal of the Eppes School, Salem ; teacher 
and supt. of schools at Danvers many years. 
Author of " Teacher and Parent," 12mo, 1853 ; 
Speakers and other school text-books. Wil- 
liam C, his bro., is noted as a lawyer and 
politician of Salem. 

Norton, Asdkews, an eminent Unitarian 
scholar, b. Hingham, Ms., Dee. 31, 1786; d. 
Newport, R. I., Sept. 18, 1853. H. U. 1804. 
Descendant of Rev. John of Ipswich. He 
studied divinity, but never had charge of a con- 
gregation. Tutor in Bowd Coll. in 1809; 
and in 1811 at H.U., where he was also libra- 
rian in 1813-21; in 1813 succeeded Chan- 
ning as lecturer on biblical criticism and inter- 
pretation ; and was Dexter prof, of sacred lit- 
erature in 1819-30; afterwards residing at 
Cambridge, devoting himself to intellectual pur- 
suits. In 1833 he pub. his "Statement of 
^Reasons for not believing the Doctrine of the 
Trinity ; " in 1837 " Evidences of the Genuine- 
ness of the Gospels," succeeded by three other 
volumes ; a treatise on " The Latest Form of 
Infidelity" (1839), which was answered by a 
*) dia^ionj2£J^|anscendeatalism, to whom Nor- 
^^ tonaBIyreplieSy^nd 'Tractscbncerning Chris- 
V tianity," 8vo, 1852. He was also a writer of 
verse of a devotional cast, and of great beauty 
and sweetness. He left in manuscript a Transla- 
tion of the Gospels, pub. after his death ; contrib. 
many valuable articles to the N.A. Review and 
the Christian Examiner; and edited in 1833-4, in 
connection with Charles Folsom, the Selrcl .loiir- 
nal of Forriqn Periodical Literature. In 1814 he 
cilittil thr Mi^c■rllaneous Writings of his friend 
('luirlr^ i;ii,,t, and in 1823 performed a similar 
frkiidly duty tur Levi Frisbee. " In his theologi- 
cal views and writings Mr. Norton united op- 
posite schools of thought, and belonged, by an 
almost equal title, to the extreme right and the 
extreme left as to matters of religious belief. 
He was radical as a critic and interpreter, con- 
servative as an expositor of Christian doctrine. 
While leading the van in the Unitarian protest 



Calvinism, he • 



foremo 



dore Parker was the principal representative 
As a lecturer on the interpretation of Scripture 
he has had few equals, and no superior, in this 
country." In 1812 he cili:. 1 !!i ',. . ' /^'.yws- 
ilO'-y and Iievieiv,\\\vLSlr.i\\\, , I , .^with 

ability the views of the Hi ilnol- 

ogy. His son Charles liioi ill 1 1S46) 
has been editor of the A'./t. 1!, ri, ii\ and has 
pub. " Notes of Travel," and " Study in Italy," 
and a transl. of Dante's " New Life." 

Norton, Asahel Strong, D.D. (Un. Coll. 
1815), b. Farmington, Ct., 20 Sept. 1765; d. 
Clinton, N.Y., May 10, 1853. Y.Coll. 1790. 
Ord. at Clinton 1793. Son of Col. Ichabod, 
and Ruth Strong. For 40 years he exerted an 
important influence in Westcra N.Y., and was 
one of the founders of Ham. Coll. at Clinton. 

Norton, Ch apple, a British gen., b. 1746; 
d. Mar. 19, 1818. Son of Fletcher Norton, 1st 
Lord Grantley. App. capt. 19th Foot, June, 
1763; maj July, 1769; capt. and licut.-col. 
Coldstream Guards, June, 1 774 ; brcv. col. Nov. 
17, 1780; gen. April, 1802. He came to New 
York in Aug. 1779, and was prominent in all 
the principal subsequent occurrences of the war, 
receiving frequent and honorable mention. He 
was long the representative of Guildford in 
pariiameut ; gov. of Charlemont, and col. 56th 
Regt. 

Norton, John, clergyman, b. at Bishops 
Stortford, Hertfordshire, Eng., May 6, 1606; 
d. Boston, Ms., April 5, 1663. Educated at 
Cambridge U. He was afterward curate of 
Siortford. Becoming a Puritan, he came to 
Plymouth, N.E., in Oct. 1635; preached there 
during the winter; went to Boston in 1636; 
and, before the close of the year, became min- 
ister of the church at Ipswich. He assisted 
in forming the Cambridge platform in 1648 ; 
returned to Boston in 1652; and in 1662 
went with Simon Bradstreet as agent to address 
Charles II. after his restoration. The king 
assured them that he would confiira the char- 
ter, hut required that justice should be admin- 
istered in his name ; and that all persons of 
good moral character should he admitted to 
the Lord's Supper, and their children to bap- 
tism. This was exceedingly offensive to the 
colonists, who treated the agents on their re- 
turn so coolly, that it is said to have hastened 
the death of Mr. Norton. He wrote an an- 
swer to a number of questions relating to 
church govt, sent over from Holland by Apol- 
lonius, — the first Latin prose book written in 
this country; also a treatise against the Qua- 
kers, entitled "The Heart of New England rent 
by the Blasphemies of the Present Generatinu," 
encouraging the magistrates in the persecution 
of the Quakers, which so exasperated them, 
that, after his death, they represented to the 
king and parliament that "John Norton, chief 
priest in Boston, by the immediate power of 
the Lord was smitten, and died." He also 
wrote the " Life and Death of that Deservedly 
Famous Man of God, Mr. John Cotton," Lond. 
1658 ; " Doctrine of Godliness," 1648 ; " Suf- 
ferings of Christ," 8vo, 1653; "The Ortho- 
dox Evangelist," 4to, 1654. 
Norton, Rev. John, b. Berlin, Ct., 1716; 



NOR 



G64 



NOT 



d. East Hampton, Ct., March 54, 1778. Y.C. 
17.37. Orel, at Ueerfield 1741 , anil scttlcl in 
Bcrnanlstown, Ms. lie was cliaplain at Fort 

taken to Canada, where he remained one year, 
arriving in Boston Aug. 1747. Installed pas- 
tor of the Cong, church at J'ast Hampton, 
Ct., Nov. 30, 1748, where he labored nearly 30 
years. He pub. a narrative of his captivity, 
Boston. 1748, a new ed. of which, with notes 
by S. G Drake, app. in 1870. 

Norton, John, TRTOiriNiiOKARAVEif, an 
Indian chief of the Six Nations. Translated the 
Go.ipel of John into Mohawk ab. 1 807. It was 
printed in London by the Bible Society, and 
distributed among the Mohawks on Grand 
Kiver, Canada. His mother was Scotch. He 
was educated at an PInglish school. 

Norton, John N., D.D. (llol). Coll. 1863), 
li. N.Y. Gen. Coll. 1842 ; Genl. Theol. Sem. 

1845. Ord. deacou^ Prot.-Epis. Ch. July 20, 
184.5, and after being assist, at St. Luke'.'i, 
Rochester, for 6 months, became rector of the 
Ch. of the Ascension, Frankfort, Ky., Dee. 

1846. In 1856 he pub. "Life of Bishop 
White," since followed by biographies of many 
distinguished Churchmen ; that of Laud ap- 
pe.irinj; in 1864. Ue has also pub. Lives of 
Washington and Franklin, lectures on the 
Life of David, short sermons, and several ro- 
li;:ioiis hooks. — Duiickinch. 

Norton, John Pitkin, first prof of a;;ric. 
cheniistrv at Y.C, b. 1822; d. 5 Sept. 1852. 
Y.C. 1846. Son of Hon. John Treadwell 
of Farmingtou, Ct. Author of "Elements of 
Scientif. Agriculture," 12rao, 18.50; "Appen- 
dix to Stephen's Book of tlie Farm," 2 vols. 
1858. He also pub. a number of essays on 
agric. subjects. 

Norton, William Augustus, teacher and 
author, b. E. Bloomlield, N.Y., 25 Oct. 1810. 
West Point, 1831 ; assist, prof. nat. philos. 
there 1831-3. Prof. nat. pliilos. and astron. 
U. of N.Y. 1833-9, and in Del. Coll., Newark, 
N.J., 1839-50; pres. Del. Coll. 1850-2; prof, 
civil engr. in Y.C. since 1852. Author of 
" Elem. Treatise on Astronomy," 1839; "First 
Book of Nat. Philos.," 1857; and of articles 
in Amer. Journal of Science and other periodi- 

Norton, William E., marine-painter of 
Boston, b. Boston, 28 June, 1843. After leav- 
ing school, he was clerk to a Southern packet- 
line; at'16 was apprenticed to a house, sign, and 
fresco painter ; and helped to form the " Life 
School," composed of the older members of 
the Lowell Institute ; went to sea at 18, study- 
ing his art at intervals, and at the age of 22 
began a successful prof, career, making another 
sea-voyage for study the following summer. 
Amoni;- his works are " The Fog-Horn," 
" T lie Funeral-Fleet" (Geo. Peabody), "The 
Fishing-Fleet," " Good-By," and " Running 
Free." 

Notman, John, architect, b. Edinburgh, 
Scotland, 22 July, 1810; d. Phila. 3 Mar. 
1865. In 1831 he settled in Phila. He laid 
out and embellished Laurel -hill Cemetery. 
Among his chief works are St. Mark's Church 
in Locust St., the facade of the R.C. Cathe- 
dral on Logan Square, and the Church of the 



Holy Trinity, near Walnut and 19th Streets, 
Phila., of which the noble doorway is especial- 
ly adjnired. — Thomas. 

Nott, Abraham, judge and politician, b. 
Saybrook, Ct , 1767; d. Fairfield, S.C, June 
19, 1830. Y.C. 1787. He studied for the 
ministry, but did not take orders. Ab. 1788 he 
taught in Ga. a year; studied law in Camden, 
S.C; was adm. to the bar in 1791 ; m. in 
1794, and settled on a plantation on the Paco- 
let Kiver, but continued the practice of his 
profession. He was a Federalist M.C. in 1799- 
1801; practised law with eminent success in 
Columbia, S.C, from 1804 to 1810, when he 
was elected a judge of the Court of Appeals. 

Nott, Edwakd, gov. of Va. from 1705 to 
his d., 23 Aug. 1706, a. 49, at Williamsburg, Va. 

Nott, Eliphalet, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1805), 
LL.D. (B.U. 1828), divine and educator, b. 
Ashford, Ct., June 25, 1773; d. Sclicncctady, 
N.Y., Jan. 29, 1866. B.U. 1795. Losing 
both parents while a boy, he lived with his 
bro., the Rev. Samuel Nott, at Franklin, Ct., 
where he taught school in the winter. Li- 
censed to preacli in 1795, he labored during 
the first yearof his ministry at Cherry Valley, 
in the double relation of pa>tor, and )jrinci]ial 
of the acad. From 1798 to 1804 lie was pas- 
tor of a Presb. church at Albany, and in 1804 
was elected pres. of Union Coll. ; after which 
period his history was identified with that of 
the institution. "While at Albany, he acquired 
popularity as a preacher ; and among his most 
successful' pulpit-eflbrts was a sermon on the 
death of Hamilton. In 1854 the semicen- 
tennial anniversary of his presidency was cele- 
brated, wlien between 600 and 700 of those 
who had graduated under him came together 
to do him honor. Dr. Nott, by his experi- 
ments in heat, and the improvements he intro- 
duced in stoves, efliected an entire change in 
the mode of warming buildings. His publica- 
tions consist principally of sermons and ad- 
dresses, delivered in the middle period of life, 
when his reputation as a pulpit-orator was at 
its height. He was an earnest advocate of 
the temperance cause, and pub. " Lectures on 
Temperance," 1847. He also pub. " Counsels 
to Young Men," miscellaneous works, 8vo, 
1810. 

Nott, Henkt Junius, scholar and author, 
son of Judge Abraham, b. on the Pacolet River, 
Union Dist., S.C, Nov. 4, 1797 ; drowned off 
the coast of N.C. Oct. 13, 1837. S.C. Coll. 
1812. On his return from a brief visit to Eu- 
rope in 1818, he was adm. to the bar, and be- 
came law-partner with D. J. Maccord, with 
whom he edited 2 vols, of Reports of Cases in 
the Constitutional Court in 1818, '19, and '20. 
Sailing again to Europe in 1821 for his health, 
while absent was elected to the chair of criti- 
cism, logic, and the philos. of language, in the 
S.C. Coll. Here he remained 13 years ; at the 
same time being a contrib. to the Southern Re- 
view. He made a coUeciion of his " Novellcttes 
of a Traveller," 2 vols. N.Y. 1834, chiefly 
humorous ; and left nearly completed, at his 
death, an historical romance. In 1837 ho 
visited New York ; took pass.age thence in the 
Btcamer " Home," and, v.itb his wife, perished 
in its wreck. 



NOT 



665 



Nott, JosiAH Clark, ethnologist, bro. of 
H. J., I). Columbia, S.C, Mar. 31, 1804. S.C. 
Coll. 1324. He took the degree of M D. at 
Phila. in 1827 ; remained there two years as 
demonstrator of anatomy to Dr. Physiek ; re- 
turned to Columbia, and commenced" praciicc ; 
the years 1835-6 he spent in Europe in the 
study of medicine and nat. hist., since practis- 
ing medicine in Mobile, Ala., except during 
the winter of 1857, when prof of anatomy ac 
the U. of La. Besides many articles in the 
medical journals, he has produced several eth- 
nological works ; among these are two lec- 
tures on " The Connection between the Biblical 
and Physical History of Man," 8vo, N.Y. 
1849; "The Physical History of the Jewish 
Race," Charleston, 1850; "Types of Jlan- 
kiud," 4to, Phila. 1854; and "Indigenous 
Races of the Earth," Phila. 1857. The last 
two were prepared vnth the aid of Miv George 
R. Gliddou He established in Mobile a mod. 
coll., which the legisl. of Ala. endowed with 
$50,000, and made a branch of the State uni- 
versity. Since 1868, has resided in N.Y. City. 

Nott, Samdel, D.D. (Y.C. 1825), clergy- 
man, bro. of Kev. Eliphalet, b. Saybrook, Ct., 
Jan. 23, 1754; d. Franklin, Ct., May 26, 1852. 
Y.C. 17S0. Mar. 18, 1782, he was chosen pas- 
tor of the church in Franklin, Ct., and i-pent 
in that office the remainder of his long-pro- 
tracted life. He was long regarded as the pa- 
triarch of the clergy of N.E., and was also 
prominent as an instructor. Dr. Nott's publi- 
cations included two sermons, one delivered on 
the 50th anniversary of his ordination, and the 
other on the 60th. Although thus outUving 
his generation, ho was feeble and sickly when 
young. 

Nott, Samhel, son of the preceding, last 
survivor of the tirst band of mi.-'sionaries sent 
out by the American Board to India in 1812, 
b. Franklin, Ct., 1788 ; d. Hartford, Ct., Juno 
1, 1869. Un. CoU. 1S08; And. Theol. Sem. 
1810. Ord. Feb. 6, 1S12. On his return he 
was from 1816 to 1822 a teacher in New York ; 
preachedin Galway, N. Y^.,from 1 823 to 1 829, and 
in Warcham, Ms., tiom 1829 to 1849 ; he then 
taught school in Wareham until 1850. Author 
of " Slavery and the Remedy," &c., 8vo, 1856, 
reviewed in the N.Y. Tribune, Jan. 22, 1856; 
" Sixteen Years' Preaching and Procedure at 
Wareham, Ms.," 8vo, 1845. 

Nourse, James D., journalist and author, 
b. Bardstown, Ky., 1816; d. St. Louis, 1854. 
At ditierent times he edited 3 newspapers at 
Barditown, and afterwards the IntdUgeiKer at 
St. Louis. Author of the " Philosophy of 
HLstory;" "The Forest Knight," a novel, 
Phila., ab. 1846; "Leavenworth, a Story of 
the Mississippi and the Prairies ; " " The Past, 
and its Legacies to Amer. Society," 12mo, 
165-2. — Altihone. 

Nourse, Joseph, register of the U.S. 
treasury fiom 1789 to 1829, a vice-pres. of the 
Amer. Bible Society, b. Lond. 1754; d. near 
Georgeto\vn, D.C., Sept. 1, 1841. He emig. 
with his family to Va. in 1769; entered the 
Revol. army in 1776 as sec. to Gen. Ch. Lee; 
was clerk and auditor of the board of war fi-om 
1777 until app. assist, auditor-gen. Sept. 19, 
1781. 



Nowell, Increase, secretary of Ms. 1636- 
49 ; d. Nov. 1, 1655. Chosen an assist, in 1629, 
he came to N.E. with Winthrop in 1630, and 
was ruling elder from Aug. 27, 1630, to 1632 ; a 
founder of the church in Charlcstown, 1632; 
and in 1634 commiss. for military affairs. 
Samuel his son (preacher, chaplain at Gen. 
Winsloiv's Indian battle. Dee. 19,1674; an 
assist. 1680-6 ; trcas. of H.U.), b. Charlostown, 
Ms., Nov. 12, 1634, d. Loud. Sept. 1688. H. 
U. 1653. He was a supporter of the old char- 
ter, and went to Eng. on its behalf in 16S8. 

Noyes, Eli, D.D. (Ham. Coll. 1851), 
scholar and missionary, b. Jeft'erson, Me., Apr. 
27, 1814 ; d. Lafayette, Ind., Sept. 10, 1854. 
Self-educated. He commenced preaching in 
1834; and Sept. 22, 1835,accomp. by his wife, 
sailed for Calcutta. At Orissa, where he was 
located, he had very gratifying success both as 
an evangelist and a school-teacher, also becom- 
ing a skilful linguist, and pub. a Hebrew Gram- 
mar and Reader. He returned home with 
impaired health in 1841 ; was for four or five 
years a pastor in Boston; and edited for 10 
years the Mominrj Star, the Frecwiil Baptist 
organ; he also delivered and pub. in 1853 
" Lectures on the Truths of the Bible." 

Noyes, George Rapall, D.D. (H.U. 
1839), divine, b. Newburyport, Ms., Mar. 6, 
1798 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., June 3, 1868. H.XJ. 
1813. He studied at the Divinity School, Cam- 
bridge; was licensed to preach in 1822; was 
tutor in H.U. in 1825-7 ; was then ord. pastor 
of a church in Brookficld, Ms. ; and afterwards 
became pastor of a chmxh at Petersham, Ms. 
Hancock prof, of Hebrew and other Oriental 
languages, and Dexter lecturer on biblical lit- 
erature at H.U. 1840-68. He pub. now trans- 
lations of the Book of Job, 1827 ; the Psalms; 
the Prophets, 3 vols. 12mo ; and Proverbs, 
Ecelesiastes, and Canticles, 1846; also several 
occasional sermons, and numerous articles in 
the Christian Examiner ; edited a series of theol. 
essays from various authors, and prepared a 
Hebrew Reader. His translation of the N. 
Testament was complete, and passing through 
the press, at the time of his death. 

Noyes, James, minister of Newbnry, Ms., 
from 1635 to Iiis d., Oct. 22, 1656, b. Wiltshire, 
Eng., 1608. Hestudied at Oxford U.; preached a 
while; came to N.E. in May, 1634, and preached 
a year at Mystic, now Medford. Author of 
"The Temple Measured," Lond. 4to, 1647; a 
Catechism, reprinted in 1797; "Moses and 
Aaron," 1661. 

Noyes, James, first minister of Stoning- 
ton, Ct., from Sept. 10, 1674, to his d. Dec. 30, 
1719, b. Newbury, Mar. 11, 1640. H.U. 1659. 
Sou of Rev. James of Newbury. He began to 
preach at S. in 1664. He was one of the first 
trustees of Yale Coll. ; was a councillor in civil 
affairs in critical periods, and had a large prac- 
tice as a physician. 

Noyes.'JAMES 0.,M.D., b. Owasco, N.Y., 
1829. Formerly surgeon in the Ottoman 
army, since prop, and assoc. editor of the Knick- 
erbocker Mag., and contrib. to others. Author 
of " Roumania," 1857; "The Gypsies, their 
Historv," &c., \65S.—Anibone. 

Noyes, Josiah, M.D. (D.C. IS06), phy- 
sician and medical professor, b. X.H. ; d. Clin- 



NOY 



666 



o^ic 



ton, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1853. Dartm. Coll. 1801. 
Two years tutor in D.C., after which he was 
prof, of chemistry and pharmacy in Fairfield 
Coll. ; and in 1812, on tlie or},'ani2ation of 
Ham. Coll., N.Y., he was invited to fill its 
chair of chemistry and natural science, whicli 
he resigned in 1830. He was the life-long (riend 
of Mr. Webster ; and, at the request of the 
literary executors of that eminent statesman, 
he wrote reminiscences of his college-life. 

Noyes, Nicholas, minister of iSalem, Ms., 
from Nov. 14, 1683, to his d. Dec. 13, 1717, b. 
Newbury.Dec. 22, 1647. H.U. 1667. Nephew 
of Rev.' James of Newbury. He preached 13 
years at Haddam after graduating. He was a 
promoter of the witchcraft persecution, after- 
ward publicly confessing his error. A letter 
of his, with an account of James Noyes, is in 
Mather's " Magnalia." He pub. a poem on 
the death of Joseph Green of Salem 1715. 

Noyes, William Cdrtis, LL.D. (Ham. 
Coll. 1856), lawyer, b. Schodack, N.Y., Aug. 
19, 1805 ; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 25, 1864. Adm. 
to the bar in 1827, he gained a high reputation 
in Oneida Co., and, removing to N.Y. City in 
1838, held high rank in his profession. Dele- 
gate to the Peace Convention in Feb. 1861. He 
was many years an almoner of the N. Eng. Soc. 
and was chosen pres. the day before his death. 
He prepared a codification of the laws of N.Y. 
for publication. His law-library, valued at 
$60,000, he bequeathed to Ham. College. 

Nugent, SiE George, an English field- 
marshal, b. June 10, 1757; d. Mar. 11, 1849. 
Educated at the Roy. Acad, at Woolwich. He 
joined the 7th Regt. as lieut. in Sept. 1777, in 
N.Y., and was present at the storming of Forts 
Montgomery and Clinton ; was app. a capt. in 
the 57th in Apr. 1778, and did duty with it in 
the Jerseys and Ct. until May, 1782, when he 
became major ; he served under the Duke of 
York in Flanders ; served as maj.-gen. in 
Ireland during the rebellion ; was created a 
baronet in 1806 ; and in 1811 was cora.-in-chief 
in India. Hem., Nov. 15, 1797, Maria, dau. of 
Cortland Skinner, atty.-gen., and speaker of 
the N. J. Assembly, and attained the rank 
of field-marshal in 1842. His bro., Adm. Sir 
Chakles Edmond (1759-1844), served as a 
lieut. and capt. in the ll.N. during the Amer. 
war, at Fort Moultrie, at N.Y., and R.I. ; full 
adm. 1808. 

Nufiez, Alvak (Cabeca De Vaca), the 
earliest and most remarkable explorer of N. A. ; 
d. 1564. With Nunez as chief officer, Pamphilo 
de Narvaez sailed for Florida from San Lucar 
de Barrameda, with 5 ships and 600 men, July 
17, 1527 ; landing on its coast Apr. 12, 1528. 
Directing the flotilla to follow the coast west- 
ward to a certain haven, and there await his 
coming, Narvaez, accompanied by Nunez, en- 
tered the interior. They found the Indians 
hosrile; a country posse.ssing few attractions ; 
suflTered much from sickness ; weredisappointed 
in their expectation of finding gold ; and reached 
the coast, sick and disheartened, only to find no 
fleet there ; the officer in charge of the ships 
having sailed for Havana without making any 
effort to reach the place of rendezvous, leaving 
the gov. and his companions to their fate. 
The party, reduced to 242 men, embarked, 



Sept. 20, in 5 boats of their own con 
which were so crowded, that they were managed 
with the greatest difiiculty. After much suffer- 
ing from hunger and thirst, from attacks by 
the Indians, from violent tempests and severe 
cold, they, late in Oct., reached the mouth of a 
large river (supposed to be the Mpi.), and 
l.mded on an island. Continuing their voy- 
age, a violent storm drove them out to sea, 
wrecking the boat containing Nunez on a small 
island, from which the survivors reached the 
mainland. The rest of their companions were 
never afterwards heard of. After extraordinary 
hardships, in which they were driven to such 
straits that they lived upon one another, they 
reached a mountainous country believed to have 
been New Mexico. They met with buffalo ; 
and, finding an epidemic among the Indians, 
were remarkably successful in curing them, 
gaining thereby a great itifluence over the 
natives, who imagined them to be from the sun. 
Taking advantage of this, they endeavored 
to instil into their minds the doctrines of Chris- 
tianity. After 8 months among the Indians 
of New Mexico, Nunez journeyed westward and 
southward until 1536, when, with 3 survivors, 
he reached the Spanish settlements in Culiacan, 
on the shores of the Pacific. An abridgment 
of Cabeca de Vaca's " Narrative " may be 
found in Hakluyt's " Voyages," and a French 
version in the collection of voyages pub. in 
Paris by Ternaux Compans ; but the fullest 
and best is a translation by Buckingham Smith, 
sec. of the U.S. legation in Spain (privately 
printed), folio, Washington, 1851. 

Nuttall, Dr. Thomas, naturalist, b. Y'ork- 
shire, Eng., 1786; d. St. Helen's, Lancashire, 
Eng., Sept. 10, 1859. Brought up a printer. 
He came to the U.S. in early life; devoted his 
leisure to the study of botany and geology. 
Travelled extensively in nearly all the States 
of the Union ; explored the Great Lakes and 
upper branches of the Mpi., and in 1810 as- 
cended the Mo. as far as the Mandan villages. 
In 1819 he explored the Ark. River and the 
neighboring regions, and pub. an account of 
his travels, entitled " A Journal of Travels into 
the Arkansas Territory," Phila. 1821. He pub. 
" The Genera of North- American Plants," 1849 ; 
and the "Birds of the U.S.," 1834; "N. Amer. 
Sylva," 3 vols. 8vo, 1842; and was prof, of 
botany and nat. hist, in H.U. in 1822-34. He 
travelled in California, and pub. several papers 
on the shells and plants of that region. He 
returned to Eng. to enjoy an estate devised 
to him on condition that he should reside 
upon it. 

Oakes, James, col. and brev. brig. -gen. 
U.S.A., b. Pa. West Point, 1846. Entering 
the 2d Drags., he served through the Mex. 
war ; was brev. 1st lieut. 25 Mar. 1847, for 
Medellin, and capt. 8 Sept. 1847, for Molino 
del Rey ; severely wounded by Comanche In- 
dians, 12 Aug. 1850; capt. 3 Mar. 1855 ; maj. 
6 Apr. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 4th cav. 12 Nov. 1861 ; 
col. 6th, 31 July, 1866. During the Rebellion 
he was engaged at the battles of Shiloh and 
Corinth, ami was brev. brig.-gen. 30 Mar. 
1865. — Culliim. 

Oakes, Thomas, phvsician, bro. of Urian, 
b. Cambridge, Ms., June 18, 1644; d. WeU- 



OAK 



667 



occ 



fleet, July 1 5, 1 7 1 9. H.XJ. 1 662. He was emi- 
nent as a physician, and, on first visiting a pa- 
tient, " porsuailes him to put his trust in God, 
the fouutain of health." An assist, in 1690; 
B, rcproseutative in 16S9, and speaker of the 
house ; councillor ; and, as agent for Ms., went 
to Eng., and aided in framing the new charter. 

Oakes, Urian, pres. of Harv. Coll. (7 Apr. 
1675, to his d.), b. Eng. 1631 ; d. Cambridge, 
July 25, 1631. H.U. 1649. He came to Amer. 
in 1634, and, while very young, pub. at Cam- 
bridge a set of astronomical calculations. He 
settled in the ministry at Titchfield, Eng., but 
was silenced for nonconformity in 1662; and 
afterwards preached to another congregation. 
His learning and piety caused him to be invited 
to take charge of the church at Cambridge, Ms., 
where he commenced his labors Nov. 8, 1671. 
rormally installed pres. Feb. 2, 1680. 

Oakley, Thomas Jackson, LL.D. (Un. 
Coll. 1853), jurist, b. Dutchess Co., N.Y., 1783; 
d. N.Y. City, May 12, 1857. Y.C. ISOl. He 
studied law, and practised at Poughkeepsie, 
N.Y. In 1810 he was app. surrogate of Dutch- 
ess Co.; M.C. 1813-15 and 1827-9; in 1815 
member of the N.Y. Assembly ; in 1819 he suc- 
ceeded Van Buren as atty.-gen. of the State ; 
in 1820 he served again in the Assembly. 
When the Superior Court of N.Y. City was 
organized in 1828, he was app. an assoc. judge, 
and, upon its re-organization in 1846, chief 
justice. 

O'Beirne, Thomas Lewis, D.D., clergy- 
man, b. Longford Co., Ireland, 1748 ; d. 15 Feb. 
1823. Though educated at St. Omer's, he took 
orders in the Pr.-Ep. Church, and was chaplain 
of Lord Howe's fleet in the Amer. war. After 
the great tire at New York in 1776, he preached 
in St. Paul's, the only Episc. church saved from 
the flames. Private sec. of the Duke of Port- 
land, lord-lieut. of Ireland, 1782, from whom 
he received in 1783 two valuable livings in 
Northumberland and Cumlierland ; chaplain to 
Earl Fitzwilliam, and made bishop of Ossory ; 
he was in 1798 translated to the see of Meath. 
Author of a " Vindication " of the conduct of 
his patrons, the bros. Howe, and other political 
tracts, and a poem entitled "The Crucifixion," 
1776. 

Obookiah, Henrt, b. Hawaii, 1792; d. 
Cornwall, Ct., Fell. 17, 1818. He was brought 
to N. Haven in 1809, and educated for the min- 
istry. He had translated Genesis into his na- 
tive tongue. His Memoirs were pub. 1818. 

O'Brien, Fitzjames, a brilliant writer, 
and a poet of merit, b. Ireland, 1829 ; d. in Va. 
April 6, 1862. He came to this country about 
1850. In April, 1861, he entered the N.Y. 7th 
llcgt., and in Jan. 1862 took an app. on the 
staff of Gen. Lander, and, during the short term 
of his service, was disting. for courage and dar- 
ing. Wounded in a skirmish Feb. 1 6, he died 
from tetanus following a severe surgical opera- 
tion. Contrib. to the Atlantic Monthlii. 

O'Brien, Capt. Jeremiah, Revol. patriot; 
d. Machias, Me., Oct. 5, 1818, a. 78. One of 5 
sons of Maurice, a native of Cork. May 1 1 , 
1775, on hearing of the battle of Lexington, 
these bros., with a few vols., captured the Brit- 
ish armed schooner " Margaretta " in Machias 
Bay. Jeremiah was the leader in this brilliant 



exploit, — the first blow struck on the water 
after the war began. He soon after captured 
tivo small Eng. cruisera, and carried their cap- 
tive crews prisoners to the Prov. Congress in 
Watertown, who commissioned him capt. in the 
State navy. He com. " The Liberty " (the 
schooner with which his first capture was made), 
his bro. William sei-ving as his first lieut. ; and 
cruised successfully two years. He then fitted 
out " The Hannibal," a 20-gun lettcr-of-marque, 
and took several prizes, but was captured ; was 
6 months in " The Jersey," prison -ship ; and 
after a year's confinement in Mill Prison, Eng., 
escaped, and retired to Brunswick, Me. He 
was at the time of his death coll. of the customs 
at Machias. His bro. John was a successful 
com. of privateers in the Revolution. 

O'Brien, John P. J., brev. major U.S.A., 
b. Phila. ab. 1817 ; d. Indianola, Texas, Mar. 
31, 1850. West Point, 1836. He served with 
honor in the Florida war ; disting. himself in 
the command of his battery at the battle of 
Buena Vista, where, by losing his cannon, he 
saved the battle ; was brev. maj., and wounded; 
capt. 16 May, 1849. Author of a treatise on 
"Courts-Martial," 1846. 

O'Brien, Richard, seaman ; d. Washing- 
ton City, Feb 14, 1824, a 72. In youth he fol- 
lowed the sea; and in 1781, when Arnold in- 
vaded Va., he was 1st lieut. of the State brig 
" Jefferson ; " consul-gen. to Algiers (where he 
had previously been held in slavery) 1797-1802. 
He was 1 9 years on the Algerine coast, and 
afterward a negotiator in Cora. Preble's fleet 
in the attacks on Tripoli. He subsequently 
resided at Carlisle, Pa., and was a member of 
the legislature. a-u^^ 

O'Callaghan, Edmund B., M.D., LL.D., 
author, b. Ireland, was at one time a promi- 
nent member of thi^l^rovincial Parliament, and 
editor of the Vindicator, the national organ at 
Montreal. He was active in the agitation of 
1837, since when he has been a resident of N.Y., 
and has rendered valuable service in editing 
the historical documents of the State. He has 
been some years in the office of the sec. of state. 
He has pub. " History of New Netherlands," 
1846-8; "Jesuit Relations," 1847; "Docu- 
mentary History of N.Y.," 4 vol.*. 4to, 1849-51 ; 
"Documents relating to the Colonial History 
of N.Y.," 11 vols. 1855-61; " Remonslirance 
of New Netherland," 1856; "Commissary 
Wilson's Orderly-Book," 1857; " Orderiy- 
Book of Gen. John Burgoyne," 1860; "Names 
of Persons for whom Marriage-Licenses were 
issued previous to 1784," 1860; "Journals of 
the Legisl. Councils of N.Y.," 2 vols. 8vo; 
" Origin of the Legisl. Assemblies of the State 
of N.Y.," 4to, 1861 ; Woolley's "Two Years' 
Journal in New York," 4to, 1860; "The Re- 
gister of New Netherland," 1626-74, 8vo, 1865; 
"Calendar to the Laud Papers," 8vo, 1864; 
" Calendar of Hist. MSS. in the Office of the 
Sec. of State," 4to, 1865; "Voyage of George 
Clarke to America," with Introd. and Notes, 
1867; "Voyages of the Slavers St. John and 
Arms," 1867 ; "Journal of the Voyage of the 
Sloop Mary fi^ra Quebeck," &c., 1866.— 
Duuckinck, 

Oceum, Rev. Sampson, an Indian preach- 
er, b. Mohegan, N. Lond. Co., Ct., ab. 1723; 



OGD 



d. New Stockbridge, N.Y., July 14, 1792. Ord. 
29 Au^. 1759. He was the first Indian pnpil 
educated by Rev. Mr. Wheelock, in whose 
family at liebanon he continued 4 years. In 
1748 he kept a school in N. London, and after- 
ward officiated as teacher of the Indian tribe at 
Montauk, L.I. ; was sulisequently employed on 
several missions to variou.s tribes of Indians ; 
and preached " to good aec ptance in N. York, 
Boston, and other poi)ulous places." His in- 
fluence among the Indians was for a long time 
great. In 1766 he acconip. Rev. Mr. Whittaker 
to Eng. for the purpose of soliciting aid for Dr. 
Wheelock's Indian school at Lebanon, where 
he was successful in attracting large audiences 
and obtaining donations. The last few years 
of his life were passed with the Indians at New 
Stockliridge. He wrote an account of the Mon- 
tauk Indians, pub. in the " Ms. Hist. Soc. 
Colls. ; " and pub. a sermon on the execution of 
an Indian in New Haven in 1772. — Sprague. 

Ochterlony, Sir David, bart., a British 
gen., b. Boston, Feb. 12, 1758; d. Meerut, In- 
dia, July 15, 1825. Eldest son of David, a 
loyaMst of Boston; his paternal great-grand- 
father, Alexander, was laird of Pitforthy, in 
the Co. of Angus. Having completed his' edu- 
cation, he was at the age of 18 sent to India 
as a cadet; became a lieut. in 1778; in 1803 
he was lieut.-col. ; and dep. adj.-gen. at the 
great battle of Delhi, immediately after which 
he was envoy at the court of Shah Alum ; 
col. Jan. 1, 1812; m.ij.-gen. June 4, 1814; and, 
for his skilful conduct in the Nepaulese war, 
was created a knt. com. of the Bath in Apr., 
and in Nov. 1815 was made a bart. He subse- 
quently disting. himself in the great Mahratta 
and Pindarry war of 1817-18, and performed 
varions other important services. 

O'Conor, Charles, a prominent N.Y. 
lawyer, h. N.Y. City, 1804. His father, a man 
of education and of good family, came from 
Ireland to N.Y. early in this century. Chas. 
lost his mother in 1816 ; received only a com- 
mon-school education; and in 1824 was adni. 
to the bar of N.Y., at which he has long held 
the first place. He has never held office, ex- 
cepting that of dist.-atty. for 15 months at the 
request of Pres. Pierce, and as a member of 
the Const. Conv. of 1864. Besides the famous 
Forrest divorce-case (1851), his greatest cases 
are the Lispenard will-case (184-3), the John 
Mason will-case (1853), the Parish will-case 
(1862), the Lemmon slave-case (1856), and 
the case of the slave Jack in 1835- — Sears's 
Nat. Q'larf. Review, vol. xi. 

Odenheimer, William Hemry, D.D., 
b. Phila. Aug. 11,1817. U- of Pa. 18.35; 
Gen. Theol. Sem. (Pr.-Ep. Ch.), N-Y., 1838. 
Ord- deacon 1838, priest 1841 ; consec. bish- 
op of N. J. Oct. 13, 1859 ; made rector of St. 
Peter's, Phila., 1840. Author of " The Origin 
of the Praver-Book," 1841 ; " Devout Church- 
man's Companion," 1841 ; " The True Catho- 
lic no Romanist," 1842; "Thoughts on Im- 
mersion," 1843; "Young Churchman Cate- 
chised," 1844; "Ringelliurgius on Study, Bp. 
White's Opinions," 1846; es.say on "Canon 
Law," 1847; "Clergyman's Assist.," 1847; "The 
Private Prayer-Book," 1851 ; "Jerusalem and 
Vicinity," 1855, the result of a visit in 1853. 



Odin, John Mart, D.D-, R.C- archbishop 
of N- Orleans, b. Ambiere, Dept. of the Loire, 
France; d. N. Orleans, 25 May, 1870. Join- 
ing the Lazarists, he was sent as a missionary 
to Mo. Consec. bishop of Claudiopolis, and 
vicar apost- of Texas, Mar. 6, 1842; trans- 
ferred to Galveston 1847, and to N. Orleans in 
1861. 

Odiorne, Thomas, b. Exeter, N.H., Apr. 
26, 1769 ; d. Maiden, Ms., May 18, 1851. 
Dartm. Coll. 1791. Bookseller in Exeter 
till 1800; then in the dry-goods trade in Boston, 
removing ab. 1811 to Maiden, where he was 
an iron manuf. He pub. " The Progress of 
Refinement," a poem ; " Fame and Miscella- 
nies," 18mo, 1792. — A C. Alumni. 

Oexmelin, Alexander Oliver, a trav- 
eller, who was probably a Fleming. In July, 
1666, he was at Tortola, in Amer., in the ser- 
vice of the W-I. Co., wliere he was sold to a 
planter for 30 crowns. After 3 years' servitude, 
he joined some free-booters, and remained wiih 
them till 1674, when he embraced an oppor- 
tunity to return to Europe, thanking God, as 
he says, that he had been enabled to relinquish 
such a miserable kind of life. He afterwards 
made 3 other voyages to Amer-, with the 
Dutch and with the Spaniards ; and was at 
the taking of Carthagena in 1697. His ac- 
count of his adventures was pub- in French at 
Paris in 1686, 2 vols. 12mo ; at Trevoux 1746 
and 1775, 4 vols. 12mo. From some passages 
ill his narrative, it seems probable that he exer- 
cised the profession of a surseon. — Bioq. 
Univ. ^ 

O'Fallon, Col. John, a prominent citizen 
of St. Louis, b. Louisville, Ky., 23 Nov. 1791. 
Son of Dr. James (who emig. to Wilmington, 
N.C., in 1774, and served in the Rcvol. army) 
by a sister of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark. John 
served with distinction under Harrison in the 
war of 1812 ; was severely wounded at Tippe- 
canoe; afterwards acquired great wealth as a 
merchant, and distributed it freely in benevolent 
and educational enterprises. He endowed the 
O'Fallon Polytechnic Inst, with property worth 
5100,000 ; gave liberally to Wash. Univ. ; built 
the Dispensary and Med. Coll. ; and has given 
over a million dollars to advance the cause of 
education, and to relieve suffering humanity. 

Ogden, Aaron, LL.D., soldier and sta'tes- 
man, b. Elizabethtown, N. J., Dec. 3, 1756 ; d. 
Jersey City, Apr. 19, 1839. N- J. Coll. 1773. 
While a teacher in his native place, in the win- 
ter of 1775-6, he assisted in capturing, off 
Sandy Hook, a vessel laden with munitions for 
the British army at Boston- App. capt. in 
the first N.J. Regt. com. by his bro- Matthias 
early in 1777, he was engaged at Brandy wine ; 
was brigade maj. in Lee's corps at Monmouth, 
acting also as assist, aide-de-camp to Lord 
Stirling. While reconnoitring near Bergcu 
in the winter of 1778-9, he came nnexpectedly 
upon a party of the enemy, from whom he es- 
caped with a severe bayonet-wound. He was 
aide to Gen. Maxwell in Sullivan's exped. 
against the Indians in 1779, and at the battle 
of Springfield in 1780; he was with Lafayette 
in the Va- campaign of 1781, and at Yorklown 
gallantly led his light inf to the storm of a re- 
doubt, receiving the commendation of Wash- 



oa^L 



ington. After the peace he ]iractised l.iw ; was 
app. lieut.-col. Iltli Inf. anil ilrp. i|iiai t> nn- 
nen. Jan. 8, 1799; a commiss. ii>r sriilMU' tin- 
hounilary between N. J. anil X V. ; 1' .S Miia- 
tor 1801-3; and ^'Ov. of N..I. isij-li. Din- 
ing the war of 1812 he com. the militia of 
N. J., and declined a commission of maj.-gen. 
tendered by the Pres. At the time of his death 
he was pres.-gen. of the Cincinnati. 

Ogden, David, judge, b. Newark, N. J., 
1707; d. Queen's Co., L.I., 1300. Y.C. 1728. 
He studied law in New York, and practised in 
N. J., soon attaining the head of his profession. 
App. judge of the Supreme Court in 1772; 
retired to the city of New York on the break- 
ing-out of the war, where he was a member of 
the board of refugees. He drew up the outlines 
of a plan for the govt, of the Colonies in the 
event of their submission to Great Britain. 
He withdrew to lilng. in 1783, his property in 
N. J. having been condscatcd, hut returned to 
the U.S. in 1790. 11 !i;l ili- i piitation of 
being one of the "li "in N.J. 

Of his sons, Abr Ml I i i.nvyer, was 

U.S. dist.-atty. unii r W^.'nn,;.. ,_: Isaac was 
many years judge of tln^ Coui't of King's Bench. 

Ogden, DaVid B., LL.D. (Col. Coil. 1837), 
an eminent lawyer, b. N.J. 1769; d. N.Y., 
July 15, 1849. He came to N.Y. in 1S02, and 
practised chiefly in the U.S. Snpivino Conn. 

Ogden, Henry \T., cant. U.S.N., b. N.J. ; 
d. there Aug. 25, 1860. Midshipm. Sept. 1, 
1811; lieut. Mar. 5, 1817; com. Jan. 31, 1838; 
capt. Feb. 5, 1848. 

Ogden, Jacod, physician, b. Newark, 
N. J., 1721 ; d. Jamaica, L.I., 1779. He was 
of English parentage, received a classical educa- 
tion at Yale, and, after studving medicine, com- 
menced practice at Jamaica, L. I., whore he 
enjoyed extensive patronage nearly 40 years. 
He pub. in 1769 and 1774 letters to Hugh 
Gaine on " The Malignant Sore-throat Dis- 
temper." Dr. Francis says he was the first 
who in the U.S. availed himself of the free use 
of mercurials in the treatment of inflammatory 
diseases. — Tharher. 

Ogden, John Cosins, b. N. J. ; d. Ches- 
tertown, Md., 1800. N. J. Coll. 1770. Here- 
sided in N. Haven in 1770-35 ; m. a dan. of 
Gen. Wooster ; and in 1 786-93 was rector of 
the Pr.-Ep. church, Portsm., N.H. ; afterward 
subject to mental derangement. Author of 
" Excursion into Bethlehem and Nazareth, 
Pa., in 1 799, with a Hist, of the Moravians," 
Phil.a. 180); letters occasioned by a corresp. 
with Dr. MaeClintoek, Masonic address, and 
sermons. 

Ogden, Matthias, soldier (bro. of Aaron) ; 
d. Elizabethtown, N.J., Mar. 31, 1791, a. 36. 
He joined the army at Cambridge ; took part in 
Arnold's expedition to Quebec, in which he 
was wounded ; and afterward commanded the 
Ist N.J. Regiment till the close of the war, 
when he was brevetted brigadier-general. 

Ogden, UzAL, D. D. (N.J. Coll. 1798), 
rector of Trinity Church (1788-1805), b. New- 
ark, N.J., ab. 1744; d. there Nov. 4, 1S22. 
Ord. Pr.-Ep. priest 21 Sept. 1773. He pub. a 
Masonic Sermon, 1784; "The Reward of 
Iniquity;" "Antidote to Deism," 1795. He 
became a Presbyterian in 1805. — Sprague. 



Ose (o'-zlia'), Vincent, a creo'.e of St. 
n.Hiiiii-o, 1>- all. 1750; executed 26 Feb. 1791. 
At iIm'. roiiimrnrement of the French revol. he 
\\,i^ iii-a^'l iu commerce at Cape Franr;ai.s. 
M,-ivaiitik- all'.iirs having drawn hira to Paris, 
hi- was adm. into the Society of Friends of the 
Negroes, and, aided by some of the most active 
members, warmly solicited the National Assem- 
bly in favor of his brethren. Ho headed an 
insurrection in Nov. 1790 at Grande Riviere. 
The insurgents demanded fi-cedom and political 
equality ; but their cause was ere long disgraced 
by crimes equally useless and atrocious. These 
however, were not attributable to Oge, but to 
his lieut. Chavannes. Obliged to give way to 
superior force, Oge, with a few followers, took 
refuge in the Spanish territory, and, being given 
up to the French, was tried before the Superior 
Council at Cape Franyais, and condemned, 
witli Chavannes, to be broken on the wheel. 

Ogilby, John, master of his Majesty's 
revels in Ireland, b. Edinburgh, 1600 ; d. 16/6. 
Pub. " America, being the most Accurate De- 
scription of the New World," &c., folio, Lond. 
1671. He lived many years in London; pub. 
translations of Homer, Virgil, &c., -with Hol- 
lar's Illustrations, and Atlases, with descriptions 
of different countries. 

Ogilby, John D.; d. Paris, 1851. Col. 
Coll. 1829. Prof. lang. Rutg. Coll. 1832-40; 
rector of Columb. Coll. Grammar School 1829- 
30; a Prot.-Ep. clergyman, and prof, of eccl. hist, 
in the Gen. Theol. Sem., N.Y., 1841-51. Author 
of " Argument against the Validity of Lay 
Baptism," 1842; "The Catholic Church iu 
England and America," 1 844. 

Ogilvie, Jasies, scholar, b. of a noble 
Scotch family ab. 1760 ; d. Aberdeen, Sept. 18, 
1820. Emig. to America, he founded a classi- 
cal acad. at Richmond, Va., where he taught 
many pupils afterwards celebrated, among them 
Gen. Scott and Hon. W. S. Archer. He retired 
some years afterward to the backwoods of Ky., 
where, alone in a log-cabin, he composed a 
series of lectures, which were given with great 
applause in Va. and the Atlantic States. His 
relative, the Earl of Findlater and Airy, dying 
without children, he returned to Scotland, and 
claimed the title ; but the habitual use of nar- 
cotics had undermined his intellect, and the 
attempt failed. Soon after reaching Scotland, 
worn out in body and mind, ho perished, proba- 
bly by his own hand. Author of " Philosophical 
Essays," 1816, 8vo, Phila. 

Ogilvie, John, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1770), 
minister in New York; d. there Nov. 26, 1774, 
a. 51. Y. C. 1748. He was some time a mis- 
sionary to the Indians on the Mohawk, bat 
preached mostly at Albany; and fi-om 1765 to 
his death was assist, minister of Trinity Church, 
New York. He left 300 pounds to a charity- 
school, and other benefactions. 

Ogle, Benjamin, gov. Mil. 1798-1801, b. 
Md. 1749; d. Annapolis, July 6, 1809. Be- 
fore the Uevol. he was a member of the Md. 
Council. 

Ogle, Samuel, gov. Md. 1737^2 and 1747; 
d. 1751. He had previously held a command 
on the Irish Establishment. 

Oglesby, Richard James, gov. of III. 
1865-9, b. Oldham Co., Ky., June 24, 1824. 



670 



OLI 



He studied law at Springfield, 111., and began 
pr.Tctice at Sullivan, Moulton Co. During the 
Mexican war he served as licut. 4th 111. Vols. 
In the spring of 1849 he joined an overland 
company on their way to California, where he 
i-emained two years, when he returned to Deca- 
tur, 111., and resumed practice; in 1860 he was 
chosen State senator. Made col. 8th 111. Vols, 
in 1 8fi I , lie led a brigade at the capture of Fort 
DonrlstJii ; :ind was made brig.-gen. vols. Mar. 
21. I Si,.'. Imi lii~ L':ill:intry in that engagement. 
He \v,i~ in til- baitle of Shiloh ; was severely 
woimdc.l at the battle of Corinth, Oct. 4, 1862 ; 
maj.-gen. Nov. 23, 1862. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward, a British 
gen., founder of the Colonv of Georgia, b. Lon- 
don, 21 Dec. 1698 ; d. 1 'julv, ITS.'i. Son of 
Sir Theophilus of Godalming, Surrey. En- 
tered Oxford in 1714; obtained a commiss. in 
the Guards ; served under Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene; and in 1722 took his seat in 
parliament. Made a trustee for the liberation 
of poor debtors, he obtained a govt, grant of 
£10,000, and a liberal subscription, to found a 
colony of liberated insolvents in Ga., whither 
he proceeded in Jan. 1733 ; in 1734 he re- 
turned to Eng. with some Indian chiefs, who 
were presented to the king; in 1735 he sailed 
again for Ga. with John and Charles Wesley ; 
in 1736 he again went thither with a regt. for 
its defence, and quelled a mutiny wliich nearly 
cost him his life. He suceessfully repelled the 
attacks of the Spaniards, but was unsuccessful 
in an exped. against St. Augustine, of which 
he pub. an acct., London, 8vo, 1742. He met 
with many difficulties in establishing his govt., 
expending large sums from his private fortune, 
and finally left the Colony in 1743. Made a 
maj.-gen. in 1745, he was employed to pursue 
the reljels under the Pretender, but, unable to 
overtake them, was tried by court-martial, and 
acquitted ; in 1752 he resij^ned the charter of 
Ga. to the British govt. ; in 1754 left parlia- 
ment, and retired to his seat in Essex ; and 22 
Feb., 1765, was placed on half-pay as a gen. in 
the army. When Gen. Gage returned to Eng. 
in 1775, the com. in America was offered to 
Oglethorpe, whose merciful conditions did not 
please the British ministry. He was one of 
the first to wait on John Adams after his 
arrival as ambassador to Eng., and to express 
his regard for America, and his gratification at 
the termination of the war. Oglethorpe, who 
was a man of great benevolence, has been eulo- 
gized by Thomson. Pope, and by Dr. Johnson, 
who wished to write his life. — See Lives of 
Oylethorpe bi/ ff arris and by Wright. . 

O'Harsi, Charles, a British gen. ; d. gov, 
of Gibraltar, Feb. 21, 1802. App. lieut. and 
capt. Coldstream Guards, Jan. 1756 ; lieut.-col. 
Feb. 1762; col. 2d Foot Guards, Aug. 1777; 
maj.-gen. Oct. 19, 1797. He came to N. Amer- 
ica in 1780 in com. of the Guards ; served in 
Va. under Leslie ; com. the vanguard in the 
pursuit of Morgan and Greene in Jan. 1781 ; 
and at Guilford, where he was severely wound- 
ed, com. the left of Cornwallis's army, in the 
surrender of which he was included. He was 
again severely wounded at Toulon in Nov. 
1795. After having been gov. of several colo- 
nies, he was made lieut.-gov. of Gibraltar in 



1787, and gov. in 1795. He was a brave and 
enterprising soldier, and a strict disciplinarian. 

Ojeda de (da o-ha'-da), Alonzo, a Span- 
ish explorer, and lieut. of Columbus, b. Cuen- 
ca ab. 1465. He aecomp. Columbus in his 
second voyage to America in 1493, and com. 
an exped. sent to explore the interior of His- 
paniola, where he captured the chief Caonabo. 
Having returned to .Spain, he received com. of 
an exploring exped. sent out in 1499. Ameri- 
go Vespucci was among his officers or passen- 
gers. He discovered a part of the new conti- 
nent, which he named Venezuela, and returned 
to Spain in 1500; in 1508 be attempted to 
colonize New Andalusia, and to conquer the 
natives, but was not successful. 

Olcott, Simeon, jurist, b. Ct. 1737; d. 
N. H. Feb. 1815. Y.C. 1761. Hecommenecd 
practice at Chariestown, N.H. ; became chief 
justice of the C.C.P. Dec. 25. 1784 ; judge of 
the Superior Court, Jan. 25, 1790 ; chief justice 
March 28, 1795; and was U. S. senator in 
1801-5. 

Oldham, John, murdered by the Indians, 
who came on board his vessel to trade in 1636. 
This event brought on the Pequot war. He 
came to Plymouth in 1623 ; associated with 
Lyford in 1624, and set up a separate worship 
on the sabbath, intending to alter, perhaps to 
assume, the govt. He afterward lived at Hull 
and at Cape Ann, and represented Watertown 
in 1634. In 1633, with Samuel Hall and 
others, he travelled from Dorchester to a place 
on the Ct. River now called Windsor. This 
exploration led to its settlement. 

Oldham, Col. William, b. Berkeley Co., 
Va. ; killed at St. Clair's defeat, Nov. 4, 1791. 
He attained the rank of capt. in the Revol. 
army; resigned in 1779, and settled at the 
Falls of the Ohio. He was very efficient in the 
Indian warfare of the day, and com. a Ky. 
regt. in St. Clair's army. — Collins. 

Oldmixon, John, d. England, 1742, a. 69. 
A native of Somersetshire ; collector of cus- 
toms at Bridgewater. Author of " The British 
Empire in America," 2d ed. 2 vols. 1741 ; and 
other historical works and poems. Pope pillo- 
ries him in " The Dnnciad." He is supposed 
to have visited America. 

Oldmixon, Mart (George), a celebrated 
singer, a contemporary of Garrick ; d. Phila. 
Feb. 1835 at an advanced age. Wife of Sir 
John Oldmixon, an English hart., who d. on 
a farm near Phila. in 1818. She was many 
years on the Phila. stage, having made her 
rf(f6uj at the Chestnut-st. Theatre, May 14, 
1793, as Clorinda, in " Robin Hood." She at 
one time kept a seminary for young ladies at 
Philadelphia. 

Olds, Gamaliel S., b. Granville, Ms., 1 777 ; 
d. Circleville, O., June 13, 1848. Wms. Coll. 
1801. Tutor there several years; prof, of 
mathematics there in 1 806-8, at the U. of Vt. 
1819-21, at Amh. Coll. 1821-5, afterwards at 
the U. of Ga. Ord. colleague with Dr. New- 
ton of Greenfield 1813-16, and preached in 
Ohio from 1841 till his death. He pub. " In- 
aug. Oration," 1806 ; 8 sermons on " Episcopa- 
cy and Presbyterian Parity." 1815 ; statement 
of Facts as to Professor at Middlebury, 1818. 

Olid de, Christoval, a Spanish officer 



671 



orj 



onder Cortes in the conquest of Mexico, 1519- 
21, who atterward attempted to make himself 
independent, b. ab. 1492; taken prisoner by 
the soldiers of Cortes, and executed in Hondu- 
ras in 1524. 

Olin, Henry, judge; d. Salisbury, Vt., 
1837, a. 70. His boyhood was spent in Addi- 
son Co., Vt. ; member of the Vt. Gen. As- 
sembly in 1799-1825, excepting; 4 years; of the 
State Const. Convs. of 1814, '22, and '28 ; as- 
soc. judge of Addison Co. in 1801-6; chief 
judge in 1807 and in 1810-24 ; M.C. in 1824- 
5; lieut.-gov. 1827-9; councillor 1820-2. Fa- 
ther of Rev. Stephen. 

Olin, Stephen, D.D. (Wesl. U. 18.34), 
LL.D. (Y.C. 1845.), an eloquent divine, b. 
Leicester, Vt., March 3, 1797 ; d. Middletown, 
Ct., Aug. 16, 1851. Mid. Coll. 1820. His 
father, Judge Henry, directed his education. 
Entering the ministry of the M. Ep. Church in 
1824, he spent two years in Charleston ; be- 
came pres. of the Abbeville Sem., S.C. ; re- 
sumed his itinerant labors in 1829 ; was prof, 
of Eng. literature in Franklin Coll.,Ga., 1826- 
33 ; pres. of the Randolph and Macon Coll. 
1832-7; and from 1839 to 1841 and from 1842 
till his death was pres. of the Wesl. U. of Mid- 
dletown. Deleg. to the Gen. Conf. of M.E. 
Church 1844 and 1852; deleg. to Evang. Al- 
liance, London, Eng., 1846. He visited Eu- 
rope tor his health in 1837, and on his return 
in 1843 pub. " Travels in the East ; " he was 
also author of various sermons, lectures, and 
discourses. His works were pub. in 2 vols. 
12mo, N.Y. 1852; and his "Life and Let- 
ters," 2 vols. 8vo, 1853. 

Olinda, Pedro de Aranjo Li.ma, Mar- 
quis de, Brazilian statesman, b. Pernanibu- 
00, 1790; d. Rio Janeiro, 7 June, 1870. Ed- 
ucated at Pernambuco, and in law at the U. of 
Coimbra; member of the Constituent Assem- 
bly of Portugal in 1821 ; and from 1823 to his 
death was a member of that of Brazil ; pres. 
of the chamber of deputies in 1825-7, 1831-3, 
and 1835-7 ; twice regent of the empire dur- 
ing the minority of Pedro II. ; minister of state 
in 1 823, '27, '32, '37 ; made Viscount Olinda in 
1841, and marquis in 1854; member of the 
council of state from 1842 ; a moderate liber- 
al, and tolerant in politics. 

Oliver, Andrew, colonial statesman, b. 
Boston, March 28, 1706; d. there March 3, 
1774. H.U. 1724. Son of Daniel, and a de- 
scendant of Elder Thomas of Boston, who d. in 
1657. He was a representative of Boston at 
the Gen. Court 1743-6; one of his majesty's 
council 1746-65; sec. of the province in 1756- 
70; and succeeded Hutchinson as lieut.-gov. 
In 1 765 he was app. distributer of stamps ; but 
was compelled by the citizens, who hung him 
in effigy on the " Liberty Tree," to resign. 
His fondness for wealth and power induced 
him to pursue a political course similar to that 
of his bro. -in-law Hutchinson, whose unpopu- 
larity he fully shared ; and his letters which 
Franklin obtained in Eng., and sent over in 
1772, evinced his subserviency to the British 
ministry. He wrote well upon theological and 
political subjects ; and some of his productions 
are extant. His son Daniel (H.U. 1762) d. 
Ashsted, Warwickshire, Eng., May 6, 1826, a. 



82. Another son, Peter, M.D. (H.U. 1769), 
d. Lond. Apr. 6, 1795, a. 45. 

Oliver, Andrew, judge of the C. C. P. for 
Essex Co. before the Revol.,b. Nov. 13, 1731; d. 
Salem,Ms., Dec. 1799. H.U. 1749. Eldest sou 
of the preceding. He possessed line talents and 
good scholarship ; he was one of the original 
members of the Amev. Acad, of Arts and Sci- 
ences, to whose " Transactions " he made seve- 
ral valuable contribs. ; was a member of the 
Philos. Society of Phila. ; and in 1772 pub. an 
essay " On Comets." He represented Salera 
in the Gen. Court' in 1766 ; but was a Tory at 
the Revolution. 

Oliver, Bcnjamin Ltnde, M.D. (1815), 
1788-1843. H. U. 1808. Nephew of Dr. B. 
L. Oliver, and son of Rev. Thos. Fitch. Au- 
thor of " Rights of an Amer. Citizen," 8vo, 
1832; "Law Summary," 8vo, 1833; "Prac- 
tical Conveyancing," 8vo ; " Forms of Prac- 
tice," Svo, 1841; "Forms in Chancery, Ad- 
miralty, and Common Law," 1842 ; " Hints on 
the Pursuit of Happiness," 1818. He was a 
noted chess-player. — Allibone. 

Oliver, Daniel, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1810), 
LL.D., b. Marblehead, Sept. 9, 1787 ; d. Cam- 
bridge, June 1, 1842. H.U. 1806. After 
practising medicine for some years in Salem, he 
was from. 1815 to 1820 lecturer on chemistry, 
and from 1820 to 1837 a prof, in the med. 
school at Hanover ; from 1840 until March, 
1 S42, a prof in the Med. Coll. at Cincinnati. 
Author of " First Series of Physiology," 1835 ; 
2d edition, improved, in 1840; "Address at 
D. Coll.," 19 May, 1825. 

Oliver, Peter, LL.D. (Oxon. 1776), jurist, 
bro. of Lieut.-Gov. Andrew, b. March 26, 1713 ; 
d. Birmingham, Eng., Oct. 13, 1791. H.U. 
1730. He resided on a family estate in Middle- 
borough ; and, after holding several offices in 
Plymouth Co., he was, though not educated to 
the law, raised to the Supreme bench, Sept. 14, 
1756. He was, in 1771, made chief justice ; 
and when called upon in 1774 to receive the 
grant for liis services as usual from the treas- 
ury of the province, and to engage to receive 
no pay or emolument except from the Assem- 
bly, he peremptorily refused ; was impeached 
by the house of representatives ; and, when the 
British troops abandoned Boston, he, with other 
loyalists, accorap. them. He went to Eng- 
land, where he lived for some years on a salary, 
or pension, from the crown. He was a talented 
writer both of prose and poetry, and pub. 
" Speech on the Death of Isaac Lothrop," 
1 750 ; " Poem on the Death of Sec. Willard," 
&c., 1757; "Scriptural Lexicon," Birmin^. 
8vo, 1784-5. He was a contrib. (as was his 
brother also) to the Censor, a Tory paper. His 
son Peter, a physician of Middleborough, 
Ms. (H.U. 1761), also a lo%'alist, d. Shrews- 
bury, Eng., July 30, 1822, aged 81. 

Oliver, Peter {alias Wm. Ptnchon Oli- 
ver), b. Hanover, N.H., 1821 ; d. 1855, while 
on a voyage for his health. A descendant of 
Thos., first ruling elder of the First Church, 
Boston, 1632; son of Dr. Daniel. Educated 
for the bar. Edited his uncle's (B. L. Oliver) 



' The Puritan Commonwealth," 



672 



OLN 



bro. F. E. Oliver, 8vo, 1856. This work, which 
severely criticises the Puritans, was reviewed in 
a pamphlet of 7' ' ' 

1857, and bj'Rei 
AVr/Vir, April, 1857. 

Oliver, Col. Robert, Revol. officer, b. 
Boston, 17.18; d. Marietta, O., May, 1810. 
Removed to IJarre while young. A lieut. in 
1775; he marched to Cambridge as capt. in 
the 3d Regt. ; in 1777 he was major, and 
in 1 779 lieut.-col., 10th JIs. Cont. Regt. ; and in 
1 782 brev. col. At Saratoga he was disting. in 
siormiir.,' the Oniiiin intrenchments ; acted as 
adj. -u. II to til'' N'.iiliorn army, and excelled as 
a di,^. i|iliii;irian ilo was among the first set- 
tlcr.s i.l Marietta, ()., in 1788; a representative 
to the Terr, le^i=l. in 1793; councillor in 
1799 ; pres. of the council 1800-3 ; and judge 
C. C. P. — I-nidrelh. 

Oliver, Thomas, last royal lieut.-gov. and 
pres. of the council of Ms., b. Dorchester, Ms., 
Jan. 5. 17;U; d. Bri.stol, Eng., Nov. 29, 1815. 
II. U. 175.3. Descended from Elder Thomas. 
After tlie death of Lieut.-Gov. Andrew Oliver, 
of a dilferent family, in Mar. 1774, he was 
nominated his successor ; Sept. 2 he was com- 
pelled by the people to resign his scat at the 
council board, and took refuge with the troops 
in Boston ; he accomp. them to Halifax in 
1776, and went thence to Eng. He contrib. 
poem 29 to the " Pietas et Gratulatio," Boston, 
1761. 

Olmstead, James MtjNSOX, D.D., Presb. 
clergyman and author, b. Stillwater, N.Y., 
17 Feb. 1794; d.Phila. 16 Oct. 1870. Un.Coll. 
1819; Princet. Theol. Sem. 1822. Liccn.sed 
in 1822, and performed missionary-work until 
ordainiil hi Juno, 1825, over the churches of 
Landislinrn Mnd Centre; subsequently pastor 
at Middle Tuscarora, Flemington, N. J., and 
Snow Hill, Md. Besides sermons and essays, 
he pub. "Thoughts and Counsels for the Im- 
penitent," 1846; "Our First Mother," 1852; 
and " Noah and his Times," 1853. 

Olmstod, Denison, LL.D. (U. of N. Y. 
1845), astronomer, b. E. Hartford, Ct., June 
IS, 1791 ; d. New Haven, May 13, 1859. Y.C. 
1813; tutor there 1815-17. He was carefully 
instructed by his mother; became a member 
of Gov. Treadwell's family, and a clerk in the 
store of one of his sons ; and subsequently took 
charge of the union school at New London. 
App. in 1817 prof, of chemistry, mineral., and 
geol., in the U. of N.C. Here he proposed and 
executed the first State geolog. survey ever 
attempted in this country. The report was 
jjub. in 1824-5. In 1825 he was app. prof of 
mathematics and nat. philos. in Y.C. ; and in 
1836 prof of nat. philos. and astronomy. He 
pub. in 1831-2 a treatise on nat. philos., which 
soon became a popular coll. text-book ; and, 
soon alter, an abridgment of it; in 1839 a 
treatise on astronomy ; in 1840 a " School As- 
tronomy ; " in 1842 " Rudiments of Nat. Phi- 
los. and Astronomy ; " ' Letters on Astrono- 
my," prepared at the suggestion of the Ms. 
Board of Education ; Memoir of E. P. Mason, 
1842; of J. Treadwell,1843; " Student's Com- 
monplace Book ; " and many articles in peri- 
odicals. In 1830 he pub. an elaborate theory 
of hail-storms. The extraordinary shower of 



shooting-stars which fell in Nov. 1833 led to 
his investigations into their history and phe- 
nomena; and he satisfactorily demonstrated 
their cosmical origin. In 1835 Profs. Olmsted 
and Loomis were the first American observers 
of Halley's Comet. The results of a series of 
observations for several years on the aurora 
borealis he has given in the 8th vol. of the 
" Smithsonian Contribs." Inventor of the 
Olmsted stove. Francis Alltn, M.D. (Y.C. 
1844), his son, b. Chapel Hill, N.C, 1819, d. 
N. Haven, 1844. Y.C. 1839. After his return 
from a voyage to the Sandwich Islands for his 
health, 1841, he pub. " Incidents of a Whaling- 
Voyage," 12mo. 

Olmsted, Frederick Law, author and 
landscape-gardener, b. Hartford, Cl., Nov. 10, 
1822. He studied engineering and the sciences 
bearing on agriculture at Y.C. in 1S45-6, and 
then worked on a farm in Central N.Y. ; sub- 
sequently he carried on a farm of his own at 
Staten Island, at the same time writing for 
periodicals on rural subjects. In 1850 he 
made a pedestrian tour in Great Britain and 
on the Continent, the results of which he pub. 
as " Walks ami Talk- cf an American Farmer 
in Eng.," is'ii'. la |s:.l'-3 he travelled ex- 
tensively ill ilir .Suiiilara and South-eastern 
States, and pub. his observations in " A Journey 
in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks 
on their Economy," 1856 ; " A Journey through 
Texas," 1857; and " A Journey in the Back 
Country," 1860; a r^sum^ of the eniire series 
was pub. by him in 1861, entitled "'I'lie Cot- 
ton Kingdom, a Traveller's Observations," ic., 
2 vols. "The Englishman in Kansas," by 
T. H. Gladstone, edited by him, was pub. 1857. 
In 1855 he made another tour through France, 
Italy, and Germany ; and in 1856 was app. to 
superintend the construction of the N.Y. City 
Central Park. In 1857 the highest prize for 
the best plans for the ground was awarded to 
that of Messrs. Olmsteii and C. Vaux, which 
was adopted. He was in 1858 app. architect 
and chief engr. Mr. Olmsted made another 
short European journey in 1859, and was long 
engaged on the Central Park, as well as in 
laying out the upper part of N. Y. Island and 
other similar enterprises. A.M. of H.U. 1864. 

Olney, Col. Jeremiah, Revol. officer, 
d. Providence, R.I., Nov. 10, 1812, a. 62. At 
the commencement of the war he was made 
lieut.-col. in Angell's regt., of which he was 
afterwards col., frequently being the chief officer 
ot the R.I. forces. His heroism was conspicu- 
ous at Red Bank, Springfield, Monmouth, and 
Yorktown. Many years coll. of customs at 
Providence, and pres. of the Cincinnati, of R.I. 

Olney, Stephen, Revol. officer, b. North 
Providence, Oct. 1755; d. there Nov. 23, 1832. 
A descend.nnt of Rev. Thomas, one of the 
founders of the Baptist Church in America, b. 
Hertford, Eng., 1631 ; d. Prov. 11 June, 1722. 
Entered the army in 1775 as lieut. in Capt 
J. Olney's company ; was at the battles of 
Long Island, White Plains, Brandywine, Ger- 
mantown, and Monmouth, and in the retreat 
through N.J. ; received a ball in the arm at 
the battle of Springfield ; was at the gallant 
defence of Red Bank, and was promoted to 
capt. Detached to join Lafayette, he served 



673 



under that officer at tlie siege of Yoiktown, 
where he was specially disting. in the capture 
of a British redoubt, and received several bayo- 
ne^wound3. He represented his native town 
20 years in the Gen. Assembly, besides holding 
numerous town-offices. — iVc Lives of Barton 
and Oliiei/, by Cath. Williams, Prov. 1839. 

Onderdonk, Benjamin Treadwell, 
D.D., LL.D., clergyman, b. N.Y. City, 1791 ; 
d. there Apr. 30, 1861. Col. Coll. 1809. Ord. 
priest in 1813, and app. assist, at Trinity 
Church ; became disting. as a preacher. Prof, 
in the Gen. Theol. Sem., N.Y., 1826-30; made 
sec. of the Diocesan Convention ; he was, Nov. 
26, 1830, consec. bishop as successor of Bishop 
Hobart in the diocese of Eastern N.Y. He 
was eminently useful and industrious in this 
exalted position. In 1844, serious charges, 
which caused great scandal, led to his trial 
by the house of bishops ; and though the worst 
charges were not proved, yet the convention 
deemed him guilty of such indiscretions, that 
they suspended him from his episcopal func- 
tions Jan. 3, 1845. Strenuous efforts were 
made by his friends to re-instate him, but with- 
out success. 

Onderdonk, Henkt, Jan., educator and 
author, b. Manhasset, N.Y., 11 June, 1804. 
Col. Coll. 1827. Fifth in descent from Adrian 
Andrewse, who emig. from Holland to Flatbush, 
L.I., bef. 1672. Henry was brought up on his 
father's farm, and from 1832 to 1865 was prin- 
cipal of Union-hall Academy, Jamaica, L.I. 
Author of EcTol. Incidents of Queen's Co., 
N.Y., 1846: of Sutfolk and King's Counties, 
1849; "Queen's Co. in Olden Times," 1865; 
" Long Island in Olden Times," 1870; "Bibli- 
ography of L.L," 1866; " Hist, of the Soc. of 
Friends in Queen's Co. 1657-1790," &c. Lec- 
turer on temperance, local history, &c. Hon. 
member of various historical and genealogical 
societies. 

Onderdonk, Henkt Ustic, M.D. (U. of 
Edinb. 1810), U.D., bishop Prot.-Ep. Church, 
b.N.Y.City, 1789; d. Phila. Dec. 6, 1 858. Col. 
Coll. 1805. He studied medicine at London 
and Edinb. After practising this profession a 
few years, he studied for the ministry; was 
ord. deacon in 1815; went as missionary to 
Canandaigua in Jan. 1816, which, under his 
care, grew into a flourishing parish, of which 
he became rector in 1818 ; in 1820 he became 
rector of St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn ; and Oct. 
25, 1827, was consec. assist, bishop of Pa. ; sus- 
pended Oct. 21, 1844; restored Oct. 1856. He 
was a popular preacher and an eminent contro- 
versial writer. He pub. two vols, of sermons ; 
an essay on "Regeneration," 8vo, 1835; "Ap- 
peal to the Religious Public, &c., of Canandai- 
gua," 1818; "Episcopacy Examined and Re- 
examined," 1835; "Family Devotions," 1835; 
and an important tract, " Episcopacy tested by 
Scripture," 1 830. Though he had been restored 
to the ministry, he did not resume the discharge 
of episcopal functions. Assoc, edit., with Dr. V. 
Mott, of the N. Y. Med. Journal in 1815. Con- 
trib. to many periodicals, and author of some 
choice hymns. 

O'Neall, John Belton, LL.D., jurist, b. 
Bush River, S.C, Apr. 10, 1793. S.C. Coll. 
1812. He taught in an acad. at Newberry; 



studied law ; and was a short time in active mil- 
itary service during the war with Great Britain. 
Adm. to the bar in 1814, he soon had a lar»e 
practice ; was a member of the State legisl. m 
1816, '22, '24, and '26; speaker during the last 
two terms; in 1828 an assoc. judge; in 1830 
judge of the Court of Appeals; in 1850 pres. 
of this court and the Court of Errors ; and was 
subsequently made chief justice of the State. 
Abandiiiii]!- in i- -iJ the use of spirituous li- 
quors mil i>.!.M>.. ■ 111 order to save a friend," 
he in isii l-rmi i^ -, ,,f the State Temper- 
ance SiM'i ■\\ , mill ill l--:)2 the head of the Sons 
of Tcrapera'iRc of N.A. He furnished reminis- 
cences of the Revol. for the Southern Lili rari/ 
Messem/rr; pub. a "Digest of the Negro Law 
of S.C'.," 1 848 ; " Annals of Newberry," 1 858 ; 
" Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of 
S.C," 2 vols. 1859; and several pub. addresses. 

Ord, Edward Otho Cresap, brev. maj.- 
gencral U.S.A., b. Alleghany Co., Md., 1818. 
West Point, 1839. James, his father, was an 
officer in the war of 1812. Entering the 3d 
Art., he served in 1839-42 against the Seminole 
Indians; was employed in coast-survey duty in 
1845-6, when ho was ordered to Cal., where he 
contrib. to the preservation of law and order by 
the execution of several noted desperadoes. 
Capt. 7 Sept. 1850 ; in 1855 he returned to Cal., 
sen'ing there and in the Territories until 1861, 
taking part in several Indian expeds ; brig.- 
gen. vols. Sept. 14, 1861 ; and com. a brigade 
in the Pa. Reserves under Gen. McCall. Dec 
20 he defeated a Confed. force, under Stuart, 
at Dranesville, Va., near the Potomac, for which 
he was made maj.-gen. May 2, 1862. Ordered 
to the Army of the Mpi., ho was placed in com. 
of Corinth, and subsequently of the 2d division 
of the dist. of W. Tenn. He participated in 
the battle of luka 19 Sept. 1SG2, for which he 
was brev. col. ; com. and was severely wounded 
in the battle of ILitchie 5 Oct. 1862; com. 
13th corps at siege and capture of Vicksburg, 
and at capture of Jackson ; com. 1 8th corps, 
July 21 to Sept. 30, 1864, in operations before 
Richmond ; and wounded in assault and cap- 
ture of Ft. Harrison, 29 Sept. 1864; com. dept. 
of Va. Jan.-June, 1865 ; and engaged in siege 
of Petersburg, and pursuit and capture of Lee, 
9 April, 1865; brev. brig.-gen. for battle of 
Hatchie, and maj.-gen. for Ft. Harrison; maj. 
4th Art. 21 Nov. 1861 ; lieut.-col. 1st Art. Dec. 
11, 1865; brig.-gen. of regular army, July 26, 
1866. 

Ord, George, naturalist, b. Phila. Ii781 ; 
d. there 24 Jan. 1866. Pres. of the Phila. 
Academy of Nat. Science, 1851-66. Authorof 
Supplement to Alex. Wilson's Omithol., and 
Memoir of his Life, 1825; Memoir of C. A. 
Leueuer, in Am. Journal of Sciences and Arts, 
ser. ii. v. viii. 23 ; Memoir of Thos. Say, read 
before Philos. Soc. Dee. 19, 1834. Contrib. to 
scientific journals. Member Amer. Philos. Soc. 
and of the Linntean Soc. of London. 

Ordaz (or-dath'), Don Dieoo, Spanish ex- 
plorer, served under Cortes in the conquest of 
Mexico; d. 1533. He was the first white man 
that ascended Popoeatapetl. Authorized by 
Charles "V. to conquer the country between 
Capo Vela and the Bay of Venezuela, he as- 
cended the Orinoco 160 leagues, ab. 1531. 



ORF 



674 



ORT 



O'Reilly, Beknard, D.D., R.C. bishop 
of Hartford. Consec. 10 Nov. 1850; d. at sea 
Jan 1836. 

Orellana, Francisco, a Spanish officer, 
who discovered the great river of the Amazons, 
b. Truxillo, ab. 1500; d. 1549. He accomp. 
Pizarro to Peru in 15.31, and took part in its 
conquest. When, in 1540, Gonzalo Pizarro set 
out to explore the regions east of the Andes, 
Orellana was his second in command. After 
several weelis passed in the descent of the Napo, 
one of the upper affluents of the Amazon, their 
pro^■isiou3 wore entirely exhausted ; and Pizarro 
despatched Orellana and 50 soldiers in a brig- 
antme, with orders to proceed to the confluence 
of the waters, procure a supply of provisions, 
and return to his relief. In 3 days he reached 
the Amazon, but finding the country a wilder- 
ness, and being scarce able to subsist his own 
party, he followed the course of the river to the 
sea (the voyage occupying 7 months) amid al- 
most incredible hardships. He reached the 
ocean, Aug. 1641, and, sailing to Spain, ex- 
cited great wonder by relating that he had 
passed through a country inhabited only by 
women who were w.arriors, and that he had re- 
ceived authentic information of the existence 
of an El Dorado, where gold was so plentiful, 
that houses were roofed with it. He obtained 
from the Spanish crown a commission to con- 
quer and colonize the region he had discovered, 
and afterwards organized an exped. for the 
purpose, but died on his voyage. 

Ormsby, Stephen, an early settler of 
Ky . ; d. Louisville, 1 846. Brigade-maj in Har^ 
mar's campaign against the N.W. Indians in 
1790; a disting. lawyer; afterward circuit 
judge; M.C. 1811-17. His son Stephen was 
col. of the " Louisville Legion " in the Mexican 
war. — A. T. Goodman. 

Orne, Azor, Revol. patriot, b. Marblehead, 
1732 ; d. Boston, June 7, 1796. He was a suc- 
cessful merchant ; was a delegate to the Essex 
Co. convention in Sept. 1774, and to the 
Prov. Congress ; was long one of tlie com. of 
safety ; and was an active member of com. on 
military affaii-s, in organizing the forces, and 
collecting arms and ammunition. In Jan. 1776 
the Prov. Congress app. him one of the throe 
maj.-gens. of militia ; he had previously been a 
member of the Gen. Court ; and, after tlie 
adoption of the State constitution in 1780, was 
many years in the sr-nate and council. He 
was a zealous advocate for education, his own 
deficiency iu that respect causing him to decline 
hi..;h offices. 

Orne, Joseph, physician, b. Salem, July 
6, 1747; d. there Jan. 28, 1786. H.U. 1765. 
He studied with Dr. Holyoke ; practised in 
Beverly in 1770-7; then removed to Salem. 
He was a superior poet, a fellow of the 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, and wrote for 
the Medical Society. — T/iachcr. 

Orr, Benjamin, lawvcr, b. Bedford, N.H., 
Dec. 1, 1 772 ; d. Brunswick, Me., Sept. 5, 1 828. 
Dartm. Coll. 1798. Son of Hon. John. In 
his youth he worked at a trade, and taught 
school ; he studi d law with Judge Wilde ; 
began practice at Topsham, Me., in 1801 ; and 
afterward removed to Bninswick, where he 
was eminent in chancery practice; M.C. l'I7- 



19. Author of an " Oration on the Death of 
Washington," 1800.— Willis's Lawyers of He. 

Orr, Hectoe, M.D., physician, b. E. Bridge- 
water, lis, Mar. 24, 1770; d. there Apr. 29, 
1S55. H.U. 1792. Son of Col. Robert. Pub. 
a " History of Freemasonry ; " " A Discourse," 
1797; "Oration," ISOl. 

Orr, Hugh, inventor, b. Scotland, Jan. 13, 
1717 ; d. Bridgewater, Ms., Dec. 6, 1798. Son 
of Robert of Lochwinoch, Renfrewshire. Ho 
was a gunsmith, who, in June, 1740, settled at 
Bridgewater, where he erected a triphammer, 
and manufactured scythes and other tools ; 
ab. 1748 he made 500" muskets for the State, 
believed to have been the first made in this 
country ; and during the Revol. cast iron and 
brass cannon, and cannon-balls ; he invented a 
machine for cleaning flax-seed, which he sent 
to Scotland ; and constructed a machine for the 
manuf of cotton. He was some years a State 
senator. His son. Col. Robert, was armorer 
at Springfield. 

Orr, Isaac, b. Bedford, NIL, 1793; d. 
Amherst, Ms., 2S Apr. 1844. Y.C. 1818. 
Son of John, a Revol. officer. Some years a 
teacher in the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 
Hartford ; labored as a preacher and missionary 
in Washington City, and in the service of the 
Coloniz. Soc. ; was a proficient in mathematics 
and nat. philos., and invented an air-tight 
stove. Coutrib. 45 letters of " Hampden " to 
the Commercial Advertiser, and 80 letters of 
" Tinioleon " to the Boston Courier. He left 
a MS. commentary on Daniel and Revelation. 

Orr, James Laweence, lawyer and states- 
man, 1). Craytonville, S.C., May 12, 1822. 
U. of Va. 1 842. He received a good education, 
but until liis ISth year was obliged to employ 
a part of his time behind the counter of his 
father, a country shopkeeper. He studied law ; 
was adm. to the bar in May, 1843, and opened 
an office at Anderson, S.C. ; in 1843 he edited 
the Anderson Gazette; in 1844 and '45 he was 
a member of the State legisl. ; and in 1 849-59 
was M.C. A member of the Southern-Rights 
Convention held at Charleston in May, 1851, 
he opposed the policy, while maintaining the 
riglit of secession on the part of the several 
States. During the 32d Congress he was fre- 
chairman of the com. of the whole on 
state of the Union ; during the next Con- 
gress was chairman of the com. on Indian 
affairs ; and was speaker of the 35th Congress. 
As a member of the S C. convention which 
met in Dec. 1 860, he recorded his vote in favor 
of the immediate and separate secession of his 
State ; and was subsequently one of the three 
commiss. to Washington to treat with govt, for 
the suiTender of U.S. forts in Charleston 
harbor, and to transact other business. Senator 
of the Coufed States 1862-5 ; gov. S.C 1866-9. 

Orr, John, Revol. officer ; d. Bedford, N.H., 
Doc. 23, 1 822, a. 75. At the battle of Benning- 
ton he received a ball just above the knee-joint, 
which crippled him for life. For many yeara 
he was a State representative and senator ; was 
also State councillor ; and 20 years a justice of 
the peace. Father of Benjamin and Isaac, ante. 

Orton, Azariah G., D.D., Presb. clergy- 
man, b. Tyringham, Ms., 1789; d. Lisle, 
Broome Co., N.Y., 28 Dec. 1864. Wms. Coll. 



quently < 
the state 



675 



OSK 



1S13; Princet. Sem. 1820. Ord. 1822; pastor 
Frcsb. church, Seneca Falls, NY, 1822-35 ; at 
Greene, N.Y., 1838-52 ; and at Lisle in 1852- 
60. In 1 838 he pub. a reply to Prof. Stuart 
on slavery, and wrote ably against the aboli- 
tion of capital punishment. 

Orton, Jasos Rockwood, M.D., physi- 
cian, poet, and editor, b. Hamilton, Madison 
Co, NY., 1806; d. Brooklyn, L.I., Feb. 13, 
1867. He practised medicine snccussfully 
several years, but, finding his physical powers 
overtaxed, removed in 1 850 to New York, and 
devoted himself to literary pursuits. He wrote 
for the Musical. World, and at one time edited 
the Weeklji Review and the Binghamton 
Courier. Among his publications arc "Poeti- 
cal Sketches," &c., 1829; "Arnold and other 
Poems.V 1854; "The CampFires of the Red 
Men;" and "Confidential Experiences of a 
Spiritualist," 1858. 

Osborne, Eth.4.n, Presb. minister, b. 
Litchfield, Ct., Aug. 21, 1758; d. Fairfield, 
N.J., May 1, 1858. D.C. I7S4. At the a^'e 
of seventeen, he voluntoered as a private in 
the Revol. anny ; served in the campaii^n of 
1776, and in the retreat through N. J. Licensed 
as a minister at the age of 27 ; and from Dec. 
1789 to 1844 was settled at the old stone 
chnrch, Fairfield, N. J. — D. C. Alumni. 

Osborn, John, poet, b. Sandwich, Ms., 
1713; d. Middlotown, Ct., May 31, 1753. H. 
U. 1735. Son of Rev. Samuel, minister of 
Eastham. He studied divinity, but subsequent- 
ly settled at Middleto^vn in the practice of medi- 
cine. Araon^ his pieces, which evince consid- 
erable talent, is an epistle written in 1735, and 
addressed to one sister on the death of another ; 
and a whaling-song, which was long in vogue. 
His son John, a physician of Middletown (b. 
17 Mar. 1741, d. June, 1825), was a surgeon 
in the army at Ticondoroga in 1758; was 
disting. as a chemist, and pub. La Conda- 
mine's treatise on the Small-Pox, with an 
Appendix. His sou John Chctrchill, M.D., 
b. Middletown, Ct., Sept. 1766, d. St. Croix, 
Mar. 5, 1819. N. J. Coll. 1801. He prac- 
tised in Newbum, N.C., in 1787-1807; then 
went to New York, where he was prof, of the 
institutes of medicine in Col. Coll., and after- 
wards prof, of obstetrics in the Coll. of Phys. 
and Surgeons. He was eminent in his proies- 
Eion, and was • a connoisseur in poetry, belles- 
lettres, and painting. 

Osborne, LAnGnxou, poet, of N.Y. Col. 
Coll. 1827. Has pub. anonymously " Sixty 
Years of the Life of Jeremy Levis," N.Y., 
1831 ; " The Dream of AUa-ad-Dean ; " " The 
Confessions of a Poet," Phila. 1835; "The 
Vision of Rubeta, an Epic Story of the Island 
of Manhattan, with Illustrations done on 
Stone," a satire ; "Arthur Carryl, a Novel," 
the author's best work ; a poem of the " Don 
Juan " class ; and a treatise on " Oil Paint- 
ing." From a poetical fragment entitled 
" England as She Is," he appears to have been 
a resident there in 1833. Also author of 
"Calvary;" "Virginia Tragedies," 12mo, 
1867. — Duyckinch 

Osborn, Samoel, minister of Eastham, 
Ms., 1718-37, b. Ireland ah. 1690; d. Boston 
ab. 1785. Dismissed for Arminianism, he 



taught a private school in Boston aliout 10 
years. He introduced the use of peat on Cape 
Cod. He pub. his case and complaint, 1 743. 

Osborn, Selleck, poet, b. Tnimbull, 
Fairfield Co., Ct., 1783 ; d. Phila. Oct. 1. 1S26. 
He received an ordinary Enjjlish education, 
and at 12 yeara was placed m a newspaper 
printing-office at Danbury. At 21 lie liecame 
editor of a Jellersonian paper, the Litchfield 
Witness. Found guilty of a libel, he defaulted 
payment of a heavy fine, and was confined a 
year in Litchfield jail. After his release he 
resumed his paper, which he edited some years. 
During the war of 1812-15 he served as a capt. 
in the U.S. army ; was stationed on the Cana- 
da frontier; and was in the battle of Plattsburg. 
Aft;er the peace he again edited a paper, first at 
Bennington, Vt., and then the Amer. Wntrhtiian 
at Wilmington, Del. In 1825 he edited a 
paper supporting Calhoun for the presidency, 
and soon after removed to Phila. His small 
volume of " Poems, Moral, Sentimental, and 
Satirical," Boston, 1823, contains selections 
from his fugitive pieces. — Dat/clcinck. 

Osborne, Thos. O., lawyer and soldier, b. 
Jersey, Licking Co., O., 1 1 Aug. 1 832. U. of 
O. 18"54. Studied law at Ciawfordsville, Ind. ; 
was adm. to the bar, and settled in Chicago in 
1858. Col. 39th 111. Regt. Dec. 1861, serving 
in W. Va., at the battle of Winchester, 23 
Apr. 1 862 ; seiwed in the operations in Charles- 
ton harbor in 1 863 ; took part in Butler's exped. 
up the James River in May, 1864 ; at Drury's 
Blurt' was severely wounded, losing the use of 
Ids right arm ; at the siege of Petersburg he 
com. 1st brigade, 1st division, 24th corps ; 
and 2 Apr., 1865, captured Fort Gregg, the 
key to the works about Petersb. and Richmond, 
by one of the most gailant and successful 
charges of the war. For this service he was 
made brig.-gen. By his prompt movement he 
cut olf the Confed. troops from the Lynchburg 
road, and contrib. to the capture of Lee's army, 
and was brev. ma,i.-gen. 2 Apr. 1865. Now 
practises law in Chicago. — Leading Men of 
Chicago. 

Oseola (As-SE-SE-HE-nO-LAR, Or Bl \CK 

Drink), a celelir.ated Seminole warrior, b. on 
the Chattahoochee River, Ga., 1804; d. Fort 
Moultrie, S.C, 30 Jan. 1838. Son of Wm. 
Powell — an Eng]i>hman, and a trader with the 
Indians — by an Indian woman. In 1808 the 
mother and her boy settled in Fla. Though 
of humble rank, he was the governing spirit of 
the Seminoles ; was disting. in all dances and 
games, and was noted for independence and 
self-possession. Oseola vehemently opposed 
the removal of the Indians from Fla. ; and 
having in June, 1835, used insulting language 
to Gen. Thompson, the U.S. agent at Fort 
Iving, he was confined in irons under guard for 
six days. Dec. 28 he avenged himself by 
killing Thompson and 4 othei-s outside the 
fort. Dec. 31 he led the Indians in the battle 
of the Withl.acoochie against Gen. Clinch, and 
W.1S wounded in the arm. This band, the same 
that had massacred Maj. Dade's com. 3 days 
before, was put to flight. He had several en- 
gagements with the troops under Gen. Gaines; 
June 9, 1836, was repulsed in a daring and 
skilful assault on Fort Micanopy ; made an 



OSG- 



un3ucce?3ful attack on Fort Drane, Aug. 12 ; 
and contended with skill and energy for more 
than a year against overwlielminy' odds ; but 
22 Oct. 18.37, wliile holding a conference, under 
a flag of truce, with Gen. Jesnp, near St. Au- 
gustine, was treacherously seized, and confined 
at Fort Moultrie until he died broken-hearted. 
He was a Ijrave and generous foe, and always 
protected women and children. 

Osgood, David, D.l). (Y.C. 1707), Cong, 
clerffvmau, I). Andover, Ms., I.irt. l-t, 1747 ; d. 
Medlord, Dec. 12, 1S22. II.U. 1771. Ord. 
Sept. 14, 1774. Descended from Jolin, one of 
the founders of Andover. Until he was 19, he 
worked on his father's farm ; he then studied 
thcolo_t;y with Rev. Mr. Emerson of Hollis, and 
afterward at Cambridge. He settled as minis- 
ter of Medtbrd, whore he continued nearly 50 
years, and became a distinguished preacher. A 



zealous Federalist, one 
upon Genet's n;'ivr\l ti 
govt 



tmguisl 

of his f 



in 1794, 

linst the 
s'd rap- 



idly throuuli - , I . 

mon in 180;i v\.i- iii<' -i .- !.■ ii.ii-,i ..f his dis- 
courses. He was a Ui<)ruii!;h Caivinist, "a 
truly good and great man, and an earnest and 
fearless preacher." A vol. of his sermons was 
pub. in IJoston in 1 824. — Sprcujue. 

Osgood, Frances Sargent, poetess, b. 
Boston, IS June, 1811 ; d. Hingham, Ms., May 
12, 1850. Dan. of Joseph Lock, a merchant 
of Boston. Early attracting the notice of Mrs. 
L. M. Child, she eontrib. to her Juvenile 3Iis- 
cellanif poems under the signature of " Flor- 
ence." In 18.35 she m. Samuel Stillraan Os- 
good, a portrait-painter, with whom she soon 
afterwards visited London, where he pureued 
his art-studies. She was not only a eontrib. to 
the Eng. periodicals, but also pub. a small vol. 
called the " Casket of Fate ; " a collection of 
h-r poems umi. i iIi- iM ■ of "A Wrea.h of 
Wild-FlowMs Mi:, \, III 1 ind,"8vo, 1839; a 
.3-aet drama in I ila;" and a play 

written at tin i <|ii ; "[ Mh ri.ian Knowles, en- 
titled " The Hiiii]py Release, or the Triumphs 
of Love." They returned to Boston in 1840, 
where she pub. " The Poetry of Flowers and 
the Flowers of Poetry," together with " The 
Floral Oilering." In 1849 ihe poems of Mrs. 
Osgood were pub. at Phila. in 8vo, illustrated. 
Soon after her death, a " Memorial " by her 
frii'nds, with a Life by Dr. Griswold, was pub. 
(N.Y. 1851). 

Osgood, Helen Louise (Gilson), phi- 
lanthrojiist, b. Boston ab. 18.35 ; d. Newton 
Centre, Ms., April 20, 1868. After the death 
of Inr [.anuts, she was the ward of F. B. Fay 
of ('h !- a: ^^a~ well educated; and was en- 
dow-. I .\iih LI. I' musical and conversational 
talent. \\'\vn the civil war commenced, she 
was among the tiret to organize Soldiers' Aid 
Societies, and provided employment for the 
wives and daughters of soldiers who were in 
straitened circumstances. Early in 1862 she 
went to the army as a nurse, endearing herself 
to the men by her gentle attentions, jtier sweet 
voice, and her great executive power. During 
the bloody years of 1864-5 she administered 
comfort and relief to thousands of the severely 
wounded and dying. She also organized and 
conducted for many months a hospital for 



1,000 patients of the sick and wounded colored 
soldiers of the Army of the Potomac. In 1SG6 
she was m. to Mr. Osgood, a laborer in the 
sanitary work in the Army of the Potomac ; 
but her overtasked powers failed, and she died 
a martvr to her patriotism and philanthropy. 

Osgood, Samuel, A.A.S., statesman, b. 
Andover, Ms., Feb. 14, 1748 ; d. N. York, Aug. 
12,1813. H.U. 177n. A d.s,.p,vl:i,i! ff J..lm 
ofAndover. He sin-li. .1 i!i. .i... - in', 1.. in;; 
his health, becatu'' .! n i ' : ii 

a member of the f Li.. ; a ^ In.,: .nh.; 

Essex Co. conventiuu in tei.L 1774, a mem- 
ber of the Prov. Congress, and on many im- 
portant committees. He was a capt. at Lcx- 
mgton and Cambridge in April, 1775 ; aide to 
Gen. Ward in 1775-6 ; member of the board 
of war; and left the army in 1776 with the rank 
of col. and assist, tommissary. Member of tlio 
house till 1780, when he was a senator; dele- 
gate to the Old Congress 1780-4; first eora- 
mi.ss. of the U.S. treas. in 1785-9 ; and U.S. 
postmaster-gen. 1789-91. Aftenvards member 
of the N.Y. logisl., and speaker of the house ; 
supervisor of N.Y. in 1801-3 ; and from 1S03 
till his death naval officer of the port of N. w 
York. He pnb. several vols, on religions sub- 
jects, and a work on chronology ; was well 
versed in science and literature, and disting. 
for integrity, public spirit, and pietv. 

Osgood, Samuel, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1S27), 
pastor 1st Cons. Church, Springfield, from 25 
June, 1809, to his d. 8 Dec. 1862; b. Fryeburg, 
Me., 3 Feb. 1784. D.C. 1805. He was an able 
preacher, and an active reformer. He pub. 
some sermons and addresses, " Half-Centmy 
Sermon," 1S59. 

Osgood, Samuel, D.D. (H.U. 1857), cler- 
gyman and author, b. Charlestown, Ms., Ang. 
30,1812. H.U. 1832; Camb. Divinity School, 
1835. After travelling and preaching 2 years, 
he was ord.. May 6, 1838, over the Unitarian 
church in Nashua, N.H.; Dec. 29, 1841, he was 
called to the Westminster Church, Prov., R. I. ; 
and in 1340 m :li. rimnli <,f the Messiah, N.Y., 
where h' r " ■ : an i Is09. Ord. deacon in 
thePr.Kp < \i ,-,,1870. Dr. Osgood 

has pub. Iran li. : :- dun Olsbausen and Da 
Wette; "The History of the Pas.sion," 1839; 
and " Human Life," 1842. Author of " Stud- 
ies in Christian Biography," 1851; "The 
Hearthstoms" 1854; " Gud with Men," ls54; 



(■',,,,■ n / . ;, N.Y.. ls,-,(l-4. lie liana.n- 

trib. to the Chnslinn Exanumr, the N. A. Re- 
view, the Bibliot/ieca Sacra, and the leading 
monthly magazines. His printed sermons, 
speeches, and orations are numerous : among 
them is his discourse at Meadville Theological 
School on " The Coming Church and its Cler- 
gy," 1858; and his oration before the alumni 
oi' H.U. in 1860. He has been active in literary 
and educational objects. His theological sym- 
pathies, before becoming an Episcopalian, weie 
with what was called the "Broad Church." 
Many years corrcsp. sec. of the N.Y. Historical 
Society. 

Osgood, Thaddeus, philanthropist, b. 
Methuen, Ms., Oct. 24, 1775; d. Glasgow, 



677 



Scotland, Jan. 19, 1852. Dartm. Coll. 1803. 
He studied divinity mth Drs. Lothrop and 
Emmons. Ord. ah. 1806; was stated supply 
in Soutlibury, Ct. ; and was a missionary in 
N. Y. and Canada. He organized the first 
church in Buffalo, N.Y., and many others ; in 
1812 collected S9,000 in Eng. for a school in 
Quebec, and gathered there 200 hoys in a sab- 
bath school; went again to Enj. in ISi.'i, and 
collected S5,000 for a soeictv n ju.. h.i; rdv.- 
cation and industry; in 1> -7 > r 

society in Canada to supply I , i . - in u 
and emi^j'rants ; was many y _..rj ;i ..uLibu^.r 
of tracts, and founder of sabbath schools ; went 
a third time to Eng. for benevolent objects; 
and closed his useful life in Scotland. 

Ossoli. — See Fuller, Sarah Maegaket. 

Osterhaus, Gen. Peter Joseph, b. Prus- 
sia. Served as an officer in the Prussian anny ; 
afterward settled in St. Louis, Mo. Entered 
the Union service in 1861 as maj. 2d Mo. Vols. ; 
took part in the battles of Dug Spring and 
Wilson's Creek; became col. 12th Mo. Vols. ; 
com. a brigade under Gen. Fremont; took part 
in the exped. under Gen. Curtis which resulted 
in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he com. a divis. 
and greatly disting. himself; was made brig.- 
gen. June 9, 1862; in Dec. com. a divis. in the 
13th corps at Helena, Ark., witli iihich lie par- 
ticipated in the caiitu'i' <>t Arl; :ii-n- I'o r, U 
Jan.l863,andintho\'i. k.!,ur^ , ,:iii]i,ii:H : rr.iii. 
1st div. 15th corp.-i in ih,' up r,]ii,,ii, at i liatia- 
nooga and battle of Mi.-?iuii. liid-ij ; iu iht At- 
lanta campaign in 18G4, and in that of Ga. and 
S.C. com. the 15th corps; maj,-gen. 23 July, 
1864; chief of staff to Gen. Canby at lOrby 
Smith's surrender in May, 1865. 

Oswald, Col. Eleazer, b. Eng. ab. 1755; 
d. New York, Oct. 1, 1 795, of ycllow"-fever. He 
was of good family, being related to Eichard of 
Auehencruive. Ilis sympathies were awakened 
by the action of the Sons of Liberty in America 
as early as 1770, and he soon after came to 
America ; ?crrcd as a capt. under Arnold, and 



regt. of artillery, and soon afterwards disting. 
himself with Arnold at Compo. For his bra- 
very at the battle of Monmouth he was highly 
commended by Generals Knox and Lee ; soon 
after this engagement he left the service. He 
engaged in the printing and publishing busi- 
ness at Phila., and was app. public jjrinter. 
Upon constitutional questions li .■• ,■ , n "i,; n- 
nent of Hamilton, whom in 17- ' ' _ d 

to fight a duel ; their friend- a lit- 

ter, and the meeting was piv\!!- I 111 i:,iL', 
being in Eng. on business, he went to the t'on- 
tinent, joined the French army, and com. a 
regt. of art. at the battle of Jcmappes. 

Oswald, Richard of Anehencruive, b. 
1 705 ; d. Nov. 6, 1 784. One of the framers of 
the treaty of peace which closed the Rcvol. war. 
He was a merchant of Lond., and gave bail 
for Henry Laurens in the sum of £50,000. He 
m. Mary Ramsay, celebrated by Burns in one 
of his songs. 

Otey, James Hervey, D.D. ( Col. Coll. 



1833), Pr.-Ep. bishop of Tenn., b. Liberty, 
Va., Jan. 27, 1800; d. Memphis, Tenn., Apr. 
23,1863. U. of N. C. 18:iO. Ord. 1825, and 
was the first Prot.-Episc. minister who settled 
in Tenn.; conscc. bishop Jan. 14, 1834; and 
did duty in Mpi., La., and Ala., among the In- 
dians, &c. Throughout the South and South- 
west his title was, " the Good Bishop." 
Though stronglj' opposed to secession, he was 
persuaded to write his famous letter to the sec. 
of state, remonstrating against coercive meas- 
ures on the part of the Federal govt. : the able 
reply to this letter changed the views of " the 
Good Bishop," who thenceforth acted with the 
Northern diocese. Author of numerous ad- 
dresses, sermons, charges, speeches, &c., and a 
vol. entitled " Unity of the Church," &c., 8vo, 
1852. 

Otis, Harrison Gray, statesman and ora- 
tor, b. Boston, Oct. 8, 1765; d. there Oct. 28, 
1S48. H.U. 1783. Son of Samuel A., and 
nephew of James Otis. Adm. to the bar 1786, 
he soon became a successful lawyer, and entered 
upon pulilic life, where his brilliant talents, 
grai-efiil r.i-:if"->-. n'vl extensive acquirements, 
gaintii I' I _' • . ■ Aide to Gen. Brooks 
ill th< -^ . I iiii in 1786 ; member of 

the k^i . .1 17 ... j.l.C. and a prominent 
leader ol lU.. 1\,U-a[ purtyin 1797-1801 ; U.S. 
dist-atty. ISOl ; member of the legisl. and 
speaker'l 803-5 ; pres. of the State senate 1805- 
11; judge of C. C. P. 1814-18; U.S. senator 
1817-22 ; mayor of Boston 1829-32. He was 
a prominent member of the Hartford Conven- 
tion in Dec. 1814, the views and proceedings 
of wliieh he afterwards wrote, and pub. a series 
of letters upon. In the U.S. senate he made 
an eloquent speech in reply to Pinckney on the 
Mo. Question in Jan. 1820. He pub. an ora- 
tion, July 4, 1788 ; letter to W. Heath 1798; 
eulogy on Hamilton 1804 ; speech on the Mo. 
Question 1820 ; on the Sedition Law ; addresses 
in Boston 1824 and 1830. 

Otis, James, col. and judge, b. Barnstable, 
June 14, 1702 ; d. Nov. 9, 1778. Son of Judge 
John Otis, and, without the advantages of a 
regular education, rose by the native energy of 
his mind to distinction. A diligent study of 
the principles of law, as connected with politi- 
cal institutions, had prepared hir.i as an oppo- 
nent of the ministerial jilans a;;ainst the Colo- 
nies, and he ardently engaged iu asserting their 
rights ; a member of the Prov. legisl. in 1758 ; 
made speaker of the house in 1760; and con- 
tinued in that office two years, when he was 
negatived by Gov. Bernard. On the death of 
Chief Justice Sewall in 1760, Col. Otis, see 
onded by his son James, applied to Gov. Ber- 
nard for the app. of assoc. judge. Mr. Hutchin- 
son, who was nominated, attributes to their 
disappointment the " flaming patriotism " of 
the father and son. In 1763 he was app. judge 
of probate for Barnstable Co. ; cliief justice of 
the C. C. P. Feb. 1764 ; the same year he was 
chosen speaker of the house, and also one of his 
Majesty's council, but was negatived by the 
gov., owing to his opposition to the measures 
of govt. He was elected to the council every 
succeeding year, and was negatived regularly 
until 1770, when Lieut.-Gov. Hutchinson appro- 
bated the choice. During the first years of the 



OTI 



678 



OTJS 



I board, of v 



war, Mr. Otis sat at the c 

he was prcs. and thu oldest member. 

Otis, Jajies, orator and Revol. patriot, b. 
W. Barnstable, Ms., 5 Feb. 1725; d. Andover, 
Ms., 23 May, 1783. U.U. 1743. Son of the 
preceding. Ho studied law with J. Gridley ; 
at 21 began practice at Plymouth ; removed to 
Boston in 1750, and acquired a high reputation 
at the bar; in 1755 he m. Ruth Cunnmgham. 
In 1760 ho pub. "Rudiments of Latin Proso- 
dy." Otis's public career dates from his fo- 
mous speech against the " Writs of Assist- 
ance" in 1761 ; chosen to the Ic^^isl. in May, 
1761, he became the leader of the popular par- 
ty ; in 1764 lie pub. a pamphlet, " The Eights 
of the Colonies Vindicated," a ma-sterpiecc of 
argument. June 6, 1765, he moved the calling 
of a congress of delegates from the several Colo- 
nies, whieli was adopted, and to which he was 
in Oct. a delegate, and one of the com. to pre- 
pare an address to the commons of Eng. 
Elected s]icaker of the house in May,_ 1767, he 
was negatived by the gov., and resigned his 
office of judge-advocate. Upon the require- 
ment of Gov. Bernard that the legisl. should 
rescind its Circular Letter requesting the Colo- 
nies to unite on some suitable mode of redress, 
Otis made a speech, pronounced by his enemies 
as the " most violent, abusive, and treasonable 
declaration that perhaps was ever uttered." 
The house refused to rescind by a vote of 92 to 
17. In the summer of 1769 he denounced in 
the Gazette, in severe terms, the calumnies of 
some of the customs-officers ; who attacked him 
Sept. 9, and inflicted a deep cut on his head, 
to which has been partly attributed the derange- 
ment under which ho afterwards labored. lie 
obtained a verdict against Robinson, one of his 
assailants, for ;£2,000, which he gave up on re- 
ceiving a written apology, and withdrew to the 
country in 1770 on aeeumit <.f iiis liraltli. Ik- 
was again areprcsentativr in 1771 , Inn innk no 
active part in affairs suli-rijiimily, ]n< mind 
having become seriously iiii|';nn il During a 
brief lucid interval he resumed ]iraetice in Bos- 
ton, but, 6 weeks after his retuiTi to Andover, 
was killed by a stroke of lightning, — a fate for 
which he had often expressed a wish. Otis's 
great defect was his irascibility. He was a 
man of powerful genius and ardent temper, of 
impeUious and commanding eloquence, and, as 
a lawyer, stood at the head of the profession. 
He pub., besides the works named, " Vindica- 
tion of the House of Representatives," 1762; 
and "Considerations," &c., 1765. — See Tti- 
dor's Life of Otis, 8vo, 1823. 

Otis, CoL. John, .iudge, b. Hingham, Ms., 
1657 ; d. Barnstable, Ms., Sept. 23, 1727. John 
his father was in Hingham in 1 635 ; went to 
Scituate ab. 1 662 ; and "d. 1 6P4, a. 64. Col. Otis 
was 20 years the representative of Barnstable; 
councillor 1706-27; many years com. tho 
miii'ia of the county ; was chief justice of the 
C.C.P., and first judge of probate. He had 
fine talents, and possessed great wit and 
humor. 

Otis, SAMtrEL Alletne, bro. of James, 
b. Barnstable, Nov. 24, 1 740 ; d. at Washington, 
Apr. 22, 1814. H.U. 1759. lie commenced 
the study of law, but abandoned it, and en- 
gaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston ; rcpre- 



the Gen. Court in 1776, and a 
member of the convention which framed the 
State constitution; during the Revol. he was 
a member of tho board of war, and in 1784 
speaker of the house; in 1787 ho was app. one 
of thecommiss. to negotiate with the insurgents 
in the Shays Rebellion ; member of Congress 
in 1788 ; and, after the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution, was chosen sec. of the U.S. 
senate. He m. Elizabeth, only dau. of Harrison 
Gray, receiver-gen. of Ms. (who d. 1794, a. 84), 
and was the father of H. G. Otis. 

Otterbein, Philip William, founder of 
the Church of tho United Brethren, b. Dillen- 
burg, Germany, June 4, 1726; d. Baltimore, 
Md., Nov. 17, 1813. Ord. to the ministry 
in the Reformed Church at Herbom in 1 749 ; 
sent in 1752 missionary to America by tlie 
synod of Holland, he settled first at Lancaster, 
Pa. ; olKciatcd at Tulpehockea and York, Pa., 
and Frederick, Md., and in 1774 established 
himself at Baltimore; shortly after his settle- 
ment at Lancaster he adopted "new measures," 
such as prayer-meetings, class-meetings, and 
open-air meetings held in groves ; he made 
many i'inerant tours, associating with himself 
other preach':'rs of like faith and zeal ; and at 
the time of his death there were united to his 
church ab. 100 preachers and 20,000 membci's. 
He was a man of great learning, piety, and 
zeal. His chm-ch is spread over large portions 
of tho Northern and Southern States, and 
numbers about 90,000 communicants. 

Otto, John C, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1796), 
physician, b. N.J. 1775; d. Philadelphia, Juno 
30, 1845. N. J. Coll. 1792. His father. Dr. 
Bodo Otto, was a disting. physician and Revol. 
officer. John C. was a successful practitioner 
in Phila. for nearly 50 years ; was an attending 
physician in the Pa. Hospital, and for many 
vc ars elinital leetnn r in that institution. He 
]hiI.. n.nl. i.ap. rs in tin- X.Y. Med. Repos., and 
in 111.- A'. .1. Mill, anil Sunj. Journal 1828-30. 
— ,s,, Mrninir.K 1,1/ I. Parrish, Phila. 1845. 

Otto, Louis William, Count de Moslot, 
French diplomatist, b. 1754 in the duchy of 
Baden; d. Paris, Nov. 9, 1817. Educated at 
the U. of Sfrasburg; in 1777 app sec. of lega- 
tion at Bavaria. The ambassador Luzerne, 
being app. minister to the U.S. in 1779, took 
with him M. Otto, who remained as sec. and 
chari]( d'affaires till 1792 ; he was then employed 
by the com. of public safety, but, on the fall of 
the Girondists, was sent to the Luxembourg 
Prison, where he remained till the 9th tliermi- 
dor; in 1798 he went to Berlin as sec. to the 
ambassador Sieyes; in 1800 he was sent to 
Eng. to treat for an exchange of prisoners, and 
acted as minister-plenipo. till the peace of 
Amiens ; after the campaign of 1809 he was 
amba^sador to Vienna, whore ho negotiated the 
man-iage of Napoleon with the archduchess ; 
ho became a minister of state on his return to 
Paris in 1813, and during the hundred days 
was under-sec. of state for foreign all'airs. He 
m. a Miss Livingston. 

Ouseley, Sm William Gore, D.C.L. 
(of Oxon.), son of Sir William, b Lund. 1797; 
d. there 6 Mar. 1866. Attache' at Stookhoira 
1817; at Washington in Nov. 1825; and m. 
there the dau. of C. P. Van Ness. Author of 



OVA 



679 



"Remarks on the Statistics and Polit. Insti- 
tutions of the U S," 8vo, 1S32 ; " Views of S. 
America," 1852, &c. „ . , „ 

Ovando, Nicolas, a Spanish officer, and 
commander of the order of Alcantara, b. ab. 
1460 ; d 1 5 1 S. He succeeded Bobadilla as gov. 
of Hispaniola in 1501 . Though just and kind 
to the Spanish colonists, he perpetrated great 
cruelties upon the Indians, many of whom 
were massacred at Xaraqua by his orders ; he 
also treated Columbus with great injustice, 
thwarting him upon all occasions. He was re- 
called in 1503, and succeeded by Diego Colum- 
bus, son of the great admiral. 

Overman, Fkedekick, mining cngr of 
Phila ; d. 1852. Author of " Manuf of Iron," 
1850; of "Steel," 1851; "Moulders' and 
Founders' Pocket-Guide," 1S51 ; ;'Pract. Min- 
eralogy, Assaying, and Mining," 1851 ; 
"Mechanics for the Milhvi-ight, Machinist," 
&c, 1852; "Metallurgy," 1852. — 4«ifone. 

OviedO, Y Valdes (o-ve-a'do e val-d6s'), 
Gonzalez Hernando, a Spnnish chronicler, 

8 a coll., he was made vice-pres. He made 



Owen, George W., politician, b. Bruns- 
wick Co., Va., 1796 ; d. Mobile, Ala., Aug. 18, 
1837. He was speaker of the Ala. house of 
representatives ; M.C. 1823-9 ; mayor of Mo- 
bile, and afterwards coll. of that port. 

Owen, Griffith, an eminent Quaker 
preacher and physician to the early settlers of 
Pa.; d. Phila. 1717. He held several civil 

Owen John, gov. N.C. 1828-30, b. Bladen 
Co N.C.', Aug. 1787 ; d. Pittsborough, Oct. 
1841. Educated at the U. of N.C. Devoted 
himself to a<'riculture ; member of the house in 
1812, and oftbe senate in 1827 ; and pres. of the 
conv. at Harrisburg which nominated Harrison 

Owen, John Jasos, D.D., LL.D., scholar 
and author, b. Colebrook, Ct., Aug. 13, 1803; 
d N.Y. Apr. 18, 1869. Mid. Coll., Vt., 1829 ; 
And. Sem. 1831. Ord. in 1832, and connected 
with the Presb. Educ. Soc. On the establish- 
ment of the Cornelius Inst., he look charge of 
it, withdrawing in Nov. 1848 to become prof, 
of the Latin and Greek languages and lit. at 



youth at court, and saw the final campaigns 
of the Moorish war. In 1514 ho was sent to 
St. Domingo as supervisor of gold smeltmgs ; 
became insp.-gen. of commerce, and passed 
most of his days in America. Author of 
" Cronica de las fn'Mas," 1535, rcpub. at Sala- 
manca, with additions, in 1547, — one of the 
scarcest and most valuable records of early 
Spanish-American history ; also of a valuable 
work, still in MS., " Quinquagenus, or 50 
dialogues; liis " History of Nicaragua" was 
pub. by Tcrnaux Compans, Paris, Sto, 1840. 

Owen, CoL. Abraham, b Prince Edward 
Co Va., 1769 ; killed at the battle of Tippe- duced^ reform 

canoe, Nov. 7, 1811. Hemoved to Shell)y Co., ■•'-■'-- 

Ky in 1785 ; served in the campaigns of Wil- 
kinson and St. Clair in 1791, and in Col. Har- 
din's exped. to White River. Surveyor of 
Shelbv Co. in 1796; afterward a magistrate, 
and col. of militia ; member of the Ky. Const. 
Conv. in 1799, and of both branches of the 
State legisl. ; aide-de-camp to Harrison at Tip- 
pecanoe. — Coltms's Hist. Ki/. 

Owen, David Dale, geologist, son ot 
Robert, b. Lanarkshire, Scotland, June 24, 
; d. New Harmony, Ind., Nov. 13, 
edu 
Hofwyl, S» 
father to New Harmon. 

lo'V and other branches i 

n. His Autobiography gives much of in- 
his career. — See Life of Owen bi/ F. A. 



excellent translations of Homer's " Iliad and 
" Odyssev," Tluicydides, and Xenophon s 
" Anabasis "and " Cvropaedia ; " and translated 
the Acts of the Apostles into Greek. He also 
pub. 3 vols, of Commentaries on the Gospels. 

Owen, Robert, philanthropist, b. New- 
town, Montgomeryshire, Scotland, 14 March, 
1771 ; d. there 19 Nov. 1858. He acquired 
wealth bv the manuf. of cotton, and, sympa- 
thizing with the working-classes, he, with his 
father-in-law and partner, David Dale, intro- 
duced reforms in regard to their dwellings, 
their hours of labor, and the education of their 
children. In 1812 he pub. " New View of So- 
ciety " maintaining a theory of modified com- 
munism. Wishing to test his system on a large 
scale, he in 1825 purchased New Harmony, 
Ind. and, with the assistance of his son Robert 
Dale Owen, tried it there. It flourished for a 
time ; but as a social experiment it was a failure, 
as was also his effort to establish in London a 
" labor exchansie." In 1828 he went to Mex., 
but could effect nothing there; in 1829 he 

Ss;;3,i:.,:;:,,.......,;,sj.~n.«. sf£SiC'^ot.£;^.^ 

the study of -eolo'V and other branches of labor-leagues from which sprung the Cl.artist 

.rals^-ienee in Europe, and in 1833 took up movement. In Ins later years hejvas a Spii.t- 
esidcnce in thf U 

; employed bv Book of the New Moral Worid," presenting : 

the legisl. of Ind. in a geological survey of the system of„rdigion^ and^^soc.e.y^ac_cord,ng .t 



1860. 



alts of which were pub., and re- 



■acKara, x-niia. i^mu, louu. . 

Owen, Robert Dale, author and politi- 
ian, son of Robert, b. Glasgow, 7 Nov. 1801. 



State, 

S:?ion :.r^e ^:Jr^\Ztr\:Z:lZ Pa^^. Plnla. 12mo, 1866, 

instructions from the gen. land-office ; and 

of ICy., from 1852 to 1 

^ i::^f^\^^:'r^^::i^^^:L sr;^2^B;ri83r" Member of the- m. 



with Madame D'Arusemont the New- Harmony 
afterward called the Free Jiiqwrer, 



legisl. 1835-8 ; M.C. 1843-7 ; chairman of 



0"WE 



C80 



PAE 



tlic Ind. Const. Conv. in 1849 ; charr/^ d'affaires 
at Naples in 1353-8. After 15 years' labor, he 
procured tlie passage of laws in Ind. securing to 
women independent rights of property, and 
during the Rebellion sci'ved on two important 
govt, commissions. lie was prominent in the 
organization of the Smithsonian Inst., and one 
of its first regents. Author of " Popular 
Tracts," 1830; "Moral Physiology," 1831; 
"Pocahontas," a drama, 1837; "Hints on 
Public Architecture," in Smithsonian Contribs., 
4to, 1849; " Plank-Roads," 1856 ; "Footfalls 
on the Boundaries of Another World." 1849 ; 
" The Wrong of Slavery, and the Right of 
Emancipation," 1864; "Policy of Emancipa- 
tion," 1863 ; " Beyond the Breakers," 1869. 

Owens, John E., comedian, b. Liverpool, 
1823; brought to the U.S. in 1826, and was 
afterwards in business in Phila. His first ap- 
pearance was at the National, Phila. ; Aug. 20, 
1846, he played at Masonic Hall, Phila. Joint 
manager of the Baltimore Museum in 1 849; 
made an extensive European tour in 1852; 
manager of the Cliarles-st. Theatre, Baltimore, 
1854, and of the N. Orleans Varieties 1859-61 ; 

Slayed a brilliant engagement at Wallack's, 
'.Y. 1864-5 ; opened at the London Adelphi, 
July 3, 1865, as Solon Shingle, his great 
part ; was at the Broadway in Jan.-Apr. 1866 ; 
and in 1869 played John Unit, in " Self," at 
Wallack's, -N.r.— Brown's Amer. Stage. 

Owsley, William, gov. Kv. 1844-8, b. 
Va. 1782; d. Danville, Ky., Deb. 1862. His 
father settled in Lincoln Co., Ky., in 1783. 
He taught school ; studied law with Judge 
Boyle ; represented Garrard Co. for several 
years in the legisl. ; judge of the Supreme Ct. 
1812-28. Removed'to Boyle Co. in 1843. 

Oxenbridge, John, "minister of Boston, 
b. Daventry, Eng., Jan. 30, 1609 ; d. Dec. 28, 
1674. Educated at Oxford, and also at Cam- 
bridge, where he took his degree in 1631 ; be- 
came a preacher ; made several voyages to the 
W. Indies ; was ord. pastor of a church in Bev- 
erly, Eng., in 1644, and chosen fellow of Eton 
Coll. ; and afterwards settled at Berwick-on- 
Tweed, where he was silenced in 1662. Ho 
next went to Surinam ; in 1667 was at Barba- 
does; and in 1669 came to Boston, where he 
was ord. April 10, 1670, over the First Church 
as coU. with Mr. Allen. He was a very pop- 
ular preacher. His publications are "The 
Duty of Watchfulness ; " "Election Sermon," 
1671; "Seasonable Seeking of God;" and 
" A Proposition for propagating the Gospel by 
Christian Colonies in Guiana." — Sto. 

Oxendine, Alexandek W., Baptist cler- 
gyman and Revol. veteran, b. S.C. Aug. 26, 
1759; d. Benton's Creek, Phelps Co., Mo., 
Sept. 3, 1869, aged 110. He was one of Mari- 
on's men, and was many years a minister. He 
retained his sight, hearing, and intellect to his 
last hour. 

Pabodie, William Jewett, poet, b. 
Providence, R.I., ab. 1812; d. there 1870. 
Has pub. " Calidore," a legendary poem, and 
many smaller pieces. 

Paca, William, Revol. statesman, b. Wye 
Hall, Harford Co., Md., Oct. 31, 1740; d. 
1799. Phila Coll. 1758. Adm. a student at 
the Middle Temple, Lond., Jan. 14, 1762; 



practised law at Annapolis; member of the 
legisl. from 1771, signalizing himself by his 
opposition to the royal govt. ; member of the 
com. of corresp. in 1774; delegate to Congress 
1774-9, and a signer of the Decl. of Indep. ; 
State senator 1777-9 ; chief justice 1778-80; 
chief judge of the Court of Appeals 1780-2 ; 
gov. 1782 and 1786; member of the conven- 
tion which ratified the U.S. Constitution in 
1788, and U.S. dist. judge from 1789 till his 
death. He contrib. of his private wealth to the 
patriot cause, and served upon many impor- 
tant local committees. His first wife was a 
dau. of Samuel Chew. 

Packard, Rev. Alpheds Spking, D.D. 
(Bowd. Coll. 1860), b. Chelmsford, Ms., 1798. 
Bowd. Coll. 1816. Tutor there 1819-24, and 
prof, of Greek and Latin 1824-65 ; librarian 
1 869. Edited, with notes. Xenophon's " Memo- 
rab.," 1839; works of Rev. Jesse Appleton, 
with Memoir, 2 vols. 8vo, 1837. Contrib. 
Sketches of Appleton, Samuel Eaton, and Dr. 
Packard, to Sprague's " Annals," and papers to 
several periodicals. Pub. " Hist. Bunker's- 
Hill-MonnnK'nt Assoc," 1853. 

Packard, Fkederick Adolphus, LL.D. 
(N.J. Coll. 1S59), b. Marlborough, Ms., Sept. 
26, 1794; d. Nov. U, 1867. H.U. 1814. Son 
of Rev, Asa. He read law at Northampton, 
Ms.; practised law at Springfield, Ms., 1817- 
29; member State legisl. 1828-9 ; edited the 
Hampden Federalist 1 years ; removed in 1 829 
to Phila., and from 1829 to his d. edited the 
publications of the Sunday-school Union, — 
2,000 in number, more than 40 of which he 
wrote or compiled. Elected pres. of the Gi- 
rard Coll. for orphans, July, 1849, but declined. 
He edited the .S'. S. Magazine, the 5. S. Journal, 
and Youth's Penny Gazette ; prepared the soci- 
ety's annual reports; pub. tracts and occasion- 
al | ■; - nil S -r]|,,i,j, riiiicaiional, and other 

su'. , i; M! > ■ .1 I'.ePhila. ./o«r. o/- 

/'/' ,' ! nil. to the Princeton 

y.'tr., iih .\ y :, iihl other periodicals. 

Amons his puhs. are " Union Bible Diction- 
ary," 1837; "The Teacher Taught," 1839; 
" Separation of Convicts," 1849 ; " The Teach- 
er Teaching," 1861 ; " The Rock," 1861 ; ^ 
" Life of Robert Owen," 1866 ; " Daily Public 
School of the U.S.," 1866; "Visit to Euro- 
pean Hospitals," 1840. 

Packer, William F., gov. Pa. 1858-61, 
b. Centre Co., Pa., 1807 ; d. Williamsport, Pa., 
Sept. 27, 1870. He became a printer ; studied, 
but never practised law ; pub. the Li/coming 
Gazette in IS27-36; canal com. 1839-42; State 
auditor 1842-5; State senator 1845-8; then 
pres. of the Susquehanna R.R. Co. until its 
consolidation with the Northern Central R.R. 
Co , of which he was a director until 1858. 

Paez (pa-fith'), Jose Antouio, a South- 
American soldier, b. San Felipe, Caracas, 
1787. He fought on the royalist side in the 
beginning of the struggle for liberty, but joined 
the patriots in 1810; defeated Rafael Lopez in 
1816, and was made a brig.-gen. ; recovered 
the province of Apure ; routed La Torre at 
Las Mercuritas, 28 Jan. 1817 ; and thenceforth 
acted in concert with Bolivar. For his ser 
vices at Ortiz he was made gen. of division. 
The battle of Carabobo iu 1821, which secured 



FA.G- 



681 



the independence of Colombia, established his 
military reputation ; and Bolivar offered to 
make liim gen.-in-chief. His capture of Puer- 
to Cabello, in Nov. 1823, ended Spanish author- 
ity in Colombia. Ho was made a senator and 
commandant of Venezuela ; and when, in Sept. 
1829, it became an indep. republic, Paez was 
chosen pres. In 1839 be again became pres. 
He led the revolutionists against the usurper 
Monagas in 1848, but was unsuccessful, and 
was imprisoned, but was released, and resided 
in New York, May, 1850-Dec. 1858, when he 
returned to Venezuela. Minister to the U.S. 
ill 18G0, but in 1861 returned to Venezuela. 

Page, Benjamin, capt. U.S.N., b. Eng. 
1792; a. New York, April 16, 1858. Mid- 
shipm. Dec. 17, 1810; lieut. Apr. 27, 1816; 
master Dec. 22, 1835 ; capt. Sept. 8, 1841. 

Page, Charles Grafton, M.D., physi- 
cist, b. Salem, Ms., Jan. 28, 1812; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., May 5, 18C8. H.U. 1832. He 
constructed an electrical machine when only 
ten years of age. In 1838-40 he practised 
medicine in Va. ; was prof, of chemistry in 
Col. Coll., D.C., in 1839-40, and from that 
time till his death was examiner in the U.S. 
patent-oflSce. He was a frequent contrib. to 
iSiltiiiian's Journal, and is the author of a- con- 
cise and complete treatise upon the subject of 
electrical science and discovery. He had been 
for years perfecting machinery for the effective 
and economical use of electro-magnetism as a 
motive-power, and had so far succeeded as to 
be able to use it for the propulsion of machine- 
ry, and, to some extent, as a locomotive force. 
Author of " Psychomancy, or Spirit-Rappings 
Exposed," 12mo, 1853. 

Page, David P., b. Epping, N.H., 1816; 
d. 1848. Principal of the N.Y. State Normal 
School. Author of " Elem. Chart of Vocal 
Sounds," 1847; "Theory and Practice of 
Teaching," 1847. 

Page, John, gov. of Va. 1802-5, b. Rose- 
well, Gloucester Co., Va., April 17, 1743; d. 
Richmond, Oct. 11, 1808. VVm. and M. Coll. 
1763, which he represented in the house of 
burgesses. He was also a member of the 
Colonial Council. Disting. for talents and 
patriotism, he displayed during the Revol. an 
ardent attachment to the cause of the Colo- 
nies ; was in 1776 one of the most conspicuous 
members of the convention which formed the 
constitution of Va., and was app. one of the 
first councillors; member of the com. of pub- 
lie safety, and lieut.-gov. of the State; and 
also contrib. freely from his private fortune to 
the public cause. At one time he com. a mili- 
tia regt. raised to repel a British invasion. 
Ho was among the first representatives to Con- 
gress from Va. 1789-97 ; and was commiss. of 
loans for Va. from 1806 till his death. He 
pub. addresses to the people 1796-9. His son 
OcTAVius Augustus, first lieut. of the frig- 
ate '' Chesapeake," d. Boston, June, 1813, a. 28. 
Page, John, gov. of N.H. 1839-42, b. 
Haverhill, N.H., May 21, 1787; d. there Sept. 
8, 1805. He received an academical educa- 
tion ; was a practical farmer, and, during the 
intervals of public duty, resided upon and cul- 
tivated the old homestead farm left him by 
Assessor of the direct tax, 5th 



dist., N.H.,1815; member of the legisl. 1818- 
20 and 1835; register of deeds, Grafton Co., 
1828-34; U.S. senator 1836-7; State coun- 
cillor 1838. lie was a leading Mason. 

Page, Thomas Jefferson, commander 
U.S.N., b. Va. ab. 1815. Midshipman in 
1827; lieut. in June, 1833; and com. Sept. 
1855. The early part of his service was in 
the coast-survey. In 1853-May, 1856, he com. 
an exped. to explore the River La Plata, a nar- 
rative of which was pub. N.Y., 8vo, 18.")9 ; and 
in 1857-Dec. 1860, made an exploration of the 
Parana and the tributaries of the Paraguay. 

■.23, 
parents to N.Y. City in 
1819, and at the age of 11 received a premium 
from the Amer. Institute for a drawing in 
India ink. After passing nearly a year with 
Herring, a portrait-painter, he became a pu- 
pil of S. F. B. Morse ; was adm. a student of 
the acad., and received the premium of a large 
silver medal for his drawings from the antique. 
He spent a year in Albany, painting portraits, 
excelling in the brillancy of his color and the 
accuracy of his drawing. Adm. a member of 
the National Acad., he was app. to paint the 
portraits of Gov. Marcy and John Quincy 
Adams. Besides portraits, he has executed 
several historical compositions, a " Holy Fami- 
ly," now in the Boston Athenseum ; " The 
Wife'sLastVisittoher Condemned Husband," 
and " The Infancy of Henri IV." He resided 
some time in Boston, where he painted a great 
number of portraits; returned to New York, 
where he remained 2 years ; and then went to 
Europe, residing 1 1 yrs. in Florence and Rome. 
He returned in the autumn of 1860 to New 
York, where he now resides. In Italy he painted 
many portraits, produced his two " Venuses," 
his " Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," the 
"Flight into Egypt," the " Infant Bacchus," 
and other works. His copies of Titian were 
so remarkably like the originals, that one 
of them was stopped by the authorities of 
Florence under the belief that it was the origi- 
nal painting. Since his return to New York, 
he has delivered a course of lectures on art, 
and has pub. a " New Method of Measuring 
the Human Body," based upon the models of 
the antique. 

Paige, Alonzo Christopher, jurist, b. 
Scaghticoke, N.Y., Julv 31, 1797 ; d. Schenec- 
tady, N.Y., Mar. 31, 18"68. Wms. Coll. 1812. 
His father. Rev. Winslow, intended him for 
the ministry ; but, preferring the law, he was 
adm. to the bar in 1819; was reporter of the 
Court of Chancery in 1828-46, publishing in 
the meanwhile 11 vols, of Chancery Reports; 
member of the N.Y. legisl. in 1826-30 ; senator 
1838-42; justice of the Supreme Court 1847- 
51, and 1855-7 ; and a member of the Const. 
Conv. in June, 1867. 

Paige, Elbridge Gerry (" Dow, jun"), 
journalist, author of " Short Patent Sermons" 
by Dow, jun., originally pub. in the ^V. K -S'«n- 
dai/ ilcTcury, of which he was editor and pro- 
prietor; b'. Litchfield, Ct., ab. 1816; d. San 
Francisco, 4 Dec. 1859. Meeting with reverses 
in N.Y., he went ab. 1849 to Cal., where he be- 
came intemperate, and d. in great want. 

Paige, Lucius Robinson, D.D. (Tufts 



Coll. 1861), b. Harchvick, Ms., Mnr. 8, 1802. 
Univcr.'salist prearlier 1825-41 ; since ciisliicr 
Cambridge (Ms.) Bank ; and in 1846-.55 city 
clci-k ol C. Has pub. " Selections from Emi- 
nent Commentators," 1833 ; " Centennial at 
Hanlwick," Nov. 15, 1833 ; " Commentary on 
N. Test.," 6 vols. 1844-69 ; papers in Univer- 
salist periodicals. He is preparing a History 
of Cambrid-e, Ms. 

Paine, Charles, gov. of Vt. 1S41-3, b. 
Williamstown, Vt., Apr. 15, 1799; d. Waco, 
Texas, July 6, 1853. H. U. 1820. Son of 
Elijah. Engaged in manufacturing, in which 
he was very successful. He rendered the State 
great service in the construction of its rail- 
roads. His last railroad project was the ex- 
ploration of a southern route for a great Pacific 
railroad. Gov. Paine was a liberul patron of 
the U. of Vt. and the Northliild Acadeniv. 

Paine, Elijah, LL.D. (H.U- 1812), jurist, 
b. Brooklvn, Ct., Jan. 21, IT.'.? ; d. Williams- 
town, Vt.', Apr. 28, 1842. H.U. 1781. He 
studied law, and in 1784 settled in Vt. Mr. 
Piiine was a scliolar, a wcll-joad lawyer, and 
also a fanner, a road-maker, and a pioneer in 
the manufacture of American cloths, for which 
purpose he constructed an establishment at 
NorthKeld. Member and sec. of the conven- 
tion to revise the State constitution in 1786 ; 
member of the State legisl. 1787-91 ; a judge 
of the Supreme Court 1791-5; U.S. senator 
179.5-1801.andU.S.dist.judgeforVt. inl801- 
42. In 17S9 he was ono nf the commiss. to 
settle the oontruv, r-v Intuon N.Y. and Vt. ; 
pres. of the Vt. (.'i.l.iinz.itinii .Sucimy, to winch, 
as well as to l>urtiii. Cull. an. I to the U. uf Vt., 
he was a liberal benefactor. Fellow of the 
Amer. and Northern Academies of Arts and 
Sciences. In 1782 he pronounced the first 
oration before the Phi Beta Kappa Soc. of H.U. , 
and was elected its pres. in 1789. 

Paine, Elijah, lawvcr, son of the preced- 
inff, b. Williamstown, Vt., Apr. 10, 1796; d. 
N.Y. Oct. 6, 1853. H. U. 1814 ; Litchf Law 
School. Adm. to the bar, and practised in 
N.Y. City. Associated in business with Henry 
Wheatoo, LL.D., he had much to do with tlie 
Reports of the U.S. Supreme Court which bear 
Mr. Wheaton's name. He was also the author 
of Paine's "U.S. Circuit Reports;" and in 
1830, in connection with John Duer, LL.D., 
pub. Paine and Duer's " Practice in Civil 
Actions and Proceedings in the State of NY.," 
2 vols. From 1850 to his death, he was ajudge 
of the Superior Court of N.Y. His decision 
in the Lemmon slave case was particularly able. 

Paine, Halbert E., brev. maj.-gen. vols. ; 
M.C. 186.5-71; b.Chardon, O., 4 i^eb. 1826. 
W. Res. Coll. 1845. Adm. to the bar in 1848 
at Cleveland ; removed to Milwaukie in 1 857 ; 
col. 4th Wis. Regt. 1861-3; brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 
1863 ; took part in defence of Washington, 
D.C., during Early's raid, and lost a leg while 
in com. 3d div. 19th corps in the last assault on 
Port Hudson, June, 1863. 

Paine, Martyn.M.D. (H.U. 1816), LL.D., 
physician, son of Elijah, b. Williamstown, Vt., 
July 8, 1794.^ H.U. 1813. He studied medi- 
cine with Dr. John Warren of Boston, and 
practised in Montreal, Canada, in 1816-22; 
then removed to N.Y., and acquired a large 



practice. In 1832, during the pr< 


!valenee of 


cholera, he wrote a series of letter 


s upon the 



disease to Dr. J. C. Warren, subswinently pub. 
as " The Cholera Asphyxia of NY." He has 
pub. " Medical and Physiological Commen- 
taries," 3 vols. 1840-4 ; " Materia Mcdica and 
Therapeutics," 1842; "The Institutes of 
Medicine," 1847 ; " The Soul and Instinct dis- 
tinguished from Materialism," 1848, subse- 
quently incorporated in the " Institutes of 
Medicine ; " and in 1852 a Memoir of his son, 
Robert Troup. In 1856 Dr. Paine contrib. an 
elaborate essay on " Theoretical Geology " to 
the Prot.-Epis. Qnurteily Review, controverting 
the geological interpretations of the Mosaic 
narrations of creation and the flood. In 1841 
Dr. Paine and others established the University 
'S\-,\ {\.\\ , in which he for many years held the 

iiiiuh.i. ami Mih-L-quentlv that of therapeutics 
ana iiLiienaiiicdica. In 1854 be w-isjirominent 
in effecting a repeal of the law prohiliiiinL,' ilis- 
secdons of the human body. M.inlii r cil niaiiy 
of the principal learned societies in i;iin.|ic and 
America. 

Paine, Robert, D.D., bishop of the M.E. 
Church South, b. N.C. 1799. Emigrated to 
Tcnn. in 1813. Nashville U. 1826. He en- 
tered the Tenn. cotif. in 1819; pres. of La- 
grange Coll., Ala., 1830-46, and then chosen 
bishop. Eminent both as a pulpit orator, and 
as presiding officer in the annual conlerence. 
Resides in Mpi. Author of ji work on_ Hop- 



Time 



3ishop 



(H.U. 
3o»ton, 
. H.U. 
stor of 



and " Life 
MeKendree," 2 vols. 8vo. 

Paine, Robert Treat, LL.D. 
1805), signer of the Dccl.of Indcp., b. 
March 11, 1731 ; d. there May 11, 1814 
1749. His father Thomas had been p: 
a church in Weymouth, but was afterward a 
merchant of Boston. His mother was the dan. 
of Samuel Treat, and grand-dau. of Samuel 
Willard. After graduating, he kept school to 
help stipport his parents, lor whose miiinfe^ 
nance he also made a voyage to Europe. He 
then studied theology, and in 1755 acted as 
chaplain to the Northern provincial troops, but 
afterward studied the law. On his admission 
to .the bar in 1759, he established himself at 
Taunton, where he resided many years. lu 
1770 he conducted with great ability and in- 
genuity, in the absence of the atty.-gen., the 
prosecution of Capt. Preston and his men for the 
Boston Massacre. In 1773 he was a reprcsentar 
tive ; was a delegate to the Prov. Congress in 
1774-5; a member of the Cont. Congress in 
1774-8, rendering important services upon vari- 
ous committees. In 1776 he, with 2 others, was 
deputed by Congress to visit the army of 
Schuyler in the North; speaker of the Ms. h. 
of reps, in 1777; atty.-gen. of Ms. on the or- 
ganization of the State, and also a member of 
the exec, council ; in 1779 he was a member of 
the State Const. Conv., and one of the com. 
which prepared the draught of it ; and was 
app. judge of the Supreme Court in 1776, but 
declined. He removed to Boston ab. 1 780, and 
was judge of the Ms. Supreme Court in 1790- 
1804. Paine's legal attainments were great :_ he 
ranked high as a lawyer ; was an able and im- 
partial judge; an excellent scholar ; and was 



noted for the brilliancy of his mt. A founder 
of the Ainer. Acad, of IVIs. in 1780. 

Paine, Robert Treat, poet, b. Taunton, 
Ms., Dec. 9, 1773; d. Boston, Nov. 13, 1811. 
H.U. 1792. Sou of the preceding, and was 
originally named Thomas, but, desirous of pos- 
sessing a " Christian " name, had it changed by 



the logisl. 



try men s souls." It revived the drooping ar- 
dor of the people, was read at the head of cti ry 
regt., and bore fruit in the battles of Trenton 
and Princeton a few days later. This publica- 
tion was continued till April, 1783. He was 
sec. to the com. ou foreign aii'airs in Congress 
from Apr. 1777 to Jan. 1779, losing his place 



Abandoning mercantile for having in the Phila. Padcet denied the va- 



pursuits after a brief trial, he established in Oct. 
1794 a political and litcraiy paper, the Federal 
Orrery, in which appeared " The Jacobiniad," 
and also "The Lyars;" their personalities pro- 
curing him many enemies, and occasioning as- 
saults on his person. He had written veraes for 
the Ms. Ma-j., and subsequently wrote theat- 
rical criticisms. In Feb. 1795 he ra. IMiss Ba- 
ker, an actress. Paine had a prolific imagina- 
tion, was bold in his views, guick at retort, 
witty, and exceedingly sarcastic. His " Inven- 
tion of Letters," 1795, was greatly admired; and 
Washington expressed in a letter to him his ap- 
preciation of its merits. He received for this 
poem $1,500; and for "The Ruling Passion," 
intended as a gallery of portraits, SI,200. In 
1793 Paine wrote the celebrated national song, 
" Adams and Liberty," — a patriotic ellusion 
which brought him more than H dollars a line. 
In 1799 he delivered an oration on the first an- 
niversary of the dissolution of the alliance with 
France ; and, turning his attention to the study 
of law under Judge Parsons, was adm. to the 
Sull'oik bar in 1802 ; retired from the pl■ofes^ion 
in 1809; and soon after became an inmate of 
his father's mansion in Boston, where he wrote 
" The Steeds of Apollo," his last famous effu- 
sion. Jan. 2, 1800, he delivered at Newbury- 
port a eulogy on Washington. His writings, 
with a Biography by Charles Prentiss, were 
pub. 8vo, 1812. 

Paine, Thom.^s, political and dei^tical 
writer, b. Thetford, Norfolk, Eng., 29 Jan. 
1737 ; d. New York, 8 June, 1809. His father 
was a Quaker, and brought up his son to his 
own trade, that of stay-maker. At the gram- 
mar-school of Thetford he obtained some knowl- 
edge of mathematics. He worked at his trad -, 
preached occasionally as a dissenting minister, 
married, and settled in Sandwich in 1 759. In 
1764 he became an exciseman; was afterward a 
teacher, then a tobacconist ; failed in business 
in 1774, and went to London. By the advice 
of Dr. Franklin he came to America, arriving 
inPhiia. inDec. 1774. In 1775he edited thePo. 
Mug.; Oct. 18 he pub. in Bradford's Pa. Jour- 
nal. " Serious Thoughts upon Slavery," &c., 
expressing the hope that the Icgisl. would put 
a stop to the importation of negroes, ameliorate 
the condition of the slaves, and ultimately pro- 
vide for their freedom. In his celebrated pam- 
phlet called " Common Sense," which appeared 
in Jan. 1776, ho advocated independence, con- 
tributing in an extraordinary degree to the dis- 
semination of republican ideas. It procured 
him a reward of £500 from the legisl. of Pa., 
the honorary degree of M.A. from its univer- 
sity, and membership in the Philos. Society. 
Joining the army in the autumn of 1776, he 
was a short time aide to Gen. Greene. Dec. 1 9, 
1776, — a most gloomy period of the war, — 
Paine pub. his first " Crisis," opening with the 
since familiar phrase, " These are the times that 



lidity of Silas Deane's claims upon the govt, 
lu Jan. 1780, when financial ruin impended, he 
gave S500, the amomit of his salary as clerk 
of the Assembly of Pa., to start a relief-fund. 
In Feb. 1731 he went with Col. Laurens to 
France to negotiate a loan, and returned Aug. 
25 with S2,500,000 in silver. In 1782 he pub. 
a " Letter to the Abbe' Raynal," connecting the 
mistakes in his account of the Amer. Revol., 
and soon afterwards a " Letter to the Earl of 
Shelburne," who had prophesied, that, "when 
Britain shall acknowledge Amer. independence, 
the sun of Britain's glory is set forever." For 
his Revol. services, Congress in 1785 gave him 
S3,000; and the State of N.Y. granted him 500 
acres of land in New Kochelle. In Apr. 1 787 
he went to England, and invented an iron 
bridge, the prototype of so many similar struc- 
tures, one of which was built at Rotherham, 
Yorkshire. Visiting Paris, he pub., under the 
name of Duchatelet, a tract recommending the 
abolition of royalty. In Mar. 1791 he wrote, in 
answer to Burke's " Reflections on the French 
Revol.," his celebrated "Rights of Man," which 
attained great popularity. For tliis work he 
was outlawed in Eng., but in Sept. 1792 was 
elected a member of the French National Con- 
vention. Acting with the Girondists, and op- 
posing the execution of the king, he incun-ed 
the hatred of the Jacoiiins, and ah. the end of 
1794 was expelled from the Convention as a 
foreigner; was cast into prison, and narrowly 
escaped death in the Reign of TeiTOr. In Nov. 
1794 he was released through the influence of 
Mr. Monroe, in whose house he resided 18 
months, and resumed his seat in the Conven- 
tion Dec. 8. In 1 795 appeared his " Age of 
Reason," which, though denounced as atheisti- 
cal, expressly inculcates a belief in God. He 
came to the U.S. in Oct. 1802, finally settling 
in New York, and occasionally passing a few 
months ou his estate at New RochcUe. At 
MonticoUo, whither he was invited by Jetferson, 
he left a favorable impression, and was cordial- 
ly received at Washington. He was intemper- 
ate in the latter part of his life, which was 
passed in comparative obscurity. In 1 81 9 Wm. 
Cobbett took his remains to Eng. A monu- 
ment was erected to his memory in 1839, near 
his original burial-place. The writings of 
Paine have the merit of sincerity and boldness, 
and have been the object of vituperation rather 
than of controversy. His services to mankind 
as a political writer, and especially his power- 
ful exertions to promote the independence of 
America, constitute a high claun upon the grat- 
itude of his adopted country. Among his other 
writings are " The Decline and Fall of the 
English System of Finance," " Letter to Geo. 
Washington " (accusing him of ingratitude in 
not attempting to procure his liberation from 
the Luxembourg Prison), "Agrarian Justice," 
&c. The most complete edition of his works 



evrral jiiccl's not by 

VJ; A /■ .1, ,, Cidop. 
U.S.N., b. E. I. ; d. 
. 1859. Siiilinff-mas- 



(Bostoii. IR.iG) contains 

him.— - /— - '■: 

1814: ':- ' ■ ,17' 

r.N; , ,, 1 i '; a I I 
l/o«%, July uuai>-.c. l: 

Paine, Tuomas, capi 
Washington, D.C., 9 No' 
t;^^rU.S.N. 10 Oct. 1812; licut. 1 Dec. 1815; 
com. 3 Mar. 1825 ; capt. 8 Sept. 1841. 

Paine, William, M.D. (Marischal Coll. 
1775), phvsician, b. Worcester, Ms., 5 June, 
1750; d. there 19 Apr. 1833. H.U. 1768. Son 
of Hon.Timo. Paine, loyalist. Proscribed as 
a loyalist in 1778, he became surgeon to the 
British forces in K. I. and N.Y., and surgeon- 
gen, in 1782. After the Revol. he settled in 
N. Brunswick ; was a member and clerk of the 
Assembly ior the County of Charlotte, and 
dep. surveyor of the liing's Forests in Amer. 
He removed to Salem, Ms., in 1787, and in 
1793 to Worcester. 

Painter, Gamaliel, judge, b. New Haven, 
Ct., May 22, 1743 ; d. Middlebury, Vt., May 
21, 1819. He received a common-school edn- 
cation ; erected the lirst house in Middlebury, 
Vt., in 1773 ; served as a capt. and qmr. in the 
Eevol. army ; delegate to the convention that 
in 1777 declared the, independence of Vt.; was 
a representative, judge of the County Court, 
and councillor, 1813-14; a member of the first 
Const. Conv. of Vt. in 1793 ; and was a prin- 
cipal founder of Middlebury Coll., to which at 
his death he left a bequest of about §10,000. 

Pakenham (pak'-n-am), Sir Edward 
Michael, G.C B., a British gen., b. N. of 
Ireland ; was killed at the battle of New Or- 
leans, Jan. 8, 1815, a. 36. Eldest bro. of Lord 
Longford. Ap|i. maj. 33d Lt. Drags. Sept. 
1794'; lieut.-col. 64th Foot, Oct. 1799 ;"cul. Oct. 
I8U9; niaj.-Rcn, Jan. 1, 1812; cul. 6th W. L 
Regt. May 21. 1 I" II ■ i v^I as quarterm.- 
gen. in the cam; , i '- . m and France to 

the army uniln '>\ . : .uul was disting. 

in all the princiii;;] . n^.i^. m- nts of that great 
commander. He was specially noted at Sala- 
manca and Badajos, and had been badly 
wounded at the assault of Morne Fortunee, St. 
Lucie, and at the capture of Martinique. He 
com. the expedition against N. Orleans in 1814, 
and fell gallantly leading his men to the attack 
of Jackson's lines. 

Palfray, Warwick, 33 years editor of the 
Essex licqistar, and State senator of Ms., b. 
Salem, 1787; d. there Aug. 23, 1838. Author 
of "Evangelical Psalmist," 1802. Descended 
from Peter, the first settler at Salem. Began 
his apprenticeshi]) in the Register office in 1801. 
Member of the city council of Salem, and of 
the Ms. legiil. for several years. His son, 
of the same name, has since successfully carried 
on the paper. 

Palfrey, John Gorham, D. D. (H. U. 
I8:J4), LL.D. (And. Sem. 1838), author, b. 
Boston, 2 May, 1796.^ H.U. 1815. Grandson 
of Col. Win., pavm.-gen. Uevol. army, aide to 
Wasliiii-ton. War.-Apr. 1776, b. Boston, 24 
Feb. 1741; lo>t at sea, Dee. 1780, whife on his 
way to France as consul-gen. John was min- 
ister of Brattle-street (Unitarian) Church 17 
June, 1818-1830; Dexterpi-of. of sacred lit. in 
U.U. 1831-9; editor iV. Amer. Review 1635- 



43; member Ms. legisl. 1842-3; sec. of state 
of Ms. 1844-8; M.C. 1847-9; postmaster of 
Boston 1801-6. He delivered courses of lec- 
tures before the Lowell Institute in 1839 and 
1842; was an early advocate of antislavery, 
having liberated and provitled for a number of 
slaves who had been bequeathed to him by a 
deceased relative; eontrib. to the Boston Whig 
in 1846 a series of articles on " The Progress 
of the Slave-Power," afterwards collected in a 
vol. ; was one of the editors of the Common- 
u-eakh newspaper in I85I ; and has pub. two 
discourses on "The Historv of Brattle-street 
Church ; " " Life of Col. Wm. Palfrey," in 
Sparks's Amer. Biog. ; " Lectures on the Jewish 
Scriptures and Antiquities ; " " Lectures on the 
Evidences of Christianity;" Review of Lord 
Mahon's "Hist, of England," 1852; " Relation 
between Judaism and Christianitv," 1854; 
" History of N. England to 1688,"3 vols. 1858- 
C4 ; " Centennial Discourse at Barnstable," 
1839 ; besides orations and addresses. Sarah 
H. Palfrey, his dau., pub. in 1855 " Pre'miccs," 
a vol. of poems; " A.unes Wentwonh," 1869. 

Palmer, Benjami.n Morgan, D.D (S.C. 
Coll. 1815), b. Phila. 25 Sept. 17S1 ; d. Charles- 



ton, S. C, 9 Oct. 
Grandson of Rev. 
Pastor of the Pif^l 
and from l^i " : ■ . 
and Arcbilah - 

He pub. "ll.. I.nn 



N.J. Coll. 1800. 
of Falmouth, Ms. 
h. Bcaulort, S.C; 

) fharleston, S.C. 
IMiiion," &c., 1835, 



Palmer, Eliuu, deisiic writer, b. Canter- 
bury, Ct., 1704; d. Pliila. Apr. 7, 1806. Dartm. 
Coll. 1787. He studied divinity, hut became 
a dci<t in 1791. lie resided some time in 
Aii;:u-ta, ( l.i , wlicre he collected materials for 



111-. .M,- 
New Y, 



afi. 



,'ard 



ed in 



'liila., all the while advocating 
his priiicipics ])ubliclv- Attacked by yellow- 
fellow in 1793, he became totally bfind. He 
was the head of the Cokiral.ian lUuminati, es- 
tablished in New York in 1801. He pub. a 4th- 
of-July Oration, 1797 ; "Principles of Nature," 
1802 ; " Prospect or View of the Moral World," 
2 vols. 8vo, 1804. 

Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, b. Pom- 
pey, Onondaga Co., N.Y., April 2, 1817. He 
was a carpenter in Utiea until 29 years of age, 
when he commenced cameo-cutting, and re- 
moved to Albany, where he still resides. Dis- 
satisfied with this pursuit, which injured his 
eyesight, he, at the age of 35, became a 
sculptor. His first woik in marble was an 
ideal bust of the infont " Ceres," exhibited at 
the N.Y. Academy of Design : it was followed 
by two bas-reliefs, representing the morning 
and evening star ; by a statue of life-size, rep- 
resenting an Indian girl holding a crucifix ; 
also statues of " The Sleeping Peri," " The 
Little Peasant," and " The White Captive," 
a nude figure of a girl bound to a tree. All 
these are original works, and are disting. by 
careful workmanship. His largest work is a 
design of " The Landing of the Pilgrims," 
embodying 15 statues, and intended for the 
Capitol at Washington. Among his bas-reliefs 
are "Faith," "Immutability," "The Spirit's 
Flight," " Sappho," and " Remorse; " and of 
his ideal busts the principal are "Resignation," 



FAJU 



685 



" Spring," and " The Infant Flora." He 
has also made portrait-busis of Erastus Corn- 
ing, Cora. M. C. Perry, and Gov. E. D. Mor- 
gan. He has produced upwards of 100 works 
in marble, and has never studied or practised 
his art abroad. 

Palmer, Innis N.,brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. New York ab. 1825. West Point, 1846. 
Entering the mounted rifles, lie was hrov. 1st 
lieut. and capt. for gallannv ;i! rinnrrras, 
Churubiisco, and at Chiipu! / i i ■ was 

wounded; became 1st li^ n i- (_'d 

Cav.) Mar. S, IS.i.J; maj-n iv:, i .v i ■. .\i,o;. 
18G1 ; i:-,(! . ''. (L' I f.iv.) Sept. ;i3, 18153; col. 
June'.), I : : II vols. Sept. 23, 1861 ; 

engau'-l '■'• :; i ; eora. brigade in 4th 
corps in I'. iiiii.ii:,ii r.iiiipai(;n ; com. a divis. 
4th corps X.C. Jan.-.liily, 1863; com. defences 
of Kewbern, Aug. 1863 to Apr. 1864; com. 
dist. of N. C. Apr. 1864 to Mar. 1865, partici- 
pating in Sherman's movements, and in the 
action of Kinston ; brev. brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 
IS6:>. — Cullum. 

Palmer, James S., rear-adra. U.S.N., b. 
N.J. 1810; d. St. Thomas, W.l., of yellow- 
fever, Dec. 7, 1867. U\d,lr.,,n, i:i 1 -■:, ; lieiit. 
Dec. 17, 1836; com. Scj.t, I .Inly 

16, 1862; rear-adm. ISOi;. 1 i ned 

as lieut. on board "The i Imn' i i in tlie 
attaek on Quallah Batloo and .Mn.liie, in the 
Island of Sumatra; in the Mexican war he 
com. the schooner " Flirt," engaged in block- 
ading the Mexican coast. When the civil war 
began, he com. the steamer " Iroquois " of the 
Medit. squad., but was soon after attached to 
the Atlantic Ijlock. fleet under Adm. Dupont. 
In the summer of 1S02 ho led the advance in 
the passage of tie' \':' ! -lnu iMinii'^ ; was 
engaged in the i: >. i i : ' i: I ram 

"Arkansas;" an. I , , , , i , , ,: ; m tlie 

passage of the \'i- i,- 1:1,4 K i:i m ■- In. r in the 
same year. At the battle^ of New Orleans and 
Mobile he was Adra. Farragut's flag-capt., and 
won from him disting. commendation. As- 
signed in Dec. 1865 to the com. of the North 
Atlantic squadron. 

Palmer, Gen. John McCaulet, b. Eagle 
Creek, Scott Co., Ky., Sept. 13, 1817. He re- 
moved to 111. in 1832; settled in Carlinville in 
1839; was adm. to the bar in 1840; was a 
delegate to the State Const. Conv. in 1847; 
member of the State senate in 1852-4 ; dele- 
gate to the Nat. Repub. Conv. at Phila. 1856; 
delegate to tlie Peace Convention at Washing- 
ton, Feb. 4, 1861 ; col. 14th 111. Vols. Apr. 1861; 
accomp. Gen. Fremont in hisexped. to Spring- 
field, Mo.; and Dec. 13 was made brig.-gen. of 
vols. He was with Gen. Pope at the capture 
of New Madrid and Island No. 10, and at the 
battle of Farmington, and com. the 1st brigade, 
1st division, of the Army of the Mpi. In Nov. 
1862 he was with Gen. Grant's army in tem- 
porary com. of a division. He subsequently 
com. a division at the battle of Stone River, 
arid was promoted to maj.-gen. for gallantry at 
that battle, Nov. 29, 1862. He took part in the 
battle of Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863; and 
com. the 14th corps under Sherman in the At- 
lanta campaign, Mav-Sept. 1864 ; gov. of III. 
1869-71. 

, John William, M.D., b. Balti- 



more, April 4, 1825. City physician of San 
Francisco 1849. In 1852-3 served as surgeon 
in an E.I. Co.'s war-steamer through the Bur- 
mese campaigns. Since his return in June, 
1853, he has contrib. to Harper's and Putnam's 
Maqs., Atlantic Monthlij, the Criterion, the 
N. Y. Tribune, the New World, and the Nat. 
Intelli(]encer. He pub. " The Golden Dngon," 
1853; "The Queen's Heart," comedy in's 
acts, 1858; "The New and the Old," 1859; 
" Fulks-Songs," 1860; " The Poetry of Com- 
pliment and Courtship," 1867 ; translation of 
Michelet's "U Amour," 1859; and contrib. to 
Applcton's Now Cyclopsedia a number of Ori- 
ental articles. 

Palmer, Joseph, Revol. patriot, d. Rox- 
bnry, Ms., Dec. 25, 1788, a. 70. Member of 
the Prov. Congress in 1774 and '75; one of the 
com. of safety ajip. by that body. As col. of 
militia, he was often in the fieldin the vicinity 
of Boston for the defence of the coast ; and in 
1777, with the rank of l.ii_',-u'en,, r..in. the Ms. 
militiain the unsnccessfnl ati. in|.t t.. .|..r..nd R.I. 
Palmer, Joseph, .Ml), |ll,|;, \&2(i). b. 
Needham, iMs., 3 Oct. 17'.)G ; .1, l',..-t.)n, 3 Mar. 
1871. H.U. 1820. Sonofliev. Stephen, min. 
of Needham from 1792 to his d. in 1821, a. 55. 
For some years Joseph taught at Roxbury, and 
at the Latin School, Boston ; resided in Cuba 
in 1829-30; and was afterward engaged in 
editorial labors in Boston. Historiographer 
of the N.E. Hist, and Geneal. Soc. 1856-1861. 
He pub. annually the Necrology of H.U., which 
was pub. in the Bosl. Daily Advertiser 1851-68, 
and in the Christ. Reg. 1869. In 1864 a vol. of 
these nee. (1851-63) was reprinted at Boston. 
Palmer, Rev. Rat, D. D. (Un. Coll. 
1852), Cong, minister and poet, b. K.I. 1808. 
Y.C. 18.30. Settled over the church in Bath, 
Me., in 183.5-50; and was pastor of the First 
Clinreh, Albany, from IS.'iO t.i ISI'.."), when he 
became see. of the Con^i _ ii ;: I I in mi. New 
York. In 1865 he jnil. ii ;. 1 Sn-red 

Pieces ;"" Memoirs ol I ;, 1' ,'1S29; 
"Hints on the F„rmiiii..n .-I 1; ul.,, Opin- 
ion,<." I .11, ■ \' iiL.irs of Mrs. C. L. Wat- 
son," I i liiial Text-Book," 1839; 
"Spii, : : i :;. .. 'lint," 1839; "Reminis- 
cenee, !.. 1 :. i,,a_,,-' 1865; "The Spirit's 
Life," a poem, 1837. 

Palmer, William Adams, gov. of Vt. 
1831-5 ; d. Danville, Vt., Dec. 1860. M. A. of 
Vt. U. 1817. Six years member Vt. legisl. ; 
8 years clerk of the courts; 2 years a State 
senator; judge of Probate and of the Co. 
Court; judge of the Supreme Court 1816; 
U.S. senator 1818-25; and member of the 
Const. Convs. of 1828 and 1835. 

Palmer, William Pitt, poet, b. Stock- 
bridge, Ms., 22 Feb. 1805. Long a resident of 
N.Y. City, and successively a medical student, a 
teacher, a writer lor public journals, and a clerk 
in a public otKce. He wrote a hymn or ode 
entitled " Light," and other short poems. 

Pancoast, Joseph, M.D., surgeon, b. , 
Burlington Co., N. J., 1805. U. of Pa. 1828. d' 
He bi'gan to teach anatoiriy and surgery in 
1831 ; elected physician of the Phila. Hospital 
in 1834, and physician in chief to the Children's 
Hospital; visiting surgeon in the hosp. 1838- 
45; app. in 1838 prof, of surgery, and in 1861 



yiua 



prof, of anatomy, in Jeff. Mod. Coll. Author 
of" Treatise on Operative Surgery," 4to, 1852; 
" Essays and Lectures." Editor of " Wistar's 
Anatomy," and other medical works ; and 
contrib. to med. journals. 

Papineau, Locis Joseph, a Canadian 
political leader, b. Montreal, Oct. 1789; d. 
Monticello, 23 Sept. 1871. His father, a notary- 
public, and a member of the first legisl. Assem- 
bly of Lower Can. after the establishment of 
the constitution of 1791, educated him at the 
Sem. of Quebec. Adm. to the bar; entered 
parliament in 1809; succeeded his father in 
1814 as a dep. from Montreal; and in 1815 
was speaker of the house. Already a leader 
of the radical party, Lord Dalhousie, to neu- 
tralize his popularity, app. him to the exec, 
council ; but he never appeared at its sittings, 
and continued in opposition. In 1823, when 
the English party aimed at the union of the 
two Canadas, he was sent on a mission to 
London to remonstrate against that measure. 
In 1827 he was re-elected to tlie house, and re- 
chosen speaker. Rather than sanction this 
choice. Lord Dalhousie adjourned the parlia- 
ment. A list of the demands and grievances 
of L. Canada were introduced by him to the 
house in 1834, and known as the 92 resolutions, 
lie supported them energetically, urged a con- 
stitutional resistance to the imperial govt., 
and recommended commercial non-intercourse 
with Eng. The new governor, Gosford, having 
decided in 1837 upon administering tne prov- 
ince without the assistance of the colonial 
parliament, its sudden prorogation brought 
on the crisis; and the liberal party took up 
arms. This, however, Papineau did not approve ; 
and in a great popular meeting, Oct. 23, 1837, 
he insisted that constitutional and peaceful 
resistance would alone be of avail to Canada. 
His advice was not heeded, and, after the events 
of Nov. and Dec. 1837, he took refuge in the 
U.S., and in 1S39 went to France, engaging 
for some years in literary pursuits. After the 
union of the Canadas in 1840, a general 
amnesty for political offences was granted ; and 
Papineau, against whom a warrant for high 
treason had l)ecn issued, returned in 1847 to 
his native country. His popularity secured 
his return to the Canadian parliament; but he 
had since 1854 taken no prominent part in 
political affairs. 

Paredes, Mariano, Mexican gen , d. city 
of Mexico, Sept. U, 1849. He was a partici- 
pant in all the importan tcvcnts in Mexico 
from the days of Iturbide; and in 1840, when 
the overthrow of Bustamente took' place, he 
took part in the movement. When, upon the 
annexation of Texas to the U.S., Pres. Herrera 
endeavored to bring tlie Mexicans to acquiesce 
in this result, Paredes opposed the movement, 
and, with 25,000 men, defeated Santa Atia, 
who was banished. Paredes, with the aid of 
Avista, deposed Herrera; and June 12, 1845, 
was installed pres. On the following day he 
took com. of the army, leaving the administra- 
tion in the hands of the vice-president. Bravo. 
He was at the head of affairs on the breaking- 
out of the war with the U.S. in May, 1846: but, 
on the return of Santa Ana in Aug. 1846, 
Bravo assumed the title of provis.-pres. ; and 



Paredes was seized and confined, but afterwards 
escaped to Havana. He was in Europe for 
some time, seeking to ]ilace at the head of the 
Mexicans a Spanish or French prince, but 
subsequently returned to Mexico. 

Pareja, Francisco, a Franciscan friar, b. 
Aunon, N. Castile; d. Mexico, July 25. 1628. 
He came with others of his order to Havana 
in 1593, and in 1594 settled at St. Augustine 
for the conversion of the natives of Fla. Dur- 
ing the remainder of his life he was a teacher 
of the Timuquas, in whose langu.age he pub. 
in 1612 and in 1627 "Catechisms," and a 
" Confessionario " 1613. He is said to have 
printed in Mexico in 1613 a grammar and 
vocabulary. — Dwjckinck. 

Parent, Etienne, b. Beauport, near Que- 
bec, 1801. Author of " Travail c/ies I' Homme," 
1847; " Du Pretre et da Spirituallsme," &a., 
1848; " De l' bitetligence sous ses Rapports avec 
SorJete," 1852. 

Parish, Elijah, D.D. (DC. 1807), clergy- 
man and author, b. Lebanon, Ct., Nov. 7, 1762; 
d. Byfield, Ms., Oct. 15, 1825, Dartra. Coll. 
1783." Dec 20, I7S7, he settled as pastor of 
the ('■Ml.: 1 liurr'i .;i 1'..;: '1. Theologically 
he li : : : . il . i uis. In 1810 he 

prr:!. I ill. in which he so 

bin:-,. i:i. :J,i .la_.ii;i ; I Ii ■ policy of the govt., 
that the Icgiil, refused to ask it for publication. 
Besides a number of sermons and orations on 
various occasions, he pub a " Gazetteer of the 
Eastern and Western Continents," with Dr. 
Morse, 1802; "A History of N. England," 
1803 ; " System of Modem Gcographv," 1810; 
"Memoir of Dr. Eleazer Whcclock," 1811; 
and " Sacred Geography, or Gazetteer of the 
Bible," 1813. A vol. of his sermons, with a 
Memoir of his life, appeared in 1S26. 

Pai'ke, Bkn-jamin, jurist, b N.J. 1777; d. 
Salem, Iiid., July 12, 1835. A Western pioneer, 
he settled in Ind. ab. 1800; was a delegate to 
Congress from that Terr, in lso.3-8 ; was soon 
after app. by Mr. Jefferson a judge of the Dist. 



Court, and he 
of the Ind. lli- s,„ i ■ 
Parke, lit mvh-. i. 

oflcttcrs,b.N , U I 

his ancestor ^eu'^d .u L.i 
Geoflry Champliu, his re 
tied in Newport in 1638. 
passed < 



i death. Pres. 



! 1. lawyer, and man 
' '.t. 1,1801. Richard 
lilniage, Ms., in 1635. 
iternal ancestor, set- 
His early years were 
"farm and in school-teaching. Adm. 
practise law, he settled in Harris- 
burg, Pa., where he continued to piactise, also 
editing a political journal, and contributing to 
magazines, journals, and reviews, until 1860, 
when he retired to the paternal farm of Park- 
vale, Susq. Co., Pa. Ho has pub. a Digest, of 
the Statutes of Pa. in 1838. also some 20 pub- 
lic addresses, political, agricultural, and ma- 
sonic. 

Park, Edwards Amasa, D.D. (H.U. 1844), 
b. Providence, R.I., Dec. 29, 1803. Son of 
Dr. Calvin (tutor and prof, in B. U. 1804-25 ; 
pastor at Stoughton, Ms., 1826-40; b. North- 
bridge, Ms., 11 Sept. 1774; d. Stoughton, 
5 Jan. 1847; B.U. 1797). B.U. 1826; And. 
Theol. Sem. 1831. Ord. Dec. 21, 1831, p:tstor 
of the Cong, church, Braintree, Ms. ; prof, of 
moral and intell. philos. in Amh. Coll. May, 
1835-Sept. 1836 ; Bartlett prof, of sacred rhet- 



687 



oric in And. Sem. 1836^7; and since 1847 
Abbot prof, of Christian theology theve. He 
has contrib. largely to periodical literature, and 
has been one of the editors of the Biblioiheca 
Sacra from the beginning. He translated 
with Prof. B. B. Edwards a vol. of " German 
Selections," 1839 ; edited the " Writings of 
Rev. N. B. Homer," 1842 ; " The Preacher and 
Pastor," 1845; the "Writings of B. B. Ed- 
wards, with a Memoir," 2 vols. 1853 ; and, with 
Drs. Phelps and Lowell Mason, the "Sabbath 
Hymn-Book." In 1859 he assisted in editing a 
vol. of discourses and treatises on the Atone- 
ment. In 1861, with Dr. Phelps and Rev. D. 
L. Furber, he pub. a volume on hymnology, en- 
titled " Hymns and Choirs." He'has also pub. 
Memoirs of Dr. Sam. Hopkins, 1852, and Dr. 
Nathl. Emmons, 1861, and various discourses. 
He is one of the foremost preachers of N.' E. 

Park, JOHX, journalist and educator, b. 
Windham, K.H., Jan. 7,1775; d. Worcester, 
Ms., March 2, 1852. Dartm. Coll. 1791. He 
spent some time in teaching ; then studied med- 
icine ; was surgeon of the U. S. ship " War- 
ren" in 1797-1801, when he relinquished prac- 
tice; arid in 1803 established the JV. .£. Rep- 
erlon/, a semi-weekly journal, supporting the 
Federal party. In 1811 he withdrew from jour- 
nalism, and' established in Boston a female 
school of the highest grade, which he conducted 
successfully for 20 years In 1814 he published 
" The Boston Spectator." His son, Jolm C. 
Park, is a lawyer of Boston. 

Parke, Johx, poet, b. Del. ab. 1750; was 
in the Coll. of Phila. 1768. At the commence- 
ment of the war entered the American army as 
assist, qnarterm.-gen., and was attached, as is 
supposed, to Washington's division ; for some 
of his pieces are dated at camp near Boston, 
and others at ^Vhitemarsh and Valley Forge. 
After the peace ho was some time in Phila., and 
is last heard of in Arundel Co., Va. In 1786 
appeared in Phila. " The Lyric Works of 
Horace, translated into English Verse, to which 
are added a number of Original Poems by a 
Native of America." — Oiiiicl.:inrk. 

Parke, John G., brcv. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Pa. 18a7. West Point, 1849. Entering the 
topog. engrs., he became 1st lieut. 1 July, 1856 ; 
astronomer and sun-eyor of the N. W. bounda- 
ry commiss.Feb. 14, 1857; capt. Sept. 9, 1861 ; 
brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 23, 1861; maj.-gen. July 
18,1862; maj. engineer corps 17 June, 1864. 
He com. a brigade in Gen. Bumside's exped. 
to N.C. ; fought at Roanoke Island, Newbern, 
and at the capture of Fort Macon; accomp. 
Gen. Burnside when he joined the Army of the 
Potomac ; served in his corps through the cam- 
paign nnder Gen. Pope, and that under Mc- 
Clellan in Md. and Va. ; and, when Burnside 
assumed chief com., became his chief of staff. 
Engaged at South Mountain, Antietam, and 
Fredericksburg; at the siege and capture of 
Vicksburg ; com. left wing of Sherman's army 
at Jackson, for which brev. col. 12 July, 1863 ; 
engaged in defence of Knoxville, and in opera- 
tions against Gen. Longstreet ; in Eichmond 
campaign com. 9th corps, taking part in the 
siege of Petersburg, and various actions until 
Lee's surrender; brev. lieut.-col. for capture of 
Ft. Macon 26 Apr. 1862; brev. brig.-gen. 13 



Mar. 1865 for defence of KnoxWlIc ; brev. maj.- 
gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for repulse of Ft. Steadman. 
With A. H. Campbell pub. vol. 7 of Reports 
of Explorations and Surveys for the Pacilic 
R.R. 4to, 1857. — C»//Mm. 

Parke, Rev. Joseph, b. Newton, Ms , Mar. 
12,1705; d. Westerly, R.I., Mar. 1,1777. H.U. 
1724. Greatrgrandson of Richard of Camb. 
1635. Ord. 1732. Sent in 1733 as a mission- 
ary to Westerly, R.I., where he labored 9 years, 
both among the English and Indians, with 
good success; and in 1752-6 had charge of a 
church at Southold, R.I. Rev. Mr. Parke or- 
ganized a Sunday school in connection with his 
church at Westerly' in 1752, — nearly 30 years 
before the experiment of Robert Raikes in 
Eng. Having cared for a woman sick of small- 
pox who had been driven away by the town-au- 
thorities, he was fined for contempt ; whereupon 
he preached a sermon in vindication of his course, 
which, with a narrative of the transaction, was 
pub. His son Capt. Benj. joined the patriot army, 
and was never heard of after the battle of Bun- 
ker's Hill. — MS. ofBmj. Parlce of Parh-nh. 

Park, RoswELL, D'.D. (Norwich U., Vt., 
I860), teacher and author, b. Lebanon, Ct., 
Oct. 1, 1807; d. Chicago, 111., July 16, 1869. 
West Point, 1831. Resigned Sept! 30, 1836. 
Prof. nat. phil. and chemistry in U. of Pa. 
1 836-42 ; ord. Pr. Ep. clergyman 1 843 ; principal 
of Christ-Church Hall (high school), Ct., 1846- 
52 ; pres. of Racine Coll., Wis., 1852-0 ; chan- 
cellor of the coll. in 1859-63. In 1S63 he 
founded at Chicago a literary and scientific 
school, " Immanuel Hall," of which he was 
rector and proprietor until his death. Author 
of " Selections of Juvenile and Misc. Poems," 
Phila. 1836; "Pantology, or Systematic Sur- 
vey of Human Knowledge;" "Sketch of the 
History of West Point," 1840 ; " Handbook lor 
American Travellers in Europe," 1853 ; " Jeru- 
salem and other Poems," 1857 ; and some occa- 
sional nddresses, lectures, &c. 

Parker, Amasa J., LL.D. (Gen. Coll. 
1846),jurist,b. Sharon, Ct.,Jiini' 2. 1,^m7. Un. 
Coll. 1825. Son of Rev. 1),,i;h ; Mnn-h r of 
Ellsworth.whoin 1816 r. 11, - fami- 

ly to Greenville.N.Y., t.. r,,!,> . I , _ . acad- 
emy. Amnsa became ]jmni| a! .1 :l" Uuil-im 
Acad, in 1823; was adm. tu the bar in 1828, 
and to partnership with his uncle, Col. Amasa, 
at Delhi, N.Y.; member of the legisl. iu 1833; 
elected a regent of the State U. in 1S35 ; M.G. 
in 1837-9; app. a circuit judge, and vice-chan- 
cellor of the Court of Equity, Mar. 6. 1844; 
at the first election under the new State Const, 
was chosen a judge of this Supreme Court; 
U.S. dist.-atty. for N.Y. 1859. Author of 6 
vols, of " Reports of Crimin.Tl Cases," 8vo, 
1855-69; with Wolford and Wade, " The Re- 
viseil Statutes of N.Y.," &c.,3 vols. 8vo, 1859. 

Parker, Daniel, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Shirlcv, Ms., Jan. 29, 1782; "d. Washington, 
D.C.Apr. 5, 1846. Dartm. Coll. 1801. Bro. 
of Leonard M. Judge-advocate 1814 ; he 
read law, and began practice at Charlestown, 
Ms. ; previous to 1812 was chief clerk in the 
war dept. at Washington. Was app. adj. and 
insp.-gen. Nov. 22, 1814; paym.-gcn. June 1, 
1821 ; again app. chief clerk war dept. Nov. 
1841. He pub. Army Register 1816. 



FAJR 



Parker, Edgar, artist, b. Framinglinm, 
Ms., June 7, 1840. Norwich Milit. U. 1859. 
M.D. of II.U. 1863. Family came from Eng. 
in 1640, and were among the original settlers 
of Salem. Entered the army as assist, surgeon 
13th Ms. Inf. Was taken prisoner twice, and 
severely wounded at the battle of Gettysburg. 
Relinquished the practice of medicine in 1867, 
and adopted portrait-painting as a profession, 
in wliirh he is successfully engaged in Boston. 
Visited Europe in 1868, and also in 1870, for 
purposrs of study. 

Parker, Edw.\rd Griffin, b. Boston, 
Nov. 16, 1825; d. N.Y. City, Mar. 30, 1868. 
Y.C. 1847. Lawyer of Boston; and in Ms. 
senate 18.")9. Vol', aide on Gen. Butler's stafT 
in May, 1861 ; and in 1862 assist, adj.-gen. on 
the staff of Gen. Martindale. After the war, 
he had charge of the Amer. Literary Bureau 
of Reference. Author of " Golden Age of 
Amer. Oratory," 1857; "Reminiscences of 
Hnfii-i <!MKito,'"'8vo, 1860. Contrib. to various 
niipj-., ami III If-'i: edited the polit. articles in 

Parker, KnuAno Lctwyche, b. Litch- 
field, N.H., Julv 28, 1785 ; d. Londonderry, 
July 14, 1850. "Dartm. Coll. 1807. Grandson 
of Rev. Thomas of Dracut. Minister of the 
Cong. Ch., Londonderry, from Sept. 12, 1810, 
to his death. Author of " Ordination Ser- 
mons," 1824; "A Century Sermon," 1819 ; 
"Hist, of Londonderry," 12mo, 1851. — 
Sjyragiie; D. C. Ahimni. 

Parker, Foxhall A., capt. U.S.N., son 
of Capt. F. A. Parker, U.S.N., b. N.Y. Aug. 
5, 1821. Grad. Naval School, 1843. Lieut. 
Sept. 28, 1850; com. July 16,1862; capt. July 
25, 1866. He served in Florida against the In- 
dians ; com. steam-gunboat " Mahaska," 1803 ; 
naval battery on Morris Island during bombnrd. 
of FortSum'ter, Aug. 1863; engaged with Con- 
fed, batteries on Potomac and Rappahannock 
Rivers, and off Wilmington, N.C., and with 
Confcd. troops on shore while com. " The Ma- 
haska" in 1863, and Potomac flotilla in 1864-5. 
He is the author of " Squadron Tactics under 
Steam," 1864; "Naval Howitzer Ashore and 
Afloat," 1865-6 ; and has contrib. to the Knick- 
erbocker Mag. 

Parker, Henry Webster, b. Dan by, N.Y., 
1822. Amh. Coll. 1843. Presb. divine, son 
of Rev. Samuel of Ithaca. Author of "Poems," 
12mo, 1850 ; " The Story of a Soul," a poem, 
1852 ; " Verse," by H. W. P., Boston, 12mo, 
1862. Contrib. to various periodicals. — Alii- 

Parker, Sir Htde, a British adm., b. 
1739; d. Mar. 16, 1807. He was second son 
of the unfortunate vice-adra. of the name, and 
went to sea, when a mere child, under his father. 
In 1763 he became a post-capt. ; and in 1776 
served in "The Phoenix" (44), on the Amer. 
station, where he disting. himself in the attack 
on New York; and in Dec. 1778, with a small 
squad., conveyed the force which captured Sa- 
vannah. In 1779 he was knighted for these 
services. He was present in the action off tlie 
Dogger Bank ; in Feb. 1793 was made rear- 
adm. of the White ; was present at the sur- 
render of Toulon and the reduction of Corsica ; 
in 1796 he took the com. at Jamaica; in 1799 



was made adm. of the Red; and in 1807 he 
com. at the memorable attack of Copenhagen. 

Parker, Isaac, LL.D. (H.U. 1814), jurist, 
b. Boston, June 17, 1768; d. May 26, 1830. 
H.U. 1786. He was, for a time, teacher in the 
grammar-school, but studied law; established 
himself in practice at Castine, Me., and soon 
became popular; M.C. 1797-9; marshal for 
the dist. of Me. 1797-1801. After practising 
for a while in Portland, he, in 1806, accepted 
a seat on the Supreme bench ; and in 1814, on 
the decease of Sewall, succeeded him as chief 
justice. He was pres. of the Const. Conv. of 
Ms. of 1820, and, when relieved from the duties 
of the chair, took a spirited part in the debates. 
Prof, of law in H.U. in 1816-27. Author of 
Oration on Washington, 1800 ; " Sketch of the 
Character of Judge Parsons," 8vo, 1813. 

Parker, James, legislator, b. Bethlehem, 
N. J., Mar. 3, 1776; d. Perth Amboy, N. J., 
Apr. 1, 1868. Col. Coll. 1793. James his 
father, one of the Prov. Council before the 
Revol., and a leading member of the hoard of 
proprietors of the Colony, rcmoveil with his 
family to Perth Amboy in 1783, and d. 1797. 
The son then assumed the care of liis large 
landed estate; was a member of the N.J. As- 
sembly in 1806-14, 1815-19, and 1827-8, and 
active in establishing the free-school system in 
the State, and in abolishing the exportation of 
slaves thence ; coramiss. to fix the boundary- 
line between N.J. and N.Y. in 1827-9 ; collect- 
or of the Port of Perth Amboy 1 829-32 ; M.C. 
1833-7; member of the State Const. Conv. in 
1844 ; vice-pres. of the N. J. Hist. Soe. from its 
formation to the death of Judge Hornblower, 
and pres. from that time until his death. He 
gave to Rutgers Coll. the land at New Bruns- 
wick on which its buildings are ereeted. 

Parker, Joel, LL.D.'(Dartm. 1837: H.U. 
1848), jurist, b. Jaffrey, X.H., Jan. 25. 1795. 
Dartm. Coll. 1811. He began to practice law 
at Keene in Sept. 1815 ; member N.H- legisl. 
in 1824-6 ; app. assoc. justice of the .Supreme 
Court of N.H. Jan. 8, 1833, and chief justice 
June 25, 1838; prof, of med. jurisprudence 
Dartm. Coll. 1847-57; chairman of the com- 
miss. to revise the N.H. laws in Nov. 1840 ; 
and since Nov. 6, 1847, has been Royall prof, 
of law at H.U. He has pub., exclusive of law- 
reports and periodical essays, a Charge to a 
Grand Jury, including Memoirs of Ch.Jnstice 
Wm. M. Richardson ; an Oration before the 
Phi Beta Kappa of N.H. in 1856 ; " The Three 
Powers of Government," lectures in 1867-9, 
8vo, paper; "Progress," an address at Han- 
over, N.H., 1846; "Daniel Webster as a Ju- 
rist," 1853; "Non-Extension of Slavery," 
1856; "Personal-liberty Laws and Slavery in 
the Territories," 8vo, 1861; "The Right of 
Secession," 1861 ; " Habeas Corpus and Mar- 
tial Law," 1861 ; " Constitutional Law," 1862 ; 
" International Law, Caseof the Trent," 1862 ; 
"War-Powers of Congress and of the Presi- 
dent." 1863; "Revolution and Reconstruc- 
tion," 1866. "His Conflict of Decisions" is 
now (1871) in press. 

Parker, Joel, D.D., b. Bethel, Vt., Aug. 
27, 1799. Ham. Coll. 1824. Ord. Presb. 
minister 1826; settled at Rochester, N.Y., 
1826-30; Dey-st. Church 1830-33; at N. Or- 



FJLR 



leans 1833-8; Broadway Tabernacle, N. Y., 
1838-40; Clinton-st. Ch., Phila., 1842-52; 
Bleeker-st. Ch., N.Y., 1852-4; Fourth-avenue 
Presb. Cb. 1854. Pres., and prof, of sacred 
rhetoric, Un.Theol. Sem., N.Y., 1840-2. Au- 
thor of "Lectures on Universalism," 1829; 
"Morals for a Young Student," 1832; "Invi- 
tations to True Happiness," 1843 ; " Courtship 
and Marriage," "Reasonings of a Pastor," &c., 
"Notes on 12 Psalms," 1849; "Sermons," 
1852; "Pastor's Initiatory Catechism," 1855. 
Edited sermons of John W. Adams, D.D., 
with Memoir, 1851; Burder's Relig. Cerem. 
of all Nations. Assoc, editor of Presb. Qiiar. 
Reriew. — Alllbone. 

Parker, Nathan, D.D. (Bowd. Coll. 
1823), Cong, minister, b. Reading, Ms., June 
5, 1782; d. Portsmouth, Nov. 8, 1833. H.U. 
1803. He spent one year in teaching at VVor- 
eester, Ms.; studied theology; in 1805 was 
app. tutor in Bowd. Coll. ; was settled in 
Portsmouth, Sept. 14, 1808; and in 1833 Rev. 
Andrew P. Peabody was ord. his colleague; 
when the division of the Cong, body in N.E. 
into two parties was recognized, he took part 
as a professed Unitarian. Henry Ware, jun., 
pub. a vol. of his sermons with a Memoir, 1835. 

Parker, Sir Peter, a British adm., b. 
1723; d. 1811. Son of Adm. Christopher 
Parker. lie became a post-capt. in 1747 ; and 
in 1775, in " The Bristol/' of 50 guns, proceeded 
with a squadron under his com. to co-operate 
with Gen. Clinton in tbe attack of Charleston, 
S.C. Arriving at Cape Fear in May, on June 
28, 1 776, he made an unsuccessful attack on Fort 
Moultrie, resulting in great loss and damage 
to his fleet, and to the abandonment of the 
enterprise. For his bravery in this all'air he 
received the honor of knighthood. He aided 
Lord Howe in the capture of New York, and 
com. the squadron which took possession of 
R. I. in the latter part of 1776. He held the 
chief com. on the Jamaica station in 1777-82 ; 
w-ts made a bart. 26 Dec. 1782; subsequently 
became com. in chief at Portsmouth; M.P. for 
Maldon ; admiral of the White; and on tbe 
death of Lord Howe, as the oldest admiral in 
the navy, he became admiral of the fleet. His 
gr.mdson Sir Peter (b. 1786) disting. him- 
self as capt. of "The Menelaus," frigate; and in 
1814 sailed up the Chesapeake to destroy an 
Amer. camp at Bellair. He landed his men, 
and gallantly attacked the Americans, but was 
killed in the affau- 30 Aug. 1814. 

Parker, Col. Richard, Revol. officer of 
Va. ; d. at the siege of Charleston, S.C, 24 
Apr. 1780 ; capt. 2d Va. Regt. 24 Jan. 1776 ; 
aftern'ard col. 8th Va. Regt. 

Parker, Richard E., jurist, of Va., b. 
1777; d.Nov.l840; member of the h. of dcle- 
gati'S ; many years a judge of the Gen. and 
Circuit Coui-ta of Va., also of the Supremo 
Court of Appeals; and in 1836-7 U.S. senator. 

Parker, Richard Green, b. Boston, 1798. 
II.U. 1817. Son of Bishop Samuel. After 
teaching in various places, he was master of a 
grammar-school in Boston in 1 827-93, and of 
a girl's school in 1853-8. Among his nianjr 
school text-books are " Aids to Eng. Composi- 
tion," 1846; "Natural Philosophy," 1837; 
and with J. M. Watson, " National Series of 



Readers and Spellers ; " also author of Hist, 
of the Grammar-School in E. Parish, Rox- 
bury, 18i6 ; "Tribute to the Life and Charac- 
ter of Jonas Chiekcring," 12mo, 1854. 

Parker, Samuel, D.D., Prot.-Episcopal 
bishop of the eastern diocese (consee. 14 Sept. 
1804), b, Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 28, 1744; d. 
Dee. 6,1804. H.U. 1764. Son of Wm. (1703- 
81), judge of the Superior Court of N.H. 
1771-6. He was 9 years a teacher; was in 
1773 assLst. rector of Trinity Church, Bos- 
ton ; was ord. by the bishop of London in Feb. 
1774; and 2 Nov following he entered upon 
the discharge of his duties. During the Revol. 
many of the Epis. clergy withdrew to Nova 
Scotia ; but Mr. Parker retained his post. In 
1 779 he was elected rector of the parish, an 
office which he held until his death. His son 
Rev. Benj. Clark Cutler (H.U. 1822, b. 
Boston, June 6, 1796, d. N.Y. City, Jan. 28, 
1859; ord. priest, May 17, 1S2G) preached in 
various places, and finally took charge of the 
" Floating Chapel for Seamen " in New York, 
where he labored 15 years with ability and 
fidelity. 

Parker, Rev. Samuel, clergyman and 
author, b. Ashtield, N.H., Apr. 23, 1779; d. 
Ithaca, N.Y., Mar. 24, 1866. Dartm. Coll. 
1806 ; And. Sem! 1810. He was a missionary 
in Western N.Y. until ord. minister of Danby 
in 1812 ; dism. 1827; settled at Apulia, N.Y., 
18.30-2; one year pastor at Middlcficld, Ms. ; 
and afterward resided at Ithaca. He pub. 
"Exploring Tour beyond the Rocky Moun- 
tains in 1835-7," made under the direction of 
the A.B.C.F.M. He claimed to be the first to 
suggest the possibility of a railroad throngli the 
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. — Alumni D. C. 

Parker, Theodore, Unitarian clergyman 
and author, b. Lexington, Ms., Aug. 24, 1810; 
d. Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860. M.A. of 
H.U. 1840. His grandfather, Capt. John, com- 
manded the company of minute-men at Lex- 
ington who were fired upon by the British 
troops, Apr. 19, 1775. Theodore inherited from 
his parents an earnest and thoughtful mind. 
At 10 be liegan to study Latin; at 11 Creek; 
and metaphysics — the pursuit of his life — at 
12. His memory was so retentive, that he 
could repeat whole volumes of poetry. Before 
the ago of 10 he knew all the shrubs and trrea 
of Ms. He studied at Lexington Acad, in 
1827 ; taught school in the winter of 1827-8 ; 
entered Ilarv. Coll. in 1830, but did not grad- 
uate ; taught school in Boston and Watertown ; 
in 1834-7 studied divinity at Cambridge; 
was settled over the Unitarian Society at West 
Roxburyin June, 1837. In May, 1841, in his 
sermon at the ordination of Rev. C. C. Shack- 
ford of South Boston, he first uttered those 
sentiments which led to the thcol. controver- 
sies that marked the active years of his life, 
prominent among which was the assumption 
of the humanity and natural inspiration of 
Christ. In the autumn of 1841 he delivered 
in Boston 5 lectures, which formed a vol. en- 
titled " A Discourse of Matters pertaining to 
Religion," 1842. In Sept. l.'<43 he visited 
Europe. Was invited to preach in Boston, Feb. 
16, 1845; and Feb. 16, 1846, became minister 
of the 28th Cong. Society in Boston, which, in 



FA.TI 



690 



Nov. 1852, occnpied for the first time the great 
Music Hall, which was crowded every Sunday. 
Strangers came from every part of tha country, 
attracted by his fame. Jan. 1859, an attack of 
bleeding at the lungs terminated his public 
sen-ices. He sailed for Santa Cruz, Feb. 3; 
whence, in May, he sent a letter to his parish, 
entitled "Theodore Parker's Experience as a 
>Iinistcr." From that island he sailed to 
Europe, spent some time in Switzerland, and 
went to Rome, where he passed the winter of 
1859. Setting out thence in April, 1860, he 
with difljculty reached Florence, where he died. 
He vigorously opposed the Mexican war, and 
was one of the earliest advocates of temperance 
and antislavery, writing and speaking much, 
for the latter cause especially. After the pas- 
sage of the fuiiitive-skive law in 1850, he be- 
came widely known as its uncompromising 
opponent. His sympathy was so marked at the 
rendition of Anthony Bums, in Jan. 1854, as to 
cause his indictment in the U.S. Court. The 
indictment was quashed ; but Mr. Parker had 
prepared an elaborate defence, which was 
printed. He bequeathed his valuable library of 
13,000 volumes to the Public Library of Bos- 
ton. He pub. in 1S52 "Sermons on Theism, 
Atheism, and Popular Theology;" "Mis- 
cellaneous Writings," 12mo, 1843; "Occa- 
sional Sermons and Speeches," 2 vols. 12rao, 
1852; "Additional Speeches and Addresses," 
2 vols. 12mo, 1855; "Trial of Theodore Par- 
ker for the Misdemeanor of a Speech in Faneuil 
Hall against Kidnapping," 1855. In addition 
to these he wrote for the Dial, Boston Quarterly 
Review, Christian Register, Christian Examiner ; 
edited the Ms. Quarterly irom 1847 to 1850, and 
was also actively engaged as a lecturer. His 
" Life and Correspondence," by Jolm Weiss, 
was pub.N.Y., 2 vols. 8vo, 1864. A complete 
edition of his works, edited by Frances Power 
Cobbe, was pub. Lond. 12 vols. 1863-5. He 
was plain, outspoken, and uncompromising in 
the utterance of his convictions, but in the 
intercourse of private life exhibited an almost 
feminine gentleness and aflectionatencss. He 
vrv.a remarkable for the extraordinary extent 
and precision of his knowledge. 

Parker, Thomas, first minister of New- 
bury, Ms., from 1635 to his d. Apr. 24, 1677, b. 
June 8, 1595. He studied some time at Oxford, 
and in Ireland under Dr. Usher, recci\'ing his 
degree of M.A. while at Leyden in 1617. He 
taught and preac-hed in Newbury, Eng. ; came 
to N.B. in May, 1634; was co-pastor with Mr. 
Ward of Ipswich about a year; and then began 
the settlement of Newbury, Ms. A bitter con- 
troversy on church govt., lasting for years, un- 
happily divided his church. He was eminent 
for learning and piety. He pub. a Letter to a 
member of the Westminster Assembly on 
Church Gort., 1644 ; and " The Prophecies of 
Daniel Expounded," 4to, 1646 ; " Methodus 
Gratice DivincE," 1657 ; ani" Theses de Tra- 
duetione Peccatoris ad Vitam," with some works 
of Dr. Ames. 

Parker, Gen. Thomas, b. Frederick Co., 
Va. ; d. there 24 Jan. 1820. A capt. in the 
Revol. army ; app. lieut.-eol. com. 8th Inf. 8 
Jan. 1799 : cnl. 12th Inf. 12 Mar. 1812 ; brig- 
gen. U.S.A. 1813-14. / 



Parkinson, Richard, of Doncaster, V.ws., 
and subsequently of Orange Hill, near B;ilti- 
raore. Some time in the employ of Washington 
as agriculturist at Mount Vernon. Pub. "The 
Experienced Farmer," 2 vols. Lond. 1798; 
" A Tour in America 1798-1800," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1805 ; " Management of a Farm in Ireland," 
8vo, 1806; "Breeding and Management of 
Live Stock," 2 vols. 8vo, 1809; " Survey of 
Rutlandshire," 1809; " View of the Agricult. 
of Huntingdonshire," 1811, 8vo. — Allilmie. 

Parkinson, William, Baptist divine, b. 
Frederick Co., Md., 1774; d. 1848. Author 
of "Public Ministry of the Word," 1818; 
Sermons on Deut. xxxii., 2 vols. 8vo, 1831. — 
Spraque's Annals. 

Parkman, Ebenezer, first minister of 
Westborough, Ms., from Oct. 28, 1724, to his 
d. Dec. 9, 1782; b. Boston, Sept. 5, 1703. 
H.U. 1721. A short account of VVestborough 
by him is in " Ms. Hist. Colls." He pub. " Re- 
formers and Intercessors," 1752 ; " Conv 



Parkman, Francis, D.D. (H.U. 1834), 
a Unitarian minister, b. Boston, June 4, 
1788 ; d. there Nov. 12, 1852. H.U. 1807. He 
studied theology under Dr. William E. Chan- 
ning and at the U. of Edinburgh. Ord. Dec. 8, 
1813; from 1813 to 1849 he was pastor of 
the New North Church in Boston. He pub. 
"The Otfering of Sympathy," 1829, and 
some occasional sermons and addresses. The 
Parkman professorship of pulpit eloquence and 
pastoral care in the Camb. Theol. School was 
founded by his munificence ; and he took an 
active part in nearly all the most important 
charitable institutions of his native city. 

Parkman, Francis, author, b. Boston, 
Sept. 16, 1823. H.U. 1844. Son of Rev. 
Francis. He visited Europe in 1844; and in 
1846 made a journey across the prairies, and 
explored the Rocky Mountains. An account 
of this expedition was given in a series of ar- 
licles in the ATnicA-eifcoctcr J/a(?., collected and 
pub. under the title of " The Calilornia and 
Oregon Trail," N.Y. 1849. He has also pub. 
a " History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac," 
Boston, 1851 ; " Vassal Morton," a novel ; 
" France and England in N. Amer.," 2 vols. 
18G3-7 ; " Discovery of the Great West," 1869. 
Mr. Parkm.nn labors under the serious disadvan- 
tage of an afl^ection of the eyes," which often 
renders him wholly unable to read or write. 

Parris, Albion Keith, gov. of Me. in 
1821-6; b. Auburn, Me., Jan. 19, 1788; d. 
Portland, Me., Feb. 11, 1857. Danm. Coll. 
1806. Son of Samuel, a Revol. officer ; sev- 
eral years judge of the C.C.P., and member of 
the legisl. of Me. ; d. Washington, D.C., Sept. 
10, 1847, a. 92. The son was engaged in farm- 
ing until the age of 14 ; was adm. to the bar 
in Sept. 1809, and located himself at Paris, 
Me; in 1811 he was county atty. ; and M.C. 
1 8 1 5-1 9, after servingone year as representative, 
and one as senator in the Massachusetts legis- 



Portland ; in 1819 he was a member of the 
convention, and of the committee for forming 
a State const. ; was in 1820 ajip. judge of 
probate for Cumberland Co. ; was U.S. senator 



^]k7?C^ ^/^.IW.^.^ ; 



^ ^ &/^'^ /2^^v.*^ /i'i^^^^^ -^^y^ 



P^E, 



1826-8; in 1828-36 a judge of the Supreme 
Court of Me.; and in 1836-50 was a comp- 
troller of the U.S. treasury. He retired to 
Portland in 1850, and was mayor of the city 
in 1852. 

Parris, Samoel, first minister of Danvers, 
Ms., from Nov. 19, 1689, to June, 1696, b. Lon- 
don, 1653 ; d. Sudbury, Ms., 27 Feb. 1720. He 
studied at H.U., but d"id not grad. At fir.^t a 
merchant in Boston, afterward a minister. The 
Salem witchcraft commenced in his family in 
1692. His dau., and his niece Abigail Williams, 
aged 11, accused Tituba (a South-Amer. slave), 
living as a servant in the family, of bewitching 
them. Mr. Parris beat her, and compelled her 
to confess herself a witch. John, Tituba's 
husband, for his own safety turned accuser of 
others. 1 9 were hung, and Gyles Cory pressed 
to death. The delusion lasted 16 months. As 
Mr. Parris had been a zealous prosecutor, his 
church in Apr. 1693 brought charges against 
him. He acknowledged his error, and was 
dismissed. After preaching two or three years 
at Stow, he removed to Concord, and preached 
6 months in Dunstable in 1711. — &e Life of 
Parris bi/ S. P. Fowler {read to Essex //is/.), 
8vo, 1857. 

Parrish, Edward, b. Phila. 1822. Prin- 
cipal of the School of Practical Pharmacy, 
Phila., and since 1864 prof, of materia meilica 
there. Son of Joseph, M.D. Has contrib. to 
the Journal of Pluirmacy, and pub. " Introil. to 
Practical Pharmacy," 8vo, 1856 ; " The Phan- 
tom Bouquet," 1863 ; " Essay on Education in 
the Soc. of Friends," 1866. 

Parrish, Joseph, M.D., physician, b. 
Phila. Sept. 2, 1779; d. Mar. 18, 1840. M.D. 
U. of Pa. 1816. He was brought up a Quaker. 
Studied languages, and afterward medicine ; 
was a resident physician in the Phila. Yellow- 
fever Hospital ; in 1806-12 was one of the phy- 
sicians of the Phila. Dispensary; in 1806-22 
surgeon to the Phila. Almshouse; in 1816-29 
surgeon to the Pa. Hospital; and, from 1835 to 
his death, consulting physician to the Phila. 
Dispensary. He was an active member of va- 
rious philanthropic or benevolent institutions ; 
was a contrib. to the periodical journals of his 
profession, and repub. " Lawrence on Hernia," 
with an Appendix. His son Isaac (1811-52), 
also eminent as a physician, pub. " Memoir of 
J. C. Otto, M.D.," and many papers in medical 

Parrott, Enoch G., commodore tJ.S.N., 
b.Portsmouth,N.H.,Dec.I0,1814. Midshipm. 
Dec. 10, 1831 ; lieut. Sept. 8, 1841 ; com. Apr. 
1861 ; capt. July 25, 1866 ; commo. 1870. 
Engaged under Com. Perry in the operations 
against Beraly, W. coast of Africa, Dec. 1843 ; 
in the frigate " Congress;" and with Fremont 
at the capture of Guaymas and Mazatlan during 
the Mexican war; with the exped. which 
destroyed the Norfolk navy-yard, Apr. 1861 ; in 
brig "'Perry " at the capture of the privateer 
" Savannah ; " com. steamer " Augusta " in cap- 
ture of Port Royal ; engaged the Confed. rams 
on their sortie from Charleston, Jan. 13, 1863; 
com. iron-clad " Canonicus " in engagement 
with Howlctt's battery and the iron-clads on 
James River, June 21,1864, and in subsequent 
engagement there ; com. " Monadnock in 



attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 1864, and Jan. 
1865 ; and present at surrender of Charleston. 

Parry, Sir William Edwaud, arctic 
navigator, b. Bath, Eng., Dec. 10, 1790; d. 
Ems, July 7, 1855. He entered the British 
navy in 1803 ; from 1813 to 1817 was attached 
to the N.A. station; with the boats of the 
"La Hogue" (74), in the spring of 1814 he 
ascended the Ct. River about 20 miles, and 
destroyed 27 privateers and other vessels ; and 
in 1818 joined Sir John Ross's exped. as a 
lieut. He commanded in 1S19 a second exped., 
in which he crossed the meridian at 110° W., 
lat. 74° 44' 20", and became entitled to the 
reward of £5,000 offered by parliament for 
reaching thus far west within the arctic circle. 
Upon his retuiTi in 1820 he was promoted to 
commander; and was knighted in 1829. He 
made another exped. in 1821-3 ; and in a third, 
in 1826, attained by boats and sledges the lat. 
of 82° 45', — the nearest point to the north pole 
that had been reached. In 1852 he became rear- 
adm. of the White, and in 1853 lieut.-gov. of 
Greenwich Hospital. He pub. narratives of 
his voyages. 

Parsons, Jonathan, minister of Newbnry- 
port, Ms., from 1746 to his d. July 19, 1776 ; b. 
W. Springfield, Ms., Nov. 30, 1705. Y.C. 1 729. 
Grandson of Benjamin, who settled in Spring- 
field ab. 1635. drd. at Lyme in March, 1731, 
and continued there until 1745. He possessed 
great oratorical powers, was a powerful rcasoner, 
an eminent scholar, and was skilled in Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew. Besides occasional ser- 
mons, he pub. in 2 vols. 8vo, 17S0, "Sixty 
Sermons on Various Subjects;" "Letters in 
the Christian Hist.," 1741; "On Baptism," 
1770; "Lectures on Justification," 1748. — 
Simiijue. 

Parsons, Gen. Monboe M., b. Va. 1819; 
killed near Camargo, Mexico, Aug. 17, 1865, 
in a fight between the liberals and imperialists. 
Removing early in life to Cole Co., Mo., he 
practised law; held oHice as a Dem. politician; 
was atty.-gen. of Mo. in 1853-7, and member 
of the State senate subsequently; in the Mcx. 
war he was a capt. in Doniphan's mounted 
regt., and was disting. in the battle of Sacrar 
mento. Acting in concert with Gov. C. F. Jack- 
son at the outset of the Rebellion, he was app. 
brig.-gcn. C.S.A., and was active in organizing 
the State militia ; he was present at the skinnish 
at Booneville; afterward raised a brigade of 
mounted men, with whom he scncd at 
Carthage, Springfield, Pea Ridge, and else- 
where ; and, being promoted to the com. of a 
division, served under Price to the end of the 
war, excepting in the last invasion of Mo. in 
1 864. After the surrender of Ifirby Smith, he 
went with some followers to Mexico, and joined 
the forces of Juarez. 

Parsons, Samuel Holden, maj.-gcn. 
R'^vol. army, b. Lyme, Ct., May 14, 1737 ; 
drowned in the rapids of the Big Beaver River, 
O., Nov. 17, 1789. H.U. 1756. Son of Rev. 
Jonathan. He studied law at Lyme, in the 
office of his uncle. Gov. Matthew Griswold ; 
was adm. to the bar in 1759 ; settled at Lyme ; 
was elected representative to the Assembly in 
1762, and successively for 18 sessions ; in 1774 
he receivLd the app. of king's atty., and re- 



FA.It 



moved to New London ; he was one of the 
com. of corrcsp. ; in 1775 he was app. col. of 
the 6th Ct. Rcgt. ; was at the siege of Boston 
and tlie battle of Long Island ; made brig.-gen. 
by Congress, Aug. 9, 1776, and maj.-gen. Oct. 
23, 1780; in 1779 he succeeded Gen. Putnam 
in the com. of the Ct. line ; and, at the close of 
the war, resumed practice in Middlctown. In 
1785 he was app. by Congress a commiss. to 
treat with the Indians at Miami ; was an active 
member of the conv. of Ct. in Jan. 1788 which 
ratified the U.S. Constitution; was app. by 
Washington first judge of the N. W. Terr. ; 
and was in 1789 app. by Ct. a commiss. to 
treat with the Wyandottcs and other Indian 
tribes on Lake Eric for extinguishing the 
aboriginal title to the Ct. Western Reserve. 
Gen. Parsons went early in 1787, with others, 
to the North-west, and settled on or near the 
Ohio River. He pnb. a paper on the Anti- 
quities of the Western States m " Trans. Amer. 
Acad.," vol. 2. 

Parsons, TnEOPHiLns, LL.D. (H.XJ. 
1804), an eminent jurist, b. Byfield, Ms., 24 
Feb. 1750; d. Boston, 30 Oct. 1813. H.U. 
1769. Son of Rev. Moses. In 1774 he was 
adm. to the Portland bar, and kept the gram- 
mar-school there. Upon the destruction of 
tlie town in Oct. 1775, he returned to Byfield, 
H here ho enjoyed the intercourse of the eminent 
jurist Trowbridge; In 1777 he began practice 
in Newburyport; and was a delegate to the 
State convention at Ipswich to consider the 
subject of a State constitution. His draught, 
slightly modified, and kno-nTi as the "Essex 
liesult," contains the principles incorporated 
in the best constitutions of govt, in our 
republic. In 1 780 he was one of the franiers of 
the State constitution, and one of the ablest 
in that body. Removing to Boston in 1800, 
he was engaged in most cases of magnitude 
until made chief justice of Ms. in 1806 ; in 
1 788 he was the powerful and zealous advocate 



certain amendments. In legal knov 
was among the first of his time; and the accura- 
cy of his reasoning, and his profound knowledge 
of the law, statutes, and constitutions of the 
countrjr, are shown in the 6 vols, of Reports 
embracing_ his decisions ; he was versed also in 
classical literature and mathematical science ; 
possessed a wonderful m^ mory, and was a 
lorcible and powerful speaker ; he was no less 
remarkable for his wit than for his legal attain- 
ments. His pub. opinions \yere so highly 
este'-med, that a collection of ithom was ])ub. 
in N.Y. in 1836, entitled "Commentaries on 
Amer. Law." — See Memoir hy his Son, 12mo, 
1859. 

-J Parsons, Theophilus, LL.D. (H.U. 

1849), son of the preceding, b. Ncwhurvport, 
Ms., May 17, 1797. H.U. 1815. He studied 
hiw with Judge Wui Prescott, and practised 
in Taunton, and afterward in Boston. For 
some years he contrib. to the N. A. Review; 
wrote "occasionally for the American Review of 
Phila., and for the Free Press and N.E. Galaru, 
newspapers ; and founded and edited the U.S. 
Literary Gazette. He has written two vols, of 
essays and other smaller works in exposition 
of the doctrines of the New-Jerusalem Church, 



also contributing to its periodical publications. 
Since 1847 he has been Dane prof of law in 
the Law School of H.U. at Cambridge. He 
has pub. "Law of Contracts," 2 vols. 1853, 
5th ed. 3 vols. 1864 ; " Elements of Mercan- 
tile Law," 1856 ; " Laws of Business for Busi- 
ness Men," 1857; "Maritime Law," 2 vols. 
1859; "Memoir of Chief Justice Parsons," 
1 859 ; " Notes and Bills of Exchange," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1862; "Law of Partnership," 1867; 
"Deus Homo," 1867; "Marine Insurance 
and Gen. Average," 2 vols. 8vo, 1868; " Ship- 
ping and Admiralty," 2 vols. 8vo, 1869. 

Parsons, Thomas William, M.D., den- 
tist and poet, b. Boston, Aug. 18, 1819. H.U. 
1853. Son of Dr. T. W. He was educated 
at the Boston Latin School; and in 1836-7 
visited Italy, where he studied Italian litera- 
ture, and translated the first 10 cantos of 
Dante's " Inferno," pub. in Boston 1843. In 
1854 a vol. of his poems appeared containing 
" Ghitto di Roma," and other pictures of life 
in Italy, together with pieces on American 
subjects. His translation of the " Inferno " was 
pub. Boston, 1867, 4to. His friends in 1867 
j.riMted privately a vol. of his poems entitled 
"The Magnolia." He has contrib. to the 
Ualari/, Atlantic Monthly, &c. 

Parsons, Usher, M.D., phvsieian. b. Al- 
fred, Me., Aug. 18, 1788; d. Providence, R.I., 
Dec. 19, 1868. He studied under Dr. John 
Warren. Entering the navy as surgeon's mate 
in 1812, he was acting surgeon of " The 
Lawrence," Perry's flagship, at the battle of 
Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. He served in 1814 
on the Upper Lakes, and was at the attack on 
Mackinac, but resigned after 10 years' service 
in the navy, and practised medicine and sur- 
gerv in Providence, R.I. He received degrees 
trotn H.U. 1818, Dartm. 1821, and from Brown 
in 1825. He was a prof, in Brown and other 
colleges; pres. of the R.I.Med. Soe. ; first 
V. P. of the National Med. Assoc. Author of 
several medical works, and of a " Life of Sir 
Wm.Pepperrell," 1856. He also pub. a speech 
at Put-in Bay, Sept. 10, 1858, on the 45th an- 
niv. of the battle of Lake Erie, and a number 
of biog. sketches and speeches in pamphlet 
lurm, and papers in periodicals. 

Parton, James, author, b. Canterburv, 
Eng., Feb. 9, 1822. At the age of 5 he w.\s 
brought to New York, and at 19 taught in an 
aead. at White Plains, where he had been edu- 
cated. He afterward taught in Phila. and 
New York ; and was 3 years on the literary 
statf of the Home .lonmtil. His "Lite of 
Horace Greeley "appeared in 1855, ot " .\ar<]n 
Burr" in 1857, and of "Andrew Jaek^un," 
3 vols. 8vo, in 1859-60; all of which met wi'li 
great success. In 1856 be pub. a collection of 
" Humorous Poetry of the English Language 
from Chaucer to Saxe." He pub. in 1 864 a 
Biography of Franklin, 2 vols. ; " Gen. But- 
ler in New Orieans," 1863 ; ■•|,ir...t .1 .1, As- 
tor," 8vo, 1865 ; "Manunl fnii;,, iM-nihimu 
of Rings, Railroad and V. A:\w.a:' \-<\i:: 
"How New York City is (I.imi in.i," Ism; ; 
"Famous Americans," 1867 ; " People's Book 
of Biographv," 8vo, 1868; "Smoking and 
Drinking." 1868 ;" Topics of the Time ;"" The 
Danish Islands," 1S69. Contrib. toN.A. Re 



1 ' 



^ 



<t->^ 



/■ 



'^ i6 ///i 



FAJR 



v^ew, Atlantic Monthly/, &c. He is a brilliant 
writer and a successful lecturer. He m. Sara 
Payson Willis ("Funny Fern") in 1856. 
Parton, Sara Payson (" Fanny Fern "), 
> ,„ ,j,,b. PorUand, Me., July 7, 1811. Sister of N. 
"y-P. VVillis. Her father Nathaniel removed 
with his family to Boston when she was 6 
years old. She was educated in a school at 
Hartford taufjht by Catharine and Harriet 
Beechcr; and in 1834 m. Charles Eklrid-e of 
Boston, upon whose death in 1846 she was 
thrown upon her own resources to provide for 
herself and two children. She was subsequent- 
ly m. to Mr. Farrington, a merchant of Bos- 
ton; but their union was of brief duration. 
Not succeeding in obtaining employment in 
teaching or in other vocations, she in 1851 as- 
sumed the pen for a livelihood. Her first 
essay proved successful, and was followed by 
others, which were widely copied, until the 
pseudonymc of "Fanny Fern" was familiar 
in all parts of the U.S. These pieces were 
pub. in 185.3 under the title of "Fern-Leaves," 
of which 70,000 copies were sold ; and were 
followed by her " Little Ferns," 1 853 ; " Fern- 
Leaves," 2d series, 1854; "Ruth Hall," 
" Kose Clark," " Fresh Leaves," 1857 ; " Fol- 
ly as it Flies," 12mo, 1868; and the "Play- 
day Book," — some of which have been re- 
pub, in Eng. and elsewhere. The " Life and 
Beauties of Fanny Fern " was pub. Lend. 
1855. Her chief employment since 1854 has 
been in writing for the N. Y. Ledger. Soon 
after commencing her literary career, she went 
to New York; and was m. to James Parton, 
the author, in Jan. 1856. 

Partridge, Alden, milit. instructor, b. 
Norwich, Vt., 1785; d. there 16 Jan. 1854. 
West Point, 1806; D.trtm. Coll. 1812. As- 
sist, prof, of math. W. P. Nov. 1806 ; prof. 
of math. Apr.-SepD. 1813; of eng. Sept. 
1813; capt. engr. corps 23 July, 1810; and 
supl. W. P. Acad. Sept. 1812-Apr. 1818. 
Principal of exploring survey under the 5tli 
article. Treaty of Ghent. Established in 1820, 
in Norwich," Vt., a milit. acad., incorp. in 
1834 as the Norw. U., of which he was pres. ; 
and founded milit. schools in Portsmouth, 
Va. (1840), Reading, Pa. (1850), and in Pem- 
broke, N.H. He lectured on milit. affairs in 
the large cities ; was a member of the Vt. 
legisl. in 1833, '34, and '39 ; and was surv.-gen. 
of Vt. in 1832. Author of " An Excursion," 
1822; Letters on Education, ami on National 
Defence ; Journal of a Tour of Cadets, &c., 
8vo, 1827. 

Partridge, George, Revol. patriot, b. 
Duxburv, Ms., Feb. 8, 1740; d. there July 7, 
1828. H. U. 1762. He studied divinity, but 
never preached ; and was some years a teacher 
at Kingston, Ms. He was a delegate to the 
Prov. Congress 1774-5, iu which he was very 
active; was a State representative 1775-9 ; 
a delegate to the Cont. Congress 1779-82 and 
1783-5 ; M.C. 1789-91 ; and sheriflf of Plym- 
outh Co. 1780 and several years following. 
He bequeathed a large part of his estate for re- 
ligious and educational uses. 

Partridge, Oliver, member of the first 
Colonial Congress in 1765, b. Hatfield, Ms., 
13 June, 1712 ; d. there July 21,1 792. Y. C. 



1730. His ancestor Wm., an early settler 
on the Ct. River, came from Berwick-ou-Tweed, 
and died in Hadley. 

PascaliS.FELixA. OuviiRE, M.D., phy- 
sician, b. F'rance ab. 1 750 ; d. New York, July 
27, 1833. After completing his medical educa- 
tion, he established himself iu practice iu St. 
Domingo. After the insurrection of the blacks 
there, in 1793, he resided in Phila., and subse- 
quently, for near 30 years, in New York. His 
observations on the yellow-fever at Cadiz in 
1805 produced in him a conviction that the dis- 
ease was not contagious : tliis result was made 
known to the public in the Medicul lie/iosilwi/, 
a journal which he edited jointly with Drs. 
Mitchell and Ackerby, and to which he was a 
frequent contrib. In 1798 he pub. an Account 
of the Coutagious and Epidemic Yellow-Fever 
in Phila. in 1797 ; in 1812 an essay on syphi- 
litic diseases; and iu 1829 "Instructions for 
Silk-worm Nurseries, and Culture of the Mul- 
berry-Tree." 

Paschall, Nathaniel, editor, b. Knox- 
ville, Tenn., April 4, 1802; d. St. Louis, Dec. 
12, 1866. He went to St. Louis an orphan in 
1814, and ajjprenticed himself to Joseph Char- 
less of the J/o. Gazette; in 1827 he started 
with Edward Charless, the son of liis patron, 
the Missouri Republican, of which, with the ex- 
ception of 1843, when clerk of St. Louis Coun- 
ty, he was editor and half-owner till he died. 
He was master of a terse and vigorous style. 
His paper, while conspicuous for its ability, 
advocated slavery, and opposed the Kepublicin 
party. 

Passaeonaway (Papisseconewa), the 

Merrimack sachem, and the great sagamore of 
Paraunkog, or Pennacook ; d. 1663-9 at a very 
great age. He held control over the tribes of 
Southern N.H. and a portion of Ms., and was 
at the head of a powerful confederacy when the 
whites first settled the country. M.ay 17, 1629, 
he conveyed to John Wheelwright and his asso- 
ciates at Squamscut (now Exeter) the tract 
of land extending from the Piscataqua to the 
Merrimack westward, and from the line of Ms. 
30 miles north. In 1648 he invited the Indian 
apostle Eliot to take up his abode near his tribe, 
so that they might be taught Christianity, at the 
same time avowing his belief in God. He was 
sagacious and cunning, and had a great reputa- 
tion as a powwow, or sorcerer. At a great dance 
and feast in 1660 he made his farewell speech 
to his people, and exhorted them to live in peace 
with the English, as he had tried his arts as a 
powwow against them in vain. — C. E. Potter 
in Farmer's AJonthl,/ Visitor, Feb. 1852. 

Passmore, Rev. Joseph C, D.D., b. 
Lancaster, Pa., 1818; d. Racine, Wis., 12 Aug. 
1866. Ord. deacon P. E. Ch. 1848; priest 
1849. In 1844-62 prof, of mental philos. and 
polit. econ. in St. James's Coll., JId. : after- 
ward at Racine until his death, .\uthiir of 
" Footprints, or Fugitive Poems," Phila. 1S43. 
Editor of Bp. Butler's " Etliie.al Discourses," 
Phila. 1855. 

Patrick, Gen. Marsena R., b. Jefferson 
Co., N.Y., Mar. 15 1811. West Point, 1835. 
Joining the 2d Inf., he became 1st lieut. in 
1839; capt. 22 Aug. 1847; brev. maj. in 
1849 "for meritorious conduct in Mexico;" 



694 



FATV 



resigning 30 June, 1850, he retired to his 
farm; and in 1859-61 was pres. of the State 
Agric. Coll. When civil war broke out, be 
was made insp.-gen. of the N. Y. militia ; 
brig.-gen. vols. March 17, 1862; in Dec. he 
com. a brigade in Doubleday's division, 1st 
army corps, with which he took part in the bat- 
tle of Antietam; prov.-mar.-gen. Army of the 
Potomac 6 Oct. 1862, to 17 Mar. 18G5; re- 
signed 12 June, 1865 ; pres. N. Y. Agric. Soc. 
since 14 Feb. 1867. Resides at Geneva, N.Y. 
— Cullum. 

Patten, Geokge W., lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. 
Newport, R. I., 1803. Brown U. 182.5. West 
Point, 1830. Son of Dr. Wm. of Newport. 
Lieut. 1830; capt. 18 June, 1846; brev. maj. 
for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, where he lost 
his hand, I8'Apr. 1847 ; maj. 9th Int. 30 Apr. 
1861 ; lieut.-col. 2d Inf 7 June, 1862 ; retired 
17 Feb. 1864. Author of " Army Manual," 
1863; "Tactics and Drill for Inf., Art., and 
Cav.," 3 vols. 1861-3 ; "Voices of the Border ; " 
"Puenis," 1867. He has contrib. many poetical 
pieces to periodicals. 

Fatten, JIaj. John, Rcvol. officer, b. Kent 
Co., Del. ; d. Dover, June, 1801, a. 55. He 
fought in nearly every battle from L. I. to Cam- 
den ; was a member of the Old Congress in 
1785-6, and M.C. 1792-3 and 1795-7. 

Patten, William, D.D. (B. U. 1807), 
minister of Newport 1786-1834 ; d. Hartford, 
Ct., Mar. 9, 1839, a. 76. Dartm. Coll. 1780. 
Son of Bev. Wm. He was a disting. theolo- 
gian, and a kind, benevolent man. He pub. 
several sermons, " Christianity the True The- 
ologv," against Paine, 12mo, 1795; " Remi- 
nisce'nces of Rev. S. Hopkins," 18mo, 1843; 
" Memoir of Mrs. Ruth Patten," 12mo, 1834. 
He m. Hannah Hurlbut of N. London, who in 
1815 set up tbe first ragged school in the U.S., 
at Newport: she d. Brooklyn, Aug. 30, 1855, 

a. 86. — D. C. Alumni. 

Patterson, Daniel T., capt. U.S.N. , b. 
N.Y. 1871 ; d. Washington, D.C., Aug. 25„ 
.1839. Midshipm. Aug. 20, 1800; attached to 
the frigate " Philadelphia," Capt. Bainbridge, 
when she ran upon a reef off Tripoli, and was 
taken by a flotilla of gunboats, and remained 
a prisoner in Tripoli until 1805. Lieut. Jan. 
24, 1807; master com. July 24, 1813; capt. 
Feb. 28, 1815; navy commiss. 1828-32; and 
com. a squad, in the Mediterranean in 1832-5. 
Ill 1814 he com. the U.S. naval forces at New 
Oi'leans, and co-operated so ably with Gen. 
Jackson in the defence of that city, that he re- 
ceived the thanks of Congress. 

Patterson, John, brig.-gen. Revol. army, 

b. Kew Britain, Ct., 1744; d. Lisle, Broome 
Co., N.Y., July 19, 1808. Y.C. 1762. He 
taught school, and was a practising atty. and 
justice of the peace in New Britain. He 
moved to Lenox, Ms., in 1774. His father, 
Maj. John, d. of yellow-lever at the taking of 
Havana, Sept. 5, 1762, a. 54. He was a mem- 
ber of the fir.>>t Piov. Congress of Ms. in 1774, 
and of the second in 1775. The news of the 
battle of Lexington reached Berkshire at noon 
the next day, and, at sunrise the following morn- 
ing, Patterson's regt. of minute-men was on 
tbe way to Cambridge, where it was employed 
in the erection of the first redoubt thrown up 



on the lines ab. Boston ; after the evacuation 
of Boston, Col. Patterson was ordered to Cana- 
da, and a part of his regt. was engaged in the 
disastrous battle of the Cedars ; after tbe re- 
treat from Canada, the regt. joined Wa>liiii:;- 
ton just in time to take part in the battles of 
Trenton and Princeton; Feb. 21, 1777, Col. 
Patterson was app. a brig.-gen., and attached 
to the northern dept. A part of his brigade 
was at the battle of Stillwater, in which severe 
conflict he rendered important service ; present 
at the surrender of Burgoyne and at the battle 
of Monmouth ; he remained in service until 
the closeof the war. During Shays's Rebellion 
in 1786, Gen. Patterson headed a detaihment 
of the Berksliire militia ordered out for its sup- 
pression. After the Revol. he removed to Lisle, 
where he was chief justice of the Co. Court; 4 
years member of the N.Y. legisl. ; member of 
the N.Y. Const. Conv. of 1801 ; and M.C. in 
1803-5. 

Patterson, Robert, LL.D., b. in north 
of Ireland, May 30, 1743; d. Phila. July 22, 
1824. He came to Phila. in 1768. Became 
principal of the acad. at Wilmington, Del., in 
1774; was a brigade maj. in the Reiol. war; 
prof of matbematics, U. of Pa., in 1779-1814, 
and some time vice-provost. In 1805 lie Wiis 
made director U.S. mint;. from 1819, till bis 
death, he was pres. of tbe Amer. Philos. Soc., 
to whose " Transactions " he was a frequent con- 
trib. He pub. " The Newtonian System," 8vo, 
1808; "Treatise on Arithmetic," 1819 ; and 
edited Ferguson's " Mechanics," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1806; his "Astronomy," 8vo, 1809; John 
Webster's " Nat. Philos.," 1808 ; Ewing's " Nat. 
Philos., with Biog. Sketch," 8vo, 1809. A 
record of the families of Robert Patterson 
(the elder) was priv. printed, 1847. 

Patterson, Col. Robert, b. Pa. 1753 ; 
d. near Dayton, O., Aug. 5, 1827. He emig. 
to Ky. in 1775. In 1804 he settled near Day- 
ton, O. Oiiginal proprietor of Lexington, 
Ky., and one-third owner of Cincinnati when 
it was laid out. He was in Col. Clarke's III. 
campaign in 1 778 ; in Bowman's exjied. against 
old Chillicothe in 1779; capt. in Clarke's ex- 
ped. against the Shawnees in Aug. 1780; sec- 
ond in com. to Col. Boone (Aug. 19, 1782) at 
the battle of the Lower Blue Licks ; col. in 
Clarke's second exped. into the Miami country, 
Sept. 1 782 ; and col. in 1786 in Logan's exped. 
against tbe Shawnees. 

Patterson, Gen. Robert, b. Co. Tyrone, 
Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792., He came while young 
to the U.S., and was placed with a merchant 
of Phila. He received a collegiate education, 
and early manifested military predilections. 
Capt. 32d Inf. Apr. 1814. Returning to com- 
mercial life, he became largely engaged in 
manufs., andowned several mills. At the begin- 
ning of the Mexican war, in 1846, he was made 
a maj.-gen. of vols. He com. his division mI 
Cerro Gordo ; led the cavalry and advanced 
brigades in the pursuit ; and the next morning 
entered and took Jalapa, receiving the thanks 
of Gen. Scott. He com. the 3-mos. Pa. vols, 
in 1861 ; was assigned to a milit. dept. com- 
posed of the States of Pa., Del., and Md., and 
the Dist. of Col. ; and crossed the Potomac, 
June 15, at Williamsport. When Gen. Me- 



PAT 



695 



PATJ 



Dowell advanced into Va., Patterson was in- 
structed to remain at Winchester to hold in 
check the superior forces of Gen. J. E. John- 
ston. His failure to do this, in consequence of 
which Johnston, re-enforcing Beauregard on the 
field of Bull Run, July 21, gave the victory to 
the Confederates, exposed him to severe criti- 
cism ; and he was discharged from tlie service, 
July 27, 1861. He pub. in 1865 " A Nar- 
native of the Campaign in the Valley of the 
Shenandoah in 1861," in vindication of his 
conduct. 

Patterson, Robert M., M.D., pres. of 
the Amer. Philos. Society 1849-5.3, b. Phila. ; 
d. there Sept. 5, 1854, a. 68. U. of Pa. 1804. 
IVI.D. 1803. Son of Robert, director U.S. Mint, 
Educated as a chemist under Sir Humphry 
Davy ; returned home in 1812 ; was soon after 
elected prof, of nat. philos., chemistry, and math, 
in the U. of Phila. ; prof, in the U. of Va. in 
1828-35; director of the U.S. Mint, Phila., 
1835-53. He was elected a member of the 
Philos. Society in 1809 ; was a most active par- 
ticipant in its labors, and contrib. largely to 
its " Proceedings." He delivered. May 25, 1 843, 
while its vice-pres., " A Discourse on the Early 
History of the Amer. Philos. Society ; " and an 
address before the Franklin Institute, 8vo., 
1843. — Duijckinck. 

Patterson, Thomas H., capt. U.S.N., b. 
La., May 10, 1819. Midship. Apr. 5, 18.36; 
liout. June2, 1849; com. July 16, 1862; capt. 
July 25, 1866. Attached to brig " Oregon," 
survey of Tampa Bay, 1842-4; coast survey 
1844-8; com. steam-gunboat " Chocura," N.A. 
B. squad., 1862 ; in constant cooperation with 
Army of the Potomac; in steamer "James 
Adger," 1862-5; cut out steamer "Kate" 
from the batteries at New Inlet, N.C., July 31, 
1863; participated in the capture of a flying 
battery near Fort Fisher, Aug. 23, 1863 ; cap- 
tured " The Cornubia " and " The R. E. Lee," 
both filled with arms and stores for the Confed. 
army ; com. steam-sloop " Brooklyn," flagship 
Brazil squad., 1865-7. — Hamersh/. 

Patterson, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1806), 
statesman and jurist, b. at sea, of Irish parents, 
in 1745 ; d. Albany, Sept. 9, 1806. N. J. Coll. 
1763. He studied law, and was adm. to the 
bar in 1769 ; was a member of the first N.J. 
Const. Conv. in 1776; in 1776-86 was atty.- 
gen. of the State; was U.S. senator in 1789- 
90, having previously been a member of the 
convention which formed the Federal Constitu- 
tion; gov.ofN.J.iul791-4; judge of the U.S. 
Supreme Court from 1794 to his death In 
1798-9 he revised, by authority of the legisl., 
the laws of N. J. 

Patti, Adelina (Adele JuanaMakia), 
vocalist, b. Madrid, Spain, Apr. 9, 1843. Her 
father Salvator was a tenor of some repute ; 
and her mother. Mad. Barilli Patti, a prima 
donna. The family came to the U.S. in 1844. 
At the age of 9, Adele made a tour in the 
British Provinces with Sirakosch and Ole 
Bull, singing popular opera music. Mar. 3, 
1854, she made her Mhut at Jullien's concert, 
N.Y. ; she soon after made a concert-tour to 
the W. Indies with Gottsehalk the pianist. 
Nov. 24, 1859, she app. as Lucia at the N.Y. 
Acad, of Music, and saved the season and the 



managers from ruin. First app. in the Ital, 
Opera House, Loudon, 14 May, 1861. July 
29, 1868, she m. the Marquis de Caux. 

Patti, Carlotta, sister of Adele, b. Flor- 
ence, 1840 ; made her J^but in concert in N.Y. 
First app. there in opera at the Acad, in Aug. 
1862. Apr. 16, 1863, she app. at the Italian 
Opera House, London. The Queen of Eng. 
said to her, " Never in my life has any singer 
so charmed and pleased me." She was equally 
successful in Paris and on the Continent. She 
returned to the U.S. in Sept. 1869, and ap- 
peared at Steinway Hall in concert. Her exe- 
cution is wonderful ; and her voice, a beautiful 
high soprano, has a compass of over two 
octaves. 

Pattison, Granville Sharpe, M.D., 
anatomist, b. Glasgow, 1791 ; d. N.Y. Nov. 12, 
1851. Educated at Glasgow, he commenced 
his career as a lecturer at the Andersonian Inst. ; 
he then emig. to Amer., and was for some 
years prof, of anatomy in the Med. Coll. of 
Baltimore. Subsequently he returned to Eu- 
rope, and became the first prof, of anatomy in 
the Lond. U. ; but a few years later he again 



the opening of the U. of N.Y., was app. lo a 
similar chair in that institution, where he re- 
mained until his death. He pub. a translation 
of Masse's "Anatomical Atlas;" an edition 
of Cruvelhier's " Anatomy," 8vo ; papers in 
the lifpfi. Recorder, and some pamphlets. 

Pattison, Gen. James, a British officer, 
b. 1724 ; d. Lond. Mar. 1, 1805. Capt. of art. 
Aug. 1,1747; lieut.-col. 1761 ; col. com. of art. 
Apr. 25, 1777 ; maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1779 ; lieut.- 
gen. Sept. 28, 1787 ; gen. Jan. 26, 1797 ; app. 
adjt.-gen. in America, July 11,1776; sent home 
with despatches after the battle of Monmouth. 
He accorap. the expcd. against Charleston in 
1780, and com. at New York after the capture 
of that ciiy. 

Pattison, Robert Everett, D.D. (B.U. 
1838), clergyman and teacher, b. Benson, Vt., 
Aug. 19, 1800. Amh. Coll. 1826. Tutor in 
Col. Coll., D.C. ; ord. as a Baptist minister at 
Salem in Sept. 1829; and in Mar. 1830 settled 
as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Prov- 
idence R.I. ; he was afterward prof., and in 
1836-40 pres., of Waterviile Coll., Me. Re- 
suming his pastoral chai-ge at Providence, he 
was elected a corrcsp. sec. of the Board of 
Foreign Missions in 1 843 ; and in 1 846-8 he was 
pres. and prof, of theology of the Bajjtist Theol. 
Inst, at Covington, Ky. ; he was a prof in the 
Newton Theol. Sem., Ms., in 1848-53; was 
again for a few years pres. of Waterville Coll. ; 
was subsequently at the head of the Oread Fe- 
male Inst, at Worcester, Ms. ; now ( 1 87 1 ) prof, 
in the Chicago Coll. Besides contributions to 
periodicals, and addresses, he has pub. a " Com- 
mentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians," 1 859 ; 
"Eulogy on Rev. J. Chaplin, D.D.," 1841. 

Paul, Gabriel Rene, brig.-gcn. U.S.A., 
b. Mo. West Point, 1834. Entering the 7th 
Inf., he became 1st lieut. Oct. 26, 1836 ; capt. 
Apr. 19, 1846 ; disting. himself in the Florida 
war in 1842, and at Cerro Gordo and Confreras ; 
w.as brev. maj. for gallantry at Chapultepcc, 
Scot. 13, 1847; became maj. 8th Inf. Apr. 20 



096 



18G1 ; Iiout.-coI. Apr. 25, 1862; col. 14th Inf. 
Sept. 13, 1864 ; retired, with rank of brig.-gcn., 
28 July, 1866. He exhibited great gallantry 
in expelling the Confederates from New Mexico 
in 1861-2; was made brig -gen. vols. Sept. 5, 
1862 ; engaged at Fredericksburg, ChanccUors- 
ville, and at Gettysburg, where be was severely 
wounded, and deprived of the sight of both 
eyes ; brcv. brig.-gcn. U.S.A. for Gettysburg. 

Paulding, Hib.^m, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Westchester Co , N.Y., Dec. 1 1, 1797. Son of 
John, one of the captors of Andre. Midsbipm. 
Sept. 1, 1811, and was in Com. Macdonougb's 
victoiy on Lake Charaplain, for which service 
he received a sword from Congress. Lieut. 
Apr. 27, 1816; master com. Feb. 9, 1837; 
and accompanied Porter in his exped. against 
the W. India pirates in 1823 ; attained the rank 
of capt. Feb. 29, 1844; and, in com. of "The 
Vincenncs," cruised 3 years in the W. Indies. 
In 1857, while commanding the horne squadron, 
he broke up an exped. against Nicaragua, 
headed by Gen William Walker, who sur- 
rendered with his follower.-, who were disarmed, 
and sent to the US. In Dec. 1860, Nicaragua 
presented him with a sword, and also offered a 
tract of land (which latter, however, the U.S. 
senate did not allow bim to receive), for the 
important service he had rendered the republic. 
He pub a " Journal of a Cruise among the 
Islands of the Pacific," N.Y. 1831. He was 
made a rear-adm. on the retired list 21 Dec. 
1861 ; com. N.Y. navy-yard 1862-5, and ren- 
dered great service in preparing ships for the 
different squadrons, fittmg and equipping them 
expeditiously and efficiently, and also in the 
protection of public propertv there during the 
draft riots of 1 863. Gov. Phila. Naval Asylum 
1866. 

Paulding, James Kikke, author and 
politician, b. Dutchess Co., N. Y., 22 Aug. 1779 ; 
d. Hyde Park, NY., 5 Apr. 1860. His father, 
an active Revol. patriot, a member of the first 
com. of safety in Westchester Co., subsequently 
commiss.-gen. of N.Y. Cont. troops, retired 
from service a ruined man, govt, refusing to 
redeem his pledges, and he was imprisoned. 
James, removing in early lite to NY. City, 
became, by the marriage of his sister to Wm. 
Irving, acquainted with Washington Irving, 
with whom he began in 1807 "Salmagundi," 
which proved highly popular. His pamphlet, 
"The U.S. and England," introduced him to 
the political arena, and to the notice of Pres. 
Madison. In 1814 he was made sec. of the 
hoard of navy commiss. ; was subsequently for 
12 years navy agent at NY. ; and was sec. of 
the navy in 1839-41. He was an elegant and 
facile essayist, and excelled in humorous 
satire. " Among his works are " The Divert- 
ing Hist of John Bull and Bro. Jonathan," 
1812 ; "John Bull in America," 1824 ; "Let- 
ters fi-om the South," 1815 ; " The Backwoods- 
man," a poem, 1818; "Sketch of Old Eng- 
land by a N. Eng Man," 12mo, 1822; "Ko- 
nigsmark ; " " Three Wise Men of Gotham," 
1826; "Dutchm.an's Fireside;" "Westward 
Ho ; " " Life of Washington," 1 835 ; " Slavery 
in the U.S.," 1836; "The Old Continental;" 
"The Painter and his Daughter;" and with 
his son, William I. Paulding, a vol. of Amer. 



Plays, 1847. Hecontrib. to the periodicals of 
the day. Several of his works have been 
translated, and pub. abroad. — See Lit. Life of, 
ly his Son Wm. 1 , 12mo, 1867. 
' Paulding, John, one of the captors of 
Andre', b. 1753 ; d. Staatsburg, N.Y., Feb. 18, 
1818. Three times a prisoner during the war ; 
he escaped the second time 4 days before Andie 
was taken ; the third time he was released by 
the peace. Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams 
received from Congress a silver medal, inscribed 
on one side " Fidelity," and on the other 
" Vincit Amor Patria;," also an annuity of 
S200. A marble monument was in 1 827 erected 
to his memory in the churchyard near Peekskill 
village by the corporation of New York. 

Pauw, Cornelius de, sometimes called 
Nicolas, a Dutch hist, writer, b. Amsterdam, 
1739; d. Xanten, 1799. He was educated at 
Guttingen ; was for a time canon of Xanten in 
the ducliy of Cleves, and afterward reader to 
Frederick II. of Prussia. He was a man of 
great learning, and pub. " Recherches sur les 
Am&icains," 8vo, 1770, Berlin, followed by a 
defence of the same. 

Paxton, Chakles, loyalist; d. Norfolk 
Co., Eng., Mar. 1788, a. 84. One of the most 
active and efficient of the agents of the crown 
in suggesting and carrying out the measures 
which brought on the Revol. In 1769 he and 
his associates were posted in the Boston Ga- 
zette by James Otis. This card caused the as- 
sault by Robinson, resulting in injuries which 
deprived Otis of reason. Paxton was the head 
of the commissions of customs at Boston, and, 
though a man of finished politeness and cour- 
teous manners, was exceedingly obnoxious. 
He made frequent visits to Eng., and was in 
the confidence of the minister Charles Towns- 
liend, and was one of the writers of the famous 
letters sent home by Franklin in 1773. He 
went to Eng. in 1776; was proscribed, ban- 
ished, and his estate confiscated. — Sabine. 

Paxton, Elisha Franklin, brig.-gen. 
C.S.A., b. Uockbridge Co., Va., Mar. 4, 1828 ; 
killed at the battle of Chancellorsville, Va., 
May 2, 1863. Y.C. 1847. He was educated 
at the Va. Milit. Acad, at Lexington. He was 
pres. of a bank in Lynchburg when the Rebel- 
lion broke out, and shortly after com. a Va. 
rcgt. " Stonewall " Jackson, who was strong- 
ly attached to him, made him his adj.-gen., and, 
when promoted to com. an army corps, ob- 
tained for him the grade of brig.gen. and the 
com. of the " Stonewall Brigade." He served 
at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellors- 
ville, and was killed on the same evening on 
which Jackson was mortally wounded. — Ob. 
Rec. Yale Coll. 

Paxton, Joseph Rupert, b. 1827. U. of 
Pa. Member of the Pa. bar; in U.S. milit. 
service 1861-5. Author of "Jewelry and the 
Precious Stones," 8vo, 1856 ; translation into 
French of " Reveries of a Bachelor ; " dramatic 
versions of Dickens's stories for the Phila. 
theatres; translatorof French plays ; and con- 
trib. to periodicals. Edited the Bizarre, 1854- 
5, and pub. in 1856 Nott's translation of the 
Epithalamium of Johannes Secundus. 

Payne, Col. Duval, b. Fairfax Co., Va., 
1764; d. Mason Co., Ky., 21 June, 1830. A 



697 



FEA. 



soldier of the Revel., after which ho m. a dau. 
of Maj. Hugh Brent of Pr. Wm. Co., and in 
1789 settled on a farm near Lexington, Ky. 
He served under Gen. C. Scott in the Indian 
campaign of 1791, and com. a batt. of cav., and 
was disting. at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct. 
1813. 

B, John Howakd, actor and drama- 
New York, June 9, 1792; d. Tunis, 
Africa, Apr. 10, 18.i2. His precocity was won- 
derful. At 13, while clerk in a counting-house, 
he edited a weekly paper, the Thespian Mirror; 
in 1807 he pub. 2.5 Nos. of a periodical called 
the Pastime; Feb. 26, 1809, he made a highly 
successful debut at the Park Theatre as Young 
Norval ; ho next appeared in Boston, and in 
the following spring played Hamlet and other 
leading parts in New York; in I8I2-I3 he 
played successfully at Drury Lane, also in Ire- 
land and in the provincial theatres. While in 
London, he produced a host of dramas, chiefly 
adaptations from the French, in one of which, 
" Clari, or the Maid of Milan," occurs his fa- 
mous song of " Home, Sweet Home," which 
made the fortunes of all concerned except the 
author. In 1826-7 heedit. in Lond. a dramatic 
paper called the OperaGlass. He wasacorresp. 
of Coleridge and Charles Lamb. His tragedy 
of "Brutus" was successl'nlly produced at 
Drury Lane, Dec. 4, 1818. He returned home 
in Ai"ig. 1832 ; was a contrib. to the Democ. Re- 
view in 1838; was app. consul to Tunis in 
1841 ; was recalled in 1845, and re-appointed in 
1851. An interesting Memoir of Payne, by 
his friend T. S. Fay, appeared in the N. Y. Mir- 
ror in 1832. Also author of "Lisping of the 
Muse," juvenile poems, 1815; Account of 
East Hampton in Democ. Review; and a series 
of papers on our Neglected Poets ; the phiys 
of Virginius, and Charles the Second. The 
U. S. govt, has erected a monument over his 
remains in the cemetery of St. George at Tu- 



Matthew Mocntjoy, col. 
U.S.A., b.' Goochland Co., Va. App. lieut. 
20th Inf. March, 1812; capt. March, 1814; 
maj. 2d Art. Dec. 17, 1836 ; lieut.-col. 4th Art. 
June 27, 1843 ; acting insp.-gen. to Gen. Tay- 
lor ; brev. col. for battles of Palo Alto and K. 
de la Palma, May 9, 1846, in the latter of 
which he was severely wounded ; col. 2d Art. 
Nov. 11, 1856; gov. Military Asylum, D.C., 
Nov. 1854-March, 1858; resigned July 23, 
1861. He resided in Richmond, and, during 
the Rebellion, avowed his loyalty to the Union. 

Payson, Edwakd, D.D. (Bowd. 1821), 
clergyman, b. Rindge, N.H.,July 25, 1783; d. 
Portland, Me., Oct. 22, 1827. H.U. 1803. He 
had charge of an acad. in Portland 3 years ; 
then studied theology under his father, Rev. 
Seth of Rindge. Licensed to preach May 20, 
1807 ; and Dec. 16 was ord. colleague of the 
Rev. Mr. Kellogg of the Cong. Church in 
Portland, where he remained until his death. 
He was a man of exalted piety and unquench- 
able zeal. His Works, with a Memoir by Asa 
Cummings, D.D., were pub. in 3 vols. 8vo, 1846. 

Payson, Phillips, D D. (H.U. 1800), 
minister of Chelsea, Ms., from Oct 26, 1757, to 
his d. Jan. U, ISOl ; b. Walpole, Ms., Jan. 18, 
1736. H.U. 1754. A descendant of Edward 



of Koxhury, 1649. He was a zealous patriot 
of the Revol. ; disting. as a classical scholar, 
an energetic and pathetic preacher. His tracts 
on astron. and nat. philos. are in the " Trans, of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences." He pub. some 
sermons, among them Battle of Lexington, 
1782 ; Death of Washington, 1800. 

Payson, Seth, D.D. (Dartm. 1809), min- 
ister of Rindge, N.H., from Dec. 4, 1782, to 
his d. Feb. 26, 1820; b. Walpole, Ms., Sept. 
29,1758. H.U. 1777. Bro. of Rev. Phillips. 
He pub. " Proofs of Illuminism," an abstract 
of Robinson and Barruel, 12mo, 1802; and 
some sermons. — Sprw/iie. 

Peabody, Andrew Pbeston,D.D. (H.U. 
1852), LL.D. (Roch. 1863), clergyman and 
scholar, b. Beverly, Ms., Mar. 19, 1811. H.U. 
1826; tutor 1832-3. He spent 3 years in 
teaching, then studied 3 years at the Camb. 
Divinity School. From Oct. 23, 1833, until 
Sept. 1 , 1 860, he was settled in the South Parish 
Church of Portsmouth, N.H. He then became 
preacher, and Plummer prof, of Christian mor- 
als in H.U. He was for several years a leading 
writer for the American Montlil;/ and N. E. 
Mag., and long a principal contrib. to the 
Christian Examiner. For nearly a quarter 
of a century he was connected with the N. A. 
Review, which he edited in 1852-61. He has 
pub. more than 100 sermons, orations, tracts, 
&c. ; a vol. of " Lectures on Christian Doc- 
trine," 1844 ; " Sermons of Consolation," 1847; 
"Conversation, its Faults and Graces," 1856; 
"Christianity the Religion of Nature," 1864; 
"Sermons for Children," 1866; "Reminis- 
cences of European Travel," 1868; also com- 
piler of a Sunday-school Hymn-Book. He has 
written Memoirs, and edited the writings of 
Rev. Jason Whitman; James Kinnard, jun. ; 
J. W. Foster ; Charles A. Clieever, M. D. ; 
and Gov. Wm. Plumer. His review articles 
cover most of the social and educational ques- 
tions of the day, with the discussion of many 
miscellaneous topics. 

Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, b. Bille- 
rica, Ms., 1804, dau. of Dr. N. Peabody, resided 
at Salcra ; in 1822, became a teacher, and sub- 
sequently a bookseller in Boston. Author of 
" Records of a School ; " " Spiritual Culture ; " 
" The Present ; " " Introd. to Grammar ; " 
" First Steps to History ; " " Keys to Gre- 
cian and Hebrew History ; " Memorial of Dr. 
Wm. Wesselhoeft,"1859; translations and pa- 
pers in various periodicals; with her sister Mary 
(Mrs. Horace Mann), "Moral Culture of In- 
fancy ; " and " Kindergarten Guide," 1863. 

Peabody, Ephraim, D.D., Unitarian cler- 
gyman and writer, b. Wilton, N.H., Mar. 22, 
1807 ; d. Boston, Nov. 28, 1856. Bowd. Coll. 
1827; D.D. 1848. He studied theology at 
Cambridge ; began to preach in 1830 at Mead- 
ville. Pa. ; preached 4 years in Cincinnati, and 
in the Federal-st. Church during Dr. Gannett's 
absence in Europe in 1837 ; and was settled in 
New Bedford from May, 1838, to Jan. 18, 1846, 
when he became pastor of King's Chapel, Bos- 
ton. He took the deepest concern in devising 
measures for the relief of the poor. The Boston 
Provident Society owed its original establish- 
ment to his'suggestion and his etforts. During 
the spring and summer of 1833 he travelled 



698 



over Europe for the benefit of liis health, and 
spent the winter of 1855-6 in St. Augustine 
with the same object. As a preacher, he was 
in the highest degree impressive. His sermons, 
with a Memoir, were pub. 8vo, 1857 ; " Chris- 
tian Davs :ni,l TliLU-hrs." 1858. 

Peabody, (iicoK^i:, D.C.L. (Oxon. 1867), 
banker and |diilaiilliriipi.st, b. S. Danvers, Ms., 
18 Feb. I Til.-. ; d. Lond. 4 Nov. 1869. At the 
nije of 1 1 he became a clevis in a grocery-store ; 
in 1812-1.3 he was a cleric in his uncle's store 
in Georgetown, D.C. ; he became a partner 
with Elislia Kiggs in the dry-goods trade in 
New York, afterward in liaitimore; and in 
July, 184.3, established himself in London as a 
banker, his house becoming the hrailc|iiartcrs 
of his countrymen in that rity. IIis hrnefac- 
tions were numerous, and wnr oii a |.rincclv 
scale. In 1852 he gav.: m 1,,, mni,. towii 
820,000 towards foundin- an in-iiim.., Ivceum, 
and library, afterward incrca.sii];; it to ^2110,000. 
He contrih. S10,000 to thetirst Urinnell exped. 
to the Arctic < )oean ; and in 1 857 gave $300,000 
to fuiind an institute of science, literature, and 
the tine arts, in Baltimore, which he subse- 
quently increased to $1,400,000. For the bene- 
fit of "the ])oor of Loiulon he gave in 1862 
£500,000 ; in recognition of which the Queen 
presented iVIr. Peabody with her portrait, the 
city of London gave him its freedom in a 
gold box, and the citizens erected to his mem- 
ory a fine statue. In Oct. 1866 he gave to 
H.'U. Si 50,000 to establish a museum and 
professorship of Amer. archteology and ethnol- 
ogy ; to the Southern Educational Fund, 
created in 1866, he gave $2,000,000; and to 
loMud a geol. branch at Yale Coll., $150,000. 



and statesman, b. Topsfield, Ms., Mar. 1, 1741 ; 
d. Exeter, June 27, 1823. He studied and prac- 
tised with his father, a physician, who had 
removed to Leominster in 1745, and who d. 
there in 1758. He settled at Plaistow, N.H., 
ah. 1761, and soon acquired extensive practice. 
He was conmiis. a lieut.-col. in 1774, and was 
the first man in N.H. to resign the king's com- 
mission on account of political opinions. In 
Dec. 1774 he was one of the captors of Fort 
William and Mary at Newcastle. He was 
constantly employed in the legisl. in committees 
and in conventions during the early part of 
the war; and was some time chairman of the 



com. of safety and other committees, to whom 

ed subjects of ' 
tance. App. in July, 1777, adj.-gen. of the State 



were referred subjects of the greatest impor- 



militia, he served in that capacity in 1779, in 
E.I., under Gen. Whipple; delegate to the 
convention at New Haven, 1779, for regulating 
the price of labor, manufactures, produce, &c., 
and for other purposes ; delegate to Congress 
in 1779-80; delegate to the convention, and 
chairman of the com., to form the State con- 
stitution in 1782-3 ; was for several successive 
years in the legisl. ; councillor; senator; brig.- 
gen.; chairman of various committees, &c. ; 
speaker of the house in 1793 ; and maj.-gen. of 
militia from 1793 to 1798. One of the founders 
of the N.H. Med. Society in 1790. During 
Fcveral of the last years of his life, he was con- 
fined to the limits of the prison at E.xeter for 
debt. — iV. U.Hist. Colls. 



Peabody, Oliver William BoDEN,twin- 
bro. of W. B. O., ioumalist and clergyman, b. 
Exeter, N.H., July' 9, 1799 ; d. Burlington, Vt., 
July 5, 1848. H.U. 1816. He practised law 
in Exeter 1 1 years, at the same time editing 
the Rock-ingham Gazette and Exeter News-Letter, 
and serving in the State legisl. ; and removed 
to Boston in 1 830, assisting his bro.-in-law, A. 
H. Everett, in editing the N. A. Review. He 
was for several ycara assist, editor of the Bos- 
ton Dai/i/ Advertiser. From 1836 to 1842 he 
was register of probate in Suflblk Co. ; in 1 842 
he accepted the professorship of Eng. literature 
in Jeff. Coll., La., hoping to repair his shattered 
health by a residence in a milder climate. Fail- 
ing in this, he returned to Boston, where in 
1 845 he was licensed to preach by the Unitarian 
Assoc. He soon after became the minister of 
a cong. in Burlington, Vt. Both brothers were 
men of eminent natural endowment, of ripe 
scholarship, of gentle and affectionate tempers. 
He edited Shakspeare, 7 vols. 8yo, Boston, 
1844; contrib. to Goodrich's " Token ; " also 
Lives of Putnam and Sullivan to Sparks's 
" American Biography." 

Peabody, William Bohkn Oliver, 
D.D. (H.U. 1842), Unitarian clergyman, b. 
Exeter, N.H., July 9, 1799 ; d. Springfield, Ms., 
May 28, 1847. H.U. 1816. Son of Judge 
Oliver, and, with his twin-bro. O. W. B., was 
educated at Phillips Acad, and at H.,U. Wm. 
studied theology at Cambridge; and in 1820 
was settled over the new Unit, society in Spring- 
field, where he ministered to the close of his 
life. Ho was an accomplished beUes-lcttres 
scholar and poet. Contrib. to theA^^. Re- 
viiir, aniens: i'llai- articles, the review of Au- 

diil ■ ii,. Ill work, beside contrib. to 

the' / ;.;. He contrib. to Sparks's 

Bi..::,a|.li. I,l^^. of Alex. Wilson, Cotton 
Mather, David Braincrd, James Oglethorpe, 
and John Sullivan. In 1837, Gov. Everett se- 
lected Dr. Peabody to prepare a Report on the 
Birds of Ms. After lus death, a vol. of his ser- 
mons was pub., together with a Memoir of his 
life by his bro. Oliver; and in 1850 his Literary 
Remains were edited by his son Col. Everett 
Peabody (killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 
6,1862,a.31; H.U.1849). The latter was made 
col. of 13th, afterwards 25th, Mo. Vols, Sept. 1, 
1861. Before the war, he was an engineer and 
constmctor of railroads in the West. 

Peale, Charles Wilson, portrait-painter, 
b. of Eng. parents at Chcstertown, Md., April 
16, 1741 ; d. Phila. Feb. 22,1827. He was ap- 
prenticed to a saddler ; carried on successively 
the trades of saddler, harness-maker, silver- 
smith, watchmaker, and carver; and after- 
wards, as a recreation from hia sedentary prac- 
tice of portrait-painting, became a sjiortsman, 
naturalist, and preserver of animals ; made 
himself a violin and guitar; invented and exe- 
cuted a variety of machines ; and Wiis the first 
dentist in the country that made sets of enamel 
teeth. At the age of 26 he obtained instruc- 
tion in painting from Hesselius, and afterwards 
from Copley in Boston. By fiiendly aid he 
was enabled in 1770-1 to study in the Royal 
Acad, at London under the direction of West. 
In 1772 he painted the first picture of Wash- 
ington as a Va. col ; on his return he opened 



PEA. 



699 



a picture-gallery in Phila., and was for nb. 1 5 
veara the only portrait-painter in N. A. Dur- 
ing the war he was often employed in confiden- 
tial services, and at Trenton and Germanto^^^l 
headed a company which he had raised. He 
represented Phila. in the State Icgisl. in 1777. 
He painted the portraits of many disting. Revol. 
officers ; opened the first museum in the coun- 
try, for which ho procured almost an entire 
skeleton of the mammoth ; and was the first to 
lecture on the interesting and now popular sub- 
ject of nat. history. He was prominent in the 
early attempts to establish an acad. of the fine 
arts, and, when that of Pa. was (bunded, he co- 
operated zealously, and contrib. to 17 annual 
exhibitions. He pub. an essay on " Building 
Wooden Brid^es,^' 8vo, 1797; "Lectures on 
Nat. History,'* 8vo, 1800; "Preservation of 



omy in Fuel," in " Trans. Amer. Soc.," v. 
Raphael, his eldest son, also a painter, d. 
Phila. March, 1825, a. 52. 

Peale, Rembkandt, painter, son of the 
preceding, b. Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 22, 1778 ; d. 
]?hila. Oct. 3, 1860. He early evinced talent 
as a draughtsman, and, ha^-ing a strong desire 
to paint the portrait of Washington, accom- 
pUshed his purpose in Sept. 1795. He estab- 
lished himself as a port.-pamter in Charleston, 
S.C, in 1796, and, between 1801 and 1804, stud- 
ied under West in London. He next went to 
Paris, where he passed several years, and exe- 
cuted portraits of eminent men for his father's 
museum. Returning to Phila. in 1809, he 
painted many portraits, and also two well- 
known pictures, the " Roman Daughter " and 
the " Court of Death." The latter, 24 feet in 
length by 13 in breadth, contained 23 figures, 
and, by exhibition in the chief cities of the U.S., 
brouLiiit iiiin n larur sum of money. During 
the wint' 1 I'l ISj'j-co hi; lectured in the princi- 
pal ciiir- ,111 th' |ioiiiaits of Washington. He 
pub. "Ui^t. l)i-c]iiis. on the Mammoth," 8vo, 
1803; "Notes on Italv," 1851 ; "Portfolio of 
an Artist," 1839; " Biog. of 0. W. Peale ; " 
"Reminiscences on Art and Artists; and a 
small treatise on elementary drawing, entitled 
" Graphics," 1 845. He contrib. to the Cincin. 
Literary Ga-Me in 1824. 

Pearee. — See also Peirce and Pierce. 

Pearee, Col. Cromwell, b. Willistown, 
Pa., Aug. 13, 1772; d. April 2, 1852. He was 
brought up a farmer ; was a capt. of militia in 
1793; 1st lieut. 10th Inf. 1799; and col. 16th 
U.S. Inf. in July, 1812. He took a disting. 
part in the capture of York, April 27, 1813; 
and at Chrystler's Field, on the fall of his lead- 
er, took the com. In 1816 be became sheriff 
of Chester Co.; and in 1825-39 was associate 
judge of the County Court. — Not<e Cestriensis. 

Pearee, Dutee J., lawyer and politician, 
b. Apr. 1789; d. Newport, H. I., 9 May, 1849. 
Brown U. 1 808. A prominent law ver ; served 
in the R. I. legisl.; attv.-gen. of R."l. 1819-25; 
afterward U.S. dist.-atty. ; M.C. 1825-33 and 
1835-7. 

Pearee, James Alfred, LL.D., U.S. sen- 
ator in 1843-62, b. Alexandria, Va., Dec. 14, 
1805; d. Chcstertown, Md., Dec. 24, 1862. 
N.J. Coll. 1822. He was bred to the law, but 



was much engaged in agriculture ; was a mem- 
ber of the Md. legisl. in 1831 ; M.C. in 1835-9 
and 1841-3 ; prof, of law in Wash. Coll., Ches- 
tcrtown ; and a regent of the Smithsonian Inst. 
In the senate he was an earnest advocate of 
the const-survey ; and, though a member of the 
Democratic party, was ardently devoted to the 
preservation of the Union. 
Pearson, Eliphalet, LL.D. (Y.C. I802). 

b. Ni wbury, Ms., June 11, 1752; d. Greenland, 
N.H., Sept. 12, 1826. H.U. 1773. Prof, of 
Hebrew and Oriental languages at H.U. 1786- 



a valuable course of lectures on language at 
Cambridge, where he also lectured on gram- 
mar and taught rhetoric with groat success. 
He pub. some occasional discourses, and a 
Lecture on the death of Pres. Willard, 1804. 

Pearson, George F., rear-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Exeter, N.H., 1799; d. Portsmouth, N.H., 
June 30, 1867. Midshipm. March II, 1815; 
liiut. Jan. 13, 1825; com. Sept. 8, 1841 ; capt. 
Sept. 14, 1855; rear-adm. July 25, 1866; re- 
tired July 16, 1862. In 1837, while at Constan- 
tinople in com. of the U.S. schooner " Shark," 
he was offered by the Sultan the com. of his 
navy, vrith the rank of adm. and the salary of 
810,000 per annum. Lieut. Pearson promptly 
declined the honor. He disting. himself by- 
breaking up the haunts of pirates who infested 
the Gulf of Mexico, seizing and sinking their 
vessels, and clearing our waters etl'ectually of 
those marauders. In 1865-6 he com. the Pa- 
cific squadron. 

Pease, Calvin, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1855), 
clergyman, b. Canaan, Ct, Aug. 12, 1813; d. 
Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17, 1863. U. of Vt. 
1838. He worked on his father's farm in 
Cliariotte, Vt., from 1826 to 1832; was prlnei- 
|)iil of the Montpelier Acad, in 1838-42 ; prof 
of Greek and Latin in the Vt. U. 1842-Dec. 
1835, when he became pres. of that institu- 
tion. In Jan. 1862 he took charge of the 1st 
Presh. Church, Rochester, N.Y. ; in 1863 he 
became a member of the Amer. Philos. Socie- 
ty. He pub. a "Discourse on the Import and 
Value of the Popular Lecturing of the Day," 
1842; "Classical Studies," in the Bibliotheca 
Sna-a, July, 1852 ; " The Distinctive Idea of 
Preaching," 1853; "Characteristics of the 
Eloquence of the Pulpit," 1838; "The Idea 
of the N.E. College," 1856 ; and a number of 
occasional sermons. 

Pease, Calvin, jurist, b. Sufficid, Ct., 
Sept. 9, 1776; d. Warren, 0., Sept. 17, 18,39. 
He studied law with Gideon Grainger, and, 
after practising in his native State, went to 
Ohio in 1800. He was in the Ohio legisl.; 
was active in forming the State govt. ; in 1 80.3- 
10 was pres. judge of the C.C.P. ; and in 
1810-30 was judge, and some time chief judge, 
of the Supreme Court ; State senator in 1812. 

Peaslee, Edmund Randolph, MD. (Y.C. 
1840), b. Newtown, N.H. 1814. D.C. 1836. 
Prof, of anat. and physiol. DC. 1840-2; of 
anat. and surgery m the Me. Med. School 
1843-51 ; and of phvsiol. and pathology in 
N.Y. Med. Coll. since"l851. Authorof "Hu- 
man Histology," &c., 1857. — AHihone. 

Peck, George, D.D. (Aug. Coll.), clergy- 



700 



the ministry of the M.E. Cliurcli in 1816 ; was 
principal of the Oneida Conf. Sem. in 1835-9 ; 
was in 1840 app. editor of tlie Quarterly lie- 
view, and of the books of the Moth. Book Con- 
cern ; and editor of the Christ. Advocate and 
Journal in 1848-52. He has been a member 
of 9 sHcccssivepen. conferences, and represent- 
ed 4 annual conferences. He has pub. " An 
Examination of Universalism ;" "The Lives 
of the Apostles and Evangelists ; " " Christian 
Perfection ; " " Rule of Faith ;" " Reply to Dr. 
Lectures to Young Men ; " " Early Methodism 
Bascom on Slavery ; " " Wyoming, its History 
and Incidents," 1858; "Manly Character, 
in the Genesee Conference, from 1788 to 1828," 
1860; "Our Country, its Trials and Tri- 
umphs," 12mo, 1865. 

Peck, George W., editor and author, b. 
Rchoboth, Ms., Dec. 4, 1817 ; d. Boston, June 
6, 1859. B.U. 1837. His boyhood was passed 
on his ftither's farm. After graduating, he 
was a teacher at the West; edited in Cincin- 
nati the Daili/ San, and Republican ; next 
studied law in Boston, and was adm. to the 
bar in 1843. He was fiequently a public lec- 
turer; was musical and dramatic critic for 
the Boston Pod; in 1845 issued the Boston 
Musical Review; was afterward connected with 
the N. Y. Courier and Inquirer, and Colton's 
Amer. Review, Literary IVorld, Art Union Bul- 
letin, &c., till Feb. 1853, when he went to 
Australia. He pub. "Melbourne and the 
Chincha Islands," N.Y. 1854. At the time of 
his death he was writing an essay on Shak- 
spcarc, a part of which was printed in the 
Atlantic Monthly. — Duyckinck. 

Peck, Gen. John Jay, b. Manlius, Onon- 
daga Co.. N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821. West Point, 
1843. Entering the 2d Art., he served in 
Duncan's battery at Palo Alto, Resaca de la 
Palma, and at the siege of Monterey ; in 
1847 he joined the army of Scott at Vera 
Cruz, and, at the assault of Molino del Rey, 
turned a captured gim upon the enemy with 
great effect ; for this he was brev. major, hav- 
ing the previous brev. of eapt. for Contrcras 
and Churubusco. Resigning 31 Mar. 1853, 
he settled in Syracuse as a banker, and was a 
member of theDemoc. nat. convs. of 1856 and 
1860. On the breaking-out of the civil war, 
he W.1S made brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 9, 1861, 
and niaj.-gen. July 4,1862; he accomp. his 
brigade to Yorktown with the 4ih (Keyes's) 
corps; arrived with re-enforcements at a criti- 
cal period of the battle of Williamsburg ; was 
at the battle of Fair Oaks ; and, at the siege of 
Richmond, defended the Chickahominy below 
the railroad. During the movement from 
Tui-key Creek to Harrison's Landing, he com. 
the rear-guard. He was engaged in defence 
of Suffolk, Va., Apr.-May, 1863; and com. 
and was engaged in numerous skirmishes and 
minor actions in N.C. in 1863-4 ; com. on the 
Canada frontier in 1864-5; mustered out 24 
Aug. 1865; pres. N.Y. State Life Ins. Co., 
Syracuse, since 1866. — CulJum. 

Peek, John Mason, D.D. (H.U. 1852), 
Baptist clergyman and author, b. Litchfield, 
Ct., Oct. 31, 1 789 ; d. Rock Spring, 111 , March 
15, 1858. At the age of 20, though very illite- 



rate, he resolved to devote himself to the minis- 
try. Removing to Greene Co., N.Y., in 1811, 
ho was licensed to preach; was ord. at Cats- 
kill in June, 1813; and in 1814 became pastor 
of the church in America, Duchess Co., N.Y. 
He went to St. Louis in 1817; was for the 
nixt 9 years an itinerant in Mo. and 111. ; or- 
ganized the first Bapt. society in St. Louis in 
1826; and erected the edifice for the Rock 
Spring Sem., of which he became principal. In 
Apr. 1829 he began to pub. the Pioneer, the fir.^it 
Bapt. journal in tlie West. He aided in found- 
ing Shurtleff College in 1835, and subsequently 
a theol. sem. in Covington, Ky. He pub. 
" Emigrant's Guide," 1832 ; " Gazetteer of Bli- 
nois," 1834; "Life of Daniel Boone," in 
Sparks's " Amer. Biog. ; " and a " Memoir of 
Father Clark," a Western preacher, 1855; ed- 
ited " Annals of the West; " and aided in es- 
tablishing hist, societies in the North-western 
States and Ten-itories. — Forti/ Years of Pioneer 
Life; Memoir of J. M. Peck, edited from his 
Journals and Corresp. hij Rufus Babcock, Phila. 
12mo, 1864. 

Peck, William Dandridge, prof, of nat. 
history at H.U. from Mar. 27, 1805, to his d. 
Oct. 3, 1822 ; b. Boston, May 8, 1763. H.U. 
1782. He passed some years in a counting- 
house in Boston, and then for 20 years devot- 
ed himself to the study of natural history. 
Like his father John Peck, the eminent ship- 
builder of the Revol., he was an ingenious 
mechanic ; made a microscope and the most 
delicate instruments for which he had occasion. 
He jjub. an account of the sea-serpent in Me- 
moirs of the Amer. Acad., iv. ; a catal. of 
Amer. and For. Plants, 1818; and some other 
articles. 

Peek, William G., LL.D., b. Litchfield, 
Ct., Oct. 16, 1820. West Point, 1844. Lieut, 
of U.S. topog. engr.-^., res. 1855; a-ssist. prof, 
of math, at W.P. 1847-55 ; prof, of physics 
and eng. U. of Mich. 1855-7; prof, of math, 
in Columb. Coll. since 1857. Author of" Ele- 
ments of Mechanics," 1859; Gault's "Nat. 
Philos.," 1860; with Ch. Davies, " Mathem. 
Dictionary and Cyclop, of Math. Science," 
8vo, 1855. 

Pedder, James, agriculturist, b. Newport, 
Isle of Wight, Eng., July 29, 1775; d. Ro.x- 
bury, Aug. 30, 1859. He came to Amer. ab. 
1832 ; was engaged in the manuf. of sugar in 
Phila. several years ; and for 7 years conducted 
the Farmer's Caliinet, an agric. jounial of great 
merit. From 1844 till his death ho was active- 
igaged in contributing to and editing the 
Cultivator. Several editions of his fa- 
mous conversations, entitled " Frank," have 
been pub. ; and " 'The Yellow Shoestrings " 
ran rapidly through 17 editions in Lond., and 
two or more in America ; also author of " Far- 
mer's Land-Measurer," 18mo, 1854. 

Pedro I., Antonio Jose D'Alcantara, 
emperor of Brazil, b. Oct. 12, 1798; d. Sept. 
24, 1834. He was taken to Brazil with the 
rest of the royal family in 1 808 ; m. the arch- 
duchess Leopoldine in 1817; was made re- 
gent on the departure of his father. King John, 
for Portugal, in 1821 ; became emperor of Bra- 
zil Oct. 12, 1822; and on the death of his fa- 
ther, in 1826, became king of Portugal, but im- 



Boslt 



PEE 



mediately abdicated in favor of his infant 
daughter Donna Maria, on account of the jeal- 
ousies of the Brazilians ; and was app. regent 
of Portugal during her minority. Internal dis- 
sensions caused him to abdicate in favor of his 
son Pedro II. in 1831 ; and he lived a while in 
Eng. in retirement. His bro. Don Miguel hav- 
ing usurped the throne of Portugal, Pedro's 
fleet, under the com. of Admiral Napier, sig- 
nally defeated that of Miguel in July, 1813; and 
Donna Maria was restored to the throne. His 
son Pedro II., the present emperor, b. 2 Dec. 
1825, was crowned 18 July, 1841, and Sept. 
4, 1843, m. the princess Theresa Christina Ma- 
ria, dau. of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. 
Under his rnle, Brazil has steadily increased in 
]iower ; and internal improvements have been 
iictively carried on. Don P. possesses consid- 
erable literary and scientific acquirements, 
and has the enthusiastic affection of his sub- 
jects. 

Peet, Harvet Prindle, LL.D., b. Beth- 
lehem, Ct., 1794. Y. C. 1822. From 1822 to 

1831 assoc. with Gallaudet as an instructor in 
the Hartford Asylum for the Deaf and Dnrab ; 
and since then principal of the N. Y. Inst, for 
the Deaf and Dumb. Author of " Course of 
Instruction for the Deaf and Dumb," 4 parts, 
1 844-6 ; also author of addresses, reports, 
memoirs, &c., and contrib. to the " Annals 
for the Deaf and Dumb," " Journal of Insan- 
ity," &c. A biog. sketch of Dr. Peet is in 
Barnard's Journal of Education. 

Peet, Stephes, missionary of Wisconsin, 
b. Sandgate, Vt., 1795; d. Chicago, Mar. 21, 
1855. Y.C.I 823. He preached seven years at 
Euclid, near Cleveland, O. ; was afterward a 
chaplain at Buffalo, editing the Brthel Mag. 
and Buffalo Spectator; became minister of 
Green Bay, Wis., in 1837; assisted in found- 
ing Beloit Coll. and 30 churches ; was settled 
as minister of Milwaukie ; afterwards took 
charge of an institute at Batavia, HI., and 
was then made agent of an association in 
Mich, to found a theol. seminary. Author of 
" Hist, of the Presb. and Cong. Churches and 
Ministers of Wisconsin," 18mo, 1851. 

Pegram, Gen. John, b. Richmond, Va., 

1832 ; d. Petersburg, Feb. 6, 1865, of a wound 
received at the battle of Hatcher's Run. West 
Point, 1856. Son of John Pegram, M.C. from 
Va. 1818-19. A lieut. of dragoons before the 
civil war began, he resigned when Va. seceded ; 
received the'com. of a regt., and in 1 862 became 
a brig.-gcn. ; taken prisoner at Rich Mountain 
by Gen. McClcllan. He was in most of the 
severe battles of the Army of Va., and was 
made maj.-gcn. in 1864. His division was 
noted in the campaign of 1864-5 for desperate 
fighting ; and Pegram was regarded as one of 
the ablest division commanders in the Confed. 
army. 

Pegram, Gen. William Johnson, b. 
Petersburg, Va., 1841 ; killed in the battle of 
PeterGburg, April 2, 1865. Son of Gen. James 
W., nephew of Col. George H. Pegram, the 
Confed. com. at Rich Mountain. He left the 
studv of law at the U. of Va. to fight in 
the Confed. army as a private of art. at the bat- 
tle of Manassas, and won distinction and pro- 
motion in that arm of the service at Cedar Run, 



the rank of gen. shortly before his death. 

Peirce. — See Pearce and Pierce. 

Peiree, Benjamin, librarian of H. U. from 
1826 to his death, b. Salem, Sept. 30, 1778 ; d. 
Cambridge, Ms., July 26, 1831. H. U. 1801. 
Member of the State senate in 1811 ; and for 
several years a representative of Salem. He 
pub. the valuable Catalogue of the Library, in 
4 vols. 8vo ; and wrote a " Hist, of the Uni- 
versity," pub. in 1833. 

Peirce, Benjamin, LL.D. (U. of N.C. 
1847), nuithematician, son of the preceding, b. 
Salem, Ms., Apr. 4, 1809. H.U. 1829. After 
teaching 2 years at the Rand Hill School, 
Northampton, he was app. tutor in maih. at 
Camb. in 1831 ; prof, of math, and nat. philos. 
in 18.33 ; and was Perkins prof, of astron. and 
math, in 1842-67, and also consulting astron. 
to " The Amer. Ephemeris and Nautical Al- 
manac "since its establishment in 1849. Mem- 
ber of the leading scientific societies ; an asso- 
ciate of the Royal Astronomical Society of Lond. 
since 1849 ; member of the Royal Society of 
Lond. since 1852; pres. of the Amer. Assoc, 
for the Advancement of Science in 1853, and 
one of the scientific council which established 
the Dudley Observatory in 1855 ; supt. of the 
U.S. coast-survey since 27 Sept. 1867. He 
was a pupil of Dr. Bowditch, and read the 
proof-sheets of the translation of the MAanique 
C^este while it was going to press. He was a 
contrib. to Mr. Gill's Mathematical Miscellany, 
and afterward pub. 5 numbers of the Camb. 
Misc. of Math., Phi/sics, and Astronomy. He also 
pub. a series of valuable text-books during the 
years 1836-46; "Treatise on Analytic~Me- 
chanics," 4to, 1857; "Associative Algebra," 
1870 ; theory of the tails of comets in ibe As- 
tron. Journal ; methods of investigating tcrres-- 
trial longitudes, &c., in the Report of the 
Supt of the Coast Survey ; and the singular 
and valuable " Criterion for the Rejection of 
Doubtful Observations." His first important 
investigation was his criticism of the compu- 
tations and results of Lcverrier upon the irregu- 
larities observed in the motions of the planet 
Uranus. He discovered and announced in 
1851 the fluidity of Saturn's rings; in 1852 
he prepared a vol. of lunar tables tor the Nau- 
tical Almanac. — Appklon. 

Peirce, Bradford Kinney, D.D. (Wesl. 
U. 1868), philanthropist and author, b. Royal- 
ton, Vt., Feb. 3, 1819. Wesl. U. 1841. In 
1843 he was a Meth. minister in the N.E. 
Conf., stationed at Waltham, and subsequently 
at Newburyport, Charlestown, aiid Boston. 
His health failing, he spent the next 10 yeai-s at 
Roxbury, where he jirepared a scries of Sun- 
day-school Question-Books, a " Bible-Scholar's 
Manual," " A Commentary on Acts." A vol. 
entitled " The Eminent Dead " had a very 
large sale. In 1850 he was a|)p. agent for N. 
E. of the Sunday-scli...il Union; in 1855-6, 
while State senator from Norfolk Co., he en- 
tered zealously into a movement for establish- 
ing a reform school for girls at Lancaster, Ms., 
(■f which he was app.. Mar. 18.56, supt. anil 
chaplain. Chaplain of the House of Refuge, 
Randall's Island, N.Y., since 1863. Also au- 
thor of "Trials of an Inventor;" "A Half- 



FEJ. 



702 



pem: 



Century with Juvenile Delinquents," 1869; 
" Stories from Life ; " " Sequel to Stories from 
Life," &c. 

Peirce, Ctecs, teacher, b. Waltham, Ms., 
Auj;. 15, 1790; d. West Newton, Ms., Apr. 5, 
I860. II. U. 1810. He taughta private school 
in Nantucket 2 years; then studied theology 
at Cambridge 3 years, and resumed his school 
at Nantucket. He commenced preaching in 
1818; was minister of a Cong, church at North 
Reading from May, 1819, to May, 1827, but, pre- 
ferring the vocation of a teacher, opened a 
school at N. Andover ; from 1830 to 1836 he 
managed a large school at Nantucket ; became 
principal of its high school in 1837 ; and from 
1839 to 1842 was principal of the first Normal 
School in Amer., at Lexington, Ms. After 2 
years of rest, he took charge of the Female 
Normal School at W. Newton, where he con- 
tinued till his death. He pub. " A Letter on 
Normal Schools," addressed to Hon. Henry 
Barnard, 1851 ; and a prize essay on " Crime, 
its Cause and Cure," 1853. 

Peirce, Gen. Ebenezer Weaver, b. 
Freetown, Ms., 5 Apr. 1822. Descended from 
Abraham, who was of Plymouth in 1 623. Re- 
ceived an academical education, and held vari- 
ous local offices; was a brig.-gen. of State 
militia in 1855-61 ; com. three-months troops 
in Va. in May, 1861 ; app. col. 29th Ms. 
Regt. 13 Dec. 1861 ; lost an arm at the battle 
of White-oak Swamp 30 June, 1862 ; was in 
the battle of Manassas 30 Aug. 1862; com. 
2d brig. 1st div. 9th army corps, Sept. 1863- 
Nov. 1864, when he resigned, having served in 
Ky., Tenn., and Va. App. Aug., 1866, coll. 
int. rev. 1st dist. Ms. Author of a hist, of tlie 
Peirce Family, 8vo, 1870. 

Peirce, Thomas, poet, and merchant of 
Cincinnati, b. Chester Co., Pa., Aug. 4, 1786 ; 
d. Cin. 1850. Losing his father- at an early 
age, he supported himself by various labors ; 
taught a school in Phila. ; and in 1813 went to 
Cincinnati. In 1821 he contrib. a series of 
satirical odes to the Western Spy, entitled 
"Horace in Cincinnati," collected and pub. 

1822. In 1825 a second satirical series appeared 
in the National Republican, entitled " Billy 
Moody." His " Muse of Hesperia," pub. in 

1823, is his chief work. He wrote a number 
of prize-poems, and contribs. to literary jour- 
nals. — Poets and Poetrif of the West. 

Peirce, William, an early shipmaster in 
N.E. ; killed at Providence, one of the Baha- 
mas, in 1641. He was master of "The Ann" 
in 1623, afterward of "The MayBower" and 
" The Lyon," and was shipwrecked in Va. in 
1633. In 1638 he carried captive Pequot Indi- 
ans for sale to the W. Indies, and brought 
back negro slaves from Tortugas, — the first 
slave-iraffic in N.E. Author of the first alma- 
n.ie printed in the Eng. Amer. Colonies (Camli. 
1639). 

Peirson, Mrs. Ltdia Jane (Wheeler), 
b. Middletown, Ct. Many years a resident of 
Tioga Co., Pa. ; has contrib. prose and poetry 
to the Southern Lit. Messenger, the New - Yorker, 
and other periodicals. Author of " Forest- 
Leaves and other Poems," 1845 ; and the "For- 
est-Minstrel," 1847. — ^//*one. 

Peissner, Elias, instructor, col. 119ih 



N.Y. Vols. ; fell at Chancellorsville, Va., May 
2, 1863; b. Vilseck, Bavaria, 1826. Grad. ut 
Munich, where he studied philos. and law, and 
came to Amer. in 1849. Prof, of modern lan- 
guages at Un. Coll. Author of a " German 
Grammar," "German Literature," "Romaic 
Languages," "The Amer. Question," 1861 ; 
" Lectures on Political Economy ; " " Elements 
of the English Language ; " address at the 
great Turner Festival, Albany, June 28, 1858. 

Pelby, Rosalie (French), actress, b. Kin- 
derhook, N.Y., Mar. 17, 1793; d. on the pas- 
sage from San Francisco to N.Y. June, 1855. 
From her father, the capt. of a North-River 
sloop, she inherited much personal beauty. 
Her education was limited ; but she had a 
strong mind, and great perceptive faculties. 
She was early m. to an English agent, a Mr. 
Brown, by whom she had one child, — the late 
Mrs. Anderson, an actres.s of great merit. 
Left a widow a few years after, she m. in Bal- 
timore Mr. Wm. Pelby, the well-known tra- 
gedian and manager ; thence she came to 
Boston, and was wrecked on her passage in the 
great Sept. gale of 1815. She made her first 
appearance at the Federal-st. Theatre, Boston, 
as a chorus-singer, in 1813, but rapidly rose to 
a high position as an actress, and in some char- 
acters had no superior, and in others no equal, 
on the Amer. stage. In 1847, with Mrs. An- 
derson, she started for Eng. on a pjofessional 
tour, but was wrecked on the passage, and re- 
turned to Boston. Apr. 1, 1853, she received 
a farewell benefit at the National Theatre, and 
went to California, where, after acting a while, 
she opened an exhibition of wax statuary, in 
the manuf. of which she had great taste, and 
which she had also exhibited in Boston. She 
was an ornament to her profession ; and her 
charities were numerous. Her husband (b. 
Boston, Mar. 16, 1793), after being many years 
proprietor and manager of the National Thea- 
tre, Boston, d. May 28, 1850. Her dan. Julia 
Pelby, also an actress, m. James Pearson of 
San Francisco. 

Pelbam, Herbert, one of the founders 
of Ms., and a connection of the family raised 
in 1756 to the dukedom of Newcastle, b. Lincoln 
Co., Eng., 1602; d. SuflFolk, Eng., June, 1673. 
Magd. Coll.,Oxf., 1619. He was one of the Ms. 
Company in Eng. in 1629; came to Ms. in 1 638, 
and settled in Sudbury ; was an assist, in 1645- 
9 ; and a commiss. of the United Colonies of 
N.E. in making a treaty with the Narragansett 
and Niantick Indians in 1646; in 1649 he 
returned to Eng., and engaged in the formation 
of a society for the religious instruction of the 
Indians. First treas. H. Coll. 1643. His dau. 
Pcneloi)e m. the second Gov. Winslow. 

Pell, Robert Congee, of New York, b. 
1835; d. Interlachen, Switzerland, 1868. Au- 
thor of " The Companion," 1850 ; " Milledul- 
cia," 1857; and contribs. to periodicals. 

Pemberton, the name of a philanthropic 
Quaker (araily of Phila. Phineas, the grand- 
lather of Israel, James, and John, came over 
with Penn, and settled near the Falls of Del. 
Israel his grandson, a man of eloquence and 
lil)erality, devoted the latter part of his life to 
acts of benevolence, especially to the Indians. 
He d. Phila. 1779, a. 63. John, the youngest. 



703 



PEN 



it 



" an eminent example of devotion and self- 
denial as a gospel minister," d. Pvrmont, 
Westphalia, ab. 1795, a. 66. Jamks, b. 1724, 
d. 9 Feb. 1809, was one of the last of his sect 
who held a seat in the legisl., and succeeded 
Franklin as pres. of the Society for the Aboli- 
tion of Slavery, 1790-1800. Hepub.atPhila., 
in 1757, "An Apology for the People called 
Quakers," &o. — Portfolio, 1809. 

Pemberton, Ebenezer, minister " Old 
South Ch.," Boston, from Aug. 28, 1700, to 
his d. Fib. 13, 1717. Bapt. Boston, Feb. 11, 
1672. H.U. 1691. Son of James, one of the 
founders of that church. Tutor and fellow of 
H.U. He pub. a number of occas. sermons, 
three prefatory epistles, &c., 1701-1 1 ; pub. col- 
lectively in 1727, Svo. The Election Sermon 
of 1710 was highly esteemed. — Sprafiue. 

Pemberton/EBEXEZER, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 

1770), clergyman, b. Boston, 1704; d. there 
Sept. 9, 1779. H.U. 1721. Son of the pre- 
ceding. He was chaplain at Castle William, 
Aug. 9, 1727 ; was called by the First Presb. 
Church, New York; dismissed in 175.3; and 
installed in the new brick church (Old North), 
Boston, Mar. 6, 1754, where he remained until 
it was closed by the Revol. in 1775. Though 
one of the most popular preachers of his time, 
his friendship for Gov. Hutchinson, one of his 
flock, caused an imputation of loyalty, and 
created difficulties in the church. He pub. 
"Sermons on Several Subjects," Svo, 1738; 
"Practical Discourses," 12mo, 1741 ; "Salva- 
tion by Grace through Faith," 8 sermons, Svo, 
1774; and 9 occasional sermons, 1731-71. 

-'r Pemberton, Jon.v C, gen. C.S.A., b. 

Phila. ab. 1818. West Point, 1837. Entering 
the 4th Art., he served in the Florida war; 
became 1st lieut. Mar. 19, 1842; aide-de-camp 
to Gen. Worth during the Mexican war ; brev. 
capt. and raaj. (fcr gallantry at Monterey and 
at Molino del Key) Sept. 8, 1847 ; disting, also 
at Contreras and Churubusco, and at the cap- 
ture of the city of Mexico, where he was 
wounded; capt. 16 Sept. 1850; and resigned 
Apr. 29, 1861. He entered the Confed. service 
as a col. of cavalry and assist, adj.-gen. to Joe 
Johnston; brig.-gen. 1862; was subsequently 
made a lieut.-gen. ; com. the army opposed to 
that of Gen. Grant in N.E. Mpi. ; and was de- 
feated at Champion Hills 16 May, 1863. In- 
trusted with the com. of Vicksburg, he made a 
gallant defence, but was compelled tosurrender 
to Gen. Grant, July 4, 1863. He resigned his 
com., and at the close of the war was inspector 
of artillery, commanding at Charleston. 

Pemberton, Thomas, historian, b. Bos- 
ton, 1728; d. there July 5, 1807. A merchant. 
He contributed largely to the " Colls." of the Ms. 
Hist. Society, of which he was a member, and at 
his death led to it all his MSS. His " Chronol- 
ogy of Ms.," in 5 MS. volumes, was made great 
use of by Dr. Holmes. His journal of the Ke- 
vol war is in " Hist. Colls.," vol. ii. 

Pender, William D., gen. C.S.A., b. 
N.C. 1833 ; killed at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. 
West Point, 1854. Entering the 4th Art., he 
was transferred to the 1st Dragoons, 3 March, 
1855, and was disting. in several conflicts with 
Indians in Washington Terr, in Sept. 18.58, 
and in Oregon in 1860; resigned 21 March, 



1861. Joining the Confeds. early in 1861, he 
rose rapidly from col. to major-gen. (May 20, 
1863), and'led a division in Gen. Hill's corps 
at the battle of Gettysburg. 

Pendergrast, Garrett J., capt. U.S.N., 
b. Ky. Dec. 5, 1802; d. Phila. Nov. 7, 1862. 
Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1812 ; lieut. Mar. 3, 1821 ; 
com. 1841; capt. May 24, 1855; flag-officer 
of the home squadron in 1860; and, at the com- 
mencement of the civil war, protected the im- 
portant harbor of Hampton Roads. 

Pendleton, Edmcnd, statesman, b. Caro- 
line Co., Va., Sept, 9, 1721 ; d. Hichmond, 
Va., Oct. 23, 1803. His grandfather Philip 
emig. from Norwich, Eng., ab. 1674. He had 
few educational advantages, but at 21 was 
adm. to practise law. Entering the h. of 
burgesses in 1752, he became a leading mem- 
ber, and at the period of the Revol. was speaker ; 
in 1764 he was one of the com. to memorialize 
the king; member of the com. of corresp. in 
1773; presiding magistrate and county lieut. 
of Caroline Co. in 1774; member of Cong, in 
1774-5; pres. of the Va. convs. of Dec. 1775, 
and of May, 1776 ; and drew up the resolutions 
instructing the delegates of Va. to propose in 
Cong, a decl. of indep. As the representative 
of the conservatives, he was the opponent of 
Patrick Henry, the great popular leader. He 
was the head of the com. of safety during the 
early part of the war, the body which controlled 
the military and naval operations as well as 
the foreign corresp. of Va. On the organiza- 
tion of the State, he was chosen speaker of the 
house, and app., with Wythe and Jefferson, to 
revise the col. laws. He was crippled for life 
by a fall from his horse in March, 1777. Was 
again elected speaker and pres. of the Chancery 
Court; and in 1779 pres. of the Ceurt of Ap- 
peals. In 1788 he presided over the eonv. 
which adopted the U. S. Constitution. His 
masterly advocacy of this great national com- 
pact gained for him this high encomium from 
Jeflers-on : " Taken all in all, he was the ablest 
man in debate I ever met with." App. judge 
of the U.S. Dist. Court of Va. in 1789, but de- 
clined; in 1798, when a rupture with France 
was imminent, he pub. a pamphlet protesting 
against a war with a sister republic. 

Pendleton, George H., lawyer and poli- 
tician, b. Cincinnati, July 25, 1825. Son of 
N. G. Pendleton. Member of the Ohio senate 
in 1854-5; M.C. 1855-61 and 1863-5; Democ. 
nominee for vice-pres. in 1864, ho received 21 
votes out of 233 ; candidate for gov. of Ohio in 
1869, but was defeated. 

Pendleton, Henry, jurist, b. Va. ab. 1 750 ; 
d. S.C. Jan. 1789. Emigrating to S.C., he 
was made a judge in April, 1776. In 1780, 
when the British overran the State, he joined 
the patriot forces, and fought at Eutaw. Re- 
suming his seat on the bench in 1782, he 
originated the County-Court Act of S.C. ; one 
of 3 judges app. to revise the laws of the State 
in 1785, and in 1788 a member of the conv. 
which ratified the U.S. Constitution. 

Pendleton, Major Nathaniel, Revol. 
soldier and judge; d. New York, Oct. 20,1821. 
Entering the army in 1775, he became aide to 
Gen Greene, and received the thanks of Cong, 
for gallantry at Eutaw Springs. He was after- 



704 



ward a prominent lawyer and judf;e in N.Y. 
His son Nathaniel Greene, b. Savannah, 
Aug. 1793, d. June 16, 1861. Col. Coll. 
181.3. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Gaines in 1813- 
16; member of the Ohio senate 18-25-6; M.C. 
1 840-2. Father of George H. 

Pendleton, Willia.m N., brig. -gen. 
C.S.A., and Prot.-Epis. clergyman, b. Va.. 
West Point, 1830. Assist. pro"f. of math, at 
W.P. 1831-2; resigned lieutenancy 4th Art. 
31 Oct. 1833; prof. Bristol Coll., Pa., 1833, 
and in Del. Coll., Newark, Del., 1837-8 ; Prot.- 
Ep. clergyman 1837-61 ; rector of Ep. Diocesan 
School, Alexandria, Va., 1339-44; capt. of 
battery in Joe Johnston's army in July, 1861 ; 
col. of reserve art. at Manassas 1863; chief 
of art.. Army of the Valley, and surrendered 
with Lee, 9 Apr. 1865. Author of " Science a 
Witness for the Bible," 18G0. 

Penhallow, Samuel, b. Cornwall, Eng:, 
July 2, 1663 ; d. Portsmouth, N.II., Dec. 2, 
1726. He came to this country in 1686, and 
settled at Portsmouth, N.H., where he was a 
judge of the Superior Court in 1714, and 
chief justice from 1717 till his death. Several 
years treasurer of the province. His wife was 
Mary, dau. of Pres. Cutt. Author of " Indian 
Wars of N. E. from 1703 to 1726," printed 
1726, reprinted in " N.H. Hist. Colls." 

Penington, John, M.D., physician, b. 
1768; d. of yeUow-fevcr 1793. Ho studied in 
Europe ; began practice at Phila, in 1 792. Pub. 
in 1790 " Chemical and Economical Essays," 
Sto ; and " Inaug. Dissert, on Fermentation." 

Penington, John, b. Monmouth Co., N. J., 
1799; d.Mar. 18, 1S67. Descended fi-om Isaac, 
an eminent Quaker writer and preacher. Has 
pub. "An Exam, of B. Plantan;enet's Descrip. 
of New Albion," 8vo, Phila. 1840; "Scraps, 
Osteologic and Archaiological," 8vo, 1841. 
Editor of Denton's New York, Pliila. 8vo, 1845. 
— Allibone. 

Penn, John, called " the American Penn," 
son of Eichard, and grandson of William, and 
gov. of Pa. in 1763-71 and 1773-5, b. Phila.; 
d. Bucks Co., Pa., Feb. 1795. He continued 
in the country after his govt, was ended by the 
Revol.; and in 1777, having refused to sign a 
parole, was conlincd by the Whigs at Fred- 
ericksburg, Va. The Penn estate is said to 
vas forfeit 
'the British 
govt, by the proprietors was £944,81 7 sterling, 
a portion only of wliich was allowed. — Sabine. 

Penn, Jonx, a signer of the Dccl. of Indep., 
b. Caroliiie Co., Va., May 17, 1741; d. Sept. 
1 788. His education was deficient, but possess- 
ing genius and eloquence of a high order, and 
having read law with Edmund Pendleton, who 
was a relative, he was adm. to the bar at the 
age of 21 , where his forensic efforts wore remark- 
able for their force and pathos. In 1774 he 
removed to Greenville Co., N.C. ; and was a 
member Cont. Congress, Sept. 8, 1775-6, and 
1778-80. When Comwallis invaded N.C, he 
was placed in charge of public affairs, and 
acquitted himself with great credit In 1 784 he 
was app. receiver of taxes for the State of N.C. 

Penn, Richard, bro. of John, gov. of Pa. 
in 1771-3; d. Eng. May 27, 1811, a. 77. 
Unlike his bro., he held intercourse with the 



members of Congress ; won general confidence 
by his liberal course; and when, in 1775, he 
embarked foj- Eng., he was intrusted with the 
second petition of Congress to the king ; after 
his arrival at Lond., he was examined in the 
h. of lords as to American affairs. While John 
Penn was gov., Richard was a member of his 
council, and naval olficer of Pa. ; afterward 
jVI.P. ; and remarkable for classical attainments 
and power of memory. — Sabine. 

Penn, Thomas, last surviving son of Wm., 
the founder of Pa., b. Mar. 8, 1702; d. Lond. 
March 21, 1775. In 1741 he left the province, 
and went to Eng., and in 1746 succeeded, on 
the death of his bro. John, to the proprietary- 
share previously owned by him. He had the 
principal direction of its affairs for half a cen- 
tury ; was a principal founder of the college at 
Phila. ; and the Hospital, Library, and other lit- 
erary, charitable, and religious societies shared 
his bounty. His wife was a dau. of the Earl 
of Pomfret. His son Grenville wrote the 
Life of his great-grandfather. Admiral William 
Penn. Another son, John, LL.D., was author 
of critical, poetical, and dramatic worlcs. 

Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, 
b. Lond. 14 Oct. 1644; d. Rushcourt, 30 July, 
1718. Son of Adm. Penn. While a student 
at Oxford, he became deeply impressed by the 
preaching of Thomas Loe the Quaker. For a 
violation of the laws of the university, Penn 
and some of his associates were expelkd. His 
father, a proud and ambitious man, finding him 
firm in his convictions of duty, beat him, and 
turned him out of doors : relenting, however, 
he sent his son to Paris ; whence he returned, 
skilled in the language and polite accomplish- 
ments of the French. He studied law at Lin- 
coln's Inn, but in 1665 went to Ireland to 
manage an estate of his lather's. He acquired 
military renown as a vol. at the siege of Car- 
rickfergus, and caused himself to be painted in 
military costume. Curiously enough, this is 
the only genuine portrait of the great apostle 
of peace. Ho soon after joined the Quakcra ; 
and, at a meeting at Cork in 1767, he was ar- 
rested and taken to prison, but, on application 
to the Earl of Orrery, was soon released. Ab. 
1668 he began to preach, and, for writing "The 
Sandy Foundation Shaken," was for months 
confined in the Tower, where he -wrote his cele- 
brated work, '* No Cross, No Crown," and a 
-vindication of himselt^ entitled " Innocency 
with her Open Face." Liberated by the influ- 
ence of his father, to whom he was soon after- 
wards reconciled, he was in 1670 anested for 
street-preaching, committed to Newgate, and 
tried at the Old Bailey. He pleaded his own 
cause, and was acquitted, but was detained in 
prison, and the jury were fined. His father again 
liberated him, and, dying soon afterwai-d, left 
him a large fortune, and an admonition not to 
•n-rong his conscience. While imprisoned in 
Newgate, he wrote " The Great Case of Liber- 
ty of Conscience," and some other religious 
tracts. He also -nrote "England's Present In- 
terest Considered," 1674, — a most able defence 
of freedom of conscience and the rights of 
Englishmen. In 1672 he m. Gulielraa Maria 
Springett, who, after his death, m. Isaac Pen- 
ington. In 1677, Penn, with Barclay and oth- 



705 



ed settlers ; in 1680 he obtained from the king, 
in payment of a claim of his father's estate, 
a patent for Pennsylvania, for which, aided by 
Algernon Sidney and others, he drew up a 
masterly scheme of govt. He then pub. "A 
Brief Account of the Province of Pa., propos- 
ing the easy purchase of lands, and good terms 
to settlers thereon. Having estalilished a govt. 
allowing perfect liberty of conscience, Penn 
visited his province, arriving in Delaware Bay 

27 Oct. 1682. Ab. the end of Nov. was held 
the famous treaty with the Indians ; and he 
founded Phila., the " city of brotherly love." 
Committing the govt, to a provis. council, he 
returned to Eng. in Aug. 1684. Through his 
influence with James II., who had been his fa- 
ther's firm friend, he obtained in 1686 the lib- 
eration of over 1,200 imprisoned Quakers, and 
aided in procuring in 1687 the "Toleration 
Act." Ajfter the accession of William III., in 
1688, Penn, having incurred suspicion on ac- 
count of his intimacy with James, was tried for 
treason, but was honorably acquitted. He 
made in 1699-1701 a second visit to America. 
lie was committed to the Fleet Prison for debt 
in 1708, where he remained a long time, but 
was at length released by the intervention of 
friends. Worn out, at length, with the inces- 
sant labors and cares of a life spent almost 
wholly in the service of others, he died of 
paralysis. The charge of Macaulay , that Penn 
dishonorably implicated himself in his support 
of James II., was replied to by Hepworth Dix- 
on in his Biography of Penn in 1851. — See 
Lives of Penn by S. Janney, 1852 ; Clarhon, 
1813; J. Massitlac, 1791; Jacob Post, 1850; 
and Weems, 1829; Corresp. between W. Penn 
and James Logan, with Notes by Mrs. Deborah 
Loqan, ed. bij Armstrong, 8vo. 

Pennington, Willi a.m, gov. of N.J. 
1837-43, b. Newark, N.J., 4 May, 1796; d. 
there Feb. 16, 1862. N.J. Coll. 1813. Son of 
Wm. S. He became a prominent lawyer, and 
chancellor of the State; U.S. dist. clerk 1815- 
26 ; app. gov. of Minnesota by Pres. Taylor, 
but declined that, and also an app. as one of 
the judges to settle claims under the Mexican 
treaty; M.C. 1859-61; chosen speaker of the 
house in Feb. 1860, after a long and severe con- 
test. He was a Whig, and finally a Republi- 
can, in politics. 

Pennington, William S., gov. of N.J. 
1813-15, b. 1757; d. Newark, N.J., Sept. 17, 
1826. Adm. to the bar 1802; member of the 
legisl.; app. assoc. justice Sup. Court of N. J. 

28 Feb. 1804 ; judge U.S. Dist. Court 1815-26. 
Maj. 2d N. J. Art. in Revol war. Chancellor 
of N. J. Author of N. J. Sup. Court Reports - 
1803-16, 8vo, 1825. — iV. E. U. and G. Reg. 
1870. 

Pennock, Alexander M., commodore 
U.S.N., b. Va. Nov. 1, 1813. Midshipm. 
Apr, 1, 1828; licut. Mar. 25, 1839 ; com. Dec. 
15, 1855; capt. Jan. 2, 1863; lommo. May 6, 
1868. Com. steamer " Southern Star," Brazil 
squad, and Paraguay exped., 1859-60; flcet- 
capt. Mpi. squadron 1862—4, gaining a repu- 
tation for executive ability of the highest or- 



der. Com. "Franklin " (fl.ig-ship), European 
squ.i.lron, 1868-9. — //am«-sA/. 

Pennock, Caspar Wistar, M.D., phy- 
sician, b. 1800; d. Howellville, Del. Co., Pa., 
16 Apr. 1867. Some time physician to the 
Pliila. Hospital. Author of a valualilo work 
on diseases of the heart. 

Penny, Virginia, b. Louisville, Ky., 1826. 
Grail. Steubenville Female Sem. Author of 
" The Employments of Woman," 12mo, 1862 ; 
"5(10 Employments adapted to Women," 12mo, 
1868; "Think and Act, or Men and Wo- 
men ; " " Work and Wages," 12mo, 1869. — 
Allihone. 

Pennypacker, Galdsha, soldier, b. Pa. 
Private 9th Pa. Vols. Apr. 1861 ; maj. 97th, 
Oct. 1861 ; engaged in Florida and Charleston 
harbor; wounded at Drury's Bluff, Va., May, 
1864; col. Aug. 1864; cngaijed on the James 
River and in front of Petersburg to Sept. 
1864 ; com. brigade in 10th corps, and wound- 
ed, at Fort Harrison, Va., and in the action of 
Darbytown Road, Va. ; com. 2d brig. 2d divis- 
ion, 24th corps, and severely wounded, at cap- 
ture of Fort Fisher, for which brevetted brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. ; and brev. maj. -gen. for gallant 
and merit, services during the war; col. 34th 
U.S. Inf. July 28, 1866; transf. to 16th Inf. 
15 Mar. 1869. — Henri/. 

Pepperrell, Sir William, hart., soldier, 
b. Kittery Point, Me., June 27, 1696; d. there 
July 6, 1759. Of Welsh origin. Wm. his fa- 
ther came to N.E. as apprentice to a fisher- 
man. The son, originally a merchant, pos- 
sessed those characteristics of body and mind 
which fitted him for a military career, in which, 
in a country exposed to Indian hostility, he at- 
tained distinction. Member of the council 
from 1727 till his death, and was app. chief 
justice of the C.C.P. in 1730. He com. the 
exped. which captured Louisburg, June 16, 
1745, for which he was in 1746 made a baro- 
net. Visiting Eng. in 1749, he was made a 
col. in the British array; became ninj.-gen. in 
175."i, and lieut.-gen. 1759. He was for 30 
voars one of the commiss. to treat with the 
Eastern Indians ; and, as pres. of the council, 
was actinggov. of Ms. from the death of Phipps, 
in Mar. 1756, until the arrival of Pownall in 
1758. He pub. "Conference with the Penob- 
scot Tribe," Boston, 8vo, 1753. His grandson 
William P. Sparhawk (H.U. 1766) d. 
Lond. Dec. 17, 1816, a. 70; assumed his n.ame, 
and was created a bart. Oct. 29, 1 774. He was 
a loyalist, and the vast Pepperrell estates were 
in 1778 confiscated. He was allowed £.")00 by 
the British govt. One of the founders of the 
British and Foreign Bible Society. — See Par- 
sons's Lifi of Sir Wm. Pepperrell. 

Perce, Elbert, b. New York 1831. Au- 
thor of "Gulliver Joe," 1851-3; "Old Kari 
the Cooper," 1 854 ; " The Last of his Name ; " 
" The Battle Roll," an encyclop. of battles and 
sieges, 8vo, 1857-8; novels transl. from the 
Swedish of E. F. Carien. 

Percival, James Gates, M.D., poet and 
geologist, b. Berlin, Ct., Sept. 15, 1795; d. Ha- 
zelgrove, Wis , May 2, 1856. Y. Coll. 1815, 
where his tragedy of "Zaraora" formed a part 

ing finished his med. studies, he commenced 



706 



practice at Charleston, S.C, where he pub. the 
fir>tuf the three numbers of his "Clio;" in 1821 
" Promelheus and other Poems ; " and in 1822 
another vol. of j)oen)s, and hecame one of the 
most popular of American poets. Assist, sur- 
geon in tlie army 1824; and was stationed at 
West Point as lecturer on chemistry, but re- 
signed in a few months, and was made surgeon 
in eouneclion with the recruiting-service in 
Boston. Here he contrih. frequently to the 
U. S. fJf. Gazette, and edited an edition of 
Knox's " Elegant Extracts." In 1827 he re- 
moved to N. Haven, and pnh. a tliird vol. of 
poetry, and a final vol. in 1843, entitled " The 
Dream of a Day, and other Poems ; " in 1834 
he pub. an edition of Malte Brun's Geography, 
with annotations and additions; in 1835, in 
conjunction with Charles U. Shepard, he was 
app. to make a geolog. and mineral, survey of 
Ct., the report of which was pub. in 1842. 
Dr. Percival was partial to philological stud- 
ies, and had a critical knowledge of many of 
the modern languages of Europe. He spent 
two years in assisting Noah Webster to com- 
pile his quarto Dictionary. In 1854 he was 
app. State geologist of Wis. ; and at the time 
of his death held the office of State geologist in 
III. His 1st 111. Report was pub. in 1855. 
He was a man of scholarly tastes and eccentric 
habits. A coll. of his poems was pub. Boston, 
1860, 2 vols. 

Pereival, John, capt. U.S.N., b. Barn- 
stable, Ms., Apr. 3, 1779; d Dorchester, Ms., 
Sept. 17, 1862. Quitting the merchant-service, 
he entered the navy as sailing-master, Marc'h 6, 
1809; became lieut. Dec. 9, 1814; master 
March 3, 1831; capt. Sept. 8, 1841. He dis- 
plaved daring and intrepidity in the capture 
of the British tender "Eagle" off New York, 
and skill and good conduct in the engagement 
between " The Peacock " and " Epervier " 
Apr. 29, 1814. His last cruise was in "The 
Constiintion" in 1843-7. His professional 
skill was of the highest order, and he was a 
strict ili-ciplinarian. " Mad Jack," as the 
sailors called him, was rough in 



Percy, Eakl Hugh, duke of Northum- 
berland, a British gen., b. Aug. 25, 1742; d. 
July 10, 1817. Entering the army very young, 
he first saw service under Prince Ferdinand in 
Germany. Though he did not approve of the 
Anier. war, heotfcrod his services, and com. as 
a bri;;:iilicr in 177.5-6. He led the timely 
rc-ciiruiCLment, which, Apr. 19, 1775, prevented 
the destruction of Col. Smith's command, on 
the day of the Lexington battle. He was not 
present at the battle of Bunker's Hill; hut in 
Nov. 1776 contrib. to the rednciion of Fort 
Washington, the column led by him bting the 
first to enter the American lines. He succeed- 
ed to the barony of Percy on the death of his 
mother in Dec." 1776; returned to Eng., and 
succeeded to the dukedom June 6, 1786. 

Perez, Jose Jo.iquin-, Chilian statesman, 
b. Santiago de Chili 1801. Sec. of legation 
in France lS29-31.;.rain.-plenipo. to Buenos 
Ayres 1832.; subscguently dep. to Congress, 
councillor of state,- minister of finance (f844), 
of the interior, of foreign a&irs (1849) ; pres. 
of t!ic chiiinber of depu:ies, and pies, of the 



senate ; elected pres. of the Republic of Chili 
7 Sept. 1861; re-elected 24 July, 1866, for the 
term ending 1871. 



Perham, Sidney, gov. Me. 1870-1 ; M.C. 
1863-9; b. Woodstock, Me., 27 Mar. 1819. 
Farmer and teacher until 1852; memberof the 
board of agric. 1852-4 ; member and speaker 
of the legisl. 1855 ; county clerk of Oxford 1858 
and 1861. 

Perkins, Eltsha, physician, b. Norwich, 
Jan. 16, 1741; d. New York, Sept. 6, 1799. Ed- 
ucated for the profession by his father Dr. Jo- 
seph in Plainficld, and possessed remarkable 
endowments of botiy and mind. He made great 
sacrifices in establishing and supporting an 
acad. at Plainficld, and other useful improve- 
ments there. Ab. 1796 he invented the " Me- 
tallic Tractors." These were brass and iron 
pins, applied first to the cure of gout, rheuma- 
tism, and analogous disorders, and attracted 
great attention for a time, but soon fell into 
disuse, being attacked as an imposture by 
men of science. He invented an antiseptic 
medicine, and, to test its efficacy against yel- 
low-fever, went to New York during its pre- 
valence in 1799, and fell a victim to that dis- 
ease. 

Perkins, George Roberts, LL.D. (Ham. 
Coll. 1852), mathematician and astronomer, 
b. Otsego Co., N.Y., May 3, 1812. Principally 
Eolf-educatcd. He taught mathematics at the 
" Liberal Institute," Clinton, IS.Y., in 1831-8; 
became principal of the Utica Acad. ; prof, of 
math, in the State Normal School in 1844-8, 
and principal in 1848-52. He soon after su- 
periotended the erection of the Dudley Observa- 
tory; and in 1858 was app. dep. State eng., and 
surveyor of the State of N.Y. Author of a 
series of mathematical text-books, including 
arithmetics; "Treatise on Algebra," 1841; 
"Elements of Algebra," 1844; "Elements of 
Geometry," ,1847; " TriiLonuni'nry and Sur- 
veying," 1851 ; "Plane and S..|iil Gc<jinetrv," 
1854 ; also a text-book on astr_on..tny. He has 
contrib. to many scientific periodicals. 

Perkins, Jacob, inventor, b. Newbury- 
port, Ms., July 9, 17G6 ; d. London, July 30, 
1849. At the age of 15 he carried on the busi- 
ness of a goldsmith in his native town, also 
inventing a method of plating shoe-buckks, 
then universally worn ; at 21 he made dies 
for the mint ; at 24 he invented the machine 
for cutting and heading nails at one operation, 
and invented steel plates for bank-notes which 
it was supposed conld not be counterfeited. 
He resided some time in Boston and New York ; 
went to Phila. in 1815, and in 1818 to Eng., 
where he reci ived a generous patronage, and 
was employed in perfecting engines and ma- 
les to i)e wo 



chines 



vorked h^ i 



-power, and car- 



ried on a large manuf. m Lond. for many years. 
He also originated the process of transferring 
engravings from one steel plate to another; 
invented the steam-gun ; the bathometer, for 
compressing water ; and the pleometer, to mark 
the speed with which a vessel moves. Many 
of his inventions were rewarded by the gold 
and silver medals of the Society of Arts, Lon- 
don. 

Perkins, James Handastd, author, b. 
Boston, July 31, 1810; d. Cincinnati, Dec. 14, 



(07 



Son of Samuel G., and nephew of TIios. 
counting-i 



1849. 

H. Perkins, in whose counting-room he was a 
clerk in 1828-30. After a tour to Eng. and 
the W. Indies, he settled in Cincinnati in 1832, 
where he studied law, which he soon abandoned 
for literature. Hecontrib.tothe Wtstern Month! y 
Mag., and edited the Evenituj Chronirle and CVn- 
cinnati Mirror. After the failure of his publisher, 
he became in 1 839 minister at large, — a mission 
of benevolence to which he devoted the rest of 
his life. Pastor of the Cincinnati Unitarian 
Society in 1841-7. Ho also identified himself 
with tiio cause of prison discipline and reform, 
and gave much attention to education. First 
pres. of the Cin. Hist. Soc. in 1844, and was 
afterward vice-pres. of that of Ohio. He pub. 
"Annals of the West," 8vo, 1847 ; a series of 
hist, sketches of that region in the N. A. Review 
from 1839 to 1847, and Digest of the Const. 
Opinions of Judge Marshall, and contrib. val- 
uable hist, papers on the West to the A^. Y. 
Review. In a fit of depression he dro«-ncd 
himself in the Ohio. — See W. 11. Clianning's 
coll. (,f his Writings, 2 vols. 12mo, 1851. 
w Perkins, Joxathan Cogswell, b. Ips- 
wich, Ms., Nov. 21, 1809. Phillips And. Acad. ; 
Amh. Coll. 1832. He studied at the Camb. 
Law School; was adra. to the bar in 1835; 
practised law successfully 13 years, when he 
became judge of the C. C. P. of Ms. ; State 
senator 1847. He has edited and annotated 
Pickering's "Kcports," vols. 2-10; Cliitty's 
"Crim. Law," 3 vols. 1836 ; Chitty on "Con- 
tracts," 1839; Jarraan on "Wills," 1845; 
Abbot on "Shipping," 1846; Danicll's "Chan- 
cery Practice," 3 vols. 1846; Collyer on 
"Partnership," 1848, &c. ; and has in press 
a treatise on " Arbitrations and Awards." Ed. 
with T.Metcalf and G. T. Curtis of Digest of 
Decis. of the Courts of Com. Law and Admi- 
ralty, 6 vols. 1854-6. Now (1871) practises 
law'in Salem. 

Perkins, Justin, D.D., missionarv to the 
Nestorians, b. West Springfield, Ms., Slar. 12, 
ISO."); d. Chicopee, Dec.31,1869. Amh. Coll. 
1829. He passed his youth on his father's 
farm ; was a teacher and tutor at Amherst ; 
was app. to the Nestorian mission in Jan. 1833, 
and established himself at Oroomiah in Nov. 
1834, where he established schools, and trans- 
lated portions of the Scriptures into the Syriac 
tongue. In 1841 he visited this country, accom. 
by Slar Yohannan, the Nestorian bishop. In 
Aug. 1869, worn out by his toils, he came home 
to die. Author of " Eight Years in Persia," 
&c., 8vo, 1843; "Missionary Life in Persia," 
&c., 1861. 

Perkins, Nathan, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 1801 ), 
minister of W. Hartford from 1772 to his d. 
Jan. 18, 1838; b. Lisbon, Ct., May 14, 1749. 
N. .J. Coll. 1770. He pub. a vol. of sermons 
1795, Four Letters on the Anabaptists 1793, 
a sermon on liis 60th anniv., many pieces in 
the Ct. Evangel. Mag., and several occas. ser- 
mons. His son N^j^THAN (Y.C. 1795) was 
minister of the Second Cong. Ch., Amherst, 
from 1810 to liis d. Mar. 1842, a. 65.— 
Spragiie. 

Perkins, Samcel, lawvor .ind historian, 
b. Lisbon, Ct., 1767; d. Sept. 1850. Y.C. 
1785. Educated for the ministry, he was li- 



censed and preached, but afterward practised 
law in Windham. Author of a " Historv of 
the Late War," 8vo, 1825; "Hist. Sketches 
of the U.S. 1815-30," 12mo, 1830; "Gen. 
Jackson in the Seminole War," 8vo, 1828 • 
" The Worid as it Is," 12mo, 5th ed., 1840. ' 
Perkins, Samuel E., b. Brattleborough, 



Vt., 1811. Author of " Digest of De 



Sui) 



Ct. of Ind.," 8vo, 1858 ; " Pleadings and Prac- 
tice under the Code of Ind ," 8vo, 1859. 

Perkins, Col. Thomas Handasvd, a 
philanthropic merchant of Boston, b. Boston, 
Dec. 15, 1764; d. there Jan. U, 1854. He 
commenced his commercial life in partnership 
with his elder bro. James, who was a resident 
of St. Domingo when the insurrection of the 
blacks occurred, and was compelled to flee for 
his life. In 1789 he went as superctrgo to 
Batavia and Canton, and obtained a thorou^'h 
acquaintance with the Oriental trade. The 
bros. afterwards embarked in the trade to the 
north-west coast. Canton and Calcutta, in 
which thev acquired great wealth. Soon after 
the death' of James, in 1822, Col. Perkins re- 
tired from active business. The Perkins fami- 
ly gave over S60,0l)0 to the Boston Athenajiim. 
He took a prominent part in the erection of 
the Bunker-bill Monument, and gave his es- 
tate in Peari St., valued at S40,6oO, for the 
use of the Asylum for the Blind. He was also 
in 1827 the projector of the Quincy Railway, 
the first in the U.S. Subsequently he was 
much interested in urging forward tlie comple- 
tion of the Washington Monument ; and was 
also the largest contrib. to the Merc. Lib. 
Assoc. For many years he represented Bos- 
ton in both branches of the State legisl. ; and, 
during the war of 1812, he was disting. as a 
strenuous opponent of Madison's administra- 
tioi]. 

Perrein, Jean, naturalist, b. France, 
1749; d. New York, 1805. Member of the 
Bordeaux Society of sciences and belles-let- 
tres. He explored Africa and most of the 
W. I. islands, and spent several months in 
New York In Sonnini's edition ofBufFon's 
Nat. Hist., credit is given to Perrein for many 
valuable contribs. to that work. 

Perrine, Matthew La Rue, D.D. 
(Alk-h. Coll. 1818), h. Monmouth Co., N. J., 
4Mav, 1777; d. Auburn, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1836. 
N.J. Coll. 1797. Pastor of the Fresh. Ch., 
Bottle Hill, N. J., 1802-11 ; of Spring-st. Ch., 
New York, 1811-20; prof of eccl. hist, and 
ch. polity (and for 2 years of theol. also) in 
Auburn Theol. Sem. from 1821 to his d. Au- 
thor of "Phm of Salvation," 1816; " Abstract 
of Biblical Geog.," 8vo, 1835. — Sprague. 

Perrot, Nicholas, trader, discoverer of 
the lead mines on the River Des Moines, Iowa. 
Was a man of talent and education. Repair- 
ing at an early period to the Indian country, 
be soon learned the Algonquin languages. 
On returning to Quebec in 1665 with aparty of 
Ot'awas, he accomp. St. Lusson to the Falls of 
St. Mary as interpreter; in 1684 he was em- 
ployed by De La Barre in bringing the West- 
ern tribes to his assistance against the Iro- 
quois; and in 1687 did the like service for 
Denonville. He was several years Indian 
agent, and in 1697 was on the point of being 



708 



PET 



burned by the Miamis, and saved only by the 
Outayamis, by whom he was much belovid. 
Under De Vaudreuil ho was interpreter, and 
addressed to him a memoir respecting the 
Western country. He had a fort on Lake 
Pepin ; had travelled over most of New 
France ; and left an interesting manuscript ac- 
count of the manners and customs of the In- 
dians, from which M. De I.a Potberie borrowed 
largely for his " Histoire de I'Amgrique." 
Charlevoix also acknowledges his indebtedness 
to him. — Callarjhan. 

Perry, Amos, teacher and author, b. 
Naiick, Ms , 12 Aug, 1812. H.U. 1837. Son 
of Elijah and Mary (Jones) Perry. He was 
first principal of the Young Ladies' High 
School, N. London, Ct. ; and was many years, 
and until 1859, a teacher in Providence, U.I., 
being also a viee-prcs. of the Amer. Inst, of 
Instruction; consul to Tunis in 1862-7, and, 
having carefully examined the site of Ancient 
Carthage, embodied the result of his researches 
in a vol. of 560 pages, 8vo, pub. in 1869. Ho 
has been a frequent contiib. to the public 
iournals, and is a member of several learned 



Perry, Arthur Latham, prof, of hist, 
and polit. economy Wms. Coll., b. Lyme, 
N H., 18.30. Wms. Coll. 1852. Author of 
" Elements of Polit. Econ.," 8vo, 1866. 

Perry, Christopher Raymond, capt. 
US.N., b. R.L 1760; d. Newport, June 8, 
1818. He served with distinction in the Re- 
vol. navy ; was in the hard-fought action of 
"The Watt" and "The Trumbull;" and 
was for some months confined in the Jersey 
Prison-ship; post capt. Jan. 7, 1798. April 
3, 1801, the navy was nearly disbanded ; and 
Capt. Perry was app. coll. of Newport. His 5 
sons (Oliver H., Raymond H., Mathew C., 
James A., and Nathl. H.), all officers of the 
navy, disting. themselves during the war of 
1812-15. A dau., Anna M.iria, m. Capt. Geo. 
W., son of Com. John Rodgers, and d. N. 
London, Ct., Dec. 7, 1858, a. 60. , 

Perry, Mathew Calbraith, commo- 
dore U.S.N., b. Newport, R I., 1794 ; d. New 
York, March 4, 1858. Son of Christopher 
R., and bro. of O. H. Perry. Midshipm. 
Jan. 16, 1809; lieut. July 24, 1813; com. 
March 21, 1826; capt. Feb. 9, 1837. In 1819, 
in " The Cyane," he fixed the locality of the 
first settlement of Liberia. In the schooner 
"Shaik" he cruised in the W. Indies in 
1821-4, and captured several pirates. He 
cruised in the Mediterranean in. 18-30-3; on 
his return home was actively employed in the 
Brooklyn navy-yard as supt. of a school for 
gun practice, and the organization of a steam 
navy ; in 1838 he was sent to visit the dock- 
vards and lighthouses of Europe; in 1839- 
41 he com. the Brooklyn navy-yard ; then the 
African squadron ; com. the Gulf squadron ; 
and ably co-operated in the siege of Vera Cruz 
during the Mexican war. He com. (he Japan 
expcd. in 1852-4, and negotiated an impor- 
tant treaty with that power, March 21, 1854. 
An account of the Japan exped. from Ferry's 
Notes, vols. i. and ii. edited by F. L. Hawks, 
LL.D., vol. iii. ed. by George Jones, A.M., was 
pub. 1856. 



Perry, Oliver Hazard, comrao. U.S.N., 
b. So. Kingston, R. I., 23 Aug. 1785 ; d. Port 
Spain, Trinidad, 23 Aug. 1819. Son of ChrL- 
topherR. ; grandson of Judge Freem^in Perry, 
who d. Oct. 1813, a. 82. Midshipm. 7 April, 
1799, and served in the Tripolitan war; lieut. 
15 Jan. 1807; master-com. 28 Aug. 1812; had 
charge of a flotilla of gnnboats in N.Y. harbor 
in 1812; was in Feb. 1813 ordered to Lake On- 
tario to serve under Chaunccy, co-operating 
gallantly, at the head of a body of seamen, in 
the attack on Fort George ; anil was soon after 
ordered to com. the squadron on Lake Erie. 
Having equipped a fleet of 9 small vessels, he 
attacked the British flwt on the morning of 
Sept. 10, 1813, and gained a complete victory, 
capturing the enemy's entire squadron. This 
was the first naval action in which he had been 
engaged. For this brilliant service lie was pro- 
moted to capt. (Sept. 10, 1810), roceivul the 
thanks of Congress and a medal, and also r.-- 
ceived similar honors from the senate of Pa. 
He co-operated with Gen. Harrison in retaking 
Detroit; and at the battle of the Thames, Oct. 
5, 1813. He com. "The Java," in Decatur's - 
squadron in the Mediterranean, in 1815; and 
in 1819 sailed in " The John Adams" for the 
W. Indies, where he died of yellow-fever. 18 
Sept. 1860 a marble statue by Walcutt was 
erected with great ceremony at Cleveland, O., 
near the scene of the battle, to the memory of 
Com. Perry. — See Lifi of Perrij by A. S. 
Mackenzie. 

Perry, William Stevens, D.D. (Amh. 
Coll.), Pr.-Ep. clergvraan and author, b. Provi- 
dence, R.L, 1832."H.U. 18.54. Ord. deacon 
1857; priest 1858; settled at Geneva, N.Y. 
Author of " Hist. Sketch of the Mission. As- 
soc, of the Eastern Diocese of Ms," 1859; 
with F. L. Hawks, " Journals of the Gen. 
Conventions of the P. E. Ch.," vol. i 1861, to 
be completed in about 8 vols. ; " Bishops Sea- 
bury and Provost," 8vo, 1862; "Connection 
of the Ch. of Eng. with Early American Dis- 
covery and Colonization," 8vo, 1863 ; " Docu- 
mentary Annals of the Colonial Church," 4to, 
vol- i- (Connecticut) ; "Questions on the Life and 
Labors of the Great Apostle," 1868 ; " Church- 
man's Year-Book, &e., for 1870," 12ino, Hartf. 
Contrib. to the Hist. Mag. and other periodi- 
cals, and ed. of papers relating to the Hist, 
of Va. 1650-1776, 4to, 1870- 

Person, Thomas, Revol. patriot of N.C. 
He strenuously opposed the Stamp Act ; was 
a violent regulator; and, for his zeal for liber- 
ty, had liis estates ravaged by the Tories. Del- 
egate to the Prov. Assembly 1774-6, and to the 
convention that formed the State constitution 
in 1776 ; was app. a bris-.-gen. of militia, April, 
1776 ; and represented Granville Co. until 1814 
in the State senate. For his liberality to the 
university a hall was erected at Chapel Hill, 
which bears his name. A county of N.C. was 
named for him in 1791. — Wheeler. 

Person, William, 1793-1818 (entered of 
H.U. 1816), attracted attention by bis scholar- 
ship, and the fact of his parentage being a mys- 
tery even to himself. In 1820, D. L. Child pub. 
his "Life, Letters, and Poet, and Misc. Pieces." 
— AUihone. 

Peter, Robert, M.D., prof, of chemistry 



709 



FET 



in Transylv. U. (app. 1837), b. Lancaster, Coni- 
wall, Eng., 1805. Some years chemical assist. 
to the geol. survey of Ky. Author of " History 
of Lexington, Ky., and of Transylvania Uni- 
versity," 8vo, 1855, introductory to his course 
of lectures in the medical dept. of the U. Prof. 
P. was 2 years editor of the Transylv. Jour, of 
Med., &c. ; contrib. to the Western Lancet and 
other periodicals. — Allihove. 

Peters, Absalom, D.D. (Mid. Coll. 1833), 
Cong, clergyman and author, h. Wentvrorth, 
N.H., Sept: 19, 1793; d. New York, May 18, 
1869. Dartm. Coll. 1S16; Princeton "Sem. 
1819. Son of Gen. Absalom (D.C. 17S0), a 
descendant of Wm. of Boston, bro. of the noted 
Hugh Peters. In 1819 ho was a missionary iu 
Northern N.V. ; pastor of the First Church, 
Bennington, Vt., from July 4, 1820, to Dec. 
14, 1825; sec. of the Home Missionary Soc. 
until 1837, and editor of the Home Missionari/ 
and Pastor's Journal ; and in 1 838 began to edit 
the Amr-T. Bibliml Repository. Prof, of pastoral 
theol. and homiletics in theUnion Theol. Sem., 
N.Y., 1842^ ; pastor of the Fii-st Church, Wil- 
liamstown, Ms., in 1844-57. Here heoriginated 
and edited the Amer. Eclectic and the Amer. 
Journal of Education, afterward merged in that 
of Dr. Henry Barnard. When past 70, he pub. 
a vol. of poems. During his long life, he was 
never ill. Author of "A Plea for Voluntary 
Societies ; " " Sprinkling the only Mode of Bap- 
tism," &c. ; " Sermon against Ilorse-Raciug," 
1822; "Sacred Music," 1823; "Colleges, Re- 
ligious Institutions," 1851. 

Peters, Col. Andrew, Ecvol. officer ; d. 
Westborough, Ms., Feb. 1822, a. 80. Maj. 2d 
Ms. Rogt. 7 July, 1777; lieut.-col. 15th, 26 
Nov. 1779. 

Peters, or Peter, Hugh, clergyman and 
politician, b. Fowey, Cornwall, Eng., 1599; 
executed in Lond. Oct. 16, 1660. Trin. Coll., 
Camb., 1622. Took holy orders, and preached 
successftiUy for some time at St. Sepulchre's, 
Lend., but, after imprisonment for nonconform- 
ity, removed to Rotterdam. He preached to an 
independent cong. there several years; then 
came to N.E., arriving in Oct. 1635; became 
pastor, Dec. 21, 1636, of the church in Salem, as 
successor of Roger Williams, whose doctrines he 
disclaimed, and whose adhcrenis he excommu- 
nicated. He was also active in civil and mercan- 
tile affairs, suggesting coasting and foreign voy- 
ages and the plan of the fisheries. In Mar. 1638 
he was app. by the Gen. Court to assist in col- 
lecting and revising the colonial laws; Aug. 3, 
1641, he sailed to Eng. to procure an alteration 
in the laws of excise and trade ; had several in- 
terviews with Charles I. ; and probably influ- 
enced the passage of an act of parliament mod- 
ifying them in 1 643. He became a preacher in 
the parliamentary army, which he accomp. to 
Ireland in 1649, "holding, it is .<aid, a colonel's 
commission. In 1651 he was app. by parlia- 
ment one of the commiss. to amend the laws; 
and in 1654 was made one of the " ti-ycrs" of 
ministers; in 1658 he preached for some time 
to the Eng. ganison in Dunkirk. Alter the 
n, Peters was committed to the To' 



and indicted for high treason, as having been 
concerned in the death of the king. During his 
imprisonment he wrote several letters of advice 



to his daughter, subsequently (1717) pub. un- 
der the title of " A Dying Father's Last Legacy 
to an Only Child." His private character has 
been the subject of much discussion both in 
Eng. and Amer. He was charged by his ene- 
mies with gross immorality, and the most bit- 
ter epithets were applied to him by Bishops 
Burnet, Kenneth, and others; but of late years 
he has been estimated more favorably. Author 
of "Good Work for a Good Magistrate," 1651 
(in which he recommends burning the histori- 
cal records in the Tower) ; and some sermons 
and political tracts. 

Peters, Hugh, poet, b. Hebron, Ct., Jan. 
30, 1807; d. Cincinnati, 0., June 9, 1831. 
Y.C. 1826. Son of Judge John T. Adm. to 
the bar in 1828, he began practice at Ciucin. 
Among his contribs. to the N. E. Wtetdy Re- 
view were a scries of Yankee lyrics of much 
merit. — .See Everest's Poets of Ct., and Cvgges- 
hall's Poets ond Poetry of the West. 

Peters, John Charles, M.D., physician, 
b. New York, July 6, 1819. He commenced 
the study of homoeopathy in 1837, and, visiting 
Europe in 1 842, continued it in the schools of 
Leipsic, Berlin, and Vienna. Commencing 
practice in New York as a homoeopathist, he 
has endeavored to incorporate into that system 
such improvements in medical practice as aus- 
cultation and percussion, microscopy, the use 
of the ophthalmoseoije, pathological anatomy 
and chemistry, &c. Author of "Diseases of 
the Head," 1850; "Diseases of Females," 
1854; "Diseases of the Eyes," 1855; "Apo- 
plexy," 1 853 ; " Nervous Derangement and 
Mental Disorders," 1 854 ; " Asiatic Cholera," 
1867. With Dr. Witherspoon, he translated 
Rokitansky 's " Pathological Anatomy," 1 849 ; 
and, with Dr. Snelling and others, pub. a " Ma- 
teria Medica," 1856-60. He has also edited 
the N. A . Jour, of Homaopathy. He was one 
of the founders of the N. Y. Path. Soc. ; and in 
1859 was elected pres. of the Coll. of Med. 
Sciences, and prof, of materia medica and 
therapeutics. — Appletrm. 

Peters, John Thompson, jurist, b. Hebron, 
Ct., 11 Oct. 1765; d. Hartford, 28 Aug. 1834. 
Y. C. 1789. Established himself in the prac- 
tice of law in Hebron in 1786; app. coll. of rev- 
enue 1st dist. 1813; judge Sup. Court, May, 
1818. 

Peters, Richard, D.D., b. Liverpool, 
Eng., 1704 ; d. Phila. July 10, 1776. He came 
to America in 17-35; was in 1735-7 pastor of 
Christ Church, Phila. ; Oct. 26, 1737, became 
proprietary sec. ; in Feb. 1743 provincial sec, 
and clerk of the council ; and in May, 1 749, 
member of theProv. Council; Jan. 2, 1762, he 
resigned his civil offices, and was rector of St. 
Peter's Dec. 1762-Sept. 1 775. He pnb. a Serm. 
on Education, 1751. — Dorr's Christ Church. 

Peters, Richard, jurist and agriculturist, 
nephew of the preceding, b. Blockley, near 
Phila., Aug. 22, 1744; d. there Aug. 21, 1828. 
Phila. Coll. He obtained early and consider- 
able success in the legal profession ; spoke Ger- 
man fluently ; and was disting. for nit and 
humor. At the commencement of the Revol. 
he became capt. of a company of vols., but was 
soon transferred by Congress to the board of 
war, of which he was sec. June 13, 1776-Dcc. 



710 



PET 



,V'-< 



1781 ; member Old Congress 1T82-3; and from 
1789 to his death was U.S. dist. judge of Pa. 
First pres. of the company who built the per- 
manent bridge over the Schuylkill at Phila; 
and to him the country is also indebted for in- 
troducing the use of gypsum into agric, he 
having in 1797 pub. a relation of his experi- 
ments with it on his own farm. Pres. of the 
Phila. Agric. Soc, and enriched its memoirs 
with many valuable con tribs. Author of " Ad- 
miralty ])ecisions in the U.S. Dist. Court of 
Pa." "(1780-1807), 2 vols. 8vo, 1807. (S^e 
.SIcelch of his Life hy Sand. Bred;, Esq.) His 
son Ricn.\RD, jun., succeeded Henry Wheaton 
as reporter U.S. Sup. Court. He has pub. 
"Reports U.S. Circuit Ct., .3d Cir., 1803- 
18," 8vo, 1819 ; "Reports U.S. Supreme Ct." 
1828-43,17 vols. 8vo ; "Condensed Reports 
of Cases U.S. Sup. Ct. to 1827," 6 vols. Svo, 
1835; "Digest of Cases U.S. Sup. Circuit, 
and Dist. Cts., to 1847," 2 vols. 8vo, 1848 and 
1855; "Case of the Cherokee Nation against 
the State of Ga.," Svo, 1831 ; editor of " Cliit- 
ty on Bills," 1819; and Washington's "Cir- 
cuit Ct. Reports, 3d Circuit, 180.3-27," 4 vols. 
Svo, 1826-9. 

Peters, Samuel Andrew, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman and author, b. Hebron, Ct., Dec. 12, 
1735; d. N.Y. Apr. 19, 1826. Y.C. 1757. 
He travelled in Europe in 1758-9. Becan)e a 
Pr.-Epis. clergyman, and in 1762 took charge 
of the churches of Hebron and Hartford. His 
imprudence and loyalty involved him in con- 
stant trouble ; and probably no clergyman of 
his time was more obnoxious. Being a Tory, 
he was forced in 1774 to flee to Eng., where 
he pub. in 1781 " A General History of Con- 
necticut," which has been called the " most un- 
scrupulous and malicious ot tying narratives." 
Its narrations are inde])endcnt of time, place, 
and probability. In 1 794 he was chosen bishop 
of Vt., but was never consec. In 1805 he re- 
turned to Amer., and pub. in N.Y. a " History 
of Rev. Hugh Peters," his great-uncle, in 1807, 
and also a brief history of llelirun. In 1817 
he made a journey to the Falls of St. Anthony, 
claiming a large tract of lainl in that region. 
He afterward lived in N.Y. City in poverty and 
obscurity, though he obtained a pension and a 
grant for property confiscated by the patriots. 
He is the "Parson Peter" of Trumbull's 
" M'Fingal." 

Petersen, John Eric Christian, ma- 
rine painter, b. Copenhagen, Denmark, 3 April, 
1839. Studied law in the U. of Copenhagen in 
1859, and afterward learned the art of painting 
at the Roy. Acad, of Copenhagen, and with 
Malbye and Dahl ; served as an oflicer of 
Danish inf in the war with Prussia and Aus- 
tria in 1864 ; arrived in the U.S. 29 July, 1865, 
and has a studio in Boston. Among his best 
pictures are " The Start of the Ocean Race of 
1866 from Sandy Hook," "Phantom Ship," 
" Rescue," " Egg Rock," " Making Sail after 
the Gale." " Capture of the Pirate," and the 
yacht " Dreadnaught." Mr. Petersen visited 
Ihe W. Indies during the hurricane season of 
1867-8, of which he made many graphic 
sketches. 

Peterson, Charles J., of Phila., co.-edi- 
tor with Mrs. Ann S. Stephens of Peterson's 



ilnrjazine. Author of " Military Heroes of the 
Rcvol.," Svo, 1847; "Military Heroes of the 
War of 1812 and the Mexican War," 1848; 
"Naval Heroes of the U.S.," 18.50; "Cruis- 
ing in the Last War," 1849 ; " Grace Dudley ; " 
"Kate Aviesford;" "TheVallcv Farm;" 
"Mabel; ""The Old Stone Mansion," &c. ; 
"Continuation from 1840 to 1856 of Von 
Rotteck's History of the World." Contrib. to 
magazines and newspapers. — Allibone. 

Peterson, Henry, b. Phila. 1818; was a 
short time editor of Neal's Gazette, and since 
1846 editor and co-proprietor of the Phila. Sat. 
Even. Post. Author of " The Twin-Brothers," 
1843; Poems, 12mo, \86i. — Allllmne. 

Petigru, James Louis, LL.D. (H.U. 
1837), lawver, b. Abbeville Dist., S.C, 1789; 
d. Charleston, Mar. 9, 1863. S.C. Coll. 1809. 
He was of mixed Irish and Huguenot descent. 
Adm. to the bar, he attained distinc. as a coun- 
try lawyer, and subiieqncntly at the Charles- 
Ion bill': ntiv.-gen. of S C. 1822-30. During 
the nnllilica'tion tronl.les of 18.30-2 he vigor- 



scd the 



rine of 



the Stale veto, and became a leader in the 
Union and State-rights party, upon whose 
defeat, be, from being one of the most popular 
men in the Slate, became an object of dislike. 
His virtues, and his unquestioned talent and 
ability as an advocate, nevertheless secured him 
the respect of the community in which he lived ; 
and he held his prominence at the bar with 
scarcely a rival. He was subsequently for a 
brief period U.S. dist.-atty., which subjected 
him further to public odium. He also served 
in the State legisl., and in 1861 was a commiss. 
for codifying the laws and statutes of S.C. He 
opposed almost singly the secession movement 
in S.C. in 1860, though too old to take an 
active jiart in political controversies, remain- 
ing unshaken in bis convictions to the hour of 
his death. Pres. S. C. Hist. Soc. Author of 
" Semi-Centenn. Oration," S.C. Coll., 1855; 
"Address bef. the S. C. Hist. Soc," 1858.— 
See Bloq. Skttch by IF. J. Grayson, I2mo, 1S66. 
Petion, Anne Alexander Saels, fust 
pres. of Ihe rcpnb. ol Ilayti, b. Port au Prince, 
Apr. 2, 1770; d. 29 Mar. 1818. Son of a rich 
colonist named Sabes by a free mulatto woman. 
Liberally educated at the military school of 
Paris. When the Revol. broke out at St. 
Domingo, he was one of the first who took 
arms ; was soon made an officer of art. ; and 
obtained the rank of :ulj.-frcn. He joined 
Rigaud, a man of color like liimsclf, in oppos- 
ing the projects of Toussaint L'Ouverture; 
and, being unsuccessful, embarked for France, 
but returned with Gen. Leclerc, under whom 
Petion beld a colonel's commission. The vio- 
lent measures adopted by Lecleic and his suc- 
cessor Rochambeau indiiccil Pciion to quit the 
French service, and, forming a union with 
Des.salincs, to declaic war afjaiiist the French, 
whom th. y at length expelled. Assisted by 
the English, they succeecded in establishing the 
it-dcp. of Hayti in 1804. Petion obtained 
the govt, of the western dist. of which Port au 
Prince was the capital, Dessalines becoming 
chief of the republic. Christophe, his successor, 
bebavin;: in a tyrannical manner, was obliged 
to submit to a partiiioQ of his domains. All 



PET 



711 



the soutliern and western part of the i^lanJ 
acknovvled};ed the authority of the senate, by 
whom Petioo was elected pres. Jan. 27, 1S07. 
A civil war took place between the rivals; but 
I'etion retained his office, in spite of all oppo- 
sition, till his death. He was a skilful general, 
a humane and just ruler. 

PetO, Sir Samuel Morton, an English 
engineer and contractor, b. Surrey, Eng., 1809. 
He constructed the Grand Trunk Railway, 
Canada, with the tubular bridge near Montreal, 
and several railways in Europe. In 1859 he 
was returned to parliament from Finsbury. 
After visiting the U.S. in 1865, he pub. " The 
Resources and Prospects of America," 1866. 

Pettengill, Amos, b. Salem, N.H., Aug. 9, 
1780; d. Salem Bridge, Ct., Aug. 17, 1S30. 
H.U. 1805. Minister in Champlain, N.Y., from 
Julv 9, 1807, to 1812; of Litchfield, Ct., from 
Apr. 14, 1816, to Jan. 9, 1822; and of Salem 
from Jan. 1, 182.3, to his d. As a teacher, and 
in other ways, he aided the cause of education. 
He pub. a view of the heavens, for schools, 
1826; a rotary celestial map; "The Spirit of 
Methodism," 1829; and some discourses. A 
Memoir of him, by L. Hart, was pub. by the 
Mass. S. S. Society. 

Pettigrew, Charles, first Prot.-Epis. 
bishop of N.C. ; d. 1807 at Bonarva, on Lake 
Scuppernong, where he settled in 1794. His 
father, originally of a Scottish family, came 
from Co. Tyrone, Ireland, to Pa., and finally 
settled in N.C. Charles became a teacher at 
Edenti.n in 1773 ; was ord. in the Prot.-Epis. 
Church at Lond. in 1775 ; and ra. Mary, dau. 
of Col. John Blount. In May, 1794, at a conv. 
held at I'arborough, he was elected bishop. 
He took a leading part in establishing the U. 
of N.C. His only son Ebenezer was M.G. 
Irom Edenton dist. in 1835-7. 

Pettit, CoL. Charles, Revol. patriot; d. 
Phila. Sept. 4, 1806, a. 69. Having practised 
law with reputation, he became sec. of N. J. 
under Gov. Franklin, and continued in that 
office under Gov. Livingston until called by 
Gen. Greene to the post of assist, qmr.-gcn. 
Conspicuous in this position for industry and 
intelligence, he was tendered, upon the resigna- 
tion of Greene, the succession to the important 
trust of quartermaster-gen. ; but he declined. 
At the peace he became a merchant in Phila. 
Was the author of the funding system of Pa. 
while a member of its legisl. ; a delegate to 
Congress from 1785 to 1787; and a powerful 
advocate, at the general conference at Harris- 
burg, for the adoption of the Federal Consti- 

Pettit, Thomas McKean, judge, 1797- 
1853. Member Pa. legisl. 1830; assoc. judge 



Discourse bef. the Philomath. Soc. of the U. 
of Pa. 1836 ; " Memoirs of Roberts Vaux." 

Pettus, John J., brig.-gen. C.S.A. ; killed 
at the battle of Peach-troe Creek, Ga., July 
20, 1864 ; gov. of Mpi. 1860-2. 

Peyton, John Lewis, b. Augusta Co., Va., 
1825; went to Eng. in 1861 as an agent of 
N.C, and still (1871) resides there. Author 
of " Trade of China and the Indian Islands," 
8vo, 1854 ; " Statistical View of Illinois," 8vo, 



1854; " The American Crisis," &c., 2 vols. 
8vo, Lond. 1867 ; " Adventures of my Grand- 
father, by Col. J. L. P., late chief of statT to 
Gen. Douglass B. Layne of Va.," 8vo, 1867. — 
Atlibone. 

Pfeifer, Carl, architect, b. Brunswick, 
Germany, 1834 ; came to the U.S. in 1850, and 
pursued his profession in Ohio and in the West, 
and in 1864 established himself in N.Y. City, 
where he has attained high reputation. Among 
his works are the Church of the Slessiah, the 
Roosevelt Hospital, and the Barroda mansion. 
His plans for the N.Y. Hospital and other pub- 
lic city buildings have recentlv been accepted. — 
Thomas. 

Phelps, Almira Hart Lincoln, teacher 
and author, b. Berlin, Ct., 1793. Her father, 
Samuel Hart, was descended from Rev. Thomas 
Hooker. She was educated chiefly by her sis- 
ter Emma (Willard); taught school in her 
father's house at 19, and soon after took charge 
of the Sandy-hill (N.Y.) Female Acad. In 
1817 she ra. Simeon Lincoln, editor of the Cl. 
Mirror, who died in 1 823. She soon after became 
associated with her elder sister. Mis. Emma 
Willard, in the direction of the female scm. at 
Trov, N.Y., until in 1831 she m. Hon. John 
Pheips of Vt. In 1838 she took charge of a 
sem. at West Chester, Pa., and afterwards 
taught in Rahway, N.J. ; in 1841 Mr. and Mrs. 
Phelps took charge of the Patapsco Institute, 
which after her husband's death, in 1848, she 
conducted alone till 1856. She has since resid- 
ed in Baltimore, and at one time edited the 
Patapsco Magazine. She pub. " Familiar 
Lecture on Botany," 1829, revised andenlartred 
1861; "Dictionary of Chemi5try," 1830; 
" Botany for Beginners," 1831 ; " Geology for 
Beginners," 1832 ; " Female Student, or Fire- 
side Friend," 1833; "Caroline Westerley," 
1833; "Lectures to Young Ladies," &c., 1833; 
" Chemistry for Beginners," 18';4; "Progres- 
sive Education," translated from the French, 
1834 ; " Lectures on Natural Philosophy," 1835; 
" Lectures on Chemistry," 1 837 and 1 857 ; " Nat- 
ural Philosophy for Beginners," 1837 ; " Ada 
Norman," 1854; "Hours with my Pupils," 
1859 ; and " Christian Households," 1860. 

Phelps, Anson Greene, a wealthy and 
philanthropic merchant of New York, b.'Sims- 
bury, Ct., March, 1781 ; d. New York, Nov. 30, 
1853. He learned the trade of a saddler; was 
a merchant in Hartford until 1815, when he 
removed to N.Y. City, where he passed the re- 
mainder of his life, engaged in the business of 
a merchant in tin plate and heavy metals. Por- 
tions of his annual accumulations were sys- 
tematically devoted to the relief of the needy 
and to various objects of Christian charity. 
His will contained bequests, to different chari- 
table institutions, amounting to $371,000; 
SlOO.OOOeach to the Bible Society, the Board 
ofCommissionersfor Foreign Missions, and the 
Home Missionary Society. Pres. of the N.Y. 
Blind Asylum, tlie A. B. C. F. M., and the N.Y. 
branch of the Colonization Society. 

Phelps, Adstin, D.D., b. West Brookfield, 
Ms., Jan. 7, 1820. U. of Pa. 1837. Ord. pas- 
tor of the Pine-st. Cong. Church, Boston, 1842 ; 
since 1848 Bartlett prof, of sacred rhetoric in 
And. Thcol. Seminary. Author of " The Still 



712 



-x4= 



Hour," 1859; with Dr. Park and Lowell Ma- 
son, "The Sabbath Hymn-Book," "Sabbath 
Hymn and Tune Book," " Sabb. Tune-Book," 
" bahbath-school Hymn and Tune Book ; " 
" Hymns and Choirs,*' 1 860 ; " The New Birth," 
lS67. — Ainbone. 

Phelps, Elizabeth (Stuart), writer, b. 
Andover, Ms., Aug. 13, 18r5; d. there Nov. 
30, 1852. Dau. of Prof. Moses Stuart. In 
1842 she was married to Rev. Austin Phelps. 
She wrote " The Sunny Side ; " " The ffitty 
Brown" series, 4 vols. 1849; "Peep at Num- 
ber Five ; " " Tell-Tale ; " " Angel over the Eight 
Shoulder;" and "The Last Leaf from Sunny- 
Side." Her dau., Elizabeth Stuart, is au- 
thor of "Ellen's Idol," 1864; "Up Hill," 1865; 
"Tiny," 1866; "Mercy Gliddon's Work," 
1866; "Gypsy Series," 1867; " Tiny's Sun- 
day Night," 'l867; "I Don't Know How," 
1867 ; " Gates Ajar," 1868, a remarkably suc- 
cessful production ; " Hedged In ; " " Men, 
Women, and Ghosts," 1869 ; and " The Silent 
Partner," 1870. Contrib. to Our Yming Folks, 
Ix. — Allibone. 
1 yi Phelps, Gen. John WoLCOTT.b. Guilford, 
.-(>, T I vt., Nov. 1.3, 18I3.._^We3tPoint, 1836. Enter- 
'^ 1 1 ' S" '"5 '''6 ■*''' ^'^■' ^^ sci-ved in Fla. : was made 
- , ' * 1st lieut. July 7, 1838 ; declined the brev. of 

capt. for gallantry at Contreras and Churubus- 
co ; capt. 31 Mar. 1850, wliile member of a 
board for preparing a system of heavy-artillery 
instruction, whieh was formed at his sugges- 
tion ; com. at Eort Brown, Texas, and broke 
up a large filibuster exped. against Mexico and 
Cuba; and served in the Utah exped., but re- 
signed Nov. 2, 1859; while residing at Brattle- 
borough, Vt., he became (2 May, 1861) col. 
1st Vt. Vols. He established and long com. 
the intrenched camp at Newport News; was 
made a brig.-gen. May 17, 1861 ; was attached 
to Gen. Butler's exped. to N. Orleans ; landed 
at Ship Island, Mpi., Dec. 4, and issued a proc- 
lamation hostile to slaveiy, which was at once 
disavowed by Gen. Butler. Gen. Phelps en- 
listed and disciplined tin l':-i n li -mMIm^, 
bntwas ordered by Gcii I' i ' : : ■ in i!i.' 

project, and employ till It I : i I 

similar labors ; andn-i,' : A:_ l' 1 , |:-i,l'. 
and retunicd to Brattleliorinmh. Vice-pres. 
Vt. Hist. Soc. since 1863. 

Phelps, Oliver, a man of extraordinary 
enterprise, b. Windsor, Ct., 1749; d. Canan- 
daigua, N.Y., Feb. 21, 1809. He received a 
mercantile education at Sufificld, Ct. ; engaged in 
business in Granville, Ms., with great success ; 
and during the Revol. was in the commiss. 
dept. of Ms. In 1 788, he, with Nathl. Gorham, 
purchased of the State of Ms. a tract of 2,200,- 
000 acres of land in the Genesee country, 
N.Y., now comprised in the extensive counties 
of Ontario and Steuben. He opened in Canan- 
daigua the first land-oSice in America ; and his 
system of survey by townships and ranges 
became the model for all subsequent surveys. 
In 1795, Phelps, with Wm. Hart and their asso- 
ciates, bought of this State the tract of land in 
Oliio called the Western Reserve, comprising 
3,300,000 acres. He afterwards removed to 
Canandaigua, N.Y. ; represented that dist. in 
Congress in 1 803-5 ; and was a judge of the 
Circuit Court. 



Phelps, Samuel Shethar, jurist and 
statesman, b. Litchfield, Ct., May 13, 1793; d. 
Middlcbury, Vt., Mar. 25, 1855. Y.C. 1811. 
Son of Capt. John, a Revol. soldier. He was 
a paymaster in the army at Plattsburg late in 
1814J and after the war settled as a lawyer in 
Middlebury. Member of the Council of Cen- 
sors in 1827, and author of the address by that 
body ; member of the legislative council in 1 83 1 ; 
judge of the Sup. Court of Vt. in 1831-8 ; and 
U.S. senator 1839-51 and 1853-4. His speeches 
in the senate on the Clayton Compromise Bill, 
and on the Vt. Antislavery Resolutions, a^ 
traded much attention. He had a high repu- 
tation as a jurist and advocate. A biog. notice 
is in Whig iicriew, xii. 93. 

Phelps, Sylvanus Dryden, D.D. (Madis. 
Coll. 1854), b. Suffield, Ct., 1816. Brown U. 
1844. Pastor 1st Bapt. Church, New Haven, 
since Jan. 21, 1846. Author of " Eloquence 
of Nature, and other Poems," 1842; "Sun- 
light and Heartlight, and other Poems," 1856; 
"Holy Land, a Year's Tour," 1863; "The 
Poet's Song for the Heart and the Home," 
1867; " Bible Lands," &c., 1869. Also poems 
and sermons in pamphlet form ; " Introd. to 
Life and Times of Bunyan," 8vo, 1855; and 
articles in periodicals. — AlUbone. 

Philes, George P., linguist, bibliographer, 
and scholar, b. Ithaca, N. Y., 15 Apr. 1828. 
Educated at Ithaca Acad. Has resided in N.Y. 
City since 1854, engaged as a bookseller and 
publisher. In 1857 he m. Emilena L., dau. of 
Martin Sanders of Cortland, N.Y. M.A. of 
Dartm. Coll. 1858. Contrib. to lit. journals 
under the pscudonyme of " Patilus Silentiarius ; " 
cditi.l "Til.- I'liil.ihiblion," 2 vols. 4to, N.Y. 
IM -' "■: ■' : ■ ' in preparing the "i};W..i4;nCT-. 
r. / .!, I I., llrnry Harrisse),N.Y., Geo. 

P, liii . -. i ■ ■ , inip. 8vo and 4to; edited "The 
xv.i. or Dialogues of Kreeshna and 



Bli 



' &c., 8vo. 1867, 



I reprint in black- 



>ttcr of the " Proverbes, or Adagies," &e., from 
El asmns, by Rycharde Tauerner, London, 
I'-n, \.V.'lS67, 8vo. We believe he is now 
. 1 i 111 ]ireparing a " Dictionary of Anony- 

!!: 1 INeudonymous Eng. and Amer. Au- 

I ■, \Mili Hist, and Critical Notes." 

Philip, King (Metaco.v), S.achem of Po- 
kanoket. Youngest son of Massasoit, and the 
successor in 1662 of his bro. Alexander; killed 
Aug. 12, 1676. In 1662 he promised at Plym- 
outh to continue in friendship with the English, 
and not to dispose of any of his territory with- 
out giving notice; in 1671, in consequence of 
rumors of a plot ag.ainst the colonists and the 
occurrence of several murders, a new agree- 
ment was finally entered into, by which Philip 
admitted the superiority of the Plymouth govt. 
The Indians were, however, required to give up 
their arms, — a measure which soon produced 
unfavorable results. In 1675, Sassamon, a con- 
verted Indian, who had informed the Colony 
that hostile preparations were going on, was 
killed. His murderers were tried, convicted, 
and executed ; and in revenge the Indians mur- 
dered 8 or 9 white men. The war that ensued 
was of a most harassing character ; the Indiana 
avoiding the whites in the field, but rapidly 
passing from one exposed point to another, 
burning villages, cutting off detached parties by 



713 



ambuscade, and shooting down all who ven- 
tured outside of the places of protection. Philip 
formed an alliance with the powerful Narrasran- 
setts ; but an expedition under Winslow in Dec. 
1675 resulted in the complete subjugation of 
that tribe. This blow, and the complete de- 
struction of his own tribe, soon left Philip with- 
out resources. Deserted by all, he was hunted 
from spot to spot ; and at last, taking refuge at 
Mount Hope, was there attacked by a party 
under Capt. Church, and was killed by an In- 
dian while attempting to flee. In this war 13 
towns were destroyed ; many others suffered se- 
verely ; and 600 colonists were slain. Philip 
was brave, crafty, and politic ; had great influ- 
ence over the neighbormg tribes ; and was im- 
placable in his hatred of the colonists. 

Philipps, Gen. Rich.^rd, gov. Nova Sco- 
tia 1717-49, b. 1661 ; d. 1751. He joined the 
army of William of Orange as capt. ; was at 
the battle of the Boyne ia 1690; and was made 
lieut.-col. in 1712. He was in Nova Scotia in 
1720-31, and was an active and intelligent offi- 
cer. He was, at his death, col. 38th Regt. 

Philleo, C.VLV1S W , novelist, b. Vernon, 
N.Y., June 14, 1822; d. Suflield, Ct., June 30, 
1858. A lawyer at Snffield from 1 847 to his d. 
During the last 5 years of his Ufe he was a 
contrib. to Graham's, Putnam's, Harper's, and 
the Atlanlk magazines. 

Phillips, Adelaide, vocalist, b. Stratford- 
on-Avon, Eng., 1833. Made her debut Sept. 
25, 1843, at the Boston Museum, as Little 
Pickle ; at the Walnut-street Theatre, Phila., 
July 17, 1846, as Rosa in "John of Paris;" 
and was long a great favorite, and a usefiil 
member of the Boston Museum Company. 
Possessing a remarkable contralto voice, she 
resolved upon its cultivation, and was trained 
in Italy in 1852-4, making a successful de'but 
at the Carcano, Milan, Dec. 17, 1854, in the 
"Barber of Seville." In Oct. 1855 she app. in 
concert at the Music Hall, Boston ; first app. in 
opera at the N.Y. Academy, Mar. 17, 1856, as 
Azuceni in " II Trovatore," — a part in which 
she is unrivalled, and which she played at the 
Italian Opera House in Paris in October, 1861. 
She sang at the great Peace Jubilee in Boston 
in June, 1869. 

Phillips, George, first minister of Water- 
town, Ms., from July 30, 1630, to hisd. July 1, 
1644; b. Rainham, Norfolk Co., Eng., 1593. 
U. of Cambridge 1613 and 1617. Settled at 
Boxted, Essex Co., Eng. ; but became a non- 
conformist, and came to N. E. in June, 1630. 
He was a learned scholar, and an able disputant. 
His work on " Infant-Baptism " was pub. 
1645. — Mather's Mat/iialia. 

PhUlips, Hexry, Jun., numismatist. 
Member of the Phila. bar. Author of " Histo- 
ry of the Paper-Moncv of Pa.," 8vo, 1862 ; 
"N. Jersey Bills of Credit, 172-3-86," 8vo, 
1863; " Paper -Currency of the Colonies," 
1863-6, 2 vols. 4to ; " Early Currency of Mary- 
land," 1867 ; " Medicine and Astrologf ," 8vo, 
1867; "Pleasures of Numismatic Science," 
8vo, 1867. — AUUione. 

Phillips, Col. John ; d. Charlestown, Ms., 
Mar. 20, 1726, a. 93 yrs. 9 mo. He was judge 
of the Admiralty Court ; treas. of the province ; 
col. of the regt. 1689-1715; a justice of the 



C. C. P. ; one of the council 1689-1716; and 
rem-es. 1683-6. — Savar/e. 

Phillips, John, LL.D., merchant and 
philanthropist, b. Andover, Ms., Dec. 27, 1719 ; 
d. Exeter, N.H., Apr. 21, 1795. H. U. 1735. 
Son of Rev. Samuel of Andover. He studied 
theology and preached for a time, but subse- 
quently became a merchant ; and was for some 
years a member of the council of N.H. He en- 
dowed a professorship in Dartm. Coll. ; contrib. 
liberally also to N. J. Coll. April 21, 1778, he, 
with Ills bro. Samuel, founded Phillips Acad, at 
Andover, giving to it S31,000, beside a third in- 
terest in his estate ; and in 1 781 founded Phillips 
Acad., Exeter, to which he gave $134,000. 

Phillips, John, first mayor of Boston, 
1822-3, b. Boston, Nov. 26, 1770 ; d. there May 
29, 1823. H. U. 1788. Nephew of Lieut.-Gov. 
William. Studied law, and at an early age 
was app. atty. for Sufiblk Co. During the last 
20 years of his life he was a member of the 
State senate, and 1813-23 its pres. ; in 1809 
he became a judge of C. C. P. ; member of the 
State Const. Conv. in 1820. 

Phillips, Philip, vocalist and musical 
composer, b. Chantauqua Co., N.Y., 13 Aug. 
1834. His youth was spent on a farm ; his 
leisure he devoted to music, completing his 
studies under Lowell Mason. He has since 
given sacred concerts in all parts of the U.S. 
App. in 1866 musical editor of the Meth. Book 
Concern, N.Y. ; visiting Europe in 1869, he 
sang in the principal cities there. Among his 
most popular works are "Musical Leaves," 
" Singing Pilgrim," " An Offering of Praise," 
and " New Standard Singer." 

PhiUips, Samuel, Jun., LL.D., b. N. An- 
dover, Ms., Feb. 7, 1752; d. Andover, Feb. 10, 
1802. H.U. 1771. Grandson of Rev. Samuel 
(H. U. 1708), minister of Audover (17 Oct. 
1710 to his d. 5 June, 1771 ; b. Salem, 28 Feb. 
1690). Son of Samuel, a councillor of state, 
who d. July 21, 1790, a. 76. He was 4 years a 
member of the Ms. Prov. Cong., and one of its 
best speakers ; a member of the Const. Conv. 
of 1779 ; a State senator for 20 years following 
the adoption of the constitution, and 15 years 
pres. of that body ; a judge, of the C. C. P. 
(1781-98); coramiss. of the State in Shays's 
Insurrection ; and lieut.-gov. at the time of his 
death. He was also much engaged in agric, 
manuf., and mercantile pursuits. He planned 
and organized at Andover the first incorporated 
academy in the State, and one of the first in the 
country, gave it some lands, and procured 
endowments for it from his father, uncles, 
and cousin, to the amount of S85,000. At his 
death he left to the town of Andover a fund of 
S5,000, the income to be applied to the cause 
of education. He was a founder of the Amer. 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences of Boston. 

Phillips, Stephen Clarendon, philan- 
thropist, b. Salem, Nov. 4, 1801 ; lost by the 
burning of " The Montreal " on the River St. 
Lawence, June 26, 1857. H.U. 1819. He be- 
gan to stud^ law, but became a merchant ; mem- 
ber legisl. in 1824-9; senator in 1830; again 
a representative in 1832 and '33; M.C. 1834- 
8; mayor of Salem Dec. 1838-March, 1842; 
and upon his voluntary retirement devoted the 
whole of his salary as mayor to the public 



714 



schools of the city. la 1848 und '49 he was 
the Free-soil candidate for gov. He dis- 
charged several State and private trusts with 
ability, sagacity, and integrity ; and was many 
years a meralier of the State Board of Educa- 
tion. Author of " The Sunday-school Service- 
Book." 

Phillips, Wendell, orator and reformer, 
h. Boston. Nov. 29, 1811. H.U. 1831 ; Camb. 
Law School, 1833. Son of John, first mayor 
of Bo.ston. Adin. to the Suffolk bar in 1834. 
The af;it;itiun of the slavery question was at 
tills tluic at its height; and Mr. Phillips joined 
the abolitionists in 1836, relinquishing profes- 
sional jiractice in 1839 from unwillingness to 
act under his attorney's oath to the Constitu- 
tion of the U.S. His first memorable speech 
was made in Faneuil Hall in Dec. 1837, at a 
meeting " to notice in a suitable manner the 
murder, in the city of Alton, III., of the Rev. 
Elijah P. Lovejoy, who fell in defence of the 
freedom of the press." At a moment when 
the purpose of the meeting seemed likely to be 
defeated, and its resolutions rejected, by the 
opposition of Atty.-Gen. Austin, Mr. Phillips, 
who was among the audience, in an outliurst 
of indignant eloquence at once rebuked Mr. 
Austin for the sentiments he had uttered, and 
secured the passage of the resolutions. He 
was a prominent advocate of the doctrines of 
the Garrisonian abolitionists, who, believing 
the Constitution of the U.S. to be an immoral 
compact between freedom and slavery, refused 
it support, abstained from voting, and labored 
for the dissolution of the Union as the best 
means of freeing the slaves. Mr. Phillips is 
no%v identified with the progress of the temper- 
ance, labor-reform, and woman's-rights move- 
ments. He is a frequent public lecturer, and as 
an orator ranks among the very foremost 
America has produced. Pres. of the Amer. 
Antislavery Sac. from 1865 until its dissolution, 
9 Apiil, 1870; candidate of the Labor-reform 

Earty for gov. of Ms. in 1870. His Speeches, 
lectures, and Letters were pub. Boston, 1863 ; 
" The Constitution a Proslavery Compact," 
8vo, 1844; "Can Abolitionists Vote or Take 
Officer' 1845 ; " Review of Spooner's Uncon- 
stitutionality of Slaverv,"8vo, 1847; "Review 
of Webster's 7th-of- March Speech," 1850; 
"Review of Kossuth's Course," 1851; "De- 
fence of the Antislavery Movement," 8vo, 
1853; "Addresses," 8vo, 1859. He has con- 
trib. largely to the Liberator and to the Anti- 
slaveri/ Standard. 

Phillips, WiLLARD, LL.D., A.A.S., law- 
yer and author, b. Bridgewater, Ms., Dec. 19, 
1784. H.U. 1810; tutor there 1810-15. He 
procured the means for his own education by 
teaching. He then began the practice of law 
in Boston, and at the same time assisted in the 
editorshipof the N.A. Review, to which he was, 
until 1834, a contrib. In 1825 and '26 he was a 
member of the State legisl. He gave up prac- 
tice in 1 845 ; was judge of probate for Sutifblk 
Co. in 1839-47 ; and has been pres. of the 
N.E. Mutual Life Insurance Co. since 1843 ; in 
1837-41 he was one of the commiss. who 
reduced the law of crimes and punishments to 
a systematic code. He pub. in 1 8 1 2 a pamphlet 
entitled "An Appeal to the Public Spirit of 



the Federalists and the Good Sense of the 
Democrats ; " " Treatise on Insurance," 1823, 
5th edition, 2 vols. 8vo, 1868; "Treatise on 
Patents," 1837; "Inventor's Guide," 1837; 
"A Manual of Political Economy," 1828; 
"Propositions concerning Protection and Free 
Trade," 1850. He wrote, among other articles 
for the " Encyclopaedia Americana," one on 
" Political Economy," and in 1832 pub. a digest 
of the first 8 vols, of Pickering's " Reports." 
With Edward Pickering he edited the first 
Amer. edition of " Collyer on Partnership." 
In 1812 he was a contrib. to the Gen, Repository 
and Ri view, and forsome years edited.and pub. 
the American Juiist. 

Phillips, William, a British gen. ; d. 
Petersburg, Va., May 13, 1781. App. capt. 
of art. May, 1756; brev. lieut.-col. 1760; col. 
May 25, 1772; and maj.-gen. in June, 1776, in 
Burgoyne's exped. He served with credit in 
Germany; was taken prisoner with Burgoyne 
in Oct. 1777; exchanged in Nov. 1779; and 
was actively engaged at the South until his 
death. In the spring of 1781 he was sent from 
New York with 2,000 men to join Arnold, then 
at the Chesapeake. After a biief career of 
devastation in Va., he was carried oft' by a fever. 
He was haughty and irritable, and held the 
Americans in great contempt. 

Phillips, William, lieut.-gov. of Ms. 
1812-23, b. Boston, Apr. 10, 1750; d. May 26, 
1827. Son of Wm., a benefactor of Andovcr 
Sem., who d. Jan. 15, 1804, a. 82. Heengaged 
in business with his father, and acquired a for- 
tune; was an ardent patriot of the Revol. ; was 
several years a representative after 1800; and 
at his death bequeathed large sums to Phillips 
Acad., Andover Theol. Sem., and other insti- 
tutions. His son Jonathan, also a philan- 
thropic merchant of Boston, and a member of 
the Ms. legisl., b. 24 Apr. 1778, d. 29 July, 1860. 

Phillips, William Wirt, D. D. (Col. 
Coll. 1826), Presb. clergvman, b. Montiromery 
Co., N. Y., 23 Sept. 1796 ; d. N Y. Citv, 20 
Mar. 1865. Un. Coll. 1815; New Brunswick 
Theol. Sem. Ord. Apr. 1818 over the Pearl- 
street Church, New York ; transferred in 1826 
to the Wall-street Church ; afterwards removed 
to Fifth Avenue, where he officiated till his 
death. He held many important trusts in his 
denomination, and was in 1835 moderator of 
the Gen. Assembly. 

Phipps, Henrt, Earl of Mulgrave, a Brit- 
ish gen., b. 1755 ; d. April 7, 1831. Educated 
at Eton, and intended for the law; he entered 
the army in 1775; was aide-de-camp to Knyp- 
hausen in 1776; served through the American 
war; was disting. at the siege of Toulon in 
1794; rose to the rank of gen. in 1809; and 
became an earl in 1812. 

Phips, Spencer, lieut.-gov. of Ms., b. 
Rowley, Ms., June 6, 1685; d. April 4, 1757. 
H.U. 1703. Son of Dr. David Beunet of Row- 
ley ; and on being adopted by his uncle, Sir 
Wm. Phips, took by statute the latter name. 
He was a councillor in 1722; was 9 times re- 
elected ; was lieut.-gov. in 1731-57, and admin- 
istered the govt, from Sept. 1749 to 1753, and 
in 1756-7. His son David (H.U. 1741) d. 
Bath, Eng., in 1811, a. 87. A prondnent loyal- 
ist of Boston; went to Halifax in 1776. 



PHI 



715 



PIC 



Phips, or Phipps, Sir William, gov. 
of Ms., h. Woolwich, Me., Feb. 2, 1651 ; d. 
Loiiilon, Feb. 18, 1095. He was one of 26 
chiklren ; was at first a shepherd ; at the age 
of 18 bound himself to a ship-carpenter, and 
learned to read and write. In 1684 he went to 
Eng. to procure means to recover the treasure 
from a Spanish vessel wrecked near the Baha- 
mas. His first search, for which a national 
vessel was furnished him, was unsuccessful; 
in a second attempt in 1687, at the cost of the 
Duke of Albemarle, he recovered from the 
wreck treasure to the amount of £.300,000, of 
which £16,000 was given him as his share. 
He was also knifrhted, and app. high sheriflFof 
New Eng. In 1690 he com. the fleet which 
captured Port Royal, also a much larger one 
sent against Quebec without success. He 
arrived in Boston in Nov., and was made a 
magistrate of the colony, but soon revisited 
England to induce the govt, to send another 
expedition to Canada. Through the influence 
of Increase Mather, the agent of Ms. in Eng., 
he was app. gov. of the province, and arrived 
in Boston, May 14, 1692; in Aug. he sailed 
with ab. 450 men to Pemaquid, where he built 
a fort. Summoned in 1694 lo Eng. to answer 
complaints which had been brought against 
him, he died there very suddenly. He was 
a lover of his country, a man of uncommon 
enterprise and industry, and of an excellent 
disposition ; but the violence of his temper 
weakened his influence. He is much eulogized 
by Cotton Mather, his pastor, with whom he 
co-operated in the witchcraft delusion. — See 
Life III/ Doiixn in Sparks's Am. Bioj. 

Physic, Phillip Stng, M.D. (Edinburgh, 
1792), an eminent phvsician and surgeon, b. 
Phila. Julv 7, 1768; d. there Dec. 15, 1837. 
U. of Pa. 1735. His father, an Englishman, 
had charge of the estates of the Penn family. 
He received his early education at the Friends' 
Acad.; studied medicine; went to Europe in 
Nov. 1 788 ; became the private pupil of John 
Hunter, and in 1790 was adm. to St. George's 
Hospital as house-surgeon. On loai-ing it, he 
received his diploma from the Roy. Coll. of Sur- 
geons in Lond.; was invited by Dr. Hunter 
to assist him in his professional business, and 
remained with him a year. After a year's at- 
tendance on the lectures of the university, and 
visiting the Royal Infinnary at Edinb., Dr. 
Phytic returned to Phila. ; commenced the 



practice of medicine ; and in 1 79.3, on 



ap- 



pearance of the epidemic, was app. physioi 
the Yellow-fever Hospital at Bush Hill; in 
1794 one of the surgeons of the Pa. Hospital ; 
on the re-appearance of the yellow-fcvcr was 
again resident phy.sieian at the Bush-hiil Hos- 
pital ; and in 1801-16 was .surgeon-cxtr. to the 
i?liila. Almshouse Infirmarj' ; in 1 805 he was 
app. prof, of surgery in the U. of Pa. ; in 1819- 
31 he filled the chair of anatomy; in 1821 
was app. consulting surgeon to the Inst, for 
the Blind ; in 1 824 was elected pros, of the Phila. 
Med. See; in 1825 bocamo a member of the 
Roy. Acad, of Med. in France; and in 1836 an 
hon. f How of the Roy. Mod. and Chinirgical 
So,', of Lond. As a practical surgeon. Dr. P. 
had no rival in the U.S. ; and he was exceed- 
ingly popular as a lecturer. Author of valuar 



ble communications to the medical journals. 

See Memoir bi/ John Bell in Gross's Med. Biog. 

Piatt, John Ximes, poet, b. Milton, Ind., I 
Mar. 1 835. Nephew of Donn Piatt, writer and 
politician, and of Abram Sanders Piatt, politi- 
cal and poetical ^vriter. He learned the print- 
ing-business, and attended the Columbus High 
school and Kenyon Coll. He became knoivn 
by his poetical contribs. to the LouisuiUe Jour- 
nal in 1858; became a contrib. to iho Atlantic 
MontMi/ in 1859; and in 1860, in conjunction 
with W. D. Howells, pub. a vol. of "Poems 
of Two Friends." — See Poets and Poctnj of the 
West. 

Piehon, Thomas {alias Thomas Sigxis 
Tvkrell), b. France ; d. Lond. 1781. He was 
brought up a medical student at Marseilles, and 
was insp. of hospitals in Bohemia in 1743; 
sec. to Count Raymond, the Fixnch gov. of 
Cape Breton, 1751-3; and was afterward com- 
miss. of stores at Fort Beausejour until its cap- 
ture in 1755. All the while he held these 
posts, he was furnishing information to the 
British ofBcers, from whom he received money, 
and articles of dress. He was in Lond. from 
1758 till his death. He pub. anonymously a 
work on Cape Breton and St. .Tolin Island, 
containing accurate descriptions of the Indians 
and other valuable information, Lond. 1760, 
and Paris 1761. He claimed the name of 
Tyrrell as that of liis mother's family. 

Pickens, Andrew, brig.-gon. Revol. ar- 
my, b. Paxton, BucliS Co., Pa., 13 Sept. 1739; 
d. Pendleton Dist., S.C, 17 Aug. 1317. His 
parents, who were of Huguenot descent, re- 
moved in 1752 to the Waxhaw Settlement, S.C. 
He was a vol. in Col. Grant's exped. against 
the Cherokees in Apr. 1761, after which he re- 
moved to the Long Cane Settlement. At the 
outset of the Rcvol. he was made a capt. of 
militia, but rose rapidly, through courage, skill, 
and zeal, to the rank of brig.-gen. In the 
darkest time, when the South was overnin by 
the enemy, and suffered from the Tories all the 
horrors of civil war, he, with Slarion and Sum- 
ter, kept alive the spirit of resistance. In Feb. 
1779, with 400 men, he defeated Col. Boyd with 
800 Tories at Kettle Creek; had his horse 
killed under him while covering the retreat at 
the battle of Stono, 20 June, 1779 ; and in that 
year inflicted a severe defeat on the Cherokees 
at Tomassee; at the battle of the Cowpens, 17 
Jan. 1781, he com. the militia, whom he rallied 
and brought a second time into action after they 
had been broken and compelled to retreat, for 
which service Congress voted him a sword ; in 
June he captured Augusta, Ga. ; and at the bat- 
th' of Eutaw, whore he com. the Carolina militia, 
was struck by a bullet, which, but for striking 
th" buckle of his sword-belt, would have in- 
flicted a mortal wound. By a successful expcd. 
against the Cherokees in 1 782, ho obtained a 
large cession of territory now embraced in the 
State of Ga. Member of the S.C. logisl. from 
the close of the war to 1794; M.C. 1793-5; 
member of the State Const. Conv. ; made m.ij.- 
gon. of militia in 1795 ; and again in the legisl. 
until 1801 and in 1812. Commiss. in many- 
treaties with the Southern Indians; by th.at of 
Hopewell he obtained from the Cherokees the 
portion of the State of S.C. now called Pen- 



716 



nc 



dieton and Greenville. He soon after settled 
at Hopewell, on ICcowec Kiver, where the trea- 
ty was held. In 1765 he married Rebecca Cal- 
houn, aunt of .John C. He was remarkable 
for simplicity, decision, and prudence, and for 
the scrupv.lous perlbrraancc of duty. His son 
AxDEEW, gov. of S.C. 1816-18, an able law- 
yer, d. Pontotock, Mpi., 1 July, 1838. 

PickenG, Francis W., statesman, b. To- 
gadoo, St. Paul's Parish, S.C, Apr. 7, 1807 ; 
d. Edgefield, S.C, Jan. 25, 1869. Son of Gov. 
Andrew. Educated at S.C. Coll. Was in 1829 
adm to the bar, and besan practice in Edgcv 
field Dist. During the nullification excitement 
in 1832, he disting. himself in the legisl. as a 
debater ; was prominent on the committees on 
the judiciary and on foreign relations ; made a 
report in 1833, as chairman of a sub-corn., to 
the effect that Congress, as the agent and mere 
creature of the States severally, had no claim 
to allegiance, tmd could exercise no sovereignty. 
M.C. 1835-45. In 1836 he made an elaborate 
speech, denying the right of Congress to abol- 
ish slavery in the Dist. of Col. ; in 1844 he was 
elected to the S.C. senate. Ho voted with the 
majority against the " Bluffton movement," 
a secession demonstration then in progress in 
the State, advocated by Gov. Hammond and 
other prominent men; was a member of the 
Nashville Southern Conv. in 1850-1 ; presided 
over the State conv. called to elect delegates to 
the gen. Democ. conv. in 1854; was a delegate 
to that conv. in 1 856 at Cincinnati ; was minister 
to Russia in 1857-60 ; and, when S.C. declared 
its secession from the Union, was chosen its 
gov. He immediately demanded of Maj. An- 
derson the surrender of Fort Sumter, and while 
in oilice did all in his power in aid of the Re- 
bellion. He was succeeded by Bonham in 1 862. 
He was a planter of great wealth, gave much 
attention to scientific agriculture, and won 
much repute in the Southern States as an ora- 
tor before colleges and literary societies. 

Pickens, Israel, gov. of Ala. 1821-5, b. 
CaljaiTus Co., N.C ; d. near Matanz.as, April 
23, 1827. He served one year in the N.C. le- 
gisl. ; was M.C. in 1811-17 ; was app. register 
of the land-office of Mpi. Terr, in 1817; after- 
ward removed to Ala. ; and was U.S. senator 
in 1826. 

Pickering, Charles, M.D. (H.U. 1826), 
naturalist, grandson of Col. Timothv, b. Sus- 
quebiuiTia Co., Pa., Nov. 10, 180.V Alter 
practising niedicine 11 years in Pliila., he was 
attached as naturalist to Wilkes's exploring 
cxped. in 1838-42 ; then went tp India and 
Eastern Africa, and pub. the results of his re- 
searches into the characteristics of their various 
tribes, in his " Races of Man and their Geo- 
graphical Distribution," 4to, 1848 ; and " Ge- 
ographical Distrilmtion of Animals and Man," 
1854. Author, also, of a work on the " Geo- 
graphical Distribution of Plants," pub. 1861. 
Ill 1858 he communicated to the Amer. Orien- 
tal Soc. an essay on the Invention of the Art 
of Writing ; and, before the Boston Nat. Hist. 
Soc, notes on the Stinging Power of the Phy- 
salia. 

Pickering, Charles W.,commo. U.S.N., 
b. N H. Midshipm. M.ay 22, 1822 ; lieut. Dec. 
8, 1838; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 15, 



1862; commo. (retired list) Feb. 1, 1867. 
In 1822-3 he made his first cruise with his un- 
cle, Capt. R. T. Spencer, in " The Cyane ; " 
executive officer of this vessel in 1854, convey- 
ing Lieut. Strain and his exploring-party to 
Darien, and afterward rescuing, and returning 
them to N.Y. ; com. " The Kearsarge " in the 
Medit. and W. I. islands 1862-3 ; com. " The 
Housatonic," when blown up off Charleston, 
Feb. 17, 1864, by a sub-marine torpedo ; after- 
ward com. steamer " Vanderbilt " at capture of 
Ft. Fisher. — Hainersli/. 

Pickering, Henry, poet, h. Newburgh, 
N.Y , at the headquarters of Washington, Oct. 
8. 1781 ; d. N.Y. May 8, 1838. Third son of 
Col. Timothy. Engaged in mercantile pur- 
suits in Salem, and afterward in N.Y. City. 
An edition of his poems was pub. in Boston 
iu 1831.— Duijckiiich. 

Pickering, John, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1792), lawyer and jurist, b. Ncwington, N.H., 
Sept. 22, 1737; d. Portsmouth, Apr. 11, 1805. 
H.U. I76I. A prominent member of the conv. 
which formed the const, of N.H. ; in 1787 he 
was elected a member of the conv. which 
framed the Const, of the U.S., but declined; 
he was a judge of the Supreme Court of N,H. 
in 1790-5, and was at one period chief justice; 
subsequently he was judge of the Dist. Court 
of the U.S. for N.H. ; but, his reason becoming 
impaired, he was removed from office by im- 
peachment in 1804. 

Pickering, John, LL.D. (Bowd. 1822; 
H.U. 1835), philologist, and writer on law, b. 
Salem, Ms., Feb. 17, 1777; d. Boston, May 5, 
1846. H. U. 1796. Son of Col. Timothy. 
He studied law in Phila. ; was in 1797 app. sec. 
of legation to Portugal ; was 2 vears in Lond. 
as private sec. to Rufus King, U.S. minister ; 
in 1801 returned to Salem, resumed his legal 
studies, commenced practice, and remained 
there until 1827, when he removed to Boston ; 
and was city solicitor from 1829 until his 
death. His practice was large; but by great 
industry, and economy in the use of time, 
his labors in general lit., and philology in par- 
ticular, made him one of the most profound 
scholars in the country, and even of the age. 
He was 3 times representative from Salem, 
twice a senator from Essex, and once from Suf- 
folk, and was a member of the E.\ecutive 
Council; in 1833 he was a member of the 
commission for revising and arranging the 
statutes of Ms. The part entitled " Of the In- 

by him. Ilr CMntnl.. to thv Amer. Jurist ; to 
the Lnir n. !'■','■ >.[ I -II :in article of Singu- 
lar nprii , .Ml N III. i l;, !,i, and State Rights; 
to till' A I / ' 'it 1840 an article 

on C.nvrv an 1!!^ mi .\n. i iit Kgypt. Author of 
" Remarks on Greek Grammars," 1825 ; "The 
Vocabulary of Americanisms," 1816; an essay 
on " The Uniform Orthography of the Indian 
Language," 1820 ; " Indian Languages of 
Amor. ; " an article on the Chinese language, 
on the Cochin-Chinese language; and many 
productions of an analogous character. His 
principal work was a Greek and Eng. Lexicon, 
begun in 1814, hut not finished until 1826. 
He was more or less familiar with 22 different 
languages, the Egyptian hieroglyphics, the 



PIE 



Malay in several dialects, and particularly the 
Indian lanpuages of Amer. and of the Polyne- 
sian Islands. In 1806 he was elected Hancock 
prof, of Hebrew in H.U., and at a later day 
was invited to fill the chair of Greek literature. 
Pres. of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, 
and of the Oriental Soc. of Boston, and a mem- 
ber of many scientific and literary societies in 
Europe. 

Pickering, Octavius, LL.D., legist and 
naturalist, b. Wyoming, Pa., Sept. 2, 1792 ; d. 
Boston, Oct. 29, 1868. H.U. 1810. Adm. to 
the Suffolk bar, March 6, 1816 ; opened an of- 
fice in Boston, and assisted in reporting the 
proceedings of the State Const. Conv. in 1820 ; 
State reporter in 1822-40; and Pickering's 
" Reports," in 24 vols. 8vo, form a necessary 
part of every good law-library. He resided in 
Europe in 1841-8 ; was many years a member 
of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences ; and 
in Dec. 1814 was one of the founders of the 
ori;anization now known as the Boston Soc. of 
Nat. Hist. He pub. in 1SG7 the first vol. of 
tlie Life of Col. Timo. Pickering, his father; 
with W. H. Gardner, "Report of the Trial 
of Judge James Prcscott," 8vo, 1821. 

Pickering, Timothy, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1798), soldier and statesman, b. Salem, Ms., 
17 July, 1745; d. there 29 Jan. 1829. H.U. 
176-3. Adm. to the bar in 1768, he became the 
champion and leader of the Whigs of Essex 
Co. ; was on the com. of corresp. ; and wrote 
and delivered the address of the people of Sa- 
lem to Gov. Gage, in 1774, on the occasion of 
the Boston Port Bill. He first opposed an 
armed resistance to the British troops, when, 
26 Feb. 177.'), he, while a col. of militia, at a 
drawbridge in Salem, prevented their crossing 
to seize some military stores. He had been 
rcg. of deeds; and in 1775 was app. a judge of 
C.C.P. for Essex Co., and sole judge of the 
Maritime Court for the middle dist. He joined 
Washington in N.J. in the fall of 1776 with 
his regt. of 700 men ; was made adj.-gen. of 
the army in May, 1777; was present at the 
battles of the Brandywine and Germantown; 
was made by Congress a member of the board 
of war in Nov. ; and succeeded Greene as quar- 
termaster-gen. 5 Aug. 1780. After the war he 
resided in Phila., and in 1786 was sent by the 
govt, to adjust a controversy between various 
claimants to the Wyoming settlement. During 
this dispute he was waylaid near Wilkesbarre, 
Pa., by a band of disguised persons, in June, 
1788, imprisoned, ill-treated, and his life threat- 
ened ; 20 days afterward he re-appeared, but 
was so much changed by his sufferings and 
hardships, that his children fled affrighted from 
his presence. (See account of this in his let- 
ter in Hazard's "Register of Pa.," vol. vii.) 
In 1787 he was the deleg. of Luzrrne Co. to 
the Pa. conv. for considering the U.S. Const., 
and earnestly favored its adoption ; U.S. post- 
master-gen. 7 Nov. 1791-2 Jan. 1795, and at 
the same time much employed in negotiations 
with the Indians ; U. S. sec. of war 2 Jan. 
1794-10 Dec. 1795; and U.S. sec. of state 10 
Dec. 1795-12 Mav, 1800. He left office poor, 
and, building a lo'g-hut for his family, settled 
on come wild lands in Pa. The liberality of 
friends enabled him to return to Salem at the 



the Ks: 



close of 1801. Made chief ju 
Co. C.C.P. in 1802; U.S. senator in 180.3-11 ; 
member of the council in 1811; member of 
the board of war of Ms. during the war of 
1812-15; and M.C. 1815-17. He was one of 
the leaders of the Federal party in the U.S. ; 
member of the Pa. Const. Conv. of 1790 ; and 
was active in promoting the cause of education. 
He pub. " Easy Plan of Discipline for a Mill 
tia," Salem, July, 1775 ; "Letter to Gov. Sul- 
livan on the Embargo ; " " Addresses to the 
People," 1808; " Political Essays," &c., ISmo, 
1812; and a severe "Review of the Corresp. 
between John Adams and W. Cunninuham," 
1824. He was a talented writer, a brave and 
patriotic soldier, and a disinterested, able, and 
energetic public officer. Plain and unassum- 
ing in manner, he excelled in conversation. — 
See Life bi/ his Son Octavius, vol. i. 1867. 

Pickett, Col. Albert James, author of 
a " History of Alabama," 2 vols. Charleston, 
1851 ; b. Anson Co., N.C., Aug. 13, 1810; d. 
Montgomery, Ala., Oct. 28, 1858. He went 
with his father to Ala. in 1818 ; studied law, 
but never practised ; and, after his marri.age in 
1832, devoted himself to literary pursuits and 
the care of his plantation. 

Pickett, Btron M., a self-taught sculptor, 
b. Jordan, Onondaga Co., N.T. Author of 
several beautiful marble works, among others 
" CEnone," exhibited at the Nat. Acad, in 1868. 
Has recently produced a fine statue of S. F. B. 
Morse. 

Pickett, George E., gen. C.S.A., b. Rich- 
mond, 25 Jan. 1825. West Point, 1. ''46. Served 
in the Mexican war, earning the brevets of 1st 
licut. and capt. ; capt. 9th Inf. 3 Mar. 1855; 
resigned 25 June, 1 861 . He joined the Confed. 
army as col. in Sept. 1861 ; brig.-gen. 14 Feb. 
1862; maj.-gen. 10 Oct. 1862; severely wound- 
ed at Gaines's Mill 27 June, 1862; com. a div. 
at Fredericksburg, at Gettysburg, attack on 
Newbem, N.C. ; in Feb. 1864 captured Plym- 
outh, N.C. ; surrounded and lost most of his 
div. at Five Forks ; and surrendered with Lee. 
Pierce. — Sec also Pearce and Peirce. 
Pierce, Bexjamix, gov. of N.H. in 1827- 
9, b. Chelmsford, Ms., Dec. 25, 1757; d. Hills- 
borough, N.H., Apr. 1, 1839. His early years 
were passed in farm-labors. Hearing of the 
conflict at Lexington, he immediately joined 
the patriot army at Cambridge ; was in the 
battle of Bunker's Hill ; earned his commis- 
sion of ensign at the battle of Bomis Heights ; 
subsequently became a lieut., and served with 
bravery to the close of the war. Aftenvard a 
brig.-gen. of militia; from 1789 to 1802 a 
member of the Gen. Court; in 1803-9 and in 
1814-18 councillor; and in 1809-14 and 1818- 
23 high sheriff of the county. Father of 
Franklin Pierce, 14th pres. of the U.S. 

Pierce, Franklix, 14th jircs. U.S., b. 
Hillsborough, N.H., 23 Nov. 1804 ; d. Con- 
cord, N. II., 8 Oct. 1869. Bowd. Coll. 1824. 
Son of Gov. Benj. He studied law under Levi 
Woodbury; was adm. to the bar in 1827; prac- 
tised first at Hillsborough, and ab. 1838 moved 
to Concord. In 1 834 he m. Jane Means, dan. 
of Rev. Dr. Appleton. M.C. in 1833-7 ; U.S. 
senator 1837-42 ; he refused the offices of atty.- 
gen. and sec. of war, tendered by Mr. Polk ; 



PIE 



718 



PIE 



vigorously supported the annexation of Texas ; 
was made col. 16th U.S. Inf. after thebrcaking- 
out of the Mexican war; app. brig.-gcn. 3 
Mar. 1 847 ; com. a large re-enforcement for 
the army of Gen. Scott, and was severely in- 
jured by the fall of his horse upon his log 19 
Aug. 1847. Ho presided over the N.Ii. Const. 
Conv. in the winter of 1850-1. At the Nar 
tional Dcmoc. conv., June, 1852, the prominent 
candidates for the presidency were Cass, Bu- 
chanan, and Douglas. After 35 ballots with- 
out decisive result, the name of Gen. Pierce 
was proposed ; and he was nominated on the 
49th ballot. He was elected for the tcnn of 
Mar. 4, 1853-7, receiving 254 electoral votes 
to 42 for his Whig competitor, Gen. Scott. In 
his inaug. he denounced the agitation of slave- 
ry, llis administration was signalized by the 
acquisition from Mexico of Arizona ; the or- 
ganization of the Territories of Kansas and 
Nebraska, by which the Mo. Compromise Act 
was repealed, and slavery permitted to enter 
those Territories, — ameasurewhich aroused the 
indignation of the free States, and created 
great excitement ; and by the troubles in Kan- 
sas, caused by the ctlbrts to make of it a slave 
State, contrary to the wishes of a large major- 
ity of its citizens. In Aug. 1854, Mr. Pierce 
directed the Ameiican ambassadors, Buchanan, 
Mason, and Soule, to confer on the best means 
of acquiring Cuba. They met at Ostend, and 
issued the " Ostend Manifesto," the purport of 
which was, that, if Spain would not sell Cuba, 
the Americans would take it by force. He 
used his official influence to promote the de- 
signs of the proslavery party in Kansas. Jan. 
24, 1 856, he sent a message to Congress, rep- 
resenting the formation of a free-State govt, 
in Kansas as an act of rebellion. During the 
Rebellion, he was strongly in sympathy with 
the secessionists. As a Lawyer he acquired an 
extensive practice. — See his Life bij Nathaniel 
Hawthorne, 1852. 

Pierce, George Edmond, D.D. (Mid. 
Coll. 1838), pres. W. Ees. Coll. 1834-55, b. 
Southbury, Ct., 9 Sept. 1794 ; d. Hudson, O., 
27 May, 1871. Y.C. 1816; And. Theol. 
Sem. 1821. Principal Fairfield Acad. 1816-18; 
ord. pastor Cong, church, Hanvinton, 10 July, 
1822. 



Tutor, 1796. The son of a shoemaker. lie 
spent two years in teaching, and then studied 
theology ; and Mar. 15, 1797, was ord. over the 
First Cong. Church, Brookline, Ms., of which lie 
was sole pastor for half a century. Member of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and of the Ms. 
Hist. Soc. For several years he was pres. of 
the Ms. Bible Soc. In all matters appertain- 
ing to family and literary statistics he was a 
prodigy. He had 18 quarto vols, of 600 pages 
each, of bis own MS., containing memoirs and 



1811. rr.anklin Coll. 1829. He began to 
study law, but was adm. into the Ga. conf. at 
Macon in 1830. With the exception of the 
yoiir 1834, during which he was stationed in 
Charleston, S.C., he labored in the regular 
ministry in various parts of Ga. until 1838-9, 
when he became first pres. of the Ga. female 
(now Wesleyan) college in Macon. While 
here, ho edited, jointly with P. Pendleton, the 
Southern Ladi/'s Book: Pres. of Emory Coll., 
Ga., from 1848 until his election to the episco- 
pacy in 1854. Author of " Incidents of West- 
ern Travel," ed. by T. 0. Summers, D.D., 
12mo, 1857. 

Pierce, John, dep. pavmaster-gen. Revol. 
armv ; d. N.Y. Citv, July, "1788. 

Pierce, John, D.D. (H.U. 1822), Cong, 
minister, b. Dorchester, Ms., July 14. 1773 ; 
d. BrooTiline, Ms., Aug. 24, 1849. H.U. 1793. 



memorabilia. He pub. " Half-century Dis- 
course at Brookline,'' Mar. 1847 ; " Sketch of 
Brookline," in " Ms. Hist. Colls.," 2d ser. vol. 

Pierce, William, statesman, of Ga., aide- 
de-camp to Gen. Greene in the Revol. war, 
and presented with a sword by Congress ; dele- 
gate to the Old Congress from Ga. 1786-7 ; and 
member of the conv. which framed the U.S. 
Constitution. He pub. his impressions of 
the members of that body in a Savannah paper 
long afterward. 

Pierpont, John, clergyman and poet, b. 
Litchfield, Ct., Apr. 6, 1 785 ; d. Medlbrd, Aug. 
27,1866. y.C. 1804. A lineal descendant of 
Rev. James Pierpont, the second minister of 
Kew Haven (1685-1714), and supposed to be 
allied to the noble English family of the name 
which held the earldom of Kingston. He was 
an assist, in Dr. Backus's acad. at Bethlem ; 
went to S.C. in the autumn of 1805, and passed 
nearly 4 years as a private tutor in tho tiiniily 
of Col. William Alston. Aft.r In. ntnrn in 
1809 he studied law at the scli'",] in Lir.hiirld ; 
was adm. to the E.ssex Co. I)ar in 1;-12. :ind 
practised for a time in Newburvport, His 
health demanding more active employment, he 
relinquished his profession, and engaged in 
mercantile life, first in Boston, and afterwards 
at Baltimore, but quitted it in 1816, and pub. 
his " Airs of Palestine," which soon reuclied a 
third edition. He next studied tlieology, and 
Apr. 14, 1819, was ord. pastor of the Hollls-st. 
Church, Boston. In 1835 he visited Europe. 
On his return he resumed his pastoral charge 
in Boston, where he continued until May 10, 
1845. The freedom with which he expressed 
his opinions, especially in regard to the temper- 
ance cause, had given rise to some feeling before 
his departure for Europe; and in 1838 there 
sprung up between himself and a portion of his 
parish a controversy which lasted 7 years, when, 
after triumphantly sustaining himself against 
the charges of his adversaries, he requested a 
dismissal. He then became lor 4 vears pastor 
of a Unitarian Church in Troy, N.Y. ; Aug. 
1, 1849, was settled over a church in Mcdford ; 
resigned Apr. 6, 1856. A zealous reformer, he 
powerfully advocated the temperance and anti- 
slavery movements ; was the candidate of the 
Liberty party forgov.,and, in 18511, of the Free- 
soil party for Congress. After the Kehcllion 
broke out, though 76 years of age, he went into 
the field as chaplain in a Ms. regt., but was 
soon employed in the treasury dept. at Wash- 
ington. In addition to his poetical works, pub. 
at Boston, 12nio, 1840, he pub. several popular 
school-readers, and some 20 occasional sermons 
and discourses. 

Pierrepont, Edwabds, jurist and lawyer, 



719 



1?IK 



b. North Haven, Ct., 1817. Y.C. 1837 ; New- 
Haven Law Sehool. A descendant of James, 
one of tlie founders of Yale Coll. In 1840-5 he 
praciiscd law in Columbus, O., since practising 
in N.Y. City, where he has for many years 
been eminent at the bar. Jiidj;e N.Y. Sup. 
Court 1857-60; member Const. Conv. of 1867 ; 
U.S. atty. for the south, dist. of N.Y. 1869- 
July, 1870. Formerly a Dcmoc, in 1861 he 
became a Repub. ; zealously supported the 
ndmin. of Mr. Lincoln and "his re-election in 
1864, and aided in the election of Pres. Grant. 

Pierson, Abr.vham, first pres. of Y.C. 
1701-7, h. Lvnn, Ms., lC+1 ; d. Mar. 5, 1707. 
H.U. 1668. Abraham his father, first minister 
of Southampton, L.I. (h. Yorkshire, En;;., 1608, 
d. Au-. 9. 1678), was one of the first settlers 
of Newark in 1667, and was the first minis- 
ter of that town. Preached to the Indians of 
Long Island in their own language, and contrib. 
" Some Helps for the Indians in N. Haven 
Colony to a Further Account of the Prog- 
ress of the Gospel in N.E.," 1659. His son 
was ord. colleague with him at Newark, N. J., 
March 4, 1672', and was minister of Killing- 
worth, Ct., from 169+ till his death. — Sprarjiii'. 

Pierson, H.vmilton Wilcox, D.O.," h. 
Bergen, N.Y. Un. Coll. ; Union Theol. Sem. 
Pres. of Col. Coll., Ky., 1858. Author of 
" Jefferson at Monticello," 8vo, 1862. Edited 
Amcr. ilissionmi Memorial, 8vo, 1853 ; and 
contrih. to periodicals. — AUihone. 

Pierson, Isaac, D.D., physician of Orange, 
N. J., 40 years, b. Aug. 15, 1770; d. Sept. 22, 
1833. N.J. Coll. 1789. Fellow of the Coll. of 
Physicians and Surgeons, N.Y. M.C. 1827-31. 

Pigot, Sir Robert, a British gen., b. 1720; 
d. Aug. 1 , 1796. Maj. lOth Foot, May 5, 1758 ; 
lieut.-col.Feb. 1764; col. 38th Foot, June, 1776; 
maj.-gen. Aug. 1777; lieut.-gen. Nov. 1782. 
At the battle of Bunker's Hill he com. the left 
wing ; and to his activity,bravery, and firmness 
much of the success of that day was owing. 
So highly did he distinguish himself, that ho 
received as a reward for this serv'icc the colo- 
nelcy of the 38th Foot. He had a com. in R.l. 
in Aug. 1778, and superseded Prescottat New- 
port soon after. 

Pike, Albert, poet, b. Boston, Dec. 29, 
1809. H.U. 1859. Son of a journeyman 
shoemaker. When he was 4 years old, the 
family removed to Newhuryport. He entered 
H.U. at the age of 16, but, unable to support 
himself there, taught at Newhuryport and Fair- 
huven; in the spring of 1831 he went to St. 
Louis, travelling much of the way on foot; 
joined an exped. to N. Mexico ; and for a year 
was cither a merchant's clerk or a peddler in 
Santa Fc; in Sept. 1832 he accomp. some 
trajipers, from whom he separated with 4 others ; 
travelleil 500 miles on foot, and reached Fort 
Smith, Ark., " without a rag of clothing, a 
dollar in money, or knowing a person in the 
territory." He contrib. poetry to the Ark. 
Advocate: became a partner in the concern, 
which he houglit out in 1834, and continued to 
edit the pnper until 1836, when he was adm. to 
the bar, to which he subsequently devoted 
himself. He pub. " Prose Sketches and Poems," 
Boston, 12mo, 1834. The " Hymns to the 
Goils " were composed while he was teaching 



in Fairhavcn. Some of bis fugitive poems 
have appeared in periodicals; and in 1854 a 
coll. of his poems, entitled'- Nug«e," was printed 
at Phila., but never pub. He was prominent 
as a State-rights man ; served with distinction 
as a vol. in the Mexican war ; and com. a com- 
pany of Ark. cavalry. He organized a body 
of Cherokee Indians, whom he led, in the early 
part of the Rebellion, and took part with thctii 
in the battle of Pea Ridge, sharing in the Con 
fed. defeat. He edited the Memphis Appeal in 
1867-8; "Reports of the Sup. Ct. of Ark.," 
5 vols. 8vo, 1840-5; "The Arkansas Form- 
Book," 8vo, 1845 ; " Statutes, &c., of the An- 
cient and Accepted Scottish Rite," 1859. 

Pike, Mrs. Frances West (Atherton), 
b. Prospect, Me., 1819; wife of Rev. Richard 
Pike. Author of "Step by Step," 1857; 
"Here and Hereafter," 1858; "Katharine 
Morris, an Autobiographv," 1858. Contrib. 
to the Afonlhti/ Reli<jiotts Mag. 1855, and to the 
Clulil's True 'Friend 1858. —AUihone. 

Pike, Mrs. Mart H. (Gree.ve), b. Ea.st- 
port.Me.,1827. Author of " Ida Mav," 1854 ; 
" Caste," 1856; " Agnes," 1858; " Bond and 
Free," 1858; " Entanglements," 2 vols. 1863; 
" Cumworth House," 3 vols. 1864; "The 
Cypresses," 1867; "My Son's Wife," 1868. 
Contrib. to Graham's, Harper's, and Atlantic 
magazines. Wife of F. A. Pike of Calais, 
M.C. 1861-9. 

Pike, Nicholas, author of a popular trea- 
tise on Arithmetic, pub. in 8vo, 1788, b. 
Somerswortb, N H., Oct. 6, 1743; d. New- 
huryport, Ms., Dec. 9, 1819. H.U. 1766. He 
was the son of Rev. James, and a descendant 
of John of Newbury, 1635, iind was a justice 
of the peace for Essex County. 

Pike, Zebclon Montgomery, brig.-gcn. 
U.S.A., b. Lambcrton, N. J., 5 Jan. 1779; 
killed at York, near Toronto, U.C, 27 Apr. 
181.3. Zebulon his fother (b. N.J. 1751, d. 
Lawreneeburg, Ind., 27 July. 1834) was a 
capt. Revol. army; also in St.' Clair's defeat in 
1791; and was brev. licut.-col. U.S.A. 10 July, 
1812. The son was app. a cadet in the regt. 
of his father 3 Mar. 1799 ; 1st lieut. in Nov. ; 
and was made eapt. in Aug. 1806. Skilled in 
mathematics and in the languages, he was app., 
after the purchase of La., to conduct an exped. 
to trace the Mpi. to its head ; leaving St. Louis 
9 Aug. 1805, he performed this service satis- 
factorily, returning after 8 months and 20 
days of exploration, and exposure to constant 
hardship. In 1806-7 he was engaged in geog. 
explorations of La., during which, being found 
on Spanish territory, he with his party was 
taken to Santa Fe, and after a long examina- 
tion, and the seizure of his papers, was escorted 
home, arriving at Natchitoches 1 July, 1807. 
In I8I0 ha-pub. a narrative of his expeditions, 
with valuable maps and charts. Receiving 
the thanks of govt., he was made maj. 6th Inf. 
3 May, 1808 ; lieut.-col. 4ih Inf 31 Dec. I8U9 ; 
dcp. quarterm.-gen. 3 Apr. 1812; col. 15th 
Inf. 3 July, 1812; brig.-gen. 12 Mar. 1813. 
Early in 1813 he was assigned to the principal 
army as adj. and insp.-gen . and was selected 
to com. an exped. against York, the capital of 
Upper Canada. Landing under a heSvy fire, 
he charged the enemy in person, and put them 



PIL 



720 



to flight, carried one battery by assault, and 
was moving to the attack of the inain worlds, 
when the explosion of the British magazine 
mortally wounded him, speedily causing his 
death. 

Pillmore, Joseph, D.D., h. Tadmouth, 
Yorkshire, Eng., ab. 1734; d. Phila. July 24, 
1825. Came to the U.S. a Mcth. preacher in 
1769. Ord. Pr.-Ep. Ch. 1785; assi.-t. rector 
St. Paul's 1789-94; of Christ Ch., New York, 
1794-1804; of St. Paul's, Phila., from 1804 to 
his d. Author of " N.irrative of Labors in 
South Wales," 1825. His MS., describing 
his travels and labors in the different colonies, 
is in the possession of John Campbell of 
Phila. {lS6S). — Allibone. 

Pillow, Gen. Gideon Johnson, lawyer 
and politician, b. Williamson Co., Tenn., 
Jnne8. 1806. U. of Nashville, 1827. Second 
son of Gideon, and grandson of John Pillow, 
a soldier of the Revol., who in 1783 settled in 
the present city of Nashville. His five sons 
were all disting. for activity and intrepidity in 
conflicts with the Indians. He studied law ; 
practised in Columbia, Tcnn , in 18.30 ; and in 
the course of 10 years ranked with the first 
lawyers of his State. He contrib. materially 
in 1844 to the nomination and election of Mr. 
Polk to the presidency, who, July 13, 1846, 
made him a brig.-gen. Proceeding at once to 
Mexico with his brigade of Tenn. vols., after 
a severe illness at Camargo he joined Scott 
before Vera Cruz ; had a conspicuous share in 
the operations which resulted in the fall of 
that important place; and was one of the 
comniiss. to negotiate terms of capitulation. 
At Ccrro Gordo he led the attack on the ene- 
my's right, and was wounded ; mademaj.-gen. 
Apr. 13, 1847; took part in the subsequent 
operations upon the city of Mexico, being 
conspicuous in the battles of Contreras and 
Churubusco ; and at the storming of Chapul- 
.tejjec was severely wounded. He opposed 
the convention at "Tacubaya, and incurred the 
displeasure of Gen. Scott, whose pointed and 
ofltnsive remarks constrained the former to 
call a court of inquiry, where every charge 
was met and disproved, and his fame cleared 
of any reproach. Retiring to private life, he 
devoted himself to the management of his large 
estate. In 1850 he was a member of the Nash- 
ville Southern Convention, where he delivered 
a speech against the extreme giound taken by 
ultra Southern men. In April, 1 861, he offered 
to raise a large force in Tenn in aid of the 
secession cause, and was a maj.-gen. in the 
Confed. army. He escaped from Fort Donelson 
previous to its surrender. 

Pinekney, Charles, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1787), statesman, b. Charleston, S.C., 1758 ; d. 
there Oct. 29. 1824. Grandson of Wm., com- 
miss.gcn. of S.C. (1703-66). He was educated 
forthc liar. At the capture of Charleston he was 
madcprisoner, andsent toSt. Augustine; mem- 
ber of the legisl. and of the Old Congress in 
1784-7 ; member of the conv. which formed the 
U.S. Const, in 1787 ; pres. of the S.C. Const. 
Conv. of 1 788 ; gov. of S. C. in 1 789-92, 1 796-8, 
and 1806-8; U.S. senator 1798-1801 ; a fre- 
quent and able speaker on the Republican side 
in that body; an active promoter of Jefferson's 



election to the presidency in 1800; minister to 
Spain in 1802-5, and negotiated a release 
from that power of all right and title to the 
terr. purchased by the U.S. from France ; was 
subsequently, at several times, in the State 
legisl ; and was an M.C. in 1819-21, and an 
opponent of the Mo. Compromise. 

Pinekney, Chakles Coteswoeth, 

LL.D. (H.U. 1803), Revol. soldier and states- 
man, b. Charleston, S.C, 25 Feb. 1746; d. 
there 16 Aug. 1825. Son of Chief Justice 
Charles. Educated at Westminster and Ox- 
ford, Eng. ; read law at the Temple, Lond. ; 
and passed 9 months in the Roy. Milit. Acad, 
at Caen, France; returning in 1769, he es- 
tablished himself in the practice of law. Was a 
member of the first Prov Congress of S.C. in 
June, 1775 ; was made a capt., and soon after 
col. 1st S.C. regt. ; after the successful de- 
fence of Fort Moultrie, he joined the Northern 
army, and was an aide to Washington at 
Brandywine and Germantown ; returning 
south in the spring of 1778, he took part in 
the unsuccessful cxped. to Fla. In Jan. 1779 
he presided over the senate of S.C. He dis- 
played great resolution and intrepidity in the 
rapid march which saved Charleston from Gen. 
Prevost, and in the subsequent invasion of 
Ga. and the assault on the lines of Savannah. 
In the attack on Charleston, in April, 1780, he 
was in favor of holding out to the last extrem- 
ity ; and, on its surrender in May, became a 
prisoner, and suflfercd a rigorous and cruel 
confinement. Exchanged in Feb. 1782 ; made 
brig.-gen. 3 Nov. 1783. He resumed practice 
after the war. Was a member of the conv. that 
framed the U.S Const., and declined succes- 
sively the places of judge of the U S Supreme 
Court, sec. of war, and sec. of stale, ten- 
dered him by Washington ; maj.-gen. of the 
State militia ; app. in July, 1796, miu.-plenip. 
to France; the hostility of the French Direc- 
tory caused the rejection of our conciliatory 
propositions, and the order to Pinekney to 
quit the French territory. He withdrew to 
Amsterdam in Feb. 1797. When war became 
inevitable, the whole country resounded with 
hiscelcbrated sentiment, " Millions for defence, 
but not a cent for tribute." Returning home, 
he was made by Washington a maj.-gen. 
Many years an active politician, and was can- 
dirlate for the vice-presidency in 1800. As a 
lawyer he was disting. for accurate learning 
and strength of reasoning. 

Pinekney, Henbt Laurens, politician, 
son of Gov. Charles, b. Charleston, Sept. 24, 
1794 ; d. there Feb. 3, 1863. S.C. Coll. 1812. 
He studied law with his bro.-in-law Robert Y. 
Hayne; was adm. to the bar; member of the 
legisl. in 1816-32; mayor of Charleston in 
1832 and 1839-40; M.C. in 1833-7; and sub- 
sequently collector of the port, and a member 
of the legisl. Editor of the Charleston Mercury 
in 1819, and a prominent exponent of the State- 
rights party. Author of Memoirs of Jona- 
than Maxcy, Robert Y. Hayne, and Andrew 
Jackson. 

Pinekney, Gen. Thomas, a Revol. offi- 
cer, and gov. of S.C. 1787-9, b. Charleston, 
Oct. 23, 1750; d. there Nov. 2, 1828. With 
his bro. Charles C, he was educated in Eng. ; 



721 



studied law in the Temple ; and was adm. to 
the bar in 1770. Joining the Cont. army, he 
rose to the rank of major; served as aide to 
Lincoln; and then with Count D'Estaing at 
the disastrous siege of Savannah in Oct. 1779. 
Uo disting. himself in the battle at Stono Fer- 
ry, and was aide to Gen. Gates in the battle 
near Camden, Aug. 1780, where he was des- 
]ierately wounded and made prisoner. During 
Washington's administration he was offered 
the place of judge of the U.S. Court, which he 
clcclined ; minister to Great Britain in 1792-4. 
In Nov. 1794 he was employed on a mission 
to the court of Spain, where he made the 
Ireatv of St. Ililcfbnso, securing to the U.S. 
the free ravi-ation of the Mpi. ; in Dec. 1796 
he rctunu-a to Charleston; and was M.C. in 
1799-1801. Mar. 27, 1812, President Madison 



id of 



dist. His last active tield-servicu was at the bat- 
tle of Horse-shoe Bend, where the military 
jiowcr of the Creeks was finally broken. He 
ra. the dan. of Rebecca Motte. 

Pine, Robert Edge, portrait-painter, b. 
Eng. 1742; d. Phila. Oct. 1783. Son of John, 
an Eng. designer and engraver. In 1760 and 
1762 he drew the prizes from the Society for 
the lincouragement of the Arts for the best 
hist, designs. He painted portraits with some 
reputation ; and in 1782 exhibited a series of 
pictures of scenes from Shakspeare. He after- 
ward came to America, and exhibited in Phila., 
where he was befriended by the Hopkinson 
family, the earliest cast of the Venus de Medici 
seen here. His best-known pictures are Wash- 
ington (1785), Gen. Gates, Baron Steuben, 
Charles Carroll, Gov. Colden, and Dr. Ogil- 
vie, and " Canute on the Seashore." 

Pinkney, Edwakd Coate, poet, son of 
Wm., b. Lond. Oct. 1802 ; d. Baltimore, Apr. 
11, 1828. Educated at St. Mary's Coll., Bait, 
lie was in the naval service in 1816-24; then 
practised law without success ; next failed in 
an attemjit to procure a commission iu the na- 
val .service of Mexico; and in 1827 assumed 
lor a brief period the control of a polit. journal, 
the Mini/landcr. Author of " Rojolph and 
other Poems," 1825. An edition of his poems 
appeared in 1844 with a brief introd. by N. P. 
Willis, in the series of the Mirror Library, en- 
titled " The Rococo." A biog. notice by Wm. 
Leg-ctt is in N. Y. Mirror, 1827. 

iPinkney, William, LL.D., lawyer, ora- 
tor, and statesman, b. Annapolis, Md., March 
17, 1764 ; d. Feb. 25, 1822. His father, a na- 
tive of the north of Eng., was a loyalist; while 
his son manifested a decided attachment to the 
cause of his country. He quitted the study of 
medicine for the law, and in 178.3 entered the 
office of Judge Chase. Adm. to practice in 
1786, he soon attracted attention by his ora- 
tory ; delegate to the State conv. to ratify the 
Federal Const, in 1788, and also to the Md. h. 
of delegates. He was m. in 1789 to the sister 
of Com. Rodgers; and in 1790 was elected a 
member of Congress ; but his seat was contest- 
ed on the ground of his not residing in the dis- 
trict for which he was chosen. After making 
a powerful argument, and obtaining a favora- 
ble decision, he declined the honor in conse- 
quence of the state of his private affairs. Mem- 



ber of the exec, council of Md. 1792-5, and 
again in 1795 a delegate to the legisl. from 
Anne Arundel Co. While he had thus at- 
tained a disting. political rank, he rose to the 
head of the bar. In 1796-1804 he was one of 



the Bank of Eng. for §800,000. Atty.-gen. of 
Md. 1805. In 1806 he was made minister ex- 
traordinary to treat with the British govt, in 
conjunction with Monroe, and, after his return, 
was resident min. in 1807-11 ; in Sept. 1811, 
he was chosen to the State senate from Bait. ; 
was U.S. atty.-gen. Dec. 1811-14. He com. a 
vol. battalion at the battle of Bladensburg, and 
was severely wounded ; M.C. in 1815-16, and 
made an able speech on the " treaty-making 
power." He accepted in Mar. 1816 an app. 
as special minister to Naples, whence he re- 
paired to the Russian capital as resident minis- 
ter, returning home in 1818 ; U.S. senator from 
1820 to his d. ; and made an elaborate and 
powerful speech against the clause in the bill 
for the admission of Mo. into the Union, which 
prohibited the introduction of slaves into the 
new State. His death was occasioned by over- 
exertion in the Supreme Court in 1822 in a 
cause in which he took great interest, at a time 
when the state of his health unfitted him for 
application to study and business. — See Life 
bi/ Henri/ Wheaton, N.Y., 1826; and hi/ ftis 
Nephew, Rev. Wm. Pinkneij, D.D., 8vo, 1853. 

Pintard, John, LL.D., b. N.Y. City, 
1759; d. there June 21, 1844. N.J. Coll. 1776. 
He studied but never practised law; during 
the Revol. was a soldier, and 3 years clerk to 
hisuncIe.LewisPiiii li I,- 



N.Y.Diiily 



er of tli' ' V II ^ liety; a zealous pro- 
moter 111 ' institutions, an intelli- 
gent ami. I ■.i:\, ,;ii.| iiiithor of a number of 
papers in iieriodicals ; among them is an ac- 
count of N. Orleans in the Med. Rqmsiiorij. 
Vic.'-pres. Amer. Bible Society. 

Pinzon (pen-thon), VittcENzio Yavez, 
commanded "The Nina" in the voyage of 
Columbus (1492). In 1499 he led an expcd., 
and explored a part of the coast of Brazil. 
Living in 1523. His elder bro., Martin 
Alonzo, who com. "The Pinta" in the first 
voyage of Columbus, d. 1493. 

Pise, Charles Constantine, D.D., R.C. 
clergyman and author, b. Annapolis, Md., 
1802; d. Brooklyn, May 26, 186Q. Georget. 
Coll. His father was an Italian, his mother a 
native of Phila. He studied theology at Rome 
2 years; on his return taught rhetoric and 
poetry in the sem. of Mount St. Mary's, Em- 
metttburg, and was ord. piiest in 1825. After 
six months' labor at Fredcricktown, Md., he 
was called to Baltimore, where he wi-ote hia 
" History of the Church to the Reformation," 
5 vols. 18.30; "Father Rowland," a tale in 
answer to " Father Clement ; " and the " Pleas- 
ures of Religion, and other Poems." His 
health failing, he again visited Rome, where he 
received the degree of D.D., and the honorary 
title of Knight of the Roman Empire. He 



PIS 



722 



Tr.T nff ^rv-T-il n -oriatc pastor of St. Patiick's 
Cli! ' "' .11, and, through the influ- 

ei( I il I ' I \, was app. chaplain of the 
U.S. II I ■. I; moving to New York, lie was 
sottlnl o\LT sr\iral churches successively. In 
1849 he resigned his position at St. teter's 
Church, and purchased the Emanuel Church, 
BrookljTi. He was eminent both as a lecturer 
and preacher. In 1858 ^e delivered a Latin 
ode at Emmettsburg on the 50th anniv. of the 
foundatiou of Mount St. Mary's College. He 



pub. 



poem 



entitled "The Acts of the 



Apostles ; " " Zenosius, or the Pilgrim Con- 
vert ; " " Indian Cottage ; " " Alctheia, or 
Letters on the Truth of the Catholic Doc- 
trines ; " " L"ft?r3 to Ada ; " " Christianity 
and the Church ; " " Lives of St. Ignatius and 
his First Companions ; " " Notes on a Proti s- 
tant Catechism," &c. ; the " Catholic Bride ; " 
and "Horte Vagabondse," sketching Irish 
scenery and manners. 

Pison (pee-son), William, a Dutch natu- 
ralist and physician, accomp. the Prince of 
Nassau to Brazil in 1637. The researches of 
Pison, and his companion Murograf, entitled 
" Natural History of Brazil," were pub. in 
1648. 

Piteairn (pit-kSrn), Johx, a British offi- 
cer, killed at Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775. 
He was of Fifeshire, Scotland. Capt. of ma- 
rines Jan. 10, 1765 ; major in April, 1771. Ho 
led the advance in the cxped. to Lexington on 
the morning of Apr. 19, 1775, and, surround- 
ing the militia company there, ordered it to 
disperse. The conflict that ensued began the 
armed struggle that ended in Amer. independ- 
ence. Pitcaim was charged with haWng given 
the order to fire on the Americans, but insisted 
to his dying day that the colonists fired first. 
He behaved with great gallantry at Bunker's 
Hill, where he was shot dead while entering 
the redoubt. His eldest son David, an eminent 
]>hy~ician of Lond., d. in 1S09. In the dis- 
putes between the soldiers and the people of 
Boston, he was the only British officer who 
dealt fairly with the latter. 

Pitcher, Thomas G., br^v. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Ind West Point, 1845. 'Served 
in 8th Inf. through the Mexican war, and 
brev. 1st lieut. 20 Aug. 1847, for Contreras 
and Churubusco; adj. 8th Inf. 1849-54; capt. 
19 Oct. 1858; brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; 
maj. 16th Inf. 19 Sept. 186-3 ; col. 44th Inf. 23 
July, 1866; 1st Inf 15 Dec. 1870. He served in 
the Va. campaign June-Aug. 1862, and brev. 
maj. 9 Aug. 1862 for Cedar Mountain, where lie 
was severely wonnded, and brev. brig -gen. 13 
Mar. 1865 for gallant and merit, sei-vices diir- 
ing the Rebellion. Superint. U.S. Milit. Acad, 
since 28 Aug. 1866.— Cii/Zi/m. 

Pitkin, TiMOTHT, LL.D. (T.C. 1829), 
author, b. Farmington, Ct., 21 Jan. 1766; d. 
N. Haven, Dee. 18, 1847. Y.C. 1785. Son 
of Tinio., minister of Farmington in 1752-85. 
A lawyer by profi-ssion ; member, and 5 times 
speaker, of the legisl. ; M.C. 1806-20; and 
again in the State legisl. He was a Federalist, 
and was in Congress esteemed good authority 
upon the political history of the country. 
Author of " Statistical View of the Commerce 
of the U.S.," 8vo, 1816, and revised in 1835 ; 



" Political and Civil History of the U.S.," 
176.3-97, 2 vols. 8vo, 1828. He left a continu- 
ation of this work to the close of his ovra po- 
litical life, in MS. 

Pitkin, William, gov. of Ct. 1766-9 ; d. 
East Hartford, Oct. 1, 1769. Son of William, 
chief justice of Ct. (app. 1713), b. Middlesex, 
Eng., 1664; d. Hartford, Ct., Apr. 5, 1723. 
Meinberof the council Irom 1734; app. a judge 
of the Supreme Court in 1741, and lieut.-gov. 
and chief justice in 1754-66. In 1754 he was 
one of the delegates to the conv. at Albany, 
and one of the committee app. to prepare the 
plan of union which was adojjtcd on that oc- 
casion. 

Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror of Peru, 
b. Truxillo, Spain, ah. 1471 ; d. Lima, Juno 
26, 1541. Tiiough the illegitimate sou of a 
gentleman by a peasant-girl, and obliged to 
tend hogs for a support, he possessed an un- 
daunted courage, and, with other adventurers, 
came to America. In 1510 hewas in the exped. 
to Uraba under Ojeda ; was with Balboa wlien 
he diseoi-erc'd tli- ' Pacific Ocean ; w.is afterward 
in sevrnil -i..!-. mum r Gov. Pedro Arias; 
and sett >: ihiir Panama. In 1524 

he join cl li in: - nid Ltiynesin a search 
for hithiihi 111! I . M,, 1 4 countries; exploivd 
a part of the I'aci.'ic coast, and underwent ex- 
treme hardship. In a second attempt, in 1526, 
he explored a part of Peru, and entered the 
wealthy city of Tumb'^. Ho wont to Spain 
in 152s, iiii'l (il.i iMi' .1 iVom Charles V. author- 
ity to cull , 1 : South-Amor, empire, 
but wa- I ' I . 1 to find the means. 
After iniT'li !■ li.ii I 'lips, and unceasing per- 
severance, lie in 15.31, with 177 men, penetrat- 
ed into Peru, and perfidiously seized the mon- 
arch Atahualpa, who had come to the Spanish 
camp for a friendly interWew, and whom he 
cruelly .and inhumanly jiut to death. With 
this insignificant force, Pizarro, entering Cuz- 
co, the capital, in Nov. 1533, overthrew the 
dominion of the Peruvian incas, which ex- 
tended over 35 degrees of latitude, over many 
millions of a civilized and wealthy population, 
and which was sustained by large armies of 
wcU-disciplincd veteran soldiers. In 1538 Pi- 
zarro and Almagro quan-elled for the supe- 
riority; and the latter was defeated, and put to 
death ; but his son and friends, uniting against 
the victor, assassinated him in his palace. He 
founded the city of Lima. His descendants, 
bearing the title of Marquis of the Cnnquist, are 
still to be found at Tnixillo in Spain. Gon- 
ZALO and Hernando, his bros., assisted him 
in his conquest. The former rebelled against 
the successor of his bro. Francis, .and was 
executed at Cuzco in 1548. Hernando in 
1540 returned to Spain, but through the in- 
fluence of the friends of Almagro, whom he 
had put to death, was for 20 years imprisoned 
in the fortress of Medina del" Campo, and d. 
ah. 1565. Pedko, a relative, wrote an "Ac- 
count of the Discovery and Conquest of Pera," 
pub. ab. 1847. 

Plaeide, Henut, comedian, b. Charleston, 
S.C., Sept. 8, 1799; d. Babylon, L.I.,.I.an. 23, 
1870. Son of Alexander, a dancer and panto- 
mimist, who d. 1812. He was for more than 
20 years a favorite in New York, where he 



F1.A. 



723 



PLXT 



was manager of the old Park Theatre in its 
palmy days. His first appearance was at 
Charleston when he was 9 years old. App. at 
the Park Theatre, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1823, as Zokiel 
Homespun in " The Heir-at-Law." In 183S 
he appeared at the Uaymarket, London, as 
Sir Peter Teazle. He was the original Sir 
Harcourt Courtly in this country. He played 
successful engagements in the principal cities 
of the U.S. and En^., and was a piime favor- 
ite in and long a resident of New Orleans. He 
took leave of the stage at the Winter Garden, 
New York, in 1 865, in the part of Corporal 
Cartouche. Thomas his bro. is a comic actor 
of merit. 

Plater, Geoege, judge of the Md. Court 
of Appeals; member ofthe Old Congress 1778- 
81; pres. of the conv. which in 1788 ratified 
the U.S. Const., and gov. of Md. in 1792; d. 
Annapolis, Feb. 10, 1792, a. 56. W. and M. 
Coll. 1753. 

Piatt, Jonas, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1824), 
judge N.Y. Sup. Court, and M.C. 1799-1801 ; 
d. Peru, N.Y., 18-34. 

Pleasanton, Alfred, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Washington, U.C, Jan. 1824. West 
Point, 1844. Entering the 1st Dragoons, he 
joined the 2d in 1845; accomp. the army to 
the Rio Grande, and was brev. 1st lieut. for a 
gallant charge on the enemy's batteries at 
Resaca do la Palma. He afterward served in 
Cal., New Mexico, and Texas ; was acting 
assist, adj.-gen. to Gen. Harney during the 
Sioux exped. ; adj.-gen. in 1856-60 in his cam- 
p.iigu in Florida, and his operations in Kansas, 
Oregon, and VVashington Territories; made 
capt. March 3, 1855 ; acting col. 2d cav. in the 
fallofl861; maj. Feb. 15, 1862 ; brig.-gen. vols. 
July 16, 1862; maj.-gen. vols. 22 June, 1863. 
He served through the peninsular campaign ; 
took com. of Gen. Stoneman's cavalry brigade; 
and, when Gen. M'Ciellan crossed the Potomac 
in Oct., he led the vanguard. He was in the 
battle of Fredericksburg ; and at Chancellors- 
ville he saved the array after the rout of the 
1 1 th corps ; he com. the cavalry at Gettysburg, 
and in Mo. during the Price raid, in which he 
did efficient service, finally routing Price at the 
Marais.des Cygnes. Resigned Jan. 1868. Brev. 
lieut.-col. U.S.A. for Aniietam, col. for Gettys- 
burg, brig.-gen. for campaign against Price in 
Mo., and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865, for gallant and 
merit, services during the Rebellion. He after- 
ward embarked in manuf and mining enter- 
prises; was made collector of the 4th Dist in 
1869; and was U.S. revenue coll. Dec. 1870 
to 8 Aug. 1871. 

Pleasants, James, gov. of Va. 1822-5, b. 
1769; d. Goochland Co. Nov. 9, 1836. Delegate 
to the Assembly in 1796; clerk 1803-10; M.C. 
in 1811-19; U.S. senator in 1819-22; and in 
1829-30 a member of the State Const. Conv. 
Twice app. to the bench, he declined from a 
distrust of his qualifications. His son John 
Hampden d. Richmond, Va., Feb. 27, 1846, 
from wounds in a duel with Thos. Ritchie, jun. 
He was a man of disting. talents, founder of 
the Richmond Whig, and its chief editor 22 
years. 

Flessis, Joseph Octave, R. C. bishop of 
Quebec, b. Montreal, March 3, 1762; d. Que- 



bec, Dec. 4, 1825. Son of a blacksmith. Ord. 
priest, March 11, 1786; was employed as prof, 
of humanity at the Coll. of St. Raphael, also 
as secretary to the bishop of Quebec, and 
curate of the capital; Sept. 6, 1797, he was 
made coadjutor to Bishop Denault ; Apr. 26, 
1800, he was app. bishop of Canatte, in Pales- 
tine, with the succession to the seat at Quebec, 
of which he became incumbent, Jan. 17, 1806. 
He founded the coll. at Nicolet, as well as 
primary schools at Quebec. He was called 
by the crown to the legisl. council in 1818, 
and proved himself a loyal and patriotic sena- 
tor. In 1799 he pronounced an oration at 
Quebec on the occasion of the naval battle of 
Aboukir. — See FerlancTs Bioq., Notice of, Que- 
bec, 8vo, 1864. 

Plumer, William, lawyer and politician 
of N.H., b. Newburyport, Ms., June 25, 1759; 
d. Epping, N.H., Dee. 22, 1850. A descendant 
of Francis of Boston in 1634, who d. in New- 
bury. With his father's family he removed to 
Epping in 1768. Possessing a vigorous, in- 
quisitive mind, as well as great industry, be 
became one of the best scholars in the Granite 
State. Adm. to the bar in 1787 ; acquired an 
extensive practice ; was a learned and shrewd 
practitioner ; and for many years was solicitor 
for Rockingham Co. During 8 years, two of 
which he was speaker, he was a rep. to the 
State legisl. ; was subsequently in the State 
senate, of which body he was twice pres. ; in 
1792 he was a delegate to the State Const. 
Conv., and was active in embodying in that 
instniment many of the distinctive features 
still pertaining to it; U.S. senator in 1802-7; 
gov. of N.H. 1812-13 and 1816-19. During 
the last 30 years of his life he gave himself up 
to literary pursuits, being a considerable con- 
tributor to the periodical press, under the sig- 
nature of " Cincinnatus." Author of "Ap- 
peal to the Old Whigs," 1805; "Address to 
the Clergy," 1814, &c. His Life was written 
by his son, and edited by Rev. A. P. Peabody, 
D.D., 8vo, 1856. His son William (b. Oct. 
9, 1789, d. Epping, 18 Sept. 1854, H.U. 1809) 
was frequently in the house and senate of 
N.H. ; M.C. 1819-25; member of the State 
Const. Conv. of 1850. Pub. " Youth, or Scenes 
from the Past, and other Poems," 12mo, 1841 ; 
" Manhood," &c., a series of poems, Boston, 
12nio, 1843. 

Plumer, William Swan, D.D., LL.D., 
b. Darlington, Pa., 1802. Wash. Coll., Va., 
1825; Princeton Thcol. Sem. Ord. in the 
Presb. church in 1827; preached in various 
places in Va., N.C., Md., and Pa. Prof of 
theol. in tlie AUegh. Sem. in 1854-62, and in 
the Theol. Sem., Columbia, S.C., since 1866. 
Author of " Thoughts on Relig. Education," 
&c., 1836; " Argument against Indiscriminate 
Incorp. of Churches," 8vo, 1847; "The Bible 
True, and Inlidclity Wicked ; " " Plain 
Thoughts for Children ; " " The Church and 
her Enemies," 1856; "Rome against the 
Bible," &c., 1854; "Vital Godliness," 1865; 
" Jehovah Jireh," 1866; " Studies in the Book 
of Psalms," 8vo, 1866; "Rock of our Salva- 
tion," 1867; "Words of Truth and Love," 
&e. — Allibone. 

Plumley, Benjamin Rush, b. Newton, 



PLU 



FOE 



Pa., 1816. Autlior of " Rachel Lockwood; " 
"Kathaleen JUrKmi. . ; " ■ l.ivs of the Earl^ 
Quakers," in th A . nnd of "Ori- 

ental Ballad'^, ' .\ I l.i li, ,in," &c., in the 
Atlantic Month'', .mi Ai, _/._, /.j./.r; ; and is a 
contrib. to periodicals. — AUibone. 

Flummer, Gen. Joseph B., b. Barre, 
Ms., in 1820; d. Corinth, Mpi., Aug. 9, 1862. 
West Point, 1841. Entering the Ist Inf., he 
became 1st lieut. March 15, 1848; capt. May 
1, 1832 ; and maj. 8th Inf. Apr. 25, 18G2. He 
served with distinction in Florida and Mexico ; 
rendered valuable service to Gen. Lyon in the 
capture of Camp Jackson, Mo., May 10, 1861 ; 
com. a battalion of regulars in the battle of 
Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, and was severely 
wounded ; became col. 1 1 th Mo. Vols. 25 Sept. 
1861 ; com. at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and de- 
feated Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., 
Oct. 21, killing 158, and capturing 42 prisoners 
and one cannon ; was made brig.-gen. Oct. 22, 
1861 ; participated iu the capture of New Ma- 
drid and Island No. 10, and served under Gen. 
Pope in the campaign near Corinth, Mpi., until 
July, 1862. 

Plympton, Joseph, col. U.S.A., b. Sud- 
bury, Ms , March 24, 1787 ; d. Stateu Island, 
June 5, 1860. App. licut. 4th Inf. Jan. 3, 
1SI2 ; eapt. June, 1821 ; maj. 2d Inf. Sept. 22, 
1840; lieut.-col. 7th Inf. Sept. 9, 1846; col. 
1st Inf. June 9, 1853. Disting. on the North- 
ern frontier in the war-of 1812-15 ; com. in at- 
tack on Seminole Indians, near Dunn's Lake, 
Fla., Jan. 23, 1842 ; com. his regt. through the 
campaign of Gen. Scott in Mexico ; and won 
brevets for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Con- 
treras. 

Pocahontas, the celebrated daughter of 
the Indian chief Powhatan, b. ab. 1595; d. 
Gravesend, Eng., March, 1617. She discov- 
ered tlie warmest friendship for the colonists 
of Va., which was remarkably displayed in 
1607, when Capt. John Smith was taken pris- 
oner, and about to be put to death. She inter- 
posed herself between the uplifted war-club and 
the intended victim, and prcyaiied upon her 
father to spare his life. ( Considerable doubt 
has been thrown u])on this romantic story by 
Mr. ('\\.y:]' T I. Ill : - e Preface to his ed. of 
Smiths r l: : :l.m," and Rev. E. D. 

Neiir~ 1' > I <-'omp. of Loud.") She 

was Mil.- i]ii' !i:l'. :i Irriiuent visitor to the set- 
tlements, to which she furnished provisions in 
times of great need. Informed in 1609 of an 
intended plot to destroy Smith and his party, 
she ventured alone through the forest at mid- 
night to disclose it to Smith. Ab. the year 
1612, while on a Wsit to Japazaws, cliicf of the 
Potomac, the latter sold her to Capt. Argall 
for a copper kettle ; and, while a negotiation 
was pending with her father for her ransom, 
she was m. at Yorktpwn, Apr. 1613, to Mr. 
'Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of respectable 
character, with whom early in 1616 she em- 
barked for Eng., where she was baptized, ex- 
changing her Indian name for that of Rebecca. 
In London she received a visit from her former 
friend, Capt. Smith, who, for some unknown 
inirpose, she had been taught to believe was 
dead. She was introduced to the nobility and 
gentry by Smith, and was introduced at court by 



Lady De la War. Mr. Rolfe was app. sec. and 
rccorder-gen. of Va. After a short residence in 
England, as she was ab. to embark from 
Gravesend, in company with her husband, to 
revisit her native land, she d. at the age of 22, 
leaving one son, who was educated by his uncle 
ill London, and aftenvards became a wealthy 
and disting. character in Virginia. 

Poe, Adam, D.D., a Meth. clergyman, b. 
Columbiana Co., 0., July 21, 1804; d. June 
26, 1868. His youth was spent on his father's 
fai-m. He became an itinerant in 1826; was 
adm. to the annual conf. in 1827 ; was a circuit 
preacher until 1835 ; pres. elder of the Wooster 
dist. 1835-9 ; was stationed at Mansfield and 
Delaware, and presided over different districts 
from 1839 to 1852 ; assist, agent of the Western 
Book Concern 1 852-60 ; and became principal 
agent in 1860. Dr. Poe was one of the best- 
known clergymen of his denomination ; took a 
deep interest in education ; and may almost be 
smd to have founded the 0. Wesleyan Confer- 
ence. 

Poe, Edgar Allan, poet, b. Baltimore, 
Jan. 1811; d. there Oct. 7, 1849. His father, 
who was the son of David Poe, a disting. offi- 
cer of the Md. line of the Revol. army, was a 
lawyer, but, marrjing an actress, went himself 
upon the stage; and in a few years both died, 
leaving 3 young children entirely destitute. 
Edgar was adopted by a wealthy citizen of 
Richmond, John Allan ; was 4 or 5 years at a 
school at Stoke Newington, near London ; and 
was afterwards expelled from the U. of Va. for 



conduct. He set out \ 
their struggle for indep. 
in Europe rctnrnr.l hm 
influence, rri > : I i . 
ignominious 1. ■ ■ 
months, he v, .i- i.i lu, > 
who was, hu\ve%er, euiii 



join the Greeks i 
id after a year's stay 
niicl, by Mr. Allan's 

' i]' at West Point; 
• the end of ten 

iMil by Mr. Allan, 
ed to turn him out 



of doors on account of his conduct towards his 
wife. In 1 829 he pub. " Al AaraalT Tamerlane, 
and minor Poems." Not succeeding at first 
in the pursuit of literature as a profession, he 
enlisted as a private soldier, but soon deserted. 
He next competed successfully for two prizes 
of f 100 each, offered by an editor in Baltimore. 
J. P. Kennedy the novelist relieved his desti- 
tution, and procured him the editorship of the 
Southern Lit. Meisnirjer at Richmond. While 
here he m. his cousin Virginia Clemm, with 
whom, after being dismissed for his excesses by 
the publisher of the Messenger, he removed to 
New York in Jan. 1837. Here, in 1838, lie 
pub. " The Narrative of Arthur Gordon 
Pym;" then edited P.urton's Gentleman's 
Mai;, one year at Phila. ; edited Graham's 
Mag. for a year; in 1840 pub. "Tales of the 
Grotesque and Arabesque ; " and pub. in N. 
York, in Feb. 1845, the poem of " The Raven," 
which made him famous. He then edited the 
Broadwaii Journal, but was so poor, that public 
appeals for pecuniary aid were made in his be- 
half by the ncws])apers. His wife died, and in 
1849 he went to Richmond, where he formed 
an engagement with a lady of considerable for- 
tune ; but, before the day app . for their mar- 
riage, he d. in Baltimore of dtlirium tremeii.<i. 
Among his prose productions are " The Gold 
Bug," " The Fall of the House of Usher," 



POI 



725 



POL 



19-21 



times. He returned home to lead the Union 
party of S.C. in the nulliiication stru-gle ;_ and 
was see. of war under Van Buren in 183i-41; 
opposed to nullification, secession, and the 
Mexican war. He delivered a discourse t)n the 
" Promotion of Science," at the first anniv. of 
the Nat Institution ; pub. " Notes on Mexico, 
made in 1S22," Phila. 1824, and some essays 
and orations on topics of manuf. and agnc. in- 
dustry He endowed the Nat. Institution wiih 
a valuable museum. Founder of an Acad, of 
Fine Arts at Charleston.— A^<i(. fori. Gall. 

Polk, James Knox, Uth pres. ot the 
U.S., b. Mecklenburg Co., N.C., Nov. 2, 1 . 9o ; 
d. Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849. U. o 
N.C. 1818. His family, originally named 1 ol- 
Inck came from Ireland early in the 18tli cen- 
Ul senator'l831-5;anda. ^'^y^X^^^^^^J^Z^lp:::^, 



■ Congress in 1807-13; M.C. 1817-19 



" The Murders in the Rue Morgue, ^ ' The 
rurloined Letter," " The Conchologist s 1< irst 
Book." His poems arc characterized by m- 
oenuity, melody, and taste, though upon 
Kloomy and fantastic topics. His works were 
edited by R. W. Griswold, 4 vols. IS.'JO. — ice 
Mrs. Whitman's " Edgar Poe and his Critics, 
1860. , , ,. 

Poindexter, George, lawyer and poli- 
tician b. Loudon Co., Va., 1779 ; d. Jackson, 
Mpi.,'Sept. 5, 18.-i3. Of Huguenot ancestry; 
lett an orphan at an early age. He f';"l»=d law 
at Richmond. In 1802 he removed from Mil- 
ton, Va., where he had practised law for a year 
or two with success, to Mpi., and was in 1803 
made atty .-gen. ofthe Teiritory^;^ was ■" ■'■'" 
gate t 

the Co- 
umbia bar in 1820, so'on taking a high posi- 
tion ; member of the legisl. in 1823-5 ; M.C. 
1825-39, and speaker 1835-9; gov. of Tenn. 
judge'lb'rMpi. He made the ablest in '839-40 ; nominated to the preMdency^^^^ 
speech on t^he Conduct 'of Gen. Jackson, in the the Demo, eonv at Ba • --. Ma3^29, 1844 

^r^or4ii;h^t^^«| S S?H--:^!^^5ro?=^ 

Jackson by voting for Clay's resolution cen- ,f;°"g;^?»| °PP°^'^^»ei ts a protective tariff, and 

suring the executive. He praeused his protcs- ""^'"f ' "^P™;^"'"", ^Cas one of the most 

^Z'^TZ^'^'h^'X^^^^^ ^oil^s^S^s r^s of^e adm 

?'tV¥",°f ^^P'-: «-.- -— ^^ ^"^- f8,3t-!i"aterCnTthe'cc ''^ ' 



tervvard a commiss. to investigate the Swart- 

71^^^-^^: t i^^rz -^rr 1 in .he i^ of 18O6. mt 

2[lSH:"t,ale^ingmerehantintheSouth. office oF.^ Orundy. 



Abij 

west ; he was accused of unfairness ., 

quarrel, out of which grew bitter and pro- 
lons^ed controversies. In 1813-17 he was 
U.S. dist 



Sketch, Washington, 8vo, 1835 

Poinsett, Joel Roberts, LL.U., states- 
man, b. Charleston, S.C. Mar. 2 1779 ; d. 
Statesbarg, S.C, Dec. 12, 1851. Of Hugue- 
not descent, and the last of his family ; he was 
taken to Eng. by his parents while a child re- 
turning to Charleston in 1788. Educated at 
Greenfield, Ct., under Pres. Dwight, 



1833-4, as chairman 



; com. of ' 



and 



.i,c«..o he vindicated with much force the con- 
duct of the pres. in ordering- the removal of 
the public deposits from the Bank of the U.S. 
His administration was one of the most im- 
portant in our history; it covers the settle- 
ment of the Oregon-boundary question, the cre- 
ation of the dept. of the interior, the admission 
a State, the annexation of 
Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, 
and acquisition of New Mexico and California. 
He labored to organize the national treasury 
on the principles of the Constitution, and in- 
troduced into the govt, many financial and 
commercial reforms. He " "■'*" 



abroad for his health in 1796, travelled of' Wisconsin 

in Europe and Asia, and studied medicine and 

military affairs. Returning home in 1809, he 

was sent by Pres. Madison to S. America to 

ascertain the condition of the people, and their 

prospects of success in the icvol. just begun. 

After establishing friendly and commercial re- 
lations with Buenos Ayres, he crossed the 

continent to Chili. The Spanish authorities 

of Peru having seized and condemned several 

Amer. vessels, invaded Chili, and seized 10 

Amer. whale-ships at Talcahuano, Mr. Foin- 
Bctt, with a small force of Chilians, retook Tal- 
cahuano, and liberated the vessels. Hearing 
of the declaration of war with Eng., he ilc- 
tpiniinpd to return home and enter the army ; 

butTacewtlsdcdared before he arrived. On gy"-.'™- --^^ ^d"' t^rindi^n" T 
his r'eturn to S.C he was elected to the S aW mi»s. bisliop^ot Ai_L.,^ana^^ ^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ 
legist., and secured the construction of the im- 
portant road over the Saluda Mountain. M.C. 
1821-5 ; and discharged an important mis- 
6ion to Mexico in 1822, during the b"et "-eign 
of Iturbide ; minister to Mexico in 1825-9, 
and negotiated a treaty of commerce 
there he maintained his personal independenc 



speaker, and a ready debater. — See his hjebu 
Mm S. Jeukins, 12mo, 1850 ; Ihst. of his Ad- 
mimstrution. bij L. B. Cha.<e, 8vo, 1850. 

Polk, Leonidas, Pr.-Ep. Iiishop, and gen. 
C.S.A.,2d cousin of the preceding, b. Raleigh, 
NO 1806; killed at Pine Mountain, Ga., 
June 14, 1864. West Point, 1827. He served 
a few months as lieut. of art. ; then studied the- 
ology ; was Old. deacon in 1830; was a cler- 
man from 1831 to 1838, when '•'" ^■"'«""- 



ihile 



south of 36= 30' ; and in 1841 became bishop oi 
La residin'r in Lafourche parish, where lie had 
extensive plantations. Sympathizing strongly 
with secession, he early urged upon Dav-is and 
the Confed. authorities the importan<-c ot tortity- 
ingand holding the strategical points of the Mpi. 
Valley. In July, 1861, he became maj.-gen. 
in the Confed. arn 



His thorough military 



llf'Euy'r th:nri:"S.=t: oFX ..nlng was evinced by his selection of poi 



liar difficulty 



726 



FON 



of defence, such as Forts Henry and Donel- 
son, Columbus, Kv., Island JJo. 10, and Mem- 
phis ; though he did not rank high as a fjenural. 
Evacuating Columbus, March 1, 1862, he 
joined Beauregard's army at Corinth ; took 
part in the battle of Shiioh, in com. of the 
1st corps; served afterward under Bragg ; and 
com. the 2d army corps when Bra^'g invaded 
Ky. in Sept. 1862. lie -:iv,- miu-l, li;,r.l ti-ht- 
ing in the battle of >! -Ji. and 

shared in the victory ■:,: ' i hui ; lur 

disobedience of orders )ii lu- nui,.-, ,s ntix-by, 
as was asserted in Bragg .■> ollicjal report, the 
federal army was alone saved from annihila- 
tion, he was relieved from his com., and placed 
under arrest. App. lieut.-gen. early in 1863; 
in the winter and spring of 1864 lie had tem- 
porary charge of the Dept. of the M])i. By 
skilful dispositions, he prevented the junction 
of Gens. Smith and Sherman in Southern 
Mpi., and took com. of a corps in Johnston's 
army which opposed the advance of Sherman 
to Atlanta, participating in tlie chief engage- 
ments. He was killed by a cannon-shot while 
reconnoitring near Marietta, Ga. He had 
never resigned his diocese, and intended after 
the war to resume his episcopal functions. 

Polk, Tbdsten, politician, b. Sussex Co., 
Del., May 29, 1811. Y.C. 1831. He studied 
law at the Yale Law School, and began prac- 
tice in St. Louis in 1835. Member ol the 
State Const. Conv. 1845; gov. of Mo. 1857; 
U.S. senator 1857-63, expelled for disloyalty 
10 Jan. 1862. 

Pollard, Edwaed a., editor Richmond 
Examiner, and from 1867 to May, 1869, the 
Southern Oinnion, weekly, at Richmond. Au- 
thor of " Blark Diamonds," 1859 ; " Southern 
Hist, of the War," 3 vols. 8vo, 1863-5 ; " Eight 
Months in Prison," &c., 1865; " The Lost 
Cause," 8vo, 1866; "Lee and his Lieutenants," 
8vo, 1867 ; " The Lost Cause Regained," 
1868; "Life of Jefferson Davis," 8vo, 186',t; 
" Va. Tourist." Son of Maj. Richard, soldier 
and diplomatist, d. Washington, D. C, Feb. 
1851. App. capt. 20th Inf. April 14, 1812; 
St Inf. "■- • - " - ■ 

I Chili, 1835. 



maj. 21st Inf. Dec. 14, 1813; duinj^ d'affaires 



X 



PoUoek, James, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1855), 
b. Pa. N.J. Coll. 1831. Practised law ; app. 
judge of C.C.P.; M.C. froniPa. 1843-9; gov. 
185.5-8; deleg. to Peace Cong. March, 1861. 

Pomeroy, Benjamin, D.D. (U.C. 1774), 
minister of Hebron, Ct., from Dec. 1735, to his 
d., Dec. 22, 1784; b. Suflield, 1704. Y.C. 
1733. Eltweed, his ancestor, settled at Wind- 
sor in 1633. During Whitefield's revival, ho 
preached with great zeal and power. He was 
for 7 years deprived of his stated salary for 
preaching in disregard of the laws of Ct. Chap- 
lain in the French and Revol. wars ; an excel- 
lent scholar, a man of real genius, and one of 
the best preachers of his day. — Sjiraoue. 

Pomeroy, John Norton, LL.D. (U. of 
Vt. 1861), dean of the Law (School, and prof, 
of polit. science, U. of N.Y., b. Rochester, 
N.Y., ab. 1826. Author of " Introd. to Muni- 
cipal Law," 8vo, 1864; "Introd. to U.S. 
Constitutional Law," 8vo, 1868; contrib. on 
Criminal Procedure to N. A. Review, April, 
1861, and Jan. 1862. 



Pomeroy, Gen. Seth ; d. Peekskill, 
N. Y.. Feb. 1777. Son of Ebenezer, and 
grandson of Deacon Medad Pomeroy, and re- 
sided in Northampton, Ms. ; engaging, while 
jonng, in military duties. Capt. in 1744; maj. 
at the capture of Louisburg in 1745 ; in 1755 
he was lieut.-col. in Williams's regt., from 
whose death he was chief commander in the 
battle with Dieskau. His regt. was the most 
pruiniiient, and suffered most, in gaining the 
vietoiT at Lake George. He was a delegate to 
the Prov. Cong, in 1774-5; in Oct. 1774 was 
chosen with Preble and Ward a general officer, 
and in Feb. 1775 a brig.-gen. He fought as a 
private soldier at Bunker's Hill, and was in the 
hottest of the fight. His app. as senior briga- 
dier by Congress, a few days after, causing some 
difficulty in the adjustment of questions of 
rank, he declined it, and soon after retired to 
his farm. In the following year, however, 
when N. J. was overrun by the enemy, he 
headed the militia of his neighborhood, and 
marched to the Hudson River. He was an 
ingenious and skilful mechanic, and manuf. of 
arms, and was a zealous and devoted patriot. 
His son Lemuel, 40 years in the Icgisl., d. 
Southampton, Dec. 1819, a. 82. 

Ponce de Leon (pOn'-tha da la-6n), 
Jdan, the Spanish discoverer of Florida; d. 
Cuba, 1521. He disting. himself in the war 
with the Moors of Granada ; accomp. Colum- 
bus on his second exped. in 1498 ; and became 
com. of the eastern province of Hispaniola. 
Sent by Ovando in 1509 to conquer the Island 
of Porto Rico, he amassed there great wealth, 
and hearing of an island situated to the north, 
in which was a miraculous fountain which 
could restore youth to the aged, he sailed in 
quest of it to the Bahamas in Mar 1512. He 
failed to find the fountain, but landed, 8 April, 
151 11, sMiiir ijiilrs llwrtll ol the site ot St, Augus- 
tine, nik.ii' |.n.„,.i n Ihr„a.». .itthcKing 

of .^|iiiii 111- rnii~e-l ili.Ti' -ii)nr months, 
douM il ( .ijH- M„iiila,,-;iilr,l Mmm^ the Tortu- 
gas, and returned to IVirtu Rieo, leaving one 
of his men to eontinue the search. Returning 
to Spain in 151.'), he reeeived from Ferdinand 
permission to <uli)iii/.e the " Island of Florida," 
and the apj). ' I _"i , m I '> U he led an unsuc- 
cessful expe'; ■ il ' II il.. Indians. Pro- 
ceeding in lij ; I 1 1 — ^-ion of his prov- 
ince, he eueoii.iir;, 1 iIp' (Irierinined hostility 
of the natives, was driven back to his ships 
mortally wounded, and d. soon after his arrival 
in Cuba. 

Pond, Enoch, D.D., author, b. Wrentham, 
Ms, July 29, 1791. B.U. 1813. He studied 
theology with Dr. Emmons; was licensed to 
preach June, 1S14; ord. pastor of the Cong, 
church, Auburn, Ms., March 1, 1815; and dis- 
missed in 1828 to become the conductor of the 
Spirit of the Pilgrims, a monthly pub. in Bos- 
ton. ■ He was prof, of theology in the sera, at 
Bangor from Sept. 18.32 to "1856, when he 
became pies. prof, of eccles. history, and lecturer 
on pastoral duties. He has pub. reviews of 
" Judson on Baptism," " Monthly Concert 
Lectures," 1824; "Memoir of Pres. Davies," 
1827; of "Susanna Anthony," 1827; of 
" Count Zinzen.lorf," 1839; of "John Wick- 
litfc," 1841 ; " Morning of the Reformation," 



727 



1842 ; " No Fellowship with Romanism," 
1843; "The Mather Family" and "The 
Young Pastor's Guide," 1844 ; " The World's 
Salvation," 1845 ; " Popeand Pajjan," a " Re- 
view of Swedenborgianism," and " Plato," 
1846 ; " Life of Increase Mather " and " Sir 
Wm. Phipps," 1847 ; " The Church," 1848 ; a 
review of Bushncll's "God in Christ," 1849; 
"The Ancient Church," 1851; "Memoir of 
John Knox," 1856 ; " The Wreck andRe>cne," 
1858; "Bangor Lectures on Pastoral Theol.," 
1866; "Lectures on Christian Theoloixy," 
8vo, 1868; "Prize Essay on Congregational- 
ism." Sept. 1867. 

Pont Briand, Henki Dd Briel, db, 
6th and last bishop of Canada under the French 
dominion, b. Vannes, France, 1709; d. Mon- 
treal, June 8, 1760. Conscc. April 9, and ar- 
rived at Quebec Aug. 17, 1741. On the 
approach of the English to Quebec, in 1759, he 
issued a Pastoral Letter, which is in Smith's 
" History ol Canada." 

Ponte, Lorenzo da, an Italian poet, b. 
Ceneda, Venice, Mar. 10, 1749 ; d. New York, 
Aug. 17, 1838. He was well educated. Was 2 
years prof, of rhetoric in the Sem. of Ponta 
Guadio ; then removed to Venice, and, in con- 
sequence of a satirical sonnet against Count 
Pisani, was exiled. He went to Vienna, where 
he became Latin sec. to Joseph II. ; wrote for 
the Italian theatres of Vienna and Prague ; and 
produced the librettos of a number of operas, 
among them "Don Giovanni" and " Nozzi di 
Figaro." He passed several years at London 
as poet and sec. of the Italian Opera, under the 
management of Taylor. In 1805 he came to 
America, tctching his native language and 
literature in New York ; in his 80th year he 
was app. prof of Italian in Col. College. Be- 
sides dramas, he is the author of Memoirs of 
his own Life, 3 vols. N.Y., 1823 ; of a number 
of sonnets, and of translutions of Byron's 
" Prophecy of Dante," and of Dodsley's " Even- 
ing of Human Life." He jjossessed a tall and 
imposing form, and a head of antique beauty, 
with a |irol'usion of flowing hair. His son 
Lorenzo L., prof of the Italian lang. and lit. 
in the U. of N.Y, b. Lond. 1805, d. N.Y. City, 
28 Jan. 1S40. Authorof" History of the Flor- 
entine Republic," 2 vols. 8vo, N.Y. 1833 ; and 
" Almachide," a tragedy, 1830. 

Pontiae, chief of the Ottawas, b. on the 
Ottawa River, 1720 ; d. 1769. He settled near 
Michilimacinac, and was an ally of the French. 
In 1746, at the head of a body of Indians, mostly 
Ottawas, he successfully defended Detroit, then 
a French possession, against the attacks of 
some hostile northern tribes. He is supposed 
to have led the Ottawas at Braddock's defeat 
fc 1755. In 1760, Maj. Rogers, with a detach- 
ment, took posscs.-ion of the western posts un- 
der the treaty of Paris. Hating the English, 
t\(e discontent of the Indians was increased by 
injudicious usage ; and Pontiae, at the close of 
1762, sent messengers to the different nations, 
proposing that in May, 1763, they should rise, 
massacre the English garrisons, and destroy the 
frontier settlements. 9 forts were attacked on the 
same day, and their garrisons either massacred 
or dispersed. Pontiae himself was to attack 
Detroit ; but, his intention being discovered, 



he besieged it, and, to obtain food for his war- 
riors, issued promissory-notes drawn upon birch- 
bark, and signed with the figure of an otter, 
which were all redeemed. The siege lasted 
from May 12 to Oct. 12, when it was raised, and 
the Indians sued for peace. Pontiae, unsub- 
dued, endeavored to stir up the Indians on ihe 
Miami and in other places, and applied in vain 
for aid from the French com. at New Orleans. 
His followers gradually fell off; and in 1766 he 
formally submitted to the English rule. He 
was killed by an Illinois Indian at Cahokia, 
opposite St. Louis, while drunk. — See Uistori/ 
o/' the Coiispiraci/ of Pontine bi/ F. ParJcmtin, 
iSM. 

Poole, William Fredkrice, b. Salem, 
Ms., 1821. Y.C. 1S49. Librarian Bost. Mer. 
Lib. 1852-6, an I .i ti' 1'. .- Aihenteum 1856- 
69; nowofi! i I uy. Authorof 

"IndextoSu!. ): in'il Periodicals," 

8vo, 1848; " 1 . > . :■■ 1 ■ i liral Literature," 
8vo, 1853 ; " The Battle of the Dictionaries," 
8vo, 1856 ; " Websterian Orthography," 1857 ; 
"The Orthogra])hical Hobgoblin," 1859; 
" The Mather Papers," 1868 ; " Cotton Mather 



Poor, Charles H., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Cambridge, Ms., June 9, 1808. Midshipm. 
Mar. 1, 1823; lieut. Dec.31,1833; com. Sept. 
14, 1855; capt. I July, 1862; commo. Jan. 2, 
1863; rear-adm. Sept. 20, 1868; retired 9 
June, 1870. He com. exped. of sailors and 
marines to re-enforce Fort Pickens in 1861 ; 
frigate " Roanoke," N. Atlantic block, squad., 
1861-2 ; com. " The Saranac," Pacific squad., 
1863-5 ; com. the N. All. squad. Aug. 19, 1869. 

Poor, Daniel, D.D., missionary to India, 
b. Danvers, Ms., June 27, 1789 ; d. of cholera 
at Jaffria, Ceylon, Feb. 3, 1855. D.C. 1811 ; 
And. Sem. 1814. He sailed from Newbury- 
port with other missionaries, Oct. 23, 1815 ; 
arrived at Colombo in Cevlon, Mar. 23. 1816; 
resided a while at Tillipaliy, afterward at Bar- 
ricotta, where he opened a" scientific sem. ; re- 
moved to Madura in Mar. 1836 ; returned home 
in Sept. 1848; spent about two years in the 
employ of the A.B.C.F.M., visiting various 
parts of the country, delivering addresses, and 
otherwise stimulating missionary enterprise, 
returning to Ceylon in 1850. Authorof vari- 
ous publications in the Tamil and English 
languages. 

Poor, Enoch, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. 
Andover, Ms., 1736 ; killed in a duel with a 
French officer, near Hackensack, N. J., Sept. 8, 
1780. Sonof Thomas, andgrandson of Daniel 
Poor, one of the first settlers of Andover. 
After receiving a common-school education at 
that place, he removed to Exeter, N.H., where 
he engaged in commercial pursuits. Imme- 
diately after the battle of Lexington, the Prov. 
Assembly app. him col. Upon the evacuation 
of Boston, his regt. was ordered to N.Y., and 
thence to join in tlie invasion of Canada. He 
was one of the officers who remonstrated in 
writing against the abandonment of Crown 
Point. Feb. 21, 1777, he was app. a brig.-gen. ; 
served in that capacity in the battles with Bur- 
goyne, after whose surrender he joined the army 
under Washington ia Pa. He was a participator 



POO 



728 



POF 



in the movements in the vicinity of the Dela- 
ware, as well as in the sufferings and destitution 
of Valley Forge ; disting. himself at the battle 
of Monmouth in 1778, and in 1779 accomp. 
Sullivan in his exped. against the Indians of 
the Six Nations. When the corps of light in- 
fantry was formed in Aug. 1780, it was ar- 
ranged into two brigades, one of which was 
com. by Poor, and placed under the orders of 
Lafayette, by whom he was highly esteemed. 
Washington, in announcing his death to Con- 
gress, says he was " an officer of distinguished 
merit, who, as a citizen and a soldier, had every 
claim to the esteem of his country." 

Poor, John Alfred, lawyer, father of the 
railroad system of Me., b. Andover, Me., 8 
Jan. 1808; d. Portland, 5 Sept. 1871, a. 63. 
At first a lawyer in Bangor, and afterward in 
Portland. Some years editor of the S'ale of 
Maine, newspaper^ and some time a member 
of the Me. legisl. Originator of the European 
and N.A. Railroad, and pres. of the proposed 
Portland, Rutland, and OswefiO Railroad. An 
active member of the Me. Hist. Soc, under 
whose auspices he pub. in 1862 " A Vindica- 
tion of the Claims of Sir F. Gorges," &c. ; 
and he del. the address at the Popham celeb. 
in 1SG8. 

Poore, Besj.\min Perley, journalist and 
author, b. Newbury, Ms., Nov. 2, 1820.,^ He 
w;is two years in a printing-office; pub. and 
edited the :ioiithem IVA1V7, Athens, Ga., 18-38- 
40; attache to H. W. Hilliard, Brussels, 1S41; 
hist, agent of Ms. in France, 1844-8, and com- 
piled 10 folio vols, of important documents, 
1492-1780; foreign corresp. of Boston Atlas, 
1843-8 ; editor Boston Daily Bee, and editor 
and proprietor of the American Sentinel, 18.50 ; 
Washington corresp. Bost. Journal since 1854, 
under the signature of "Perley;" sec. U.S. 
A^ric. Soc, and editor of its journal, since 
1854. Author of "Life of Gen. Taylor," 
1848 ; " Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe, "'l848 ; 
" Early Life of Napoleon," 1851 ; Novellettcs, 
repuh. from Gleason's Pictorial; " Agricnit. 
Hist, of Essex Co., Ms.-;" "The Conspiracy 
Trial," 1865; "Congressional Directory,' 
\m7. — Allibone. 

Pope, Charles A., M.D., surgeon, b. 
Huntsville, Ala.. 15 Mar. 1818; d. Paris, Mo., 
6 July, 1 870. He graduated at the universities 
of Ala. and of Pa., and attended a course of 
lectures at the Cincin. Med. Coll. After 2 
years of travel and study abroad, he settled in 
St. Louis in 1841 ; gained a large practice, and 
filled successively the chairs of anatomy and 
surgery in the St. Louis U. He aided in found- 
ing the St. Louis Med. Coll., and devoted 
much time and labor to promote the cause of 
education. Pres. Amer. Med. As.soc. in 1853. 

Pope, John, politician, b. Pr. William Co., 
Va., ah. 1770; d. Washington Co., Ky., July 
12, 1845. Losing an arm by accident, he deter- 
mined to study law; settled in Shelby Co., and 
afterward in Lexington, Ky. ; manv vcars in 
the Kv. legisl.; U.S. senator 1807-13; M.C. 
1837-43; gov. Ark. Terr. 1 829-35 ; pres. pro 
tern. U.S. Senate 1811. — Collins's Hi«t. Ky. 

Pope, John, commo. U.S.N., b. Ms. Mid- 
shipm. JIaySO, 1816; lieut. Apr. 28,1826; 
com. Feb. 15, 1843; capt. Sept. 14, 1855; 



commo. (retired list) July 16, 1862. He com. 
brig "Dolphin," coast of Africa, 1646-7; 
sloop " Vandalia," E.L squad., 1853-6 ; steam- 
sloop " Richmond, " Gulf squad., 1861 ; prize 
commis., Boston, 1864-5; light-house insp. 

Pope, John, brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Ky. Mar. 
16, 1823. West Point, 1S42. His father, Judgs 
Nathaniel (b. Va. 1785, d. St. Louis, Mo., 23 
Jan. 1850), was a lawyer at Vandalia, 111.; a, 
deleg. to Congress from Bl. Terr, in 1816-18 ; 
register of the land-office at Edwardsvillc, HI., 
1818; app. judge U.S. Dist. Court of 111. 1819. 
John entered the topog. engs. ; was attached to 
the army of Gen. Taylor; was brcv. 1st lieut. 
for Monterey, and capt. for Bueua Vista, Feb. 
23, 1S47. Ik' conducted the Minnesota explor- 
ing r\|„;i iiil-ri-:>n: th.ii that to test the fea- 



road. In 1854-'J li^ v, ,,- . .;,<iii:ij il. I.'n.ly 
Mountains. llebccam : : .1 , 1 : l,i 

an address in 1860 on I 1 

tions," del. at Cincini 1:1:1, li^ i[. i:.iiiii, . ,| :;:.■ j .1- 
icy of Pres. Buchanan in uiisj>aring terms, and 
was court-martialled ; but the matter was 
dropped. Hewasone oftheofficerswhoescorted 
Mr. Lincoln to Washington ; was made brig.-gen. 
vols. May 17, 1861 ; and app. to a com. in Mo., 
where his operations were very successful. In 
an engagement at the Blackwater, Dec. 13, he 
routed the enemy, and took a number of pris- 
oners. In Feb. 1862, Gen. Halleck intrusted 
him with the com. of the land-force destined 
to co-operate with Flag-Officer Foote's flotilla. 
Marching on New Madrid, he captured that 
place, Mar. 13 ; and, after the surrender of 
Island No. 10 (Apr. 8), took alargenumber ol 
prisoners; Mar. 21, 1862, he became maj.-gen. 
of vols. ; in April he took com. of a grand divis- 
ion of Gen. Halleck's army ; vigorously pur- 
sued the enemy in retreat from Corinth"; and 
was summoned to Wasliington to take com. of 
the Armv of Va. June 27, 1862; made brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. July 14. Aug. 17 and 18 Gen. 
Pope drew back his whole force across the Rap- 
pahannock; from this date, for 15 days, Gen. 
Pope, re-enforced by a part of the Arm^ of the 
Potomac, fought continuously a superior force 
of the enemy under Lee, on the line of the Rap- 
pahannock, at Manassas Junction, at Groveton, 
and Chantilly. He withdrew his force behind 
Difficult Creek, and thence within the fortifica- 
tions of Wa-shinston ; and, Sept. 3, was at his 
own request relieved of the com. of the Army 
of Va , and assigned to that of the Dept. of the 
North-west. In Dec. he testified at Washing- 
ton before the court-martial on Fitz-John 
Porter, accused by him of misconduct before 
the enemy at the second battle of Bull Run. 
Brcv. raai.-gen. U.S.A. 1.3 Mar. 18G5 for cap- 
ture of Island No. 10. Author of "Explora- 
tions from the Red River to the Rio Grande," in 
" Pacif. R.R. Reports," vol. 3 ; " The Campaign 
in Va. of July and Aug. 1862," 8vo, 1863. 

Popham, George, pres. of the first com- 
pany of settlers in New England; d. 5 Feb. 1608. 
He sailed from Plymouth, Eng., 31 May, 1607, 
with 2 ships and 100 men. Popham com- 
manded one ship, and Raleigh Gilbert, nephew 



POP 



729 



POR 



of Sir Walter Raleigh, the other. Aug. 1 5 they 
landed at tlie mouth of the Sagadahock or Ken- 
nebec River, " on a western peninsula ; " and a 
storehouse was built, vrith a fort, which was 
called Fort St. George. After the death of 
Popham, the colonists returned home, having, 
as Smith says, "found nothing but extreme 
extremities." His bro. Sir JoHS, lord chief 
justice of the King's Bench, a promoter of the 
settlement of America, b. Somersetshire, 1531, 
d. 10 June, 1607. He became chief justice ab. 
1592. Sir Francis Popham was a patentee of 
N. England, and a member of parliament in 
1 620. — See Memorial Volume of the Popham 
Celebration. 

Popkin, JoHK Snelung, D.D. (H. U. 
1815), clergyman and scholar, b. Boston, June 
19, 1771 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., March 2, 1S52. 
Son of Col. John, Revol. officer. H.U. 1792. 
He exercised the vocation of a teacher for a 
short time in Woburn and in Cambridge ; and 
was Greek tutor at H.U in 1795-8. Member 
of the Am. Academy. Ord. pastor of the Fed- 
eral-street Church, Boston, July 10, 1799; dis- 
missed Nov. 28, 1802 ; installed pastor of the 
First Church in Newbury, Sept. 19, ISOl; dis- 
missed Oct. 5, 1315, having accepted the app. 
of prof, of Greek in H.U. In 1826-33 he was 
Eliot professor of Greek literature. During his 
ministry, he pub. a number of sermons of a 
high character. An interesting vol. of his pro- 
ductions has appeared, consisting of lectures, 
and extracts from sermons, with a Memoir of 
his Life by C. C. Felton, 1852. 

Porter, Alexander J., jurist and senator, 
b. near Armagh, Ireland, 1786; d. Attakapas, 
La., Jan. 13, 1 844. His father fell in the rebel- 
lion of 1798. He came to the U.S. in 1801; en- 
gaged in mercantile occupations in Nashville, 
Tenn. ; but, having studied law, was in 1807 
adm. to the bar. The defects of his early edu- 
cation were remedied by his own individual 
efforts; and by his industry and talent he 
attt.ained the front rank of jurists and politi- 
cians. Removing to St. Mai-tinsville, La., in 
1810, he was active in forming the State const. 
in 181 1 ; became a judge of the Supreme Court 
in 1821; and was U.S. senator in 1834-7. 
Re-elected in 1 843, ill health prevented his tak- 
ing his seat. A Whig in politics, he voted to 
censure Pres. Jackson for the removal of the 
deposits; favored Calhoun's motion to reject 
petitions for the abolition of slavery in tjic Dist. 
of Col. ; favored the division among the States 
of the surplus revenue, and the recognition of 
the independence of Texas. To the labors of 
Judges Porter, Matthews, and Martin, is due 
the system of jurisprudence at present existing 
in Louisiana. 

Porter, Ges. Andrew, Revol. oiUcer, b. 
Worcester, Montgomery Co., Pa., Sept. 24, 
1743; d. Harrisburg, Nov. 16, 1813. He 
taught a school at Phila. from 1767 till June 
19, 1776, when he was made by Congress a 
capt. of marines, and ordered on hoard the frig- 
ate " Effingham ; " transferreil soon after to 
the art., in which, from his previous studies, he 
was qualified to be eminently useful ; he served 
with great reputation for science and l>ravery ; 
was in 1 782 promoted to major ; and at the end 
of the war was col. of the 4th or Pa. Art. He 



was engaged at Trenton, Princeton, Brandy- 
wine, and Germantown. In the latter action 
nearly all his company were killed or taken 
prisoners; and in the first, he received on the 
field, in person, the commendation of Washing- 
ton. Detached in Apr. 1 779 to join the exped. 
of Sullivan, against the Indians, he suggested 
to Gen. Clinton the ideaof damming the outlet 
of Otsego Lake, by which means the water was 
raised sufficiently to enable the troops to be 
transported by boats to Tioga Point. In 1 784- 
8 he was a commiss. for running the State 
boundary-lines; was in 1800 made brig.-gen. 
of State militia, and soon after maj.-gen. ; and 
in 1809 was app. surv.-gen. of Pa. He de- 
clined, on account of his advanced age, the of- 
fices of brig.-gen. in the army, and sec. at war of 
the U.S., offered him by Madison during the 
war of 1812. Of his sons, George B. d. gov. 
of Michigan, David R. was gov. of Pa., and 
Gen. James M. sec. of war. — Ror/ers. 

Porter, Benjamin F., jurist, b. Charles- 
ton, S.C, Bept. 1808. He was self-educated. 
Was adm. to the bar in Charleston at an early 
age, afterward studied medicine, which in 
1830 he practised in Ala., but returned to the 
law, and was chosen to the legisl. in 18.32 ; and 
was in 1835 reporter of the State. In 1840 he 
was elevated to the bench, but, doubting the 
constitutionality of his election, resigned the 
office. He edited 14 vols, of the Ala. Reports, 
and translated the " Elements of the Institutes " 
of Heineccius. He has also contrib. to period- 
icals ; has been frequently an orator on public 
occasions; and has pub., among otiierworks, a 
collection of poems, chiefly lyrical, in Charles- 
ton. 

Porter, David, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1811), 
minister of Spencertown 1787-1803, and of 
Catjkill, N.Y., 1803-31, b. Hebron, Ct., 27 May, 
1761; d.Catskill,Jan.7, 1851. D.C. 1784. He 
served neaily a year in the Revo), army. He 
pub. " Dissertation on Baptism," 1809, and some 
sermons. Agent of several benev. societies; 
member of the A.B.C.F.M., and, though eccen- 
tric, a man of great influence. — Sprai/ue. 

Porter, David, commodore U.S.N., b. 
Boston, Feb. 1, 1780; d. Pera, near Constan- 
tinople, March 3, 1843. Midsliipm. Apr. 16, 
1798; lieut. Oct. 8, 1799; master com. Apr. 
20, 1806; capt. July 2, 1812. His father 
Capt. David com. a Boston merchant-ship, and 
was actively engaged in the Revol. ; afterward 
removed to Baltimore, and, engaging in the W. 
India trade, introduced his son to the naval 
career at the age of 16. The son served in 
'• The Constellation " during her famous ac- 
tion with " The Insurgente " in Feb. 1799 : his 
good conduct in the action, and in securing the 
prize, caused his promotion soon after. In 
Jan. 1800, he was wounded in an engagement 
with a pirate off St. D^omingo; in Aug. 1801 
he was 1st lieut. of the schooner " Enterprise," 
which captured a Tripolilan cruiser of supe- 
rior force. While 1st lieut. of the flag-ship 
" New York," he com. a boat exped. which 
destroyed several feluccas laden with wheat 
under the batteries of Tripoli, and was again 
wounded ; transferred to " The Philadel- 
phia," which was captured while aground in 
the harbor of Tripoli in Oct. 1803, he was 18 



vliilc 



of 



m com. 
n ly imnished 12 
:, attacked him 
>i tlie small frig- 
-ailcJ from New 
lal valuable cap- 



Spa,.,.;, ._,,.,...:,. .,:: 

York, July \ lSV2'^m 

tures, and took, after an action of 8 minutes, 
H.B.M. ship "Alert" of 20 guns,— the first 
ship-of-war taken in the contest. Dec. 12, he 
captured the British govt, packet " Nocton," 
with $55,000 in specie ; and, at the close of Jan. 
1813, sailed to the Pacific, where he captured 
a number of British whaling and trading ves- 
sels. March 28, 1814, " The Essex " was cap- 
tured after a severe fight in the neutral port of 
Valparaiso by the British frigate " Phoebe " 
(36) and " The Cherub" (28). He pub. a narra- 
tive of this remarkable cruise (N.Y. 2 vols. 8vo, 
1822). From 1815 to 1823 he was one of 
the navy coramiss., and in the latter year com. 
a successful exped. to sup])res3 piracy in the 
Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently made cogni- 
sant of an insult to the American flag at B'ox- 
ardo in Porto Rico, he obliged the authorities 
to make an apology. This led to his recall, to 
court-martial for transgressing orders, and sen- 
tence of suspension for 6 months. He resigned 
Aug. 18, 1826, entered the Mexii'an navy as 
com.-chief, but in 1829 took the U S. consul- 
ship to Algiers. Upon the occupation of Al- 
giers by France, he was made chanj^ d'af- 
faires to Constantinople, and subsequently resi- 
dent minister. His corresp. with a friend in 
Now York was pub. in 1835 as " Constantinople 
and its Environs." While in Turkey, Porter 
negotiated several important treaties, and 
held his position as minister till his death. He 
was a humane as well as a brave man, and a 
superior seaman. — Duyddnk. 

Porter, David D.,adm. U.S.N., younger 
son of tlie preceding, b. Phila. June, 1813. 
Miilsliipm. Feb. 2, 1829; lieut. 27 Feb. 1841 ; 
com. 22 A)ir. 1861 ; was attached to tlie coast- 
survey in 1836-40; and in "The Congress" 
cruised in Mediterranean and Brazilian waters 
4 years. In 1845 he was ordered to the Wash- 
ington Observatory. During the Mexican war 
he had chargeof the naval rendezvous at N. Or- 
leans ; was present at Vera Cruz, Tuspun, and 
Tabasco, also in land-fights at Tamultee and 
ChiHon ; then returned to the coast-survey ; 
in 1849-53 com. successively the Cal. mail- 
steamers " Panama" and " Georgia;" and in 
1861 was sent in the steam-sloop " Powhatan " 
to Pensacola to join the Gulf block, squad. In 
the exped. against New Orleans early in 1862, 
he was placed in charge of a flotilla of 21 mor- 
tar-boats and several steamers, with which he 
CO operated with Flag-Oflicer Farragut in the 
capture of the Mpi. forts and the unsuccessful 
siege of Vicksburg. He was afterward ordered 
withhisflotilla to the James River; and in Oct. 
took com. of the Mpi. gunboat fleet with the 
rank of ivctin'; rcar-adni. • In Jan. 1863 bis 
fleet i,i: ■,n 1 \i ! ,i,,-:i^ Post, and, Apr. 29, de- 
stri,\. I u- batteries at Grand Gulf. 

I)ii,,i: ii, \',cksburg, his mortar-fleet 

tbnw -ii i^ ii,:ri \\ir city and works 40 days 
without iiitLTmi.ssion. Made rear-adm. July 4, 
1863, for the capture of Vickshurg. While'co- 
operating with Gen Banks's Red-river exped. 



in Apr. 1864, his fleet was saved at Grand 
Ecore by the skill of Lieut.-Col. Bailey, who 
constructed a dam across the river, giving suf- 
ficient water for their passage over the bar. 
Ordered to the com. of the N.A. block, squad., 
he attacked Fort Fisher, N.C., in Dec. 1864, 
and again in Jan. 1865 when captured by as- 
sault. Vice-adm. July 25, 1866; adm. 17 
Oct. 1870; supt. Naval Acad. 1866-70. 

Porter, David R., gov. of Pa. 1839-45, 
b. Pa. 1788; d. Harrisburg, Pa., Aug. 6, 1867. 
Son of Gen. And, ew. He was a lawyer ; often 
a member of nrh hrnnrh nf the State legisl., 
and was cxtr,, i, < ■. - ;: , i| in the manuf. of 
iron. Cba,-. ■ : : ; >,,iy in his election 

asgov. in If-.)-. ,i: i'.n ,, ( i i . ^;ave rise to much 
feeling in tlic uigaiuiaiiuji uf the legisl. ; and 
disgraceful proceedings at the State capital, 
since famous as the " Buckshot War," were 
the consequence. 

Porter, Ebenezer, D.D. (D.C. 1814), 
pres. And. Thiol. Sem. 1827-34, b. Cornwall, 
Ct., Oct. 5, 1772; d. Andovor, Apr. 8, 1834. 
D.C. 1792. His father Thos. Porter, a f;vrmcr 
and a prominent politician, removed in 1779 
with his family to Tinmouth, Rutland Co., Vt. 
He taught school some months ; then studied 
divinity ; and Sept 6, 1796, was ord. pastor of 
the Cong, clim-ch at Washington, Ct. His 
health becoming impaired, he removed in Apr. 
1812 to Andover as prof, of sacred rhetoric. 
Dr. Porter pub., beside many occas. sermons, 
"The Young Preacher's Manual," 1819; 
" Analysis of Vocal Inflection," 1 824 ; " Anal- 
ysis of Rhetorical Delivery," 1827; "Rh(> 
torical Reader and Exercises," 1831 ; " Sylla 
bus of Lectures," 1832; an "Abridgment of 
Owen on Spiritual Mindedness," 18.33; "Lec- 
tures on Homiletics and Preaching," 1834, and 
on "Public Prayer; " together with "Sermons 
and Addresses," and an abridgment of Owcb 
on the 130th Psalm. Since his death, " Tha 
Biblical Reader," and "Lectures on Eloquence 
and Style," liave also bi-en publi.<lird. 

Porter, Elipiialet, D.D, (II. r. 1807), a 
Cong, clergyman, ii. .\' Uri.l-.Hati ,■, Ms., June 
11, 175S;'"d. R,jxb„rv, 1) ,■ 7, Is:;!. II.U. 
1777. He studied thiolo^v wi;h 1,1* father, 
Rev. John Porter, minister of N. Bridgcwater 
1740-1802; and Oct.2, 1782, was ord. overthe 
Cong, society of Roxbury, where he continued 
51 years. Member of the Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences. In 1830 the Rev. George Putnam 
was settled with him as colleague. He ])ub. 
a "Eulogy of Washington," 1800; and nine 
single sermons. 

Porter, Gen. Fitz-John, nephew of Com. 
David, b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1822. West 
Point, 1845. Entering the 4th Art., he was 
made 1st lieut. May, 1847 ; won the brevets of 
capt. and major at Molino del Rev and Cha- 
pul tepee; and was severely wounded at the 
Bclen Gate. He was in 1849-53 assist, inst. 
of art. at West Point; adj. there in 1853-4, 
and assist, inst. of cav. and art. in 1 854-5 ; 27 
June, 1856, he was made assist, adj.-gen. (rank 
of capt.); col. 15th Inf. May 14, 1861 ; brig.- 
gen. vols. May 17 ; brcv. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 
June 27, 1862, and maj.-gen. vols. Julv 4; 
chief of staflr to Gens. Patterson and Banks, 
Apr. to Aug. 1S61 ; assigned to the Army of 



FOR 



731 



FOR 



the Potomac, ho was in Auc. placed at tho 
head of a division ; and in May, 1 S62, took 
com. of the 5th corps. He directed the siege- 
works before Yorktoivn, and was gov. of that 
place for a short time after its CTacuation ; 
com. the extreme right before Richmond, re- 
ceived the fiercest attacks of the enemy, and 
was promoted for his services. Temporarily 
attached to Gen. Pope's com during the battles 
which followed the evacuation of the Peninsula, 
he avoided all participation in thcni ; and, for- 
mal charges being made against him, he was 
deprived of his com., but, at the request of Gen. 
McClellan, was restored to duty, and took part 
in the Md. campaign ; com. the reserve in the 
battle of Antietara. In Nov. he was ordered 
to Washington tor trial by court-martial, and 
was cashiered 21 Jan., 1863, for violation 
of the 9th and 52d articles of war. The 
grounds for his appeal to the Pres. in 1870 for 
a reversal of this sentence are stated in Old 
and New for June, 1870. 

Porter, Geokge B., gov. of Mich. Terr. 
1831-4, son of Gen. Andrew, b. Lancastci', 
Pa., 1790; d. Detroit, Mich., 6 July, 1834. 
Liberally educated, and a lawyer ; he was an 
active and thorough business-man. 

Porter, Col. George W., author of many 
valuable inventions, especially the Porter rifle ; 
d. near Memphis, Tcnn., 7 Nov. 1856, a. ab. 50. 
Lieut, asth U.S. Inf. May, 1814-June, 1815. 

Porter, James, the " Kentucky giant ; " 
d. Louisville, Ky., 23 Apr. 1859. He was 7 
feet 9 inches high, and weighed 300 lbs. 

Porter, James Madison, lawyer, son of 
Gen. Andrew, b. Selma, Pa., Jan. 6, 1793; d. 
Easton, Pa., Nov. H, 1862. He was educated 
for the bar ; served as a vol . in the war of 1 8 1 2 ; 
was a member of the Pa. Const. Conv. in 1838, 
having an important share in the revision of 
the State Const.; was app. sec. of war in Mr. 
Tyler's cabinet in 1843, but rejected by the 
senate. He was one of the founders of Laf. 
Coll. at Easton ; 25 years pres. of its board of 
trustees ; and was pres. judge 12th judicial 
dist., Pa., and 22d dist. 

Porter, John Addison, chemist, b. Cats- 
kill, N.Y., Mar. 1.5, 1822; d. N. Haven, Ct., 
Atig. 25, 1866. Y.C. 1842. He was tutor, 
and then prof, of rhetoric, in Del. Coll. until 
1847 ; then studied at the U. of Giesscn, Ger- 
many, several yeara, where he had the instruc- 
tion of Licbig in agricultural chemistry. In 
1 850 he became prof, of chemistry as applied 
to the arts in Brown U., and held a similar 
chair at Y.C. in 1852-64. During the seces- 
sion war, he wrote and spoke strongly on the 
Union side, and edited the Connecticut War 
Record. Hewas thcauthorofseveral text-books 
of chemistry; selections from the "Kalevala," 
the great Finnish epic, 1868; and contribs. to 
the scientific journals. — 1'. C. Oh. Record. 

Porter, Moses, brig.-gen. U S.A., b. Dan- 
vers, Ms., 1755; d. Cambridge, Ms., Apr. 14, 
1822. Lieut, in Trevett's art. May 19, 1775; 
served at Bunker's Hill, and through the Revol., 
the succeeding Indian wars, and that of 1812- 
15withEng. He was at White Plains ; the 
cainpaign in tho Jerseys, Trenton, Brandy- 
wine, Germantown; was an efiicient co-adju- 
tor of Col. Smith in the defence of Mud 



Island, in the Delaware ; was one of the few 
old officers selected for the first peace estab- 
lishment; lieut. May 1, 1787; eapt. Nov. 1791, 
serving under Wayne in 1794 ; maj. 1st Art. 
May 26, 1800; col. light art. Mar. 12, 1812; 
accomp. Wilkinson's anny, and com. the art., 
and disting. at the capture of Fort George, 
May 27, 1813 ; brev. brig.-gen. Sept. 10, 1813, 
and ordered to the defence of Norfolk, Va., in 
1814; col. 1st. Art. May, I82I. 

Porter, No.ui, D.D. (U. of N.Y. 18.58), 
LL.D., b. Fannington, Ct., 1811 ; author and 
educator. Y.C. 1831. Clark prof, of moral 
philos. and met.aphysics Y.C. 1846-71 ; now 
(1871) pres. Y.C. Son of Rev. Noah, min. 
of Farmington 1806-66. Author of Hist. 
Discourse at Farmington, Nov. 4, 1840 ; "Edu- 
cational Systems of the Puritans, and Jesuits 
Compared/' 1851 ; " The Human Intellect," 
1868; "Books and Rending," 1870; and an 
abstract entitled " Elements of Intellectual 
Philos.," 1870. Contributor to religious pe- 
riodicnls. 

Porter, Peter Bdel, politician and sol- 
dier, b. Salisbury, Ct., Aug. 14, 1773 ; d. Ni- 
agara Falls, Mar. 20, 1844. Y.C. 1791. His 
father Dr. Joshua, a physician in Salisbury, 
Ct, (Y.C. 1754, d. 1825), was a col. of militia 
in the battle of Saratoga. The son began to 
practise law at Canandaigua, N.Y., in 1795; 
soon became popular ; and was M.C. in 1 809- 
13 and 1815-16. He had settled at Black 
Rock, where he had, with his bros., made large 
purchases of land, when the war of 1812 with 
Eng. broke out. Made mnj.-gen. of N.Y. and 
Pa. vols, in July, 1813, he defended Black 
Rock (Buffalo) against the British in that 
month ; and was disting. in the battles of Chip- 
pewa, Niagara Falls, and Fort Erie, receiving 
the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. 
Both Gens. Brown and Gaines speak of him 
in their reports as a " brave, skilful, and 
gallant officer.'' In 1815 Pres. Madison app. 
him com. in chief of the army, which he de- 
clined ; commiss. under the treaty of Ghent in 
1816 ; afterward sec. of state of N.Y. ; sec. of 
warunderPres. Adams in 1828. He m. Letitia 
Grayson, dau. of Atty.-Gen. John Brecken ridge. 
Gen. Porter was identified with the progress 
of Western N.Y., was one of the early project- 
ors of the Erie Canal, and one of the first 
board of commiss. His son Col. Peter Adg. 
was killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864, 
at the head of his regt. (129th N.Y.) ; b. Black 
Rock, N.Y., July 14, 1827. H.U. 1845. Ho 
studied at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Brcslau ; 
member of the N.Y. legi.sl. 1861 ; commiss. 
col. Aug. 17, 1862. 

Porter, Thomas, judge; d. Granville, N.Y., 
Aug. 1833, a. 99 yrs. 3 mos. Hewas in the 
British army at Lake George in 1755, and was 
active during the Revol. He was 10 years 
judge of the Supreme and County Courts of 
Vt., and was a member of the legi.-ilatures of 
Vt. and Ct. 35 years. Dr. Ebenezer, of An- 
dover Sem., was a son. 

Porter, William A., b. Hunterdon Co., 
Pa., 1821. Laf. Coll. 1839. Adm. to Phila. 
bar 1842; sheriff of Phila. 1843; city solici- 
tor 1856 ; app. judge Sup. Ct. 1858. Author 
of " Essay on Law of Sheriffs," 1845 ; " Life 



732 



of Cli. Justice John B. Gibson," 8vo, 1855; 
"Addresses." — ^//ifone. 

Porter, William David, commodore 
U.S.N., b. N. Orleans, 1810; d. N.Y. City, 
May 1, 1864. Son of Com. David. App. to the 
navy, Jan. 1, 1823; lieut. Dec. 31, 1833. lie 
projected and founded the present light-house 
system ; served through the Me.'cican war with 
distinction, hut was retired in 1855, and re- 
stored in 1859. At the beginning of the Rebel- 
lion he was on the Pacific starion, in the sloop 
of war " St. Mary's." His loyalty being suspect- 
ed, he wrote to the govt, a letter in his defence, 
which was pub., and excited much comment. 
He was subsequently ordered to the Mpi. to 
assist in fitting out the gunboat flotilla, and 
placed in com. of " The Essex," which he caused 
to be covered with iron phites, and took pan 
in the attacks on Forts Henry and Donel- 
Eon, being severely scalded in the first-named 
action ; and fought his way past all the batte- 
i-ies from Cairo to N. Orleans. He took part 
in the attack on Vicksburg, and afterward 
engaged the iron-clad Confed. gunboat "Arkan- 
sas " near Baton Rouge. " The Arkansas " was 
blown up ; and in Sept. he bombarded Natchez, 
and attacked the Vicksburg batteries and Port 
Hudson. For these disling. services. Com- 
mander Porter was made commodore July 
16, 1862. Owing to feeble health, he did little 
subsequent duty. He had two sons in the 
rebel service. 

Porter, William T., editor, b. Vt. 1806; 
d. New York, July 19, 1858. At first a teacher; 
he subsequently became a printer, and, having 
removed to New York ab. 1833, pursued his 
vocation in a book-printing establishment ; 
afterwards established the Constellation, a week- 
ly journal, which was merged into the Spirit 
of the Times, a weekly paper devoted to sport- 
ing news and literature. Having sold out 
his interest in it, he began in 1856, in connec- 
tion with Mr. George Wilkes, the publication 
of Porter's Spirit of the Times, which he con- 
tinned to edit until his death. He was an 
elegant, graceful, and spirited writer, and was 
connected at various times with other journals. 
He edited Col. Hawker's " Instructions to 
Young Sportsmen," T. B. Thorpe's " Arkan- 
sas Stories," and J. M. Field's " Night in a 
Swamp," and other stories. — See Life by Fran- 
cis Briniei/. 12mo, 1860. 

Porterfield, Col. Charles ; killed at the 
battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780. Capt. I Ith 
Va. Regt. Feb. 13, 1776; licut.-col. of the 
State garri.son regt. Aug. 14, 1779. 

Porterfield, Gen. Robert, Revol. ofiHcer ; 
d. at his residence in Augusta Co., Va., Feb. 
13, 1843, a. 90. He entered the army an ensign 
in Morgan's rifle regt., and quitted it a cap- 
tain. In the campaign of 1779, was capt. and 
aidede-cam)) to Gen. W. Woodford ; was cap- 
tured at Charleston, S. C, and afterward 
served at the North under Washington. He 
was a brig-gen. in the war of 1812, and an 
acting county magistrate over 50 years, twice 
holding the office of high sheriff. 

Portier, Michael, D.D., Roman-Cath. 
bisho]! of Mobile; consec.Nov. 5, 1S26; d. May 
14. 1859. 

Posey, Carnot, brig.-gen. C. S. A., b. 



Mpi.; d. Charlottesville, Va., Nov. 13, 1863, 
from a wound received at Bristol Station, 
Oct. 14. As 1st lieut. in JefF Davis's regt. rifles, 
he was disting., and wounded at Buena Vista. 
Posey, Gen. Tho-MAS, b. on the banks of 
the Potomac, July 9, 1750; d. Shawneetown, 
III., March 19, 1818. He received a plain 
English education. Removed to Western Va. 
at the age of 19, and was quartermaster to 
Lewis's division of Lord Dunmore's array ; par- 
ticipated in the bloody battle with the Indians 
at Point Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774; in 1775 he 
was one of the com. of corresp. ; was app. 
capt., and raised a comjiany for the 7th Va. 
Cont. Regt. ; aided in defeating Dunmore at 
Gwyn's Island ; joined Washington's army 
at Middlebrook early in 1777 ; w:i< tr:insfprrc(l 
to the celebrated rifle regt. nf Cul. Mni-nn; 
was soon after engaged in a ,^iv. iv :h nun u nli 
the British light troops at PIm ai,i\v:n , ,\, ,1. ; 
joined Gen. Gates, and rendu-., I ;^rr;it Munr 
at the two battles of Bemis Ih iL:lii- (S. pi I l' ) 
and Stillwater (Oct. 7); succc.,!,,! to thr..,,,,. 
of the regt. in the spring of 1778 ; aii.l I. ,1 ins 
regt. as maj. in Oct. 1778 in an exped. against 
the Indians. In the spring of 1779 he took 
com. of the 11th Va. Regt.; was soon after 
transferred to the com. of a b:itt. of Febiger's 
regt. under Wayne ; and at the brilliant assault 
on Stony Point, July 15, 1779, was one of the 
first toenter theenemy's works. Hewas present 
at thesurrcnilcrof Yorktown ; organized anew 
regt., of which, with the rank of lieut.-col., he 
took com. ; and served under Wayne in Ga. 
until the evacuation of Savannah. When 
surprised by the Indians under Gueristersigo on 
the night of June 23, 1782, Posey rallied and 
led his men to the charge, exhibiting great 
bravery and skill, and defeating the enemy 
with severe loss. From 1786 to 1793 he was 
county lieut. of Spottsylvania, Va. ; app. brig.- 
gen. Feb. 14, 1793 ; settled in Ky. ; was elected 
State senator; was 4 years lieut.-gov.; maj.- 
gen. of Ky. levies in 1809 ; U.S. senator from 
La. 1812-13; succeeded Harrison as gov. of 
Ind. Terr. March 3, 1813; and in I816became 
agent for Indian affairs, which post he held at 
his death. — See Life of Posey in Sparks' s Amtr. 
Bioq. 

Post, MiNTURN, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1832), 
phv-ician and author, b. New York, June 28, 
1808; d. there April 26, 1869. Col. Coll. 
1827. He studied medicine in N.Y. and 
Phila. ; was a pupil of Dr. Mott, and com- 
pleted his studies under Louis, Broussais, and 
others. He acquired a lucrative practice in 
New York; and was 26 v.ar^ iihiIkmI exam- 
iner of the N.Y. Mi.timi l.ik' 111-- Co. Dr. 
Post was thoroughly laminar h iili ili.M-ases of 
the chest, and was l.n-cly iTistruniental in 
promoting the study of physical diagnosis. 
He was the translator of a French treatise on 
Auscultation and Percussion, 8vo, 1839. 

Post, Wright, M.D., an eminent physi- 
cian and surgeon, h. North Hempstead, L.I., 
Fob. 19, 1766 ; d. Tlirogs Neck, N.Y., June 
14, 1S28. After studiu'.; 4 vears under Dr. 
Richard B.ayly of New Yoik, and 2 years 
under Dr. Sclilon of London, he returned in 
1786 to New York to commence practice. 
App. in 1792 prof, of surgery in Col. Coll., 



FOS 



733 



POT 



he visited the great schools of Europe, collect- 
ing a splendid anatomical i.iliiint, with 
which he returned to Aiiicih ,i ni IT i: He 
was for 20 years prof, of unaninv nihi pliy i- 
ology in that institution, dniin- uiu li p ikhI 
he effected many difficult sin-i<,il .i|i. raihui^, 
and attained high distinctiun. In 1^1.; lie 
was app. to a similar profussnr Im|, m i\v ( oU. 
of Pliys. and Surg., of which lir h:i> |.ns. in 
1821-6. In 1815 he again visited Europe for 
his health. lie was for 30 years consulting 
physician of the N.Y. Hospital, and was a 
member of the most prominent literary socie- 
ties of the city. 

Postell, Col. Benjamin, Revol. officer of 
St. Bartholomew's parish; d. Charleston, S.C., 
Jan. 1801, a. 41. In 1775 he was made a 
lieut. 1st S.C. Kegt., and, on the capture of 
Charleston in 1780, was sent to St. Augustine, 
suffering from brutal treatment during his cap- 
tivity of 11 months; alteiuard a mcmlier of 
tlie State legisl., and r,-; >,i :!:.( ■,,;:, .(..a i \,. 
regt. With his 111" , * i I- i ■, I'"- 1 i : i , !,a 
rendered good sn \ 

Jan. 29, 1781, the lath l- rajaai . ,i aaar Monk's 
Corner 40 British regulars. Cul. J.imes Pos- 
TELL, also a disting. partisan under Marion, 
d. near Coosawatchie, S.C, 16 Mar. 1824, a. 

iPotter, Alonzo, D.D. (H.U. 1846), 
LL.U. (Un. Coll. 1846), Prot.-Ep. bishop of 
Pa., b. La Grange, Duchess Co., N.Y., July 10, 
1800; d. San Francisco, Jul*' 4, 1865. "Un. 
Coll. 1818. His ancestors were among the ear- 
ly settlers of K.I. He became a tutor in Un. 
Coll. in 1819; and was prof, of mathematics 
and nat. philos. in 1821-6. Ord. deacon in 
April, 1821, and priest in Aug. 1824; elected 
pres. of Geneva Coll. in 1825, he declined the 
post ; rector of St. Paul's, Boston, from Aug. 
29,1826, till Aug. 27,1831; viee-pres. and 
prof, of moral philos. in Un. Coll. 1831-45; 
consec. bishop of Pa. Sept. 23, 1845. He m. 
the only dau. of President Nott. Bishop Pot- 
ter was especially identified with the organi- 
zation of the hospital of the Prot.-E)i. Ch., 
and the establishment of the Divinitv School 
of the church in Phila. He pub. " The Prin- 
ciples of Science applied to the Domestic and 
Mechanic Arts," 1841 ; "Political Economy," 
1841 ; "Hand-Book for Readers and Students," 



Addn 



'&e., 
Plan 
' and. 



of 



■ Chri 



1847 ; "Discourses. Ch 
1858; "Religious PI 
of Temperance OrLtm 
with Geo. B. Em 
Schoolmaster," 1S4 1 
Harper's " Family Li 
tian Essays," 1829 ; Maria James's "Poems," 
1839 ; and 15 Lectures on the Evidences of 
Christianity by clergymen of the Prot.-Ep. 
Church, 8vo, i853. Between 1845 and 1853 
he delivered five courses of Lowell Inst, lec- 
tures on subjects connected with natural the- 
oliii:y. 

Potter, Chandlek Eastman, author, b. 
Concord, N.H., Mar. 7, 1807 ; d. Flint, Mich., 
Aug. 4, 1868. Dartm. CoH. 1831. After 
teaching, practising law, and serving one term 
in the State legist., he in 1844 removed to Man- 
chester, where he edited and pub. for 4 year.< 
the Manchester Democrat. He m 1852-3 edited 



the Farmrr's Monthh/ Visitor, and the Granite 
Farmer in 1834-5 ; was the author of a valua- 
ble history of Manchester, and was well versed 
in the history of N.H. From 1848 to 1855 ho 
was judge of the Manchester Police Court. For 
some years he com. the famous Amoskeag 
Veterans. Many years an active member of 
the N.H. Hist. Soc, and its pres. in 1855-7. 
Author of a valuable military history of N.H. 
in the adj.-gen.'s reports for 1866 and 1868, 
of two addresses upon the Penobscot Indians, 
and other addresses, and papers in periodi- 
cals. Contributed the article upon the Penob- 
scot and other Eastern Indians to School- 
craft's " History of the Indians," and partially 
prepared a new edition of Belknap's N. H., 
with continuation to 1860. Co-editor of the 
Weekli/ Mirror and the Mirror ami Farmer in 
n%i-b. — See.N. E. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., 
xxiii. 61. 

Potter, EusHA Reynolds, politician, b. 
S.Kingstown, R.I.,Nov. 5,1764; d. there Sept. 
26, 1835. In early life he was a soldier and a 
blacksmith's apprentice ; acquired some knowl- 
edge of law, which he practised with success 
until he was 40, when he entered political life. 
From 1793 until his death, he was a rep. to the 
Assembly, with the exception of 4 terras in 
Congress in 1796-7 and 1809-16, and in 1818, 
when a candidate for the oflice of gov. He was 
5 times speaker of the house. Few political 
men iu Rhode Island ever acquired or main- 
tained a more commanding influence. He was 
always a forcible, and sometimes an eloquent 
speaker. 

Potter, Elisda Reynolds, b. S. Kings- 
town, R.I., 20 June, 1811. H.U. 1830. Com-: 
missioncr of public schoWs in R.I. 1849-54; 
some years member of the Icgisl. ; adj.-gen. 
1S35-6; M. C. 1843-5. Author of "Early 
History of Narragansett," 8vo, 1835; "Paper- 
Money of the Colony of R.I.," 8vo, 1S37; "Ex- 
tension of Suffrage in R.I.," 8vo, 1842; "Ad- 
dress bef. the R.L Hist. Soc. Feb. 19, 1851 ; " 
"Reports on the R.L Public Schools;" "The 
Bible and Praver in Public Schools," 8vo, 
1854, &V. — R.I'. Educational May., 8vo, 1852-4. 

Potter, Hazard AenoldI M.D. (Bowd. 
Coll. 1835), physician and surgeon, b. Potter 
township, Ontario Co., N.Y., Dec. 21, 1811; d. 
Geneva, N.Y., 3 Dec. 1869. After practising 
in R.L a few months, he returned to his na- 
tive town ; in 1 853 he removed to Geneva, 
N.Y., where he had a high reputation as a sur- 
geon and consulting phy^ician. He performed 
successfully many critical surgical operations, 
and was one of the first surgeons who called 
attention to the presence of arterial blood in 
the veins of the parts paralyzed by_ depressed 
fracture of the ccr\-ical vertebrse, which he first 
observed in 1837. In 1854 he successfully per- 
formed the operation of trephining the spine. 
He was one of the first to remove ovarian tu- 
mors, and introduced a new mode of amputa- 
tion at the hip-joint. During the civil war he 
was a vol. surgeon. 

Potter, Horatio, D.D. (Trin. Coll. 1838), 
LL.D. (Geneva, 1856), D.C.L. (Oxf. I860), 
Pr.-Ep. bishop of N.Y., liro. of Alonzo, b. La 
Grange, Duchess Co., N.Y., Feb. 9, 1 802. Un. 
Coll. 1826. Ord. deacon July, 1827; priest in 



734 



1828; and in 1828-33 was prof, of mathemat- 
ics and nat. philos. in Wash. Coll., Hartford. 
While here, he was inyited by Bishop Moore 
to become his assistant in the Monumental 
Church, Richmond, Va., but declined. In 1853 
he became rector of St. Peter's, Albany, N.Y.; 
in 1837 he was chosen pres. of Trinity Coll., 
Hartford, but declined. Dr. Potter was chosen 
provis. bishop of N.Y., and consec. Nov. 22, 
1854. By the death of Bishop B. T. Onder- 
donk, April 30, 1861, he became bishop of the 
diocese. 

Potter, Rev. Isaiah, first settled minister 
of Lebanon, N.H., from July 6, 1772, to his d. 
2 July, 1817; b. Plymouth, Ct., 1746. Y.C. 
1767. Studied theology with Dr. Smalley of 
Berlin, Ct., and was a fellow-student with Dr. 
Nathaniel Emmons. He m. Elizabeth, dau. of 
John Barrett of Northfield, Ms. He pub. some 
occasional sermons. 

Potter, Gen Robert B., lawyer and sol- 
dier, b. N.Y. Son of Bishop P. of Pa., and 
grandson of Pres. Nott. In 1861 he was a suc- 
cessful lawyer in New York ; became maj. 51st 
Regt., Shepard Rifles; led the assault at Ro- 
anokclslaiiil ; wns \v<)imil<d at Xewbern ; com. 
hisrei;t.:it C'rilar .MuiiiitMin, Manassas, Chantil- 
Iv; ami at Ami' :aiii i '.wri-'l tin- famous "stone 
bVid-e," and l^a^ a-ain wouinkd. He sen-ed 
alsotn the battle of Fredericksburg; made brig.- 
gen. 13 Mar. 1863; com. 2d div. 9th corps at 
Vicksburg, and com. the corps against Long- 
street in Tenn. and siege of Knoxville ; com. 
his div. under Grant, and was conspicuous from 
the Wilderness to Petersburg ; and brev. maj.- 
^en. June, 1864, for galLantry in "several ac- 
tions since crossing tlie Rapidan." In the final 
assault on Petcrsliurg, April 2, 1865, he was 
shot through the body, Imt recovered. 

Potts, George, D.D., a leading Presb. cler- 
gyman and author, pastor of the University- 
place Chnrch, b. Phila. 1801 ; d. N. Y. City, 
Sept. 15, 1864. U. of Pa. 1819; Princeton 
Thcol. Sem. 1822. Pastorof a church in Natch- 
ez, Mpi., 1823-35; and of the Duane-st. Church, 
N.Y. City, from May, 1836, until the comple- 
tion of the edifice in University Place. He was 
brought prominently before the public in 1844 
by a controversy with Dr. Wainwright of the 
Episc. Church, pub. as " No Church without 
a Bishop." He also pub. a number of ser- 
mons, letters, addresses, &c. 

PottS,JoNATHAN,M.D. (Phila. Coll. 1771), 
h. Bristol, Pa., 1747 ; d. 1781. He began prac- 
tice at Reading ; was an active patriot ; was 
app. surgeon for Canada and Lake George, 
June, 1776; and app. directorof theGen. Hos- 
pital for the Northern Dept. Jan. 1777. — N.E. 
Gen. and Uist Reg. 1864. 

Potts, Richard, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1805), 
gov. ot Md. 1781-1782, and U.S. senator from 
1792 to 1796. Member Old Congress 1781-2. 

Potts, Stacv Gakdxer, b. Hanisburg, 
Pa., 180U; d. Trenton, N. J., 9 April, 1865. 
Bro. of Win. S. Adm. to the bar in 1827 ; 
member of the legisl. 1828-9 ; clerk of the 
N. J. Court of Chancery 1831-41 ; judge N. J. 
Sup. Ct. 1852-9. Author of " Village Tales," 
12mo, 1827; "Precedents and Notes of Practice 
in the N.J. Court of Chancery," 1841. Edited 
the Emporium in 1821, and contrib. to the PhUa. 



Monthly Maq. He left in MS. " The Christ of 
Revelation.'' He was in 1845 one of the com- 
mission to revise and pub. the laws of N. J. 
M.A. of N.J. Coll. 1844. 

Potts, William Stephens, D.D., minis- 
ter in St. Louis, b. Northumb. Co., Pa., 13 
Oct. 1802 ; d. 27 Mar. 1852. Pres. of Marion 
Coll. 1835-9 ; pastor 1st Presb. Ch., St. Louis, 
1828-35 and 1839-52. He pub. a number of 
sermons, addresses, &c. — Sprayue. 

Pouchot, M., engineer officer under Mont- 
calm in Canada, b. Grenoble, France, 1712; 
killed in Corsica, while reconnoitring, 8 May, 
1769. Entered the engrs. in 1733; served in 
Corsica, Flanders, and Germany ; defended 
Niagara and Fort Lewis. Author of " Me- 
moirs of the War of 1755-60 in N.A.," pub. in 
3 vols. 1781, translated and edited by F. B. 
Hough, 2 vols. 4to, 1866. 

Poulson, Zachakiau, editor and pub- 
lisher, b. Phila. Sept. 5, 1761 ; d. there July 
31, 1844. He edited and pub. the Amer. Daily 
Advertiser, the first dailvin the U.S., from Oct. 
1800 to Dec. 28, 1839. " He had been for many 
years printer to the State senate. Pub. Pout- 
son's Town and Country Almanac from 1789 to 
1801; Proud's "History of Pa.," 1797-8; and 
other valuable books. He was connected with 
many literary and benevolent societies, and for 
nearly 59 years with the Library Company of 
Phila. — Simpson. 

Foussin, William Tell, major V. S. 
topog. engineers, b. France. Accomp. Gen. 
Bernard to the U.S. after the downfall of Na- 
poleon. App. assistant topog. cngr. (rank of 
capt.) March 6, 1817 ; aide-dceamp to Gen. 
Bernard, topog. engr. (rank of major), Jan. 15, 
iM'i; i..!j,..l .iiily a, 1832. Author of 
"/ : . Ii'ie'iieures, Projele's 

ir, I < '>< I i,u. des Etats-'Unis 

J'.l y. ISJI -' 1- .;■ 4to, 18:H; " fun- 

siJeH,l,ons M„- I.: / ', / . . --'., ' ," .v<-., 

8vo, 1841 ; '• Ufia I , I , ,, 

2 vols, 8vo, 1843; al I, ; . ■ ;! -n- 

tribs. to periodicals. 11' uml. :,ii atm jart 
in the establishment of the French republic of 
1848. Envoy -extra, and minister-plenipo. from 
France to the U.S. 1849. 

Powell, Charles Stuart, comedian, b. 
Eng. 1749; d. Halifax, N.S., 26 April, 1811. 
He played at the Covent Garden, London ; had 
been manager of the Haymarket; first app. in 
Boston, 13 Aug. 1792; opened the Boston 
Theatre as manager in Feb. 1794-6; and was 
some years manager of the Halifax "Theatre. 

Powell, George, historical painter, b. 
N.Y. City, 1823. Among his works is "The 
Discovery of the Mississippi." 

Powell, Henry Watson, a British gen. ; 
d. Lyme, Eng., July 14, 1814. App. a capt. in 
the 64th Foot, Sept. 1750, be served in the W. 
Indies in 1759, and in America in 1768; lieut.- 
col. 53d, July, 1771 ; took part in Burgoyne's 
exped., with the rank of brig.-gen., 1777 ; and 
when the Americans evacuated Ticonderoga, 
July 6, he was left in com. of that post. Here 
he was attacked by a body of N. H. and Ct. 
militia, Sept. 18, who were obliged to retreat. 
He became a gen. in the army Jan. 1, 1801. — 
Burrjoyne's Ord. Book. 
Powell, Col. John Hare, agriculturist. 



POW 



735 



b, Pliila. April, 17SG; d. there June U, 18j6. 
His lather Robert Hare came from Enghind in 
1773 ; was a member of the lirst State Const. 
Conv., and was speaker of the State senate in 
1 827. John was educated at Phila. Coll. ; be- 
came a successful merchant ; was sec. of lega- 
tion to Wm. Pinkney in Lond. ; returned in 
Dec. 1811 ; was brij;adc-m!ijor to Gen. T. 
Cadwallader Sept. ISU; in-^p.i.'Pn. (rank of 
col.) Dec. 1814 tn JnilP, I^I', TiilTiiii- lii~ 
attention to a^ri i ' ' , ' m -, , 

valuable essays t. ; , . ■ > 

was a founder ul I in' i :i Ajr-' .-.,<!. [^, i j.- 
and was instrnnR-ntal in iiii|ini\ m;; tno nreud 
of horned cattle and sheep in tlie U.S. He was 
a good speaker and debater, and a patron of 
the fine arts. Author of " Memoirs of the Pa. 
Agric. Soc," and "Hints for American Farm- 
ers." — Simpson. 

Powell, Lazahds W., politician, b. Hen- 
derson Co., Ky., Oct. 6, 1812 ; d. Henderson, 
Ky., July 3, 1867. St. Joseph's Coll., Bards- 
ton, 1833 ; Transylv. Law School, 183,5. Adm. 
to the bar in 1835 ; he was energetic both as a 
lawyer and a farmer. In 1836 he was elected 
to the legisl., of which he proved a useful mem- 
ber; was gov. of Ky. in 1851-5; and was U.S. 
senator in 1859-65. He was a clear and forci- 
ble rcasoner, and an excellent working member 
of the senate, but was not re-elected on account 
of his extreme anti-war views. 

Powell, Levin, lieut.-col. Revol. armv, b. 
Va., 1738 ; d. Bedford, Pa., Aug. 1810. Mem- 
ber of the Va. conv. which ratified the U.S. 
Const. ; M.C. from Va. 1799-1801 ; served 
through the Revol. war in the Va. line, Cont. 
army. Resided in Loudon Co., Va. 

Powell, LEVi>f M., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Va. oh. 1800. Midshipm. Mar. 1,1817; lieut. 
Apr. 28, 1826; com. June 24, 1843 ; capt. Sept. 
14, IS55; commo. July 16, 1862; rear-adm. 
June 8, 1870. Served as midshipman in the 
Medit., China Seas, and Gulf of Mexico, and 
W. Indies, for the suppression of piracy ; com. 
several expeditions again.st the Seminoles, and 
wounded at the heail waters of the Jupiter 
River in Jan. 1837 ; com. two surveying ex- 
peditions in the Gulf of Mexico 1842-3 ; com. 
sloop-of-war " John Adams," coast of Afrira, 
1849-50; home squad. 1856; frigate " Poto- 
mac," block, squad., 1861; lighthouse insp. 
I80;!-6. 

Powell, Snelling, comedian, bro. of 
Charles S., b. Carmathon, Wales, 1758 ; d. 
Boston, 8 Apr. 1821. Feb. 2, 1794, he made 
a successful d^ut at the Boston Theatre .'is 
Gustavus Vasa. He was a successful man- 
ager of that theatre. His wife, a popular ac- 
tress, a Mi^s Harrison, d. 26 Dec. 1843. 

Powell, WiLi.i.vM DixsMOOK, chief jus- 
. tioe of Upper Canada, b. Boston, 1756; d. 
i Toronto, 6 Sept. 1834. 

Powell, W. Byrd, M.D., physiologist, b. 
Bourbon Co., Kv., Jan. 8, 17d9 ; d. Covington, 
Ky., May 13, 1 866. Transylv. U. 1 820. Med. 
School, 1823. His father was a pioneer an the 
settlement of Ky. He interested himself spe- 
cially in studying the physiology of the brain 
and the temperaments. In 1835 he became 
prof, of chemistry in the Med. Coll. of La. 
In 1836 he demonstrated that the human tem- 



perament could be read from an examination 
of the cranium alone. He prosecuted this study 
for 3 years among the Indian tribes, and was 
regarded by many of his friends as insane. He 
assisted in organizing the Memphis Institute 
in l^4n, nml tri-njiii d the chair of cerebral phy- 
siiildj .:■'.'■'. l"u'y. In 1851 he removed 
to (. .1 I, > : > 111 1856 he took the chair 
of ..! i I !,- IN ilu- Eclectic Med. Inst, of 
( 'ill' 11111,1 I, uhl Iri-iured there 2 or 3 years. 
lii 111- N iiiiral Hist, of the Human Temper- 
iiii. [it-." I ^-'i(',, he announced his discovery of 
a iiirnMin nu'nt indicating infallibly the vital 
tone, and also the signs of vital tenacity. He 
was a frequent contrib. to scientific and litera- 
ry periodicals ; wrote, jointly with Dr. R. S. 
Newton, " The Eclectic Practice of Medicine," 
and an " Eclectic Treatise on Diseases of Chil- 
dren." — Ajijiletnn. 

Power, TvEONE. Irish actor and author, 
b. Co. Watcrford, Nov. 2, 1797; d. at sea. 
Mar. 1841. Another account states that he 
was b. in Swansea, Wales, and was a journey- 
man printer, changing his name from Thomas 
Powell after he went on the stage. His wid- 
owed mother having removed to Wales, Tyrone 
made his d^biit in the CardiflF Theatre as Ro- 
meo. He played at provincial theatres till 
1818, when he retired; but in 1821 re-appeared 
on the London stage. His first decided success 
there was in 1824, in the part of Paddy 
O'Halloran ; and he thenceforth devoted him- 
self to the delineation of Irish characters, in 
which he was unrivalled. In 1833-5 and again 
in 1840-1, he visited the U.S., where he was 
highly successful. He embarked for Europe, 
Mar. II, 1841, in the steamship "President," 
which was never heard of afterward. He pub. 
" Impressions of America," 2 vols. 8vo, 1835 ; 
"The King's Secret," a novel; "The Lost 
Heir," &c 

Powers, Grant, a Cong, clergvman, b. 
Holli.s N.H., Mav 31, 1784; d. Go^shen, Ct., 
Apr. 10, 1841. Dartm. Coll. 1810. He stud- 
ied theology ; was minister at Haverhill in 
1815-29, and at Goshen from Aug. 27, 1829, 
to his<leath. Author of "Essay upon the In- 
fluence of the Imagination on the Nervous 
S\ stem, contributing to False Hopes in Reli- 
gion ; " a " Hi,-jtory of the Coos Country," 
12mo, 1841 ; and " Centennial Address at llol- 
lis," 8vo, 1830. 

Powers, Hiram, sculptor, b. Woodstock, 
Vt., July 29, 1805. He spent his youth on his 
father's farm ; emigrated with his family to O., 
and, on the death of his father, established him- 
self in Cincinnati, being successively employed 
in a reading-room, in a produce-store, and with 
a dockmaker. From a German sculptor he 
learned the art of modelling in plaster, and 
for 7 years he directed the wax-work dept. of 
the museum at Cincinnati, but in 1835 went to 
Washington, where he was for some time prof- 
itably employed in modelling busts of disting. 
men. With the assistance of Mr. N. Long- 
worth of Cincinnati, he was able to establish 
himself in Florence, where he has .since resided. 
In 1838 he produced an ideal statue of Eve, 
pronounced by Thorwuldsen a work which any 
sculptor might be proud to claim as his master- 
piece ; in 1839 he finished his model of the 



PO^W 



736 



"Greek Slave," his most popular work, of 
which he has made several duplicates in mar- 
ble. Among his other well-known works are 
the " Fisher-I3oy ; " " II Penseroso ; " " Proscr- 
pine,"abust; "California:" " America," mod- 
elled for the Crystal Palace at Sydenham. Eng. ; 
a- bronze statue of Webster, now erected in 
the State-hou.-ie grounds at Boston ; and por- 
trait-statues of Washington and of Calhoun. 
The latter, his best work of the kind, after be- 
ing shipwrecked on Long Island, was safely 
deposited in Charleston. Among his numer- 
ous busts are those of Adams, Jackson, Web- 
ster, Calhoun, Marshall, Everett, and Van 
Buren. Mr. Powers is the inventor of a useful 
process of modelling in plaster, which obviates 
the necessity of taking a clay model. 

Powhatan, emperor of the Indians in Va. 
when the English made their first settlement 
in 1607 ; d. Apr. 1618. He was the most pow- 
erful of the Indian kings, swaying the sceptre 
over 30 nations numbering 8,'OOQ souls. lie 
was remarkable for vigor and energy, skilful in 
intrigue, courageousin battle, and magnanimous 
in victory. He lived, for a savage, in great dig- 
nity and splendor; was always attended by a 
guard of 40 warriors, and watched by a sentry 
at night. He was hostile to the English, and 
Ciime near destroying them repeatedly ; but, on 
the marriage of his dau. Pocahontas to Mr. 
Kolfe, he became friendly, and remained at 
peace. His principal residence was Werowoco- 
moco, on York River, in the pre.-ent county of 
Gloucester. 

Pownall, Thomas, LL.D., an English 
statesman and writer, b. Lincoln, 1722 ; d. 
Bath, Eng., 25 Feb. 1805. U. of Carab. 1743. 
He was made sec. to the commiss. for trade and 
plantations in 1745, and was in the commissa- 
riat of the army in Germany ; in 1753 he came 
to Amer. as sec. to Sir D. Osborne, whom he 
succeeded as lieut.-gov. of N. J. in 1 755 ; mem- 
ber of the Congress at Albany in 1754; gov. 
of Ms. 1757-60; gov. of S.C. 1760-1; and, re- 
taming to Eng., was made director-gen. of the 
office of control, with rank of col. Entering 
parliament in 1768, ho strenuously opposed the 
measures of the ministry with respect to Ameri- 
ca ; and his speeches, iiiade at various impor- 
tant crises, form an instructive comment upon 
the mistaken policy of the times. He retired 
from parliament in 1780. Foreseeing the dan- 
ger to Eng. of a union among the Colonies, 
when the Congress met at Albany to devise 
the best means of defence against the French, 
he presented a powerful memorial to Lord 
Halifax upon tlie subject. As gov. of Ms. he 
did not give his confidence to Hutchinson, Oli- 
ver, and their party, which they resented by 
slandering him to the people and the clergy. 
He pub. in 1766 "The Administration of the 
Colonies ; " " Topog. Description of such Parts 
of N. Amer. as are contained in the Annexed 
Map (that of L. Evans, con-ected, and contin- 
ued to 1775) of the Middle British Colonies," 
&e. ; besides a number of works on archajolo- 
gy, antiquities, and politics. 

"Poydras. Jhliex, philanthropist, first 
delegate to Congress from the Terr, of Or- 
leans 1809-12; d. Point Coupc'e, La., June 25, 
1824. He gave $100,000 for the founding of 



Pratt, Matthew, an early portrait-pain 
ofPhila. (1734-1805). He studied 4 years 



the Female Oq.han Asylum, and left $20,000 
for a college at Point Conpe'e. 

Pratt, Bexjamin, lawyer and jurist, b. Co- 
hasset, Ms., Mar. 13, 1710; d. Jan. 5, 1763. 
H. U. 1737. Bred to a mechanical employ- 
ment by his parents, who were poor, the loss of 
a limb in early life led him to study ; and he 
soon became conspicuous among the lawyers 
of the day in leammg and eloquence. He was 
a representative of Boston 1757-9, and was a 
zealous lover of freedom. The friendship of 
Gov. Pownall procured him the app. of chief 
justice of N.Y., which he did not long live to 
enjoy. He was a man of great research and 
learning, wrote some fugitive verses, and 
had made extensive collections in view of writ- 
ing a history of N. Eng., but died too soon to 
accomplish it. His wife was the dau. of Judge 
Auchmuty. 

Pratt, Enoch, pastor Cong, church, W. 
Barnst.iblc, Ms., 1807-35, b. Middleborough, 
Ms., 1781 ; d. Brewster, 2 Feb. 1860. Brown 
U. 1803. Ord. Barnstable 28 Oct. 1807 ; re- 
signed 1837. Author of a " History of East- 
ham, Wellfleet, and Orleans, Ms.,"8vo, 1844. 

Pratt, LoniSA KiRBY ; d. Cincinnati, 2 
Oct. 1864. Author of a series of essays in the 
Home Journal over the signature of " Bell 
Smith." Her Letters from Paris were pub. with 
the title " Bell Smith Abroad.'' 

painter 
■ears in 
Lond. with West; returned to Phila. in 1768 ; 
assisted Pcale, his schoolmate, in establishing 
his museum ; and painted many of the eminent 
men of his time, among others the prominent 
members of the convention which framed the 
Federal Constitution in 1787. — Tui:hcrnian. 

Pratt, Phinehas, an early settler of Wey- 
mouth, Ms., d. Charlcstowii, Ms., 19 Apr. 
1C80, a. 90. He came to N.E. in June, 1622, 
with Weston's colony, but, on its failure, fled 
from the place in Feb' 1623, and reached Plym- 
onth. 30 miles distant, pursued by Indians "in 
ti,noc of f.n^f p,^.| MiMiv. :i- n deer chased with 
Will-.- ■• Im 111:' !:'■ :'•]■'.•.• ^fd a petition to 
tli. (. I , : :, „ narrative of the 

lii -i i . :: i ., \r . , , il a "Declaration 

of tht .'iii.m,, tji iliL- L:i-:i.-h People that first 
inhabited N. England." — .See J^-. HUl. Colls. 
4, iv. 47S; D,ak-e's Hislori/ of Boston. 

Pratt, TnoJiAS G., gov. of Md. 1844-8, 
b. Washington, D.C., 180.5; d. Baltimore, Nov. 
9, 1869. N.J. Coll. He was bred a lawjer; 
frequently sen-ed in the Md. senate ; was U.S. 
senator in 1851-7 ; delegate to the Chicago 
Convention 1864, and to the Phila. Natioii'al 
Convention in 1867. 

Pratt, Zadock, an eminent citizen of N.Y., 
b. Stephentovn, Rensselaer Co., N.Y., Oct. 30, 
1790; d.Bergen,N.J., 6Apr. 1871. He began 
life a poor boy, but by his industry gained a 
large fortune. In 1812 he began business as 
a saddler and harnessmaker. Devoting his 
attention to tanning in 1817, he attained emi- 
nent snccess ; and his name will ever be asso- 
ciated with Prattsville, where he located a tan- 
nery in 1824. Elected to Congress in 1836, 
and again in 1842, he labored successfully for 
the public good. His career in Congress will 
be remembered for his efforts in behalf of the 



737 



reduction of postage, his plans for the new 
post-office builuings, and the bureau of statis- 
tics, which owes its origin to him. Delegate to 
the Baltimore Convention of 1862 ; pres. of 
many societies and institutions, includin;^ the 
Mechanics' Institute, N.Y.; also col. of aregt., 
and member N.Y. legisl. His son, Gen. 
George, d. of a wound at the battle of Manas- 
sas, a. 32. 

PratZ, Le Page du, French traveller, b. 
Holland; d. 1775. Entering the French service, 
he fought in Germany, and, having obtained 
an interest in the French Western Land Co., 
left La Rochelle in May, 1718, to take posses- 
sion of lands ceded them near New Orleans. 
After some fruitless efforts at colonization, he 
ascended the Mpi. inl720; settled with the 
Natchez Indians, by whom he was well re- 
ceived, but with whom he had a conflict in Dec. 
1 723, and his property was burned. Peace 
restored, he explored the interior of the coun- 
try, visiting the region watered liy the Missouri 
and the Arkansas, and, after 8 years of labor, 
returned to N. Orleans, where he was treasurer 
of the company nntil the office was sup))ressed, 
when he returned to France; and 25 June, 
1734, he landed at La Rochelle. He pub. his 
" History of Louisiana," giving an account of 
his adventures, 3 vols. 12mo, 1753, Paris, — a 
work of remarkable exactness. — Hoefer, Nouv. 

D!on. Unh. ■' 

Pray, Isaac Clakk, editor, author, and 
dramatist, b. Boston, 1813 ; d. N.Y. Nov. 28, 
1869. Amh. Coll. 1833. Son of a Boston mer- 
chant of the same name. Some time connected 
with the Journal of Commerce, and afterward 
wrote for the Herald; was the authorof " Vir- 
ginins," a play first brought out at the Acad, 
of Music, and was very successful as a theatrical 
manager. He trained many celebrities for the 
stage, among whom are Charlotte Cushman aiid 
Charles H. Eaton. He was in Eng. in 1846-7, 
and performed successfully at the Queen's 
Theatre, London, the Theatres Royal, Liver- 
pool and Cork, in the highest walks of the 
drama. Autlior of " Prose and Verse," 1 2mo, 
1835; "Poems," 1837, 12mo; "Book of the 
Drama," 8vo, 1851 ; "Memoirs of J. G. Ben- 
nett," 1855; and of several burlesques and 
plays. Edited the Shine, a monthly, pub. at 
Amherst, 1831-3 ; Boston Pearl, weekly, 1834 ; 
also many other magazines and reviews, and in 
1859-60 edited the Phila. Enquirer. 

Pray, Job, member of the exec, council of 
Ga., and a brave naval commander of the 
Ifcvol. ; d. Ga. 29 Apr. 1789, a. 50. Oct. 18, 
1776, he was sent by the council of safety to 
St. Thomas to procure arms and ammunition. 

Pray, Puelius RuTiLins R., lawyer and 
jurist; d. Pearlington, Mpi., Jan. 11, 1840, a. 
45. At the time of his death he was one of 
the judges of the High Court of Errors and 
Appeals. He pub. " Revised Statutes of Mpi.," 
8vo, 1836. 

Preble, Edward, commo. U.S.N. , son of 
Gen. Jedcdiah, b. Portland, Me., Aug. 15, 1761 ; 
d. there Aug. 25, 1807. From childhood he 
discovered a firm, resolute, and persevering 
temper, and a strong disposition for perils and 
adventures, which led him to make a voyage to 
Europe in a letter-of-marque in 1777. In 1779 



he served as midshipman under Capt. John 
Foster Williams in " The Protector," and hav- 
ing been taken in the Penobscot exped., under 
Capt. Saltonstall, was confined in the Jersey 
prison-ship, but obtained his release at N.Y. 
by the interest of Col. William Tyng. He 
next served as first lieut. of the sloop-of-war 
" Winthrop," Capt. Little, and boarded an 
English armed brig of superior force, lying in 
Penobscot harbor, under circumstances which 
gave the action great edat. He remained in 
this ship until Dec. 1782, and occupied him- 
self as shipmaster until Feb. 9, 1798, when ha 
was named one of the five lieuts. app. by the 
govt., and in the fall and winter of that' year 
made two cruises as com. of the brig " Picker- 
ing." Capt. May 14, 1799, he made in the 
frigate " Essex," of 36 guns, in 1800, a voy- 
age to the E. Indies for the proteftion of our 
trade. Near the end of the year, he arriviil in 
N.Y. in feeble health, and so continued uiitil 
May, 1803, when he took com. of the Irigate 
" Constitution ; " and in June took charge of 
the squad, sent against Tripoli. He set sail 
in Aug., and, arriving at his destination in 
Sept., prevented a war between the emperor of 
Morocco and the U.S., and brought the hasliaw 
of Tripoli to terms by a series of skilful bom- 
bardments. Having been superseded by liar- 
ron, Sept. 8, 1804, he obtained leave toVeiurn 
home. Congress voted hira the t'nanks of the 
nation and an emblematical medal. — See 
Preble Family bi/ Capt. Geo. H. Preble, 1868. 

Preble, G'korge Henry, capt. U.SN., 
b. Portland, Me., Feb. 23, 1816..^ Son of Capt. ^ 
Enoch, and nephew of the preceding. Mid-^-vw 
shipm. Oct. 10, 1835; lieut. Feb. 15,1848;' 
com. July 16, 1862; capt. Jan. 29, 1867 ; served 
in the Seminole war 1841-2. During the Mexi- 
can war he was in tlie attack on Alvarado, 
Aug. 8 and Oct. 15,1846; Tampico, Laguna, 
Vera Cruz, Alvarado, Apr. 1847 ; attacljod to 
coast-survey 1847-51 ; in sloop "Macedonian" 
in Oct. and Nov. 1854, in engagements with 
Chinese pirates; destroyed 3 piratical junks, 
July 10, 1855, and 2 on Aug. 27, 1855 ; com. 
steamer "Katahdin," W.G. block, squad., at the 
capture of N.Orleans ; and at Vicksburg, June 
29, 1862; com. "Oneida," W.G. block, squad., 
1862 ; sloop " St. Louis," S.A. block, squad., 
1863-5; with naval brigade served on shore 
in battle of Honey Hill, S.C, Nov. 30, 1864, 
and in 3 actions at Deveaux's Neck ( Dec. 6, 
7, and 9, 1864); com. steam-sloop "Pensaco- 
la," N.P. squad., 1868-9. Author of a " Gene- 
alogy of the Preble Family," 8vo, 1808 ; " His- 
tory of the Amer. Flag," 1872. 

Preble, Gen. Jedediah, b. Wells, Me., 
1707; d. Portland, Me., Mar. 11,1784. He 
settled in Portland ah. 1748, and began life as 
a mariner; capt. in Waldo's regt. 1746; was 
with Gen. Winslow as a lieut.-col. in Acadia 
in 1755; col. 13 Mar. 1758; brig.-gen. 12Mar. 
1759 ; was 12 years a representative; council- 
lor in 1773; made a brig.-gen. by the Prov. 
Congress of Ms. 27 Oct. 1774 ; and afterward 
a maj.-gen., but declined on account of age. 
Member of the State senate in 1780, and judge 
of the C.C.P. in 1778. 

Preble, Willia.m Pitt, LL.D. (Bowd. 
Coll. 1829J, jurist, b. York, Me., Nov. 27, 



'hJ- 



738 



PRE 



1783; d. Portlnn.I, Mc, Oct. n, ISS:. H.U. 
1806. In 1813 he was app. U.S. ili,t.-atiy., 
and became a leader of the Demur. ]Mi ty ; in 
1818 he removed to Portland, which ho repre- 
sented in the Me. Const. Conv., of wliieh he 
was one of the mf)st iiiHiiential members. On 
the inauguration of the new State govt, in 
1820, he was app. a judge of the Supreme 
Court; in 1829 he was app. minister to the 
Netherlands, and afterward held many public 
stations. First pres. of tlie Atlantic and St. 
Lawrence Railroad Co. in 1847. 

Prentice, George Denison, poet and 
jouriiali>t, I. I'r.,,tun, Ct., Dec. 18, 1802; d. 
Luui.-villr, Ky., .Ian. 22, 1870. Brown U. 
18a.>. Sui li >\. IS hi< early ripeness of intellect, 
that he \va< prin.ipal of a i)ublic school before 
he was 1.5. He studied law, and was adra. to the 
bar in 1829, but did not engage in practice; 
and in 1828 became editor of the N.E. Weekhj 
Review at Hartford, — a literary journal which 
he conducted two years. Removing to Louis- 
ville, Ky., he began in Nov. 1830 to edit the 
Louisville Journal, in whicli he won a high anrl 
wiJe-pread reputation for political ability and 
lui u !■ mi - hi: . For many years a leading 
adv. < . i I ! '^i'V of the"Whig party, it 
niaiir I I , ,: : the Rebellion, with great 
zeal a . lause of the Union against 

thc~i I--I III-!-, Sprcimens of his verse arc 
to lir iMiiial III M\ I ral collections of American 
portly; liiit thry liave never been gathered into 
a vdluiiic .\ vr|..r:iun of his newspaper para- 
graphs was pub. under the title of "Prentice- 
ana "in 18C0. In 1831 he wrote a Life of 
Henry Clay. — Poets and Poetiy of the West. 

Prentiss, Gen. Benjamin Mayberry, b. 
Belleville, Wood Co., Va., Nov. 23, 1819. In 
183r) he removed to Mo., and in 1841 to Quin- 
cy, 111., where he engaged in business. He was 
a capt. in the Mexican war. In 1860 he was 
an unsuccessful Repub. candidate for Congress. 
Col. 7lh 111. Vols. Apr. 1861, and afterward 
brig-gen. 3-months' troops, having com. at Cai- 
ro, 111., — at that time a position of the utmost 
importance; brig.-gen. U.S. vols. May 17, 
1861 ; in Aug. 1861 he was detailed to the 
com. at Ironton, Mo.; and Dec. 23 fought the 
battle of Mount Zion, routing a large body of 
secessionists. He served in Mo. until April, 
1862, when he joined Gen. Grant 3 days be- 
fore the battle of Shiloli, at the beginning of 
which he was taken prisoner with most of his 
com. He was released in Oct., and in Dec. 
was a member of the court-martial on Gen F. 
.1. Porter. Made maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; ab. 
Julys, 1863, he defeated Gens.' Holmes and 
Price, who attacked him at Helena, Ark. 

Prentiss, Charles, editor and wit, b. 
Reading, Ms., Oct. 8, 1774 ; d. Brimfield, Ms., 
Oct. 20, 1820 H.U. 179.-). Son of Rev. Ca- 
leb of Headiifg. Edited in 1795 the Rural Re- 
posilory at Leominster, Ms., and pub. there in 
1797 "A Collection of Fugitive Essays in 
Prose and Verse," and the Political Focus, af- 
terward the Washington Federalist, at George- 
town, the Anti-Democrat at Baltimore, and a 
literary paper, the Child of Pallas. In 1804 
be visited England. In 1809 he pub. the 
Thistle, a theatrical paper of brief duration; 
after 1810 he reported the congressional pro- 



nd edited the L.Jc- 
he pub. at Brook- 



Northfield. 
in. Of hia 
and judge, 



ceedings at Washii 
pendent American ; 

ticld the " Life of Gen. Eatoii," " Life 
Writings of R.T. Paine," 8vo, 1812; in 1817- 
18 he edited the Viiyinia Patriot at Richmond. 
" A scholar, a good writer, a judicious critic, 
he studied no profession, and relied for sup- 
port entirely upon his pen." — Duyckinck. 

Prentiss, George Aldrich, commodore 
U.S.N., b. Koone, N.H., 1808 ; d. near Charles- 
ton. S.C., 8 Apr. 1868. Son of John Prentiss, 
formerly editor of the N.H. Sentinel. Mid- 
shipm. 1 Mar. 1825; lieut. 9 Feb. 1837; com. 
14 Sept. 1845 ; commo. (retired list) 16 Julv, 
1860. 

Prentiss, Col. John Holmes, a promi- 
nent Democratic editor of N.Y., b. 1785; d. 
Cooperstown, N.Y., 26 June, 1861. M.C. 1837- 
41. Son of Dr. Samuel. — Prentiss Famittj. 

Prentiss, Samuel, M.D., b. Stonington, 
Ct, 1759; d. Northfield, Ms., 1818. Son of 
Col. Samuel of the Revol. army. Studied 
with Dr. Philip Turner of Norwich ; served in 
the ai my as an assist, surgeon ; resided some 
years in Worcester, and lor 20 ; 
eminent physician and surgeon i 
In 1810 he resided at Bernards 
sons, Samuel was a U.S. senato 
John H. a prominent editor and politician, 
and Wm. of Milwaukie has been pres. of the 
legisl. council of Wisconsin. — William-t's Med. 
Bioj. 

Prentiss, S.imuel, LL.D., senator and ju- 
rist, son of the preceding, b. Stonington, Ct., 
Mar. 31, 1782; d. Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 15, 
1857. lie studied law, and commenced prac- 
tice in Montpelier in 1803, soon acquiring the 
reputation of a learned, eloquent, and upright 
lawyer, and becoming one ot the foremost men 
of the Vt. bar. In 1824-5 he represented 
Montpelierin the legisl.; in 1829 he was elect- 
ed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Vt. ; 
and was U.S. senator in 1831-42, where he 
did much to effect the passage of a law against 
duelling in the Dist. of Col. ; U.S. dist. judge 
from 1842 to his death. 

Prentiss, Sergeant Smith, lawyer and 
orator, b. Portland, Me., Sept. 30, 1808; d. 
Longwood, near Natchez, Mpi., Julv 1, 1850. 
Bowd. Coll. 1826. He went to Mpi' in 1827 ; 
was tutor a year or two in a private family 
near Natchez; studied law; and was adm. to 
the bar in 1829, when his first speech before a 
jury is said to have been marked bj' that wit 
and eloquence which never deserted him. He 
was law-partner of Gen. Felix Huston. In 1832 
he moved to Vick^lnirL' Iv^.-nnf a- imrr- I^-ad'T 



tion ot the city, gaim i a n _ i i ;.n a: . .m a^ a 
lawyer; while thegroijinl wimli iiu rocLixuil as 
a fee made him one of the wealthiest tnen in 
the State. He was elected to the State legisl. in 
1835. His speech in the U.S. house of repre- 
sentatives in 1837, which lasted 3 days, in which 
he claimed the seat held by Col. Claiborne ( which 
claim was only rejected by the casting-vote of 
the speaker, J. K. Polk), established his reputa- 
tion as one of the ablest parliamentary debaters 
in the country. The candidate thus sent back 
to the people canvassed the State, and was by 



739 



3?KE 



an overwhelming vote returned to the house, 
where he distin^;. himself bv his eloquence. 
His distaste for politicnl life led him to resume 
praetice at the close of his terra, flmbarrassed 
by the financial troubles of 1837, and dissatisfied 
with the course of Mpi. in repudiating her 
bonds, he remcived to New Orleans in 1845, 
where he led the bar until broken down by ill- 
health. He was distini.'. for his love and knowl- 
edge of literature, and took part in many 
philanthropic movements in that city. — See 
nis Memoirs, edited hi/ his brother George L., 
D.D., 2 vols., N.Y., IS.'J.'i. 

Prentiss, Thomas, D.D., minister of Med- 
iield, Ms., from 1770 to his d. Feb. 28, 1814, 
b. HoUiston, Oct. 27, 1747. H.U. 1766. He 
was a leader in temperance reform, and estab- 
lished in M. a large public library. He pub. 
a number of sermons. Some time a chaplain 
in the Revol. army. 

Preseott, Benjamin, minister of Danvers 
1713-.58, b. Concord, Ms., 16 Sept. 1687 ; d. 
Danvers, May 27, 1777. H.U. 1709. Son of 
Capt. Jonathan. Author of " Examination of 
Certain Remarks," 1735; "Letter to Joshua 
Gee," 1743; "Letter to Whitefield." 1745; 
" Consideration of the Unhappy Misunder- 
standing between Parliament and the Colo- 
nies," 1774. — Preseott Memorial. 

Preseott, Oliver, M.D., physician and a 
Revol. patriot, b. Groton, Ms., Apr. 27, 1731 ; 
d. there Nov. 17, 1804. H.U. 1750. Son of 
Judge Benjamin, who was grandson of John 
of Lincolnshire, Eng., who was an early settler 
of Lancaster, Ms. He practised medicine in 
his native town. Before the Revol. he was 
successively major, lient.-col., and col. in the 
militia, and early in 1776 was app. a brig.-gen. 
for the Co. of Middlesex ; member of the board 
of war; was in 1777 elected a member of the 
supreme exec, council of the State, and served 
3 years; in 1778 he became 3d maj.-gcn. of 
State militia; and in 1781 second, but soon 
after resigned ; judge of probate for Middlesex 
Co. from 1779 until his death. He was very 
influential in suppressing the Shays Rebel- 
lion. In 1780 he became a fellow of the 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He was a trustee, 
as well as a patron and benefactor, of Groton 
Acad. His son Oliver, M.O., b. Groton. Ms., 
Apr. 4, 1762, d. Newburyport, Sept. 26, 1827. 
H.U. 1783. He studied jihysic with his father, 
and Dr. James Lloyd of Boston ; was surgeon 
of the forces which suppressed the Shays Insur- 
rection in 1787; and was often a representative 
to tlie State legist. He was a founder, trustee, 
and treasurer of the Groton Acad. Quitting 
an extensive practice in Groton, ho removed 
to Newburyport in 1811, where he practised 
with success till his death. He contrib. some 
valuable articles to the N.E. Journal of Medi- 
cine and Siirgerij, and pub. a " Dissertation on 
the Natural History and Medicinal Effects of 
the Secale Cornutum, or Ergot." — Preseott 
Memorial, 

Preseott, Richard, a British lieut.-gen. ; 
d. Oct. 1788. App. major 33d Foot. Dec. 20, 
1756; May, 1762, lieut.-col. 50th Foot, with 
which he served in Germany ; brev. col. 7th 
Toot, June 22, 1772, with which he came to 
Canada in 1 773. On the reduction of Montreal 



by the Americans in 1775, Col. Preseott, who 
had the local rank of brig.-gen., attempted to 
descend to Quebec with the English troops 
and military stores, but was obliged to surren- 
der Nov. 17. In Sept. following he was ex- 
changed for Gen. Sullivan ; in Nov. he became 
col. of his regt. ; and in Dec. was third in com. 
of the exped. sent against R.I., where he re- 
mained in com. of the British forces until 
again made prisoner July 10. 1777, by the ad- 
venturous daring of Lieut.-Col. Barton. He was 
finally exchanged for Gen. Lee, and resumed 
his com. at R.I., continuing there till its evacu- 
ation, Oct. 25, 1779. Maj.-gen. Aug. 29, 1777 ; 
lieut.-gen. Nov. 26, 1782. His treatment of 
Amer. prisoners was harsh and brutal. 

Preseott, Robert, a British gen., b. Lan- 
cashire, Eng., 1725; d. near Battle, Su.«sex, 
Eng., Dec. 21, 1816. Capt. 15th Foot, Jan. 
22, 1755, and served in the exped. against Roche- 
fort in 1757, against Louisburg in 1758 ; 
acted as aide-de-camp to Amherst in 1759. and 
afterwards joined the army under Wolfe ; 
March 22, 1761, he was app. major 95th Foot, 
which formed part of the force sent under Monk- 
ton to reduce Martinico; lieut.-col. 2Sth Regt. 
Sept. 8, 1775, and was present at the battle of 
Brooklyn and in the several engagements in 
Westchester Co., and in the storming of Fort 
Washington in Nov. ; in 1777 he was attached 
to the exped. against Phila. ; was app. col. by 
brev. Aug. 29, and was in the battle of Brandy- 
wine ; ill 1778 he was app. 1st brig.-gen. in 
the exped. under Gen. Grant against the French 
W. Indies; col. Oct. 1.3, 1780 ; Oct. 19, 1781, 
maj.-gen. July 6, 1789, he was app. col. of 
the 28th Regt., and lieut.-gen. Oct. 12, 1793; 
was ordered to Barhadocs, which capitulated 
March 22, 1794, and of which, as well as of 
Guadaloupe, he was made civil gov. July 12, 
1796, he succeeded Lord Dorchester in the govt, 
of Lower Canada, which he administered until 
July 31, 1799, when he was recalled in conse- 
quence of a rupture with the exec, council. 
Gen. in the army, J.in, 1, 1798, 

Preseott, Col. William, a disting. Re- 
vol. olHcer, bro. of Oliver, b. Groton, Ms.. 20 
Feb. 1726; d. Oct. 13, 1795. A provincial 
lieut. at the capture of Cape Breton in 1754 ; 
capt. under Gen. Winslow in Nova Scotia, 
1 756. He was ollercd a commis. in the regular 
army, which he declined. Inheriting a large 
estate at Peppercll, he resided there until the 
bretiking-out of the war, filling v.arious muni- 
cipal offices. In 1774 he was app. to com. a 
regt. of minnte-men, with which he inarched 
(19 April, 1775) to Lexington. The British 
having retreated, he proceeded to Cambridge, 
where he entered the prov. army. Juno 16, 
1 775, he was ordered to Charlcstow-n with 1 ,000 
men, and directed to throw up works on Bun- 
ker's Hill. On arriving at the ground, it was 
perceived that the neighboring elevation, called 
Breed's Hill, was a more suitable station ; and 
on it the defences, consisting of a redoubt and 
breastwork, were erected during the night. 
The following day, a large British force, under 
Gen. Howe, attacked, and (after a contest among 
the most memorable in American annals, and 
after sustaining a loss equal to the American 
force engaged) succeeded in dislodging him. 



PRE 



Few of Prescott's men had ercr seen an action : 
they had been laboring all night, and were left 
without supplies of ammunition or refresh- 
ment, and, thus fatigued and destitute, had to 
bear the repeated assaults of a numerous, well- 
appointed veteran array. Col. Prescott was 
one of the la*t to leave tlie inlrenchments 
when he found it necessary to ord-r a retreat. • 
Early in 1777 he resigned, and returned home, 
but in the autumn of the same year joined the 
Northern army under Gen. Gates as a vol- 
unteer, and was present at the eapture of 
Burgoyne. He subsequently sat in the Ms. 
legislature for several years. 

Preseott, William, LL.D. (II.U. 1824), 
lawyer and jurist, son of the preceding, b. 
Pepperell, M>., Aug. 19, 1762 ; d. Boston, Dec. 
8, 1S44. H.TJ. 17S3. lie taught school first 
at Brooklyn, Ct., and then at Beverly, Ms., 
where, during two years, he also studied with 
Mr. Dane, the disting. lawyer, and where, in 
1 787-9, he engaged in successful practice. Re- 
moving to Salom, he served as its representa- 
tive, and as senator of Essex Co. in the legisl. ; 
in 1806, and again in 1813, he was offered a 
seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of 
Ms., which he d"clincd. He romoved to Bos- 
ton in 180J ; served lor some years as one of 
the governor's council ; was a dcleg. to the 
Haitibrd Conv. in 1814; in 1818 was judge of 
the C. C. P. for Suffolk ; and was in 1820 a 
deleg.ite to the State Const. Conv. Member 
of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 
Two of his sons surnved him, one of whom 
was William H. Preseott the historian. The 
other, Edward Gordox (b. Salem, Jan. 2, 
1804, H.U. 1825), was first a lawyer, but in 
1837 settled as an Epis. clergyman in N. J. ; 
d. 11 Apr. 1814. 

Preseott, William Hicklixg, LL.D. 
(Col. Coll. 1840; H.U. 1843; Oxf. U. 1S50), 
historian, b. Salem, Ms., 4 May, 1796 ; d. Bos- 
ton, 28 Jan. 1859. H.U. 1814^ Son of Judge 
William and Catharine Greene, dau. of Thomas 
Hickling, who for nearly 50 years was U.S. 
consul at St. Michael's. His grandfather Col. 
William com. at the battle of Bunker's Hill. 
His preparatory studi- s were directed by Rev. 
J. S. J. Gardiner. An injury to his eye while 
at college determined him to adopt a literary 
insteid of a professional career. In ISlS-lV 
he travelled in England, France, and Italy, 
but, having vainly sought aid fi-ora eminent 
oculists, returned home with his si.^ht perma- 
nently impaired, and was obliged to use the 
eyes of others in his subsequent literary re- 
searches and labors. In May, 1820, he m. Su- 
san Amory . He began in 1 824 his contribs. to 
th-? N. AmfT. Review, which were pub. in one 
volume in 1845; in 1834 he wrote the Me- 
moir of Charles Brockden Brown for .S/)or/s's 
Aincr. Bioj.; in Jan. 1826 he began his "His- 
tory of F. rdinand and Isabella," pub. in 1 838 
i.i 3 vols. 8vo, the success of which placed him 
in the front rank of historians. His " Con- 
quest of Mexico " app. in 3 vols. 8vo, 1 843 ; 
" Conquest of Peru," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847 ; " His- 
tory of Philip II. of Spain," 3 vols. 1855-8, 
which he intended to issue in 6 vols., but which 
he did not live to complete. In 1856 he puli. 
an edition of Robertson's " Charles the Fifth," 



with notes and a valuable supplement. His 
works Were translated into the French, Span- 
ish, Italian, German, and Dutch lanu'uagcs. 
His merits as an historian are a spirit of thor- 
ough research, an nii'-qiinll.'d iirnvrtiality, and 
a remarkable clear" -.. .,;,.,• ,,,, ^md'j^a-aeo 
of style. Hewasaii! I : , most promi- 
nent learned bodic^ '::,,, .\i\v World, 

and was in the higUci,. d. ^.i^o .i .-ucial, kindly, 
and generous man. — Sec Life by Gtorye Tick- 
nor, 1864. 

Preston, Isaac Trimble, jurist, b. Va. 
in 1793 ; d. July 5, 1852, in consequence of a 
steamboat disaster on Lake Pontehartrain, 
near New Orleans. Y.C 1812. He studied 
law at Litchfield, Ct. Was a capt. in the war 
of 1812-15; subsequently completed his legal 
studies with William Wirt ; removed to New 
Orleans, where he practised mth great success, 
and was at the time of his death a judge of 
the Supreme Court of Louisiana. 

Preston, Col. James P., gov. of Va. in 
1816-19, b. 1775; d. Smithfield, Va., May 4, 
1843. W. and M. Coll 1790-5. Sou of Col. 
William. App. lieut.-col. 12th Inf. Mar. 19, 
1812 ; col. 23d, Aug. 15, 1813. At the battle 
of Chrystlcr's Field he received a wound in the 
thigh, which crippled him for life. For many 
years he was postmaster of the city of Rich- 
mond y 

Preston, Johx S., orator and politician, 
brother of William C , b. near Abingdon, Va., 
Apr. 20, 1809. He was educated at Hamp. '-. 
Sid. Coll. and the U of Va., and aftenvard ^ 
studied in the Law School of H.U. In 1S30 he %; 
m. a dau. of Gt.'n. Wade Hampton of S.C, and 
was an active nullificr. He was engaged for 
many years in sugar-planting in La., where he 
owned large estates, but resided in Columliia, - 
S C. He gained reputation as an orator in 
the State legisl. ft-om 1848 to l'*56, and increased ; ^- 
it by addresses before the '76 Association of 
Charleston, the literary societies of the S.C. ''"' 
Coll., and particularly at the celebration of the ,^ '^ 
75th anniv. of the battle of Iving's Mountain. ^ 
In May, 1860, he was chairman of the S.C. "^ 

delegation to tlie Dcraoc. conv. at Charleston, O v^ 
from which In- subscfpi' ntly withdrew, then '• 4 
joiningtlii - ■ -.]•<■• ■,y\ m ir. .Vficr theclec- 2 ri 
tion of ;.lr 1 '■■■• ■■\ 1 ■ : - 1 mnimiss. to jt-, S 

Va. ; &\\'\ : i 1:' urate plea 

in favor lit I:' 1- Hiiiii :i t li ".lii.'wal from the >v 
Union, which is cstccmid the crowning effort 
of his oratorj-. 

Preston,' Thomas S., pastor of St. Anne's 
R.C. Church, and chancellor of the diocese of 
N.Y., b. Hartford, Ct., 1824. Trin. Coll., 
Hartf., 1843. Author of " Ark of the Cove- 
nant," 1860; "Life of St. Mary Magdalene," 
1861 ; " Sermons for the Seasons," 8vo, \>^<ji ; 
"Life of St. Vincent de Paul," 1866; "Lec- 
tures on Christian Unity," 1866; "Pm-gatorian 
Manual," l!s67; "Reason and Revelation," 
8vo, 1868. 

Preston, WiLLARD,D.D.(U. of Ga. 1839), 
an eloquent Prcsb. clergyman, b. Uxbridge, 
Ms., M-iy 29, 17f5; d. "Savannah, April 26, 
1S5G. Brown U. 1806. Studied Law; prac- 
tised a few years in Providence, R.I., but en- 
tered the ministry in 181 1 at St. Alban's, Vt. ; 
in 1816-20 he had charge of the church i.i 



PRE 



741 



Richmond St., Providence, R.I.; was chosen 
Ijres. of the U. of Vt. in 1825 ; removed to Ga. 
tor the benefit of a milder climate in 1829, offi- 
ciating in Powellton, Madison, and Millcdge- 
ville ; in 1 831 became pastor of the Presb. cli. in 
Savannah, and there remained until his death. 

Preston, William, gen. C.S.A., b. near 
Louisville, Ky., Oct. 16, 1816 ; <> .-100 8 . Canib. 
Law School, 1838. He studied at the Jesuits' 
Coll. at Bardstown, Ky., and at New Haven. 
Practised law at I>ouisville until Oct. 1847, 
when he became lieut.-col. 4tli Ky. Vols., and 
served through the Mexican war. Resuming 
his profession, he became a memlier of the State 
Const. Con v. June II, 1850; of the State le- 
gisl. in 1850 and 1851; M.C. 1851-3; after- 
wards attached himself to the Democ. party ; 
was a member of the conv. at Cincinnati in 
1856 which nominated Mr. Buchanan, who. 
Mar. 12, 1859, app. him envoy-extr. to the court 
of Spain. Resigning early in 1 861 , he returned 
to Ky . to induce the State to secede ; was chosen 
in Nov., by a convention held at Russellville, a 
commiss. to visit Richmond, and negotiate for 
the admission of Ky. into the Confed. ; app. a 
brig.-gcn. in the Confed. army ; acted as a vol. 
aide on the stalT of his bro.-in-!aw Gen. A. S. 
Johnston; was present at Shiloh when Gen. 
Johnston received his death-wound ; and served 
under Bragg during his invasion of Ky. in Sept. 
1862. 

Preston, William Ballard, statesman, 
b. Va.; d. at his residence in Montgomery Co., 
Va., Nov. 14, 1862. M.C. in 1847-9 ; sec. of 
the navy under Pres. Taylor 1849-50; and a 
senator in the Confed. Congress. 

Preston, William Campbell, LL.D. 
( H.U. 1846), statesman, b. Phila. Dee. 27, 1 794 ; 
d. Columbia, S.C, Mav 22, 1860. U. of S.C. 
1812. His grandfather "Col. William com. a mi- 
litia regt., was wounded at Guilford, and d. soon 
after 1783. Francis his father, M.C. 1793-7, 
d. May 26, 1835, a. 69. He studied law in the 
office of Wm. Wirt at Richmond, and, while 
visiting Europe in 1816-19, attended the lec- 
ttires of Hope, Playfair, and Brown, at Edinb. 
Adm. to the bar in 1 820, he settled at Colum- 
bia, S.C, in 1822, and practised successfully; 
M.C. in 1824, he disting. himself by his advo- 
cacy_ of fi-ee trade and State rights, and was a 
nullification leader in the State legislatures of 
1828 and 1 830-2 ; U.S. senator 1834-42, where 
he took high rank as a debater. Pres. of the 
U. of S.C. 1S45-5I. He .^oon after established 
the Columbia Lyceum, which he endowed with 
his library of 3,000 vols. His oratory was or- 
nate and fluent, his elocution graceful, and he 
was well versed in the English classics. Maj. 
Wm. and James P. Preston were his sons. He 
pub. a Eulogy on Hugh S. Legare, 1843 ; and 
speeches, addresses, &c. 

PreVOSt, AuGDSTiNE, a British maj.-gen., 
b. Geneva; d. Bemett, Eng., 5 May, 1786. His 
mother w;is the dau. of Chevalier Grand. He 
was lieut.-col. in March, 1761; col. Aug. 29, 
1777 ; maj.-gen. 27 Feb. 1779. As a capt^eoth 
Regt. ( Royal American), he served under Wolfe 
at Quebec. He was highly disting. in the 
American war by his defence of Savannah in 
Oct. 1779. He captured the fort at Sunhury, 
Ga., in Dec. 1778: defeated Gen. Ashe at Brier 



Creek in March, 1779 ; and in May following 
attempted, unsuccessfully, to capture Charles- 
ton. 

Prevost, Sir George, a British lieut.- 
gen., son of the preceding, b. New York, May 
19, 1767; d. Eng., Jan. 5, 1816. He entered 
the army young; served with distinction at St. 
Vincent's and Dominica, and at St. Lucia; 
was created a baronet Nov, 20, 1805 ; maj.-gen; 
Jan. 1805; lieut.-gen. .Tunc, 1811; licut.-gov. 
of Nova Scotia in 1 803 ; second in com. at 
the capture of Martinique; and in June, 1811, 
succeeded Sir James Craig in the chief civil and 
military com. of British N. America, which he 
held till his return to Eng. in 1814. His ser- 
vices in the defence of Canada against the ar- 
mies of the U.S. in 1812-14 were of great im- 
portance, although he was defeated by Macomb 
and Macdonough at Plattsburg, 11 Sept. 1814. 

Price, Eli K., member of the Phila bar, 
b. Chester Co., Pa., 1797. Author of "Me- 
moirof Philip and Rachel Price " (his parents), 
1853; "Limitations of Actions in Pa.," Svo, 
1 857 ; " The Family as an Element of Govern- 
ment," 1864. — AUibone. 

Price, Richard, D.D. (Glasg. U. 1769), 
LL.r). (Y.C. 1783), minister, and writer on 
polities and morals, b. Glamorganshire, Wales, 
22 Feb. 1723; d. 19 Apr. 1791. Educated at 
Talgarth and at a Presb. acad. in Loud. Set- 
tled in 1758 over a dissenting cong. at New- 
ington Green, of which he was many years 
pastor. He was an intrepid asserter' of the 
rights of man; and in 1776 pub. "Observa- 
tions on the Nature of Civil Liberty," &c., — the 
best exposition of the injurious policy pursued 
towards the Americans. It attained in two 
years a sale of 60,000. The common council 
of Lond. gave him the freedom of the city, and 
the Amcr. Congress aftenvard invited him to 
become a citizen of the U.S. In 1784 he pub. 
"Observations on the Importance of the Amer. 
Revol." From 1763 to 1786 he eontrib. many 
papers to the " Philos. Transactions." F.R.S. 
1764. Of his many other works, that on the 
National Debt is regarded as one of the best 
upon political arithmetic. Pliilanthropy was 
the leading characteristic both of his conduct 
and his wTitings. 

Price, Rodman M., gov. of N.J. 1854-7, 
b. Sussex Co., N. J., Nov. 5, 1816. He studied 
at N.J. Coll.; but illness prevented liis gr.adu- 
ation. He then studied law ; wa.s app. purser 
in the navy in 1840; is said to have been the 
first person to exercise judicial functions under 
the American flag on the Pacific coast as al- 
calde; was made navy agent there in 1848; 
was M.C. from N. J. 1851-3 ; delegate to the 
Peace Congress, 1861. He caused the estab- 
lishment in that State of a normal school, and 
fostered the State militia. — Lanman. 

Price, Sterling, maj.-gen. 0. S. A., b. 
Prince Edward Co., Va., Sept. 1809; d. St. 
Louis, Mo., 29 Sept. 1867. He settled as a farm- 
er in Chariton Co., Mo., in 1830. Good natural 
abilities, improved by study, soon made him 
known. He served i'n theState legisl. ; was 
M.C. 1845-7 ; col. of Mo. vol. cavalry in Mex. 
war, 12 Aug. 1846; brig.-gen. 20 July, 184"; 
jiromoted and made military gov. of Chibuahua 
for the capture of Taos ; com. and wounded at 



,,U.. ^-c*-7 iPC^'' 

/ 



A-w. 



742 



Canada, New Mcx., 24 Jan. 1847; and com. in 
battle of Santa Cruz dc Rosales 16 Mar. 1848. 
Gov. of Mo. 1853-7 and during the " burder- 
riittian war" between the Missourians and the 
settliT.s (if Kansas ; and was bank commiss. in 
1861, aiiil a Iradur of the secession party of Mo. ; 
made |irr,. ulthr Siatf conv. 28 Feb. 1861, as 
gen. -ill-chief he soii;.;ht to lake Mo. out of ihc 
Union. Kctiiin- before Gen. Lyon, Price 
quarrelled with Ben. McCullough, who with- 
drew his forces; and the State was saved to the 
Union. Sept. 20 he captured Lexington with 
3,000 prisoners, and was thanked by the Con- 
fed. Congress Transferred to the service of 
the Confed. States in Mar. 1862, with the rank 
of maj.-gen. ; he was one of the leaders in the 
battle of Pea Ridge, Mar. 6-8, 1862, where he 
was wounded; fought at lukaSO Se|>t., and at 
Corinth Oct. 3-5; com. the advance of the 
army in Northern Mpi. under Pcnihcrton in 
Dec. ; was subsequently in com. of the Ucpt. 
of the Ark.; and in Sept. 1864 invaded Mo., 
but, after gaining some temporary success, was 
driven from the State, and pursued with great 
loss. At tlie close of the war he went to Mex- 
ico, where he acted for a time on the board of 
iLnmigration, but returned to Mo. in 1867. 

Prideaux, John, brig.-gen., b. Devon- 
shire, England, 1718; accidentally killed in the 
trenches at the siege of Niagara, July 19, 1759. 
Son of Sir John Prideaux, ban. App. capt. 
of the 3d Foot Guards, Feb. 24, 1745; col. 
55tli Foot, Oct. 28, 1758; and brig.-gen. May 
5, 1759; served at the battle of Dettingen. lie 
was intrusted by Wm. Pitt with the duty of 
reducing Fort Niagara, then one of the most 
formidable in the country. He effected a land- 
ing, July 7, 1759, and at once opened fire upon 
the Ibrt; on the llth he defeated a sortie, and 
on the 19th was busy in the trenches, when he 
was killed by the bursting of a eoehorn. 

Pridgen, William, of Bladen Co., N.C., 
of remarkable longevity; d. Oct. 14, 1845, a. 
123. Altiiougli exempted by age from military 
duty, he served a full term in the Cunt, army, 
and became entitled to a pension, which he re- 
ceived during the latter years of his life. He 
retained the use of his limbs and his faculties to 
the last, with the exception of his sight, which 
he lost a few years before his decease. 

Priest, JosiAH ; d. ab. 1850 in Western 
N.V. Pub. "American Antiquities and Dis- 
coveries in the West," 8vo, Albany, 1841 ; 
" Slavery in the Light of History and Scrip- 
ture," &o., 1843; " Stories of the'Rcvol.,"&c., 
Svo, 1836 ; " View of the Millennmm," 12mo, 
1828 ; " Wonders of Nature," &c., 1826. He 
was an uneducated man, by trade a harness- 
maker. 

Priestley, Joseph, LL.D., philosopher, 
chemist, and theologian, b. Fieldhead, York- 
shire, England. 13 Mar. 1733 ; d. Northumber- 
land, Pa., 6 Feb. 1804. He studied al; a dis- 
senting acad. ; preached in 175?-8 at Needham 
Market; at Nantwich, Cheshire, in 1758-61, 
when he became tutor of languages and belles- 
lettres in the sem. at Warrington, where he 
pub. " The Scripture Doctrine of Remission," 
in which he rejects the dogma of the Atone- 
ment ; and in 1767 a " History of Electricity," 
at the suggestion of Dr. Franklin. This caused 



his election into the Roval Society, and gained 
him the degree of LL.l). from Edinburgh U. 
In 1767 he became minister to a large cong. at 

eries ; in 1772 he received the Copley Medal 
for his " Observations on Different Kinds of 
Air." He discovered tlie effect of respiration 
on the blood, and the tendency of vegetation to 
restore to vitiated air its vivifying principle. 
He also discovered nitrous gas, muriatic gas 
and oxygen, which he obtained in 1774 from 
red precipitate of mercury, calling it " dephlo- 
gisticated air." " As a physicist and chemist," 
says Cuvier, " his talents were of the first 
order." His researches and writings have con- 
tributed much to the progress of the sciences. 
Librarian and literary companion of the Earl 
of Shelhurnc 1773-80, he accomp. him in 1774 
in a tour through Flanders, Holland, and Ger- 
many. While at Leeds he pub. some pieces in 
favor of civil liberty, the chief of which was 
" An Address to Dissenters on the Subject of 
the Differences with America," written at the 
request of Drs. Franklin and Fothergill. In 
1780 he settled at Birmingham as minister of 
the principal dissenting cong., and incurred 
public odium by his liberal religious and repub- 
lican sentiments; in July, 1791, his bouse was 
fired by a mob, who infiieted great damage on 
his books, apparatus, &c., he and his family 
escaping by flight; in April, 1794, he settled 
in Northumberland, Pa., but was regarded 
with hostility by the anti-French party. He 
delivered two courses of lectures at Phila. in 
1796-7 on "The Evidences of Revelation," 
pub. in 2 vols., and defended Soeinianism with 
much warmth in a controversy with Dr. Linn 
of Phila. Besides the above-named works, he 
is the author of " Institutes of Natural and 
Revealed Religion," 1772-4; "Experiments 
and Observations on Air," 5 vols. 1774-80; 
" Defence of Soeinianism ; " " History of the 
Corruptions of Christianity," 1782 ; " Familiar 
Letters to the Inhabitants of Birmingham," 
1790; "Reply to Burke's Reflections on the 
French Revol.," 1791 ; " Disquisitions on Mat- 
ter and Spirit," &e. His publications exceed 
70 volumes. —&c Comfs Life of Priestley, 
1805; Aittdnogmphic Memoirs, 1806; Allibone. 

Prime, Benjamin Young, M.D., b. Hunt- 
ington, L.L, 20 Dec. 1733; d. 31 Oct. 1791. 
N.J. Coll. 1751; tutor there 1756-7. De- 
scended from James, a first settler of Milford, 
Ct. Son of Ebenezer, minister of H. 1719-79. 
He took his medical degree at Leyden ; settled 
in the practice of medicine in New York in 
1764; subsequently wrote essays in Hebrew," 
Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish, and many 
Revol. songs and ballads, which circulated 
widely during the war. Author of " The Pa- 
triot Muse," poems, Svo, Lond. 1 764 ; " Colum- 
bia's Glory," a poem on the American Revol., 
1791 ; and " Muscipula Cambnjomadiia," 1838. 
— Spraijue. 

Prime, Nathaniel Scuddek, D.D. (N.J. 
Coll. 1848), Presb. clergyman, b. Huntington, 
L.L, Apr. 21, 1785; d.Mamaroneck,N.Y., Mar. 
27, 1856. N.J. Coll. 1804. From his grand- 
father. Rev. Ebenezer, and from his father, Dr. 
Benjamin Young, he inherited a taste for let- 
ters, which he cultivated assiduously, and trans- 



743 



a 



mittcd to liis cliildren. Ord. Oct. 24, 1S09, and 
oflBciated for several years at Sag Harbor, 
Freshpond, and Smithtown ; and July 14, 
1813, became pastor of the church in Cam- 
bridge, Washiniiton Co., N. Y., where he re- 
mained until 1830 ; the last three years of this 
time he was principal of a literary institution. 
In 1830 he took charge of the Mount-Pleasant 
Acad., Sing Sing; and in 1835 established a 
female seminary in Newburg, N. Y., subse- 
quently teaching and preaching in various 
places. He was an able preacher and a suc- 
cessful instructor. He wrote for the press a 
Treatise on Baptism ; and " The History of 
Long Island," 12mo, 1845. — Sprar/ue. 

Prime, Samuel Iken.eus, D.D. (Hamp. 
Sidney Coll.), clergyman, son of Rev. N. S. 
//' Prime, b. Ballston, N. York, Nov. 4, 1812. 
Wms. Coll. 1829. After studying at Prince- 
ton Theol. Sem., he entered the Presb. minis- 
try. Compelled by ill-health in 1840 to relin- 
quish the active duties of his profession, he be- 
came editor of the N- Y. Observer, newspaper, 
the chief organ of his denomination, and one of 
the leading religious periodicals in the country. 
Author of " Travels m Europe and the East," 
Evols. 1855; a work on Switzerland, the re- 
svdt of an extensive journey in 1853 ; " Life in 
New York," 1845; "Annals of the English 
Bible," 8vo, 1849 ; and of several religious 
works, including " Thoughts on the Death of 
Little Children ; " " The Power of Prayer," — 
the latter a sketch of the Fulton-st. (New York) 
prayer-meeting, has been repub. in several Eu- 
ropean languages ; " The Bible in the Levant," 
&c., 1859; "Memoirs of Rev. Nicholas Mur- 
ray," 1862; and "Five Years of Prayer, with 
the Answers," 1864. — See Notice in JlaqKi's 
Weeklfi. Sept. 25, 1858. 

Prime, William Cowper, author, bro. 
of S. I., b. Cambridge, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1825. 
N. J. Coll. 1843. Becoming a member of the 
New- York bar, he has since been also engaged 
in literary pursuits. He has pub ." The Owl- 
Creek Letters," originally contributed to the 
N. Y. Jom: of Commerce; '■ The Old House 
bv the River," 1853; and "Later Years," 
1854. In 1855-6 he travelled extensively in 
the East and elsewhere, and pub. on his return 
"Boat-Life in Egypt and Nubia," 1857; and 
" Tent-Life in the Holy Land," 1 857. He has 
since paid much attention to numismatics and 
Egyptian antiquities ; and in 1 860 edited a 
work entitled " Coins, Medals, and Seals," 4to. 
In 1865 he pub., with notes, the old hymn, 
" Mother Dear, Jerasalem ! " " Passio Chris- 
ti " of Albert Durer, 1868. Contrib. to the New 
Amer. Cyclop, and to periodicals. 

Prince, Henry, brev. brig.-gen. U S.A., 
b. Eastport, Me., Jan. 19, 1811. West Point, 
1835. Entering the 4th Inf, he became 1st 
licut. 1838; won two brevets for gallantry at 
Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del liey, 
where he was severely wounded; made capt. 
Sept. 26, 1847; paymaster (rank of major). 
May 23, 1855; and' brig.-gen. vols. April 28, 
1 862. Assigned to the Army of Va. under 
Gen. Pope, he was taken prisoner at the battle 
of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1 862 ; was released 
on parole in Sept. ; served in N. C. Jan.-Jnne, 
1 863 ; in the Rapidau campaign, Oct.-Dee 



I SG3 ; in Mine-Run operations Nov.-Dcc. 1863 ; 
in com. of Dist. Columbus, Ky., Apr.-Ang. 
1864; brev. lieut.-col. 9 Aug. 1862, for Cedar 
Mountain; and brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. 
— Cullum. 

Prince, John, LL.D. (B. U. 1795), a 
Cong, clergyman, eminent for his scientific ac- 
quirements, b. Boston, July 11, 1751; d. Sa- 
lem, June 7, 1836. H. U. 1776. Ord. at 
Salem in 1779, and pastor of the First Church 
there nearly 58 years. He especially disting. 
himself for his improvements in tlic air-pump ; 
and the one which he made as early as 1784 
gave him a reputation throughout the scien- 
tific world. He pub. sermons. A Memoir by 
C. W. Upham is in " Ms. Hist. Colls.," 3d ser., 
V. 5. 

Prince, John Charles, R. C. bisliop of 
St. Hyacinth, C. E. Consec. bishop of Mar- 
tyropolis, and co-adjutor of Montreal, Ju'y 25, 
1845 ; transf. to St. H. June 8, 1852 ; d. May 
5, 1860. 

Prince, Nathan, scholar, b. Sandwich, 
Ms., 30 Nov. 1698; d. minister of Ruatan 
Bay of Honduras, July 25, 1748, a. 50. H.U 
1718. Bro. of Rev. Thomas. Tutor of H. U 
1723; fellow in 1737, but was removed in 1742 
He afterwards pub. an account of the consti- 
tution and govt, of Harv. Coll., from its founda- 
tion in 1636 to 1742; and an essay to solve the 
difficulties attending the accounts of the resur- 
rection, 1734. He became an Episcopalian 
and ranked among the great scholars of hi: 
time. — Allen. 

Prince, Outer H., U.S. senator from 
Ga. 1828-9 ; lost Oct. 9, 1837, in the steamboat 
" Home," near Ocracocke. He pub. " Digest 
of the Laws of Ga.," &c., to Dec. 1820, 2d ed. 
Svo, 1837. 

Prince, or Prence, Thomas, gov. of 
Plym. Col., b. Eng. 1601 ; d. Plym., M,s., Mar. 
29,1673. HeaiTivedinPlvmouthin:621; was 
gov. in 1634, 1638, and from 1G57 to 1673, and 
was an assist, in 1635-7 and in 1639-57. He 
lived at Nauset, or Eastham, of which he was 
one of the first settlers in 1 644, until rechosen 
governor ; and in 1 663 he removed to Plym- 
outh. He was a man of eminent worth and 
piety, and an impartial magistrate. Strict in 
his religious opinions, he zealously opposed 
those whom he believed to be heretics, particu- 
larly the Quakers. He was a friend of learn- 
ing, and, in opposition to the clamors of the ig- 
norant, procured revenues for the support of 
grammar-schools in the Colony. 

Prince, Thomas, minister and cbronolo- 
gist, b. Sandwich, Ms., May 15, 1687; d. 
Boston, Oct. 22,1758. H.C. 1707. Son of 
Samuel of Sandwich, and grandson of Elder 
John of Hull, who came to N.E. in 1633. He 
went to Eng. Apr. 1, 1709, and preached 
some time at Conihe, in Suffolk ; but, being 
strongly attached to bis native land, returned 
to Boston, July 20, 1717, and was ord. over 
the Old South Church, Oct. I, 1718, as col- 
league of Dr. Sewall. He was eminent as a 
preacher, linguist, and man of learning. Mr. 
Prince began in 1703, and continued more than 
50 years, a collection of public and private )>a- 
pers relating to the civil and religious history 
of N.E. This he pub. in the form of annals. 



744 



PRY 



I2mo, I7.'!6, and 3 numbers of the second part 
in 1756, Imt spent so much time upon the in- 
troducicirv c]]itonie, licfjinning a*t the creation, 
that he brou;;ht his history only down to 1633. 
Plis coUeetion of MSS. was deposited in the 
Old South Church, and was partly destroyed 
by the British, who occupied that building in 
1775-6; many important facts relating to the 
history of the country being thus irrecovera- 
bly lost. His books and MSS. now form part 
of the Pub. Library of the city of Boston. Be- 
sides a great number of sermons, he pub. an 
"Introdnetion and Notes to Mason's History 
of the Peipiot War," 1736; various biographi- 
cal and oilier papers in the Christian His- 
tory, 1743-4; "An Improvement on the 
Doctrine of Earthquakes," &c., 1755; "Life 
of Neheniiah Walter, appended to his Ser- 
mons," 1755; Notes and Appendix to " Wil- 
liams's Redeemed Captive," 1757; "The 
Psalms, &c., with Historic-.il Preface and 
Notes," 1758; several lives in " Mayhew's In- 
dian Converts," 1727 ; and an account of the 
first appearance of tlie Aurora Borealis. 

Prince, Thomas, son of the preceding, b. 
Boston, Keb. 27, 1722; d. Oct. 1748. H.U. 
1740. He edited the earliest American peri- 
odical, the Christian History, containing ac- 
counts of the revival and propagation of re- 
ligion in Great Britain and America for 1743, 
2 vols. 8vo, pub. weekly, 1744-6 

Pring, Daniel, commodore R.N. ; d. Port 
Eoyal, Jamaica, Nov. 29, 1847. He early 
entered the navy ; was a midshipm. at the at- 
tack on Copenhagen in 1801 ; was made a 
lieut. in 1807; com. the schooner "Paz "on 
the Halifax station in 1812; was transferred 
to service on Lake Ontario in 1813, and pro- 
moted to commander; and in 1814 was app. to 
com. " The Linnet," a brig of 16 guns, in the 
squad, of Com. Downie on Lake Champlain. 
In the celebrated engagement with the fleet of 
Macdonough, he sustained a severe conflict 
with "The Eagle" (of 20guns), butwasevent- 
nally compelled to strike. In 1815 he was 
promoted to post-captain, and early in 1846 to 
commodore. — Af organ's Celebrated Canadians. 

Proctor, Henry A., a British lieut.-gen., 
b. of an ancient family in Wales, 1765 ; d. Liv- 
erpool, Eng., 1859. Hejoined thearmyas lieut. 
43d Foot, Dec. 1781 ; became maj. May, 1795 ; 
lieut.-col. 41st, Oct. 1800; col. July, 1810; 
maj.-gen. June, 1813 ; and, on the breaking-out 
of 'the war of 1812, came to Canada in com. 
of the 41st Regt. He was despatched to Am- 
herstburg by Gen. Brock to prevent the land- 
ing of Hull, whose forces he repulsed from 
that place, and defeated at Brownston, and 
gained a brilliant victory over Winchester on 
the River Raisin, for which he was promoted 
to the rank of brig.-gen. In May, 1813, he 
was defeated at Fort Meigs by Gen. Harrison ; 
Aug. 2, he was signally defeated by Major 
Crogban in defence of Fort Stephenson, Lower 
Sandusky; and Oct. 5, 1813, was totally de- 
feated at the battle of the Thames by Gen. 
Harrison. He was afterward tried by court- 
martial, and suspended from rank and pay for 
6 months. He com. again during the war, 
and rose to the rank of lieut.-gen. — Morgan's 
Celebrated Canadians. 



Proctor, Gen. Thomas, Revol. oflicer, b. 
Ireland, 1739 ; d. Phila. 16 Mar. 1806. Col. 
of Pa. art. through the Revol. ; disting. at 
Brandywine, and in Sullivan's expcd. against 
the Indians. He was a carpenter by trade. 

Proud, Robert, historian, b. Yorkshire, 
Eng., May 10, 1728; d. Phila. July 7, 1813. 
Arriving in Phila. in Jan. 1759, he taught 
Greek and Latin in a Quaker acad. until the 
Revol. Firm in his attachment to the crown, 
he believed that the Revol. would cause the 
decline of virtue and prosperity in America. 
He pub. in 1797-8 a valuable history of Pa. 
(1681-1742), by which he was pecuniarily a 
loser. — See Notice of his Life in Pa. Hist. 
Soc. Memoirs, hj C. W. Tliompson, vol. i. 8to, 
1826. 

Proudfit, Alexander Moncrief, D.D. 
(Wms. Coll. 1812), Presb. clergyman, b. 
Pequea, Pa., 1770; d. New Brunswick, N.J., 
Ajir. 17, 1843. Col. Coll. 1792. He was in 
1794-1835 pastor of the Ref Presb. Church, 
Salem, N. Y.; and was subsequently the agent 
of the Amer. Colonization Society. He pub. 
"Ruin and Recovery of Man," 12mo, 1806; 
"Theological Works," 4 vols. 12mo, 1815; 
a work on the Parables, 12mo, 1820; and ser- 
mons. A Memoir by John Forsyth, D.D., 
was pub. in 12mo, N.Y. 

Provoost, Samuel, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1786), 
Prot.-Ep. bishop of N. Y., b. New York, 
March 11,1742; d. there Sept. 6,1815. Col. 
Coll. 1758. Of Ilu-uenot descent; son of 
John, :i merchant iif New York. Educated at 
Cambridge, Eng., where he graduated. He be- 
came an Episcopalian ; was adm. to orders in 
1766; married at Cambridge; returned to 
New York, and became an assist, at Trinity 
Church, Dec. 1766. Being a warm advocate 
of the Amer. Revol., he resigned his charge in 
1770 ; retired to a small farm in Duchess Co., 
and refused all preferment, alihough proposed 
as a delegate to the Prov. Congress in 1775; 
invited in 1777 to become ehaphdn to the con- 
vention which formed the first const, of N.Y. ; 
and ofl^ered the same year the rectorship of St. 
Michael's Church at Charleston, and in 1782 
of King's Chapel, Boston. In 178.3, when 
New York was evacuated by the British troops, 
he left his retirement for the rectorship of 
Trinity Church ; and at the first gen. conv. of 
the church in 1786 was elected bishop; pro- 
ceeded to Eng. with Bishop White of Pa. for 
consecration; and was adm. 4 Feb., 1787, to 
the holy order of bishops at Lambeth, return- 
ing to New York, April 8, 1787. He was 
chaplain to the Cont. Congress in 1785, and to 
the U.S. senate in 1789. Overcome by domes- 
tic bereavements and afflictions, he resigned his 
rectorship of Trinity Church in 1800, and his 
bishopric in Sept. 1801. 

Pryor, Roger A., b. Dinwiddle Co., Va., 
July 19, 1828. Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1845. His 
father was a prominent clergyman. He stud- 
ied law ; and in 1 850 edited the Soiithside 
Democrat at Petersburg, Va. In 1 852-3 he was 
on the staff of the Union, newspaper, at Wash- 
ington ; in 1854 he was commiss. to Greece ; in 
1855 resumed his editorial functions at Peters- 
burg ; afterward edited the South at Richmond, 
and the States, an advocate of extreme South- 



745 



PUR, 



em views, at Washington. Elected to Con- 
gress in 1859, he was noted as a vehement advo- 
cate of secession, and for his challenge of John 
F. Potter of Wisconsin. On the apnroaeh of 
the cidl war, Mr. Pryor volunteered 



brig.-gen., and led a division in the battles be- 
fore Richmond ; resigned Aug. 26, 1 863. Mem- 
ber of the Confcd. Congress. Captured in Nov. 
1864, and for a short time imprisoned in Fort 
Lafayette. Has since been an editor in Tenn. 

Pugh, Ellis, Quaker preacher, b. Dolgel- 
ly, Merioneth Co., Wales, June, 1656 ; d. Oct. 
10, 1718. He began to preach ab. 1680, and 
in 1687 settled at Gw)-ncdd, Pa. He revisited 
his native place in 1 706-8. Author of a trea- 
tise called "A Salutation to the Britains," 
written in Welsh. — Collection of Quaker Memo- 
rials. 

Pugh, George Ellis, lawyer and senator, 
b. Cincinnati, O., Nov. 28, 1822. Miami U. 
1840. In 1847 he was capt. in the 4th Regt. 0. 
Vols, in the Mexican war; representative in 
the legisl. in 1848 and '49; city solicitor of 
Cincinnati in 1850; atty .-gen. of the State in 
1851 ; and was U.S. senator in 1855-61. 

Pulaski, Co0NT Casimir, a Polish pa- 
triot, and a brig.-gen. in the Revol. army, b. 
Lithuani.i, Poland, March 4, 1748 ; d. Oct. 11, 
1779. Son of the patriotic Count Pulaski, who 
formed the confederation of Barr in 1768. He 
was educated for the law, but had seen some 
military sennce under Duke Charles of Conr- 
laud, when, at the age of 21, he joined his fa- 
ther in the struggle for liberty against King 
Stanislaus in 1769. The old count was taken 
prisoner, and ^perished in a dungeon. His son, 
elected com.-m-chief in 1770, prolonged the 
contest, but with insufficient forces. In 1771, he, 
with 39 others, entered Warsaw, disguised as 
peasants, for the purpose of seizing the king. 
They bore him out of the city, but were com- 
pelled to leave him not far from the walls, and 
escape. His little army was soon afterward 
defeated, himself outlawed, his estates confis- 
cated, and he entered the service of the Turks, 
then at war with Russia. He afterwards went 
to Paris; had an interview with Franklin, and, 
sympathizing deeply with a people struggling 
for their liberties, came to America in the sum- 
mer of 1777. He joined the army under Wash- 
ington; fought with distinction at Brandy wine; 
and was (Sept. 13, 1777) app. by Congress to 
com. the cavalry, with the rank of brig.-gen. 
He was in the battle of Germantown ; and early 
in the spring of 1778 was placed in com. of a 
corps of 68 light horse and 200 foot. This was 
called "Pulaski's Legion," and was officered 
mostly by foreigners. Commanding this hete- 
rogeneous corps, badly equipped and worse 
mounted, this brave Pole encountered difficul- 
ties and sought danger. Ordered to Little Egg 
Harbor, he was surprised while on the march, 
— a deserter having given information to the 
enemy, — and a large portion of his inf. was 
bayonetted. In Feb. 1779 he was ordered to 
the South, and was in active service under Lin- 
coln until the siege of Savannah, in Sept.-Oct. 
of that year, where he was mortally wounded in 
the assault, Oct. 9. He was taken to the U.S. 



brig " Wasp," where he died. Nov. 29, '79, Con- 
gress voted a monument to his memory, which 
was never erected ; but one was raised by tho 
citizens of Savannah, of which Lafayette, dur- 
ing his triumphal progress through the U.S., 
laid the comer-stone. — See Sparks's American 
Biaqraphfi, vol. iv. 2d scries. 

Pulte, JosEAH HippOLYT, M.D., b. Mes- 
chede, Westphalia, Oct. 6, 1811. U. of Mar- 
burg. He came to the U.S. in 1834, and prac- 
tised medicine at Allento\vn, Pa., 6 years. Be- 
coming a horateopathist, he aided in establish- 
ing a homoeop. coll at Allentown. A resident 
of Cincinnati since 1840. Prof, of clinical mcd. 
in the Western HomcEOp. Coll., Cleveland, 
1852; and of obstetrics, 1853-5. Contrib. to 
various homoeop. journals. Editor of Teste's 
"Diseases of Children," 1857; and has pub. 
" Organon of the Hist, of the World," 1859 ; 
"Domestic Phy.sieian," 1850; "Reply to Dr. 
Metcalf," 1851 ; " Science of Medicine," 1852; 
"Wom.an's Medical Guide," 1853; "Civiliza- 
tion and its Heroes, an Oration," 1855, &c. — 
Allibone. 

Pummill, James, poet, b. Cincinnati, 12 
Dec. 1828. Pub. in 1846 a vol. of poems, 
"Fmits of Leisure," and in 1852 "Fugitive 
Poems." He was a contrib. to the Ladies' Re- 
pos. and the Knickerbocker Mag., and is editor 
and prop, of the Aurora (Ind.) Commercial. — 
See Poets and Poetry of the West. 

Pureell, John Baptist, U.D., R.C. arch- 
bishop of Cincinnati; consec. Oct. 13, 1833. 
Has ed., with a memoir, Macleod's History of 
the Devotion to the Virgin Mary in N. A., 
8vo, 1866; "The Roman Clergy and Free 
Thought, a controversy with Thos. Vickers," 
1868. 

Purchas, Samuel, an Eng. divine, b. 
Tlia.\ted, in Essc.>;, in 1577 ; d. London, 1628. 
Educated at St. John's Coll. Cambridge. His 
principal work was entitled " Puichas his Pil- 
grimages, or Relations of the World," which, 
with Hakluyt's Voyages, led the way to other 
collections of the same kind, and has been 
much valued and esteemed. The tirst vol. was 
pub. in 1613 ; but the fourth edition of it, in 
1626, contains numerous important additions. 
The last 4 vols, appeared in 1 625. Tho 3d and 
4th vols, of " Puichas his Pilgrimes " relate to 
Amer., and preserve the original narratives of 
the earliest English navigators and explorers 
of tho Western World. He also wrote " Micro- 
cosmos, or the History of Man ; " " The King's 
Tower and Triumphal Arch of London." 
Purchas was rector of St. Martin's in Ludgate, 
and chaplain to Abbot, archbishop of Canter- 
bury. His works are scarce, and command a 
high price. — Allibone. 

Purdon, John, adm. to the Phila. bar, 
1806; d. 1835. N. J. Coll. 1802. Pub. 8vo, 
Phila. 1811, an abridgment of the laws of 
Pa. from 1700, &c., 4th ed. 1831; since pub. 
as Brightley's Digest, and continued to tho 
present time. — Allibone. 

Purple, Norman H., b. Exeter, N.Y., 
1808. Four vears judge of the III. Sup. Ct. 
Has pub. Stauites of 111. relating to Real Es- 
tate, 8vo, 1847 ; Statutes of 111. in force Jan. 1, 
1856, 2 vols. 8vo. — Allibone. 

Purple, Samuel S., M.D., co-editor with 



FTJR 



746 



S. Smith, M.D., of the Journal of Medicine, 
and contrib. to the Med. Times. Author of 
" Med. Obsei-vations," 1852 ; " BiUiolheca 
Medica," 8vo, 1860, in MS. — ^//*o;ie. 

Pursh, Frederic, botanist, b. Tobolsk, 
Siberia, 1774; d. Montreal, Canada, June 11, 
1820 Edueated at Dresden. Came to Aincr. 
in 1799, and remained until 1811, when he vis- 
ited Eng ; and in 1814 pub. at Loud. Flora 
Ameriaz Seplr-ntrionalis, 8vo. Returning to 
Amer., he d. while collecting materials for a 
flora of Canada. 

Purviance, Hugh Y., commo. II.S.N., b. 
Md. Midshipm. Nov. 3, 1818; lieut. Mar. 3, 
1827; coin. Mar. 7, 1849; capt. Jan. 28, 1856; 
conimu. (ret. list) July 16, 1862; com. sloop 
"Marion," coast of Africa, 1852-5; frigate 
" St. Lawrence," 1861 ; sunk Coufod. i)rivateer 
" Petrel " off Charleston, and participated in 
the tight of " The Merrimack," gunboats, and 
batteries off Sewell's Point, Hampton Roads. 

Futuam, Albigence Waldo, a lawyer 
of Nashville, Tenn., b. Belpre', O., 11 March, 
1799. U. of O. Grandson of Gen. Putnam. 
Author of Hist, of Middle Tenn., 8vo, 1859; 
Life of Gen. John Sevier, in Wheeler's Hist, 
of N.C. ; also a number of papers in periodicals, 
and contrib. to the Tenn. Hist. Soc, of which 
he is president. — Allibone. 

Putnam, Geokge Palmer, publisher, b. 
Brunswick, Me., Feb. 7, 1814. A descendant of 
John, who came from Buckinghamshire, Eng., 
to Salem, in 1640. Great-nephew of Gen. 
Putnam,' and grandson of Gen. Joseph Palmer. 
He has long been a bookseller in N.Y., and 
in 1836-47, while of the firm of Wiley and 
Putnam, resided in Lond. His own compila- 
tions arc, "Chronology," 12mo, 1833; "The 
Tourist in Europe," 12mo, 1838; "American 
Book Circular," 1843; "Amer. Facts," Svo, 
1845; "The World's Progress, a Dictionary 
of Dates," &c., Svo, 1850, and several editions 
since. He also pub. Putnam's Monthly/ Mag. 
1853-7 and 1868-70; " The Popular Library," 
24 vols. 12mo; "Home Cyclopaedia," 1850-3, 
5 vols. 12rao. Between 1848 and 1870 he pub. 
more than 300 vols, by Amer. authors of the 
first rank; and his services to American liter- 
ature have in various ways been of great value. 

Putnam, Israel, maj.-gen. Revol. army, 
b. Salem, Ms., 7 Jan. 1718 ; d. Brookline, 
Ct., 29 May, 1790. He received little educa- 
tion, but was endowed by nature with a power- 
ful frame, great courage, and an enterprising 
spirit. He m., and in 1739 settled in Pomfret, 
Ct., where by industry he acquired a good estate. 
In 1755 he raised and com. a company for the 
French war. Joining the army near Crown 
Point, his bravery, activity, and enterprise 
gained him, in 1757, the rank of maj. While 
stationed at Ft. Edward, he by personal exer- 
tions saved a powder-magazine from fire after 
it had burned the outer planking. In Aug. 
1758, while returning to Fort Edward from a 
scouting exped., he fell into an ambuscade, was 
taken, and ab. being burned at the stake, when 
Molang, a French partisan, rescued him. He 
was taken to Montreal, where Col. Schuyler re- 
lieved his wants, and procured his exchange. 
He was a lieul.-col. at the siege of Montreal 
in 1760, and at the capture of Havana in 



1762; and in 1764 was a col. in Bradstreet's 
exped. against the Western Indians. Ho was 
afterward an inn-keeper in Brookline, Ct., and 
a member of the legisl. In 1773, with Gen. 
Lyman, he went to the Mpi. to explore a grant 
of military lands, but derived no benefit iVora 
them. Hearing of the battle of Lexington, he 
left his plough where he was using it, unyoked 
his team, and, clothed as he was, set off for Bos- 
ton. He returned ; raised a regt , with which 
he marched to Cambridge ; was app. a provin- 
cial maj.-gen., and also on the continental es- 
tablishment, 19 June, 1775. At Bunker's Hill 
he was conspicuous, animating and encoura- 
ging the troops. On the evacuation of Boston, 
he was intrusted with the com. at N.Y. He 
afterward superintended the fortifications of 
Phila., and, after Trenton and Princeton, was 
posted at the latter place, performing great ser- 
vice with a small force. App. in the spring of 
1777 to com. a force in the Highlands of N.Y., 
he made the judicious selection of West Point 
as the site of a fortress. While posted at Read- 
ing, Ct., in 1778, he was attacked by Gen. Try- 
on, and escaped by plunging down a steep 
precipice, where the British dragoons dared 
not follow him. This was his last active ser- 
vice. He was a good executive officer, more 
brave than prudent, frequently wanting in dig- 
nity, but generous and humane. — See Life by 
David Humphreys. 

Putnam, Mart (Lowell), authoress, 
dau. of Rev. Charles, b. Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. 
She was m. Apr. 5, 1832, to Samuel R. Put- 
nam, a merchant of Boston. From her moth- 
er she inherited the faculty of acquiring lan- 
guages to an extraordinary degree. From 
■ 'le resided with her family, ch' 
Germany, prosecuting her s 
ies in languages, and collecting materials for a 
History of Hungary. She transl. from the 
Swedish " The Neighbors," by Miss Bremer ; 
has pub. anonymously, " Records of an Ob- 
scure Man," 1861 ; " 'tragedy of Errors," and 
" Tragedy of Success ; " dramatic poems illus- 
trative of slavery and the condition of the 
South ; and has contrib. many articles to the 
N.A. Review and to the Christian Examiner. 

Putnam, Rufus, brig.-gen., b. Sutton, 
Ms., Ajir. 9, 1738; d. Marietta, O., May 4, 
1824. He quitted the business of a millwright 
to serve as a common soldier through the cam- 
paigns of 1757-60, and, on the surrender of 
Montreal, m. and settled in New Braintree, 
Ms., to pursue his original vocation, devoting 
his leisure to the study of mathematics, and 
attaining great proficiency in its application 
to navigation and surveying. In Jan. 1773 he 
sailed to E. Florida with a committee to ex- 
plore lands there supposed to have been grant- 
ed by parliament to the provincial officers and 
soldiers who had served in the French war, 
and was app. by the gov. dep.-surveyor of the 
province. Returning to Ms. he was made a 
lieut.-col. in David Brewer's regt. The abil- 
ity displayed by him as an engineer in throw- 
ing up defences in Roxbury secured for him 
the favorable consideration of Washington, 
who wrote to Congress that the millwright was 
altogether a more competent ofiicer th;in any 
of the French gentlemen to whom it had given 



747 



QXJI 



apijointmems in tliat line. In 1775, Putnam, 
ad chict cn^'i-., superintended all the defences of 
N.Y. ; was in Aujj. "Pp. chief enjjr., with the 
rank of col., but during the autumn, from some 
dissatisfaction with the action of Congress in 
regjird to his corps, left it to take com. of the 
5th Ms. Regt. ; in the following spring he was 
attached to the Northern army, and disting. 
himself at the battle of Stillwater; in 1778, 
with his cousin Gen. Israel Putnam, he super- 
intended the construction of the fortifications 
at West Point ; after the surprise of Stony 
Point, he was ap|). to the command of a regt. 
in Wayne's brigade, in which he served to the 
end of the campaign; Jan. 7, 1783, he was 
made brig.-gen. He was several years a mem- 
ber of the legisl., and acted as aide to Gen. 
Lincoln in quelling Sliays's Rebellion in 1787. 
Apr. 7, 1788, as supt. of the Ohio Co., he 
founded Marietta, the first permanent settle- 
ment on the eastern part of the North-west Ter- 
ritory ; in 1789 ho was app. a judge of the 
Supreme Court of the N. W. Territory ; May 4, 
1792, he was app. brig.-gen. of Wayne's army 
to act against the Indians, and from May, 
1792, to Feb. 1793, was U.S. comniiss. to treat 
for peace with them, concluding an important 
treaty with 8 tribes at Vincennes, Sept. 27, 
1792. U.S. surveyor-gen. from Oct. 1793 to 
Sept. 1803. In 1803 he was member of the O. 
Consritulional Convention. 

Putnam, S.\mcei„ LL.D., A.A.S., jurist, 
b. Uanvers, Ms., Apr. 13, 1768; d. Somerville, 
Ms., July 3, 1853. H.U. 1787. He studied 
law, and commenced practice in Salem in 1790, 
attaining a high position at the Essex Co. bar. 
He was senator from Essex in 1808, '09, '13, '14 ; 
representative in 1812; and in 1814-42 was a 
judge of the Ms. Supreme Court. 

Pynchon, William, leader in the Spring- 
field settlement in 1636, b. Essex Co., Eng., ab. 
1590; d. Wraisburv, Buckinghamshire, Eng., 
Oct. 1662. He was' an assist, in 1628 and '29; 
came over with Gov. Winthrop in 1630; and 
was treasurer of the Colony, and a magistrate, 
until his removal from Roxbury, of which 
town he was one of the principal founders. He 
was chosen magistrate of Springfield in 1638, 
and was an assist, in 1643-50. While in Rox- 
bury and Springfield, he was largely concerned 
in the beaver-trade. In 1650 his " Meritorious 
Price of Christ's Redemption," in opposition 
to the Calvinistic view of the atonement, was 
pub. in Eng., causing his deposition from the 
magistracy. His book was burned on Boston 
Common by order of the court ; and the author- 
ities of Ms. employed Norton to answer him. 
In consequence of these and other persecutions, 
he returned to Eng. in 1652, and in 1655 is- 
sued a new edition of his book with additions. 
He also pub. " The Jewes Synagogue," 4to, 
1652 ; " How the First Sabbath was ordained," 
&c., 1654. His son Col. John, 50 years a 
magistrate of Springfield, and one of the found- 
ers of Northampton in 1654, d. Jan. 17, 1703, 
a. 76. 

Quaekenbos, George Payne, LL.D. 
( Wcsl. U. 1863), educator, b. New York, 1826. 
Col. Coll. 1843. He commenced teaching in 
N.C. In 1847 he opened a private school in 
N.Y. City, and has been contrib. to or editor 



of various journals. In 1846-8 he conducted 
the Literari/ American. He has pub. many 
popular school-books, among them "Advanced 
Course of Composition and Rhetoric," 18.54; 
" Illustrated School History of the U.S.," 1 857; 
" A Natural Philosopliy for Schools and Aca- 
demies," 1859; "Primary Historv of the 
U.S.," 1860; "English Grammar," 1862; 
and has prepared an American edition of 
Spiers and Surenne's French and English Dic- 
tionary, 1852, and a series of arithmetics on 
the basis of the works of Geo. R. Perkins. 

Quesnel, Joseph, a Canadian dramatist 
and comjioser, li. France, 1750; d. Montreal, 
July 3, 1809. He produced Colas et Colinelte, 
a 3-act comedy, Quebec, 1788; Lucas et Ce- 
citle, a musical operetta ; and Les R€pubUcains 
Fran<;ais, a comedy. In 1805 he wrote a trea- 
tise on the dramatic art, besides several musi- 
cal compositions of merit, which were extreme- 
ly popular. His sons Jules and F. A. made 
some figure in the political history of the Lower 
Province. — iJorc/an. 

Quinby, George W., b. Westbrook, Me., 
1810. Has pub. fifteen sermons and as many 
prayers ; " E.xposition and Defence of Univer- 
salism ; " " Marriage and the Marriage Rela- 
tion ;" Six Lectures ; " The Gallows, the Pris- 
on, and the Poor-House," 1857, &c. Edited 
the Star in the [Vest, and contrib. to the 
Trumpet, &c. — Altibone. 

Quinby, Gen. Isaac F., b. N.J. ab. 1820. 
West Point, 1843. He entered the art. ; was 
assist, prof, of philos. at West Point, Aug. 
1843 to June, 1847; 1st lieut. March 3, 1847; 
served with his regt. in Mexico; was adj. and 
quarterm. from Oct. 1 848 to Mar. 1 852, when 
he resigned, and became prof of math, and nat. 
philos. in Rochester U., which post he resumed 
in 1864. When the civil war broke out, he left 
his professorship to become col. 1 3th N.Y. Vols. ; 
fought gallantly at Bull Run, July 21 ; subse- 
quently resigned, and resumed his professorship 
at Rochester, until made brig.-gen. Mar. 17, 
1862, and placed in com. of the Dist. of the Mpi., 
including the important post of Columbus, Ky. 
He quitted tliis post Oct. 26 to take com. of the 
3d division of the Army of the Mpi. at Corinth ; 
com. the Yazoo Pass exped. Mar. 1863; en- 
gaged at Champion Hill 16 May, and assaults 
of Vicksburg 19-22 May, 1863; resigned 31 
Dec. 1863. — Cu//um. 

Quincy, Edmund, jurist, agent for Ms. at 
the court of Great Britain, b. Braintree, Ms., 
Oct. 24, 1681 ; d. London, Feb. 23, 1738. H.U. 
1699. In 1718 he was app. a judge of the Su- 
preme Court ; and for a long time held a seat 
in the houseof representatives, as also in the 
council; and was col. of a regt. In 1737 he 
was selected as an agent to the British court 
for the purpose of procuring a decision of the 
controversy respecting the boundary-line be- 
tween Ms. and N.H., but died while thus cm- 
ployed. The Gen. Court testified the high re- 
spect in which they held liim by erecting a mon- 
ument to his memory in Bunhill Fields. Ed- 
mund his son (b. 1703, d. July 4, 1788 ; H.U. 
1722; merchant of Boston) pub. a trcati.se on 
"Hemp Husbandry," 1765. Father-in-law of 
John Hancock. 

Quincy, Edmund, polit. and misccU. au- 



QUI 



748 



QXJI 



thor, b. Boston, Feb. 1, 1808. H.U. 1827. 
Has pub. " Wensley, a Storj^ without a Mor- 
al," 18.54; a Memoir of his father Josiah 
(pres. of H.U.), 8vo, 1867; and has been a 
frequent contrib. to literary periodicals and 
political newspapers. He was long a promi- 
nent abolitionist ; sec of the American and Ms. 
Antislavery Societies. 

Quincy, Col. Jon.v; d. July 13, 1767, a. 
78. H.U. 1708. Son of Daniel, and grand- 
son of Lieut.-Col. Edmund. He was maj., and 
afterwards col., of militia; 40 years a repre- 
sentative and councillor ; and long speaker of 
the house. When that part of Braintree in 
which ho lived was incorporated, the Gen. 
Court gave it the name of Quincy. His pa- 
ternal estate became the property of his great- 
grandson, John Quincy Adams. 

Quincy, Josiah, Jim., a disting. patriot, 
b. Boston, Feb. 23, 1744; d. Apr. 26, 1775. 
H.U. 1763. Grandson of Judge Quincy. His 
father Josiah, a Boston merchant, and a zealous 
friend of his country, d. at Braintree in 1784, 
a. 75. The son studied law two years with 
Oxenbridge Thatcher, and, after his adm. to 
the bar, soon rose to distinction in his profes- 
sion. In Oct. 1769 he m. the eldest dau. of 
Wm. Phillips, Esq. ; and in the following year, 
having previously been conspicuous as an ar- 
dent writer and speaker on the side of the peo- 
ple, he was called upon to defend, in conjunc- 
tion with John Adams, the perpetrators of 
the Boston Massacre. So strong was the 
public feeling against thesoldiers, that, notwith- 
standing the approved patriotism of their de- 
fenders, they incurred much odium in the per- 
formance of this trying duty. Compelled by 
ill-health to abandon all business, he embarked 
Feb. 8, 1773, for Charleston, S.C, and in the 
ensuing May returned home by land, so much 
benefited as to be able to resume his labors. 
In May, 1774, appeared his " Observations on 
the Act of Parliament commonly called the 
Boston Port Bill," &c. In Sept. 1774 he went 
to Eng., and labored unremittingly while in Lon- 
don to promote the interests of his country, be- 
coming intimate with the principal Whigs, and 
maintaining a constant corresp. with the patriot 
leaders at home, which, together with his interest- 
ing joum.al and the tract above mentioned, are 
contained in the Memoir written by his son Jo- 
siah in 1825. He left London, March 16, 1775, 
contrary to the counsel of his physician, grew 
worse and worse during the voyage, and 
breathed his last when in sight of land, at the 
early age of 31. Author of R-eports Sup. 
Court Ms. Bay, 1761-72, edited by S. M. 
Quincy, 8vo, 1S65. — See Life of, by his Son, 
8vo. 1825. 

Quincy, Joshh, LL.D., statesman and 
scholar, son of the preceding, b. Boston, 4 Feb. 
1772; d. Quincy, Ms., 1 July, 1864. H.U. 
1790. He studied law under Judge Tudor; 
began practice in Boston in 1793 ; was a State 
senator in 1804; M.C. in 1805-13; again a 
State senator in 1815-20 ; member of the State 
Const. Conv. in 1820 ; speaker of the house of 
Ms. 1820-1 ; judge of the Boston Municipal 
Court 1822; mavor of Boston 1823-9; and 
prcs.of II.U. in_1829-Aug. 1845. As a Federal- 
ist, he opposed in Congress the measures of the 



dominant party with great vigor, spealdng 
against the admission of La. in 1811, and op- 
posing the war of 1812. His readiness in de- 
bate, earnestness and fervor of speecli, quickness 
of wit, and powerful satire, made him a con- 
stant thorn in the side of the administrations 
of Jefferson and Madison. As a judge he laid 
down the rule, th.at the pubUcation of the truth, 
with pood intentions, and for a justifiable mo- 
tive, wj< iiMt liliellous. Under his auspices, 
and iliM ill- lii^ iiKiyoralty, great improvements 
were iiKide in l!<i>tun, and the Quincy Market 
was Ijiiilt. His elHeient management of H.U. 
left it highly prosperous. He was one of the 
first, if not the first, among Northern men to de- 
nounce the slaveholding interest as a rising 
and diingerous tyranny. In 1856, though in 
his 85th year, he spoke and wrote in advocacy 
of the election of Fremont to the presidency. 
He took great interest in the progress of the 
war for the Union, which he viewed as the most 
hopeful sign of the country's future he had 
ever seen, and predicted from the date of its 
close a new and grander era of national great- 
ness. Author of a " Memoir of Josiah Quincy, 
Jun.," 1825 ; " History of Harvard University," 
2 vols. 1840; " Speeches in Congress and Ora^ 
tions;" " Life of J. Q. Adams," 1858; "His- 
tory of the Boston Athenjeum," 1S51 ; "Es- 
says on the Soiling of Cattle," ISC9; "Me- 
moir of James Grahame," 184r. ; "Journals 
and Memoir of Maj. Samuel b^h.iw," IS47; 
"Municipal History of Boston," 1S52; and 
Centennial Address on the 200th Anniv. of 
Boston, 1830. — iSee Life .by his Son Edmund 
Quincy, 1867. 

Quincy, Josiah, Jun., an eminent citizen of 
Boston, b. Jan. 17, 1802. H.U. 1821. Son of 
the preceding. He became a counsellor-at-Iaw ; 
member of the city council 1 833 ; its pres. 
1834-7; pres. of the senate 1842 ; and mayor 
of Boston 1845. It was during his mayoralty, 
and principally by his means, that the Cochitu- 
atc water was lirought into Boston, — the most 
iin| ,iiii |.itl.;h \\>.i k I .> r I ■.> . 111. (1 ill Boston, 

Wl|. I. !, • ■, • ;. :■!!: ^1 ^l^l ^'i •■.,:!. ■ .i I I I 1 1 1 I V O thcr 

inr- ■,■■,'.■..■;■:■ 1|. ... I i.iiiv years 
trea-ni, r m il,r W. -|, i;, |;,,i:i-.m<1 aild'of the 
Boston Athen.'cum. 

Quincy, Josiah Phillips, b. Boston, 1830. 
H. U. 1850. Son of the preceding. Author 
of " Lyteria," a dramatic poem, 1856 ; " Char- 
icles," a dramatic poem, 1856. Contributed to 
Saiiain's and Putnam's Magazines and other 
periodicals. 



MiLI 



Boston, 



, Sept, 



Quincy, Samuel 
1833. H.U. 1852. Br.. 
of the Boston bar ; eo . 
of the Montlilii Law /. 
Capt. 2d Ms. Vols. .MiM 

17, 1862; col. Nov. 9, 1802; resigned June 2, 
1 863 ; lieut.-eol. 73d U.S. (colored) Oct. 20, 1863 ; 
col. May. 24, 18B4; lirev. brig.-gen. Has pub. 
" Reports of the Superior Court of the Province 
of Ms. Bay, 1761-72," by Josiah Quincy, jun., 
with an Appcndi.x upon " The Writs of As- 
sistance," by Horace Gray, jun., 8vo, 1865. 

Quint, Alonzo Hall, i).D., Con^j:. clergy- 
man and hist, writer, b. Barnstead, N,H., Mar. 
22,1828. D.C. 1846; And. Scm. 1852. Pastor 
Mather Church, W. Roxbury, 1853-63; chap- 



QUI 



749 



RA.in 



lain 2d Ms. Rcgt. 1861-4; pastor North Cong. 
Ch., N. Bi'dford, Ms., since July 21, 1864. He 
has pub. " Armv Notes, &c., 1861-3," Boston, 
I2mo, 1864; "History of the 2d Ms. Kegt.," 
1867. A proprietor and editor of the Cong. 
Quarterlji, and a contrib. to the N. E. Uist. and 
Geneal. Reg. and the Dover Enquirer ; member 
of the Ms. State Board of Education, 18.'55-61. 

Quintard, Charles Todd, D. D. (Col. 
Coll. 1853), LL.D., grad. M.D. (U. of N.Y.) 
1846, b. Stamford, Ct., 22 Dec. 1824. Became 
a physician of the N.Y. Dispensatory, 1 847 ; 
prof.of physiol. and anat. Memphis Med. Cull. 
1851; ord. iu Pr.-Ep. Ch. 1855; and became 
in 1858 rector of the Ch. of the Advent, Nash- 
ville; conscc. bishop of Tenn. Oct. 11, 1865. 
Author of " A Plain Tract on Confirmation," 
"A Preparation for Confirmation;" and in 
early life contrib. largely to med. periodicals. 
He was an earnest secessionist, and a vol. 
chaplain in the Confed army. — History of 
titamford. 

Qiliroga (ke-ro'-gii), Jose, a Spanish 
Jesuit, b. Galicia, 1707; d. 1804. Ab. 1745 
he was sent by the King of Spain to explore 
Patagonia. His Journal of his Voyage was 
inserted by Charlevoix in his " History of 
Paraguay." 

Quitman, John Anthony, LL. D. (La 
Gr:\Tige Coll.), soldier and politician, b. Rhine- 
beck, N.Y., Sept. 1, 1799; d. Natchez, Mpi., 
July 17, 1858. Son of Frederick Henry, 
D.l). (1760-1832), Lutheran pastor of Rhine- 
beck, N.Y. ; author of " Treatise on Magic," 
1810; "Evangelical Catechism," 1814; " Three 
Sermons on the Reformation," 1817 ; edited 
Hymn-Book of the N.Y. Synod, 1817. The 
son received a good education ; was a prof, of 
law in Mt. Airy Coll., Pa., in 1819; began to 
" practise law in 1820 at Chillicothe, O., but in 
1823 settled in Natchez; became a planter, 
and was disting. at the bar and in the politics 
of the State ; chancellor of the Superior Court 
1828-31 and 1832-4; member of the State 
Icgisl. in 1 828-32, and, as pres. of the State sen- 
ate in 1835, was gov. pro tern. ; member of the 
State Const. Conv. in 1831 ; dis'ting. in the 
Texan struggle in 1836; visited Europe in 
1839, and on his return was app. judge of the 
High Court of Errors and Appeals. App. 
brig.-gen. of vols, by Pies. Polk, July 1, 1846 ; 
maj.-gen. Apr. 14, 1847. He received a sword 
from Congress lor gallantry at Monterey. He 
was subsequently disting. at Chapultepec and 
the Bclen Gate, and was app. by Gen. Scott 
gov. of the citv of Mexico. Gov. of Mpi. 1850- 
1 ; M.C. 1855-8, and at the head of the mili- 
tary committee. He was a devoted adherent 
of Calhoun and his political doctrines, anil a 
leader of the party favorable to the annexation 
of Cuba. He was a man of high character and 

r It less integritv. — See Life and Coiresp. by 
F. H. Claiborne, 2 vols. 1860. 

Kabum, William, gov. of Ga. 1817-19, 
b. Halifax Co., N.C., Apr. 8, 1771 ; d. Han- 
cock Co., Ga., Oct. 23, 1819. He removed to 
6a. at the ago of 15, where, with slight educa- 
tional advantages, he rose to the highest honors 
of the State. Judge of the' Inferior Court, and 
a member of the Assembly and Senate. 

Radford, William, 'rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 



Va. Midshipm. Mar. 1, 1825; lieut. Feb. 9, 
1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 
1862; commo. April 24, 1863; rear-adm. July 
25, 1866. Com. the party that cut out " The 
Malek Adel," a Mexican vessel-of-war, at Mazat- 
lan in 1847; com. " The Cumberland "in 1861, 
and was on court-martial duty at Old Point 
when she was sunk by "The Merrimack;" 
com. " The New Ironsides," and iron-clad divis- 
ion of Porter's squadron at the two attacks on 
Fort Fisher in Dec. 1864 and Jan. 1865. He 
com. the European squadron in 1869-70.^ — 
Hamcrsli). 

Sae, John, M.D., LL.D., arctic explorer, 
b. in the Orkneys. Took a surgeon's diploma at 
Edinburgh, and entered the service of tho 
Hudson's Bay Co., as a surgeon, in 1833. He 
made many extensive journeys and explora- 
tions; aceomp. Sir J. Richardson, in 1848, in 
a search for Sir John Franklin; and in 1850 
was placed by the H. B. Co. in charge of a 
similar exped. During an exped. to Repulse 
Bay in 1853-4, he discovered a new river, which 
falls into Chesterfield Inlet; and in the follow- 
ing spring disting. himself as the first discov- 
erer of the fate of Sir John Franklin's party. 
He had travelled 1,100 miles, including a pre- 
liminary journey, when he made this important 
discovery, for which he received the govern- 
ment reward of £10,000 sterling. In 1852 he 
received the founder's gold medal of the Royal 
Geog. Society of London, and is an honorary 
member of various learned and scientific bodies. 
He was in 1861 on an expedition to visit Red 
River and the Rocky Mountains. He has pub. 
a work exposing the fallacies of free trade, 
Svo, 1834 ; " Exped. to the Arctic Sea in 1846- 
7," Svo, London, 1850. — Morgan. 

"RsS, George Wertz, late probate judge 
of Stark Co., O., b. there 1825. Author of 
" Guide to E.xecutors and Administrators in 
Ohio," 1859 ; " Manual of Pensions, Bounties, 
and Pay," 1 862 ; " Law of Roads and High- 
wavs," 1863; "War Claimant's Guide," Svo, 
1866. 

Bafinesque, Constantine Smaltz, bot- 
anist, b. Galatz, a suburb of Constantinople, 
1784; d. Phila. Sept. 18, 1842. He lost his 
father when he was ab. 7 years of age ; and, to- 
gether with a bro., was sent to the U.S. in 1 802. 
He visited Phila., where his taste for natural 
history strongly developed itself; travelled 
through theadjacentcountry,making numerous 
collections of botanic specimens ; and in 1 805 
went to Sicily, where he pub. " The Analysis 
of Nature," in the French language. After 
losing by shipwreck all his eflxjcts, including 
his booli, manuscripts, and drawings, he in 
1815 arrived in New York; but in 1818 emi- 
grated to the West, and was for a time prof, of 
botanjr in Transylv. U. at Lexington, Ky. ; 
travelling also, ai'id lecturing elsewhere, until 
he finally settled in Phila. In 1836, after a life 
of great vicissitude, which was marked by but 
a small amount of enduring achievements com- 
pared with his aims and hopes, Rafinesque 
pub. " Life, Travels, and Researches," which 
was mostly a narrative of his own journeys and 
observations. Ho pub. 8 numbers of the Allan- 
tir Journal and Friend of Knowledge, begun in 
the spring of 1832; ""American Florist," 



750 



RAL 



1832 ; "The American Nations," 12mo, 1836; 
" Ancient Hist, of Ky.," &c., 8vo, 1824 ; " Medi- 
cal Flora of the U.S.," 1828-30, 2 vols. ; " The 
World," a poem, 8vo, 1836 ; " S.ife Banking," 
1837; "The American Monuments of N. and 
S. America," 8vo, 1838; "Genius and Spirit 
of the Hebrew Bible," 1838; "Pleasures and 
Duties of Wealth," 1840 ; " The Good Book," 
8vo, 1840. His " Complete Conchology," ed- 
ited by Binney and Tryon, was pub. Phila., 
8vo, 1864. — Allibone. 

Rafn, Carl Christian, P.D., a Danish 
archiEologist, b. Brahesborg, Island of Funcn, 
Jan. 16, 1795 ; d. 20 Oct. 1864. Educated at 
the U. of Copenhagen, of which in 1821 he 
was made an assist, librarian, and while there 
undertook a general revision of all the Icelandic 
and Norwegian MSS. yet unpub. belonging to 
the collection. Through his efforts the So- 
ciety of Northern Antiquities was founded, 
which has pub. more than 70 vols, on the hist, 
and antiiimtics of the North. His " Antiquitates 
Americrnm xen Scriptores Si-ptaitrlonalrs Rerum 
Antf-Cohimhianorum in America" (Copenhagen, 
1837) attempts to prove that the Scandinavians 
discovered America in the 10th century, and 
subsequently effected settlements in what is 
now Ms. and R.I. An important sequel to 
this work is " The Historical Monuments of 
Greenland," 3 vols. 1 838-45. Of liis "Antiqui- 
ties Riissts," 2 vols. app. in 1850-2. As sec. of 
the Societj for Northern Antiquities, he pre- 
pared various works for the press, and also 
translated and edited other works. — Appleton. 

Kaguet, CONDY, LL.D. (St. Mary's Col- 
lege, Bait.), merchant and political economist, 
b. Phila. Jan. 28, 1784; d. there March 22, 
1 842. U. of Phila. He studied law, but, en- 
tering a counting-house, was at the age of 20 
sent to St. Domingo as supercargo of a vessel. 
On his return from a second voyage thither in 
1805, he pub. " A Short Account of St. Domin- 
go, and a Circumstantial Account of the Mas- 
sacre there." Embarking in 1806 in busine.s.s 
on his own account, he was prosperous, became 
one of the founders and managers of the Phila. 
Saving Fund, pres. of the Pa. Life-Annuity 
Co., and also of the Chamber of Commerce. 
He took an active part during the war of 1812 
in concerting measures for the defence of the 
city ; and was in 1815 a member of the Assem- 
bly, and subsequently of the State senate. In 
1822 he was app. consul at Eio Janeiro ; soon 
afterwards was intrusted with the negotiation 
of a commercial treaty with Brazil, to which he 
was the first charge' d'affaires, and remained 
there 5 years. After his return to the U.S., he 
became the editor of several journals devoted 
to the advocacy of the doctrines of free trade, 
and was a contrib. to the Portfolio; member 
Amer. Philos. Soc. He pub. "Principles of 
Free Trade," 8vo, 1836 ; and "A Treatise on 
Currency and Banking," in 1839, repub. in 
Lond., also translated into French, and pub. 
in Paris in 1840. — flunCs ilerch. Maq., vii. 
k,542. 

Rains, Gabriel James, gen. C.S.A., b. 
N.C. West Point, 1827. Entering the 7th 
Inf , he became capt. Dec. 25, 1837 ; brev. maj. 
for gallantry in action with the Seminoles near 
Fort lung.Fla., April 28, 1840, where he com. 



and was severely wonnded ; maj. 4th Inf Mar. 
9, 1851 ; in Nov. 1855 was app. by the acting 
gov. brig.-gen. Washington Terr. Vols. ; lieut.- 
col. 5th Inf 5 June 1860; resigned July 31, 
1861. At the battle of Wilson's Creek, Aug. 
2, he was in com. as brig.-gen. of the advance 
guard of the army which fought the battle of 
Aug. 10, in which Gen. Rains com. a division. 
Disting. at Shiloh and at Perryville. 

Bains, James Edward, brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Nashville, Tenn., 10 Apr. 1833; killed at 
the battle of Stone River 31 Dec. 1862. Y.C. 
1854. He was a prominent lawyer and Whig 
politician, and at one time editor of its organ 
m Tcnn., the Uailii Repub. Banner. Disting. at 
Shiloh and at Perryville. Though an active 
Unionist before the war, he then resigned 
the attorney-generalship of his dist., took com. 
of a regt., and was for a time in com. at Cum- 
berland Gap. 

Rainsborow, Gen. William, a parlia- 
mentary officer ; killed at Doncaster, Eng., 
1648. He resided in Charlestown, Ms., in 
1639; had an estate at Watertown in 1640; 
was a member of the A. and H. Art. Co. of Bos- 
ton, and was a relative of the Winthrops. Re- 
turning to Eng. in 1644, he was app. capt. of a 
troop of hor.se intended for Ireland ; and in 
1646 gov. of Worcester. He was highly fa- 
vored by Cromwell ; was col. of a regt. in which 
Israel Stoughton was lieut.-col., Nehemiah 
Bourne major, and John Leverctt capt. He 
was surprised and slain at his quarters. 

Rale (sometimes erroneously written 
Rale, Ralle, and Rasles), Sebastien, a 
French missionarv to the Indians, b. Franche 
Comte, 1658; killed at Norridgewock, Me., 
Aug. 12, 1724. Joining the Jesuits, he for a 
time taught Greek at the Coll. of Nismes. He 
came to Quebec in Oct. 1689; was first sta- 
tioned at the Abenaki Mission of St. Francis, 
near the falls of the Chaudiere, then in the 
Illinois country ; and finally at Norrid.;cwock, 
on the Kennebec, as early as 1695. Raleaccomp. 
the Indianson all their hunting and fishing ex- 
cursions, and obtained great influence over the 
Abenakis. Tlie English accused him of insti- 
gating the forrays of the savages upon the settle- 
ments along the coast, and seta price upon his 
head. His church was burned in 1705, and a 
second exped. (in 1722) pillaged his cabiiiand the 
church, which had been rebuilt, carrying off, 
amongotherpapers.hisDictionaryof the Abena- 
ki Language, which is now preserved in the libra- 
ry of Harv. Coll., and has been printed in the 
Memoirs of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, 
with an introd. and notes by John Pickering, 
4to, 1833. In 1724 a party from Fort Rich- 
mond surprised Norridgewock, killed a number 
of the Indians, and shot Rale at the foot of the 
mission cross ; 7 chiefs who endeavored to pro- 
tect him sharing his fate. His body was after- 
ward disgracefully mutilated. A monument 
was erected to his memory by Bishop Fcnwick, 
29 Aug. 1 833.— See Memoir by C. Francis, D.D., 
in Sparks's Amer. Biuij., 2d series, vol. 7. 

Ralegh, Sir Walter, soldier, statesman, 
and writer, h. Budleigh, Devon, Eng., 1552 ; d. 
18 Oct. 1618. Educated at Oxford. In 1569- 
75 he fought for the Huguenots in France ; and 
in 1576-9, under Sir John Norris, in the Low 



RAJL. 



751 



Countries. In 1579 he set out with Sir Ilnm- 
phrey Gilbert, his half-bro., on an expeil. to 
Newfouniihmd; but it was frustrated by a Span- 
ish fleet. He next served in Ireland. From 
another exped. to Newfoundland with Gilbert, 
in 1583, he was forced to return by the break- 
ing-out of a contagious disease on board his 
ship. Rale<;h determined to plant a colony in 
America, obtained an extensive patent, sent 
out two ships under Barlow that brought back 
good cargoes, and sent in 1585 a second exped. 
under Greenville ; but the colony was badly 
governed, and returned in 1 586. Tobacco and 
potatoes were introduced into Europe by these 
voyages. Wisely determining to found an a;;ri- 
cultural colony, in April, 1587, he sent a large 
body of emigrants, with their wives and families, 
toraakeasettlementin Chesapeake Bay. Grant- 
ing them a charter, and app. a municipal govt, 
for the city of Raleigh, he intrusted the ad- 
ministration to John White, with 11 assistants. 
They founded their city on the site of the old 
settlement at Roanoke Island, and sent back 
for re-enforcements. They never came ; and 2 
of Ralegh's ships were taken by the French. 
His means were exhausted, and the colonists 
all perished. Having expended £40,000 in his 
efforts at colonization, Ralegh in 1589 formed 
under his patents a company of " Merchants 
and Adventurers" to continue them. After 
receiving many marks of royal favor, he in 1589 
accomp. the expelled king of Portugal in his 
attempt to re-instate himself, hut rendered him- 
self obnoxious by taking bribes for the exertion 
of his influence. In Feb. 1595 he made an 
exped. to Guiana, and reached the great River 
Orinoco. In 1596 he had a naval command 
under Essex in the attack on Cadiz, but became 
his enemy, and promoted his downfall and e.-ce- 
cution. lie w.as deprivcdof his posts by James I., 
and, upon suspicion of being implicated in a 
conspiracy to place Arabella Stuart upon the 
throne, was declared guilty of high treason, 
and was 12 years confined in the Tower, during 
which period he composed his " History of the 
World." To retrieve his fortunes, he under- 
took a settlement in Guiana, but, having at- 
tacked the Spanish settlement of St. Thomas, 
offended King James, who was then seeking the 
hand of the infanta for his son Charles, anil 
who, upon his return, caused his arrest and trial, 
which resulted in sentence of death, and his 
speedy execution. 

Ball, or Eahl, a Hessian col. in the British 
service; killed at the battle of Trenton, Dec. 26, 
1776. Ho had seen service in the seven-years' 
war, and with his regt. (de Rati) formeil part 
of the continL'ent hired of the elector of Hesse 
Cassel by George HI., and landed at Staten Is- 
land in June, 1776. He took part in the battle 
of White Plains, in the capture of Fort Wash- 
ington, where he was particularly disting., 
and, after the Americans evacuated N. J., was 
placed in com. of an advanced post at Trenton. 
Here he was surprised and slain on the morn- 
ing after Christmas. 

Ralph, James, polit. writer, b. Phila. ; d. 
Chiswick, Eng., 24 Jan. 17G2. He was a 
schoolmaster, and went to Eng. with Franklin 
in 1 724 as a literary adventurer, leaving behind 
him his wife and child. In 1728 he pub. a 



poem entitled " Night," which Pope alludes to 
in " The Dunciad." He wrote plavs and politi- 
cal pamphlets, attaching himself to the party of 
Frederick, Prince of Wales, and received a pen- 
sion from George III. Author of " Use and 
Abuse of Parliaments," 2 vols. 8vo ; '• Hist, of 
Eng. during the Reigns of Charles II., James 
II., William III.," &c., 2 vols, fol., &c. — 5ce 
Franklin's Autohiajraphy. 

Ralston, Samoel, D.D. ("Wash. Coll. 
1822), b. Donegal Co., Ireland, 1758; d. Car- 
roll, Pa., Sept 25, 1851. U. of Glasgow. He 
came to America in 1794, and in 1796 took 
charge of the congregations of Mingo Creek 
and Williamsport, continuing there till he d. 
Author of " Baptism, a Review of Campbell 
and Walker's Debate ; " "A Brief Examina- 
tion of the Prophecies of Daniel and John." 
1842; "The Seven Last Plagues," 1842; "De- 
fence of Evangelical Psalmody," 1844. — 
Sprague. 

Ramage, Adam, inventor of the Ramage 
printing-press, a native of Scotland, who came 
here about the year 1 800 ; d. Phila. July 9, 
1850, a. 80. His improvement, tlv first that 
was made in the printing-prcts of a century 
ago, consisted in a modification of the shape 
of the screw, and to this day is. for some pur- 
poses, the best that has been invented. 

Ramirez, Rt. Rev. Francisco, D.D., 
bishop of Caradro, and vicar apostolic of Ta- 
maulipas, Mexico, b. Mexico, 182.3 ; d. Brazos 
Santiagos, Texas, July 18, 1869. Educated a 
priest, ho took an active part against Juarez, 
and while in Europe was, through the influenc3 
of the archbishop of Morelia, made a bishop. 
Attaching himself to the Emperor Maximilian, 
he was his almoner, and subsequently caliinet 
councillor. He was a true friend of the Mexi- 
can race. On the dowwnfall of the emperor, ho 
escaped to Texas, where he lived in obscurity 
and want. 

Ramsey, Alexander, M.D., anatomist, 
h. Eng. ab. 1754; d. Parsonsfield, Me., Nov. 
24, 1824, of the bite of a rattlesnake two years 
before. He had resided long in the U.S. as a 
lecturer on anatomy and physiolo<.'y. Ho pub. 
" Anatomy of the Heart, Cranium, and Br.ain," 
2d ed., Edinb., 1813; " Plates on the Brain," 
4to, Lond, 1812. 

Ramsey, Alexander, statesman, b. near 
Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 8, 1815; clerk in the 
office of the register of Dauphin Co. in 1838 ; 
clerk of the Pa. h. of representatives in 1841 ; 
M.C. 1843-7; chairman of the State central 
committee in 1848 ; gov. of Minn. Terr. 1849- 
53, and negotiated treaties by which the govt, 
secured large tracts of lands from the Sioux 
Indians ; made treaties with the Cliippewas ; 
mayor of the city of St. Paul in 1S55 ; gov. of 
Minn. 18G0-4; and U.S. senator in 1 86.3-9. 

Ramsay,DAViD,M.D.(Phila. Coll. 1772), 
phvsician and historian, b. Lancaster Co , Pa., 
2 Apr. 1749 ; d. Charleston, S.C.,8 May, 1815. 
N. J. Coll. 1 765. His father was an Irish emi- 
grant and a farmer. He was for two years tutor 
in a wealthy family in Md. Removing to 
Charleston in 1773, he soon acquired celebrity 
as a physician ; labored zealously «itli his pen 
in the cause of his countrv ; was a leading 
member of the S.C. legisl. in 1776-83 ; served 



752 



as a surgeon in the army, anil was at the sie^e 
of Savannah ; was a member of the council ; 
and on the capture of the citj' in May, 1780, 
was confined 1 1 months at St. Augustine. He 
distinj;. himself in the legisl. by opposing the 
confiscation acts ; member of the Old Congress 
in 1782-6 ; 21 years member of the State legisl., 
the last 7 of which he was pres. of the senate. 
During the progress of the Revol., Dr. Ramsay 
colleticd mutLrials for its history; and his 
great impartiality, his fine memory, and his ac- 
quaiiitami.' with iiiany of the actors in it, emi- 
nently qiialiliud him forthetask. Hisdeathwas 
occasioned by wounds received two days pre- 
vious from the pistol of a maniac. In Jan. 
1787 he m. Martha, dau. of Henry Laurens, 
disting. for learning and piety, b. 3 Nov. 1759, 
d. 10 June, 1811. Among his writings is a 
" History of the Revol. in S.C," 2 vols. 1 78.5 ; 
" History of the Amer, Revol.," 2 vols. 1790 ; 
"Life of Washington," 1801; " Historv of 
S.C," 180S; "Memoirs of Martha L. Ram- 
say," 1811; Medical. Eetjister for 1802 ; " Sleans 
of preserving Health in Charleston;" "His- 
tory of the indep. Church in Charleston, S.C, 
from its Origin to 1814 ; " and a " Hist, of the 
U.S. to 1808," pnb. from his MS., with con- 
tinuation by Rev. S. S. Smith, 3 vols. 1816. 
His " Universal Hist. Americanized " was pub. 
in 8 vols. 1819. He also pub. "Oration, 4 
Julv, 1778 ; " an " Oration on the Acquisition 
of Louisiana," 1804; and " Eulogium on Dr. 
Rush," 181.3. 

Ramsay, George D., hrevt. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., h. Va. West Point, 1820. Kntering 
the art., he became capt. of ordnance 25 Feb. 
1835; maj. 22 Apr. 1861; lieut.-col. 3 Aug. 
1861 ; col. 1 June, 1863; brig.-gen. and chief 
of ordn. 15 Sept. 1863 ; retired 12 Sept. 18B4 ; 
brev. maj. 23 Sept. 1846 for gallantry at Mon- 
terey ; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 for long 
and faithful services. — Citlhim. 

Ramsay, Col. Nathaniel, Revol. pa- 
triot of Md., bro. of David the historian ; d. 
25 Oct. 1817. N.J. Coll. 1767. At Mon- 
mouth he with his regt. checked the British 
column until Washington could rally his troops, 
and fell pierced with wounds. Made prisoner 
at Charleston; exchanged 14 December, 1780. 
Deleg. of Md. to the Old Congress 178.5-7. 

Ramseur, Stephen D., maj.-gen. C.S. A., 
b. N.C. 1837. West Point, 1860. Died 21 Oct. 
1864 of a wound received at Cedar Creek, Va., 
while com. a division under Early. 

Rand, Asa. Cong, clergvman and editor, 
b. Rindgc, N.H., Aug. 6, 1783 ; d. Ashburn- 
ham, Ms., 24 Aug. 1871. D.C 1806. Son 
of Col. Daniel, an early settler of Rindge, who 
d. 1811, a. 69. Ord. at Gorham, Me., Jan. 18, 
1809; edited the Christian Mirror at Portland, 
Me., in 1822-5; then took charge of the female 
sem. at Brookfield. In July, 1826, he became 
editor of the Boston Recorder, also editing the 
Youth's Companion, and the Volunteer, a reli- 
gious monthly. Removing to Lowell in 18.33, 
he was connected with a bookstore and printing- 
office, and pub. the Lowell Observer, v/eekiy. On 
the restoration of his health in 1835, he re- 
turned to his chosen vocation of preaching ; 
lectured on antislavery in Me. and Ms. ; in 
Sept. 1837^2 he ministered in Pompey, N.Y. ; 



afterward pastor of the Presb. church in Peter- 
borough, N.Y. While at Gorham, he assisted 
in conducting a religious quarterly pub. at 
Portland 1814-18. Mr. Rand's publications 
are, besides occas. sermons, a vol. of " Familiar 
Sermons," a " Review of Finney's Sermon," 
" New Divinity Tried," a vindication of the 
same, and a letter to Rev. Dr. Beecher. 

Rand, Benjamin Howard, M.D., b. 
Phila. 1827. Jeff. Med. Coll. 1848. Son of 
B. H. Rand, writing-master in Phila. (1794- 
1862). Prof of chemistry, Phila. Med. Coll., 
1853, and lecturer on chemistry in the Frank- 
lin Institute ; prof of chemistry in Jeff. Med. 
Coll. 1864. Author of "Med. Chem. for Stu- 
dents," 1855; "Elements of Med. Chem.," 
1866. Edited Metcalfe's "Caloric," 2 vols. 
1859, and contrib. to med. periodicals. His 
sister Marion H., a contrib. of poetry to peri- 
odicals, b. 1824, d. Grahamville, S.C, 1849. — 
See Specimen of her verse in Read's and also in 
Mail's Female Poets of Amir. 

Rand, Edward Sprague, Jan., b. Bos- 
ton, Oct. 20, 1834. H.U. 1855 ; Camb. Law 
School, 1857. Law-partner of his father, E. S. 
Rand, a disting. lawyer of Boston. Author 
of " Life-Memories and other Poems," 1859; 
"Flowers for the Parlor and Garden," 1863; 
" Garden-Flowers, How to Cultivate Them," 
1866 ; a vol. on " Greenhouse Plants," and on 
" Orchids." He assisted in Flint's edition of 
Harris's " Insects of Ms.," edited the floral dept. 
of the Homestead, and is a contrib. to many 
scientific journals. — Allihone. 

Rand, Isaac, M.D., an eminent physician, 
b. Charlestown, Ms., Apr. 27, 1743; d. Boston, 
Dec. 11, 1822. H.U. 1761. He studied medi- 
cine with his fother Dr. Isaac of Charlestown 
(1718-90), and settled in Boston in 1764. Dis- 
ting. for his attainments in the exact sciences, 
he, with Samuel Williams, was selected to ac- 
comp. Prof. Winthrop to Newfoundland in 
1761 to observe the transit of Venus. Ho 
rose rapidly in reputation, and in a few years 
shared largely in the best business of the town. 
Pres. of the Ms. Med. Soc, 1798-1804. He 
pub. essays on the Yellow Fever of 1798, and 
on Hydrocephalus Intemus, written in 1785, 
as Avell as a discourse on the Use of the Warm 
Bath, and Digitalis in Pulmonary Consump- 
tion, delivered in 1804 before the Med. So- 
ciety. — Thacher. 

Randall, Alexander W., politician, b. 
Montgomery Co., N.Y., Oct. 1819. Received a 
good education ; studied law ; went to Wiscon- 
sin in 1 840 ; practised at Waukesha, of which 
place he was postmaster ; in the legisl. in 1 854 ; 
judge of the 2d dist. 1856 ; gov. of Wis. 1857- 
61; minister to Italy 1861-5; U.S. assist, post- 
raaster-gen. 1865-6; postmaster-gen. 186G-9. 

Randall, Archibald, lawyer and jurist; 
d. Phila. May 30, 1846, a. 46. Adra. to the 
bar in 1818, he practised with success for more 
than 25 years. In 1834 he was app. a judge 
of theC.C.P.; in 1842 he was rais"d to the 
bench of the U. S. Dist. Court for the Eastern 
Dist. of Pa. ; and in 1844 he presided over both 
the Dist. and Circuit Courts of Eastern Pa. 
His decisions in bankruptcy are in Pa. Law 
Journal, 1842-6, 5 vols. 8vo. 

Randall, Henry Stephens, LL.D., b. 



753 



R^>r 



corps in Wilkes's exploiing exped. Plas puli. 

papers on nat. hist, in the "Tra ' 

Sci. I 



Madison Co., N. Y., 1811. Un. CoU. 1S30. 
Adm. to the bar, but never practised. Sec. of 
state andsupt. of public instruction, N.Y. 1851. 
Author of " Sheep Husbandry," 8to, 1849 ; 
" The Practical Shepherd," Svo ; " Life of Jef- 
ferson," 3 vols. 8to, 1857; "Fine-wool Sheep 
Husbandry," 8to, 1863; "Fu-st Principles of 
Popular Education," &c., 8to, 1868. Assoc, 
editor of Moore's Pairal New-Yorker, and con- 
trib. to many peiiodicals. Author of a number 
of educational reports. — AUibone. 

Randall, John Witt, M.D. (1839), b. 
Boston. H.U. 1834. Member of the scientific 
. Plas pub. 
' Acad. Nat. 
and Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. ; " Consola^ 
tions of Solitude," a toI. of poems, 1 856. 

Randolph, Beverly, member of Assem- 
bly during the Revol., and gov. of Va. 1788- 
91; Wm.andM.CoU. 1771 ; d. Feb. 1797, a. 43. 

Randolph, Edmund, statesman, b. Va. 
10 Aug. 1753; d. Frederick Co., Va., 12 Sept. 
1813. Son of John, atty.-gen. of Va., and a 
loyalist (b. 1728, d. Lond. 31 Jan. 1784), con- 
sidered the ablest lawyer in Va. Bro. of Pey- 
ton. Edmund became eminent as a lawyer; 
was a warm friend of the Revol. ; Aug. 15, 
1775, became aide to Washington ; was the del- 
egate of Williamsburg to the conv. of May, 
1776 ; became atty.-gen. of the State in July; 
delegate to Congress in 1779-82; gov. of Va. 
1 786-8 ; member of the conv. that formed the 
Federal Const., and introduced what was called 
the " Va. Plan ; " voted against the instrument, 
but in the Va. conv. urged its acceptance; U.S. 
atty.^en. 1 789-90; U.S. sec. of state 1 794- Aug. 
1795, having lost the confidence of the admin- 
istration in consequence of an intrigue with the 
French minister. He was disinherited by his 
father for refusing to adhere to the royal cause. 
His person, mode of speaking, and the cast of 
his eloquence, are described by Wirt in his 
" British Spy." He m. the dau. of R. C. Nich- 
olas. Author of "A Vindication " of his res- 
ignation, Svo, 1795. 

Randolph, Edw.ird, an agent sent from 
Great Britain to ascertain the condition of the 
N. Eng. Colonies, and who gave them great 
trouble by his hostility to their interests ; came 
to Boston in 1676, and was the principal means 
of depriWng Ms. of her charter. He was a 
member of the council during the govt, of An- 
dres, and in 1689 was imprisoned with him as 
a traitor. Subsequently released, he went to 
the_West Indies, where ho died. 

Wythe, politician, 
. Albemarle Co., 
Va., Apr. 4, 1867. Son of Gov. Thos. M. He 
was a grandson of Jeft'erson. Entered the na- 
vy at the age of 13 ; attained a lieutenancy, 
which he resigned ; began to practise law at 
Charlottesville in 1845, and at Richmond in 
1 850. He was considered a leader in the seces- 
sion war in Va. ; was a major at Bethel, and 
for gallantry there was made a brig.-gen. ; see. 
of war for the Confed. Mar. 17-Nov. 17, 1862. 
Resuming the practice of law, he in Dec. 1863 
went to France as agent for the Confed. trcas. 
dept., and returned home in Sept. 1865 with 
shattered health. His bro., T. J. Randolph, 
edited the Jett'erson Papers. 



mg, gr.-granddau. of Pocahontas, and who w 
treas. of the Colony. His father d 



Randolph, Gboege W 
. Edge Hill, Va., ab. 1802; 



Randolph, Jacob, M.D. (U. of Pa. 181 7), 
physician, b. Phila. Nov. 25, 1796; d. there 
Feb. 29, 1848. His ancestor Edward Fitz Ran- 
dolph emig. to N.E. in 1630, and aftenvard 
settled in N. J. His father, of the same name, 
was an officer of the 4th Pa. Regt. in the Revo!, 
war, Jacob began practice in Phila. ; m. the 
eldest dau. of Dr. Physick in 1822; and soon 
attained eminence as a surgeon. Surgeon to 
the almshouse in 1830; a surgeon of the Pa. 
Hospital from 1835 to liis death; and in 1847, 
after having been some time lecturer upon clin- 
ical surgery in the Pa. U., was made prof, of 
that lirancb. He pub. a Memoir of Dr. Phys- 
ick in 1839, and contrib. many valuable papers 
to medical journals. Member of the American 
Philor. Soc. and of the Coll. of Surgeons, and 
a consulting surgeon to the Phila. Dispensary. 
— Gross's Amer. Med. Biog. 

Randolph, Johx, of Roanoke, orator, b. 
Cawsons, Chesterfield Co., Va., 2 June, 1773; d. 
Phila. 24 May, 1833. John his father was the 
son of Col. Richard of Curies, who m. Jane EoU- 



775, 
and in the autumn of I77S his mother m. St. 
George Tucker. In 1784 he was sent to Ber- 
muda for his health, which was much improved 
there ; and he passed his time in reading the 
best English authors. In 1787 he studied at 
N. J. Coll., and in 1788-90 at Col. Coll., N. Y. 
In 1 799 he entered Congress from the Charlotte 
Dist., which he represented till 1829 with the 
exception of 4 years, holding in 1825-7 a scat 
in the U.S. senate. He was a Democ, a par- 
tisan of State rights, and a political friend of 
Jefferson. About the end of 1804 he was app. 
chief manager of the impeachment trial of 
Judge Chase ; became estranged from Jefferson 
about 1 806 ; separated from his political asso- 
ciates ; tried to defeat the election of Madison ; 
opposed the embargo and the war of 1812, and 
was, in consequence, defeated in the election of 
1813. He opposed the recharter of the U.S. 
Bank in 1816, and the Mo. Compromise Bill 
of 1820, because it prohibited the extcn.'^ion of 
slavery, at the same time stigmatizing the 
Northern men who voted for it as "dough- 
faces." One of his most marked eflbrts was 
his speech in 1 822 against a resolution of sym- 
pathy for the Greeks, then struggling for inde- 
pendence. In 1826, after the app. by Pres. Ad- 
ams of Mr. Clay as sec. of state, he insulted 
Clay in a speech, alluding to the affair as a 
"combination of the Puritan with the black- 
leg." His apologist Garland admits that "he 
indulged in language of the grossest personal 
insult." In the duel that ensued, Randolph's 
pistol went off before the word : Clay fired with- 
out effect, and his adversary then threw away 
his fire. He supported Jackson for the presi- 
dency in 1828, and in 1830-1 was minister to 
Russia, returning home in feeble health. He 
sympathized with the nullifiers of S.C. He 
(Ued as he was about taking passage for Europe. 
By his wi'l he manumitted his 300 slaves, mak- 
ing provision for their support. He was never 
married. He was a man of genius, of ready 
wit, and a master of sarcasm and invective. 
" He was like an Ishmaelite," says Garland ; 
" his hand against every man, and every man's 



RAJSr 



754 



RAF 



hand against him." His personal appearance 
and voice were peculiar, and his speeches were 
more fully and correctly reported than those of 
any other member of Congress. — See Lift by 
Garland, 2 vols. 1850; Parton's Famous Amer- 
ieaiis, 1 867 ; Letters of John Randolph to a 
Young Uelative, 1834. 

Bandolpb, Peyton, first pres. of Con- 
gress, b. Va. 1723; d. Phila. Oct. 22, 1775. 
Wm. and M. Coll. He went to Eng. ; studied 
law at the Temple ; com. practice on his return ; 
and in 1 748 was king's atty .-gen. for the Colony ; 
member of the house of burgesses, and was 
placed at the head of a com. to revise the colo- 
nial laws ; in 1 764 he drew up an address from 
the h. of burgesses to the king against the pas- 
sage of the Stamp Act ; was chosen speaker in 
April, 1766, and resigned the office of atty .-gen. 
He was prominent in all the measures of oppo- 
sition to the English govt. ; and was chairman 
of the com. of corresp. in 1773, which by its 
recommendations brought about the meeting of 
the first Gen. Cong, at Pliila. .He was sent a del- 
egate to that assembly, and was elected its first 
pres. Sept. 5, 1774. March 20, 1775, he pre- 
sided at a convention of delegates assembled at 
Richmond, and was again elected to Congress. 
He resumed his situation as speaker of the h. 
of burgesses for a short time in May, and re- 
turned to Congress after its adjournment ; but 
plexy soon closed his pat 
■ John, atty .-gen. of Va., and 
a loyalist, who d. London, Jan. 1784, a 56. 

Randolph, Col. Thomas Mann, gov. 
Va. 1819-22, b. Va.; d. Monticello, June 20, 
1828. His grandfather. Col. Wm. of Tucka- 
hoe, d. 1745, in which year his father was born. 
He m. a dau. of Pres. Jeft'erson ; was app. col. 
20th Inf. March 3, 1813; and was M.C. from 
Va. in 1803-7, and a member of the Va. legisl. 
His fiithcr, T. M. Randolph , was a member of 
the Va. conv. of 1775 from Goochland, and a 
memlicr of the committee of safety. 

Eanney, Eufus Percival, jurist, b. 
Blandford, Ms., 30 Oct. 1813. His early edu- 
cation was limited. He worked on his father's 
farm in Freedom, Portage Co., 0.; attended a 
coll. at Hudson for a short time; studied law; 
was admitted to practice in 1 838 ; became a 
partner of B. F. Wade in 1839; member of 
the 0. Const. Conv. of 1850, and prominent in 
its debates ; judge of the Sup. Ct. of 0. 1851-6 
and 1862-4; U.S. dist.-atty. of Ohio 1857; re- 
moved to Cleveland in 1857 ; and in 1859 was 
the unsuccessful Democ. candidate for gov. of 
Ohio. His bro. John L., a disting. lawyer of 
Ohio, b. 14 Not. 1815, d. Ravenna, 22 Feb. 

Ransom, Gen. Thomas Edwaed Green- 
field, b. Nonvich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; d. 
Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864. At 12 he entered 
the Norwich U., a military coll. in charge of 
his father. He was taught engineering. Lett the 
U. in 1851 ; removed to Peru, 111. ; was a civil 
engr. and land-agent until the Rebellion broke 
out, when he became major 11th 111. Vols., and 
on its re-organization Ucut.-col. On the night of 
Aug. 19, in a brilliant dash on Charleston, Mo., 
he was severely wounded. He kd his regt. at 
the attack on Fort Donelson, where he was 
again severely wounded ; was promoted to col. ; 



and was wounded in the head at Shiloh ; in June, 
1862, he became chief of Gen. McClemand's 
staff, and insp.-gen. of the Army of Tenn.; Oct. 
10 he was made brig.-gen. vols. ; in Nov. he or- 
ganized a successful expcd. against Col. Wood- 
ruffs Confed. force near Gettysburg ; disting. 
at Vicksburg ; he led a division during the Red- 
river campaign, and, when McClemand was 
ill, com his corps; at the battle of Sabine 
Cross Roads, April 8, 1864, he was severely 
wounded in the knee. Subsequently assigned 
to com. the 4th div. 16th corps, he was thence 
promoted to com . the 1 7th corps. He manifested 
in his brief but brilliant career great military 
capacity. 

Ransom, Truman B., col. U.S.A., b. Vt.; 
killed Sept. 13, 1847, at the head of his regt. in 
storming Chapultepec. At one time a maj.- 
gen. of militia. Pros, of Norwich U.,Vt. App. 
major 9th Inf. Feb. 16, 1847; col. March 16, 
1847. — Gardner. 

Rantoul, Robert, Jan., lawyer and politi- 
cian, b. Beverly, Ms., 13 Aug. 1805; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., 7 Aug. 1852. H.U. 1826. Son 
of Robert (b. Salem, Ms., 23 Nov. 1778; d. 
Beverly, 24 Oct. 1858), a memher of the 
legisl. in 1809-33, excepting in 1827; of the 
Const. Convs. of 1820 and 1853; an honest 
politician, and a friend of temperance, educa- 
tion, and peace. The son began practice at 
So. Reading in 1827; removed to Gloucester 
in 1833, and in 1838 to Boston, and had a very 
suecessf^ul career at the bar. Member of the 
legisl. from Gloucester in 1833-7 ; member of 
the Board of Education from 1837, devoting 
to it his most useful labors; collector of the 
port of Boston 1843-5 ; U.S. dist.-atty. for Ms. 
in 1845 ; U.S. sen. for a part of the unexp. term 
of Mr. Wclister in 1851 ; and M.C. from 1851 
to his death. He was an ultra reformer, car- 
rying his Democ. principles even into the code 
of jurisprudence ; and sympathized with the 
masses, with whom he was exceedingly popu- 
lar. He pub. an address to the working-men ; 
made a report and speech in the legisl. on cap- 
ital punishment; and delivered speeches against 
the Fugitive-slave Law, and on other exciting 
topics. He wrote with great force and clear- 
5. A vol. of his writ- 
pub, by Luther Ham- 
ilton, BVO, ISO*. 

Rapball, Rev. Morris Jacob, Ph. Dr., 
pastor of the Cong. "Bnai Jcshurnn," b. 
Stockholm, Sept. 1798; d. New York, June 
23, 1868. Educated at the Jewish Coll. in 
Copenhagen, he went to Eng. in 1612; stud- 
ied at the U. of Geissen from 1821 to 1824 ; 
returned to Eng. in 1825; and in 1834 began 
the Hebrew Review, the first Jewish periodical 
pub. in Eng. In 1840, during the persecution 
of the Jews in Syria, he was sec. to the chief 
rabbi in Eng. In conjunction with Dr. Sola, 
he translated 18 treaties of the "Mishna." In 
1841 he was app. rabbi of the Birmingham 
Synagogue, and concerned in the building of 
the Hebrew National School. He afterward 
pub. a number of treatises in defence of Juda- 
ism. In 1847 he wrote an address to the elect- 
ors of London, contributing greatly to the 
election of Rothschild to parliament; in 1849 
he came to the U.S., and was called to the 



755 



RA-^W 



ethics, and portions of the Bible ; and pub. 
"The Festivals of the Lord," 1840; •'Devo- 
tional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel ; " 
" The Path to Immortalitv," 1859 ; " The Bible 
Viewof Slaverv," 1861 ; '''Judaism Defended," 
8vo, 1849; "Post Biblical History of the 
Jews," 2 vols. 8vo, 1856. On leaving Birming- 
ham in 1849, a purse of 100 sovereigns was 
presented to him by the mayor and principal 
inhabitants, with an address acknowledging 
his eminent services in the cause of education 
and to the public institutions of the city. 

Bapp, George, the founder of the Har- 
nionv Societv, Economv, Pa., b. Wurtemberg 
in 1770; d."Aug. 9, 1847. In his youth he 
believed that he had experienced a divine call, 
and that he was charged with the restoration 
of the Christian religion to its original purity. 
He did not long confine himself to spiritual 
matters, but formed the plan of a community 
organized on the model of the primitive church, 
with goods in common. Being hindered in 
this project by the State, he emig. to Amer. in 
1803 with a band of followers of his own pecu- 
liar religious, social, and political views. They 
first settled in Butler Co. in 1805 ; from there 
they removed in 1815 to the Wabash, and built 
the village of New Harmony, which was pur- 
chased in 1824 by Robert Owen ; andRapp and 
his followers established themselves at Econo- 
my, Pa. They own 3,500 acres of land, and 
carry on the manuf. of wool, cotton, silk, and 
fiour. 

Rarey, John S., horse-tamer, b. Franklin 
Co., O., 1823; d. Cleveland, O., Oct. 4, 1866. 
At an early age he displayed tact in the man- 
agement of horses, and by degrees workeil out 
his own system, gaining profit and celebrity. 
In 1856 he went to Texas, and on his return 
to O. began to give public exhibitions, which 
he extended to Europe. One of his greatest 
triumphs was in Eng. over the racing colt 
" Cruiser," which was so vicious that he had 
killed one or two grooms, but was completely 
tamed and brought to America by Mr. Rarey. 
In 1863 he was employed by govt, to inspect 
and report on the horses of the Potomac Army. 
Author of a treatise on Horse-Taming, repub. 
in Eng. in 1858. 

Rathbon, Valentine, b. Stonington, 
Ct., 1723, was a clothier, and pastor of a Baptist 
church in Pittsfield, Ms., in 1772-80; then 
joined the Shakers in Hancock, but left thera 
3 months after, and pub. against them " Some 
Brief Hints of a Religious Scheme," &c., Hartf., 
1781,of wnich 5 editions were issued. His 
bro. D.vviD remained with them 4 years, and 
in 1785 pub. a more full account of "their delu- 
sion. 

Rauch, Frederick Augcstus, D.D., b. 
Kirchbracbt, Hesse-Darmstadt, 1806 ; d. Mer- 
cersburg, Pa., Mar. 2, 1841. U. of Marburg, 
1827. Prof.extraor.U.ofGeissen,1830. Came 
to America in 1831 ; prof, of Germ.an in Laf. 
Coll. ; principal of the high school of York, 
and then of Mercersburg 1 832-6 ; pres. of Mar- 
shall Coll. 1836-41. Author of Psychology, 
1840; "The Inner Life of the Christian." 



Pub. one or two works in Germanv, and left 
unKnished a work on ethics. — Allifmie. 

Raum, Green B., soldier and politician, 
b. Golconda, 111., Dec. 3, 1829. With a com- 
mon-school education, he studied law, and 
practised 16 years, acquiring a lucrative busi- 
ness. An antislavery Democrat, he made the 
first war speech in Southern Illinois, Apr. 23, 
1861, at Metropolis ; was made maj. 46th Regt. 
in Sept. ; participated in the siege and subse- 
quent battle at Corinth, where be led his regt; 
was made col. July 31, 1862; brev. brig.-gen. 
Aug. 1864 ; brig.-gen. Dec. 1864 ; in the cam- 
paign of Central Mpi. ; that of Vicksburg, com. 
the 2d brig. 7th div. 17th corps at its surren- 
der; was severely wounded at Mission. Ridge; 
rejoined his command at Huntsville, Ala., Feb. 
15, 1864; held Resaca against Hood's army ; 
aceomp. Sherman in the march to the sea ; and 
resigned May 6, 1865. M.C. 1867-71. 

Ravenseroft, John Stark, D.D., bishop 
of N.C., b. Blandford, Prince George Co., Va., 
1772; d. Raleigh, Mar. 5, 1830. Son of Dr. 
John, who removed with his family to (ireat 
Britain two months after he was born. He re- 
turned to Va. at the age of 16, after receiving a 
good classical education in Scotland, to secure 
the remainsof his fiither's property. Entered 
Wm. and M. Coll. with a view to the study of 
law; m. and settled in Lunenburg Co., Va. 
Becoming a member of the Epis. Church in 
1815, he was adm. to holy orders in 1817; be- 
came minister of St. James's Church, Mecklen- 
burg Co., where he labored until 1823, when he 
was elected bishop of N. C, and was consec. 
Jlay 22. He took charge of the congregation 
at Raleigh, which in 1828 he gave up for that 
at Williamsburg. Two vols, of his sermons, 
with a Memoir, were pub. 8vo, 1830. 

Rawdon, Francis, Marquis of Hastings, 
a British gen., b. 9 Dec. 1754 ; d. 28 Nov. 1826. 
Son of Earl Moira. Was grad. at Oxford; 
entered the army in 1771 ; embarked for 
America as a lieut. 5th Foot in 1775 ; and 
at Bunker's Hill received two shots in his cap. 
He became aide to Sir H. Clinton; disting. 
himself at the battles of L.I. and White Plains, 
the attacks on Forts Washington and Clin- 
ton ; was made adj.-gen. in 1778, and raised 
and com. a corps called the Volunteers of Ire- 
land. Disting. himself at Monmouth, he was 
sent with a small army to S. C. ; efl'ected a 
junction with Lord Cornwallis; and at Cam- 
den, 16 Aug. 1780, led a division. After Corn- 
waliLs's departure for Va., Rawdon lortitied 
himself at Camden. At the battle of Hob- 
kirk's Hill, 25 Apr. 1781, he attacked Greene, 
and compelled him to retreat; he then re- 
lieved Ninety-six, and took post at Orange- 
burg. Rawdon's last act, previous to leaving 
this country, was his ordering the execution of 
Col. Hayne, — a cruel and unjustifiable act, for 
which he has been generally condemned. While 
on his return-voyage, he was taken by the 
French, and carried to Brest; March 5, 1783, 
he was made a baron, and aide-de-camp to the 
king; in Oct. 1789 he succeeded to the title 
of his uncle, the Earl of Huntington ; and in 

1793 became Earl Moira and a maj -gen. ; in 

1794 he served under the Duke of York in the 
Netherlands. Intrusted in 1812 with the for- 



756 



mation of a ministiy, he was rewarded with 
the order of the Garter, and the gov.-generalcy 
of British India, wliich lie held 9 years, return- 
ing in illhcalili in lS2i; in Miiich, IS:!4, Iir 

was madegov, aiiJ rum i;i rlih I o[ .i.ui.i, i,ii; 
his health f.uln., ii ■ , , i . 

board "The U. .. i., i: i; 

Rawle, ^VILl-lAM,i.!. n ,,\ 1 > .ii^7), 

an eminent jurist, I). I'liila. A|iiil I'-i, 17j'j; d. 
April 12, IS.-i6. Aftrr pui'^mi]- liis lr-,il stud- 
ies in N.Y., Lund., an^i I'.iri,, on In, R-tnrn, in 



itahli: 



II Pi 



where he passed his liii , , 14 1 ■: - iiiiiilic 
and classical as well a- , _ : .1 n im ir,. In 
1789 he was elected III 1. , -,; :ii 1 ;ii IT'il 
was app. hy Wn^hi'i . n- i,,r il^' 

State, but wa, '' ■■■'■'- ' ;.. I.', -i.'., :ii- 

resigned in 1 7 1 ' 1 1 ,11 . ■ m 

ofmany lit. aiM . ,- .1 ,,i .. , ,,;, : .... 

t.ie first pres. ul i.ic 1'.. I! ~ >> ,. i'.iliij,o 
l>rinted Colls, he inailr 1. ,; i. .iiiions. 

In 1822 he was chosen . ., I'hila. 

bar, before whom he doln. , .: ■■ .. .n ..im unises, 
which were pub. His utlua wiiiiny^ luinprise 
" A View of the Constitution of the U. S.," 
and a New Civil Code, prepared by a commiss. 
appointed to revise, collate, and digest the Pa. 
statute..;. A Memoir by T. J. VVharton was 
pnb. I'hila. 8vo, 1840. His son Wjlluji, 
Jun. (1789-1858), pnb. several vols, of Pa. Re- 
ports, and an Address before the Pliila. Law 
Acad. 1835. William HiiNRY, sonofWm., 
Jan., b. Phila. lSi3. Author of "Law of 
Covenants forTiile," 8vo, 3d e.l. 1860. Editor 
of J. W. Smith's " Law of Contracts," 8vo, 
18.53; and of William's "Law of Real Prop- 
erty," 8vo, 1857; " Equity in Pa.," 8vo, 1868. 
— A/ithoite. 

RawlingS, Col. Moses, Revol. officer; d. 
Hampshire Co., Va., May, 1809. He com. a 
Md. rifle regt. at Fort Washington, and, after 
a brave i-csistancc, was captured on the fall of 
that fort, 16 Nov. 1776. 

Kawlins, Gen. John A., b. Guilford, 111., 
Feb. 13, 1831 ; d. Washington, Sept. 6, 1869. 
He was a farmer and chiircoal-burner until 
1854, but improved every opportunity for read- 
ing and study. He studied law at Galena ; was 
adm. to the bar in 1855, and practised success- 
fully until the war began. Though a decided 
Democrat, and opposed to the war, yet, when 
Sumter fell, he gave his support to the Govt., 
and Sept. 15 went on the staff of Gen. Grant as 
assistant adj.-gen. (rank of capt.). Brig.-gcn. 
Aug. 11, 1863; brev. maj.-gen. Feb. 24, 1865; 
< hief of staflf to the lieut.-gen. March 5, 1865 
(rank of brig.-gen.); and maj.-gen. March 13, 
1SB5. He remained upon the staff of his chief 
through all the trying scenes of the war until 
the victory was won ; and was sec. of war from 
Mairh 11, 1869, until a few days before his 
death. 

Rawson, Edward, Secretary of Ms. 1650- 
86, b. Giliinghara, Dorset, Eng., April 16, 
1615; d. Boston, Aug. 27, 1693. He was 
connected by marriage with the two great 
divines of N.E., Hooker and Wilson, and set- 
tled in Newbury ab. 1636. He represented 
that town in the Gen. Court several years. He 
is believed to have been one of the authors of a 
small book, pub. in 1691, entitled " The Revolu- 



tion in N. England Justified," &c., signed by 
" E.R." and " S.S." Author of " The General 
Laws and Liberties eonceriiing the Inhabitants 
or the Ms.," &c., fol. IGGO. A M.-moir, with 

pMlii-iral Ndtircs iif his l)i-,ri_-ndants, by 

.■I i.KiMni.i,. ninii^fi- ol .Muii'ilon (1680- 
171,-1, U. U. 1G7S, d. I'Vli. 0, 1715, a. 56), 
preai;hed to the Indians in their own tongue, 
and was a talented and benevolent man. He 
pub. Election Sermons, Boston, 16ino, 1709. 

Ray, Isaac, M.D., phvsi.-ian. I. P,.<v.rlv, 
Ms., .Ian. 1807. Bowd. V,,!' i-j- , v \|. 



Hospital at Augusta, but in 1S45 was made 
supt. of the newly-established Butler Hospital 
for the Insane at Providence, R.I. ; now (1871 ) 
a resident of Phila. Dr. Ray has been a fre- 
quent contrib. to medical and lit. periodicals. 
Author of " Conversations on Animal Econ- 
omy," 1829; "Education in Relation to the 
Health of the Brain," 8vo, 1851; "Mental 
Hvgiene," 12rao, 1863; " Homicide, Epilepsy," 
Svo (from Amer. Jour. Insan. Oct. 1867). 

Ray, Joseph, M. D., physician and in- 
structor, b. Va. Nov. 25, 1807 ; d. Cincinnati, 
April 17, 1855. Sell-educated, he became at 
the age of 16 a schoolmaster; subsequently 
studied at Wash. Coll., Pa., at Athens Coll., 
0., and at the Ohio Med. College, whence he 
graduated, and became a surgeon in the Cin- 
cinnati Hospital. In 1834 Dr. Ray was app. 



prof, of mathcinatici in \X 


oodward Coll. ; and. 


on its rc-or'Miii ■ iii'.ii in I 


^.11 as a high school. 


hebecamn 1 


liiiringthe last five 


or six year 


as pres. of the board 


of direct. n--.n iv ll..ii.r , 


1 Refuge in the same 


city. Author ot several 


standard text-books 


of arithmetic and algebra. 




Ray, William, poet 
DtT. 8, 1771 ; d. Auburn 


b. Salisbury, Ct., 


X.Y., 1S27. With 



that vessel ran agi-uuiul, 
for more than a year and 
war of 1812 he was a bri- 

.nr- and finally settled at 
h.-iinliii-linl ■• Horrors of 



-£;U'»W,/''/;/ny'" "' "^ ""'-"""= '" "P°'- 

Raymond, IIi^nuy JAitvis, LL.D. (Un. 
Cull), junrnali-t and politician, founder of the 
N.Y. tim.s, h. Lima, X Y., Jan. 24, 1820; d. 
New York, June Is, i-ni 1' ,,r Vt. 1840. 
His youth was pasM.j , 1 1 r i 1 , farm. He 
studied law in N.Y n j hiinself by 

teaching and by conn I i an n- m i!m Xnu -York- 
er, a literary journal. On the establishment of 
the Tribune in Apr. 1841, he became assistant 
editor, and gained extraordinary distinction as 
a reporter. He made a specialty of lectures, 



757 



REA. 



speeches, and sermons; and reported Dr. Lard- 
ncr's lectures so correctly, that the lecturer 
consented to their publicaiiim, with very slight 
alterations, in two octavo vols., with his certi- 
ficate of thi ir aciiiracv. He was on the staff 
of the '"' . ' .' / Irrr from 1848 to 1851, 

andinl-i: i: i i i.;rary connection with 
the pulli i, . II I : md Bros., which con- 
tinued lu > L.uc. l.i:iiiii- this period ho carried 
on with ilorace Greeley a controversy upon 
Socialism, afterward pub. in a pampldet. In 
1849 he was elected to the State lesi"!- bv the 
Whigs; re-elected in IS.^n, t,,. w,^ rhn-^on 
speaker, and manifested sprrii! I r, ... ,., ilm 
school system and the canal I ^: hl-. 

After the adjournment he s. I, I , , l.ir 

his health, and soon after liis ieuir;i ihi!>. (.Sept. 
18, 1851) the first number of the AU'. Times. 
At the Whi;; nat. conv. at Baltimore in 1852, 
he made a long speech in exposition of Northern 
sentiment. In 18.54 he was elected lieiit.-gov. 
of the State by a large majority. He was 
active in organizing the Republican party, and 
ilrew up the " Address to the People " promul- 
gated at the nat. conv. at Pittsburg in Feb. 
1856, and spoke frequently in the following 
pres. canvass for Fremont. He also took a 
prominent part in the pres. canvass of 1860 for 
Mr. Lincoln, and warmly supported the war 
against the seceding States. Elected to Con- 
gress in 1SG4. he sustained the reconstruction 
policy of Mr. Johnson. Author of " A History 
of the Administration of President Lincoln," 
1864; "A Life of Pres. Lincoln," 1865; and 
"Life of Daniel Wehster,' 
As a journalist, he had 
country. 

Raynal, William Thomas Francis, a 
French political wxiter, b. St. Gcuies, 1714; d. 
Passy, Mar. 6, 1 796. Ho became at an early age 
a Jesuit, but quitted them in 1748, and went to 
Paris, where he disting. himself as a writer. 
Embarking in commercial pursuits, he was led 
to compose his " Histoire Philosophirjue et Po- 
litique aes £tablissemeiis et da Commerce clrs 
Enrop€cns dans les deux Indes," first pub. in 
1770, of which a greatly improved edition was 
pub. in 10 vols, some years later. Its freedom 
of opinion, and boldness of remark upon au- 
thority of every description, caused the parlia- 
ment of Paris to order it to be burnt, and its 
author to be arrested. In 1781 he pub. his 
" TaJileaa et Re'mhitioiis des Colonies Anglaises 
dans l'Am<frigue Sept.," 2 vols. 12mo. Its blun- 
ders were at once pointed out in a pamphlet by 
Thomas Paine. In 1790 the National Assem- 
bly cancelled the decree passed against him, 
and in 1791 he addressed a letter to the Con- 
stituent Assembly in defence of the rights of 
property. He escaped the tyranny of Robes- 
pierre, but was stripped of his property, and 
died in indigence. 

Rea, Gex. .Iohn, Revol. officer; often a 
member of the State legisl.; M.C. 1803-U and 
1813-15 ; d. Chambersljurg, Pa., 6 Feb. 1829, 
a. 74. 

Read, Daniel, musical composer, b. Re- 
hoboth, Ms., 2 Nov. 1757 ; d. N. Haven, 1836. 
Pub. "Amer. Song-Book;" "New Coll. of 
Psalm-Tunes," Dedham, 1805 ; " Columbian 
Harmonist," 1793; author also of "Green- 



Is. 12mo, 18.53. 
iperior in the 



wich," " Windliam," and other popular tunes, 
lie was a comb m muf. in New Haven. — Heed 
Family. 

Read, George, signer of the Decl. of In- 
dep., b. Cecil Co., Md., 18 Sept. 1733 ; d. New- 
castle, Del., 21 Sept. 1798. His father came 
fi-om Ireland ab. 1726, and settled in Newcas- 
tle Co., Del. George was carcfv.lly educated 
at Chester, Pa., and at New London under Dr. 
Allison ; was adm. to the bar at 1 9, and in 1 754 
began practice at Newcastle ; atty.-gen. of Kent, 
Sussex, andDelaware Counties 1763-74; mem- 
ber of the legisl. of Del. 1765-76 ; member of 
the Cont. Congress 1774-7, and a member of 
its first naval committee in 1775; vice-pres. 
of Del. in 1777, and acting pres. after the cap- 
ture of Pres. McKinley ; pres. of the convention 
which in 1776 formed the first const, of Del., 
of which Read was the author; and a'so a 
member of the conv. that framed the U.S. Con- 
stitution ; again member of the Assembly ia 
1779-80; app. in 17S2 judge of the Court of 
Appeals in Admiralty Cases; in 1785 one of 
the justices of a special court in a territorial 
dispute between Ms. and N.Y. ; U.S. senator 
1789-93; and from 1793 to his d. chief justice 
of Del. His son George, dist.-atty. for Del. 
1789-1809, d. Newcastle, 3 Sept. 1836, a 70. 
JoHJf, another son (h. 7 July, 1769, d. 13 July, 
1854, N.J. Coll. 1757), succeeded N. Biddle 
in the Pa. senate. Pub. " Arguments on the 
British Debts," Phil. 1 798. — See Life and Cor- 
respondence by Wm. T/iompson Read,8-ro, 1870. 

Read, George Campbell, rear-admiral 
U.S.N., b. Ireland; d. Phila. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Midshipra. Apr. 2, 1804 ; lieut. Apr. 25, 1810; 
com. Apr. 27, 1816; capt. Mar. 3, 1825 ; rear- 
adm. July 31, 1862. After the action between 
the U.S. frigate " Constitution " and the Brit- 
ish frigate "Guerriere," Aug. 19, 1812, in 
which his gallantry was conspicuous, he was 
selected to receive the sword of Capt, Dacres. 
Oct. 25, 1812, ha was present in the action b.> 
twcen " The United States " and " Macedo- 
nian." At ihe time of his death he was gov. 
of the Phila. Naval iVsylum. He was a gal'ant 
and courteous officer, and of a commanding 
personal appearance. "Around the World," 
a narrative of a voyage in the E. I. squadron 
under Read, by an officer of the navy, was 
pub. 2 vols. 8v6, N.Y. 1840. 

Read, Henrietta Fanning, b. Jamaica 
Plains, N.Y. Pub. 8vo, 1848, a vol. of dra- 
matic poems, " Medea Erminia," and "The 
New World; " and in Feb. 184S made her de- 
but as an actress at the old Boston Theatre. — 
Matf's Female Po is. 

Head, Gen. Jacob, Revol. officer, b. S.C. 
1752 ; d. there 17 July, 1816. Descendant of 
" one who held high office in Ga." He studied 
law in Eng., and practised on his return. Mem- 
ber State legisl.; of the Old Congress 1783-6; 



U.S. senator 1795-1802; pres. /wo tem. 1797; 
app. judge of the Dist. Court of S.I 

Read, 



of the Dist. Court of S.C. in 1801. 
disting. lawyer of Boston ; 
Feb. 7,1749, a. ah. 72. H.U. 1697. He stud- 
ied divinity, and was for some time a popular 
preacher ; but studied law, and became an emi- 
nent practitioner. Me was the first to reduce 
the redundant and obscure phraseology of the 
English deeds of conveyance to the simple 



758 



form now in use. lie also held for some time 
a conspicuous place in the house of representa- 
tives and council during Shirley's administra- 
tion. — Knapp. 

Bead, John Meredith, LL.D. (B.U. 
1860), son of John, ami grandson of Georse, 
signer Decl. of Indep., 1.. Phila. Jidy 21, 1797. 
U. of Pa. 1812. Called to the l)ar in 1818; 
member Pa. Icgisl. 1 82.3-4 ; city solicitor ; atty.- 
gcn. of the State, and jud;j;e advocate of the ct. 
of inquiry on Com. Elliott; judije Sup. Court 
of Pa. since 1860. Vice-pres. Pa. Hist. Soc; 
member Amer. Pliilos. Soe. Assoc, counsel 
with Thad. Stevens in 1851 in defence of C. 
Hanway for constructive treason. Ab. 1 854 he 
began to advocate the principles of the Repub- 
lican party. Author of a great number of pub. 
addresses, legal opinions, speeches, &c. ; for a 
list of which, see AUibone's "Diet, of Authors." 
His son John Meredith, Jun., consul-gen. 
to Paris 1869, b. Phila. 1837. B.U. 1858; Al- 
bany Law School, 1859. Adm. to Phila. bar 
1859, and removed to Albany. Adj.-gen. of 
N.Y. during the Rebellion ; incorp. and origi- 
nal trustee of Cornell U. Author of " The 
Relation of the Soil to Plants and Animals," 
1860 ; " Hist. Inquiry concerning Hendrick 
Hudson," &c., 8vo, 1S66. He is now employed 
on a new Life of Hudson, to be illustrated by 
Bierstadt. Author also of occasional poems, 
and other contrilis. to periodicals, newspapers, 
&c., and memlier of many literary and scientific 
bodies. — Allibone. 

Read, Nathan, jurist and inventor, b. War- 
ren, Ms., July 2, 1759; d. Belfast, Me., Jan. 
20,1849. H.U. 1781; tutor th"ro 1783-7. Son 
of Maj. Reuben Read of the Revol. army. In 
1795 settled in Danvcrs, Ms., and engaged in 
the manuf. of anchora, chain-cables, &e., whence 
in 1807 he removed to Belfast. M.C. 1800-3, 
and was subsequently for some years a judge 
and chief justice of the C.C.P. He was the 
first petitioner for a patent invention, before the 
patent-law had been enacted ; one of the first 
who applied steam to the purposes of navig., 
having (Aug. 1791) experimented on Wenham 
Pond with a boat propelled by steam with pad- 
dles, instead of wheels. He also invented a 
method of equalizing the action of windmills ; 
a plan of using the force of the tide by means 
of reservoirs alternately filled and emptied in 
such a way as to produce a constant stream ; 
ditt'erent forms of pumpiug-engines and thresh- 
ing-machines ; and a plan for using the expan- 
sion and contraction of metals multiplied by 
levers for winding up clocks and other pur- 
poses. It is also claimed for him that he in- 
vented tubular (or multi-tubular) steam-boilers 
and high-pressure engines, having patented this 
inv. as early as 1788-91. He was also the in- 
ventor of many agric. implements. Member of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. — See Nathan 
Reed, his Invention, ^c, by David Reed his 
Nephew, 1870. 

Bead, Thomas Buchanan, painter and 
poet, b. Chester Co., Pa., Mar. 12, 1822. At 
the age of 17 he went to Cincinnati, and en- 
tered a sculptor's studio, but soon after studied 
painting. In 1841 he removed to N.Y., and 
soon alter to Boston, where he occupied him- 
self chiefly in portrait-painting. Establishing 



himself in Phila. in 1846, he visited Kurope in 
1850; returned to Cuiriiin.ni. an.l in 185;! went 
to Florence. Altera l^'n- !.■ llriK- ilu're, he 
returned to Cincinnati in IS.'jS. 11,; puh. Iiis 
first vol. of poems at Buatuii ia 1S47 ; " Lavs 
and Ballads," Phila. 1848; an illustrated edi- 
tion of his poems, 1853 ; " The New Pastoral," 
his first long poem, 1855 ; " The House bv the 
Sea," 1856 ; " Poetical Works," 2 vo1s.,"Bo3- 
ton, 1860 ; " The Wagoner of the AUeghanies," 
1862; "Sheridan's Ride, and other Poems," 
8vo, 1865 ; " Poems," new ed. 3 vols. ; " Good 
Samaritans," a poem, 1867 ; and in 1848 edit- 
ed a cull, of " Specimens of the Female Poets 
of Amer." Among his best pictures are the 
" Lost Pk-iail," the " Water-Sprite," and 
" Longfellow's Children." 

Beagan, John H., postm.-gen. of the Conf. 
States, b. Sevier Co., Tenn., Oct. 8, 1818. He 
studied law, and was adm. to the bar. Settled 
at Palestine, Texas ; was app. dep. surveyor in 
1840; in 1846 probate judge, and col. of mili- 
tia; member of the legisl. in 1847 : judge of 
the Dist. Court 1852-7; Democ. M.C. 1857- 
61 ; and from Mar 1, 186 1. to Apr. 1865, post- 
master-gcH. ul ilir ('(infiil. States. Some time 
a prisonei- at I'ot t \\'.irr,n. 

Eeddon, I.AiM'.A C. ('IIowardGlyndon"), 
b. Somerset Co., Md. Lost her hearing at the 
age of 12, and is still deaf. Author of " Nota- 
ble Men of the 37th Cong.," 1862 ; " Idyls of 
Battle, and Poems of the Rebellion," N.Y., 
1864. Edited in 1860 a department of the St. 
Louis Presbyterian, and has contrib. to the Mo. 
Republican and Harper's Weclcli/ and Monthly. 
Some of her poems are in " Loyal Lyrics,'' and 
in " Ballads of the War." — Allibone. 

Redfleld, Isaac Fletcher, LL.D., jurist, 
b. Wethersfield, Vt., Apr. 10, 1804. Dartm. 
Coll. 1825. Began practice at Derby, Vt., in 
1827, afterward in Windsor, Vt. ; and in 1861 
removed to Boston. States attv for Orleans 
Co. 1832-5; judge of the Vt. Sup. Jud. Ct. 
1835-58 ; chief justice 185S-61 ; prof of mcd. 
jurisprudence at Dartm. Coll. 1857-61 ; a corn- 
miss, to adjust U.S. claims on Great Britain 
1867. Author of a treatise on " The Law of 
Railwavs ; " " Law of Carriers," " Leading 
Amer. Cases," •' Law of Wills," 3 vols. 8vo. 
Editor of " Greenleaf on Evidence," 3 vols. 
8vo, 1868 ; with W. A. Hcrrick, " Treatise on 
Civil Pleading and Practice," 1868. N.E. ed. 
of the Phila. Law Register. 

Redfleld, William C, mechanic and me- 
teorologist, b. Middletown, Ct., Mar. 26, 1789 ; 
d. N.Y. City, Feb. 12, 1857. He was in eariy 
life a mechanic, but, engaging in steamboat 
navigation, removed in 1825 to N.Y. City. He 
investigated thoroughly the whole subject of 
the connection of steam with navigation ; and 
in pamphlets, essays, and published letters, dis- 
cussed the causes of steam lioat explosions, the 
means of safety, the necessity of careful and 
frequent inspection, the improvement of the law 
relative to steam-navigation, its adtiptation to 
the purposes of national defence, and the sim- 
plification and improvement of marine engines. 
First pres. of the Amer. Assoc, for the Advance- 
men t of Science i a 1848. He is chiefly known as 
a meteorologist, and especially for his successful 
researches into the phenomena of violent storms 



RED 



759 



and gales, which he showed to be large pro- 
gressive whirlwinds. In 1828 he piib. a pam- 
phlet ujging the importance of a system of 
railways to connect the Hudson and the Mpi. 
He pub during his life 62 essays, of which 40 
pertain to meteorology ; also the circular the- 
ory of storms ; " Genealogy of the Kedfield 
Family in the U.S.," 1839. A biog. sketch by 
Denison Olmsted was pub. in 1857. His soil 
John H. is known by his investigations into 
hurricanes, the Bahamas, &c. 

RedJaeket (Sagotewatha), chief of the 
Senecas, and a celebrated orator, b. 1751, near 
Buffiilo, N.Y.; d. there Jan. 20, 1830. During 
the Revol. the Senecas fought under the Brit, 
standard ; and his activity and intelligence at- 
tracted the notice of the officers. At a council 
held at Fort Stanwix in 1784 to negotiate a 
treaty between the U.S. and some of the Six 
Nations for the cession of lands, he spoke very 
eloquently against the treaty, which was, never- 
theless, ratified. A few years later. Red Jacket 
had an interview with Washington, who gave 
him a silver medal, which he wore ever after- 
ward. In 1810 he gave information to the In- 
dian agent of the attempt made by Tecumseh 
to draw the Senecas into the Western combina- 
tion. He possessed talents of the highest order, 
and was a thorough Indian in his costume, as 
well as in his contempt for the dress, language, 
and every thing else belonging to the English. 
He was second to none in the authority of his 
tribe, and maintained his position with great 
dignity. He excelled as an orator, using beau- 
tifn' and figurative language, conjoined with 
easy, gracelul, and impressive gesticulations. 
In the war of 1812 he fought lor the U. S. 
with the utmost intrepidity ; and the bravery 
of Red Jacket was particularly conspicuous in 
an action near Lake George, Aug. 13, 1812. 
In his later years he was a confirmed drunkard. 
— See Life by W. L. Stone, 8vo, 1841. 

Redman, John, M.D., an eminent phvsi- 
cian, b. Phila. Feb. 27, 1722; d. there Mar. 
19, 1808. He studied at the Riv. Mr. Tcn- 
nent's acad., and under Dr. John Kearsley ; 
spent some years in Bermuda, and then went to 
Europe. He remained 1 year at the medical 
school in Edinburgh, attended Guy's Hospital 
one year, and also attended lectures, dissections, 
and hospitals in Paris. He grad. at the U. of 
Leyden, July 15, 1748 ; " Abortion " being the 
subject of his inaugural dissertation. Return- 
ing to Phila., he rose to celebrity in his profes- 
sion. In 1759 he pub. a defence of inocu- 
lation, and advised the use of mercury. He 
was elected a physician of the Pa. Hospital on 
its establishment, and afterward the first pres. 
of the Coll. of Physicians. — Thacher. 

Redwood, Abkaham, founder of the Red- 
wood Library; d Newport, R. I., Mar. 3, 1788, 
a. 78. He was a Quaker from Antigua, and 
gave £500 for the Librarv. Its building was 
finished in 1750. 

Reed, Caleb, Swedenborgian writer, b. 
W. Bridgewater, Ms., Apr. 22, 1 797 ; d. Boston, 
Oct. 14, 1854. H.U. 1817. He practised law 
at Yarmouth until 1827. Son of Rev. John 
Reed. He pub. " The General Principles of 
English Grammar," 1821. Over 20 years edi- 
tor of the N. Jerusalem Mag. Member of 



the firm of Cyrus Alger &, Co., Boston, 1827- 
54. 

Reed. David, founder of the Christian 
Rei/ister (20 Apr. 1821 ), b. Eustou, Ms., 6 Feb. 
1790; d. Boston, 7 June, 1870. B. U. 1810. 
Son of Rev. Wra., Cong, pastor of Easton from 
1784 to his d. 16 Nov. 1809; b. Abington, 
Ms., 8 June, 1755. David took charge of the 
Bridgewater Acad, in 1810 ; was licensed to 
preach in 1814; and until 1819 preached in 
various places iif N. E. From the commence- 
ment of the Register until 1866 he had the as- 
sistance, editorially and as contributors, of 
manj' of the ablest men of the Unitarian de- 
nommation ; and his journal exercised a pow- 
erful influence upon the public mind. He was 
one of the founders of the Amcr. Antislavery 
Soc. in 1 828 ; and was one of the earliest mem- 
bers of the N. E. H. Gencal. Society. 

Reed, Henry, LL.D., author, b. Phila. 
July 11, 1808; d. on his return from Europe 
in the steamer "Arctic," Sept. 27, 1854. U. 
of Pa. 1825. Grandson of Joseph and Esther 
Reed. He studied law in the office of John 
Sargent; was adm. to the bar in 1829; in 
1831 was app. assist, prof, of English lit. in 
the U. of Pa. ; a short time subsequently as- 
sist, prof, of moral philos. ; and in 1835 prof, 
of rhetoric and Eng. lit. He superintended the 
pub. of an edition of Wordsworth's Poems, 
furnished the Lifeof his grandfather for Sparks's 
" Amer. Biog.,"and also numerous essays and 
reviews for the periodical press. His principal 
work was entitled "Lectures on English Lit," 

1855. In 1845 he pub. an improved edition of 
"Alex. Reid's Diet, of the Eng. Language," 
in 1847 an edition of" Graham's English Syn- 
onymes," of " Arnold's Lectures on Modern 
Hist.," "Lord Mahon's History of Eng.," and 
the poetical works of Gray. Also author of 
" Lectures on the British Poets," 1857 ; " Lec- 
tures on English Hist., Shakspeare," &c., 

1856. Prof. Reed m. a grand-dan. of Bishop 
Wm. White. After his death, his bro. Wm. B. 
pub. a vol. of his miscellaneous jjroductions, 
to which a Memoir of his life was prefixed. 

Reed, Hollis, clergyman and author, b. 
Newfane, Vt., Aug, 26. 1802. Wms. Coll. 
1826. He studied theology at Princeton. Ord. 
at Park St., Boston, Sept. 24, 1829 ; and from 
Dec. 1830 to 1835 was a missionary in India; 
from Nov. 1838 to 1845 was settled at Derby, 
Ct. ; and at New Preston from June 1 , 1 845, 
to 1851. He has pub. " The Christian Brah- 
min," 2 vols. 12mo; "Reed and Ramsay's 
Joumalin India," 12mo, 1836 ; " God in His- 
tory," 2 vols. 12mo; "Memoirs and Sermons 
of W. J. Armstrong, D.D.," 12mo; "India 
and People, Ancient and Modern," &c., 8vo; 
" Palace of the Great King;" " Commerce and 
Christianitv," 18mo;" "The Coming Crisis 
of the World," 12mo; and " The Negro Prob- 
lem Solved," 12mo. 

Reed, Col. Isaac, Revol. officer, h. Lunen- 
burg, Va. ; d. Phila. Sept. 1778. Son of Col. 
Clement Reed. Was a resident of Greenfield ; 



was many years i 



h. of bur- 



signer of the non-importation and 
mercantile associations in 1769 and '70; a 
member of the State conventions of 1774 and of 
March and June, 1775, by which last body he 



REE 



7G0 



was app. liciit.-col. 4th Va. Regt. Feb. 13, 1776; 
and was promoted to col. Aug. 13, 1776. — 
Grifishi/ ; Saffell. 

B.eed, James, brig.-gen. Kevol. army, b. 
■Woburn, Ms., 1724; d. Fitchburg, Ms., 13 
Feb. 1807. He com. a company under Col. 
Brown in the French and Indian war in 1755; 
was witlt Abcrcrombie at Ticonderoga in 175S, 
and with Amherst in 1759. In 1765 he settled 
in the town of Fitzwilliam, N.H., of \yhich he 
was an original proprietor. Made a licut.-col. 
in 1770; in May, 1775, he com. the 2d. N. II. 
Eegt. at Cambridge, with which he did good 
service at Bunker's Hill, holding the rail-fence 
with Stark, and protecting the retreat of the 
main body from the redoubt. Joining the army 
in Canada under Snllivan early in 1776, his 
regt. suffered severely from small-pox, and 
Eeed himself was attacked, and ultimately lost 
his sight. Made brig.-gen. 9 Aug. 1776, he 
quitted his sick-bed, incapacitated for fiu-ther 
service, and retired to his former residence. 
His son STLV.isns served through the war ; 
was adj. in Sullivan's campaign of 1778 ; after- 
wards col. ; d. 1798. 

Reed, Jouv, D.D. (B.TJ. 1803), Unitarian 
clergyman, and M.C. 1795-1801, b. Framing- 
ham, Ms., Nov. 11, 1751 ; d. Feb. 17, 1831, in 
West Brid..,'ewater. Y. C. 1772. Son of 
Solomon, minister of Middleboroiigh. After 
spending one year as chaplain in the U.S. naval 
service, he was settled at W. B., Ms., June 7, 
1780, preaching there for 51 years. His two 
predecessors, U. Perkins and' J. Keith, occu- 
pied 1 1 6 years. His opinions on ecclesiastical 
affairs were so just and accurate as to have re- 
ceived the approbation of courts and judges. 
A result of an ecclesiastical council drawn up 
by him has been in substance adopted as the 
foundation of an important decision of the Su- 
preme Court of Ms. He pub. beside occas. ser- 
mons a treatise on Baptism, 12mo. He ex- 
celled as a metaphvsician and controversialist. 

Eeed, JoHX, M.C. 1813-17 and 1821-41, 
son of Rev. John, b. W. Bridgewater, Sept. 2, 
1781 ; d. there Nov. 25, 1860. B. U. 1803. 
He was preceptor of Bridgewater Acad, one 
year ; tutor in Brown U. 2 years ; then studied 
law, and settled in Yarmouth, Ms., where he 
acquired a lucrative practice ; and was from 
1844-51 lieut.-gov. of Ms. 

Reed, Joseph, statesman, b. Trenton, 
N.J., 27 Aug. 1741; d. Phila. 5 Mar. 1785. 
N. J. Coll. 1757. He studied law at the Tem- 
ple, Lond. ; returned in 1 765 ; began a success- 
fill practice at Trenton ; and in 1767 was app. 
dep. sec. of N. J. Revisiting Eng. in 1770, he 
m. Esther, dau. of Dennis De Berdt, agent for 
Ms., and on his return settled in Phila. ; took 
an active part in politics, corresponding, 
through his English connections, with Lord 
Dartmouth, colonial sec. Member of the com. 
of coiTcsp. in 1774 ; pres. of the first Pa. con- 
vention in Jan. 1775; deleg. to Congress in 
May ; and in July, at the solicitation of Wash- 
ington, resigned a lucrative practice, and ac- 
comp. him to Cambridge as his sec. and aide-de- 
camp. Adj.-gen. during the campaign of 
1776, he contributed to the successes of" Tren- 
ton and Princeton. In 1777 he was app. chief 
justice of Pa., and named by Congress brig.- 



gen. ; he declined both offices, but was present 
as a vol. at the battles of Brandymne, White 
Marsh, Germanto\vn, and Monmouth. Mem- 
ber of Congr"ss, and in 1778 signed the arti- 
cles of confed. In reply to the offers of Gov. 
Johnstone, one of the British peace commission- 
ers. Reed answered, " I am not worth purchas- 
ing ; but, such as I am, the king of Gr at Brit- 
ain is not rich enough to do it." Pres. of Pa. 
1 778-81 ; active in suppressing the revolt of the 
Pa. line of the army m 1781. He detected and 
exposed the character of Arnold, whom he 



close of 1781 ; and in 1784 visited Eng. for 
his health, but mthout beneficial result. Dur- 
ing his administration, he aided in founding the 
U. of Pa. ; favored the gradual abolition of 
slavery, and the doing-away with the proprie- 
tary powers vested in the Penn family. Bancroft 
quotes Count Donop's report to the Bri.lsh 
Gen. Grant, that Col. Eeed received a British 
protection in 1776. (See also Hist. Mag. for 
Jan. 1869, and Gen. Cadwalader's "Reply" 
to the pub. " Remarks " of Reed, addressed to 
the former in 1783, sustaining the allegation.) 
Reed also pub. "Remarks on Johnstone's 
Speech, witii Papers relative to his Proposi- 
tions," &c., 1779. Esther his wife (b. Lond. 
1 747,d.Phila. 18 Sept. 1780) took an active part 
in providing for the sick and destitute soldiers 
of the army. Her grandson Wm. B. Reed pub. 
her Memoirs, 8vo, 1853. His youngest son, 
George W., an officer in the U.S.N., d. Span- 
ishtown, Jamaica, 4 Jan. 1813, a. 32. N.J. 
Coll. 2d lieut. of " The Nautilus " in the attack 
on Tripoli in Aug. 1 804 ; cooperated with 
Gen. E.iton on the African coast, and com. 
" The Vixen " in the war of 1812. — See Lifi 
and Corresp. of Heed by his Grandson Wm. B. 
Eeed, 2 vols. 1847. 

Reed, Col. Philip, senator, d. Hunting- 
ville, Kent Co., Md., Nov. 2, 1829. A capt.in 
the Revol. army; U.S. senator 1806-13; M.C 
1817-19 and 1821-3; col. of militia ; com. in a 
fight with a superior force of British seamen 
under Sir Peter Parker, who were defeated, 
and Sir Peter killed, at Moorfields, East Shore, 
Md., Aug. 30, \9,H.— Gardner. 

Reed, S.vmpsox, h. W. Bridgewater, Ms., 
10 June, 1800. H.U. 1818. Merchant of 
Boston. Editor New-Church Mag., and co- 
editor New-Jerusalem Mar/. Author of "Ob- 
servations on the Growth of the Mind," 8vo, 
1826. 

Reed, William, a philanthropic merchant, 
d. Marblehead, Ms., Feb. IS, 1837, a. 60. 
M.C. 1811-15; pres. of the S.S. Union, and 
of the Amer. Tract Society ; vice-pres. of the 
Education Society. Besides liberal bequests to 
heirs and relatives, he left S68,000 to various 
benevolent objects. 

Reed, William Bradford, LL.D., 
grandson of Gen. Joseph, b. Phila. 30 June, . i t 

1806.. U. of Pa. 1822. Atty.-geu. of Pa. d.-tt'f \'«|^''r 
1838 ; envoy-extr. and minister to China 1857- 
8, and negotiated the treaty ratified Jan. 26, 
1860. Author of "Life and Correspondence 
of Joseph Reed," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847 ; "Life of 
Esther Reed," 8vo, 1853; "Vindication of 
Joseph Reed," in reply to Bancroft's History, 






761 



in several pamphlets. He edited the posthu- 
mous works of his bro. Henry, and has pub. a 
large number of hist, addresses and political 
pamphlets. Contrib. to the Amer. Quarlerly 
and A'. A. Review. 

Beeder, Andrew H., lawyer and politi- 
cian, b. near Trenton, N.J., ab. 1808; d. Eas- 
ton, Pa., July S, 1864. Ho passed most of his 
life at Easton, where he practised law, and was 
influential as a Democ. politician, but would 
never accept office until in 1854 app. first 
gov. of Kiinsas. The election frauds there 
made him a Republican; and in July, 1855, he 
was removed from office, but was unanimously 
elected by the people as their delegate to Con- 
gress, and afterward, under the Topeka Con- 
stitution, first U.S. senator. The constitution 
was not ratified by Congress, and he did not 
take his seat. One of the first to be app. a 
brig.-i^en. at the outbreak of the war, he de- 
clined the honor. Three of his sons served in the 
army. With Hon. Marcus J. Parrott, he pub. 
" Kansas, a Description of the Country," &c. 



3, D,vviD Meredith, M.D., LL.D., 
superint. of public schools in New York, b. 
Phila. ISOO; d. N.Y. City, 1861. U. of Md. 

1820. He practised many years in N.Y. City, 
and was physician-in-chief to the Bellevuc Hos- 
pital. He pub. "Observations on Yellow- 
Fever," 1819; "Strictures on Health," 1828; 
"Epidemic Cholera," 1833; "Humbugs of 
New York," 1833 ; "Review of the First Rep. 
Antislavery Soc.," 1834; "Quakerism i-ersus 
Calvinism, a Reply to Dr. CoSc," 1834 ; " Let- 
ters to Wm. Jay in Reply to his Inquiry," 
12mo, 1835 ; " Phrenology known by its 
Fruits," 1838; "Medical Lexicon," 1845. He 
edited Chambers's Educ. Course, 1 2 vols. ; 
Cooper's Surgical Diet. ; Neligau on Medicines ; 
and Good's " Book of Nature ; " Amer. Med. 
Gazette, 1850 ; contrib. to periodicals. 

Eees, James, b. Morristown, Pa., 1802. 
He was a contrib. to the Sut. EueniiKj Post in 

1821, to the Picai/une 1834, to the Home 
Weeldy, and other periodicals ; was co-editor 

of the Mechanics' Free Press 1831 ; editor of 
the Dramatic Mirror 1842, and of the Philan- 
thropist 1854 ; has pub. " The Dramatic Authors 
of America," 1842; " Beauties of Daniel Web- 
ster," 12mo, 1839; "Mysteries of Citv Life," 
1849; "The Tinker Spy, a Romance of the 
Revol.," 1855 ; " Foot-Prints of a Letter-Car- 
rier," 1866 ; and a number of plays. He has 
ready for the press a work on the Origin of 
Phrases, the Etymology of Words, &c. — AUi- 
bone. 

Reese, Tbiomas, D.D., Presb. clergyman, 
b. Pa. 1742; d. Charleston, S.C, Aug! 1796. 
N.J. Coll. 1768. Ord. 1773. He became pas- 
tor of the church of Salem, S.C, and in 1793 
of two churches in Pendleton Dist. He was a 
disting. scholar and an able preacher. He pub. 
an " Essay on the Influence of Religion on 
Civil Society," and sermons in the American 
Preacher. — Snraque. 

Reeve, Isaa6 V. D., col. U.S.A., b. N.Y. 

West Point, 1835. Entering the 4th Inf., he 
became 1st lieut. 8th Inf. 7 Julv, 1838; capt. 
18 June, 1847; maj. 1st Inf. 14 May, 1861; 
licut.-col. 16th, 13 Sept. 1862 ; col. {retired list) 
14 Oct. 1864. He served against the Sem- 



iiioles of Fla. in 1836-7 and 1840-2; in the 
Mexican war 1846-7 ; was at the siege of 
Vera Cruz, battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la 
Palma, Cerro Gordo, Chapultepec, and capture 
of city of Mexico ; and was brev. maj. and 
lieut.-col. for Contreras and Churubusco 20 
Aug., and for Molino del Rey 8 Sept., 1847. 
Made prisoner of war by treachery of Gen. 
Twiggs at San Antonio, Tex., 9 May, 1861; 
exchanged 20 Aug. 1862. — Cu/liwi. 

Reeve, Tapping, LL.D., lawyer, b. Brook- 
haven, L.I., Oct. 1744; d. Litchfield, Ct., Dec. 
13, 1823. N.J. CoU. 1763. In 1772 he re- 
moved to Litchfield, where he began to prac- 
tise law. In 1784 he instituted the Litchfield 
Law School, which soon became celebrated 
throughout the Union, and of which he was 
the sole instructor until 1 798, when he associated 
with himself James Gould, continuing to give 
lectures himself until 1820. In 1798-1814 he 
was a judge of the Superior Court. He was 
the first eminent Amer. lawyer who endeavored 
to effect a change in the laws regarding the 
property of married women, and was a Feder- 
alist in politics. He m. Sarah, sister of Aaron 
Burr. He pub. the Law of Baron and Femme, 
of Parent and Child, of Guardian and Ward, 
&c., 8vo, 1816 ; treatise on the Law of Descents, 
8vo, 1825. 

Reid, David Boswell, M.D., F.U.S., 
physicist, b. Edinburgh, 1805; d. Washington, 
DC, 5 Apr. 1863. Educated at the U. of 
Edinb. He became eminent as a teacher of 
chemistry, and in the application of proper 
ventilation to public buildings. In 1856 he 
came to the U.S. ; was some time prof, of ap- 
plied chemistry in the U. of Wis., and after- 
ward resided at St. Paul, Minn. ; one of the 
inspectors of the U.S. sanitary com. Author 
of "Ventilation in American Dwellings," N.Y. 
1863; "A Short Plea for the Revision of 
Education in Science," 1861 ; and contrib. 
manv papers to scient. journals. 

Reid, David S., gov. of N.C. in 1851-5, 
b. Rockingham Co., N.C, Apr. 19, 1813. 
Studied law, and wjis adm. to practice in 1833 ; 
was a member of the State legisl. in 1835-42; 
M.C. in 1843-7 ; U. S. senator 1856-61 ; dele- 
gate to the Peace Congress, Feb. 1861. — 

Reid, Gex. George, Revol. officer, b. 
N.H. 1733 ; d. Londonderry, N.H., Sept. 1815. 
His early education was scanty. He was a 
capt. in Stark's regt. at Bunker's Hill ; lieut.- 
col. of Patterson's regt. Nov. 4, 1775; col. 
N.H. 2d at the battle of Bemis Heights, Oct. 
1777 ; and was present at the surrender of both 
Cornwallis and Burgoyne ; in 1785 he was a 
brig.-gen. of militia; and in 1791 was made 
sheritF of Rockingham County. 

Reid, John, a British gen., b. Scotland, 
Jan. 13, 1722; d. Lond. Feb. 6, 1807. Son 
of Alexander Robertson of Straloch. Educated 
at the U. of Edinburgh, and entered the army 
as a lieut. in Loudon's Highlanders, June 8, 
1745 ; app. June 3, 1752, capt. in the 42d ; in 
1758 he became major. He served under Am- 
herst in the French war ; was wounded in the 
exped. against Martinico, 1762, and promoted 
to a lieut.-col; in 1763 he was sent to the 
relief of Fort Pitt, then besieged by the Indians, 



REI 



762 



REN 



who were dufoateJ in tlie well-foufjln battle of 
Bushy Kun. In the following summer the 42d 
again formed part of another exped. under 
Bouquet against the Muskingum Indians. In 
1765 Lieut.-Col. Reid com. all his Majesty's 
forces in the disc, of Fort Pitt ; and in 1766"an 
officer of the same name is mentioned as com- 
mandant at Fort Chartres, 111. In 1771 Lieut.- 
Col. Reid obtained a large tract of land on 
Otter Creek in Vt., from which, however, his 
tenants were expelled in 1772 by the people 
of Bennington. He became maj.-gen. Oct. 
1781; lieut.-gen. Oct. 12, 1793; gen. Jan. 1, 
1798. 

Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist and soldier, 
b. in the north of Ireland, 1818. The son of 
a Presb. minister, he was intended for the 
church ; but a fondness for adventure led him 
in 1838 to Amer. Arriving at N. Orleans, he 
engaged in trading and hunting excursions up 
the Red and Mo. Rivers, and travelled through 
nearly every State in the Union. He after- 
ward settled in Phila. ; wrote for magazines ; 
served in the Mexican war ; and was wounded 
in the assault upon Chapultepec, where he led 
the forlorn hope. He afterward resided in 
Lond., and has written a series of very popular 
books for boys. Among the best are " The 
Rifle-Rangers," 1849; "The Scalp-Hunters," 
1850; "The Quadroon," 1856; and "Os- 
ceola," 1858. An edition of his works in 15 
vols, was pub. in 1868. He established a 
monthly magazine in Jan. 1869. 

Reid, Robert Ray.mo!«d, jurist, b. Pr. 
William Parish, S.C, Sept. 8, 1789; d. near 
Tallahassee, July 1, 1841. In early life he re- 
moved to Ga. ; was M.C. in 1819-23; after- 
ward m.iyor of Augusta. He was also a judge 
of the Superior Court of Ga. in 1816-19 and 
1823-5. In 1832 Pres. J. Q. Adams app. him 
judge of the Superior Court for the eastern 
distrof Fla. ; and in 1839 Pres. Van Buren 
app. him gov. of Fla. While holding his ju- 
dicial oflSce in that State, he was a member of 
the conv. which formed a State constitution, 
over which body he presided in a creditable 
manner. —Miller, Bench and Bar of Ga. 

Beid, SAsinEL Chester, a naval officer, 
b. Norwich, Ct., Aug. 25, 1783 ; d. N.Y. City, 
Jan. 28, 1861. He went to sea at 11 ; was 
captured by a French privateer, and was 6 
months a prisoner at Basseterre. He served as 
acting midshipman on the U.S. ship " Balti- 
more," in Com. Truxton's W. I. squad. ; and 
during the war of 1812 com. the privateer brig 
" Gen. Armstrong," with which he fought one 
of the most remarkable naval battles on record, 
at Fayal, Sept. 26 and 27, 1814. Her force 
was 7 guns and 90 men. She was attacked by 
the boats of the " Plantagenet " (74), " Rota 
(44), and " Carnation " (18). Reid succeeded in 
thoroughly disabling and defeating the enemy, 
and scuttled his own vessel to prevent her 
capture. The British lost 120 killed and 130 
wounded. The Americans had 2 killed, 7 
wounded. The attack upon " The Armstrong" 
in a neutral port led to a protracted diplomatic 
corresp. ; but the arbitration of Louis Napo- 
leon decided the cise against the Americans. 
Capt. Reid was app. a sailing-master in the 
navy, and held the office till his death. He 



was also warden of the port of N.Y., and in 
vented and erected the signal-telegraph at the 
battery and the Narrows, communicating with 
Sandy Hook, and regulated and numbered the 
pilot-boats. He is also disting. as the designer 
of the present US. flag. — 4/j/)/< (on. 

Raid, Whitelaw, b. Xenia, O., 1837. 
Miami U. 1856. Editor Xenia News; co-edi- 
tor Cincinnati Gazelle now (1871) nianaging 
ed. N. Y. Tribune. Author of " After the War, 
a Southern Tour," 1865-6, 12mo; "Ohio in 
the War," 2 vols. 8vo, 1868. — Allibone. 

Reinagle, Alexander, musical com- 
poser.and manager of Phila. and Bait, theatres; 
d. B^lt. 21 Sept. 1809, a. 61. 

Reno, Gen. Jesse L., b. Va. 1823 ; killed 
at the battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, 
1862. West Point, 1846. Entering the ord- 
nance dept., he was brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry 
at Cerro Gordo ; com. a howitzer battery at 
the storming of Chapultepec, where he was 
sevcicly wounded, and brev. capt. He was 
afterward assist, prof, of math, at West Point; 
sec. of the board of artillery ; was imployedin 
the coast-survey and in the construction of a 
military road from Big Sioux to St. Paul. He 
accomp. Gen. Johnston to Utah as ordnance 
officer; was made 1st lieut. of ordnance. Mar. 
3, 1853; capt. July 1, 1860; brig.-gen. vols. 
Nov. 12, 1861 ; and maj.-gen. 18 July, 1862. 
He com. the 2d brigade in Burnside's exped. 
to N.C. ; was disting. at the battle of Roanoke 
Island for gallantry in leading the attack on 
Fort Bartow ; participated in the capture of 
Newbern and other important military opera- 
tions ; was ordered to re-enforce Gen. McClel- 
lan on the peninsula in July, 1862; afterward 
joined Gen. Pope's army of Va., and took part 
in the actions near Manassas at the close of 
Aug. 1862, and com. the 9th corps. At the 
battle of South Mountain he was in advance, 
and engaged during the whole day ; was con- 
spicuous for his gallantry and activity ; and 
the success of the day was greatly owing to 
his efforts. 

Rensbaw, James, capt. U.S.N., b. Pa., 
1784; d. Washington, D.C., May 29, 1846. 
Midshipm. July 7, 18U0; lieut. Feb. 25, 1807; 
com. Dec. 10, 1814; capt. Mar. 3, 1825. 

Renshaw, Richard T., capt. U.S.N., b. 
Pa. March 22, 1821. Midshipm. Feb. 26, 
1838; lieut. 1861 ; com. Sept. 22, 1862; capt. 
1869; com. steamer " Lousiana," N. Atl. 
block, squad., 1861-4; at capture of Roanoke 
Island, Feb. 8, 1862 ; Washiiigton, N.C, Sept. 
6, 1862; defence of Washington, N.C, Apr. 
1863; and several minor actions. Com. steam- 
er " Massasoit," N.A.B. squad., 1864-5 ; in 
several engagements on James River ; com. 
steamer " Agawam," Atl. squad., 1865-6. — 
Uamersl,/. 

Renshaw, William B., com. U.S.N., h. 
N.Y. ab. 1815; d. Jan. 1863. Midshipm. 1831 ; 
lieut. 1841 ; com. 1861. He com. the squad, 
blockading Galveston, and blew up his ship, 
which had run aground near that city, rather 
than surrender it, and was killed by the ex- 
plosion. 

Renwick, James, LL.D., phvsicist, b. 
New York 1792; d. there Jan. 12, 1863. Col. 
Coll. 1807, and from 1820 to 1853 was prof. 



REQ 



763 



REY 



of chemistry ami physics there. The mother 
of Prut. Rcnwick was a friuud and pet of the 
poet Burns, who addressed to her some of his 
sweetest poems. In 1838 he was app. by govt, 
one ot tlie comraiss. for the exploration of the 
N. East boundary between the U.S. and New 
Brunswick. He was a valuable contrib. to the 
N.Y. Reoiew and to the Whig Review; wrote 
Bio^'raphics ol Fulton, Kittenhouse, and Rum- 
ford, lor S|iai Iv^ , ■ Amcr. Biog. ; " a "Memoir 
of De Win ( ,,,h,;,, ' N.Y. 1834; a Treatise 
on the .Sir.uii LiiuiiM', and one on the practi- 
cal ajiplit atiuii> ol tin' principles of mechanics, 
N.Y. 184U. His '■ OutUnes of Nat. Philos.," 
2 vols. Phila. 1832, was the earliest extended 
work on that subject in the U.S. ; and his "Out- 
lines of Geology," N.Y. 1838, preceded by 
several years any other te.xt-book on that sub- 
ject. He also pub. text-books on chemistry and 
philosophy for the use of schools; "Lives of 
Jay and Hamilton ; " and " Elements of Me- 
chanics," 8vo, 1832. 

Bequier, Augustus Julian, poet and 
lawyer, b. Charleston, S.C., May 27, 1825. 
His father was of Marseilles ; his mother the 
dan. of a Haytien lady, who fled to the U.S. 
upon the servile outbreak there. In 1844 he 
commenced the practice of law; in Oct. 18.50 
removed to Mobile, Ala. ; was in 1853 app. by 
Pres. Pierce dist.-atty. for the Southern Dist. 
of Ala. ; was re-app. by Buchanan ; resigned the 
office on the secession of Ala. in Jan. 1861 ; 
and again received the app. from the govt, of 
the Confed. States a few months later. In 1842 
he wrote " The Spanish E.xile," a 3-act play, 
successlully performed in Charleston and other 
places, and soon after pub. "The Old Sanc- 
tuary," a romance, was pub. Boston, 1846. 
Between 1845 and 1850 many of his minor 
poems apeared in the magazines. A coll. of 
his poems was pub. in Phila. in 1860; and 
" Marco Bozzaris," written in 1846, was suc- 
cessfully produced at the Mobile Theatre. — 
App/elon. 

Revere, Paul, engraver and patriot, b. Bos- 
ton, Jan. 1, 1735 ; d. there May 10, 1818. Of 
Huguenot descent, and was brought up to his 
father's trade of goldsmith. In 1756 he was a 
lieut. of art., and was stationed at Fort Edward, 
near Lake George. Onhis return, he established 
himself as a goldsmith, and acquiring, unaided, 
the art of copperplate engraving, was, at the 
revolutionary outbreak, one of the 4 engravers 
then in America. In 1766 he engraved a print 
emblematic of the repeal of the Stamp Act, 
which was very popular, as was also that called 
" The 17 Rescinders ; " in 1770 he pub. a print 
of "The Boston Massacre;" in 1774 another 
representing the landing of the British troops 
in Boston ; and was one of the grand jury w hich 
refused to act because of the action of parlia- 
ment in making the judge independent of the 
people. In 1775 he engraved the plates, made 
the press, and printed the bills, of the paper- 
money ordered by the Ms, Prov. Congress. 
By that body he was sent to Phila. to visit the 
powder-mill there, and learn the art of making 
powder, and on his return set up a mill with 
complete success. He was one of those who 
planned and executed the destruction of the 
tea in Boston harbor ; and on the night of 



April 18, 1775, Warren despatched him by w.iy 
of Charlcstown to give notice of the British 
expcd. to Concord. "The Midnight Ride of 
Paul Revere " is the title of one of Longfellow's 
poems. He was in the unfortunate Penobscot 
exped. of 1779. He was lieut.-col. of a regt. 
of art. in the State service, and, as grand mas- 
ter of Freemasons, had extensive influence. 
After the war, he was engaged in the casting 
of church-bells and cannon; and in 1795 as- 
sisted at the laying of the corner-stone of the 
Boston State House. He erected the extensive 
works at Canton, Ms., tor the rolling of copper, 
which business is continued by his successors, 
the " Revere Copper Co." First pros, of the 
Ms. Charitable Assoc. Paul Joseph his grand- 
son, b. Boston, Sept. 10, 1832, d. Westmin- 
ster, Md., July 4, 1863, of a wound received at 
Gettysburg. H.U. 1852. Maj. 20ih Ms. Vols. 
July 1, 1861 ; col. Apr. 14, 1863; wounded and 
made prisoner at Ball's Bluff"; exchanged in 
Apr. 1862, and served in the Army ol the Po- 
tomac until his death. His bro. E. H. R. Re- 
vere, surgeon of his regt., was killed at Antie- 
tam, Sept. 17, 1862; b. July 23, 1827 ; M.D. 
Harv. Med. School, lSi9.~ Hair. Mem. Biog. 

Reynolds, Ignatius Aloysius, D.U., 
R. C. bishoi)of Charleston, S.C, b. near Bards- 
town, Ky., of an old Md. family, Aug. 22, 
1798; d. Charleston, March 6, 1855. His par- 
ents were among the early settlers of Ky. 
He completed his education at St. Mary's Coll., 
Bait. ; filled various eccles. offices in his native 
State; was long vicar-gen. to Bishop Flaget; 
rector of St. Joseph's Coll., and pres. of the 
Nazareth Female Institute of Ky. ; consec. 
bishop of Charleston, March 18, 1844. 

Reynolds, John, a British admiral, and 
colonial gov. of Ga. ; d. a rear-adin. of the Blue, 
Jan. 1776. App. gov. of Ga. Aug. 6, 1754, 
he landed at Savannah Oct. 29, and resigned 
Feb. 1757 on account of disagreement with the 
council. He secured the friendship of the In- 
dians; established courts of judicature there; 
and Jan. 7, 1755, called together the first legisl. 
of Georgia. 

Reynolds, John, politician, gov. 111. 1830- 
4, b. Montgomery Co., Pa., Feb. 26, 1789, 
of Irish parents, who landed at Phila. in 1786 ; 
d. Belleville, 111., May 8, 1865. He belonged 
to a company of scouts in the campaigns 
of 1812-13 against the Indians; practised 
law in Cahokia; was a justice of the Supreme 
Court of III. in 1818; was a member of the 
legisl. in 1826-30, 1846-8, 18.52-4; speaker of 
the house 1852-4. Com. III. volunteers in 
M.iy and June, 1832, during the Black Hawk 
war; was M.C. in 1835-7 and 1839-43. He 
pub. "Pioneer History of Illinoi-s," 1848; 
" Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches 
of Travel," 1854 ; " My Life and Times," 1855; 
and at one time conducted the Belleville Eagle, 
a daily paper. He was a Democ. of the con- 
servative school. 

Resmolds, Gen. John Fulton, b. Lan- 
caster, Pa., 1820; killed at Gettysburg 1 July, 
1863. West Point, 1841. Entering the 3d 
Art., he became 1st lieut. 18 June, 1846; brcv. 
capt. for Monterey 23 Sept. 1846, and major 
for Buena Vista 23 Feb. 1847 ; capt. 13 Mar. 
1855, and disting. in actions with Indians near 



764 



RHO 



■Rogue River, Oregon, in 1856; lieut.-col. I4tli 
Inf. U i[ay, 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 20 Aug. 
1861; mnj. -gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; ami col. 
5th U.S. Inf. 1 June, 1863. He com. at Cheat 
Mountain, where Lee was repulsed, and Oct. 
3 drove back the Confeds. at Greenbrier. At- 
tached to the Army of the Potomac, he fought 
at Mechanicsvillc, Gaiues's Mill, Savage Sta- 
tion, and at Glcudale, where he was captured, 
and for these services was brev. col. and brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. Released soon after, he com. his 
div. at the battle of Manassas, Aug. 29, 30 ; 
and took com. of the 1st army eoips in Dec, 
and led it at Fiedericksburg. With the right 
wing of Meade's array, consisting of about 
8,000 men, he led the van, and, attacking the 
entire Confed. army, brought on the decisive 
battle of Gettysburg, but fell in the first day's 

Reynolds, John N., author of a " Voyage 
of the U. S. Frigate Potomac, 1831-4," N.Y. 
1835; "Pacific and Indian Oceans," &c., 8vo, 
1841. A prominent advocate of the exploring 
exped. to the Pacific and South Seas, on which 
subject he pub. an address in 1836; and has 
contrib. several spirited nautical sketches to 
the Knicka-hocker Magazine. 

Reynolds, Joseph, M.D. of H.U. 1827, 
b. Wilmington, Ms. Author of " Prize Essay 
on Manures; " " Agricultural Survey of Mid- 
dlesex Co., Ms. ; " "Peter Gott, the Cape-Ann 
Fisherman," 1856; "Gen. Hist, of the Indep. 
Odd Fellows' Soc," 8vo, 1842. He contrib. 
many articles to the Boston Med. Jom: and 
Jour, of National Med. Assoc. — AUibone. 

Reynolds, Joseph Jones, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Ky. West Point, 1843. Assist. 
prof, there 1846-55 ; 1st lieut. 3d Art. 3 Mar. 
1847; resigned 28 Feb. 1857; prof, mechanics 
and engr. Washington U., St. Louis, 1856-60; 
col. 10th Ind. Vols. 27 Apr. ; brig.-gen. vols. 
17 May, 1861; maj.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; 
col. 26th Inf. 28 July, 1866. He was in vari- 
ous actions in West Va. in 1861 ; in campaign 
of Army of the Cumberland 1862-3 ; engaged 
at Hoover's Gap, Chickamanga, as chief of 
staff, Oct.-Dec. 1863 ; com. 19th corps 7 July, 
1864, and organized forces for capture of Mo- 
bile and Fts. Gaines and Morgan ; com. dept. 
of Ark. Nov. 1864 to Apr. 25, 1866; brev. 
brig.-gcn. and maj.-gen. U.S.A., 2 Mar. 1867, 
for Chickanuiuga and for Missionary Ridge; 
tr. to 3d Cav. 16 Dec. 1870. — C«««m. 

Reynolds, Thomas, jurist, anil gov. of 
Mo. 1840-4, b. Bracken Co., Kv., Match 12, 
1796; d Jefferson City, Feb. 9, 1844. He es- 
tablished himself in Illinois when young, and 
was elevated to tJie bench of the Supreme 
Court alter filling the posts of clerk of the 
house, atty.-gen., and speaker of the house. In 
1828 he removed to Mo., where he was a mem- 
ber of the State legisl., and pres. judge of a 
court of justice. He subsequently became a 
monomaniac; and, to escape the fancied or 
real opposition of political rivals, he committed 
suicide. 

Reynolds, William Morton, D.D., b. 
Fayette Co , Pa., 1812. Jeff. Coll. 1832. He 
took orders in the Lutheran Church. Prof, in 
Pn. Coll. 18.33-50; pres. of Capital U., Ohio, 
1850-7, and of III. State U. 1857; ord. in 



Prot.-Ep. Church ISIU. In 18-10 lie estab. 
and edited the £m;»; .1.' ' •iiu^l -.l..- /jitrari/ 

Record in 1845; au.l ill-,, i.l,r,l and 
edited, until July, I>| - i / ■ Ileview. 
Ho has contrib. to liil: I : :.i; .1 . Author 
of " Discourses on tli .^-mii-Ii I liunhcs," 
the " Captivi of Planni-," wiil. miiod. and 

III. State University ; " ;uid addlLJ.^^s and dis- 
courses on several occasions. — AUibone. 

Rhees, Morgan John, D.D., b. Glamor- 
ganshire, Wales, 1760 ; d. Somerset, Pa., 1804. 
Baptist minister at Penv-Gmn l''mi<j:. to the 
U.S. in 1794, and sett ■ i ■" 1; .1:1. mnl after- 
ward in Somerset. IMr ' -i;,i \ I ■ li I'reas- 
iiri/, and the author i.i \. , :i 1,. 1 ,. . ]iub. in 
Wales, and of some ur.u.^iio .iii>l Ui,iourses 
pub. in Pa. His sun Mouuan J., D.D., an 
eminent Baptist minister of Phila.,d. Williams- 
burg, N.Y., Jan. 15, 18.53, a. ig . — AUibone. 

Rhett, Robert Barnwell, lawver and 
M.C, b. Beaufort, S C Dec. 24, ISO'O. Son 
of James and Marianna iSniitli, and adojjtcd 
the name of Rhett, a colonial ancestor, in 1837. 
Received a liberal education, and adopted the 
law as a profession ; was elected to the State 
legisl. in 1826; in 1832 atty.-gen. of S.C, acting 
with the ultra wing of the State-righis party 
during the nullification movement ; M.C. 1838- 
49; and U.S. senator in 1830 and '51. He is 
said to have been the first man who proposed 
and advocated on the floor of Congress a dis- 
solution of the Union. He was a leading mem- 
ber of the State convention, which, Dec. 20, 
1860, passed an ordinance of secession. He 
was a delegate to the convention of seceding 
States at Montgomery, and was chairman of 
the committee by which the constitution of the 
Confederate States of America was report- 
ed ; afterward a member of the Confed. Con- 
gress. His political views Inive been given to 
the public in the Charleston Mercury, a news- 
paper owned by himself, and conducted by his 
son, R. B. Rhett, jun. 

Rhind, Alexander Colden, captain 
U.N.S., b. N.Y. Sept. 3, 1821. Midshipm. 
Sept. 3, 1838 ; lieut. Feb. 17, 1854 ; com. Jan. 
2, 1863; capt. 1870. Attached to the homo 
squadron, and present at Alvarado and Tabas- 
co, Mexican war; coast-survey 1849-50 and 
1851-4; com. gunboat "Crusader," and en- 
gaged in various aftairs off S.C. in 1862; com. 
iron-clad " Keokuk " in attack on defences of 
Charleston, Apr. 17, 1863, which received 19 
shots at and near her water-line, and sunk next 
day; com. "Paul Jones," S. A. B. squad., 1863, 
and took part in various attacks on Fort Wag- 
ner and other defences of Charleston ; com. 
"Agavvam," N.A.B. squad., 1864-5, and en- 
gaged 3 Confed. batteries at Deep Bottom, Va., 
Aug. 13, 1864, for which he was thanked by 
the dept. ; engaged in the perilous explosion 
of the powder-boat "Louisiana," near Fort 
Fisher, Dec. 23, IS^i. — Hamersly. 

Rhodes, Gen. Robert E., b. Lynchburg, 
Va., 1826 ; killed in battle at Winchester, Va., 
Sept. 19, 1864. Va. Milit. Inst. 1848; prof. 
in that institution until his removal to Ala. 
Capt. of the Mobile cadets in 1861 ; then col. 
5th Ala. Regt. ; promoted to brig.-gcn. soon af- 
ter the first battle of Manassas ; wounded at 



Seven Pines and SharpsbiirL,' ; fouj;lit at Fred- 
cricksbiirj» and Chancellorsville, where he be- 
came maj.gen. ; served through the Pa. cam- 
paign; with Early in the defence of Lyncli- 
burg ; and with the Army of the Valley, com- 
manding one of its two army corps, until he 
fell. 

Biall, Sir Phinbas, a British gen. ; d. 
Paris, Nov. 10, 1851. Ensign 92d Foot, Jan. 
1794; Jan. 1, 1800, lieut.-col. by brcv. ; com. a 
brigade in the expedition against Martinique, 
against Saintes in 1809, and at the capture of 
(iuadaloupn in Feb. 1810 ; June 4, 1813, ho be- 
came maj.-gen. ; in Sept. he was ordered to 
Canada, serving on the Niagara frontier; com. 
at the battle of Cliippewa, where he was wound- 
ed, and at the severely-contested battle of Lun- 
dy's Lane, 24 July, 1814. In Feb. 1815 he was 
app. gov. of Granada, and attained the full rank 
of gen. in 1841. — Morgan. 

Ribault (re-bo), Jean, a French navigator, 
who led the tirat colony to Florida, b. Dieppe 
ab.l5i!0; kUlodinFla.lSGS. Admiral Coligny, 
having determined to found a Huguenot colony 
in Amer., fitted out two vessels for an exped. 
to Fla., giving the com. to Ribault, who sailed 
from Havre de Grace, Feb. 18, 1562, and early 
in May anchored in Port-Royal harbor. A 
fort was built south of the present site of Beau- 
fort, and named Caroline, in honor of the king 
of Francj ; and 26 colonists were left in pos- 
session, who, when reduced to the point of star- 
vation, set sail in a crazy bark, and were picked 
up by an English ship. An expedition under 
Laudonniere sailed in April, 1564, and on the 
River May, now called the St. John's, built a 
fort, also called Caroline. After great suffer- 
ing, they were on the point of returning to 
France, when Ribault, who left Dieppe May 22, 
1565, arrived with a fleet of 7 vessels. Scarce- 
ly had ho anchored, when a Spanish fleet, un- 
der Menendez, appeared, with orders from the 
king to "gibbet and behead all the Protestants 
in those regions." The French fleet, unpre- 
pared for battle, cut its cables, and escaped. 
The Spaniards repaired to St. Augustine, where 
Ribault, against the advice of his officers, de- 
termined to attack them. A tcn'ible storm 
wrecked his vessels on the coast of Fla., near 
Capo Canaveral, ab. 100 miles S. of St. Augus- 
tine. In the mean time, Menendez surprised 
the garrison of Fort Caroline, and massacred 
near 200 of both sexes. Ignorant of their fate, 
Ribault endeavored to reach the fort, but fell 
into the hands of Menendez, and, with nearly 
all his party, was massacred. A French exped. 
under De (jorgues,in 1567, in retaliation, seized 
two forts near the St. John's, and the important 
fort of St. Mateo, and hanged all their prisoners 
on the same tree upon which his countrymen 
had been executed by Menendez. A vol. of 42 
pages, now extremely rare, being an Eng. trans- 
lation of the report of his first voyage, made 
by Ribault to Coligny, was pub. in London un- 
der the title of " The Whole and True Discov- 
erye of Terra Florida, &c. ; written in French 
by Capt. Ribauld, the first that whollye discov- 
ered the same, and now newly set forthe in 
Englishe the XSX. of May, 15'63." 

Rice, Alexandeb Hamilton, a leading 
merchant of Boston, and M.C. 1859-67, b. New- 



tonL.FaIls,Ms.,.30Ang.l818. Un.CoU. 1814. 
Son of Thomas, a papcr-manuf. Three years 
a clerk in the paper-store of Wilkins & Carter 
of Boston, in which firm he became a partner 
after graduating in 1 844 ; the present style of 
the firm being Rice, Kendall, & Co. Member 
com. council in 1856 ; its pros, in 1857 ; mayor 
of Boston in 1 857-9, and identified with sev- 
eral important measures for city improvements ; 
and chairman of the naval com. of the .3(Sth and 
39th Congresses, — a position of great labor 
and responsibility during the Rebellion. Mr. 
Rice is a man of scholarly tastes, and is a 
graceful and fluent speaker. 

Rice, David, b. Hanover Co., Va., 20 Dec. 
1733; d. 18 June, 1816. N..T. Coll. 1761. Ord. 
by the presbytery of Hanover in Nov. 1762, 
and was settled successively in Hanover, Va., 
1 763-8, and in Ky., where he was the pioneer 
preacher, having cmig. thither in Oct. 1783. 
Active in estab. Hamp. Sid. Coll. Author of 
"Essay on Baptism," 1789; " Lects. on Di- 
vine Decrees," 1791 ; " Slavery Inconsistent," 
&c., a speech, 1793; "Letters on Christianity," 
yVeekli/ Recorder, 1814; also sermons and epis- 
tles. — Sprarjue. 

Rice, Geoege Edward, wit and poet, b. 
Boston, July 10, 1822 ; d. insane at Roximry, 
Ms., Aug. 10, 1861. H.U. 1842. He studied 
and practised law. Contrib. to the N. A. Re- 
view and other leading periodicals ; wrote sev- 
eral humorous plays, which were acted with ap- 
plause ; pub. several humorous works, and a 
vol. of serious poems, called "Nugamenta." 
His poem, "The Present Time," was frequent- 
ly delivered by him in public. 

Rice, Harvev, poet, b. Conwav, Ms., June 
11,1800. Wras. Coll. 1820. He cm'ig. to Cleve- 
land in 1824; opened a classical school; was 
adm. to the bar in 1826 ; became a representa- 
tive in 1830, and agent for the sale of the W. 
Reserve school-lands ; Democ. candidate for 
Congress in 1834 and 1836; established the 
Cleveland Plain-Dealer in 1 829 ; member of the 
State senate in 1852-3 ; and author of Jhe com- 
mon-school system then enacted. His poems 
were collected in 1859, entitled " Mt. Vernon 
and other Poems." Contrib. to the Western 
Mag., Nineteenth Cetitury, Great Republic, &c. 
Author of address at the Centennial Celeb, at 
Conway, Ms., 1867. — Poe(s and Poetry of tlie 
West. 

Rice, Gen. James Clay, b. Worthington, 
Ms., Dec. 27, 1829 ; d. from wounds at the b.at- 
tle near Spottsylvania C. H., May 11, 1864. 
Y.C. 1854. In 1855 he taught in Natchez, 
Mpi. ; was editor of a paper there ; and, after 
studying law, was adm to the bar. Returning 
North in 1856, he practised in N. York. When 
the war broke out, he enlisted as a private, but 
by merit attained the colonelcy of the 44th 
N.Y. (Ellsworth's) Regt.; was in the battles 
of Yorktown, Hanover C. H., Gaines's Mill, 
Malvern Hill, Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chan- 
cellorsville, and at Gettysbm-g, where he com. 
a brigade, and displayed great skill and gal- 
lantry ; brig.-gen. Aug. 17, 1863. He took 
part "in the operarions of Mine Run and the 
terrible battles of the Wilderness. — Y. C. Obit. 
Record. 

Rice, John Holt, D.D. (N.J. 1819), a 



766 



RIC 



Preshyterian clergyman, b. New London, Bed- 
ford Co., Va., Nov. 28, 1777; d. Prince Ed- 
ward Co., Va., Sept. 3, 1831. Wash. Coll., Va. 
He was in 1796-9 a tutor at Hamp. Sid. Coll.; 
was the founder of Un. Tlieol. Sem. in 1824, at 
the head of which he passed his last years ; and 
in 1817 originated and edited the Evamjellcal 
and Lit. Maq. The prime of liis life was spent 
as a pastor in Richmond. He labored much, 
and with success, among the negro slaves. Emi- 
nent as a writer and as a pulpibK)rator. He 
pub. "Memoirs of S. Davies; " "An Illustra- 
tion of the Presb. Chnrcl> in Va.," 1816; "Me- 
moir of Rev. J. B. Taylor," 1830; "Consid- 
erations on Religion," 'l8.32. His Life by Dr. 
Wm. Maxwell was jmb. Phila. l%35. — Sprague. 

Kice, Luther, a Baptist clergyman, b. 
Northborough, Ms., Mar. 25, 1783; d. Edge- 
field Dist., S.C, Oct. 25, 1836. Wms. Coll. 
1810; And. Theol. Sem. He was one of the 
first who devoted themselves to the missionary 
eervice in Asia. Ord. at Salem, Feb. 6, 1812, 
and sailed for Calcutta a few days after; be- 
came a Baptist, and rettimed to Amer. in Mar. 
1813 to enlist the Baptist denomination in the 
cause of foreign missions. He labored in that 
cause several years with success ; then settled 
in Va. ; was instrumental in founding Colum- 
bian Coll., D.C., and was for 10 or 12 years its 
agent and manager. He wrote many appeals 
and addresses. — See Memoir in Chris. Review, 
vi. 321. 

Rice, N. L., D.D, pastor Central Presb. Ch., 
Cin., and afterward of the Second Presb. Ch., 
St. Louis, and the Fifth-ave. Ch., New York. 
Has pub. Del)ates, — on Baptism, with Rev. 
Alex. Campbell ; on Universal Salvation, with 
Rev. E. Prmgree ; and on Slavery, with Rev. 
J. A. Blanchard, 1845; " Romanism the Ene- 
my of Free Institutions," 1851; "The Signs 
of the Times," 1855; "Baptism," 
Country and the Church," 1861 
pit," 1862; "Discoi 



855 ; " Our 
"The Pul- 
God Sove- 



reign, Man Free," 1870. 

Bice, Gen. Samuel A., b. NY. ; d. Os- 
kaloosa, lo., 6 Julv, 1864, of wounds .it the 
battle of Salem RiVer, Ark. Col. 33d Iowa 
Vols., and conspicuous at the battle of Helena, 
where he com. a brigade ; bri^.-gen. 4 Aug. 
1863; took an honorable part in every battle 
of the campaigns of 1 863-4 in Ark. until fatally 
wounded. 

Rice, TnoMAS D. (" Jim Crow "), b. N.Y. 
May 20, 1808; d. there Sept. 19, 1860. A 
carver by trade. He joined a theatrical com- 
pany in 1829, and, by his excellent imitations 
of the negro, soon attained celebrity. In 1836 
he played Jim Crow at the Surrey, Lond., with 
extraordinary success. After his return to the 
U.S., he played as a star in the principal cities. 
He composed " Bone Squash, a burlesque 
opera, and a negro extravaganza on the plot 
of Othello, both of which were very successl'ul. 
— Brown's Amer. SUifje. 

Rich, Obadiah, a Lond. bookseller, b. 
Boston, Ms., 1783; d. London, Jan. 20, 1850. 
He went to Spain when young, and for some 
time filled the situation of U.S. consul at 
Valentia. While in Spain, he formed a rich col- 
lection of rare and valuable works relating to 
Spanish America. Mr. Ticknor, in his " His- 



tory of Spanish Literature," makes honorable 
mention of his services and knowledge. He pub. 
"Bibliotheca Americana," 2 vols. 8vo, 1835. 

Richard, Gabriel, a French missionary, 
b. Saintes, Oct. 15, 1764 ; d. Detroit, Sept. 13, 
1832, of cholera. Educated at the Coll. of 
Augers. He became a priest in 1790; came 
to the U.S. in 1792 to teach mathematics at 
the Coll. of Baltimore, but was sent by Bishop 
Carrol as a missionary to Kaskaskia, III. He 
went to Detroit in 1798, where he ofiiciated as 
grand vicar of the bishop of O., and under- 
took for a short time the publication, in French, 
of a periodical entitled Essais du Michigan. 
During the war of 1812, he fell into the hands 
of the English; was sent to Sandwich, U.C. ; 
and was the means of saving several prisoners 
from the cruelty of the Indians. Sent as a 
delegate to Congress in 1 823, he consecrated his 
salary to pious purposes. He spoke and wrote 
7 different languages ; was a man of great benev- 
olence, and was ardently attached to Ameri- 
can institutions and the principles of liberty. 
He pub. in French some Catholic books, and 
the Laws of the Territory. 

Richards, James, D.D. (Y.C. 1815), 
Presb. clergyman, b. New Canaan, Ct., 29 Oct. 
1766; d. Auburn, Aug. 2, 1843. Descended 
in the 4th generation from Samuel, a Welsh- 
man, who settled near Stamford, Ct. Edu- 
cated at Yale, from which in 1794 ho received 
an hon. degree. In 1794 he bccnme the pastor 
of the First Presb. Church in Moriistown, N. J., 
and in 1809 of the church of Newark, N.J.; 
app. prof in the Theol. Sem., Auburn, N.Y., 
in 1823. His Lectures, with a Memoir by S. 
H. Gridley, were pub. in N.Y. in 1846. A 
selection of 20 sermons, with an essay on his 
character by William B. Sprague, D.D., was 
pub. 1849. 

Richards, Major John, b. Eng. ; d. Bos- 
ton, Apr. 2, 1694. Son of Thomas of Dor- 
chester in 1 630. W«s a member of the A. & H. 
Art. Co., Boston, 1644. In 1649-53 was an 
Indian trader at Arrowsic Island, Kennebec, 
but beciime an opulent merch.int in Boston. 
He was sergeant-miijor of the Suffolk regt. in 
1683-9; trunsurcr (if Il.U. 1672-85; represen- 
tative for Xruluin |.,7I-;, fur Iladlev 1675, 
Boston 107!) -' ! ! ; . i; .tssist. l'680-6; 
judge of til. ^ : ' :; U)92 ; and coun- 

cillor from li.'i.' iiii hi- 'i.iili. He h.id been 
with Dudley an a-rnt in Eng. He bequeathed 
legficies of £100 each to H.U., the town of 
Boston, and the Second Church. 

Richards, John, D.D. (DC. 1845), a 
prominent Coul'. clergyman, b. Farmington, 
Ct., Mavl4, 1797; d" Hanover, N.H, Mar. 
29, 1859' Y.C. 1821 ; Andovcr, 1824. Ord. 
at Windsor, Vt., 1827, having been for 3 irears 
an agent of the Board of Foreign Missions. 
In 1830-9 he was assoc. editor of the Vermont 
Chronicle; was installed at Hanover in 1841 ; 
had been for several years sec. of the N.H. Edu- 
cation Society; wrote extensively lor periodi- 
cals ; and began a scries of biogs. (completed 
and pub. by Dr. Chapman) of graduates of D.C. 

Richards, William, missionary, b. Plain- 
field, Ms., Aug. 22, 1792; d. Honolulu, Dec. 
7, 1847. Williams Coll. 1819 ; And. Sem. 
1822. Nov. 19, 1822, he embarked from N. 



RIC 



767 



Haven as a missionary to the Sandwich Is- 
lands. In 1838 he became councillor, as well 
as interpreter and chaplain to the king, and, 
after the recognition of the independence of 
the islands by foreign powers, was sent as am- 
bassador to Eng. and other courts. Returning in 
1845, he was app. minister of public instruction. 

Bicliards, Williaji C, Baptist minister, 
b.Lond. 1817. Madison U., N.Y., 1840. Emig. 
to Amer. in 1831 ; lived 15 years in Ga. and 
S.C, and has since 1853 been'stationed in N.Y. 
Author of " A Day in the Crj-stal Palace," 
1853 ; " Harry's Vacation," 1854 ; " Election," 
1858 ; " Memoir of George N. Briggs," 1866. 
He edited the Orion Mag. 3 years ; Georgia. 
Illustrated, 1842; Southern Lit. Gazette 5 
years ; Schpolfellow 6 years. Conirib. to vari- 
ous periodicals. His wife (formerly Cornelia. 
H. Bradley, b. Hudson, N.Y., 1822, m. in 
1841) has contrib. to the periodicals edited by 
her husband, and has pub. some books under 
the nam deplume of Mrs. Manners. — Allihone. 

Bichardson, Albert Deaxe, authorand 
journalist, b. Franklin, Ms., 1833 ; assassinated 
in New York, Dec. 2, 1869. At 17 he went to 
Pittsburg, Pa., where he taught, and wrote for 
the press ; he afterwards wrote for the Cincin. 
papers ; went to Kansas as corresp. of the Bos- 
ton Journal, and while there acted as sec. of the 
Terr, legisl., and adj.-gen. He was afterward 
a corresp. of the Tribune during the war, and, 
after 20 months in Confed. prisons, escaped Dec. 
18, 1864. His account of this is in his " Field, 
Dungeon, and Escape." He visited California 
in 1865, and on his return wrote " Beyond the 
Mississippi," which had a large sale. He also 
pub. in 1868 a " Life of General Grant." In 
1867 he made the acquaintance of Mrs. McFar- 
land, and by his attentions excited the jealousy 
of her husband, who attempted to murder him 
in March, 1868. Mrs. McFarland obtained a 
divorce in the autumn of 1869. Nov. 26 Mc- 
Farland shot Richardson in the Tribune office, 
and was tried for murder, but acquitted on 
the ground of insanity. Before Richardson's 
death, the marriage-ceremony was performed 
between him and Mrs. McFarland. This lady, 
nt<e Abby Sage, pub. in 1871 " Stories from 
Old Eng. Poetry.'' 

Richardson, Gen. Israel B., h. Burling- 
ton, Vt., 1819; d. Sharpsburg, Md., Nov. 3, 
1862. West Point, 1841. He was a descend- 
ant of Gen. Israel Putnam. Entering the 3d 
Inf., he served in the Florida war; became 1st 
lieut. Sept 21, 1846; brev. capt. and major for 
gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco, and Cha- 
pultepec; capt. March 5, 1851 ; resigned Sept. 
30, 1855, and settled in Mich. When the civil 
war broke out, he became col. 2d Mich. Vols. ; 
took a prominent part at the battles of Black- 
bum's Ford, July 18, and Bull Run, Juljr 21, in 
both of which he com. a brigade; bng.-gen. 
vols. May 17, 1861; com. a division in Sum- 
ner's army corps in the Peninsular campaign 
with great gallantry ; was made maj.-gen. July 
4, 1862; covered the retreat of the army after 
the second battle of Manassas, Aug. 30 ; fought 
at South Mountain and Antietam, in the latter 
of which he rendered the most important ser- 
vices, and received a wound in the shoulder, 
from the effect of which he died. 



Richardson, Sir John, a British natu- 
ralist, b. Dumfries, Scotland, 1787 ; d. 1865. 
Surgeon in Capt. Franklin's arctic expeds. of 
IS19 and '25. In 1848'he led an e.\ped. in 
search of that navigator. He pub. " Zoology of 
the Northern Parts of Brit. America," 2 parts, 
1829-37 ; "Journal of a Boat- Voyage through 
Rupert's Land to the Arctic Sea," &c., 1851 ; 
and " Notes on the Natural Hist, of the Last 
Arctic Voyages," &c., 1852-4. 

Richardson, Maj. John, b. Brit. Ameri- 
ca. Was made a prisoner in the battle of the 
Thames ; subsequently served in Spain, in the 
British Legion ; resided some years in Paris, 
where he wrote "Ecartg;" and removed to 
Canada, and finally to the U.S., where he 
wrote for the press until his death. Also au- 
thor of "Wacousta, or the Prophecv," 1833; 
" War of 1812," 8vo, 1842; " Eight' Years in 
Canada," 8vo, 1847 ; " Matilda Montgomerie," 
8vo, 1851; " Westbrook, or the Outlaw;" 
" Wau-man-gee, or the Massacre of Chicago," 
1852 ; " The Fall of Chicago," 1856; " Cana- 
dian Brothers." He established a newspaper 
in Upper Canada. — AlUbone. 

Richardson, John Peter, gov. of S.C. 
1840-2, b. Hickory Hill, Sumter Dist., S.C, 
Apr. 14, 1801. S.C. CoU. 1810. Grandson 
of Gen. Richard. Member of the State legisl. 
in 1824-36 ; M.C. in 1836-40 ; during the nul- 
lification excitement he was one of the leaders 
of the Union party, and, in the convention 
which passed the ordinance of nullification, 
steadily opposed that measure; in 1850 he was 
one of' the delegates at large from S.C. to the 
Southern convention ; and in 1851 presided 
over the meeting of the Southern-Rights Assoc, 
in Charleston. He opposed the separate seces- 
sion of the State in the State convention at 
Columbia in 1852. 

Richardson, Nathaniel Smith, D.D. 
(Rac. Coll. 1857),Prot.-Ep. clergvman, b.Mid- 
dlebury, Ct., 1810. Y. C. 1834" Author of 
" Pastor's Appeal ; " " Reasons why I am a 
Churchman," 1843; "Hist, of Watertown, 
Ct.," 1845; " Chnrclunan's Reasons," &c., 
1845; "Reasons why I am not a Papist," 
1847; " Evidences of Religion," 1 850 ; "Spon- 
sor's Gift," 1852. Founder and editor Amer. 
Oi. Rei-iew since \8iS. — Allibone. 

Richardson, Gbn. Richard, Revol. pa- 
triot, b. ngarJamestown, Va., 1 704 ; d. near 
Salisbnry,'@C., in Sept. 1781. He was a l.ind- 
surveyoryinVa. ; afterwards a farmer in Cra- 
ven Co./S.C.f and, during the Indian border 
wars, comru rcgt. Member of the council of 
safety at Charleston in 1775; and, for his ser- 
vices in quelling a dangerous loyalist revolt in 
the " back country," received the thanks of the 
Prov. Congress, and was promoted to brig .-gen. 
Member of the legisl. council of 1 776 ; and in 
the Prov. Cong, of S.C. assisted in forming her 
constitution. Lord Comwallis made fruitless 
efforts to gain him over to the royal cause. 
Made prisoner at the capture of Charleston, 
he returned from the prison of St. Augustine 
only to die. His son James B. was gov. of 
S.C. in 1802-4. His eldest son com. Marion's 
right wing at Eutaw, and was wounded. 

Richardson, William A., lawyer and 
politician, b. Fayette Co., Ky. Tra'nsyl. U. 



RIC 



768 



RED 



Studied law, nml <ame to tlic bar at 19 ; State 
attorney in ls.".:>; nn'iiil. r State logisl. 1836, 
'38, and '41: >[.. ,!.,r ..! th.- lioxisc in 1844. 
Having remnv. 4 i.i 111 ,Ih wa, i'ai)t.in Hanlin's 
regt. vols, in iluxiiau war; di.<ting-. in battle 
of Buena Vista, and elected maj. in Feb. 1847. 
M.C. fi-om 111. 1847-55; gov. of Nebraska 
Terr. 1858-60 ; re-elected to Congress in 1860, 
and, on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, suc- 
ceeded bim in the U.S. senate. 

Eichardsou, William Merchant, 
LL.D. (D.C. 1827), jurist, b. Pelham, N.H., 
Jan. 4, 1774; d. Chester, N.H., March 23, 
1838. H.U. 1797. Practised a few yeare at 
Groton, Ms.; was M.C. 1811-14, and removed 
to Portsmouth, N. II. Disting. at the bar, he was 
chief justice of the Supreme Court of N.H. 
1816-38; author of the N.H. Justice and the 
Town-Olliccr. A considerable portion of the 
N.H. Ee[}orts, vols. 1 and 2, was drawn up by 
him ; he furnished nearly all the cases of the 
3d, 4th, and 5th, and he prepared a large share 
of the matter for several volumes more. — See 
Life of, 18mo, Concord, N.H., 1839. 

Riche (re'-sha'), Jean Baptiste, pres. of 
Hayti, Mar. 1846 to his d. Feb. 1847 ; b. Cape 
Hay tien ab. 1 780. He served as a general under 
Cliristophe. 

Riehings, Caroline Mart, vocalist, b. 
Eng. ; came with her parents to the U.S. when 
quite young, and was the adopted dau. of the 
veteran actor, Peter Eichings. First appeared 
as a pianist, Nov. 20, 1847, in Phila. ; and in 
the opera of " The Child of the Regiment," at 
the Walnut-st. Theatre, Feb. 9, 1852. First 
app. as a comedienne. Mar. 21, 1853, at the 
Walnut St., as Stella in the comedy of " The 
Prima Donna," for the benefit of Peter Eich- 
ings. First app. in Italian opera at the Phila. 
Acad. Mar. 7, 1857, as Adalgisa in "Norma." 
A member of the Walnut-st. company in 1857- 
9 ; since then a star ; and now manageress of 
the Riching.s Eng. Opera Troupe. Married Dec. 
25, 1867, to P. Bernard, at Boston. — Brown's 
Amer. Stage. 

Riehings, Peter, actor, b. Kensington, 
Eng., 19 May, 1797; d. Media, Pa., 19 Jan. 
1871. Son of a capt. in the British navy, and 
liberally educated. Made his Amer. debut at 
the Park Theatre, N.Y., 25 Sept. 1821, as 
Henrjf Bertram, and many years a leading 
favorite there. In 1 840 he became stage-man- 
ager of the Chestnut-st. Theatre, Phila. 

Richmond, Charles Gordon Lennox, 
fourth duke of, b. 1764; gov.-gen. of Canada 
from July 29, 1819, to his d. Aug. 28, 1820. 
He had pre^^ousIy been lord-licut. of Ireland. 

Richmond, Dean, political manager, b. 
Barnard, Vt., March 31, 1804; d. N.Y. City, 
Aug. 27, 1 866. He was named after his grand- 
father, Elkanah Dean of Taunton, Ms. His 
educational advantages were few ; but he had 
a retentive memoiy, and was a great reader. 
Early in life, he took an active part in politics, 
and became a Democ. leader, but, while he aided 
in the bestowal of office, would never accept 
office or pulilic honors of any kind. At the 
age of 1 5 he began the manuf. of salt at Saliiia, 
N.Y. ; made money, and in 1842 removed to 
Buffalo, where, cnaging in the produce-business, 
he became quite wealthy. He became a direct- 



or in the Attica and Buffalo I!ai!ro;id, and, on 
the consolidation of the N.Y. Central Roads in 
1853, vice-prcs. of that corporation, and in 
1864 president. 

Richmond, James Cook, an Epis. cler- 
gyman, b. Providence, R.I., 1808; murdered 
at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 20 July, 1866. II.U. 
1828. Author of a "Visit to lona," 1846; 
"A Midsummer Day Dream;" and "Meta- 
comet," canto 1 of an epic poem. He studied 
at Gottingcn and Halle. Ord. deacon at St. 
John's Ch., Providence, R.I., 12 Oct. 1832; 
priest 13 Nov. 1833 ; was a missionary in Me. 
and 111. 1834-5; was rector of churches in 
different cities, and, while settled at Miiwaukie, 
became in 1861 chaplain 2d Wis. Vols. He 
had at various times travelled over a great part 
of Europe. He pub. a pamphlet at Boston 
under the anagram of " Admonish Crime." 

RiekettS, James Brewei; ton. Itc v. m.nj.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. N.Y. City. W • I'.i-i-, is-;;). 
Entering the 1st Art., he bn ; ' ' ^ .-. -j] 
Apr. 1846; served in Mexir.., ; i i;i 

the battles of Monterey and lii ■ n i \ i i i ; I . - 
came capt. 3 Aug. 1852; wa^ eiiLiaiieu aj;aiiist 
the Mexican bandit Coninas in Nov. I.s59; 
placed in com. of the first battery of rifled 
guns when the civil war began, he disting. 
himself in the first battle of Bull Run, where lie 
was severely wounded, taken prisoner, and 
confined 8 months in Richmond. He was 
then exchanged ; made brig.-gcn. of vols., dat- 
ing from the battle of Bull Run ; was placed in 
com. 2d div. 3d army corps in the Army of 
Va.; wss wounded in the second Bull-Run I )at- 
: cor])s 



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July, 1861, for Bull Run; col. 3 June, 1864, 
for Cold Harbor; brig.-gen. for Cedar Creek, 
and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 18G5 ; retired (as a maj.- 
gen.) 3 Jan. 1867. — Cullum. 

Ricord, Mrs. Elizabeth, teacher in 
Genesee, N.Y., 1828-47, and subsequently in 
N.Y. City until her d. 10 Oct. 1865, a. 78. 
Author of " Philosophy of the Mind," 12mo, 
and other publications. 

Riddell, John L., M.D. (Cin. Coll. 1836), 
b. Leyden, Ms., 1807. App. in 1830 a lecturer, 
and s'ince 1836 prof, of chemistry in the La. 
Med. Coll. Author of "Flnra nt ,l,e WeM. rn 
States," 8vo, 1836 ;" Nature oiMii-m and 
Contagion," 8vo, 1836; " Mcim^iaih ,-t ihe 
Silver Dollar," 8vo, 1845; " ( t.nMitutidn 
of Matter," 8vo, 1847; "Epidemic of 1S53," 
and papers in many scientific journals. In- 
ventor of the binocular microscope and mag- 
nifying-glass. — See Geneal. of the Kiddell 
Family. 

Riddle, Georoe Reade, U.S. senator 
1864-7, h. Newcastle, Del., 1817; d. Wash- 
ington, Mar. 30, 1867. Del. Coll. He was 
long engaged in constructing roads and canals, 
the last of which was at Harper's Ferry; was 
adm. to the bar in 1848; dcp. atty.-gen. of 
Newcastle Co. 1848-50; M.C. 1851-5; com- 
miss. of Del. to retrace Mason and Dixon's 
line in 1849; an 1 delegate to the Democ. Nat. 
Conv. of 1844, 1843, and 1856. 



RID 



Ri>r 



Eider, Geokge Thomas, Epis. clergyman, 
b. Coventry, R.I., 1829. Trin. Coll. 1850. 
Author of " Plain Music for the Com. Prayer- 
Book,"1854; " Lyra Anglicana," 1864; "Lyra 
Americana," 1864. Contrib. to Lit. World, 
N.Y. Churchman, &c. — Allibone. 

Eidgely, Charles, phvsii ian, b. Dover, 
Del., Jan. 26, 1738; d. there Nov. 25, 1785. 
Educated at the Phila. Acad. Studied medi- 
cine under Dr. Phineas Bond ; commenced 
practice at Dover in 1758, and continued there 
in successful practice through his life. From 
1765,witli fewintervals, tillthc close of his life, 
he was a member of the lc^i>-l. of Del.; was 
pres. judge in Kent Co. in tlie C.C.P., and of 
Quarter Sessions before the Uevol. ; was a 
member of the State Const. Conv. in 1776; 
and was agnin called to the bench, which he 
occupied as long as he lived. By his first wife 
he had Nicholas, chancellor of Del. ; by his 
second wife he had Henky MoonE, U.S. sena- 
tor 1826-9, M.C. 1811-15, b. 1778, d. 7 Aug. 

1847. — r/iacfcr. 

Ridgely, Charles, of Hampton, gov. 
Md. 1815-18 ; d. July 17, 1829, a. 69. Often 
member of the State legisl. ; a man of large in- 
herited fortune, liberal and hospitable. By 
his will he manumitted his slaves, 300 or 400 
in number. 

Ridgely, Charles G., commo. U.S.N., 
I), Baltimure, July 2, 1784 ; d. Phila. Feb. 4, 

1848. Midshipm. Oct. 19, 1799; was with 
Commo. Preble at the battle of Tripoli, and for 
his gallant conduct in that war received a gold 
medal from Congress; lieut. Feb. 2, 1807; 
master corn. July 24, 1813; capt.Feb.28, 1815. 

Ridgely, Daniel B., commo. U.S.N. ; d. 
Phila. May 5, 1868; b. Ky. Entered the 
navy 1828; commo. 1866. 

Riedesel (ree'-deli-z2I), Baron Fried- 
rich Adolfh, a German gen. in the British 
service, b. Lauterbach, Rhinchesse, June 3, 
1738; d. Brunswick, Jan. 6, 1800. After study- 
ing at the College of Marburg, he became 
ensign of inf. in the English service ; served 
under Prince Ferdinand in the 7-years' war, 
and in 1 760 was eapt. of the Hessian Hussars ; 
made lieut.-col. of the Black Hussars 1762; 
adj. -gen. of the Brunswick army in 1767 ; col. 
of carbineers 1772; and early in 1776, as 
maj.-gen., took com. of the division of 4,000 
Brunswiekers hired by Great Britain to aid in 
the reduction of her revolted American Colo- 
nies. He arrived at Quebec, June 1 ; actively 
aided in the taking of Ticonderoga, July 6 ; 
secured the British victory at Hubbardlon the 
next day by bringing up re-enforcements ; and, 
taking part in the subsequent movements of 
Burgoyne, was made prisoner at Saratoga, 
Oct. 17; was exchanged in the autumn of 
1780; and in Aug. 1783 returned home. 
Made lieut. -gen. March, 1787, he com. the 
Brunswick contingent serving in Holland ; 
retired to Lauterbach in 1793 ; and in 1794 be- 
came com. of Brunswick. His Memoirs, Let- 
ters, and Journals in America, by Max Von 
F.clking, were translated by Wm. L. Stone, 
and pub. 2 vols., 1868. His wife Frederica 
Charlotte Louisa, b. Brandenburg, 1746, 
d. Berlin, 29 Mar. 1808. Dau. of the Prus- 
sian minister Massow ; m. at the age of 16,and 



accomp. her husband in his Amcr. campaign.'!. 
Her son, the Count de Reuss, pub. " Voyage de 
Mission en Am&ique, ou Lettres de ilme. Riede- 
sel," Berlin, 1799, an Eng. translation of which 
was pub. in N.Y. 1827, and a complete edition 
transl. by Wm. L. Stone, 8vo, 1867. 

Riley, Gen. Bennet, b. Baltimore, 1786; 
d. Buffalo, June 9, 1852. Entering the army 
at an early age, he was app. ensign in the Ri- 
fles Jan. 19, 1813; capt. 5th Inf. Aug. 1818; 
m.ij. 4th Inf. 1837; lieut.-col. 2d Inf. Dec. 
1839; col. 1st Inf. Jan. 31, 1850. In Aug. 
1823 he disting. himself in an engagement 
under Col. Leavenworth with the Arickaree In- 
dians ; in the battle of Chakachatta in Fla., 
June 2, 1840, Col. Riley was particularly dis- 
ting. He com. the 2d Inf. under Gen. Scott ; 
and in the Valley of Mexico was the com. of 
the 2d brigade of Twiggs's division ; was dis- 
ting. at Cerro Gordo, for which he was brev. 
brig.-gen., and owed his brev. of maj.-gen. to 
his gallantry at Contreras. In 1849 and '50 
he com. the military dept. of Upper California. 

Riley, Capt. James, noted for his ship- 
wreck and captivity among the wild Arabs on 
the southern coast of Africa, b. Middletown, 
Ct., 1775 ; d. at sea. Mar. 15, 1840. After his 
escape from the Arabs, and the kindness shown 
to him by Mr. Wiltshire atMogadore, Captain 
Riley had, with the exception of a residence 
in Van Wert County (1821-8), Ohio, con- 
stantly traded to that port. Member of the 
Ohio legisl. 1823. He had a strong mind, 
great energy and perseverance, not easily 
dannted by danger, and possessed many excel- 
lent traits of character. His narrative was 
drawn up by Anthony Bleecker, and pub. 1816. 
A sequel, containing Rilev's subsequent career, 
was pub. by his son, W. Wiltshire Riley, 8vo, 
1851. 

Rimmer, William, sculptor, and lecturer 
on art-anatomy, b. Boston, 20 Feb. 1821. Dr. 
R.'s medical education, together with his taste 
for art, led him into the career of lecturer on 
art-anatomy, which he has successfully culti- 
vated in various cities, his present residence 
and studio being in Boston. He delivered the 
first course of lectures on art before the Lowell 
Institute, Boston ; and has lectured in the 
university at Cambridge, and before the Nat. 
Acad, of N.Y. (1870). Director of the School 
of Design in N.Y. 1866-70. He has produced 
statues of "The Falling Gladiator," " Osiris," 
Alex. Hamilton, and a head of" St. Stephen." 
Author of "Elements of Design," 8vo, 1864. 

Rincon, Antoine del, b. Pueblo de los 
Angelos; d. Mexico, 1641. Author of "Arte 
de la Lengua Mexicana," 12mo, Mexico, 1595. 
He was a Jesuit, who devoted his entire life to 
the conversion of the Mexicans. 

Ringgold, Cadwaladeb, rear-admiral 
U.S.N., h. Md. 1802; d. N.Y. City, April 29, 
18G7. Son of Gen. Samuel. Midshipm. Mar. 
4, 1819; liiut. May 17, 1828; com. July 16, 
1849; capt. Apr. 2, 1856; commo. July 16, 
1862 ; rear-adm. Mar. 1867. "While a com., he 
was for a short time in charge of the surveying 
and exploring expedition to the N. Paeilic and 
China seas. At the breaking-out of the Rebel- 
lion he was transferred to the frigate " Sabine;" 
was engaged in blockading the Southern ports, 



RTN" 



770 



and in the various operations of the navy against 
Port Royal and other ports on the Atlantic; 
retired Dec. 1864. Autlior of a scries of 
charts, with sailing-directions, 4to, 1852. 

Ringgold, George Hay, lieut.-col. 
U.S.A., b. Hagerstown, M(l., 1814; d. San 
Francisco, April 4, 1864. West Point, 1833. 
Major and paymaster in the Mexican war, and 
in 1862 became dep. paym.-gen. (rank of lieut.- 
col.). He was a scliolar, an accomplished 
draughtsman, and amateur painter, and pub. 
in 1860 a vol. of poetry entitled " Fountain 
Rock, Amy Weir, and other Metrical Pa,s- 
times." 

Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Hanover, N.H., April 15, 1782; d. 
West Feliciana, La., Mar. 2, 1839. Dartm. Coll. 
1800. Nephew of Prcs. John Wheelock. His 
father Svlvanus, D. J)., prof, of divinity in 
Dartm. Coll. 1782-7, d. Feb. 5, 1787. The 
son practised law on the Kennebec and in Port- 
land, Me., where he went in 181 1 ; was a mem- 
ber of the legisl. of Ms. in 1810-11, speaker in 
1812; was State senator 1812; and was app. 
lieut.-col. 21st Inf ; col. March 12, 1813; and 
was wounded in the attack on York, U. C, 
April 27, 1813 ; was actively engaged on the 
frontier until April 15, 1814, when he was pro- 
moted to the rank of brig.-gen.; was in the 
following July app. to com. the second brigade 
of Gen. Brown's army, taking part in the bat- 
tles of Chippewa and Niagara ; was brev. maj.- 
gen. as a reward for his gallant conduct and 
the severe wounds received in the latter of 
those battles. In the defence of Fort Erie, 
Aug. 15, and the sortie of Sept. 17, in which 
he was shot through the neck, he acted a con- 
spicuous and gallant part, and for his services 
during the campaign was honored by Congress 
with a gold medal inscribed " Niagara, Chip- 
pewa, Erie." Gen. Ripley resigned Feb. 
■ ■ law in La. ; 



he Stutesen 



ctised 
mate ; 
July 



of 
id M.C. in 1835-9. He pub. 



Ripley, Ezra, D.D. (H.U. 1816), a Uni- 
taiian minister, b. Woodstock, Ct., May 1, 
1751 ; d. Concord, Ms., Sept. 21, 1841. H.U. 
1776. He spent some time in teaching ; oiBci- 
ated a short time as a chaplain in the army ; 
and Nov. 11, 1778, was ord. pastor of one of 
the largest congregations of Ms., located in 
Concord, preaching for the last time. May 1, 
1841, his ninetieth birth-day. He puli. several 
oecas. sermons, and " A History of the Fight 
at Concord," 1827. 

Ripley, George, critic, and man of let- 
ters, b. Greenfield, Ms., Oct. 3, 1802. H.U. 
1823; Camb. Divinitv School, 1826. Tastor 
of the 13th Cong. (Unit.) Church, Boston, 8 
Nov. 1826-28 Mar. 1841. Prominent in the 
socialist experiment at Brook Farm (Roxburv, 
Ms.) in 1844-6, and in 1847 removed to N.Y. 
City. Associate editor, with R. W. Emerson 
and Margaret Fuller, of the Dial, 1840-1 ; 
editor of the Harbiniji^ (a Fourierite organ) 
1844-8; and since 1840 lit. editor of the iV. T. 
Tribune. Assoc, editor with C. A. Dana of 
Appleton's New American Cyclopedia (1857- 
62). Author of Discourses on the Philos. of 
Religion, 8vo, 1836; Letters to Andrews Nor- 
ton on " The Latest Form of Infidelity," 1840. 



Edited " Specimens of Foreign Standard Lite- 
rature," 1838-42, 14 vols. ; with Bayard Taylor, 
" Hand-Book of Literature and the Fine Arts," 
1852 and 1857. 

Ripley, Hesrt Jones, D.D. (U. of Ala. 
1844, H.U. 1845), clergyman, b. Boston, Ms., 
June 28, 1798. H.U. 1816 ; And. Sem. 1819. 
He was ord. in Boston in 1819 ; and for 7 years 
(excepting one spent in Eastport) was pastor of 
the North Newport Baptist Church in Liberty 
Co., Ga. In Sept. 1826 he was app. prof, of 
bibl. lit. in the Newton Theol. Inst., Ms.; be- 
came, seven years after, prof, of bibl. lit. and 
interpretation ; and, later still, prof of sacred 
rhetoric and pastoral duties. He resigned in 
IS60, but still resides at Newton Centre. Be- 
sides sermons, tracts, and numerous articles in 
reviews, magazines, &c., he has pub. "Memoir 
of Rev. Thomas S. Winn," Boston, 1824 ; 
" Christian Baptism," 1833 ; " Notes on the 
Four Gospels," 2 vols. 1837-8 ; " Notes on the 
Acts of the Apostles," 1 844 ; " Sacred Rhetoric, 
or Composition and Delivery of Sermons," 
1849; " Notes on the Epistle to the Romans," 
1857; "Notes on Hebrews," 1868; "Church 
Polity," 1867; " Exclusiveness of the Bap- 

Ripley, James W., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Windham, Ct., 10 Dec. 1794; d. Hartford, 
Ct, 16 Mar. 1870. West Point, 1814. Enter- 
ing the art., he became capt. 1 Aug. 1825 ; 
capt. of ordnance 30 May, 1832 ; maj. 7 July, 
1838 ; brev. lieut.-col. for merit, conduct in the 
Mex. war 30 May, 1848; lieut.-col. 31 Dec. 
1854 ; brig.-gen. and chief of ordnance dept. 3 
Aug. 1861 ; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865; re- 
tired 15 Sept. 1863. He served under Jackson 
in the Seminole war of 1817-18; in 1823 was 
a commiss. for running the boundary-line of 
the Fla. Indian Reservation ; was two years 
chief of ordnance of the Pacific Dept. ; supt. 
of the Springfield Armory in 1841-54; and 
member of the ordnance board from 29 June, 
1847. 

Ripley, Roswell Sabin, brig.-gen. 
C.S.A., b. Ohio ab. 1823 ; d. Charlc c ton, Sre., ^ '■•-' 
Aug. 1863. West Point, 1843. Nephew of -/.,,j:, , 
Gen. J. W. Ripley. Entering the 3d Art., he 
became 1st lieut. 2d Art. Mar. 3, 1847 ; was 
aide-de-camp to Gen. Pillow in 1847-8 ; brev. f 

capt. for gallantry at Ceno Gordo, and major 
for gallantry at Chapultepec; resigned Mar. 2, 
1853, and took up his residence in Charleston, 
B.C., wliere he had married. Before the civil 
war, he had actively engaged in the military 
service of SC. ; took a prominent part in the 
siege of Fort Sumter, became a brig.-gen., and 
was wounded at the battle of Antietam. Au- 
thor of " The War with Mexico," 2 vols. 
N.Y. 1849. 

Ritchie, Anna Cora. — See Mowatt. 

Ritchie, Robert, conimo. U S.N., b. Pa. 
18u0; d. Pliila. 6 July, 1870. Midshipman 1 
Feb. 1814; lieut. 13 Jan. 1825 ; com. 8 Sept. 
1841; capt. 14 Sept. 1855; commo. (retired 
list) 1867. He com. the steam-sloop " Sara- 
nac." 1861-Mar. 1862. 

Ritchie, Thomas, journalist, b. Tappa- 
hannock, Va., Nov. 5, 1778; d. Richmond, 
July 12, 1854. His father, a native of Scot- 
land, and a merchant, died when Thomas was 



Rrr 



Rrv 



6 years old. In adilitioa to his academical 
studies, he devoted some time to medicine ; 
commenced school-keeping at the age of 21 in 
Fredericksburg; removed to Richmond in 
1803 ; and in 1804 became editor of a Demo- 
cratic newspaper, subsequently called the Rich- 
mond Enquirer. Of this paper he was the editor 
and proprietor forty years, exercising an influ- 
ence, which, considering its duration, was un- 
equalled by that of any other publication in the 
Union. In 184."> he relinquished the Enquirer 
to his two sons, having consented, at the soli- 
citation of Pres. Polk, to assume the editorial 
control of the organ of his administration, — 
a new paper called the Union, from which he 
retired in 1849. Thomas, his son, editor of 
tlie Enquirer, d. May 21, 1854. 

Ritner, Joseph, gov. of Pa. 18.35-9, b. 
1779 ; d. Carlisle, Pa., 16 Oct. 1860. He served 
in the Pa. legisl. in 1820-7 ; was the unsuc- 
cessful candidate of the anti-Masons for gov. 
in 1829 ; was an efficient promoter of common 
schools, and a disting. opponent of slavery. 

Rittenhouse, David, LL.D. (U. of Pa. 
1782), F.li.S. (1795), mathematician and as- 
tronomer, b. near Germantown, Pa., Apr. 8, 
1732; d. Phila. June 26, 1796. His great- 
grandfather, a Hollander, established at Ger- 
mantown ab. 1690 the first paper-mill in Amor. 
While working on his father's farm at Norriton, 
he came into possession of the tools and mathe- 
matical books of a deceased nncle, and thor- 
oughly mastered Newton's " Priniipia." Before 
he was 19, he discovered the method of fluxions, 
and for some time supposed it was original with 
himself. He made a clock before he was 17 
without instruction, and in 1751 applied him- 
self to that art, which he followed for some 
years, attracting public attention by his skill 
and knowledge. At 23 he planned and exe- 
cuted an orrery, which was purchased by 
Princeton Coll. A second and larger one was 
afterward constructed by him for the U. of Pa. 
In 1763 he was employed to determine the 
initial and most difficult portion of the boun- 
dary-line since known as Mason and Dixon's, 
which he did accurately with instruments of his 
own construction. He afterward fi.xed the 
boundaries between N.Y., N. J., and Pa., and 
several other States. App. by the Amer. 
Pliilos. Society to observe the transit of Venus, 
June 3, 1709, he was completely successful; 
though, at the moment of apparent contact, his 
emotion was so great, that he fainted. His 
account was pub. in the " Trans.ictions " of 
the society. In 1770 he removed to Phila., 
where he continued his clock and mathematical- 
instrument making with high reputation. In 
1777-89 he was treasurer of Pa.; succeeded 
Franklin as pres. of the Philos. Soc. in 1791; 
was director of the U.S. mint in 1792-5 ; mem- 
berof the Acad, of Arts and Sciences at Boston. 
A nnraber of his pieces are to be found in the 
first four vols, of the " Trans." of the Philos. 
Soc. ; and an " Address " delivered before this 
body in 1775, upon the history of astronomy, 
was pub. by him. A Life of Rittenhouse was 
pub. in 1813 by his relative William Barton; 
and another, by Prof. James Renwick, is in 
Sparks's "Amer. Biog." 
Ritter, Abraham, of Phila. ; d. 1860, a. 



63. Author of " Hist, of Moravian Church in 
Phila. 1742-1757," 8vo, 1857; "Philadelphia 
and her Merchants," &c., 8vo, 1860. Alli- 

Rivera (re-va'-ra), Jose Frcothoso, a S. 
Amer. general and a Guacho, pres. of the Re- 
pub, of Uruguay 1830-4; b. ab. 1790; d. 
1854. 

Rivers, William James, educator, b. 
Charleston, S.C., 1822. S.C. Coll. 1841, of 
which in 1856 he was cMosen prof, of Greek lit., 
having for a number of years previous conduct- 
ed a largo private school. Author of a " Sketch 
of the History of S.C. to the Close of the 
Proprietary Govt.," 1856 ; " Catecliisin of the 
Hist, of S.C," 1850; and of a number of con- 
tributions to the periodical press of S.C. He 
has much local reputation as a poet. — Appie- 



JoiIN C, editor Congressional Globe, 
b. Ky. ab. 1796; d. Georgetown, D.C., April 
10, 1864. Removed to Washington in 1824. 
He was a self-made man, and during the early 
part of Jackson's administration, with Frank 
Blair, sen., founded the Globe. He was never 
a partisan, and was generous in the extreme. 

Rives, William Cabell, statesman, b. 
Nelson Co., Va., May 4, 1793; d. near Char- 
lottesville, Va., April 26, 1868. Grandson of 
Col. Wm. Cabell. Educated at Hanip. Sid. 
and Wm. and Mary Colls. Studied law and 
politics under the direction of Thos. Jetierson ; 
was aide-de-camp in 1814-15 with a body of 
militia called out for the defence of Va. ;" was 
in 1816 a member of the State Const. Conv. ; 
member of the legisl. in 1817-19 and 1822; 
M.C. in 1823-9; in 1829-32 minister to 
France; U.S. senator 1832-45; again minister 
to France in 1849-53; member of the peace 
conf. in Feb. 1861. After the secession of Va., 
Mr. Rives became a member of the Provis. 
Confed. Congress at Montgomery. Author of 
" Life and Times of James Madison," Boston, 
1859-69, 3 vols. 8vo ; on " Agriculture," 1842 ; 
" Life of John Hampden," 8vo, 1845 ; " Ethics 
of Christianity," 8vo, 1855; and "Discourse 
on the Uses and Importance of History." 
Mrs. Wm. C. Rives, b. Castle Hill, Albemarle 
Co., Va., 1802, is the author of " The Canary- 
Bird," 1835-6 ; " Residence in Europe," 1842 ; 
" Epitome of the Bible," 1846-7 ; " Home and 
the World," 1857. 

Rivington, James, royalist printer and 
bookseller of New York during the Revol., b. 
Lond. ab. 1724; d. N.Y. July, 1802. As a 
bookseller in Lond., he acquired some property, 
but lost it at Newmarket. In 1760 he came 

Amer., op 
established I 

publi; 
Gazetteer. " His ever open and uninfluenced 
press" advocated the cause of the English 
govt, with great zeal, and severely attacked the 
patriots. In May, 1775, he seems to have been 
placed in confinement by order of Congress, 
to which body he addressed a remonstrance, in 
which he solemnly declares, "that, however 
wrong and mistaken he may have been in his 
opinions, he has always meant honestly and 
openly to do his dnty as a servant of the public." 
Nov. 1775, in consequence of 1 ' 



Amer., opened a shop in Phila., but in 1761 
iblished himself in New York, where, April 
1773, he began to publish the New-\ork 



RO-A. 



772 



tacks npon the patriots, Capt. Isaac Sears, 
with a troop of horse, destroyed his press and 
other apparatus, and, carryiug off the types, 
converted them into bullets. Rivington then 
went to Eng. ; was app. king's printer in N.Y. ; 
returned with a new press after the city had 
fallen into the hands of the British ; and, in 
Oct. 1777, resumed the publication of his pa- 
per, the title of which he soon changed to 
liivinqton's N. Y. Loi/nl Gazette, and, on Dec. 
13, to the Roi/al Gazette. In 1781, when British 
success looked very doubtful, he turned spy, 
furiiisliin.' W'n^liiiv.'ton with important infor- 
niaiiiiii ; 111(1 Mh II New York was evacuated, 
Riiiii .'I' I !! I ill the city. He changed 
the I.;. -,.'. ,.., u.Rivimton's N.Y. Gazette 
and t,.i;-,.^,Ii A'l iiliser. His business, how- 
ever, decliacd; his paper was stopped in 1783 ; 
and he passed the rest of his life in compara- 
tive poverty. He possessed much talent, fine 
manners, and was well informed. His was the 
most influential royalist journal of the times. 

Roane, Spencer, jurist, b. Essex, Va., 
April 4, 1762; d. Sept. 4, 1822. He studied 
law with Chancellor Wythe and in Phila. ; was 
successively a mpmber of the assembly, of the 
council, and of the senate ; was app. a judge 
of the Gen. Court in 1789, and in 1794 a judge 
of the Court of Errors. In 1819 he was oneof 
the commiss. for locating the University of Va. 
His wife was a dau. of Patrick Henry. He was 
a Jeffersonian Republican, and in several essays 
in the Richmond Enquirer, signed "Algernon 
Sidney," asserted the supremacy of the State 
in a question of conflicting authority between 
Va. and the U.S. 

Roane, John SELi>EN,gov. of Ark. 1848- 
52, and a brig.-gen. C.S.A.; d. Pine Blufl", 
Ark., April 8, 1857. Lient.-col. of Yell's Ark. 
cavalry in the Mexican war ; disting. at the 
battle of Buena Vista ; and com. the rcgt. after 
Yell was killed ; made col. Feb. 28, 1847. 

Robbins, Ammi Ruham.\h, minister of 
Norfolk, Ct., from 1761 to his d.Oct. 30, 1813; 
b. Branford, Sept. 1740. Y. C. 1760. Son of 
Rev. Philemon. Chaplain in the army in 
Canada in 1776. He pub. a half-century ser- 
mon 1811. 

Robbins, Ashur, LL.D. (B.U. 18.35), 
lawver and statesman, b. Wcthersfiekl, Ct., 
17.57; d. Newport, R.I., Feb. 25, 1845. Y. C. 
178-2. Tutor in R. I. Coll. (now Brown U.) 
1783-90; then studied law in Newport, where 
he estab. himself in practice, and continued to 
reside, attaining a high rank in his profession. 
U.S. dist.-attv. in 1812; member State legisl. 
1818-25; and" U.S. senator 1825-39. Author 
of Oration, July 4, 1827; addresses and 
speeches. 

Robbing, Chandler, D.D. (H. U. 1855), 
b. Lynn, Ms., 14 Feb. 1810. H. U. 1829. 
Pastor of the Second (Unit.) Church, Boston, 
since 4 Dec. 1833. Author of " Dedication 
Sermon at Boston," 1845; "History of the 
Second Church, and of the New Brick Church," 
8vo, 1 852 ; " Liturgy for a Christian Church," 
1854; "Hymn-Book," 1854; Memoir of Ma- 
ria Elizabeth Clapp, 1858 ; of William Ap- 
pleton, 1863; also sermons. Co-editor with 
Geo. Livermore of vols. i. and ii. Proceed. Ms. 
Hist. Soc. ; and co-editor Cat. of Lib. of Ms. 



Hist. Soc, 2 vols. 8vo. Contrib. to Oirist. 
Exam., Knickerbocker, &c. — Allilione. 

Robbins, Royal, D.D., Cong, pastor, 
Kensington Parish, Berlin, Ct., b. Wethers- 
field, Ct., Oct. 21, 1788; d. Beriin, Ct., March 
26, 1861. Y. C. 1806. Ord. June 26, 1812; 
dism. June 26, 18.59. Author of " Outlines of 
History," 8vo, 1839; An Account of American 
Literature, in Chambers's Hist, of English Lit- 
erature ; " World Displayed ; " Memoir of J. 
G. C. Brainerd, prefixed to an edition of his 
poems, and of Jas. G. Percival in " Selections 
of American Poetry." — OIj. Rec. Yale, 18G1. 

Robbins, Thomas, D.D. (H. U. 1838), 
clergyman and antiquary, b. Norfolk, Ct., Aug. 
11, 1777; d. Colebrook, Ct., Sept. 13,1856. 
Y. C. 1796. He was pastor of the church in 
East Windsor, Ct., in 1809-27 ; at Stamford in 
1830; and in 1832-42 at Rochester, Ms.; he 
afterwards resided in Hartford. In 1844 he be- 
came librarian of the Ct. Hist. Society, of 
which he was a founder, to whom he donated 
his valuable library. In 1811 he wrote a series 
of papers for the Ct. Evangelical Mag. on the 
divmes and statesmen of our early history, 
which were, in 1815, coll. and pub. as "First 
Planters of New England." He also pub. 
Century Sermon, Danburv, Jan. 1, 1801; 
"View of all Religions," 8vo, 1824; Tytler's 
Elements of Gen. History, revised and confin. 
to 1815, 12mo, 1820. Member of several hist, 
and antiquarian societies. — xV. E. U. and Gen. 
Req., xi. 94. 

Roberdeau, Gen. Daniel, Revol. officer, 
b. Isle of France, 1727; d. Winchester, Va., 
Jan. 5, 1795. Of Huguenot ancestry. He first 
settled in Pa., where he built a fort at Wyo- 
ming at his own expense, which was destroyed 
by the Indians. He was a lumber-merchant; 
had a good education ; and was a great public 
favorite in Phila., where he long resided. An 
active patriot, he was col. of a regt., and mem- 
ber of Congress 1777-9. — Lojial Poetry of Rev. 

Roberdeau, Isaac, col. U. S. topog. 
engs. ; d. Georgetown, D.C., Jan. 15, 1829, 
a. 65. 

Roberts, Anna S., b. Phila. 1827; d. 
1 858. Dau. of Randall H. Rickey ; in 1852 m. 
Solomon W. Roberts, an eminent civil engi- 
neer. In 1851 she pub. a vol. of poems, " For- 
est-Flowers of the West ;" contrib. of poetry 
to the Columbian and Great IVest 1850-1. — 
See Poets and Poetn/ of the West. 

Roberts, Gen. Benjamin Stone, b. 
Manchester, Vt., 1811. West Point, 1835. 
Entering the 1st Dragoons, he became 1st lieut. 
in 1837, but resigned 28 Jan. 1839; became 
principal engr. on the Champbiiu and Ogdens- 
burg Railroad ; and in 1841 assist, geologist of 
the State of N.Y. In 1842 he visited Russia 
to assist Col. Whistler in the construction of 
railroads there. Returning to the U.S. he was 
adni. to the bar, and settled in its practice in 
Iowa in 1843-6. He re-entered the army 27 
May, 1846, as 1st lieut. mounted rifles; became 
capt. 16 Feb. 1847 ; brev. major for gallantry at 
Chapultepec, where he com. a sforming-party ; 
served under Gen. Lane against the guerillas ; 
and was brev. lieut.-col. for his conduct at 
Matamorns and the Pass of Gualajara ; maj. 
3d Cav. May 13, 1861. When the civil war 



773 



ROB 



began, he was with his rcgt. in N. Mexico, and 
was assigned by Col. Caiiby to com. the south- 
ern dist. He defended Fort Craig against the 
Texan forces under Siblev; was brev. col. 21 
Feb. 1862 for Valverde ; and June 1, 1862, was 
ordered to Washington with the trophies and 
reports of the campaign ; July 16 he was 
made brig.-gen., and assigned to Gen. Pope's 
Army of Va. as chief of cavalry; acting insp.- 
gen., dept. of the North-west, Sept.-Nov. 1862 ; 
com. 1st. div. 19th corps in La. June-July, 
1864 ; chief of cavalry, dept. of the Gulf, Oct. 
1864 to 24 Jan. I86.i ; and com. in West 
Tenn Fcb.-July, 1865 ; lieut.-col. 3d Cav.,and 
retired July 28, 1866 ; brev. brig.-gen. Mar. 
13, '65, for" Cedar Mountain, Va. — CuUum. 

BobertS, Col. Geokge Washington, b. 
Chester Co., Pa., Oct. 2, 1833 ; killed at Stone 
River, Dec. 31, 1862. Y.C. 1857. He prac- 
tised law in his native county and in Chicago 
after I March, 1860. July 22, 1861, he was 
made maj. 42d 111. Vols., lieut.-col. in Sept., 
and col. at the death of Col. Webb. He espe- 
cially disting. himself by spiking a number of 
guns at Island No. 10. An upper battery of 
the enemy prevented all boats from passing. 
Selecting a dark and stormy night, he, with 40 
men in small boats, bravely accomplished this 
daring exploit. Also disting. at the battle of 
Farmington, at the siege of Corinth; com. a 
brigade of the Army of the Mpi. in the cam- 
paign of 1862 ; and in the battle of Stone Riv- 
er, with his brigade, kept at bay two divisions 
of theenemy. While heading a successful bay- 
onet charge of the 42d, he was killed. — Y.C. 
Obit. Record. 

Iloberts, Robeet Richford, D.D., a 
Methodist bishop, b. Frederick Co., Md., Aug. 
2,1776; d.Lawrence Co., Ind., March 26,1843. 
With only the rudiments of a common educa- 
tion, he was licensed to preach in 1800, and 
soon manifested extraordinary abilities. In 
1807 he was app. to the Light-st. Church, Bal- 
timore ; was stationed at Georgetown in 1812, 
at Phiia. in 1813 ; was in 1815 pres. elder of 
Schuylkill Dist., which then included Phila. 
and its vicinity ; in 1816 was elected pres. of 
the Phila. conf. ; and in the following May he 
was elected bishop. His Life, abouudini; in in- 
teresting anecdotes, was written by Rev. C. 
Elliot. 

Roberts, William, pub. an Account of 
the Discovery and Natural History of Florida, 
4to, 1763. 

Robertson, Alexandek, painter, sec. of 
the Acad, of Fine Arts ; d. New York, May 27, 
1841, a. 69. 

Robertson, Anthony L., jurist, b. N.Y. 
City, June, 1808 ; d. Dec. 18, 1868. Col. Coll. 
1825. He practised law; became assist, vice- 
chancellor 5th dist. in 1846; was afterward 
surrogate of the county of N.Y. ; became judge 
of theSuperiorCourt in 1859, and chief justice 
in 1865. 

Robertson, George, LL.D., jurist, b. 
Mercer Co., Ky., Nov. 18, 1790 ; d. Jan. 1871. 
Alexander his father settled near Gordon's 
Station, Ky, in 1779; was sheriff of Mercer 
Co.; d. 1802. George studied at Transylv. 
Coll. and at Finley's Classical School, Lan- 
caster; began to practise law in 1809; M.C. 



1817-21 ; member of the State legisl. 1822-7; 
speaker 1823 and 1825-7; sec. of state in 
1828; judge of the Court of Appeals 1828; 
chief justice of Ky. 1829-43 ; prof, of law in 
Transylv. Coll. 2.3 years. He declined the 
governorship of Ark. and the missions to Co- 
lombia and Peru. Many of his speeches, ad- 
dresses, and other writings, have been pub. in 
" The Scrnp-Book," 8vo, 1856. He also pub. 
"Biog. Sketch of Hon. John Boyle," 8vo, 
1838. 

Robertson, James, lieut.-gcn. British 
army, b. Fileshire, Scotland ; d. Eng. 4 Mar. 
1788. App. maj. 1st batt. of the 60th Rcgt. 
Dec. 1755; dcp. quarterm.-gon. under Gen. 
Abcrcrombie, May, 1758, and present at Louis- 
burg ; lieut.-col. 8 July, 1758; accomp. Am- 
herst to Lakes George and Champlain in 1 759 ; 
app. to the 55th Regt.; took part in the exped. 
against Martinico in 1^762; exchanged into 
the I6th Regt. in 1763, 'and was stationed in 
N.Y. until tlie Revol. broke out; col. in 1772; 
Old. to Boston in July, 1775; app. maj.-gen. 
in Amer. 1 Jan. 1776;" col. comg. 60th 'Regt. 
11 Jan. 1776; maj.-gen. 29 Aug. 1777 ; col. 
16th Regt. 14 May, 1778; lieutf-gen. 20 Nov. 
1782. At the evacuation of Boston, he not 
only shared in the plunder of the place, but 
connived at that of others. He com. the 6ih 
brigade of Howe's army at the battle of Long 
Island; returned to Eng. in Feb. 1777; was 
commissioned gov. of New York 14 May, 1779; 
sworn in 23 Mar. 1780; and returned to Eng. 
15 Apr. 1783. While the fate of Andre' was 
pending, he was despatched by Clinton to Gen. 
Greene with the object of procuring his ex- 
change or release, but without result. 

Robertson, Gen. James, b. Brunswick 
Co., Va., June 28, 1742; d. Chickasaw Agen- 
cy, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1814. He was one of the 
early pioneers to "Tenn., having emig. to Wa- 
tauga in 1769; and was the founder of the 
Cumberland settleracn ts. In 1 790 he was app. 
brig.-gen. and com. of the Tenn. militia. Dur- 
ing the latter part of his life, he was U.S. agent 
at the Chickasaw Nation. — See Hist, of Hid. 
Tenn., or Life and Times of Gen. Jas. Robertson, 
hi/ A. W. Putnam, pres. Tenn. Hist. Soc., 8vo, 
1859. 

Robertson, Thomas Bolling, gov. of 
La. in 1820-2, b. Richmond, Va., 1778; d. 
White Sulphur Springs, Va., Oct. 5, 1828. 
Wm. and Mary Coll. 1807. He was US. dist. 
judge of La., and the first M.C. elected in that 
State 1812-18. 

Robertson, William, D.D., historian, 
b. Borthwick, Scotland, 19 Sept. 1721 ; d. 
Edinburgh, 11 June, 1793. Studied theol. at 
Edinb. ; held various livings; became chaplain 
of Stirling Castle in 1759; principal of the 
U. of Edinb. in 1762; and roy. historiographer 
of Scotland in 1764. Author of " History of 
Scotland," 1759; "History of Charles V.," 
1769; " History of America," 2 vols. 4to, 
1777 ; " Hist. Disquis. concerning the Knowl- 
edge which the Ancients had of India," 1791. 
He is generally accurate and impartial in the 
narration of events, and judicious in his esti- 
mate of character. 

Roberval, Jean FBANgois de la Roque, 
Sieurde, a nobleman of Picardy, and the lirat 



774 



to attempt to colonize New 
tier; d. 1547. He was a di „ 
had obtaiued the king's consent to govern and 
colonize Canada. He set out in 1542, and win- 
tered at St.idacona (Quebec). He led an un- 
successful exped. into the interior of the coun- 
try, losing 58 men at Quebec, and one ship, 
which was sunk. Instead of sending succor to 
him, the king ordered Cartier to bring hun 
home, as his valuable services were required in 
Picardy, where the war then existed. He pei^ 
formed 'several gallant exploits, but in 1647 
sailed a second time for Canada with a large 
and valuable exped., but was wrecked on the 
passage, and all perished. 

Robeson, George Maxwell, sec. U.h. 
naTy;api. 25 June, 1869; b. N.J. 1824. N.J. 
Coll. 1847. Atty.-gen. N.J. 1866-9. 

Robie, Thomas, M.D., b. Boston, 20 Mar. 
1689; d. 28 Aug. 1729. H.U.1708; tutor there 
1714-23, and libraiian. He pub. " TheKnowl- 



France after Car- 1816; tutor there 1817. Married a dan. ol 
stinsr. soldier, and Kirkland the missionary, who died in IS 



Continuing his studies at Clii 



he 
Andoverto pub. the first 6 books of the 
" iliad," which he had edited ; studied Hebrew ; 
assisted Prof. Stuart in his literary labors ; and 
was app. an assist, instructor there. From 1 826 to 
1830 he travelled and studied in Europe, wlmie 
he married Therese, dau. of Prof. Jakob ol Halle. 
He was prof, extraordinary of sacred literature, 
and librarian at Andovev in 1830-3; and from 
1837 till his death was prof, of bibl. lit. in the 
Un. Theol. Sem. in N.V. City. In 1838 he 
visited Palestine, of which he, with Rev. EIi 
Smith, made a minute and careful survey. His 
"Biblical Reseaiehes in Palestine " were pub. 
in Halle, Lond., and Boston, in 1841. The re- 
sults of a second visit in 1852 were pub. in 1856, 
with a revision of his previous researches. Dur- 
ing the latter part of his life, he was engaged 
upon a physical and historical geography of the 
Holy Land. He visited Germany in the sum- 



■^^^^'Z ^'^Z!^S^::: mer'of 1862 ..rsur^cal treatment of h. ey 



1720-4. Conirib. to mags. 



Son. of Wn 



Dston. At first a preacher, afterward a phy- an act. 
•mn. . graph'cal. 

His other 



being threatened with loss of sight. He was 

id efficient member of the geo- 

iental, and ethnological societies. 

a translation of " Butt- 



?^^mm:^:^§^s^mBi 



Rochai 

war 

America in 1781," &e., 8vo, , 

'• Voyages dans I'lnte'rieur de la Louisiane, &c., 

Paris, 3 vols. 8vo, 1807. 

Robinson, Col. Beverley, loyalist, b. Va. 
1723; d.Thornbnry, Eng., 1792. Son of John, 
pres. of the council of Va. in 1734, and after- 
wards speaker of the house of burgesses. Was 
a major under Wolfe at the storming of Que- 
bec in 1759, and became very wealthy by his 
marriage with the dau. of Frederick Phillipse, 
the owner of an immense landed estate on the 
Hudson. Though ojjposed to the measures 
which led to the separation of the Colonies 
from the mother-country, he took sides with the 
loyalists when independence was declared. He 
removed to N. York, and raised the Loyal 
American Regt., of which he was col. He was 
concerned in the treason of Arnold ; and his 
country-mansion was the headquarters of the 18bb 
latter while arranging his nefarious project. 
At the conclusion of the war, he went to Eng- 
with a portion of his family. His son BEyEK- 
LEY (Col. Coll. 1773, and a lieut.-col. British 
army) settled near St. John, N.B., was a 
member of the council, and d. New York m 



lament," 18.36 and 1850; "The Har 
the Four Gosjjels," in Greek, 1845, and in Eng- 
lish 1846. From 1831 to 1834 he edited the 
Biblical Rffu.,i.„./. which, Nvl.-n united with 
the "Bibl,'>iln.„ .<„■:„:• he .MaM.slied and 
editedone v,ai luX. V,.rk. 11. ■ has aL,o edited 
Calmet's "'iSililira! l)i> t, ' aii.lu iianslation of 
Gesenius's " Hebrew Lexicon." In 1859 he 
pub. a Memoir of his father. Rev. \\ m. Robm- 
son with some account of his ancestors. — See 
his Life hi/ il. B. Smith, D.D., and R. D. Hitch- 
coclc,'D.IJ.,V2mo.\863. 

Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman,D.D., prof. 
Rochester Theol. Sem., b Attleboro', Ms., 1815. 
B.U. 1838. Editor Christ. Review 1859-64. 
Translator of Neander's " History of tlie Plant- 
ing of the Church," 8vo, 1865 ; he pub. Address 
on the Relation of the Church and the Bible, 
Allibone. , V ,r , 

Robinson, Fayette, author, b. Va. ; d. 
New York, March 26, 1859, from poison. Au- 
thor of " Mexico and her Military Chieftains," 
Phila. 1847; "Organization of the U.S. Ar- 
mv" 2 vols. 1848; and "California and its 
Gold Regions," N.Y. 1849; " Spanish Gram- 

This..miiywasone;i^h^i;;.e;rh;;e^s -^;;; wj^^^^^.s^/^'s-^: 



1816. i ms lamuy was one U1.U....S.O. ...... — ' ^^3 TranslatedBrillat Savarin's" Phyi 

of Discoveries in the West," &c., 8vo, 1848 ; 
" Views of the Constitution of Va.," 8vo, 1850 ; 
" Practice in English and U.S. Cts.," 4 vo s. 
8vo, 1860. One of the revisers of the Va. code, 
1849, and a contrib. to Anier. Jurist, Law Mag., 
and So. Lit. Messenger. — Allibone. 

Robinson, Edward, D.D. (D.C. 1831, 
U. of Halle 1842), LL.D. (Y.C. 1844), bibli- 
cal scholar, b. Southington, Ct., Apr. 10, 
1794; d. New York, Jan. 27, 1863. Ham. Coll. 



was attached to his father's (Loyal American) 
reo-t., and in Feb. 1777 received a commission 
as°ensign, being then but 14 years of age. At 
the capture of Stony Point, he was wounded 
and taken prisoner; was subsequently ex- 
changed; left the U.S.; served in the W.Indies, 
Spain, and lastly in Canada, passing through 
all the gradations of rank. He com. a brigade 
at the battle of Vittoria ; at the siege of St. 
Sebastian, where he was wounded; and at the 



775 



passage of the Nive. At the termination of the 
Peninsular war he went to Canada as com. 
in chief of the forces ; in the war of 1812-:o 
he had the com. of two bi-igades intended for 
the attack of the works at Plattsburg on Lake 
Champhiin, Sept. 1814; andfroin July 1, 1815, 
until 1816, was gov. of Upper Canada ; in 1815 
he received the order of knighthood, and in 
1838 was advanced to that of the grand cross ; 
he attained the full rank of gen. in 1841. 

Kobinson, Hor.vtio N., LL.D., author 
of mathematical text-books, b. Hartwick, N.Y., 
Jan. 1, 1806 ; d. Eibridge, N.Y., Jan. 19, 1867. 
He had an ordinary education, but at the age 
of 16 made the calculations for an almanac, 
which attracted the attention of a wealthy 
gentleman in the vicinity, who sent him to 
N. J. Coll. App. a prof, of mathematics in the 
navy at 19, he filled that post for 10 years ac- 
ceptably. He took charge of an acad. at Ca- 
nandaigua in 1835, and afterward of one at 
Genesee. Impaired health led him to remove 
in 1844 to Cincinnati, where he produced his 
" University Algebra," — a work of much ori- 
ginality, the great success of which encouraged 
him to prepare several other works. He re- 
moved to Syracuse, N.Y., in 1850, and in 
1854 to Eibridge. Some of the best practical 
talent of the country was employed to assist 
him in comjjleting his series by adding a full 
course of elementary text-books, numbering 22. 
The merit of these text-books is attested by 
their very large and increasing circulation, and 
the testimony of the best educators of the 
country. His latest work, " Differential and 
Integral Calculus," 1861, was in 1868 edited 
by I. F. Quinby. — .4///A<ine. 

Robinson, Ges. James S., b. near Mans- 
field, 0., Oct. 14, 1828. Entering the 4th Ohio, 
he partiiipatcd in the Rich-Mountain cara- 
I)aign, June, 1861 ; maj. 82d O. Oct. 26, 1861 ; 
lieut.-col. Apr. 1862 ; served in the Shenan- 
doah under Fremont; at the second Bull Run ; 
col. Aug. 29, 1862; in the Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg (where he was severely wounded), 
Atlanta, and Ga. campaigns ; com. 3d brigade, 
1st div. 20th corps, from May 1, 1864; and 
in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, New-hope 
Church, Peach-tree Creek, Averyborough, and 
Bentoni-ille ; brev. brig.-gen. Dec. 12, 1864; 
brig.-gen. Jan. 12, 1865; brev. maj.-gen. Mar. 
13, lS65.—Reid's Ohio in the War. 

Robinson, Johk, an English dissenting 
clergyman, b. 1575; d. Leyden, March 1, 1625. 
Educated at Cambridge, and for a time held a 
benefice near Yarmouth in Norfolk, but he- 
came pastor of a dissenting cong. in the north 
of England in 1602. "Beset by the agents of 
the prelacy," its members (in 1607) attempted to 
leave for Holland, but were prevented, and kept 
under arrest for a month; in 1608 they re- 
moved to Amsterdam, and ab. 1609, by advice 
of Robinson, they removed to Leyden. Here 
they became by arrivals from Eng. a great con- 
Her 
Jipiscopius, 
and defender of his doctrines. A public disputa- 



;nge of Episcopius, the successor of Arminius, 



tion was held in the presence of a 1 
b!y ; and the friends of the former assert that 
"the Truth had a famous victory." In 1617 
Kobinson entered heartUy into the plan of form- 



ing a si ttlimi'nt in America. A minority of 
hisriiij Liii; n. iimlcr Brcwstcr, set out July 
22,11,^11. ! 1 1 M>n, whose intention it was 

to loi; . ,, iiiainder, d. before the con- 

sent oi ill ,1 -.io.iiion of English merchants 
who coutroUrd th'j enterprise could be obtained. 
The rest of his church emig. soon after his death. 
His son Isaac came here as early as 1630. A 
complete ed. of his writings was pub. at Boston 
in 1851, in 3 vols., with Memoir and Annota- 
tions by Robert Ashton. — See Geneal. lierj., 
April, 1866. 

Kobinson, Sir John Beveklet, bart. 
(created 1854), D.C.L., b. Berthier, L.C., July 
26, 1791 ; d. Toronto, 30 Jan. 1863. Christo- 
pher his father, a British officer who served in 
the Revol. war, afterward resided in N.B. John 
was adra. to tho bar; was clerk of the Assembly 
one year; atty .-gen. at the age of 21 ; solicitor- 
gen. 1815-18; again atty .-gen. 1818-29; chief 
justice of Upper Canada from July 15, 1829, 
to his d. ; 18 years a member of the" legisl. A 
vol. under Gen. Brock at the capture of De- 
troit. Author of some valuable works on Can- 
ada. Chancellor of Trinity College, Toronto. 
— Morqan. 

Robinson, John Cleveland, brev. mnj.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Binghamton, N.Y., April 10, 
1817. Entering the Military Acad, in 1835, he 
left it in 1838 to study law; but in 1839 was 
made lieut. 5th Inf. During the Mexican war 
he was (listing, at Monterey, and made 1st li' ut. 
June, 1846; capt. Aug. 1 850 ; maj. 2d Inf. Feb. 
20, 1862; col. 43d Inf. July 28, 1866. He 
served against the Indians of Fla. and Utah. 
At the beginning of the civil war he com. at 
Fort McHenry, Baltimore; app. col. 1st Mich. 
Vols., he became brig.-gen. Apr. 28, 1862; took 
com. of the 1st brigade of Kearney's division 
in the coi-ps of Heintzelman, and was disting. 
in the battles before Richmond, especially those 
on June 30 and Jidy 1, 1862 ; also at the sec- 
ond Bull Run, Chantilly, and Fredericksburg; 
com. div. and engaged at the second Freder- 
icksburg, Chancellors\'iUe, Gettysburg, Mine 
Run, Mitchell's Station, battles of the Wilder- 
ness, Spottsylvania C. H., and Todd's Tavern, 
where he lost a leg ; brev. maj.-gen. vols ; brev. 
lieut.-col. U.S.A. for Gettysburg; brev. col. for 
the Wilderness ; brev. brig.-gen for Spottsylv. ; 
and brev. maj.-gen. for gallant and merit, ser- 
vices during the war. Retired as a maj.-gen. 
May 6, 1869. 

Robinson, John STANiroRD,gov. of Vt. 
185.3-4, b. Bennington, Vt., Nov. 10, 1804; d. 
Charieston, S.C, Apr. 25, 1860. Wins. Coll. 
1824. He settled as a l;nvyer in his native 
town, and rose to eminence in the profession. 
Was many years in the legisl. of Vt., and was 
a deleg. to the Charleston Democ. Convention. 

Robinson, Jonathan, chief justice of Vt. 
1801-7; U.S. senator 1807-15; bro. of Gov. 
Moses ; d. Bennington, Vt., 3 Nov. 1819, a. 64. 

Robinson, Matthew, Lord Rokebv, b. 
near Hythe, Kent Co., 1713; d. Nov. 30, 1800. 
Son of Matthew, and received his education at 
Westminster and Cambridge. M.P. for Can- 
terbury in 1747, and again in 1754, conducting 
himself with singular integrity and independ- 
ence. During the Amer. wax he remonstrated 
vrith peculiar energy against the 



ROB 



776 



ROC 



taken against the colonists. lie foresaw the 
evil consequences which must proceed from 
coercion, and he reprobated taxation without 
representation. By the death of his uncle, the 
Archliishop of Armagh, in Oct. 1794, he ac- 
quired the title of Lord Rokcby. His eccen- 
tricity was such as to excite much curiosity, 
lie wore his beard reaching neai-ly to the niid- 
of his body ; his manners, and habits of life, 
approached to primitive simplicity. He was 
disting. for his ardent love of freedom; was 
inimical to measures which in his opinion en- 
croached on the liberties of mankind, and ceased 
not to lift up his voice against every species of 
oppression. Author of " Considerations on the 
Measures with respect to the British Colonies," 
1774; "Consider.itions," &c., 1775; "Further 
Examination of American Measures," 1776 ; 
" Peace the Best Policy," 1777. 

Robinson, Merritt M., legist ; d. La. 5 
June, IS.'iO. Reporter of the Supreme Court 
of La., he prepared for the press 16 volumes 
of Reports, accompanied by marginal notes ; 
also " Digest of the Penal Laws of La.," 8vo, 
1841. 

Robinson, Moses, statesman, b. Hard- 
wick, Ms., Mar. 26, 1741 ; d. Bennington, Vt., 
May 26, 1813. A.M. of Y.C. 1789. Hisfiuher 
Capt. Saml. was one of the first settlers of Vt. 
Bro. of Judge Jonathan. Chief justice of Vt. 
Oct. 1778; gov. 1789-90; U.S. senator 1791- 
6. He was an opponent of Jay's Treaty. 

Robinson, Solon, b. near Tolland, Ct., 
180.3. Has contrib. largely to agric. journals, 
to the N.Y. Tribune, and to periodicals. He 
has pub. " Hot Corn, Life-Scenes in N. Y.," 
1853; "How to Live," 1860; " Facts for Farm- 
ers," &c., 8vo, 1864; " Mc-won-i-toe," 1867. 
— Bumjiiii's Offhand Takimjs. 
A Robinson, Stu.art, D. D., pastor 2d 
^ Presb. Ch., Louisville, Ky. Has been prof of 
/' theology at Danville Sera., Ky. Has published 
t^ ffeA~ " The Church of God," &e.,12mo, 1858; "Dis- 

/' courses of Redemption," &c., 8vo, 1866. 

- r / Robinson, TnEKtsE Albertise Louise 

(Vox Jacob), authoress, known under the 
name of " Talvi" (her initials), b. Halle, Ger- 
many, Jan. 26, 1797; d. Hamburg, April 13, 
"1869". In 1807 she accomp. her father to Rus- 
sia, where he became prof in the U. of Khar- 
kov. Here she studied the Slavic language, 
and wrote her first poems. She afterward stud- 
, led at St. Petersburg ; returned to Halle in 

1816, and studied Latin. A few of her tales, 
under the title of " Psyche," appeared at Halle 
in 1825. In 1822 she translated Scott's " Old 
Mortality" and "The Black Dwarf." She 
translated, from the Servian, poems under the 
title of " VdksUeder der Serben," 2 vols. 1 825-6 ; 
in 1828 she m. Prof Ed. Robinson, and in 1830 
came with him to America. She translated 
into German Pickering's work on " The Indian 
Tongues of N.A.," Leipsic, 1834 ; in 1834 she 
wrote for the Biblical Repository " An Historical 
View of the Slavic Languages," repub. in 1 850 
by itself She visited Germany in 1837-40, 
and pub. there " An Essay on the Historical 
Characteristics of the Popular Songs of the 
Germanic Nations," &c., 1840; also a small 
work entitled " The Poems of Ossian not 
Genuine." She afterward pub. " A History 



)M 



of Captain John Smith " in German ; " The 
Colonization of New Eng.," 1847; " He'loise, 
or the Unrevealed Secret," 1850; " Liie's Dis- 
cipline, a Tale of the Annals of Hungary," 
1851 ; and " The Exiles," 1853, afterward pub. 
as " Woodhill ; " and she contrib. to various 
American and German periodicals. After the 
death of her husband, in 1863, she returned to 
Germany. 

Rochambeau (ro'-shon'-bo), Jean Bap- 
TiSTE DosATiEN ViMEUR, Couut de, marshal 
of France, b. Vendome, 1 July, 1725; d. 10 
May, 1807. Entering the army at 16, ho 
served under Broglie; became in 1745 aide to 
Louis Philip, Duke of Orle'ans ; afterward com. 
the regiment La Manche, and was disting. and 
wounded at Lafeldt. He attained fresh laurels 
at Crevelt, Minden, Corbach, and Clostereamp. 
Made lieut.-gen. in 1780, and sent with a corps 
of 6,000 men to the assistance of the Americans, 
he disembarked at R.I. in July, 1780; acted in 
concert with Washington, first against Clinton 
in N.Y., and then against Cornwallis, render- 
ing important services at thesiege of Yorktown, 
and receiving the surrender of the British army 
19 Oct. 1781. Rochambeau was presented 
with the captured cannon. He received the 
decoration of the Saint-Esprit in 1783; was 
made a marshal in 1791 ; and early in 1792 
com. the Army of the North. He narrowly 
escaped the guillotine during the Reign of Ter- 
ror. In 1804 Bonaparte gave him a pension 
and the cross of grand officer of the Legion 
of Honor. His " Memoirs " were pub. 2 vols. 
8vo, 1809, and translated by M. W. E. Wright, 
Paris, fivo, 1838. His son Joseph Marie, 
Vicorate de, aide-de-camp to his father in the 
American Revol., and col. Regt. Auxonne, 
served in the W. Indies, Italy, St. Domingo, 
&c. ; became a gen. ; and was killed at the bat- 
tle of Leipsic 18 Oct. 1813, a. 63. 

Rochefoucauld Liancourt (rosh'-foo'- 

ko'le'-on-koor'), Francois Alexandre Fred., 
Duke de la, b. 14 Jan. 1747 ; d. Paris 27 Mar. 
1829. Grand-master of the wardrobe to Louis 
XV. and XVI. ; dep. to the States-Gen., and 
the advocate of just and necessary reforms ; 
pres. of the national assembly after the taking 
of the Bastille in July, 1789; member of the 
constituent assembly; military com at Rouen 
in 1792. After the 10th of August he left 
France, resided in Eng., and travelled through 
the U.S., but returned to France after the 18th 
Brumaire, devoting himself to the prosecution 
of the useful arts and to benevolent offices. 
He was 23 years insp.-gen. of the School of 
Arts and Trades at Chalons. He established 



ential in introducing vaccination there. Created 
a peer after the restoration in 1815. Author 
of " Voyage dans les jStats-Unis" (1795-7), 
8 vols. iSmo ; and " Account of the Prisons of 
Phila.," 8vo, 1796. His Life by his son was 
pub. in 1827. 

Rockingham, Charles Watson Went- 
WORTH, marquis, statesman, b. May 13, 1730; 
d. 1 July, 1782. He succeeded to the title in 
1750; entered the house of peers in 1751; re- 
signed his offices in 1763 ; was app. first lord 
of the treasury in July, 1765 ; resigned 1 Aug. 
1766. When the Lord North ministry sue- 



777 



ROD 



cumbed, he again took the chief direction of 
affairs in March, 1782, but died shortly after. 
During the Stamp-act discussions in 1765, be 
took the middle course, of repealing the act, and 
declaring the right to tax the Colonies. Dur- 
ing North's administration, he was the leader 
of the aristocratic party of the opposition in the 
House of Lords. 

Bockwell, J. Edson, D.D., b. Salisbury, 
Vt., 1816. Amh. Coll. 1837. Has published 
" Sketches of the Presbyterian Church," 1834 ; 
"Young Christian Warned," 1857; "Scenes 
and Impressions Abroad," 1859 ; " My Sheet- 
Anchor," 1864; also sermons, addresses, and 
reports; edited Salibath-schoot FiS(/oi- 1 852-60 ; 
and contributed to periodicals. — Allibone. 

Rockwell, James Otis, poet and editor, 
b. Lebanon, C't., 1807; d. Providence, R.I., in 
the summer of 1831. At an early age he was 
an operative in a cotton-factory at Paterson, 
N.J. ; at 14 be was apprenticed to a printer at 
Utica ; four years later he came to Boston ; 
became assistant editor of the Statesman ; and 
in 1829 took the editorial charge of the Provi- 
dence Patriot. His pieces are scattered through 
his own and other periodicals, having never 
been collected. — See Everest's Poets of Ct. 

Rockwell, John Arnold, jurist, b. Nor- 
wich, Ct., Aug. 27, 1803; d. Washington, 
D. C, Feb. 10, 1861. Y. C. 1822. He prac- 
tised law in Norwich ; was a member of the 
State senate in 1838-9 ; soon after became 
judge of the New-London County Court ; 
M.C. 1847-51, and chairman of the committee 
on claims. The Court of Claims at Washing- 
ton owes its establishment chiefly to him, and 
his principal labors were in that court. He 
pub. two volumes on " The Mexican Law of 
Mines and Real Estate," 1851-2, which are 
now standard authorities. 

Rockwell, JnLics, senator and jurist, b. 
Colebrook, Ct., Apr. 26, 1805. Y.C. 1826. 
He studied law at the New-Haven Law School ; 
Was adm. to the Litchfield Co. bar in 1829, 
commencing practice in 1 830 at Pittsfield, Ms. 
He was in the legisl. of Ms. in 1 834-8; was 
speaker for 1835 and 1838 ; bank corainiss. in 
1838-41 ; M.C. in 1847-51; and U.S. senator 
for two sessions, to succeed Mr. Everett ; in 
1853 he was a member of the State Const. 
Conv. ; in 1858 was again a State represen- 
tative ; judge of the Superior Court of Ms. 
1859-71. 

Rodgers, C. R. P., commo. U. S. N., b. 
N.Y.Nov. 14,1818. Midshipm. Oct. 5, 1833; 
licut. Sept. 4, 1844 ; com. Oct. 18, 1861 ; capt. 
July 25, 1866 ; commo. 1870. Present at the 
capture of Vera Cruz and of Tabasco ; at- 
tached to coast-survey 1850 and 1856-8 ; com. 
of midshipm. Naval Acad 1859-61 ; com. 
tteam-frigate " Wabash," flagship, So. Atl. 
squad., 1861-2 ; at battle of Port Royal, Nov. 
1861; at Fort Pulaski, in com. of naval bat- 
tery, Jan. 27, 1862 ; com. division of gunboats 
in exped. to St. Augustine and up the St. 
Mary's River in Mar. 1862; fleet-capt. S.A. 
block, squad. 1863 ; com. steamer" Iroquois," 
1864-5; com. frigate " Franklin," European 
squad., 1869 ; chief of bureau of docks and 
yards, 1 Oct. 1871. — //nmers/y. 

Rodgers, Capt. Geokge W., U.S.N., b. 



Md. 1787; d. Buenos Ayres, May 21, 1832. 
His father was col. of a Md. rcgt.'during the 
Revol. war; and his bro. w.is Com. John 
Rodgers. Midshipm. Apr. 1804; licut. Apr. 
24, 1810; master com. Apr. 27, 1816; and 
post-capt. Mar. 1, 1825 ; first licut. of " The 
Wasp" in the action with " The Frolic," Oct. 
18, 1812. For his gallantry in the war of 1812 
he received a sword of honor from bis native 
State, and agold medal from Congress, .iccomp. 
by a vote of thanks. In 1832 he com. the 
squadron on the coast of Brazil, having also a 
diplomatic mission to that govt. His wife 
Anna Maria, sister to Com. Perry, d. New 
London, Ct., Dec. 7, 1858, a. 60. Three sons 
fought bravely in the Mexican war, — Lieut. A. 
P. Rodgers, who fell at Chapultepec; Capt. 
Raymond Rodgers, U.S.N., fleet-capt. during 
Dupont's capture of Port Royal and attack on 
Charleston ; and Capt. George W., who was 
killed while commanding the monitor " Cats- 
kill " in an attack on Fort Wagner, Morris 
Island, Aug. 20,1863. 

Rodgers, John, D.D. (U. of Edicib. 
1768), Presb. divine, b. Boston, Ms., Aug. 5, 
1727; d. N.Y. City, May 7, 1811. In 1728 
his parents removed to Phila., where he re- 
ceived a classical education. He was impressed 
with religious truth by the preaching of White- 
field ; in Oct. 1747 was licensed to preach, and, 
after having been a missionary in Va. and Md., 
was settled in St. George's, Del., Mar. 19, 1749, 
where he continued his popular and useful 
labors until July, 1765; he then removed to 
N.Y., and was pastor of the Wall-st. (Presb.) 
Church until the close of his life. Leaving 
N.Y. in Feb. 1776, he became chaplain of 
Heath's brigade in April ; then chaplain of the 
State convention, thenof the council of safety, 
and of the first legisl. until Oct. 1777 ; and till 
the end of the war he preached at Amenia, 
N.Y., D.-inbury, Ct., and Lamington, N.J. His 
Memoirs were written by Dr. Samuel Miller. 
He pub. sermons and some fugitive pieces. — 
Sjirof/ue. 

Rodgers, John, commo. U. S. N., b. Har- 
ford Co., Md., 1771 ; d. Phila. Aug. 1, 1838. 
Entering the navy as a lieut. Mar. 9, 1798, he 
was the executive officer of the frigate " Con- 
stellation," Com. Truxton, when she captured 
the French frigate " L'Insurgente " off Nevis, 
Feb. 9, 1799, and took possession of the prize. 
Made a capt. Mar. 5, 1799, he cruised in " The 
Marvland " (20) upon the W. I. station; in 
1802' he com. " The John Adams " (28), with 
which and "The Enterprise" (12) he success- 
fully attacked, in June, 1803, a Tripolitan 
cruiser of 22 guns, and several gunboats at 
anchor near Tripoli; in 1804 be com. "The 
Congress " (38) in the squadron employed 
against Tripoli under Com. Barron, whom in 
1805 he succeeded in the com. After the peace 
with Tripoli, he proceeded with his squadron 
to Tunis, where he engaged in negotiations 
which resulted in the establishment of friendly 
relations. In the spring of 1811, in "The 
President" (44), off Annapolis, he beard that 
a seanum had been impressed off Sandy Hook 
by an English frigate; sailing for that point 
without delay, May 16 he bailed, about 8^, p.m., 
a vessel of war, biit received no answer. After 



a little delay, tlie stranger hailed, which she fol- 
lowed up with a shot, which entered " The 
Pieiident s. " mainmast Afterashoit engage- 



Slll| I 

TllL 

ot tills irtui 
the hring ot 
breach whitli 
nations Jui 



an Con 



■ h„hl 



Com Rod,^Lis btinf 
ntisL [ucnt ciuise he i 



killm^' 



1. .m N \ in 
wliile chising 

" undm r 



theButish picl^ct 
SnalloH with a lii„c iniouiit of spccit, 
and the schoonei ' Hic,hflj er , ' i]ip June 14 
to the new frigate " Gueriiere," he rendered 
important service in the defence of Baltimore ; 
from April, 1815, to Dec. 1824, he served 
as pres. of the board of navy commissioners ; 
acting sec. navy, Sept. to Dec. 182.3; and in 
1824-7 in com. of the Mediterranean squadron. 
On liis return he was again on the board of 
navy c^nlllli^^i■l^l is, which he relinquished in 
1837. l; -\ani. John- Kodgers, U.S.N., is his 
son. AiHiilur vi.ii, i;(inERT, was col. 3cl Md., 
Potoiiia.' inf. ; di,l ^.i,,d service during the civil 
war, and was twice sevenlv wuiiiil.d. 

Rodgers, John, rcai-;h!iii I'S X.,1,, M.l. 
Aug. 8, 1811. Son oCCi.iii. .lolii., US.X. 
Midship. Apr. 18, 1828 ; limt, Jan. 2^, l.s4ii ; 
com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; 
commo. June 17, 1863; rearadm. Dec. 31, 
1869. Com. steamer " John Hancock," and 
surv. and expl. exped. to N. Pacihc and China 
Seas 1853-6; in 1862 superintended at the 
West the construction of ironclads ; May 10, 
1862, com. an exped. of gunboats in the 
James River ; and in " The Galena " attacked 
Fort Darling, May 15. June 1 7, 1 863, in War- 
saw Sound, Capt. Rodgers, in the monitor 
" Weehawken," encountered and captured the 
powerful rebel ironclad " Atlanta "in 15 min- 
utes ; in the monitor " Monadnoc," 1866-7, 
made the passage around the Horn to San 
Francisco ; commanded Asiatic fleet ; and in 
August, 1871, captured the Corean forts. — 
Hamershj. 

Rodman, Gen. Isaac Peace, b. South 
Kingstown, R.I., Aug. 28, 1822; d. Sept. 29, 
1862, from wounds at the battle of Antietam. 
Educated to mercantile pursuits, he engaged in 
manuf.; was some years col. of a militia regt., 
and in 1861 a member of the State senate. He 
resigned his scat to raise a company of vols., 
and, as capt. 2d R.I. Regt., participated in the 
battle of Bull Run. Becoming col. 4th R.I. 
Vols., he was at the taking of Roanoke Island. 
For gallantry at the battle of Newbern, Mar. 
14, 1860, where he took the enemy's works at 
the point of the bayonet, he was made brig.- 
gen. Apr. 28, 1862. His regt. also participated 
in the investment and reduction of Fort Macon. 
In the battle of Antietam, while leading his 
brigade to a charge upon the enemy's guns, he 
was mortally wounded by a cannon-ball in the 



pcopi 



terrible conflict by which the stone bridge was 
carried and held. 

Rodney, C.s:sar, signer of the Decl of 
Indep, b Dover, Del, ab 1730, d tally in 
1783 His fither William came over with 
Penn, and, alter a short residence in Phih , 
settled in Kent Co , Del , leaving to his eldest 
son a laigc hndcd estUe At the a„'C ot 28 
Csesar was ipp hi^h h iiff i 1 it the end 
ot his term ot ^cni \ i 1 i justice of 

the peice and \ ju I I ti I i eourts. 

As lulv 1 rC I 1 I r til lunty in 
th 1 1 I 1 I in 1-1 ) h( « IS stnt to 
ll s u ^ \ in 1769 he 

" 1 t the liousi, continuing 

t I t rstvei ilyeiis wasapp. 

till nil 111 t till. in ot corresp with the other 
tcljni s and in 1774 was a delegxte to the 
Gtii ( ni„ri.ss , in the following ) car he wis 
reeleetel md also made a bug gen When 
the question of independence was before Con- 
gress, Rodney was on a tour through the south- 
ern part of Del., quieting the minds of the 
pic, and pniiaring them tor a change of 
I :i_iii-s McKean and Read being 
iliv; I i|ncstion, the former, who 

km i '. noiable to the declaration, 

um^i niiii \r, r,|iiiss to hastcii lils rctum. 
He did so, and In great exertion arrived just 
in season tor the final discussion ; and, by his 
affirmative vote, he secured that union among 
the Colonies, so important to the cause of in- 
di |i(iiiIriiLc. The opposition of the royalists, 
wh.i iliiMiiided in the lower counties, prevented 
Ills IV rkition the succeeding year; but, as a 
iiiemljcr of the councils of safety and inspec- 
tion, he displayed great activity in collecting 
supplies for the troops of the State then with 
Washington in N.J. He repaired in person to 
the camp near Princeton in 1777, where for 
nearly two months he was engaged in laborious 
services, and, commanding the Del. line, was 
brig.-gen. In the autumn of the same year he 
was again chosen to Congress, but, before tak- 
ing his seat, was chosen pres. of his Suite, in 
which station he remained 4 years (1778-82). 
His nephew C^sar A. (M.C. 1803-5 and 
1819-21, U.S. atty.-gen. 1807-11, U.S. senator 
1821-3, minister to Buenos Ayies 1823, 
until his death, June 10, 1824) pub. with J. 
Graham " Reports on the Present State of the 
United Provinces of S. America," Lond. 8vo, 
1819. 

Rodney, Daniel, M.C. from Del. 1822-3 ; 
U.S. senator 1826-7; gov. of Del. 1814-17; 
d. 2 Sept. 1846, a. 75. 

Roe, AzEL Stevens, novelist, b. N.Y. City, 
1798. With an academic education he became 
a merchant's clerk in N.Y. ; was afterward a 
wine-merchant, and, on retiring from business, 
settled at Windsor, Ct. Having lost most of 
his property by the failure of persons for whom 
he had freely indorsed, he applied himself to 
literature with success. He has written " James 
Montjoy, or I've been Thinking," 1850; "To 
Love, and to be Loved," 1852; "Time and 
Tide, or Strive and Win," 1852; "A Long 
Look Ahead," 1855; "The Star and the 
Cloud," 1856; "True to the Last," 1859; 
"How Could He Help It?" 1860; "Like and 
Unlike," 1861; "Looking Around," 1866; 



KOE 



ROGr 



" The Cloud on the Heart," 1869 ; " Woman 
our Ansel," 1866. 

Koebling, John A., engineer, b. Prussia, 
1806, and educated as a civil enf;ineer. In 
1827-31 lie was an assist, constructor of mili- 
tary roads. Emig. to the U.S. in 18.31, he was 
employed on various works in 0. and Pa., and 
in 1842 began the raanuf. of wire-ropes, first 
used on the Alleghany Portage Road, and now 
in general use. In 1850 he erected extensive 
works near Trenton, N.J., where 2,000 tons 
of wire-rope are annually made; in 1844 he 
built the wire suspension aqueduct over the 
Alleghany River at Pittsburg; in 1852-5 he 
built the Niagara Suspension Bridge ; and in 
1856-67 the Cincinnati Suspension Bridge 
over the Ohio River, said to be the largest in 
the world; in 1858-60 he built the fine wire 
suspension bridge over the Alleghany River at 
Pittsburg. 

Rogers, Henbt Dakwin, LL.D., F.R.S., 
geologist, bro. of James B., b. Phila. 1809; d. 
Glasgow, Scotland, May 28, 1866. Became 
prof, of physical sciences in Dick. Coll. in 
1831, and afterward prof, of geology in the U. 
of Pa., which office he long held. In 1 835 he 
pnb. a report and geolog. map of N. J., and a 
final Report, 8vo, 1840. In 1836-56 he was 
occupied in the survey of Pa. ; pub. several 
annual reports, the final one in 2 vols. 4to, 
1858. In 1857 he became regius prof of geol. 
and nat. history in the U. of Glasgow, having 
for some years previously resided in Boston. 
He contrib. many important papers on geol. 
and other scientific subjects to the " Transac- 
tions " of scientific associations, to the Journal 
of Science, and to the Edinburgh New Philos. 
Journal, of wliich he is one of the editors. 
Author of a geological map of the U.S., 
and a chart of the arctic regions in the " Physi- 
cal Atlas ; " and, in conjunction with W. and 
A. K. Johnston of Edinburgh, pub. a geologi- 
cal atlas of the U.S., 1861. 

Rogers, Henry J., electric teleg. engineer, 
and inventor of the marine signals, b. Balti- 
more, Md., 1811. Has pub. "Teleg. Diet, and 
Seaman's Signal-Book," 8vo, 1845; " Sema- 
phoric Signal-Book," 1847 ; " Code of Marine 
Signals," 1854. With W. F. Larkins edited 
" Rogers's Commercial Code of Signals for All 
Nations," Svo, 1859. — Allibone. 

Rogers, James Bltthe, M.D. (U. of 
Md. 1822), chemist and physician, eldestson of 
Dr. P. K. Rogers, b. Phila. Feb. 22, 1803; d. 
there June 15, 1852. Prof, of chemistry in 
Washington Med. Coll., Baltimore; then in 
that of Cincinnati ; then in the Frankhn 
School of Phila. ; and in 1847-52 filled the 
chair of chemistry in the U. of Phila. For 
several years he assisted in the chemical and 
geol. surveys of Va. and Pa. He pub. some 
valuable papers in the scientific journals, and 
was one of the editors of the last Amer. re- 
print of Turner's " Chemistry." 

Rogers, John, pres. of H. U. April 10, 
1682, to his d. July 2, 1684; b. Coggeshall, 
Eng., Jan. 1631. H.U. 1649. SonofRev.N.v 
thaniel of Ipswich, and assisted in his pulpit, 
but afterward studied and practised physic. 

Rogers, John, chancellor, member Old 
Cong. 1775-6; d. Annapolis, Md., Oct. 1789. 



_ John, sculptor, b. Salem, Ms., 

30 Oct. 1829. He left school at 16; was two 
years in a dry-goods jobbing-house in Bos- 
ton, and aftenvard took a trip to Spain. He 
then learned the trade of a machiinst ; made 
sketches in clay, and, after a brief risit to 
Europe in 1 858-9, engaged as a draughtsman 
in a surveyor's office in Cliicago. Here he 
modelled his " Slave-Auction," which he took 
to New York in Dec. 1859, where his "Picket- 
Guard," and other war-subjects, soon brought 
him both fame and money. He has admirably 
modelled small groups illustrating familiar sub- 
jects of daily life, and episodes of the camp and 
battle-field, and has a studio in New \ork. 
Among his best efforts are " The Returned 
Volunteer," " Sharpshooters," "Town Pump," 
" Union Refugees, " The Country Postmas- 
ter," "The Wounded Scout," and "The 
Home-Guard." 

Rogers, Nathaniel, minister of Ipswich 
from Feb. 20, 1639, to his d. July 3, 1655; b. 
Haverhill, Eng., 1598. Educated at Emanuel 
Coll., Camb. Son of Rev. John. He is 
often erroneously called a grandson of John 
the martyr. He preached at Bocking in Essex, 
and next at Assington, Suffolk. Persecution 
drove him to N.E., where he arrived Nov. 16, 
1636. Memberof the synod of 1637. He pub. 
"Cause of God's Wrath against the Nation," 
1644; and left in MS. a Latin Vindication of 
Cong. Church Govt. — A^. E. Hist, and Gen. 
Reg., V. 122. 

Rogers, Nathaniel Peaeody, b. Plym- 
outh, N.H., 3 Jime, 1794; d. Concord, N.H., 
16 Oct. 1846. D.C. 1816. He studied and 
practised law, which he left in 1 838 for the edi- 
torship of the antislavery Herald of Freedom. 
He wrote under the signature of •' The Old 
aian of the Mountain " for the N. Y. Tribune. 
A vol. of his fugitive pieces was pub. Concord, 
1847. 

Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, b. Va. 
Studied and practised a few years at Rome ; 
became known in New York by his " Nydia," 
" Boy and Dog," " Angel of the Resurrection," 
and, returning to Rome after his marriage, ex- 
ecuted a marble statue of John Adams (now 
at Mt. Auburn Cemetery), some good busts, 
and attractive ideal figures. His bass-reliefs for 
the doors of the new Capitol extension at Wash- 
ington represent events in the life of Columbus. 
He has furnished designs for the Washington 
Monument at Richmond ; and he has lately 
been employed upon memoiial monuments for 
R.I. and Michigan. Among his smaller works, 
" Ruth " and " Isaac " are favorites^ His last 
work, a colossal bronze statue of Lincoln, was 
unveiled at Phila. 22 Sept. 1871. 

Rogers, Major Robert, a famous par- 
tisan of the French war, b. Dunbarton, N.H., 
ab. 1730; d. Eng. ah. 1800. The son of an 
early Ksh settler of D. Ho com. during the 
French war (1755-63) Rogers's Rangers, — a 
corps renowned for their exploits. March 13, 
1758, with 170 men, he foueht 100 French and 
600 Indians ; after losing 100, and killing 150, 
he retreated. In 1759 he was sent by Amherst 
from Crown Point to destroy the Indian village 
of St. Francis; which service' he performed : 200 
Indians were killed. In 1760 he was ordered 



ROG- 



780 



by Amherst to take possession of Detroit and 
other Western posts ceded liy tin' I'n n, li, wliieh 
he aecomplished. He next Ni-iird Iji^hiiid, 
where he suft'ered from want, luiiil iir l.mrowed 
the means to print his journul, and present it to 
the king, who in 1765 app. him gov. of Micliili- 
macinac. Accused of plotting to plunder the 
fort, and join the French, he was sent in Irons 
to Montreal, and tried by a court-martial. In 
1769 he went to Eng.,was presented to the king, 
but soon afterward was imprisoned for debt. 
He afterward, according to his account to Dr. 
Wheelock at Dartmouth, " fought 2 battles in 
Algiers under the dey." At the opening of 
the Revol., his course was such, that he was close- 
ly watched ; and in 1775, Congress, whose pris- 
oner he then was, released him on parole. Sus- 
pected by Washington of Ih iim a s|iy, hi' was 
secured in June, 1776, but, on lirin.^ r.lrasedby 
Congress soon after, openly joincl iIji' royal 
side, and, notwithstanding liis parole ol liunur, 
accepted the commission of colonel, and raised 
the "Queen's Rangers," — a corps celebrated 
throughout the contest. Oct. 21, 1776, he nar- 
rowly escaped being taken prisoner at Maraaro- 
neck by a party sent out by Lord Stirling, and 
soon after went to Eng. He pub. a concise ac- 
count of N.A., Lond. 1765; "Journals of the 
French War," 1765, repub. at Concord, 12mo, 
1 83 1 , and entitled ' ' Reminiscences of the French 
War," with the Life of Stark ; and in 1766 the 
tragedy of " Ponteach." His Diary of the 
Siege of Detroit, &c., was published by F. B. 
Hough, 1860. 

Rogers, Robert Empie, M.D. (U. of 
Pa.), chemist and physician, bro. of James B., 
b. Baltimore 1814. On graduating, his ex- 
perimental essay on Endosmose was pub. by 
request of the faculty. In 1844-52 he was prof. 
of chemistry in the U. of Va. ; then succeeded 
his bro. in this chair in the U. of Pa. He as- 
Bisted in the geol. surveys of Va. and Pa. Be- 
side contribs. on chemical subjects to scientific 
journals, he was assoc. with his bro. in the edit- 
ing of Turner's " Chemistry," and has since ed- 
ited the reprint of Lehmann's " Physiological 
Chemistry." Several years dean of the med. 
faculty of the U. of Pa." 

Rogers, Gen. Thomas J., author of bio- 
graphical dictionaries of Revol. worthies, 1st 
ed. 12mo, 181.3, 4th ed. 1829; M. C. from 
Pa. 1818-24; b. Waterford, Ireland, 1781; 
came to America in 1784 ; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 
7, 1632. Edited a political paper. 

Rogers, William, D.D., Baptist clergy- 
man, b. Newport, R. I., 22 July; 1751; d. 
Phila. 31 Mar. 1824. R.L Coll. 1769. Ord. 
in May, 1771, over the First Church, Phila. ; 
chaplain in the Pa. line of the Revol. army in 
1776-81 ; prof, of Mks-tettres in Phila. Coll. in 
1789-92, and in the U. of Pa. in 1792-1812; 
was " stated supply " of the 1st Bapt. Church, 
Phila., in 1803-5, and member of the gen. as- 
sembly in 1816-17; an officer and an active 
manager of the Gradual-abolition Societies of 
Pa. and Md., of the Prison Soc. of Phila., &c. 
He pub. sermons, addresses, prayers on special 
occasions, a circular letter on Justification 
(1785), and one on Christian Missions. 

Rogers, William B.\rton, physicist and 
geologist, brother of James B. and R. E., b. 



PhUa. 1805. A. M._ of H. U. 18G6. He first 
Iccmred on science in the Md. Inst, in 1 827 ; 
and in 1829 succeeded his father, Dr. P. K. 
Rogers, in the chair of nat. pliil. and chemistry 
in Wm. and Mary Coll.; in 1835-53 he was 
prof, of nat. philos. and geology in the U. of 
Va., but has since resided in Boston. He or- 
ganized the geol. survey of the State of Va. in 
1 835, remaining at its head till 1 842, publishing 
6 vols of reports. Author of a short treatise on 
the " Strength of Materials," 1838; of "Ele- 
ments of Mechanical Philosophy," 1852 ; and 
of numerous papers in the philos. and .sci. jour- 
nals of Great Britain and America ; a zealous 
promoter of scientific education among the in- 
dustrial classes. In the beginning of 1862 he 
delivered a course of lectures before the Lowell 
Institute, Boston, on the Application of Science 
to the Arts ; and in April of that year was 
chosen pres. of the new Institute of Technolo- 
gy at Boston, which he was instrumental in 
organizing ; and resigned in 1 868 in ill health. 
Rogers, Capt. Woodes, an English navi- 
gator and buccaneer. Com. an exped. against 
the Spaniards in the South Sea ab. 1709 ; d. 
1732. 

Rolle, Dennis, b. Devonshire, Eng. ; d. 
1797. He traced his descent from Rollo, first 
duke of Normandy. In 1766 he purchased a 
whole district in Fla., whither he proceeded 
with 1,000 persons to people his new posses- 
sions; but, through the unhealthiness of the 
climate and the desertion of those who escaped 
disease, he soon found himself without colo- 
nists and without money, and was compelled 
to work his passage back to Eng. in an Ameri- 
can vessel. He then settled on his paternal es- 
tate ; had a seat in the house of commons, and 
filled the office of sheriff for the county ; he de- 
voted much of his time to the improvement of 
the condition of the lower classes. 

Rolph, John A., artist and landscape-en- 
graver, b. Essex, Eng., 1799; d. Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 30 Mar. 1862. He came to the U.S. in 
1833, and resided chiefly in New York. Uncle 
of Edward Miall, M.P., and father of Mrs. 
Clara M. Brinckerhoff the singer. In " Wilkes's 
Explor. Exped.," some fine specimens of hia 
talent may be found. 

Rolphe, John, M.D., an eminent Cana- 
dian physician, b. Eng. 1786; d. Toronto, 19 
Oct. 1870. Emig. to Canada at an early age. 
He took an active part in the insurrection of 
1837, and, being obliged to fly, lived in Russia 
some years, and also in the U.S. Returning to 
Canada after the amnesty, he practised law and 
medicine ; was a member of the Canadian par- 
liament ; and founded the People's School of 
Medicine, now the med. dept. of Victoria Coll. 
Roman, Andre Bienvenu, gov. of La. 
1830-t and '38-41, b. St. Laudry Parish, La., 
1795 ; d. St. James Parish, La., Jan. 29, 1866. 
His ancestors were from Provence. In 1818 he 
was chosen to the legisl. ; was frequently re- 
elected ; was 4 v.arsspcakrr; jud-e of St. 
James Parish in I>-.'r,-'<: ai^aln ni.'inl.er and 
speaker of thr 1, oil., ■ isii-^-oii; nn n.lur of the 
convention whii li |ia^~iil the onlinanre of se- 
cession, which ho opposed. With John Forsyth 
and Martin J. Crawford, he was app. by the 
Confed. provis.govt. to confer with the govt, of 



ROM: 



781 



ROO 



the U.S. at Washington. He took no further 
part in public affairs. 

Romans, Bernard, engineer, b. Holland; 
d. ab. 1784. In early life he removed to Eng., 
where he studied eng., and was employed by 
the British govt, in America some time before 
the Revol. Subsequently, vphile in its employ 
as a botanist in N.Y., and engaged in the 
publication of a "Natural History of Florida," 
he was olVered a position as military engr. by 
the N.Y. com. of safety. In this capacity he 
submitted to Congress (Sept. 18, 1775) plans 
for_ fortifying the Highlands opposite West 
Point. Col. Romans remained in service (capt. 
Pa. Art. Feb. 8, 1776) until near the close of 
the war, when he was captured at sea by the 
British, en route from New Iiondon to Charles- 
ton. He was taken to Eng., and in 1784 em- 
barked for America, but is supposed to have 
been murdered on the passage. He pub. in 
2 vols., 1778-82, "Annals of the Troubles in 
the Netherlands from the Accession of Charles 
v.," vol. i. dedicated to Gov. Trumbull; "Map 
of the Seat of Ci^-il War in America," 1775; 
" Compleat Pilot for the Gulf Passage," &c., 
8vo,1779. 

Komayne, Nicholas, M.D., b. Hacken- 
sack, N. J., Sept. 1756; d. N.Y. City, July 21, 
1817. He studied under Dr. Peter Wilson, and 
completed his med. education at Edinburgh ; 
pub. a dissertation "De Generatlone Puris." He 
spent 2 years in Paris, and also visited Leyden, 
returning ab. 1 782 to N. York, where he com- 
menced his professional career. He gave pri- 
vate lectures on anatomy, and taught many pro- 
fessional branches with great success, but relin- 
quished this pursuit, and again visited Europe. 
Hanng embarked in the scheme of Blount's 
conspiracy, he was for a time incarcerated. He 
was first pres. of the N.Y. Medical Society in 
July, 1806, and in 1807 was made first pres. 
of the Coll. of Phys. and Surgs., which he had 
been active in founding. He gave instruction 
in that institution in anatomy and the insti- 
tutes of medicine. 

Eomeyn, John Brodhead, D.D. (N. J. 
Coll. 1809), Presb. clergyman, b. Marbletown, 
N.Y., 8 Nov. 1778 ; d. Feb. 22, 1825. Sou of 
Kev. Theodoric R. Columb. Coll. 1795. Li- 
censed to preach in 1798; was from 1799 to 
1800 pastor of the D. Ref. church at Rhine- 
beck ; was transferred to the church in Sche- 
nectady ; was 4 years pastor of the Presb. cb. 
in Albany; and from 1808 until his death was 
the first pastor of the church in Cedar St., N.Y. 
He was an eloquent and impressive preacher. 
A coll. of his sermons was pub. in 2 vols. 8vo, 
1816. — .S/myue. 

Romeyn, Theodoric Dirck, D.D., bro. 
of the preceding, prof, of theol. in the Refoniied 
Dutch Church, b. Hackensack, N. J., Jan. 2!i, 
1744; d. Schenectady, Apr. 16, 1804. N.J. 
Coll. 1765. Ord. over the Dutch church in 
Ulster Co. May 14, 1766; was afterwards in- 
stalled at Hackensack until his removal to llie 
church in Schenectadj; in Nov. 1784. He was 
twice offered the presidency of Queen's Coll., 
N. J., and was for a considerable time a prof, 
of theol. It was chiefly by his cflbrts that Un. 
Coll. was founded at Schenectady. 

EonekendorfiF, William, capt. U.S.N., 



1812. Midshipm.Feb. 17, 1832; 
'843; com. June 29, 1861; capt. 



b. Pa. Nov 
lieut. June 

Sept 27, 1866. Attached to the Pacific 'squad! 
during the Mexican war; com. steamer "M, 
W. Chapin," Paraguay exped., 1859; com. 
steamer " Water-Witch," 1861 ; com. steam- 
sloop " San Jacinto," N. Atl. block, squad., 
1 862 ; in battle of Sewell's Point, and capture 
of Norfolk, May, 1 862 ; in E. Gulf block, squad. 
1863; com. steam-sloop "Powhatan," W.I. 
squad., 1863^; com. ironclad "Tonawanda," 
1865. — Hamersly. 

Roorbaeh, Orvillb A., many years a 
publisher in N.Y. and Charleston ; d. N. York, 
June, 1861. He pub. BiUiotlieca Americana 
from 1820 to 1861. 

Roosevelt, Robert B., pres. N.Y. Sports- 
men's Club, b. New York, 1829. M.C. 1871- 
3 ; editor A'. Y. Citizen, a Dcmoc. print. Au- 
thor of "Game-Fish of N. A.," 1865; "Su- 
perior Fishing," 1865; "Game-Birds of the 
N. States," 1866; "Five Acres Too Much," 
1869. Editor of C. G. Halpine's writings, with 
a Memoir and Notes, 1869. — Lanman. 

Root, Erastus, politician, b. Hebron, Ct., 
Mar. 16, 1773; d. New York, Dec. 24, 1846. 
Dartm. Coll. 1793. He taught school for a 
time, but studied law; and in 1796 settled at 
Delhi, now the capital of Del. Co., N.Y., and 
then in Otsego. In 1798 he was elected to the 
State assembly, and repeatedly re-elected after- 
wards. He was elected to Congress in 1803, 
1S09, 1812, 1815, and 1831 ; was lieut.-gov. 
in 1822; and in 1839 was elected to the sen- 
ate. He was an ardent disciple of Geo. Clin- 
ton in politics. He pub. " Address to the Peo- 
ple," 1824. 

Root, George Frederick, prof, of music, 
b. Sheffield, Ms., 30 Aug. 1820. In 1826 his 
father removed to N. Reading. In 1838-^3 ho 
was a partner with A. N. Johnson as teacher of 
singing, and organist ; in 1 844-55 taught mu- 
sic in New York; and since 1860 has been a 
member of the well-known Chicago music-firm 
of Root & Cady. He has composed the can- 
tatas, "Flower-Queen," "Daniel," "Pilgrim- 
Fathers," "Haymakers," and " Belshazzar's 
Feast;" "Hazel Dell," "Rosalie the Prairio- 
Flower," "Battle-Cry of Freedom" (1862), 
and other popular songs ; has edited " Singer's 
Manual," 1849; with J. E. Sweetser, "A Coll. 
of Chm-ch Music," 8vo, 1849; "Academy Vo- 
calist," &c., 1 852 ; " Young Ladies' Choir ; " 
"Musical Album ;"" Young Men's Singing- 
Book," with L. Mason, 1855;^ "Sabbath Bell," 
1856; "Festival Glee-Book," 1857; "The 
Shawm;" "The Diapason," 1860; "School 
for the Melodeon, Harmonium, and Cabinet 
Organ,"1863; " The Bugle-Call," 1 863 ; "The 
Comet," 1865; "The Musical Curriculum," 
1865; "Silver Lute;" " The Forest Choir ; " 
"The Triumph," 1868. 

Root, Jesse, jurist, h. Coventry, Ct., Jan. 
1737 ; d. there Apr. 5, 1822. N.J. Coll. 1756. 
He preached ab. 3 years ; but in 1763 was adm. 
to the bar. Residing at H:irtford, early in 
1777 he raised a company, with which he 
joined Washington's army at Peck.skill, and 
was made a lieut.-col. He was a deleg. to 
Congress in 1778-83; was app. judge of the 
Sup. Court in 1789 ; chief justice from 1796 to 



ROS 



782 



ROS 



1807 ; was afterward a member of the legisl. ; 
member of tbe Amer. Acad, and of the Ct. 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences. He pub. in 1798 
Reports of Cases adjudged in the Court of 
Errors of Ct. July, 1789-June, 1793, and a sec- 
ond vol. 1802. 

Rosas, Don Juan Mandel Ortiz de, 
dictator of the Arg. Repub., b. Buenos Ayres 
1793. Son of a wealthy land-owner, he lived 
with the cjuachos of the pampas, and imbibed 
the sanguinary tastes which afterward devel- 
oped into frightful cruelty. In 1829 Gov. 
Uorrego app. Rosas, his intimate friend, to the 
com. of the rural districts, but was soon com- 



peiiea 
for 23 



uled despotically the Argentine 
Confederation. He reduced the hostile Indian 
tribes of the interior, and succeeded in uniting 
the whole of the Plata-river States into the 
Argentine Confed. in 1835. He often repeat- 
ed the ill-disguised farce of sending his resigna- 
tion to the chamber of representatives, when 
every one knew that whoever advocated its ac- 
ceptance would be assassinated in 24 hours, as 
was Maza, pres. of that body. He exhibited 
energy and constancy in resisting the conditions 
which Eng. and France sought to impose upon 
him. Among his arbitrary acts was his at- 
tempt to impose upon the indep. repub. of Uru- 
guay a gov. whose term had expired. This act, 
and his impolitic conduct toward Brazil, with 
which empire he maintained hostilities for 5 
years, hastened his downfall. Feb. 3, 1852, his 
forces having been destroyed at Monte Casero, 
6 leagues from Buenos Ayres, Rosas fled to 
Eng. with his family, leaving the country to 
the mercy of Gen. Urquiza, his conqueror. 

Bose, Aquila, poet; d. Phila. Aug. 22, 
1723, a. 28. Franklin, in his Autob., states, 
that, on his first visit to Keimer the printer, 
he found him " composing an elegy on Aquila 
Rose, an ingenious young man, of excellent 
character, sec. to the Assembly, and a pretty 
poet." His son Joseph, afterward appren- 
tice to Franklin, pub. in 1740 "Poems on 
Several Occasions by Aquila Rose," a pamphlet 
of 56 pages. — Duychinck. 

Eosecranz, William Starke, brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Kingston, 0., 6 Dec. 1819. 
West Point, 1842. His father, a farmer and 
merchant, served under Harrison in the war of 
1812 as an adj. of light horse. The son en- 
tered the engr. corps; was assist, prof, of engr. 
at West Point 1843-4 and 1845-7 ; assist, prof, 
of nat. philos. 1844-5; had charge of the re- 
pairs at Ft. Adams, R.I., in 1847-53; and 
resigned from ill health 1 Apr. 1854. Civil 
engr. and architect, Cincinnati, 0., 1854-5; 
supt. of Caniiel-coal Co. 1855-7; manuf. of 
kerosene-oil at Cincinnati 1857-61, and so 
badly burned by an explosion as to be confined 
to his bed 18 months. Vol. aide to Gen. Mc- 
Clellan in Ohio, Apr.-June, 1861; col. and 
chief engr. of Ohio, 9 June, 1861 ; col. 23d 
Ohio Vols. 10 June, 1861 ; brig.-gen. U.S.A. 
16 May, 1861 ; com. brigade in West Va. June- 
July, 1861, and engaged at Rich Mountain 11 
July ; com. dcpt. of Ohio, July-Sept. 1861, and 
of West Va. Sept. 1861-Apr. 1862, and en- 
gaged at Carnifex Ferry 10 Sept. 1861 ; com. 
a division at siege of Corinth, Mpi., 22-30 



May, 1862 ; com. Army of the Mpi. June-Oct. 
1862, defeating Gen. Price at luka 19 Sept. 
1862, and Van Dorn and Price at Corinth 3 and 
4 Oct. 1862; com. Army of the Cumberland, 
Oct. '62 to Oct. '63 ; Dec. 31 he won the san- 
guinary battle of Stone River, near Murfrees- 
borough, Tenn., over Bragg's army. By great 
personal exertions ho on that day checked the 
tide of a terrible lli^astL'r, re-formed his army 
in the face of tla- att:irkiiiL' enemy, rolled back 
their victorious coliniiu^, and turned defeat 
into victory. 'I'lic n>ult ol tliis battle was the 
rescue of iMi.l.lir ■l\ini. and the secure posses- 
siiin nf Ky, 24 .lime, 1863, he advanced on 
TulhiliMiiM ; u. ciiiiied Bridgeport and Steven- 
son ui .In.i ; 1 r.i-,,,1 the Tenn. River 4 Sept. 
ISG-'i , ly .lud :;o Srpt. fought the unsuccessful 
battle of Chiekamauga; and was relieved of 
his com. 30 Oct. 1863. From 28 Jan. to 9 Dec. 
1864 he com. the dept. of Mo., during which 
time occurred the Price raid. Brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 ; maj.-gen. vols. 21 Mar. 
1862; resigned 28 Mar. 1867. Minister to 
Mexico in July, 1868, but was recalled a few 
months later. — See Ilosecranz's Campaign with 
the nth Armij Corps, 12mo, 1863. 
. Hosier, James, "a gentleman employed 
in the voyage," pub. Lond., 1605, "A True 
Relation of the Most Prosperous Voyage," &c., 
of Capt. (iccir^'e Waymouth to Virginia. Re- 
pub. ill Piuclias, vol. iv. 

Ross, Alkxanoer, a British gen.,b. 1742; 
d. Loud. Kov. 29, 1827. Ensign in the 50th 
Foot in Feb. 176U; he was in all the actions 
with the allied army in Germany after that 
date; became capt. in the 45th in May, 1775, 
and was in all the principal actions in the 
American war, during a great part of which he 
served as capt. of grenadiers, and in the latter 
part of it as aide-de-camp to Lord Cornwallis ; 
brev. maj. in 1781 ; a commissioner with Col. 
Dundas, on the part of Cornwallis, to arrange 
the details of the surrender at Yorktown ; after- 
wards served as dcp. adj. -gen. in Scotland ; 
thence went as adj.-gen. to the E. Indies while 
the Marquis of Cornwallis com. in thatcountry,. 
and was present in every action that took place 
at that time. He attained the rank of gen. 
Jan. 1, 1812. Cornwallis's corresp. was pub. 
in 3 vols., 1859, by Charles, son of Alex. Ross. 

Ross, Edward C, LL.D. (Ken. Coll. 
1849), prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. 
in the N.Y. Free Acad. 1848-51, b. Pa. 1801 ; 
d. N.Y. May 16, 1851. West Point, 1821 ; 
A.M. of Geneva Coll. 1842. He left the array 
in 1839, after performing arduous service dur- 
ing the Florida war; and for 10 years acted 
as assist, prof, of math, at West-Point Acad. 
Prof, of math, in Kenyon Coll., O., 1840-8. 
He translated Bourdon's Algebra from the 
French in 1831. 

Ross, George, judge and patriot, b. New- 
castle, Del., 1 730 ; d. Lancaster, Pa., July, 1779. 
Son of the pastor of the Epis. church in New- 
castle. Commenced the study of the law at 
Phila. at the age of 18, and established him- 
self in practice at Lancaster in 1751. He was 
a representative in the Assembly of Pa. in 
1768-70; and in 1774 he was elected to the 
first Gen. Congress at Phila. ; at the same 
time he was app. to report to the Assembly 



ROS 



instructions for liimself and his associates. In 
1775 he drew up a reply to Gov Pcnn s mes- 
sage, deprecating any action on the part ot the 
Colony. A report on the measures necessary 
for putting the Colony and the city of I'hila. in 
a state of defence was also from his pen. lie 
sinned the Decl. of Indep., but in Jan., 1777, 
.,-1 1... :_,i: — „;t;„r. to resign his 
of Lan- 
ate worth 



was compelled, by indisposition 
place in Congress. The inhabitanti 
caster having voted him a piece of pi 
£150 on this occasion, he declined llie present. 
The convention which assembled after the dis- 
solution of the proprietary govt. app. Ur. Ross 
to prepare a decl. of rights. After acting as a 
successful mediator in difficulties with the In- 
dians, he was app. a judge of the Court of Ad- 
miraltv in April, 1779. , , . 

Boss, James, scholar, taught school at 
Chambersburg, Pa., 1796-1801, subsequently 
at Lancaster and Phila. ; and was prof, of lan- 
guages in Dick. Coll., Pa. Author ot Latin 
and Greek grammars, and other text-books in 
those languages ; of Latin poems in the^iews- 
papers, and an Ode to the memory of Dr. C. 
msheu — Hist. Mat/azme, 186-2. 

Boss, James, statesman, b. York Co., fa., 
July 12, 1762 ; d. near Piitsburg, Nov. 27,1847. 
Educated at Pequea under Rev. Dr. Robert 
Smith. He taught at Canonsburg the first 
classical school opened in the West ; afterward 
studied law in Phila. ; was adm. to the bar in 
1784 ; rose to distinction in the profession ; ra. 
a ladv of fortune, and devoted himself to poli- 
tics ' He was prominent in the State Const. 
Conv of 1790; an able defender of the Federal 
Const. ; was a U.S. senator in 1794-1803, and 
one of the leaders of the Federal party. He 
was one of the commiss. from Congress to the 
Whiskey Insurgents. He pub. " Speech on the 
Free Navigation of the Mpi.," 1803. 

Boss, SiK John, arctic explorer, b. Scot- 
land, 24 June, 1777 ; d. Lond. 30 Aug. 1856 
Entcrin<' the roval navv in 1786, he attained 
the rank of rear-adin. in 1851, having been 13 
times wounded. He began his arctic voyages 
in 1828 with Capt. Parry ; was similarly en- 
ca<«ed in 1829-33 ; and in 1850 went in search 
of Sir John Franklin in a small vessel of 90 
tons, remaining one winter in the ice. Author 
of a "Voyage of Discovery," 2 vols. 1819; 
" Narrative of a Second Voyage," 2 vols. 1835- 
6 His nephew Sir James Clark Ross, also 
disting. for his arctic explorations, d. 3 April, 
1862. Author of " Voyageof piscovery in 
the Southern Antarctic Regions," 1847. 

Boss, John (Kooweskoowe), a Cherokee 
chief, b. Ga. ab. 1790 ; d. Washington D.C., 
Au". 1, 1866. He was a half-breed, and at an 
early' age had acquired a good English educa- 
tion. He became principal chief ot the Chcro- 
kees in 1828. The jiroceedingsof the Ga. legist, 
for their removal, in 1829, led to an appeal on 
the part of the Cherokces, Ross acting as their 
agent, to the U.S. Sup. Court, which resulted 
in a decision in their favor. Georgia, however, 
refused to obey, and aggressions upon the In- 
dians increased. In 1835 a treaty was con- 
cluded between J. F. Schermerhorn, an agent of 
the U.S., and Major Ridge ; his son John Ridge, 
and aliout 600 other Cherokees, agreeing to 
surrender their lands, and remove V\ est within 



2 vcars. Against this treaty, known as that 
of' New Echota, Ross and over 15,000 of his 
tribe protested. The govt., however, sent a 
force under Gen. Seott to compel its fulfilment ; 
and the Indians, with Ross at their head, re- 
moved to their new home, a moderate allow- 
ance being made them for their losses by the 
govt. In 1861, Ross, after some hesitation, en- 
tered into a treaty with the seceding States. 
At the time of his death, he was urging the 
claims of his tribe for losses during the war. 
He pub. " Letter to a Gentleman of Phila.," 
1836. 

Boss, Robert, an English maj.-gen., b. 
Ross Trevor, Devonshire, Eng. ; killed iit 
North Point, 12 Sept. 1814. Trinity CoU^, 
Dublin. Disting. as an officer ot the 20th 
Foot in Holland and Egypt; was a lieut.-col. 
at Maida ; was in the campaign of Corunna, 
under Sir John Moore ; and com. a brigade at 
the battles of Vittoria and the Pyrenees, and 
was wounded at Oithez. Selected by Welling- 
ton to com. the corps sent against Washington, 
he defeated the U.S. troops at Bladensburg; 
entered the city of Washington 24 Aug. 1814, 
and burned and' sacked it; and, while leading 
the advance in the direction of Baltimore, was 
killed by a rifleman. 

BOSSiter, Thomas P., painter, b. New 
Haven, Ct., Sept. 29, 1818. He began to study 
with Jocehn, and in 1838 commenced port.- 
painting. 'He was in Europe 1840-6, studying 
chiefly in Rome; and in Paris in 1853-6, where 
he obtained a gold medal in the Exposition of 
1855. Since 1860 he has resided at Cold Spring, 
Hudson Highlands. He became an academi- 
cian in 1849. He has painted a number of 
scriptural pieces, among them " Miriam," 
" The Jews in Captivity," and " Noah ; " also 
"Joan of Arc in Prison," " House of Washing- 
ton," "Representative Merchants," &c. ; aiicl 
has latterly been engaged uiion a series ot 
compositions on the Life of Christ. Died 
1871. — Tuckerman. 

Bost, Pierre A., jurist, b. France ah. 
1797; d. N. Orleans, Sept. 6, 1868. He re- 
ceived an academic and scientific education at 
Paris, where he was a pupil of the Polytechnic 
School. Emigrating lo the Red-river dist. ab. 



4, he began to practise 



soon became 
conspicuous" at the 'bar, and, removing to St. 
Charles parish, became an extensive and pros- 
perous planter. In 1845 he was placed upon 
the bench of the Supreme Court, where he 
ranked among the foremost jurists of the 
State. Commis. to Spain under the Confed. 
government. 

Bostaing, Jdst Astoise Hexei Marie, 
Marquis de, a French lieut.-gen., b. Vauchette, 
Nov. 24, 1 740 ; d. 1 825. He was at first a page 
to Louis XV. ; made the campaigns of 1760-2 
in Germany as captain of cavalry, and then of 
America (1780-3) as col. successivelv of the 
regts. of Auxerois and of Gatinais. His con- 
duct in this war, and particularly at the siege 
of Yorktown, procured him the cross of St. 
Louis, that of Cincinnati, and the grade of 
mare'chal-de-camp in 1783. Dep. to the statcs- 
gen. ; sec. of the national assembly, Oct. 13, 
1789 ; and then a mcrabcrof the military com. ; 
but detached himself from the party which was 



EOT 



784 



ROTV 



seeking the destruction of the monarchy, and 
joined the c6t€ droit ; named lieut.-gen. March 
20, 1792. He withdrew from the political arena, 
and retired to his estate of Forez, where, thanks 
to his opinion in favor of the tifrs-Aat in the 
constituent assembly, he long survived the 
epoch of terror. 

Bothermel, Peter F., painter, b. Luzerne 
Co., Pa., July 8, ISl". He was educated as a 
land-surveyor; but, on removing at the age of 
22 to Phila., studied painting, and commenced 
practice as a portrait-painter, but soon engaged 
upon historical subjects. In 1836-7 he visited 
France, Germany, and Italy, and painted his 
"St. Agnes," now in St. Petersburg. Among 
his earlier works are " Christabel " and " Kath- 
arina and Petruchio." He has also painted 
" De Soto discovering the Mississippi," " Co- 
lumbus before Isabella the Catholic," the 
Noche Triste from Prescott's " Conquest of 
Mexico," " Christian Martyrs in the Colos- 
seum," " Patrick Henry before the Virginia 
House of Burgesses," " I'he Battle of Gettys- 
burg." 

Eottenburg, Baron de; d. Portsmouth, 
Eng., April 24, 1832. App. m:ijor 1795 ; col. 
180.5; brig.-gcn. 1808; maj.-gen. 1810; lieut.- 
gen. 1819. He served in the Irish rebellion of 
1798; at the capture of Surinam, 1799; com. 
the light troops in the Walcheren exped. in 
1809; took com. at Quebec in 1810; at Mon- 
treal in 1812 ; corn, the troops in U.C. in 1813, 
and was pres. of the Province ; and in 1814-15 
com. the left division of the army in Canada. 

Rouquette, Adrien Emmanuel, poet, b. 
New Orleans, 1813. He was educated at the 
Roy. Coll. of Nantes, France, and studied law, 
but became a prof, in the R.C. Sem. at N. Or- 
leans. He writes both in French and English ; 
and his works comprise " Les Savanes Po£sies 
Ame'ricaines," 1841 ; " Wild-Flowers," a vol. 
of sacred poetry, 1848; a prose treatise^ 
fence of monasticism, entitled " La 
en Am&igue," 1852 ; " L' Antoniade," &c., 1860; 
and in 1846 a Discourse at the Cathedral 
of St. Louis on the Anniversary of the Battle 
of New Orleans; ** Poemes Patn'olifjues," 1860. 
His bro. Francois Uominique, poet, b. New 
Orleans, Jan. 2, 1810, was also educated at 
Nantes, studied law in the office of Wm. Ilawle 
in Phila., and, returning to France, pub. there 
(1838) a vol. of poems entitled " Les ileschac^- 
b^ennos;" "The Arkansas," 1850; " Fleurs 
d'Am^rique," 1857. He has written a work 
both in Frencii and English on the Choctaw 
Nation. 

Bous, Captain John ; d. 1760. In Aug. 
1744 he com. an exped. sent to cut out a fleet 
of French vessels from the harbor of Fishotte, 
Newfoundland, which he successfully per- 
formed, and laid waste all the French posts on 
that coast. In the exped. against Cape Bre- 
ton in 1745, he com. " The Shirley " (24), and, 
after the reduction of Louisbnrg,' was sent to 
England with the news, and rewarded with the 
commission of capt. in the royal navy, Sept. 24, 
1745; in 1755 he com. the fleet which conveyed 
the exped. against the French in the Bay' of 
Fundy, and he afterward destroyed their forts 
and houses in the River St. John's ; in 1757 he 
com. the frigate " Winchelsea " in the unsuc- 



cessful exped. against Louisburg, and captured 
a French sloop of 16 guns after a stout resist- 
ance ; in 1758, in "The Sutherland " (50), at 
the siege of Louisburg, and in 1 759 at that of 
Quebec, he did good service ; member of the 
colonial council in 1754. 

Bousseau, Lovell Harrison, brev. maj.- 
gen. U. S. A., b. Lincoln Co., Kv., 4 Aug. 
1818; d. N. Orleans 8 Jan. 1869. He lost his 
father (who was of Huguenot descent, and who 
was first cousin to Pres. Harrison) when he was 
13, had no schooling after he was 10 years old, 
and worked at road-making. After studying 
law at Louisville, and at Bloomfield, Ind., he 
was in 1841 adm. to the bar; was a member 
of the legisl. in 1844-5 ; was a capt. in the 2d 
Ind. Regt. at the battle of Buena Vista ; and 
in 1847 was chosen by the Whigs State sena- 
tor. Returning to Louisville in 1849, he took 
a high place at the bar as a criminal lawyer. 
Member of the Ky. senate in 1860, he took a 
bold and decided stand for the govt., and 
against the quasi neutrality of the legisl., and, 
when the civil war began, raised two Ky. regts., 
which he was obliged to encamp on the Indiana 
side of the Ohio River, where he established 
"Camp Joe Holt." In Sept. 1861 he crossed 
the river to protect Louisville; was made hrig.- 
gen. vols. 1 Oct. 1861 ; was attached to Gen. 
Buell's army, and fought at Shiloh ; led a div 
of McCook's corps, and took a leading part in 
the battle of Perry ville 8 Oct. 1862, for which 
he was made maj.-gen. vols. ; was conspicuous 
at the battle of Stone River 31 Dec. 1862 ; was 
in the Tullahoma campaign, in the movement 
at Chattanooga, and the battle of Chicka- 
mauga ; com. the Dist. of Tenn. in 1864, and 
made his famous raid into Ala., destroying the 
Montgomery and Atlanta lines of railroad; 
and in Dec. held the important post of Fort 
Rosecranz against Hood. Brev. major-gen. 
U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services in the 
war; brig.-gen. U.S.A. Mar. 1867,and assigned 
to duty in Alaska. Subsequently com. in New 
Orleans. M.C. 1865-7. He was a supporter 
of the reconstruction policy of Pres. Johnson. 

Bowan, John, jurist, b. Pa. 1773 ; d. 
Louisville, Ky., July 13, 1843. His parents 
went to Ky. in 178.3. John was educated by 
Dr. Priestley at Bardstown ; was adm. to the 
bar in 1 795 ; member of the State Const. Conv. 
in 1799; sec. of state in 1804; M.C. 1807-9; 
many vears in the State legisl. ; judge of the 
Court of Appeals 1819-21 ; U.S. senator 1823- 
31 ; commiss. of claims against Mexico under 
the treaty of April 11, 1839 ; pres. of the Kv. 
Hist. Soc. 1838-43. In the U.S. senate he 
made able speeches on amending the judiciary 
system, April 10, 1826, and on imprisonment 
for debt in 1828. He was acknowledged to 
have no equal at the Ky. bar in criminal cases. 
He was a man of extensive literary acquire- 
ments, and of commanding eloquence. His 
speeches on Foote's Resolutions, and on Im- 
prisonment for Debt, were pub. 1830. 

Bowan, Stephen C, vice-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Ireland, Dec. 25, 1808. Midshipm. Feb. 15, 
1826; licut. Mar. 8, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
capt. July 16, 1862 ; rear-adm. July 25, 1866 ; 
vice-adm. Sept. 9, 1870. Com. naval battalion 
under Com. Stockton at battle of Niesa, Upper 



'85 



Cal. ; exec, officer of " The Cyanc " when she 
bombardcJ Guaymas, 1847; com. sloop-of-war 
" Pawnee " in action with batteries at Aquia 
Creek in May, 1861, and in capture of Hat- 
teras ; com. naval flotilla in attack on Roanoke 
Island, and In captureand destruction of Confcd. 
fleet in Albemarle Sound, Feb. 10, 1862; also 
captured Elizabeth City and Edenton, N. C. 
He com. the naval forces at the fall of New- 
born; com. "The New Ironsides" ofl' Charles- 
ton, and participated in the different attacks on 
P'orts Wagner, Gregg, and Moultrie; com. 
Asiatic squad, 1868-9. — //amcrs/^. 

Kowland, Rkv. Heney Augdstus, reli- 
gious author, I). Windsor, Ct., 18 Sept. 1804; 
d. Boston, Sept. 4, 1859. Y.C. 182.3. Grand- 
son of Rev, D, S. ; son of Rev. H. A., minister 
of Windsor 1 790-18.35. He studied theology ; 
was one vear agent of the Am. Bible Society ; 
was settled in Favetteville, N. C, in 18-30, in 
N.Y. City in 1834! in Houesdale, Pa., 184-3-54, 
and at the time of his death at Newark, N. J. 
He was a frequent contrib. to religious periodi- 
cals, and was the author of "The Common 
Maxims of Infidelity," " The Path of Life," 
" Wav of Peace," and " Light in a Dark Al- 
ley," 1850, —5ce Memorial of Rowland, with 
Funeral Sermon, by E. R. Fairjield, 1860. 

Eowlandson, Maky, wife of Joseph, first 
minister of Lancaster, Ms., who d. 24 Nov. 
1678. Was made captive by the Indians when 
that town was destroyed, Feb. 10, 1676, and 
pub. an account of her captivity in 1682. She 
was redeemed by the bounty of some ladies of 
Boston after a captivity of 11 weeks and 5 
days. Her narrative passed through manv 
editions, the 6th in 1828. She was dau. of 
John White. 

RoWSOn, Sus.ANNA, authoress, b. Ports- 
mouth, Eng., 1762 ; d. Boston, March 2, 1824. 
She, with her father Wm. Haswcll, a British 
naval officer, was wrecked in 1767 on Lovell's 
Island, on the New-Eng. coast; after which he 
settled at Nantasket, married again, and on 
the breaking-out of the war, being a British 
subject, was compelled to depart. Susanna 
followed him to London, where in 1786 she m. 
Win. Kowson, leader of the band attached to 
til' K -i.il i.uiiiN. They came to Phila. in 
17 ' : ij rjcment to Wignell, manager 

..! ! ! litre. She bad previously ap- 

1- u i )i - -liilly at the provincial theatres 
in li-!it CDinedy and musical pieces. While at 
Baltimore, in 1793, she wrote a poetical address 
to the iirmies of the U.S., entitled "The Stan- 
d.ird of Liberty." In 1796 she appeared with 
her husband at the Federal-street Theatre, 
Boston, where her comedy, "Americans in Eng- 
land," was played for her benefit, and farewell 
of the stage. She next taught school succes- 
sively at Medford, Newton, and Boston. She 
pub. in London " Victoria," a novel, 1 786 ; 
" Mary, or the Test of Honor ; " " A Trip to 
Parnassus;" " Fille de Chamhre ;" "Thelnquis- 
itor;" "Mcntoria; " and " Charlotte Temple," 
a highly popular novel. In America she piih. 
" Trials of the Heart," a novel ; " Slaves in 
Algiers," an opera ; " The Volunteers," a 
farce; and "The Female Patriot;" "Reuben 
and Rachel," a novel, Boston, 1798 ; and " Mis- 
cellaneous Poems, 1804 ; " Sarah, or the Exem- 



plary Wife," 1802; Spelliirj Pi -Mnntrv, 1807; 
"Present for Young Lad; - 111 --'i- also 
compiled some educational .1 I 1' -mary, 
two systems of Geograpln .u. i I,,!... .1 i:xer- 
cises ; contrib. to the i.w/u« II <•/;../, I/,/./. In 
1822 she pub. 2 vols, of " Biblical bialogucs." 
" Charlotte's Daughter," a sequel to " (.'burlotte 
Temple," app. in 1 828. — AJemoirs of AJrs. Row- 
son hy EHas Nason, 8vo, 1870, 

Eoyall, Anne, authoress, b. in Va. June 
II, 1769 ; d. Washington, D.C., Oct. 1, 18.54. 
Kidnapped by the Indians in childhood, she 
was detained 15 vears ; afterwards m. Capt. K., 
a Revol. officer,"and lived in Ala. In Wash- 
ington, she established in 1835 the papers 
Paul Pry and the Huntress. She published 
" Sketches," 1826 ; " The Tennesscan," 1827 ; 
" The Black Book," 1828, a narrative of 
travels throughout the U.S., and criticisms 
of individual character, second series, 1831 ; 
"Letters from Alabama," 8vo, 1830. She 
wielded a sarcastic and often a liiiicr pen. 

Royall, Isaac, loyalist; d. En^iianil, Oct. 
1781. Representative from Medford, Ms., to 
the Gen. Court, and for 22 years a mcniber of 
the council. App, a brig.-gen. 1761, be was 
the first who bore that title here. He left the 
country, Apr. 16, 1773; was proscniied in 
1778, and his estate confiscated. A dau, m. the 
second Sir Wm. Pepperell. He b.qucathed 
upwards of 2,000 acres of land in Worcester 
Co. to found the first law professorship of H.U. ; 
and his bequests for other purposes were nu- 
merous and liberal. 

Royee, Stephen, LL.D. (U. of Vt. 1837), 
gov. of Vt. 1854-6, b. Tinmouih, Vt., 12 Aug. 
1787 ; d. E. Berkshire, Vt., Nov. 11, 1868. 
Midd. Coll. 1807. Judge Sup. Court 1826-7 
and 1829-52; chief justice 1846-51; member 
legisl, from Sheldon 1815-16, from St. Al- 
ban's 1822-4. 

Rueker, Daniel H., brev. maj.-gen. U.S. 
A., b. on Grosse Isle, Detroit River. 2d lieut. 
1st Dragoons, Oct. 1837; capt, Feb. 1847; 
brev. maj. for gallantry at Buena Vista, Mex.; 
transf. to quarterm. dept. Nov. 30, 1849 ; maj. 
Aug. 3, 1861 ; col. and aide-de-camp, Sept. 
1861; brig.-gen. U.S. vols. May, 1863; col. 
and assist, quarterm.-gen. July, 1866 ; brev. 
brig.-gen. and brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for faith- 
ful and tnerit. service during the war. — Uenry's 
MiUt. Record. 

Radd, John Churchill, D.D., Epis. 
clergvman, b. Norwich, Ct , Mav 24, 1779 ; d. 
Utii-a, Nov. 15, 1848. He received a good 
academical education ; was adm. to holy orders 
in 1805; was rector of St. John's, Elizabeth- 
town, N. J., until 1826 ; was rector of St. Pe- 
ter's, Auburn, N.Y., 1826-31, having likewise 
the charge of an acad. for 3 years ; 



estabiisiied the Gospel Messene/er and Clntrch 
Record, a weekly religious journal, of which 



he continued to be editor and proprietor until 
his death. 

Rudolph, Michael, a brave Revol. officer, 
1.. Md. ab. 1754; ri. after 1794. With his 
bro. Jolin he joined Maj, Henrv Lee, at the 
heiid of Elk, in 1778, with rank of capt. in bis 
Legion ; disting. himself greatly in many of 
the minor battles and sieges ol the war in the 
south ; and after its close m. and settled in bu>i- 



RXJF 



ness in Savannah. He was subsequently col- 
lector at Sunbury, Ga., where he cuhivated a 
small farm. Entering the army again in 1790 
as capt. 1st Inf., he served under Harmar in 
the North-west ; became maj. of cav. ; resigned 
in 1794; afterward traded to the W. Indies, 
and was last heard of as having embarked for 
France to enter its military service. 

Ruffin, Edmund, pres. Va. Agric. Soc, 
b. Prince Edward Co., Va., 1794; d. by his 
own hand near Danville, Va., June 17, 1865. 
He pull. " Essay on Calcareous Manures," 
1831 ; •■ Report, &c., Agric. Surrey of S.C," 
8vo, 1843; "Essays and Notes on Agric.," 
8vo, 185."). Also editor Farmer's Register, 
1833-42, 10 vols., and other agric. periodicals, 
and of the Westover Manuscripts, by William 
Byrd, Svo, 1841. He was a noted secessionist, 
fired the first gun at Fort Sumter, and com- 
mitted suicide because he would not live under 
the U.S. government. 

Eufl'ner, Heskt, D.D., LL.D., many 
years ]ires. of Lexington Coll., Va. ; d. at his 
residence in Kanawha, Va., Dec. 17, 1861, a. 
72. Author of an argument against the con- 
tinuance of slavery in Va. ; " The Fathers of 
the Desert," 2 vols. 12mo, 1850; "Judith 
Bensaddi,' a romance ; discourse on Future 
Punishment, 1823; Inaug. Address, Lexing- 
ton, Feb. 22, 1837. 

Ruger, Thomas H., col. and brev. hrig.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. X.Y. ab. 18.33. West Point, 
1854. Resigned 2 dlieut. engrs. 1 Apr. 1855; 
counsellur-at-law, Janesvllle, Wis., 1856-61 ; 
lieut.-col. 3d Wis. Vols. 29 June; col. 20 Aug. 
1S61 ; brig.-gen. 29 Nov. 1862; col. 33d .U.S. 
Inf 28 July, 1866. He served in the Slienan- 
doah Valley in 1861-2; was at Cedar Moun- 
tain and Antietam ; com. brigade of 12th corps 
at Chancellorsville ; com. a division at Gettys- 
burg ; com. a brigade in 20th corps in Atlanta 
campaign, May-Nov. 1864 ; com. div. ^3d 
corps in operations against Hood's army, 
and in operations in N. C. until Johnston's 
surrender; brev. maj.-gen. vols. 30 Nov. 1864 
lor battle of Franklin, Tenu., and brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. 2 Mar. 1867 for Gettysburg. 
Trans, to ISth Inf. 15 Mar. 1869. — C'lllnm. 

Kuggles, Besjamin, U.S. senator from 
O. 1815-33, b. Windham Co., Ct., 1783; d. 
St. Clairsville, O., Sept. 2, 1857. By keeping 
school in winter, he obtained the means for re- 
ceiving a classical education ; was adm. to the 
bar; removed to Marietta, O., but subsequent- 
ly settled at St. Clairsville ; and in 1810 was 
elected pres. judge of the C.C'.P. for the third 
circuit. — Lanmun. 

Ruggles, Daniel, maj.-gen. C.S.A., b. 
Ms. ab. 1814. West Point, 1833. Entering 
5th Inf, he became 2d lieut. Feb. 18, 1836 ; 1st 
lieut. July 7, 1833; capt. June 18, 1846; served 
in the Florida war; was dialing, at Palo Alto 
and La Palma, and at the storming of Molino 
del Rey ; brev. maj. and lieut.-col. respectively 
for gallantry at Conjreras and Churubusco 
Aug. 20, and at Chapultepec Sept. 13, 1847 ; 
and resigned May 7, 1861. Made brig.-gen. 
in the Confed. army in 1861 ; served in N. Or- 
leans in the winter of 1861-2, and retreated 
thence with the forces under Gen. M. Lovell 
before the surrender, of the city to Flag-OlEcer 



after his i 



Farragut; maj.-gen. in 1863; surrendered wiih 
Lee. 

Ruggles, Edward, M.D., physician and 
artist, b. Fall River, Ms., 1817 ; d'. Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 10 Mar. 1867. While studying medicine 
5, he aUo acquired skill as an artist, and 
id a large medical practice, 
amusing his leisure hours at the easel. About 
1867 some of his pictures were exhibited; and 
the applause they received led him to devote 
himself to painting cabinet-pieces, which he 
produced with great rapidity, and which were 
highly popular. 

Ruggles, Samuel Bulklet, LL.D., h. 
Ct. 1800. Y.C. 1814. Adm. to the N.Y. bar 
1821; member N.Y. legisl. 1838 ; canal coni- 
miss. 1839; pres. of the board 1840 and 1858; 
U.S. comraiss. to Paris E.xposition 1866, to 
Internat. Monetary Conference, Paris, 1867, In- 
ternat. Statist. Confer, at the Hagne, 1869; has 
pub. many pamphlets on subjects of Law, Po- 
lit. Economy, and Education. — AHihone. 

Ruggles, Timothy, lawyer, politician, 
and loyalist, b. Rochester, Ms., 11 Oct. 1711 ; 
d. Wiimot, N. S., 4 Aug. 1795. II.U. 1732. 
Son of Rey. Time, min. of Rochester 1710- 
68. He practised law successfiiUy at Sandwich, 
and then at Hardwick ; was a member of the 
legisl. in 1736 ; and at the battle of Lake 
George in 1755 was a brig.-gen., and second in 
com. App. judge of C.C.P. in 1756, and was 
chief justice from 1762 until the Revol. ; speaker 
of the Assembly in 1762-3; many years an in- 
fluential member of that body; delegate to the 
Stamp-act Congress at N.Y. in 1765, and its 
pres., but refused to concur in its measures, 
and was reprimanded by the legisL Adhering 
to the royal cause, he took refuge in Boston, 
where, in 1775, he endeavored, without success, 
to raise a corps of loyalists, and on the de- 
parture of the British troops accomp. them to 
Nova Scotia, and became one of the proprie- 
tors of the town of Digby. A wit, scholar, 
lawyer, he was rude in speech and manner, but 
was an impressive pleader and an able debater. 
In Mrs. Warren's dramatic piece, " The 
Group," he figures as Brigadier Hateall. — 
See Ward's Life of Curwen ; Saline's Loi/nlists. 

Rumford, Sir Benjamin Thompson, 
count, physicist and statesman, b. Wobum, 
Ms., Mai-ch 26, 1753 ; d. Auteui!, France, Aug. 
21, 1814. His emig. ancestor James came to 
N.E. ab. 1630, and settled in Charlestown, J[s. 
Receiving a comraon-sehool education, he en- 
tered a connting-honse in Salem at the age of 
13, and while thus engaged, and al.*o in school- 
teaching, employed much of his leisure in in- 
vestigating medicine and physics, attending the 
lectures of Prof. Winthrop of H.U. He was 
a clerk in a store in Boston at the time of the 
massacre in March, 1770. He next taught 
an acad. in Rumford, now Concord, N.H., and 
in 1772 m. Mrs. Rolfe, a wealthy widow of that 
place, and was made major of militia. This 
app. gave umbrage to older officers over whose 
heads he was placed, and was the origin of the 
persecution which afterward drove him into the 
British camp. He shared in the feelings of his 
countrymen, although not one of the intense 
patriots of the day, and tried in vain to obtain 
a commission in the Cont. army. He was 



RTTM 



787 



ETJS 



charged mth disaffection, driven from his home, 
and afterwards from his step-father's residence 
in Woburn. He had a puLlic hearing at Wo- 
bura, and, though not condemned, was not 
fully acquitted. Oct. 10, 1775, he left the 
Amer. lines, and after the fall of Boston was 
sent to Eng. by Gen. Howe with despatches. 
Employed Ijy Lord Geo. Gemiaine, sec. of state 
for the Colonies, he became in 1 780 nnder-scc. ; 
on the retirement of Grcnuaine, he rctm-ncd to 
America, raised in N.Y. " The King's Ameri- 
can Dragoons," and was comissioned lieut.-col. ; 
Feb. 24, 1782, he succeeded, in the absence of Ma- 
rion, in surprising his brigade, then under Col. 
Horry, dispersing it, and destroying its stores. 
Returning to Eng. at the close of the war, he 
was knighted, and in 1784 entered the service 
of the Elector of Bavaria as aide-de-camp and 
chamberlain. Here he rc-organized the military 
service, suppressed beggary, and introduced 
numerous reforms ; among others was the con- 
version of an old hunting-ground near Munich 
into a park, where, after his departure, the in- 
habitants erected a monument in his honor. 
For his serrices he was made a State council- 
lor, lieut.-gen., minister of war, and count, tak- 
ing the title of Rumford, his old residence, liis 
health becoming feeble, he made a tour in Ita- 
ly ; went to Eng. in Sept. 1 795, whore he was 
robbed of all his private papers, and original 
notes and observations on pliilosophical sub- 
jects. He pub. the record of his labors in Ba- 
varia in a Series of essays. He discovered the 
leading principles upon which fireplaces and 
grates for coal are constructed, and many other 
economies in tne production and employment 
of heat, which he demonstrated to be only a 
mode of motion, — one of the great discoveries 
of the age. Returning to Bavaria in 1796, he 
was app. head of the council of regency during 
the absence of the elector, and maintained the 
neutrality of Munich during the war between 
France and Austria, and was made supt. ol 
the gen. police. At the end of two years, hi.- 
health failing, he fixed his residence in Eng., 
where he foimdcd the Koy. Institution ; in 1802 
he fixed his residence in Paris; and in 1804 m. 
the widow of Lavoisier, but they soon sepa- 
rated. He passed the rest of liis life in philo- 
sophical and chemical experiments. He con- 
trib. a large number of papers to scientific jour- 
nals ; made discoveries in the strength of ma- 
terials and the force of gunpowder, in light, 
heat, and illumination ; instituted prizes for 
discoveries in light and lieat for the Roy. Soc 
of Lond. and the Amer. Acad, of Sciences, of 
which he himself received the first on the for- 
mer subject from the Roy. Soc. ; and he be- 
queathed to H. U. the funds by wliich was 
founded its professorship of the application of 
science to the art of living in 1SI6. He left 
by his first wife a dau., who bore the title of 
countess, and who resided in Concord, where 
she d. in 1852. His wife Sarah d. Palis, Feb. 
10, 1S36, a. 81. His essays were pub. 3 vols. 
8vo, 1796; Philosophical Papers, 8vo, 1S02. 
His Life by Rev. Geo. E. Ellis, D.D., to accomp. 
a complete edition of his works, to be issued m 
4 vols. Svo, was pub. Svo, Boston, 1S71. 

Rutnsey, James, inventor, b. Bohemia 
Manor, Cecil Co., Md., 1743; d. London 23 



Dee. 1792. In Sept. 1784 he exhibited on the 
Potomac a boat which was propelled against 
the stream by machinery. Washington wit- 
nessed and certified to the fact. In Mar. 1786 
he propelled a boat on the Potomac by a steam- 
engine and machinery of his own making, and 
obtained a patent in Va. in 1787. In 1788 the 
Rumsey Society, of which Franklin was a 
member, was formed in Phila. to aid him. He 
went to London, where a similar body was 
formed, a boat and machinery buUt for him ; 
and he obtained patents in Great Britain, 
France, and Holland. A successful experi- 
ment was made on the Thames in Dec. 1792; 
and he was preparing another when his death 
oceun-ed. In 1839 the Ky. legisl. presented a 
gold medal to liis son, " commemorative of his 
father's services and high agency in giving to 
the world the benefit of the steamboat." lie 
pub. a " Short Treatise on the Application of 
Steam," 1788. He made important improve- 
ments in mill-machinery about 1784. 

Runkle, John Daniel, Ph. D. ( Ilani. Col. 
1870), LL.D. (Weal. U. 1871), phy^ieist, b. 
Root, Montg. Co., N.Y., 1 1 Oct. 1822. Law. Sci. 
School, Camb., U'51. He worked on his fa- 
ther's fainn until 21, then studied and taught 
nnlil he entered the Sci. School in 1848. App. 
in 1849 assist, in the prep, of the "American 
Ephemeris and Naut. Almanac," with which 
he is still connected. In 1856 he pub. in the 
" Smithsonian Contribs." "New Tallies forde- 
the Values of the Co-efficients in the 



3tary . 

&c. ; and founded the Mathcm. Montldi/, of 
which 3 vols, were issued (1859-61). Elected 
in 1865 prof, of mathematics and analytic me- 
chanics in the Ms. Institute of Technology, act- 
ing-pres. in 1868, and pres. in 1870. 

Rupp, Isaac Daniel, writer on agric, 
bi-t-rv, Hi-.. \' ii":ir IT:in-i-l.nvtr. Pn., 10 July, 
I -•! : ' r.i>'i 1. •■ < ! ■■ I !■ v; indcring Soul," 
; ,•; I !■ :.:;i ;■ II ■■'■,! '■ , I'lMller's " Voy- 

:,,. - ,,:h, ( ,;. ,,, .'v... , . ■ it<36; "Prac- 

iK:;il i-aiiiin, loJ7. Aiuliur of " History of 
the Religious Denominations of the U.S.," 
1844; histories of Lancaster Co., 8vo, 1844; 
Berks and Lebanon, Svo, 1844 ; York Co., 
8vo, 1845; Korthiimpton, Lehigh, Carbon, 
Monroe, and Schuykill, &c., Svo, 1845; 
Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, &c., 8vo, 
1845; Northumberland, Huntingdon, MifBin, 
&c., Svo, 1847; "Early History of Pennsylv. 
and the West," Svo, 1846. — See' for complete list 
of lus /mUications Hist. Mag., Feb. 1871. 

Ruschenberger, William S. W., M.D., 
(U. of Pa. 1830), naturalist and author, b. 
Curaberiand Co. , N. J., Sept. 4, 1 807 . He was 
educated in New York and Phil.a. ; studied 
medicine; became a surgeon in the U.S.N., and 
between 1826 and 1834 made two voyages in 
the Pacific; from March, 1835, to Nov. 1837, 
he was fleet-surgeon for the E. India squadron 
wliich circumnavigated the globe. While in 
cliari;e of the U.Srnaval hospital at Brooklyn, 
N. Y. (1843-7), he organized the naval labora- 
tory for supplying the service with unadulter- 
ated drugs. After again visiting the E. Indies, 
in 1848, he was in 1849 made a member of the 
board to draw up plans and resjulations for the 
U.S. Naval Acad. In Oct. 1854 he sailed as 



RXJS 



surgeon of tlio Pacific siinndron ; retired with 
rank ofcomnindnic' 4 Sept. !sr,;). Amonc his 
works are, " Tin. .■ "irai^ in the Pacitie," 1834 ; 
"A Voyage i-iui.l il,r Worl.l, iiicliidins an 
Embassy to Mii-.n i.thI Siam," 1838; '■Ele- 
ments of Natural l:i-ll.r^," IsTiO; " A Lexicon 
of Terms ii^.d in Na'tnial History," 1850; 
" Notes and C ..niin. mai i. , .luring a Voyage to 
Brazil and China in llie Year 1848," 1854; 
notice of the origin, &c., of the Phila. Acad, 
of Nat. Sciences, 8vo, 1852; besides nnmerous 
articles, on subjects connected with the navy, 
in theSou'h. / ,' .1/ ■ ,, vr and fmnr. Rn-iew. 
IlehaswritMi ,.,; I: . -i , , :i ' ■ ! ^.i.-ntific 
subjects in vai I - - / /.,//(■/,•. 

KUSh, l!l -..!><,.-,, \, 11 |i n:.:V 17G8), 

LL.D., physician, aud MgiKT.u ii,r Drcl. of 
Indep., b. on Puiincstiou Crceli, near Phila., 
Dec. :i4, 1743 ; d. Phila. Apr. 19, 1 si 3. N. .J. 
C'aII. 1760. He studied medicine in Pliila., 
Ediiib., Lond., and Pari.s ; began practice in 
Phila. in Aug. 1769, and was made prof, of 
chemistry in the med. coll. there ; in 1789 he 
succeeded to the chair of the theory and prac- 
tice of medicine ; in 1791 was made prof, of the 
institutes and practice of medicine and clinical 
practice, and in 1796 received the additional 
chair uf the practice of physic; he was also for 
nKiu\ \..ir- a |Ii\ician in the Pa. Hospital. 
In lii ! - : li .iiti-rence of Pa. he moved 
tia/ 1. , II.. I'ss in form its sentiments 
on tli. -i.l.|. .1 '1 a heel, of Indep. ; was chair- 
man of the com. to consider its expediency, 
and was elected to Congress in season to vote 
for that measure. In the same year lie was m. 
to Julia, dau. of Eichard Stockton of N. J., 
who d. 7 July, 1848, a. 89. In Apr. 1777 he 
made surg.-gen. of the middle dept. ; and 
777, phvs. 
pie of Pa. 
1776, which he considered very defective, and 
which was soon after supei'sedc'd by a new form 
of govt. In Feb. 1778 he resigned his position 
in the army on account of wnmgs done to the 
soldiers in'regard to tli. li.. i ii.il -n.n ^ i;. . 
suming practice in Phi i. I I ; 
1785, the first dispensai. ' I - I 

State conv. he was a til-Ill ...... r ..r t'... I" .1- 

eral Constitution ; a m. i... . . ..r the convention 

of Pa. to funii ■- :it\ition, and en- 

deavored to ).r... oration in it of 

hi.i views u]ioii |.i . i. -. i.. "il • and a penal code, 
H]ion ^^:li. !i h I |.rrviously written some es- 
sav.- 1 ] ivvalence of yellow-fever 

in ri I '7 Lull alone treated it succcss- 

f{ill_\ : |i; K 1 1 . 1 1 1 , i n his eulogiam upon Rush, 
c.sti"mating that lie saved not fewer than 6,000 
of the inhabitants of Phila. from death. In a 
single day Dr. Rush visited and prescribed for 
upward of 100 patients. Cobbett, in his Peter 
Purcupine's Gazelle, assaulted Rush and his 
treatment of the disease, carrying his hostility 
to sncli an extent, that a suit was brought 
against Cobbett, and a verdict of S5.000 ren- 
dered ag.ninst him. From i!,< liii_. ri S|iain 
and Prussia, the queen oil r . : . . 

peror of Russia, he rerrii. ! . . . 

his medical character. 'Ir. a m. i oi ih. Is 
mint from 1799 until his death. From a part 
of his Journal written in his 17th year, and 
wliich he continued through life, we derive the 



July, 1777, phys.-gen. He wrote 4 letters 
the people of Pa. on their constitution of 



only account of the yellow-fever of 17C2 in 
Phila. His writings are numerous. PiCtwcen 
1789 and 1804 he wrote 5 vols, of " Medical 
Inquiries and Observations," which have been 
rejainted. His essays — literary, moral, and 
philos. — appeared in 1798, were revised in 
1806; "Diseases of the Mind," 1812; at an 
early day he had pub. a vol. of " Medical 
Tracts," containing essays nron tf-mieraurc, 
health, exercise, &c. Distin'j ; : I -^ i' ;.y 
and piety, and was one of 1 1 1 il 

until his death vice.-pres., ol :.i. I 1 i.,! iJiio 
Society. His latest labors wxie u|iuu a uuik 
to have been called "The iledicine of the 
Bible," wliich he did not live to complete. 

Rush, Jacob, LL.D., ninnv vears prcs. of 
the C. C. P. for Pliila , 1. 17 n; ; .! t!i r.- .Tan. 
5, 1820. Bro.of Dr I'. •' ^: .1 f " |-i V 
In Dickinson's cunir. . . . in I:. ' . ..ir 
on the side of the i. i . ' 1. i o.-> 

" Charges on Moral an. I i; i . ' ^ 

"Character of Christ,' I _■ , in: t . ; .• 

tian Baptism," 8vo, l>r.i; I: . i m- 

mittce Chamber," I'hiia. 1 ». . <■. 1:74. i:i:- 
BECCA Rush, his daw., pub. "Kelorv,' a novel, 
1812. 

Rush, James, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1809), phy- 
sician, son of Dr. Renj., b. Phila. Mar. 1, 1786. 
d. tiarr Mav L'n, 1-nn X. J. Coll. 1805. He 
arlii,\.(l :i ;. . a-i a physician, but 

Auih.irot ■■ In .1 ilirUniuan Voice;" 

"Hamlet, a iJraiuai; I i ,"r-;t; "Analy- 

sis of the Human Im j svo, 1865; 

" Rhymes of Contra . ... V, i . md Folly," 

Svo, 1869. He left a I i a nn . .n of dollars 

to the Phila. Library Coniiiany tin- the erection 
of the " Eidgeway Branch of the Phila. Li- 
brary." 

Rush, Richard, statesman and diploma- 
tist, son of Dr. Benj., b. Phila. Aug. 29, 1780; 
d. there 3v\y 30, 1859. N. J. Coll. 1797. He 
studied law in Phila. ; was adm. to the bar in 
1 800 ; attained considerable repute by his de- 
I n. I of Duane, editor of the Aurora, on a 
■ of libel upon Gov. McKean ; was app. 
11 of Pa. in Jan. 1811; and in Nov. 
r..ni|.tro||(r of the U.S. treasury; removing to 
Washington, he was from 1814 to 1817 atty.- 
gen. of the U.S. ; was tcniporarv sec. of state 
imder Pres. Monroe in 1817; aiid in 1817-25 
was minister to Eng., negotiating several im- 
portant treaties, r>].ceially that of 1818 respect- 
ing our fi^liirir-. north I astern boundary, &c. 
In 1825 Pivs. .\ila]n^ r.ealled him, and made 
him sec. of the ii.asnry : in 1828 he was can- 
didate for vice.-pres. on the same ticket with 
Pres. Adams; in 1829 he negotiated in Hol- 
land an advantageous loan for the corpora- 
tions of Washington, Geoi-getown, and Alex- 
andria; in 1835 he was with Gen. Howard 
app. a commiss. to adjust the boundary dis- 
pute between Ohio and Michigan; in 1836 
i'res. Jackson ap]i. him commiss. to obtain the 
Siniih .ni II ! ,111 y, then in the English court 
. : . n nas successful, and in Aug. 

1-1 1 'lithe entire amount, $515,169. 

Mini-nito III' 1847-51. While a member 

of Mr. Madison's cabinet, he wrote frequently 
and vigorously for the newspapers in defence 
of the war with England ; and in 1833 wrote 



789 



RTTS 



many able letters against the U.S. Bank. In 
1815 he compiled an edition of the laws of the 
U.S. ; in 18y3 he pub. " Memoranda of a Resi- 
dence at the Court of St. James ; " in 1845 a 
second vol., " Comprising Incidents Official and 
Personal from 1819 to 1825;" "Washington 
in Domestic Life," 1857; and in 1860 a vol. 
of his " Occasional Productions." 

Rusk, Gen. Thomas J., U. S. senator 
1846-56, b. S.C.I 802; d. Nacogdoches, Texas, 
Jnly 29, 1 856. He practised law with success 
in Ga. Removed to Texas in the early part of 
1835 ; was a member of the con v. that declared 
Texas independent in Mar. 1 836 ; was the fir.st 
sec. of war; participated in the battle of 
San Jacinto, and took com. of the army after 
Gen. Honston was wounded, and until the or- 
ganization of the const, govt, in Oct. 1836, 
when he was again app. sec. of war. He aiter- 
wards com. several expeds. against the Indians ; 
served in the legisl. ; and as chief justice of 
the Sup. Court, which office he resisncd early 
in 1842. In 1845 he was pres. of the conven- 
tion that consummated the annexation of Tex- 
as to the U.S. — Lanmfin. 

Huss, Horace P., inventor of the " Russ " 
pavement, b. 1820; d. Halilax, N.S., 31 Dec. 
1862. He had been for some time engaged in 
gold mining in Nova Scotia. 

Eussell, Col. Bevjamis, a Boston me- 
chanic and jounialist, b. Sept. 13, 1761; d. 
Jan. 4, 1845. He learned the trade of a print- 
er with Isaiah Thomas. Served in the Revol. 
army, and while thus occupied contrib. to the 
columns of the Spi/, pub. at Worcester by Mr. 
Thomas. Establishing himself at Boston in 
the printing-business. Mar. 24, 1784, he com- 
menced the pub. of the Columbian C'entinel, a 
semi-weekly journal, which for a long period 
had no equal in controlling public sentiment. 
Himself a powerful writer, he was aided by 
contributions fi-om Ames, Pickering, Cabot, 
Lowell, HigginsoUj and other writers of eminent 
talent in the State. He withdrew from the 
editorship Nov. 1, 1828. He was 24 years the 
representative of Bcston to the General Court ; 
several years in the State senate; was a mem- 
ber of the exec, council, and of t\'c Const. 
Conv.ofl820; andforsouii-; i;.:ni;;!l iiuan 
of Boston. Hisln-o. John. : ■: i! /■..,( 
Gaxtt". had a son, John < . i i mil 

JonwB F. Russell (b. 1!^ n, .\:i . i no; 
d. Chicago, Jan. 7, 1861; W.'st Point, 1S18), 
attained rank of capt. Apr. 1830; resigned 
June, 1837; afterward a land-agent at Chi- 
cago. 

Russell, David Allex, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S A., b. Salem, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1820; killed 
in battle of Opoquan, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. 
West Poiut, 1845. Son of David, M.C. of 
N.Y. 1835-41, who d. 24 Nov. 1861, a. 61. 
Brev. for gallantry at National Bridge and 
Cerro Gordo; capt. 4th Inf 22 June, 1854; 
mnj. 8th Inf. Aug. 9, 1862 ; lieut.-col. 7th Ms. 
Vols. Apr. 1861; col. 31 Jan. 1862; served 
through the important battles of 1862-3 ; brig - 
gen. Nov. 29, 1862; led the advance at the 
battle of Fredericksburg, and subsequently 
com. Howe's div. 6th corps ; disting. at Get- 
tysburg, and in Gen. Grant's campaign from 
the Kapidan to the James; was wounded in 



the assault on Rappahannock Station, Nov. 
7, 1863; May 6, 1864, the second day's battle 
in the Wilderness, his coolness and bravery 
saved the 6th corps from destniction ; M.ty 
9 he was put in com. of the 1st div. 6;h 
coips, and was severely wounded at Cold Har- 
bor; in July, 1864, he was irausferred to ibe 
Army of the Shenandoah ; brev. lieut.-col. for 
peninsular campaign; col. 1 July, 1S63, for 
Gettysburg ; brig.-gen. for battle of Wilderness 
6 May, 1864; and bnv. maj.-gen. 19 Sept., 
1861, for Opeqnan. — Cullum. 

Russell, Jonathan, LL.D., lawyer .ind 
politician, b. Providence, R.I., 1771 ; d. Milton, 
Ms., Feb. 16, 1832. Brown U. 1791. Bred to 
the law, he embarked in the pursuits of com- 
merce; but his taste leaned towards politics. 
He was several years minister-plenipo. at 
Stockholm from 1814 ; and was one of the five 
commissioners who negotiateci, the treaty of 
Ghent in that year. On his return to this 
country, he settled at Mendon, Ms., and was 
M.C. in 1821-3. He was a versatile, forcible, ; , - 
and elegant writer. With the exception of the A """ kf* 
4th-of-July oration delivered in Providence in fk^^fJ^j^S^ 
1800, and also his diplomatic corresp. while in \_. 
Paris, London, and Stockholm, Mr. Russell ' /?f*'"«^* 
left no pub. evidences of his literary abilities. ,>i J. \ /, . 

Russell, Rich \KD, came from Hereford- ''I' "'"''- 
shire, Eng., in 1640; d. Charlestown, May 14, /f^. ^A.jM-»-»i 
1676, a. 64. He was representative in 1646; n t/ d 
speaker of the house 1648, '49, '54, '56, '58 ; as- - ^'^ '^ 
sist. 1659-76; and treasurer of the Colony 
1644-76. His son James, b. Charlestown, 
Ms., 1 Oct. 1640, d. 28 Apr. 1709. He was 
a rpresent.ative in 1679; assist. 1680-6; one 
of Pres. Dudley's council ; member of the 
council of safety 1689, and a leader in the 
revol. movement of that day; cotmcillor under 
the new charter 1692 ; also a judge and treas- 
urer of Ms. 1680-6. 

Russell, Gen. William, Revol. officer, of 
Fincastle Co., Va. He was a gallant and 
efficient officer at the battle of Point Pleasant; 
was a member of the Va. Const. Conv. of 
June, 1776 ; com. a Va. regt. during the Rt vol. 
war; and Nov. 8, 1783, was brev. brig.-gcn. 
Revol. army. His .son Robert, b. 1763, d. 
C.-iUoway Co., Mo., 16 J.an. I!i42, served with 
dist. in the Revol.; afterward s-.'rved several 
years in the Va. legisl.; ab. 1792 settled near 
Lexington, Ky. ; atid in 1835 removed to Mo. 
He filled manv important offices in Ky. 

Russell, Col. William, b. Va. 175?; d. 
Fayette Co., Ky., July 3, 1825. At the age of 
16 he became a soldier in the Revol. army ; was 
a lieut. in Campbell's regt. at King's Moun- 
tain, and rose to the rank of captain ; he 
served in St. Clair's exped. ; com. the advance 
mider Gen. Scott ; was lieut.<'ol. com. of a 
regt. of Ky. mounted volunteers, July 2, 1793; 
served under Wayne in 1794 ; col. 7th Inf. 
May 3, 1808 ; com. exped. against the Indians 
at Pimartains-to^vn, Oct. 1812; scniiig in all 
about 20 campaigns. He represented his 
county in both the Va. and Ky. legislatures. 

Russell, William, educationist, b. Glas- 
gow, Scotland, Apr. 28, 1798. He studied at 
the U. of Glasgow, and in 1817 came to Savan- 
nah, Ga., where in 1819 he became the head 
of the Chatham Acad. In 1822-5 he taught 



RTJT 



790 



tlie New-TowTisliip Ac^iJ. anil the New-Haven 
Grammar School. He next instrueted classes 
in elocution in Andover, Cambridge, and 
Boston. In 1826-9 he edited the American 
Journal of Education, and then removed to 
Germantown, Pa., where he taufrht a school 
for young ladies several years. He afterward 
taught in Pliila. and Boston and Andover. In 
1840 he estalili^hf-d a ■^omin.irv for tpnr-liers in 
N.H.,and in I'iv! ,-.„iov. .1 ,t r.'. I.,n:.-;„ifr, Ms., 
wlK-re he ninv 1' -il'- :i- 'liiii'Mr iit tlir Xormal 

education, and ttxt-ljuul^» fur schuols, especially 
in reading and elocution. — AlUhone. 

Ruter, Maetin, D.D. (Trans. U. 1822), 
pres. of AniTusta Coll., Kv.. 1827-32, b. Charl- 
ton, Ms., Apr. 3, 1785; d. Texas, May 16, 
1838. With but a common-school education, 
he was licensed to preach in June, l.SOl, when 
little more tha*16 years of a-e. by the Mcth. 
conf. ; was actively employed as an itinerant 
preacher, becoming well versed in the lan- 
g.uagcs, history, and science. At one time he 
had charge of the New-Market Wesleyan Acid., 
and in 1820 was app, tf. t!ie ;i_.ri. v of ;! 
Western Book Estn 1-1 i! i m ' i "!,,:;; 
He presided over Alle- ' i : i "; i: 

waid supt. of the new nil -iiiii . i,i !.-.. i^, l.nr 
soon sank under the toil and cxpo.-iurc to wiiicli 
ho was subjected. He pub. " Collection of 
Miscellaneous Pieces;" "Notes on the Ninth 
Chap, of Romans ; " " Sketch of Calvin's Life 
and Ooetrines ; " " History of Martyrs," 12mo, 
1834 ; " E.eles. History," 8vo, &c. 

Rutgers, Tol. Hknrt, patriot and philan- 
llm.pi.t of N.Y. City ; d. Feb. 17, 1830, a. 84. 
Col. Coll. 1766. A capt. in the Revol. army, 
and fought at Brooklyn. His house was occu- 
pied by "the British as a hospital and barrack. 
In 1807 he delivered an address on laying the 
corner-stone of the D. R. Church in brchard 
Street. He was a useful , respected , and wealthy 
citizen, a decided partisan in politics, and was 
very cliaritable both to public and private 
objects. Member N.Y. Assembly, and a regent 
N.'Y.S. University 1802-26. 

Rutherford, Gen. Griffith, b. in Ire- 
land ; d. in Tenn. after 1794. He resided west 
of Salisbury, in the Locke Settlement, N.C., 
and in 1775 represented Rowena Co. in the con- 
vention at Newbern. In 1776 he led a lai-ge 
force into the Cherokee country, and assisted 
the people of S.C. in destroying their corn- 
fields and settlements. App. a brigadier by 
the Prov. Congress in Apr. 1776 ; com. a 
brigade in the battle near Caihdcn in Aug. 
1780; was taken prisoner; and, having been 
c.KchanLced, com. at Wilmington when it was 
evacuated by the British at the close of the war. 
He was a State senator in 1784, and soon after 
removed to Tenn. ; pres. of the Tenn. legisl. 
council in Sept. 1794. A county in N.C.'and 
in Tenn. bears his name. He was brave and 
patriotic, but uncultivated in mind and man- 

Rutledge, Edward, signer of the Decl. 
of In. Up., b. Charleston, S.C, Nov. 23, 1749 ; 
d. Jan. 23, 1800. Son of Dr. John, who came 
from Ireland about 1735. He was the bro. of 
John, in whose office he studied law ; to com- 
plete which, in 1769 he went to Eng., and was 



1. He '7/ 
ing an | ' 



place < 
In 179 



entered at the Temple. On his return in 1773 
he commenced practice, and was obtainit.g 
distinction, when he was chosen to the First 
Congress assembled at Phila. in 17^- 
continued a member until 1 
active part in the debates. In June, 17 
was app. a member of the first board of war. 
He was oue of the com. to confer with Lord 
Howe, one of the British commissioners. Again 
app. to Congress in 1779, be was prevented by- 
indisposition from taking his seat. His native 
State having become the theatre of war, Mr. 
Eutledge com. a company of art., which suc- 
ceeded in dislodging a party of regular troops 
from Port-Royal Island. In 1780 he was made 
prisoner at Charleston, and suffered a year's 
confinement at St. .\nL-n- 'ine be'nre li ■ wns 
exehaiit;ed. He re-: i ! :; ;i- I":': :;■■•! I'le 
evacnation of Cli:n'l i u i l>_ ■ ; : , a 

member of tlie As-'in-l, i. ,r i,r .1... ,, mm- 

buruugh, he assented lu the a.luptiuii ul a bill 
of pains and penalties, though leniently iti- 
clined. He then returned home, and resumed 
the practice of his profession. In the legisl. 
of tin Srite he drew up the act for the aboli- 
I ' the rights of iirimogenituie ; he was 
I to the further increase of African 
-;:n .\ HI the South, and an untiring advocate 
ot me l-'ederal Constitution. He was subse- 
quently col. of a regt. of art., and supplied the 
of Gen. Pinckney in the senate in 1794. 
he was elected gov. He declined a 
seat on the bench of the U.S. Supreme Court. 

Rutledge, Rev. Edwaed of S.C; d. 
Savannah, Ua., 1832. Y.C. 1817. Prof, moral 
philos. U. of Pa., and ]n-es.-clect of Transylv. 
U. Pub. "Family Altar," "History of the 
Church of England," 12mo, \62b. — Allthone. 

Rutledge, Francis Huger, D.D. (Hob. 
Coll. 1844), Prot.-Epis. bishop of Florida, b. 
Charleston, S.C, 1799; d. Tallahassee, Fla., 6 
Nov. 1866. Y.C. 1821. Son of Chancellor 
Hugh. He studied in the Prot.-Ej.i.s. Gen. 
Thcol. Sein.; was ord. deacon in 1823, piiest 
20 Nov. 1825, and bishop 15 Oct. 1851. He 
became rector of Trin. Church, St. Augustine, 
in 1839, and in 1845 of St. John's Church, 
•Tallahassee. — Y. C. Ohit. Uvrord. 

Rutledge, Ihdn.eMrr hm .)f Edward; 
d. Jan. 1811. In \::u li. l^.^, ;i|,p judge of 
the S.C. Court u! .\.iinna'iy, n, 1:77 was 
speaker of the leui-l. c oiim il, and in 1782-5 
of the h. of representatives, having in 1780 
shared his brother's captivity at St. Augustine. 
From 1791 till his death he was chancellor of 
the State. 

Rutledge, John, bro. of Edward, states- 
man and jurist, b. of Irish parentage, Charles- 
ton, S.C, 1739 ; d. July 23, 1800. He studied 
law at the Temple, Lond. ; returned to Charles- 
ton in 1761, and attained at once prominent 
rank as an advocate. He was a lead in l; inem- 
ber of the Stamp-act Congress at N.Y. m 17G5, 
and of the S.C! convention in 1774, by wliieh 
he was chosen a delegate to the Congress at 
Phila. He successfully resisted the attempt 
to limit the powers of the delegates, sustained 
in Congress the boldest measures, and was 
pronounced by Patrick Henry the greatest 
orator there. He was re-appointed to Congress 
in 1775; and in the S.C. convention of 1776 



was chiiiiman of the com. which prepared the 
constitution of that State, and was wiUiuiit 
o)))iosiiiou elected pres. of the new govt. 
W!an B\.rt Moultrie was attacked by the Brit- 
ish in June, Rutledge, against the advice of 
Gen. Lee, sent to it 500 lbs. of powder, and di- 
rected Moultrie not to evacuate it without an 
order from bim ; adding, " I would sooner cut 
otF my right hand than write one." He re- 
signed in 1778, but, on the approach of the Brit- 
ish in 1779, was chosen gov., and clothed with 
dictatorial power. When in 1 780 Charleston fell, 
Huilcdge retired to N.C., and for nearly two 
years acconip. and aided the Southern army. 
iHe was elected to Congress in 1782, having 
retired from the governorship ; was chosen 
chancellor of the State in March, 17S4: and, 
while holding that oflBoc. 1» r dn. :i m, inlur of 
the conv. for framing the I ■ , i , utinn, 

in which he bore a prom 111 i i 1 1, m I in the 
State convention strnnvl. ; i ■:■ ratifi- 

cation. In Sept. i:--'! I .|.]i, ail asjoc.. 

judge of the U. S ' i :; which office 

he resigned in 17.1 1 ...i, ricctcd chief 

justiceof S.C. I:i.J...;,, ITj.j. W .iliington app. 
him chief justice of tlic U.S., and he presided 
at the succeeding terra of the Supreine Court; 
but the .senate, on assembling in Dec, for poli- 
tical rc.T-"ns rrfii^r,! t" cnnlivm th'> nnpoint- 



whicli .,1 ., I!. V.., ,,, !,;,_ Ibr 

eloquciic. , ..nioiuu i.l I Iku-.uili-, ai..l iiii.._ritv. 
His son Gen. Joh.x, M.C. 17'J7-1603, d. Thila. 
Sept. 1, 1819, a. 53. 

Kuxton, George Feederick, an Eng- 
lish traveller, b. 1820 ; d, St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 
29, 1848. At the age of 17 be left the military 
coll. of Sandhurst to enlist in the Spanish army 
against Don Carlos, and rendered valuable 
services. On his return to Eng. in 1839, be 
received a lieutenant's commission in the 89th, 
with which he went to Canada, but, soon re- 
signing, fpent some years among the Intliiins 



and 



Inritliewav. 
< iihnlie divine, 
<i I -Mil; d. Phila. 
uuiil: to America; in 
te of the Society of 
idicd at Georgetown 
to Eorae, where he 



in his ' > 

andJli.-, ... I. 

afrerwai.iii.:.. 

toMexicu; aim m . ; . 

iortheliockvMi'i 

Ryder, J.^m > • i ' i 

and scholar, b. 1 in i .n, 
Jan. 12, 1860. He .aiuo 
1813 entered the noviti; 
Jesus, and for 5 years st 
Coll.; in 1820 he wcnl 
studied theology 5 years. After his ordination 
in 18125, be was a teacher of theology and the 
Scriptures in the Coll. of Spoleto for three 
years; returned to America, and was for several 
years vice-pres. of Georgetown Coll. In 1839 
he was pastor of the cong. of St. Joseph's 
Church, Phila., and afterward of St. John's 
Church, Frederick, Md. From 1840 to 1845, 
and from 1843 to 1851, he was pres. of George- 
town Coll.; and from 1846 to 1848, pres. of the 
Coll. of the Holy Cross at Worcester, Ms. He 
was exceedingly popular as a lecturer and 
pulpitorator. A contrib. to the " Encyclopoedia 
Americana ; " and some of his discourses have 
bein printed. — Hist. Magazine, iv. 94. 



Ryer.son, Armi.puus Egerton, D.D., 
(W. I I I - IJ 1.1,1)., clergyman anil cduca- 

tiuni-:. I. I A.Ur.U.C, March 24, 1803. 

Hl^ I I ' ].h was a half-pay officer 

in til. Kiiii^li .. 1 u.e in the Amer. llevol., 
and eniigiatid to N. Brunswick, and afterward 
to Canada in 1793. The son became a teacher; 
in 1825 was ord. deacon in the M. E. Church 
of Canada, and for the 4 years following officiat- 
ed as an itinerant minister; in 1829, after that 
church became independent, lie aided 'in es- 
tablishing, and for some years edited, the Guar- 
dian, its official organ ; in 1841 he was app. 
principal of the U. of Coburg ; ajip. in 1844 
snpt. of public schools fur Upper Canada; now 
(1871) pres. Victoria Coll. The year 1845 
he spent in the U.S., studying the methods of 
public elementary education. In 1849 he pub. 
a report of bis tour, and prejiared the ijill which 
now forms the basis of the Upper-Canada 
common-school system. Dr. Ryeison has pre- 
pared a history of Canada and of the " United- 
Empire Loyalists." 

Sabin, Joseph, bibliographer, b. Braun- 

ston, Eiv.r 1S-_)| Sn v.vir< n l,r„,ks,.|l,.r in 

Oxfi.i.i, '....I .i-...' I -r-^ ill \. V ^ ...' In 1867 



/ , \«X S. 



he I 



ijoks 



begun bv Sa 

Sabine, 

Elijah 1! V 

Sel't-i. 1... •. 


bin & Sons, 

LoiiKNZO 

1. 1 i-l..-.n. 


1 Jan. 
, hist. 

N If. 


"c."oi ".. I; 


' ' l: • 




a ninhl.cr ■ 


.11, '. i- 




maquoildy;' 
agent of tb. 
1851--! An 


li.i. i.'i . . 

r - 

■1..,: .,1 . 1 





Bililioi.u.ist " was 

18&'J. -- Alllhone. 

writer (son of 

, I'M. -.'S, 1803. d, 

1 i; . ■: wasfbr 

. ..piently 

II. .Ill Ij.istport; 
ir port of Passa- 

ilie position of 
and was M.C. in 

i.nimodorePre- 
r.iog.;""The 
I 1..2 vols. 1864; 
,')■.; and "Notes 
. ; and has been 

11.1 to theCAris. 
.1 was conferred 
Colleges. Sept. 
e^s on the 100th 



a contiib. to tli . i 

Examiner, 'li.. . _ 

upon bimby ll.i.i n 

13, 1859, be dciivered 

anniv. of the death of Gen. Wolfe, before the 

N.E. Hist, and Geneal. Soc, Boston ; pub. soon 

after with notes. Resides In Boston. 

Sacket, Delos B., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.y. West Point, 1845. Entering the 2d 
Dragoons, he served in Mexico, and was brev. 
for Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma ; capt. 
1st Cav. 3 Mar. 1855 ; maj. 31 Jan. 1861 ; 
lieut.-col. 2d Cav.3 May, 1861; col. and insp.- 
gen. 1 Oct. 1861. He served through the Pen- 
insular and Md. campaigns on McClcllan's 
staif, and on that of Gen. Burnside at the bat- 
tle of Fredericksburg ; and was brev. brig, and 
maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865.— CiiHnm. 

Sadlier, M.\rt Ax.m; (Madi.kn), au- 
thoress, b. CcH,!. I.:;: r.x n. C. .. Irelan.l, Dec. 



31, 



320. 



London. 



tribute to /./ ,' 1 

After the dcaili ..| h- r i r. nrs, she with a 
younger bro. sctlled in Montreal, where she 
pub "Tales of the Olden Time." In 1846 
she m. Mr. James Sadlier, Catholic publisher, 



nnd now resides in N.Y. She has wi-ittcn 
Catholic tales, and contrib. to leading Catholic 
papers in America. — See list of lier works in 
Kellii's Amer. Cat. of Books, 1866. 

SafiFold, REnBEN, jurist, b. Wilkes Co., 
Ga., Sept. 4, 1788; d. Dallas Co., Ala., Feb. 
15.1847. After practising law in Ga., he in 
1813 removed to Jackson, Ala., where, during 
the Indian troubles, he com. a vol. company, 
serving also several times in the Terr, legisl. 
of Mpf. ; was in 1819 in the State Const. 
Conv. ; in Dec. 1819 was app. one oF the cir- 
cuit judges, becoming also a member of the 
Supreme Court; in 1832 was one of the 3 
judges app. to the Supreme bench, of which, 
in 183.5-6, he was chief justice. 

Tr,u5iAN Ht.NKY, mathematician 
. l;.. ,:i;,iu,\-i i-.hm.l836. II.U. 
.. ,n reniarUablc. 
, , ■ ; :\ mentally four 
!■ li^iii,-. ,1- I ■•.\'f':\y ;is it could be 
itc and pencil, and could also cx- 



and a; 
1854. 
In hi-, 
figur. 
done ' 



tract the square and cube roots of 9 or 10 
places of figures. His first almanac was pro- 
pared in 1845, at the age of nine and a half 
years. At 14 he astonisheil the learned world 
by the production of the elliptic elements of 
the first comet of 1849. By a method of his 
own, young Safford abridged the labor of cal- 
culating moon risings and settings by one- 
fourth, and that of calculating eclipses by one- 
third. He required the longest and most dif- 
ficult question to be read to him but once, and 
his answers were usually given without eflFojt 
or fatigue. Prof. Pierce said of him in 1846, 
that his knowledge and the capacity to acquire 
it " is accompanied with powers of abstraction 
and concentration rarely possessed at any ago 
except by minds of the highest order." In 
Mar. 1863 he was made adjunct observer at 
the Cambridge Observatory , acting director iu 
Feb. 1865 ; and 28 Dec. 1865 he became direct- 
or of the Chicago Observatory, which post he 
yet holds. In 1863 he determined the right 
ascension of 1,700 stars, and the declination of 
450. In 1365 he observed over 6,000 transits, 
an extensive series of which, commenced in 
1862, is completed. After the death of Prof. 
G. P. Bond, 17 Feb. 1865, the incomplete re- 
port of his valuable discoveries in the constel- 
lation of Orion was written out in full by Mr. 
Saflford.con.stitntlng the 5th vol. of the Annals 
of the Oljservatory. — See Ladies' Repos., Ciii., 
1849, for arc. ofthediff. examinations of yow,<, 
Safford, nnd notice of his Ufa. 

Safford, William H., b. Parkersburg, 
Va., 1821 ; m 1848 removed to Chillicothe, 0. ; 
member Ohio senate 1858-60. Author of 
"Life of Blennerhassett," 12mo, 1850; "The 
Blennerhassett Papers," 8vo, 1864. — AlUbone. 

Sahagun de (da saagoon'), Bernar- 
dino, a Franciscan friar, b. Sahagun, Spain ; a 
missionai-y to Mexico in 1529; d. 1590. Au- 
thor of a valuable history, " Historia Univer- 
sal de Nueva Espaiia," first pub. in Mexico in 
1829. 

St. Clair, Arthur, maj.-gen. Kevol. army, 
b. Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, 1734 ; d. Greens- 
burg, Pa., 31 Aug. 1818. U. of Edinb. 
Grandson of the Earl of Roslyn. He studied 
medicine with the celebrated John Hunter in 



Lond., but, inheriting a large sum of money on 
the death of his raotlicr, purchased an ensigncy 
60th Foot, 13 May, 1757 ; came in Boscawen's 
fleet to Amer. in 1758 ; served under Amherst 
at the taking of Louisburg ; was made a licut. 
17 Apr. 1759 ; and was disting. under Wolfe at 
Quebec. May 14, 1760, he m. at Boston Phe- 
hi, dau. of Balthazar Bayard and Mary Bow- 
doin, a half-si-ter of Gov. James Bowdoin. 
Rr.._.|H I 1,1 rMNi. 16 Apr. 1762, and in 1764 
setL I filler Valley, Pa., where lie 

(i\' I i i , .: , -J a fine residence. App. 
in 1 ; 7' I - 1, > y i -1 1 he Dist. of Cumberland ; a 
justii L- i-if the Court of Quarter Sessions and 
of C.C.P., and a member of the proprietary 
council ; in 1771 a justice, recorder, clerk of 
the orphans' court, and prothoiiotarv of Bed- 
ford, and in 1773 of W, -ihmm ,,:ii,f County. 
In July, 1775, he becaiii ■: , n, :.i, and in 
the fall acconip. a< ,- < - n.-i-ioners, 

James Wilson. Lew, s M,.in- :m,J In. Walker, 
to treat with the Western lnl.es at Fort Pitt; 
col. 2d Pa. Regt. 3 Jan. 1776, ordered to Cana- 
da Feb. 16; joined Sullivan, and, after the 
disastrous affair at Three r.iver.-, iiiiled that 
ofiicer by his counsel in saviii'^ his army from 
capture; brig.-gen. 9 -Viiu 177i.; i.im gen. 19 
Feb. 1777. In Jan. 177i., St ('h.lr le-i-ned all 
his lucrative civil oftiies. JumiiiL; Washing- 
ton in Nov. 1776, he was at onre app. to or- 
ganize the N.J. militia. He recommended in 
council on the night of 2 Jan. 1777 the flank- 
movement which brouuht on the battle of 

vie'"'. "•':'.:''. I '^:l ^ .:■■•: .\ -lii'i -u'k. Af- 
ter,,.::\,:..._ :..:•.,-■..,■ I „ • .,-u,es of 
adj. -.4-11. ul ilie anuv, Ir- vi }■[.:] i - feeeded 
Gates in com. at Plula . .unl .\i r I i,„,k com. 
of Tieonderoga, whieli. on ilie nulit nl' 4 July, 
he was obliged to evaluate jus heee being 
whoUe ina.le.|nnte I., i:, .1. Iriiee. A COurt- 
mail-ll.M ,,i S.:,, 177 ,|,..;,i,e,l tl,at"Maj.- 
tieli ~- ' .1 I I I n nil I he highest 

li„m:i . ; . ;i,,,^ , _.i .■; inin." Though 

nnem|..iAi>!, la .U.eieiKe lu [he puhlie clamor 
against liini, he remaineJ one of Wasldngton's 
military family, .acting as his vol. aide at IJran- 
dywine (Sept. II, 1777); assisted Sullivan in 
)jre|Kuing his exped. against the Si.\ Nations ; 
was one of the commiss. to arrange a cartel 
with the British at Amboy 9 Mar. 1780 ; Aug. 
1 was app. to com. the corps of light inf. in 
the absence of Lafayette ; was a member of 
the court-martial which condemned Maj. An- 
dre ; com. at West Point from Oct. 1 ; aided 
in suppressing the mutiny in the Pa. line in 
Jan. 1781 ; was active in raising and forward- 
ing troops to the South; and in Oei, joined 
Washington, and participated in the capture of 
Cornwallis at Yorktowii. In Nov. he was 
placed in com. of a body of troops to effect a 
junction with Greene, and remained in the 
South until Oct. 1782. Member of the Pa. 
council of censors 1783; delegate to Con- 
gress 2 Nov. 1785-28 Nov. 1787; pres. of that 
body 2 reb.-2S Nov. 1787 ; chosen a member 
Amer. Philos. Soc. 1786; app. gov. N.W. 
Terr. 1 Feb. 1788; made a treaty with Indian 
tribes at Fort Harmar in 1789; Jan. 1790 lie 
fixed the seat of justice of the Terr, at Cincin- 
nati, giving it the name in honor of the soc. of 



(93 



which he was pres. for Pa. in 1 783-9 ; app. 
gen.-in-cliief of the army 4 Mar. 1791, he 
moved against the Indians of the Miami and 
the Wabash, suffering so severely from gout 
as to have to be carried about on a litter. Tlie 
proximity of the foe was communicated by tlie 
scouts on the night of Nov. 3 lo Gen. Biuler, 
2d in com., but not to St. Chiir. About sun- 
rise on the morning of the 4tli, ati attacli was 
made by the Indians; and, in spite of St. Clair's 
exertions, he was defeated, losing 600 men out 
of a force of 1,400. A lom. of investigation, 
app. by Congress, after a thorough examina- 
tion, completely vindicated him. Ho resigned 
his generalcy 5 Mar. 1792, and 22 Ni.v. 1802 
he was removed from his governorship by Jef- 
ferson. Retiring to a small log-hou.se on the 
summit of Chestnut Ridge, he passed the re- 
mainder of his days in poverty, vainly endeav- 
oring to effect a settlement of his claims 
against the govt. The legisl. of Pa. in 1813 
granted him an annuity of S400, and a short 
time before his death he received a pension from 
the govt, of $60 per month. He pub. a narr. 
of his campaign of 1791, with observations on 
the statements of the sec. of war, 1812. — A. T. 
Goodman's Memoir, from St. Clair's paprrs. 

St. Leger, Col. BAnHY, a British officer; 
d. in 1789. He entered the array, Apr. 27, 
1756, as ensign 28th Foot ; accomp. his regt. 
to Amer. in 1 757 ; served at the siege of Louis- 
burg in 1758 ascapt. in the4Sth, and afterwards 
under AVolfe at Quebec. In July, 1760, he was 
app. brigade major; became major of the 95th, 
Sept. 16, 1662 ; lieut.-col. May, 1772 ; in May, 
1775, was app. to the 34th Foot, and was sent 
soon after to Canada. He com. the unsuccess- 
ful exped. against Fort Schuyler in Aug. 1777, 
intended to co-operate with Burgoyne, when 
he held the local rank of brigadier, and be- 
came a col. in Nov. 1780. 

Saint Simon (siin se'-m6n'), Claude 
Anxe, JIarquis de, a Spanish gen., b. at the 
Castle of La Faye, France, 1743 ; d. 3 Jan. 
1819. He studied at the school of artillery at 
Strasl)urg; disting. himself in Flanders; was 
made cliief of brig.ide of the body-guard of 
the king of Poland in 1758; Jan. 2, 1770, 
brigadier; Sept. 12, Chevalier of St. Louis; 
Aug. 4, 1771, col. of the regt. of Poitiers, and 
of that of Touraine June 29, 1775. At the 
close of 1779 he sailed with his regt. for Mar- 
tinique, and sustained during the voyage 3 ac- 
tions with Rodney; Mar. f, 1780, he entered 
the service of Spain as mare'chal-de-camp, and 
was sent to America with a corps of 2,000 
men, which he com. during the remainder of 
the war, receiving several wounds, aud contrib. 
to the successful siege of Yorktown. A de]). 
to the st;ites-gen. in 1789 ; he returned to 
Spain, and at the affair of Irun received a ball 
through his neck ; soon afterwards made lieut.- 
gen. ; he was again wounded by a ball in the 
breast while defending the position of Argensu ; 
and in 1808, when the French attacked Madrid, 
defended it courageously, but was made pris- 
oner, and condemned to death, which sentence 
was afterward commuted at the intercession of 
his dau. After the re-establishment of Ferdinand 
VII., in 1814, Saint Simon returned to Spain, 
and was madecapt.-gen. and a grandee of Spain. 



Saint Vallier (siln' va'-Ioa'), Jean Bap- 
TISTE DE Lacroix, Chevkieee de, seconil 
bishop of Quebec, b. Grenoble, Nov. 14, 1653; 
d. Quebec. Dec. 26, 1727. He was chaplain to 
Louis XIV. in 1684, when he was app. vicar- 
gen, by Bishop de Laval. He arrived in Can- 
ada July 30, 1685; returned to Paris in Nov. 
1687; was consec. bishop of Quebec Jan. 25, 
1688; and in Aug; returned to Canada. He 
foimded the Gen. Hospital of Qnebec ; revisit- 
ed France; and on his return to Can'ftda, in 
July, 1704, was captured by the English, and 
rem'ained prisoner until 1709. He pub. in 
Paris in 1688, " £tat present de I 'Sqlise et de la 
Colonic Francoise dans la Nourelle France," 
also pub. under the title of " Relation des Mis- 
sions de In Nourelle France." 

Salaberry, Col. Charles Michel, d'I- 
HAMEERKY, Soigueur de Chambly et de Beau- 
lac, a Canadian soldier, born at the Manor 
House of Beauport, Canada, Nov. 19, 1778; 
d. Chambljr, Feb. 26, 1829. Son of a member 
of the legisl. council, and descended from a 
noble family of Navarre. Entering the army 
young, he served 11 years in the W. Indies; 
was at the conquest of Martinique in 1795; 
became aide-de-camp to Gen. de Rottenburg, 
and served in the Walcheren exped. ; returning 
to Canada, he organized the Voltigeurs; re- 
pulsed Dearborn's forces at Lacolle, at the close 
of 1812; and at Chateauguay, Oct. 26, 1813, 
gained a decisive victory over Gen. Wade 
Hampton. For these services he received a 
gold medal, the order of the Bath, and the 
thanks of the prov. legisl. He was afterward 
a senator, at the same time entering the legisl. 
council as Moii'scij" r-nr Plt-s--'-- — .lA.iv;a». 

Salomon, I ;i -. I n m i !m; l. r-ar Hal- 
berstadt, Pin- ., \ : i _. !: ir. lived 
his early eduLMi. ,1 ,,, /,,. _..., . .i::i ihere; 
becameagovtsui VL_,ui , Mi.c.i m i.n; i'mssian 
art. ; and in 1848 became a pupil in the Royal 
Berlin Acad, of Architecture. He soon after 
emigrated to the U.S. with his bro. Wm. (gov. 
of Wis. 1862-3); settled at Manitowoc, Wis., 
where he was a surveyor ; was 4 years register 
of deeds, and chief engr. on the Manitowoc and 
Mpi. Railroad until 1859 ; in the spring of 
1861 he became capt. in the 5th Mo. Vols., 
and served under Sigel in the battle of Wil- 
son's Creek ; col. 9th'Wis. Vols, in Aug. 1861 ; 
brig.-gen. July 16, 1862, and assigned to a 
brigade in Kansas. 

Salomon, Hatne. financier, li. of Hebrew 
parents at Lissa, Poland, ab. 1740; d. Pliila., 
1785. Emig. to Amer. before the Revol., he 
established himself as a merchant and banker 
in Phila., and accumulated a large fortune, 
which he devoted to the use of the Americans 
during the war. He negotiated the war subsi- 
dies obtained from France and Holland ; acted 
as paym.-gen. of the French forces in Amer. 
At the time of his death, the govt, was indebted 
to Mr. Salomon 8400,000. His descendants 
have urged the claim, which has been several 
times favorably reported upon by committees 
of Congress. 

Salnave, Silvain, pres. of the repub. of 
Havti, b. city of Cape Haytien, 1832 ; execut- 
ed at Port-au-Prince, Jan. 10, 1870. Entering 
the army as a common soldier, he was a capt. 



794 



of cavrvhy, when, in Dec. 1858, Geffranl over- 
threw the emperor Soulouque. Salnuve, though 
chiefly instrumental in this revolution, was re- 
warded only with the rank of inaj. Again his 
services were conspicuous in the repulse of the 
Spanish invading army; and, feeling himself 
aggrieved by the course of Geffrard, he com- 
menced a revolutionary movement, which drove 
the former from Hayti, and raised him to pow- 
er in Mar. 1867. Another revolution, begun in 
Nov. 1869 by Domingue and Saget, resulted in 
his overthrow and death. 

Salter, Richaed, D.D. (Y.C. 1782), min- 
ister of Manstield, Ct., from June 27, 1744, to 
his death, Apr. 14, 1787; b. Boston, 1723. 
II.U. 1739. He had studied both medicine 
and theology. He gave to Yale Coll. a farm 
worth S2, 000 to promote the study of Hebrew 
and other languages. 

Salter, William D., 
N.Y. 1794; d. EH^nl":li 



Midshipm. Nov 
master. Mar. 
commo. (retiiv^l 



yard 



no. U.S.N., b. 
Jan. 5, 1869. 
" ' •. Dec. 9, 1814; 
Mur. 3, 18.39; 
i ' i. I -1)1*. He served 
111 hvv action with 
19, 1812. Performed 
'in. the Brooklyn navy- 
1 8G.3-6 was a commiss. 
lie war department. 
Saltonstall, Dodlet, eommo. in the Con- 
tinental navy, b. Sept. 8, 1738 ; d. 1796, in the 
W. Indies. Son of Gen. Gurdon S. Capt. 
of " The Alfred," in Hopkins's fleet, Feb. 1776. 
Saltonstall, GuRDOx,clergvman,and gov. 
of Ct. from 1707 till his death,' Oct. 1, 1724; 
b. Haverhill, Ms., Mar. 27, 1666. H.U. 1684. 
Ord. minister of N. London, Nov. 25, 1691. 
His father Col. Nathan was grandson of Sir 
Richard. He was disiing. as an orator, divine, 
and statesman, and bequeathed to H.U. £1,000 
to educate students for the ministry. 

Saltonstall, Gdkdon, b. Dec. 22, 1708; 
d. Norwich, Ct., Sept. 19, 1785. Y.C. 1725. 
Made brig.-gen. Ct. forces 10 Sept. 1776; 
cashiered 7 Oct. 1779 for misconduct in. the 
Penobscot expedition. 

Saltonstall, Leverett, LL.D. (H. U. 

1838), lawyer and scholar, b. Haverhill, Ms., 
June 13, 1783 ; d. Salem, Mav 8, 1845. H.U. 
1802. Son of Dr. Nathaniel. Educated at 
Phillips Acad, and at H.U. Commenced the 
practice of law at Salem in 1805, and soon 
secured a large and profitable business. State 
senator in 1831 ; mavor of Salem 1836-8 ; M. 
C. 1838-43. Member of the Ms. Hist. Soc. 
as well as of the Acad, of Arts aiid Sciences. 
In his will he made provision for increasing 
the libraries of Phillips Acad, and H. U. Au- 
thor of an " Hist. Sketch of Haverhill," in Ms. 
Hist. Colls., iv., 2d series. 

Saltonstall, Sir Richard, one of the 
fathers of Ms. Colony, and ancestor of those 
bearing that name in N. England, b. Halifax, 
Eng., 1586; d. Eng. ab. 1658. Son of Sir 
Richard, lord-mayor of London in 1597; came 
over with Gov. Winthrop in 1630 ; was an as- 
sist, in that year, and commenced with Mr. 
Phillips the settlement of Watertown, but re- 
turned, discouraged, to Eng. the next year. A 
liberal Puritan, he was through life the friend 
of the Colony, and also a patentee of Ct. In 



1051 he wrote a letter to Cotton and Wilson, re- 
proving the tyraun) and persecutions in N.E., 
"as that they fined, whipped, and imprisoned 
men for their consciences." His son Richard, 
b. at Woodsome, Yorkshire, 1610, d. at Hulme, 
Eng., Apr. 29, 1694, a. 84. Settled at Ipswich, 
and was an assist, in 1637. He protested 
against the introduction of negro slavery, and 
was the friend of Goffe and Whalley. 

Saltonstall, Richard, jurist, b. Haver- 
hill, June 14,1703; d. Oct. 20,1756. H.U. 
1722. Nephew of the gov. ; was a representa- 
tive from Haverhill as early as 1728; subse- 
quently a member of the council ; and was in 
1736 app. a judge of the Superior Court, which 
he resigned a few months before his death, on 
account of ill health. Chairman of the com. 
for settling the boundary-line between Ms. and 
N.H. 1737. He was a scientific ami iiractical 
farmer. Of his sons, Richard (b. 5 Apr. 
1732, d. Kon-injtnr, Kiil-,. 1 Ort. 17S5, H.U. 
1751) was a (-! ii-:,' 1 • ih h w.ir ( I 7.->6-60), 
sheriff of K-- . i i ; , - ,i Im ,i i^t went to 

Eng., when I , a |. ;,,:m,,. " NArilANIEL, 

adi-r I'i ■ , i-aui.Hut Haverhill, b. 10 

Pel' i: ! V.1815; H.U. 1766. Lev- 

Eui I : , i! 17.")4) became a capt., served 
uii'Im I ".,:«,, , , and d. N.Y. 20 Dec. 1782. 

Salvert, PiiuuiLR on, gov. of La. 1726- 
32. In 1730 he led an army against the 
Natchez, and utterly subjugated that nation. 
He held a commiosion in the marine, and was 
a knight of St. Louis ; on returning to France 
he was rewarded for his services with the rank 
of lieut.-gen. In 1755 he was sent in com. 
of a fleet for the protection of St. Domingo, 
and served at the head of a squadron in the 
war declared in 1756. — 0' Callarjiinn. 

Sampson, Deborah, who served 3 years 
as a soldier in the Revol. armv, b. PIvmpton, 
Ms., 17 Dec. 1760; d. 29 Apr- 1827. Her 
poverty and her patriotism led her to enlist in 
the 4th Ms. Regt. under the name of Robert 
Shurtleff'. She was wounded in a skirmish at 
Tarrytown ; was present at Yoiktown; and 
after the war m. Benjamin Gannett, a farmer 
of Sharon, and received a pension. She pub. 
"Female Review" (12rao, Dedham, 1797), 
probably written by herself. A new ed., with 
introd. and notes by Rev. John A. Vinton, was 
pub. 1866. 

Sampson, Rev. Ezra, clergvman and 
author, b. Middleborough, Ms., 12 Feb. 1749 ; 
d. N. York City, 12 Dec. 1823. Y. C. 1773. 
Settled at Plympton, Ms., 15 Feb. 1775, and of- 
ficiated as chaplain in the army at Cambridge in 
the 1 St Revol. campaign ; dismissed 4 A]n-. 1 796. 
He settled at Hudson 1797, and associated 
himself in 1801^ with Rev. Harry Croswell in 
the editorship of the Balance, one of the first 
literary journals of the country. Pub. " Beau- 
ties of the Bible," 1802 ; "Historical Diction- 
ary," " The Sham Patriot Unmasked," 1803 ; 
and " The Brief Rcmarker," a series of es- 
says collected from the Hartford Courant, and 
pub. 1820, repub. in 1835; also a "Sermon 
to Soldiers," 1775. Besides his clerical of- 
fices, he has sustained with ability several judi- 
cial and scientific appointments ; app. judge of 
the Columbia Co. Court in Apr. 1814. — 6'ee 
Sampso7i Family, by Vinton. 



795 



Sampson, Francis S., D.D., b. 1814 ; d. 
1854. U. of Va. 1836. Ord. 1841. Prof, 
of Orient, languages in the Va. Theol. Sera, in 
1848. He was a scholar of repute, and author 
of a Coininentary on the Hebrews, 1856. 

Sampson, William, lawyer and author, 
b. Londonderry, Ireland, 1763; d. at N.Y. 
Dec. 27. 1836." Son of an Episcopal clergy- 
man. One of the " United Irishmen," and a 
refugee from his native land ; he came to N.Y. 
in 1807, and established himself in the practice 
of the law. He pub. his Memoirs, 1807; a 
report on a trial for libel, 1807 ; speech on the 
trial of James Cheetham, 1810 ; trial of Jour- 
neymen Cordwainers ; " Is a Whale a Fish 7 " 
being a report, &c., 1819; Discourse before 
N.Y. Hist. Societv, 1824; "Sampson against 
the Philistines," 8vo, 1805 ; " Catholic "Ques- 
tion in America," 1813. A collection of his 
miscellaneous writings appeared in 1808. 

Samson, George Whitefield, D.D. 
(Col. Coll., D.C., 18.58), Baptist divine; b. 
Harvard, Ms., Sept. 29, 1819. Brown U. 
1839; Newton Theol. Inst. 1843. Pastor of 
the 4i St. Baptist Church, Washington, D.C., 
tillOet.1849; pres.of Col. Coll., D.C., 1859-71. 
In 1843 he pub. a series of letters on Egypt, 
Palestine, and Italy, besides several articles on 
Goshen, Mt. Sinai, &c., in reviews ; and in 
1852 a work entitled " To Daimonian," repub., 
much enlarged, in 1860, under the title of 
" Spiritualism Tested ; " " Elements of Art- 
Criticism," Svo, 1867; "Outlines of the His- 
tory of Ethics," 1860 ; "Physical Media in 
Spiritual Manifestations," 1869. He has also 
written several hist, pamphlets, and critical 
essays on art. 

Sandeman, Kobekt, originator of the 
sect called Sanderaanians, b. Perth, Scotland, 
1718; d. Danbury, Ct., Apr. 2, 1771. He 
studied at Edinburgh, and afterwards engaged 
in the linen-trade. On marrying the dau. of 
the Rev. John Glass, he became an elder in 
his congregation ; and soon after pub. a series 
of letters addressed to Mr. Hervey on his 
" Theron and Aspasio." His views excited 
much controversy ; and those .who adopted 
them formed themselves into church order, in 
strict fellowship with the Church of Scotland, 
but holding communion with no other. The 
chief opinions and practices in which this sect 
differs from others are their weekly adminis- 
tration of the Lord's Supper, washing each 
other's feel, &c. In 1 762 he established a socie- 
ty in London. In 1764 Sandeman accepted an 
invitation to New England; established a 
societv at Boston in that year; and settled in 
Danbury, Ct., in July, 1765. His sect still 
exists in both countries. Author of "Cor- 
respondence with S. Pike," " Thoughts on 
Christianity," "The Sign of the Prophet 
Jonah," " Marriage opposed to all Impurities," 
" On Solomon's Song," &c. The Sandeinani- 
ans were mostly loyalists, and gave the Whigs 
no little trouble. 

Sanders, Daniel Clarke, D.D. (H.U. 
1799), Unitarian clergvrtfnn, b. Sturbridge, 
Ms., Mav 3, 1768; d. Medfield, Ms., Oct. 18, 
1850. H.U. 1788. He was preceptor of Cam- 
bridge grammar-school ; studied theology ; was 
ord. and settled at Vergennes, Vt., June 12, 



1794 ; was, at his own request, dism. in 1799, 
and removed to Burlington ; pres. of the U. of 
Vt. from Oct. 17, 1801, to March 24, 1814 ; pas- 
tor of the church at Medfield, Ms., from May 
24, 1815, to May 17, 1829. His last public 
discourse was delivered April 30, 1848, at Sher- 
burne, and was a eulogy on John Quincy 
Adams. More than 30 of his discourses have 
been pub. In 1828 he pub. a " History of the 
Indian Wars," 12rao. Member of the Ms. 
Const. Conv. of 1820. 

Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins), of Salem, 
Ms. (1762-1851), m. Thos. Sanders in 1782. 
She was a corresp. of eminent persons, and 
was esteemed for good sense and benevolence. 
She pub. " Conversations on the Aborigines," 
1828; "First Settlers of N.E.," 1829 ; " Ee- 
views," 12mo, 1841. — AUibone. 

Sanders, Gex. William P., b. Kv. ; d. 
Kno.xville.Tenn., Nov. 19, 1863. West Point, 
1856. Entering the 1st Dragoons, he became 
capt. 6th Cav. May 14, 1861, and took an ac- 
tive part in the Peninsular and Md. campaigns; 
col. 5th Ky. Vols. 4 Mar. 1863 ; was engaged 
in the pursuit of Morgan's raiders, July-Aug. 
1863, and performed valuable senice in the 
West; made brig.-gen. 18 Oct. 1863, and as- 
signed to the com. of the 1st div. of cav. in E. 
Tenn. ; and engaged at Blue Lick Springs, 
Lenoir, and at Campbell's Station, where he was 
mortally wounded 16 Nov. 1863. 

Sanderson, John, author, b. Carlisle, 
Pa., 1783 ; d. Phila. 5 Apr. 1844. In 1806 he 
studied law in Phila., and was a teacher in 
Clermont Sem. He was a contrib. to the Port- 
folio and other periodicals ; and after his re- 
turn from a European visit in 1835 was prof, 
of Greek and Latin in the Phila. High School. 
With his bro. J. M. Sanderson, he wrote the 
" Lives of th.- .Siuncrs of tlic D.-rl. nf Indep.," 
9 Vii'; R'.r, 1--2': :il-r. air'i-.i- of- S' .ii'hcsof 
P:.;;- ■' ■ ■■ ■ li ■ '■ ■ l.i .-rature 

a^ ;. i: I ; . - , >. ' ,-:• To 

thr h ■■ ' .' - 1/ • ; hr r,,iiln:-, -nw sketch- 

Sandford, Edward, an eminent lawyer 
of N.Y., b. Ovid, N.Y., 1809 ; perished in the 
steamship " Arctic," on the American coast, 
Sept. 27, 1854. Losing his father at the age of 
10, he was much indebted to his bro. Lewis H. 
for the formation of his character. After an 
icademical training, he went, at the age of 1 5, to 
Albany ; became a teacher and lecturer in the 
Reus. Inst. ; studied law; began practice in 
New York in 1 833 ; and at the age of 33 was 
app. judge of the Criminal Court in that city, 
subsequently returning to the bar, at which 
he held high rank ; member N.Y. senate 1843. 
Contrib. to the Knickerbocker and other period- 
icals. 

Sandford, Lewis H., jurist, b. Onondaga 
Co., N.Y., ab. 1806; d. Toledo, 0., 1852, of 
cholera. Bro. of Edward. He acquired his 
profession at Syracuse ; removed to N.Y. City 
in 18.33 ; was made assist, vice-chancellor of 
the first circuit in March, 1843; vice-chan- 
cellor, 1846 ; and was from 1847 till his death 
assoe. justice of the Superior Court. Five 
vols, have been pub. of his " Reports of Cases 
in the Supreme Court of the City of N.Y. ; " 
4 vols, of N.Y. Chancery Bepo'rts, 1843-7; 



s-AJsr 



796 



and also a Catalogue of tlio Library of the 
N.Y. Law Institute. 

Sands, Alexander Hamilton, coiinsel- 
lor-at-la\v, Richmond, Va. ; b. Williamsburg, 
Va., 1828. VVm. and Marv Coll. Author of 
" History of a Suit in Equity," 1854 ; " Rec- 
reations of a Southern Barrister," I860. He 
edited the Qmit. Law Rei>. (Richmond), cou- 
trib. to periodicals, and pub. some law-treatises. 
— AUilioi,r. 

Sands, Bexjamin F., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Md. Feb. II, 1812. Midshipm. Apr. 1, 1828 ; 
licut. March 16, 1840; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
capt. July 16, 1862; conuno. July 25,1866; 
rear-adm. 24 May, 1871 ; attached to coast- 
eiirvey 1836-41 and 1851-8; at the capture of 
Tabasco, Me.^co, June 15, 1847; com. coast- 
surrey steamer "Active " 1861-2 ; com. steam- 
sloop "Dacotah," N. Atl. block, squad., 186.3; 
engagement with Fort Caswell, Feb. 23, 1863; 
com. steamer "Fort Jack.son," N. Atl. block, 
squad., 1864-5 ; in both attacks on Ft. Fisher; 
on blockade of Wilmington, most of the time 
senior officer; com. that diyision from Nov. 1862 
to Feb. 1865 ; app. sunt. Naval Observatory 8 
May, imT. — Hamersli/. 

Sands, David, a minister of the Friends, 
b. Long Island, Oct. 4, 1745 ; d. Cornwall, N.Y., 
June, 1818. He at first engaged in mercantile 
pursuits, but, embracing the Quaker faith, mar- 
ried into that sect, and commenced his public 



until he wa.3 60 years of age, he. discharged his 
mission in Europe among the English, Scotch, 
Irish, and also upon the Continent, particu- 
larly in Germany and France. An account of 
his life was pub. 1848, 12mo. 

Sands, Joshua R., rear-admiral U.S.N., b. 
New York. Son of Joshua, M.C. 1803-4 and 
1825-7. Midshipm.JimelS, 1812; lieut.Apr. 
1, 1818; com. Feb. 23, 1840; capt. Feb. 25, 
1854; commo. (retiredlist) July 16, 1862; roar- 
adm. July 25, 1866; served tmder Chauncey, 
on Lake Ontario, in the war of 1812, and ac- 
tively engaged at the capture of Little York 
and JFort Geoi"ge ; com. "The Vixen" during 
the Mexican war, serving at Alvarado, Tabas- 
co, Vera Ciiiz, Tampieo, and Tuspan, and sent 
home with despatches, trophies, &c. ; com. 
sloop-of-war "Alleghany," E. I. squad., 1853; 
sloop "Susquehanna," Medit. squad., 1857-3; 
Brazil squad. 1860; light-house insp. 1862-6. 
— Hamcrslij. 

Sands, Robert Charles, essayist and 
poet, b. Flatbush, L.L, May 11, 1799; d. Ho- 
boken, N.J., Dec. 17, 1832. Col. Coll. 1815. 
Son of Comfort Sands (b. 26 Feb. 1748, d. Ho- 
boken 22 Sept. 1834), a merchant and active 
Revol. patriot, member of the N.Y. Const. Conv. 
of 1777, and many yeai-s a member of the State 
legisl. He studied law, and in 1820 was adm. 
to practice, but, discouraged by his first attempt 
as an advocate, he devoted himself exclusively 
to literature. When only 14 years of age, he 
pub. the " Academic Recreations," a work of 
300 pages; in 1817, with some literary friends, 
he produceiTa series of essays in the Uailii Ad- 
vertiser, entitled "The Neologist," and in 1819, 
for the Commercial Advertiser, a series entitled 
" The Amphilogist," — productions remarkable 



for purity of taste ; in lSi;2 he wai one of the 
editors of the Atlautn- M , ., aii.l :;; . r-Aard of 

the N. Y. Rei'ii ii: II. >. ! iin,- joint 

anthorsof "The Tali-Ill . , i ■ iit speci- 

men of fine writing an I [roi -h ,;i ■! , nciition, 
but discouraged for want of i.atn>na,c. To this 
he contrib. one of his best and longest poems, 
" The Dream of the Princess Papantzin." In 
1831 he pub. the "Lite and Con'cspondence of 
Paul Jones." From 1827 to his death he was 
assist, editor of the A'. Y. Commercitr' Adver- 
tiser. Among his writings were an " Hist. No- 
tice of Hernando Cortes," which was translated 
into Spanish ; an " Essay on Dramatic Litera- 
ture ; " " Isaac a Type of the Redeemer ; " a 
notice of Caio Gracco of Monti ; " The Gar- 
den of Venus;" " Yamoydcn," a tale of the 
wars of King Philip ; a poem written by him- 
self and the Rev. James W. Eastburn; " The 
Siinple Story;" "Salem Witchcraft;" and 
" Monsirur Vieille Ccen> " About a week be- 
fore his death, his last poem, entitled "The 
Dead of 1832," was pub. in the Advertiser. Af- 
ter his death, a selection was made from his 
writings by Gulian 0. Verplanck, pub. in 2 
vols., together with a Memoir of his Life. 

Sanford, Edward, poet, essayist, and po- 
litical ^vriter, son of Nathan (ehancellor of 
N.Y.),b. N.Y. City, 1805. Un. Coll. 1824. Af- 
ter studying law m the office of B. F. Butler, 
he edited a newspaper in Brooklyn ; afterward 
the N. Y. Standard ; then the Timis, and the 
Washington Globe, the organ of the Van Bu- 
ren administration. Returning to N.Y., ho 
became assist, naval officer, and in 1843 was 
elected to the State senate, where he was an 
active political manager and leader. He has 
been a ti-equent conti-ib. to the iV. Y. Mirror, 
Knicherboclcer Mag., axii the Spirit oftlte Times. 
Among his poetical pieces are his quaint " Ad- 
dress to Bl.<ick Hawk," " Address to a Mosqui- 
to," and "The Loves of the Shell-Fishes." Of 
his essays, his humorous description of a N.Y. 
celebrity, " Pot-Pie Palmer," is a highly feli- 
citous specimen. — Diyclcinek. 

Sanford, Ezekiel, b. Ridgeficld, Ct., 
1796; d. Columbia, S.C, 1822. Y.C. 1815. 
He pub. " Historj' of the U.S. before the Rev- 
olution," 8vo, 1819; 22 vols, of an expurgate 
ed edition of the " British Poets," with Biog. 
Prefaces ; and left in MS. a satirical novel, 
" The Humors of Eutopia." — A/libone. 

Sanford, Joseph, pastor of the 1st Presb. 
Church, Brooklyn, L.L, 1S23-8, and of the 2d 
Presb. Church, Phila., from 1828 to his d. Dec. 
1831 ; b. Vernon, Ct., 1797. Un. Coll. 1820; 
Princeton Theol. Sem. 1823. He puli. farewell 
sermon, Brooklyn, 1829. — See Memoirs of, ly 
Rev. Robert Ba'ird, 1836. 

Sanford, Nathav, lawyer and senator, b. 
Bridgehampton, L.L, 5 Nov. 1779 ; d. there 17 
Oct. 1838. Adm. to the bar in Jan. 1799 ; U.S. 
com. of bankruptcy for N.Y. 1802 ; U.S. dist.- 
atty. N.Y. 1803-16; speaker N.Y. Assembly 
1811; subsequently State senator; member 
State Const. Conv. 1821; chancellor of N.Y. 
1823-5; and U.S. seAtor 1815-21 and 1825-31. 

Sanger, Ralph, D.D. (H.U. 1858), minis- 
ter of Dover, Ms., b. Duxbm-y, June 22, 1786; 
d. Cambridge, Ma;r 6, 1860. H.U. 1S08. Son 
of Zedekiah, ministerof Doxbnry 1776-86, of 



797 



Bridgewater, Dec. 178S-1S20 (b. Sherburne, 
1748; d. Nov. 17, 1820; H.U. 1771). Ralph 
studied divinity; was tutor at H.U. in 1811; 
and was ord. at Dover, Sept. 16, 1812, where 
he continued nearly 50 years. He was a State 
representative ii-om Dover in 1S37, '45, '47, '51, 
and '54. His son George Paetkidgb, b. Do- 
ver, Ms., Nov. 27, 1819 (H.U. 1840), editor 
of the "Amcr. Almanac" for many years; 
" U.S. Statutes at Large," vols. 11-15; and of 
the Law Reporter, Boston. 
Sangster, Charles, Canadian poet, b. 

. Kingston, U.C, July 16, 1822. He had a 
scanty education, and labored hard for a sub- 
sistence. In 1849 he edited the Amherstburg 
Courier, and has since been connected with the 
press of Kingston. Ho has pub. "The St. 
Lawrence and the Saguonay," and " Hesperus 
and other Poems." — Morgan. 

San Martin, .'"sib de, a (listing. South 
Amer. leader, h. on the banks of tlie Parana. 
He left the service of Spain with the rank of 
capt. in 1811, and, returning to his own coun- 
try, received from the revoi. f;ovt. of Buenos 

_ Ayres the com. of a division, with the rank of 
col. A success over a royalist detachment at 
San Lorenzo in 1813 procured him the com. 
of the Province of Tucuinan, which ill-health 
obliged him to resign in 1814. Obtaining, on 
resuming active service, the com. of the Prov- 
ince of Cuyo, contiguous to Chili, he planned, 
with O'lliggins and other Chilian exiles, its 
liberation. Feb. 12, 1817, they gained a com- 
plete victory over the Spanish forces at Chaca- 
buco. A final victory over the viceroy of Peru 
at Mapu, April 5, 1818, achieved the deliver- 
ance of Chili, of wbicli O'Higgins became 
supreme director. He now conceived the plan 
of liberating Peru itself, the only remaining 
possession of Spain in South America. The 
liberating army sailed from Valparaiso, Aug. 
21, 1820, supported by a squadron under Lord 
Cochrane, and, being sustained by the Peru- 
vians, gained possession of the country ; in- 
stalled a revol. govt, at Lima; and Aug. 3, 

1821, declared San Martin protector. A con- 
gress w!is convened by him at Lima, Sept. 20, 

1822, into whose hands be immediately resigned 
all his authority, accepting, in return, only 
the honorary titles of generalissimo and founder 
of the liberty of Peru, with a pension. He 
withdrew from Peru, first to Chili, and after- 
wards to Europe. 

San Roman, Gen. Miguel, pres. of Pe- 
ru from 1862 to his d. Apr. 1863 ; b. 1802. 

Santa Ana, Antonio Lopez de, pres. 
of Mexico, b. Jalapa, Feb. 21, 1798. Having 
expelled the royalists from Vera Cruz in 1821, 
he com. there until deposed in Nov. 1822. He 
immediately raised the banner of the republic 
in Vera Cruz, and overthrew Iturbide. Pla- 
cing himself at the' head of the federalists, he 
was defeated, and retired to his estate near 
Jalapa until 1828; he then sided with Guer- 
rero, who in 1829 app. him com. of his army. 
When in 1830 Bustaincnte attained the presi- 
dency, he espoused the cause of Pedrazza, 
against whom he had formerly supported Guer- 
rero. He defeated the army sent against him, 
and Pedrazza was pres. until 1833. In March, 
Santa Ana was chosen pres., but could not 



gain the confidence of the people. He defeated 
Arista and D'Arran in 1833; in 1835 he de- 
feated at Zacateeas the reform party, and an- 
nounced himself dictator. The discontented 
flocked to Texas, and [)roclaimed a govt. The 
eusning war ended in his capture at San Jacinto 
in Apr. 1836, and the indcp. of Texas. In 
Dec. 1838, he lost a leg in the defence of Vera 
Cruz against the French. Again pres. in 1841, 
a new revolution hurled him from power in 
1845. The war against the U.S. again placed 
him in power. Feb. 22, 1846, he fought the 
battle of Buena Vista with 17,000 men: Gen. 
T.iylor, his antagonist, having 4,000 or 5,000, 
gained the victory. Santa Ana was then de- 
posed by the senate. Recalled in 1847, he lost 
the decisive battle of Cerro Gordo, but was 
again proclaimed pres. The Mexicans were 
unsncccsful ; a treaty signed Feb. 22, 1848, 
ceded the Territory of California ; and Santa 
Aiia exiled himself to Jamaica. In 18.13 he 
contrived to subvert the power of Pres. Arista, 
and obtained his own recall. As pres. he gov- 
erned despotically for two years, but in the 
autumn of 1 855, foreseeing danger, he suddenly 
resigned, and escaped from the country. Upon 
the fall of Maximilian his ambition revived, and 
he landed June 4, 1867, at Vera Cruz, expect- 
ing to iiiaugnrate a revolution, but was seized 
and imprisoned at Sisal, tried by court-martial, 
and sentenced to be shot. 

Santa Cruz, Andres, statesman and sol- 
dier, b. Peru ab. 1800. Served in the war of 
independence in 1823; succeeded Sucre as 
president of Bolivia in 1829; was defeated at 
Yungai in 1839, and compelled to quit the 
country; and in 1849 became minister from 
Bolivia to London, Paris, Rome, and Madrid. 

Santana, Gen. Pedro, ex-pres. of St. 
Domingo; d. there June 14, 1864. In 1844 
he acquired the title of Liberator by securing 
the independence of the Dominican republic 
of the Island of Hayti ; pres. in 1844-9, he es- 
tablished the new "nation on a firm footing. 
On the invasion by Soulouque, the Haytien 
emperor, in 1849, he was made dictator, and 
deleateil him in a decisive battle near Savanna 
Munero, Apr. 22. He was again president in 
1853-7, defeating Soulouque in 1855 and 1856, 
and in Sept. 1857 expelled his successor Baez, 
and restored liberal rule. In the spring of 
1861 Spain undertook to re-annex the republic 
to its dominions, and Santana was bribed into 
adhesion with a lieut.-generalship in the Span- 
ish army, a title of nobility, and various deco- 
rations. He died hated by his countrymen, 
and neglected by those to whom he had sold 
them. 

Santander, Gen. Francisco de Paula, 
b. Rosario de Cucuta, New Granada, Ajiril 2, 
1792 ; d. Bo-Ota, May 6, 1840. Coll. of Bogo- 
ta, 1809. When the revol. began in S. Amer- 
ica, he immediately embarked in the cause of 
indepcTHlence. Rising by his talents to the 
grade of colonel, Bolivar, after the victory of 
Boj.ica, app. him vicepres. of Cnndinamarca. 
He contrib. more than any other person to the 
assembling of the Congress of Cucuta, which 
elected him vice-president of Colombia. From 
Dec. 1821 until Sept. 1827 he was the actual 
head of the executive, Bolivar being engaged 



798 



SA.R 



in prosecuting the war in Quito and Peru. In 
this position he acted with prudence, ability, 
and success. Entering upon his second term 
of office in 1827, Santander was from that time 
opposed to Bolivar, and was regarded as his 
personal enemy, but in fact was hostile only to 
the design of the Kberator to suspend or sub- 
vert tlie constitution. Bolivar succeeiied in 
gaining absolute authority ; and Santander was 
subsequently charged with a share in an un- 
successful plot to kill the dictator. Ho was 
banished from the country, and during his exile 
visited Eng., France, and Germany. In 1802 
Santander was elected pres. of the republic of 
New Granada. 

Sargeant, Nathaniel Peaslee, jurist, 
b. Methuen, Nov. 2, 1731; d. Haverhill, Oct. 
1791. H.U. 1750. Son of Rev. Christopher 
of Methuen. He engaged in the profession of 
law ; was a decided partisan of liberty, and a 
delegate from Haverhill, where he then prac- 
tise law, to the Prov. Congress of 1775 ; was 
in 1776 a representative and judge of the Su- 
perior Court; and chief justice in 1789. 

Sargent, Epes, author and journalist, bro. 
J— O, .of John 0., b. Gloucester, Ms., Sept. 27, 1812. 
>''^T'^ '^'Descended from William, who came to Glouces- 
ter Iwfbre 1678. While a school-boy in Bos- 
3 1 I a '■' ton, his father took him on a visit to Europe. 
Returning home, he studied 2 or .3 years at 
H.U., and assisted S. G. Goodrich in his vari- 
ous publications. He then became connected 
with the Bontuii Da'dij Advertiser, afterward with 
the Boston Atlas, arid in 1839 with the N. Y. 
Mirror. He afterward resided at Ro.\bury, 
edited the Boston Transcript for a few years, 
and has since prepared a series of popular 
school-books, including Speakers and Read- 
ers. He has written " The Bride of Genoa," 
a five-act play, 1836; "Velasco," a trage- 
dy, 1837; "Change makes Change," a 
comedy ; and " The Priestess," a tragedy ; 
"Life of Henry Clay," 1840; " Songs of the 
Sea, and other Poems," 1847; "Arctic Ad- 
ventures by Sea and Land," 1857; a volume 
of "Original Dialogues" for schools, 1860; 
" Plauchcttc," a work on Spiritualism, 18G9; 
and " The Woman who Dared," a poem, 1869. 
Ho edited the "Modern Standard Drama;" 
two stories for the young, entitled "Wealth 
and Worth," and " What's to be Done ■? " &c. ; 
has written Lives of several English poets pre- 
fixed to editions of their writings ; has also 
contrib. frequently to magazines, and pub. 
several unacknowledged novels. His " Stand- 
ard Speaker," 1 852, has passed through many 
largo editions. He also edited a "Life of 
Franklin," and is known as a lecturer. 

Sargent, Col. Henry, painter, b. Glouces- 
ter, Ms., 25 Nov. 1770; d. Boston, 21 Feb. 
1845. A.M. of H.U. 1826. Son of Daniel, 
a merchant of Boston, and bro. of Lucius M. 
Educated at Dummer Acad., and, showing in 
early life a taste for art, was sent abroad, and 
was for many years a pupil of Sir Benj. We>t 
in London. Returning home, he devoted him- 
self to his profession, and produced " The Din- 
ncr-Party," perhaps his best work ; " Christ's 
Entrance into Jerusalem; " and " The Landing 
of the Pilgrims," which he gave to the Plym- 
outh Soc. Adj.-gen. of Ms. in 1814, and sub- 



sequently aide to Govs. Brooks and Strong. 
Col. S. invented an elevated railway, and was 
a member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Sargent, John Osborne, journalist and 
lawyer, bro. of Epes, and a kinsman of L. M., 
b. Gloucester, Ms., 1810. H.U. 1830, and es- 
tablished there the Collegian. He studied law 
in Boston ; was adm. to the bar; and in 1834-7 
was connected with the Boston Atlas. He was 
a representative in the Ms. legisl. in 1835-6, 
and in 1837 became an assoc. editor of the 
A^ y. Couiier and Enquirer, which he left after 
the election of pres. Harrison. He then prac- 
tised law in N.Y. till 1848, when he took charge 
of the Battcnj, a campaign paper at Washing- 
ton, advocating Gen. Taylor's election to the 
presidency. He afterward founded at Wash- 
ington the liepuhllc, ncwspajKT, with A. C. 
Bullitt, in which he supported the compromise 
measures. He conductid this paper on the 
principle of hostility to both thr abolition and 
Sl•ces^ion parties, until it was discontinued at 
the close of Fillmore's administration, lie h.^.s 
since practised law in W;isliington and New 
York, where he now resides. In 1844 ho pub. 
a pamphlet (reprinted in Eng., and translated 
into various languages) on improveratnts in 
naval warfare, with a biog. sketch of Capt. 
Ericsson, and a notice of his inventions. He 
was a contrib. to " The Token ;" assisted S. G. 
Goodrich in several of the Peter Parley books ; 
and has pub. translations from the German, 
and several legal and political pamphlets. 

Sargent, Lncics Manlius, am hor, b. Bos- 
ton 25 June, 1786 ; d. W. Roxl.urv, M-., 2 June, 
1867. Grandson of Col. Epes (1B'.)0-1762) and 
son of Daniel Sargent. Thuuf^'h not grad. in 
course, hereceived an bon. degree in 1 842"(H.U. ). 
He studied law under Samuel Dexter, but never 
practised. A fine classical scholar, he in early 
life edited and transl. some minor Latin poems. 
In 1813 he pub. " Hubert and Ellen, with other 
Poems." His labors as a wiiter in the cause 
of temperance extended over 30 years. One 
of his tales passed through 130 editions, and 
was repub. in many languages. Upon this 
theme he was also a powerful and effective 
lecturer. He contrib. a scries of satirical and 
antiquarian sketches, entitled " Dealings with 
the Dead, by a Sexton of the Old School " 
(repub. in a vol. 1856), to the Boston Transcript, 
to wliich he was long a contrib. under the signar 
turc of " Sigma." His writings were character- 
ized by honesty of opinions, and boldness and 
vigor of style. Some of the ablest papers on 
the cooly trade were written by him, and were 
afterwards repub., without his knowledge, by 
reformers in England. He was generous with- 
out ostentation, and kind-hearted. His " Tem- 
perance Tales " were coll. and pub. in 3 vols. 
Author of "Life of S.amuel Dexter," 1 858. By 
his will Mm V, j-h inf Hon.- Horace Binncyof 
Phi :i li ; i M 1, Horace B., and Maniius. 
E\ III ^ a lah Cutter Dunn, he had 

L. M , J ■, , . '1 ;m I iiiiplished surgeon andcaval- 
rv-olHrer. His son Horace Binney Saegent 
(h. 30 June, 1821; H.U. 1843) studied law, 
com. 1st Mass. cavalry, and was brev. brig-gen. 
21 Mar. 1864. — See Reminiscences of, with gene- 
alogies hij J. H. Sheppard. 

Sargent, Lncins Manltus, Jun., M.D., 



SA.R 



SAXJ 



son of L. M., b. Boston, Sept. 15, 1826 ; killed 
near BelleHcld, Va., Dec. 9, 1864. H.U. 1848. 
He took his degree at the llai-vard Med. School 
in 1857; and was some time house-surgeon at 
the Ms. Gen. Hospital, and also dispensary 
physician. Com. surgeon, 2d Ms. Vols., May 
28, 1861; capt. 1st Ms. Cav. Oet. 31, 1861; 
maj. Jan. 2, 1864; licut.-col. Sept. 30, 1864. — 
Hun: Memorial Bioyrnphies. 

Sargent, Col. Paul Dddlet, Revol. 
ofliciT, b. Gloucester, Ms., 1745; d. Sullivan, 
Me., 15 Sept. 1828. Son of Col. Epes. He 
com. a regt. at the siege of Boston ; was wound- 
ed at Bunker's Hill; com. a brigade in the 
summer of 1776; tbught at Harlem, White 
Plaius, Trenton, and Pi-inecton ; and, after the 
war, was for many years judge of C.C.P. for 
Hancock Co., Maine. 

Sargent, Winthkop, soldier and states- 
man, b. Gloucester, Ms., 1 May, 1753; d. on 
a voyage from Natchez to Phila". 3 June, 1 820. 
H.U. 1771. Grandson of Col. Epcs, and cou- 
sin of L. M. In 1775 he was capt. of one 
of his father's ships. He entered the army 
7 July, 1775. App. navy agent at Gloucester 
1 Jan. 1776; cipt.-lieut. of Knox's regt. of 
art. 16 Mar. 1776, serving in that line with 
great reputation through the war, and taking 
part in the siege of Boston, battles of Long 
Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, 
Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, &c., 
and attaining the rank of major. Becoming 
connected with the Ohio Co., he was in 1786 
app. by Congros -iii\ .<■: n iIi ■ X W. Terr., 
itssec. in 1787, nn 1 '-'•■. :m> /in 1798-1801; 
adj.-gen. of St. ( i ! i i the iinfortu- 

■ I 11- ill 1791, and 
. in WavTie's cam- 
paign in i 794-5'; member of the Aead. of Arts 
and Sciences and of the Philos. Soc. He pub. 
"Boston, a Poem," 1803. 

Sargent, WiNTiiitor, anli n, ji.m.l ..u of 
the preceding, b. Philii. ^ d. 

Paris, 18 May, 1870. U. oi I . ,i„l,. 

Law School, 1847. He\MM:, , ! : Mr- 

moir prefixed to the Juinn ' - • t\- 

gaged in Braddock's ex]': :. 

Pa. Hist. Soc. in 1855fn.ii, m ,1 I-- 

in the British Museum ; su' , i. 

" Hist, of an Exped. aguin i I 1 ' 
&c., 8vo. Also pub. :l \:. i I 

Andre'," Boston, 1861; 'I. i : i 
the Revol," 1S57 ; a su|.|'!' ■ : I'l 

1860, •• Til- \...:..:\ \ ..-■ - . ; .1 .1 -■ Mi-v 
andD..MM..i ,t .•: ' ,. y^ • •- : ■ .l-nr- 
nal of I!.' ' ' '•'■ " ' liiiiti 

of Pa., vol. vi., and Letters of Julin Andrews, 
Esq., 1772-6, 8vo, 1866. He i-esidcd in New 
York, and practised law. Contrib. to various 
periodicals, especially the .V. -1. Iuvi,ir, 
Sarmiento, i>"n iii.nr.'.' Ihmino, 

LL.D-, pres. .\i. I : ,_•, I). 

San Juan ISU. I .i i .:, ' , • 'H to 

Rosas, and wa-^ in ion- .|ih 'i r i -.u- -i in i liili ; 
returning in 1836, he fonndeil a .mIkioI for 
yonng ladies, and edited a journal, La Yoiida ; 
and again exiled by Rosas. Entering the 
Chilian ser\-ice, he was sent on a special educa- 
tional mission to Europe ; returning to Buenos 
Ayres in 1851, he com. a regt. in the battle of 



Monto-Cascro-s which decided the fate nf Rosas, 
and established the Ar;r, C'lnti-il Hi- a-^sistcd 
in framing the const. <>l 1 ■ ' :■ ! ' minis- 
ter of instruction under I , ti r of 

the interior under Deri|iii . - . _ov. of 

San Juan ; minister to lUo L..S. I6i.^-.j; and 
afterward gov. of Buenos Ayres. Author of 
" Life in the Arg. Repub.," transl. with biog. 
sketch by Mrs. Hor. Mann, 8vo, 1868. 

Sartain, John, b. Loud. 1808; cmig. to 
Phila. in 1830. The first to introduce mezzo- 
tinto engraving in America ; formerly a painter 



nate exped. agan 
wounded; adj.-gen. 



in oils, and some 1 
the (Liion ilarjaz 
Prose Illustratio 
Painters," 1832. 
granite monume 
near Phi'i. 

Sartwcll, II 
Mary'- i i,,! i;i 
botaiii I, !■ li 
Penn ^ ■ i N •■ 



I proprietor and editor of 
e. lie pub. " Poetical and 
i of Celebrated American 
Among his works is the 
; in Monument Cemetcrj-, 

vnv Parker, M.D. (St. 
. Ph.D. (Ham. Coll. 1S64), 
i, M<., Apr. 18, 170-->; d. 



;() l\ 



Vai 



I the 



tied in i;::iMi, (Mii.i>, 
the study or liotany, n 
1832. Ab. 1»46 he gave his whole I 
study of the genus carex ; and in 1848 pub. 
in 2 vols. " Cari'ces Ama-icance Septeiitrionalis 
Exsiccatce." " Part Third " of this work, to in- 
clude 50 newjspecies, was begun, and over 40 
species collected for it, when he'died. His herba- 
rium, the labor of 40 years, containing about 
8,000 -ill ;- ii-v in Ham. Coll., Clinton, 

N.Y. I Dr. S. kept records of the 

weati) ' ' ].ub. at home, and sent to 

the Snn.i .1 I in In-t. He was a member of 
several ^eientme liodics. 

Sasnett, William J., D.D., clergyman 
and author, b. Hancock Co., Ga., Apr. 29,"l820. 
Oglethorpe U. 1839. He studied law; and 
afterward joined the Ala. Conf., iu which he be- 
came an itinerant. Chosen prof of English 
lit. in Emory Coll., Ga,, in 1849 ; pres. of La 
Oran-e Female Coll. in 1858; and in 1859 of 
!;i ] 1! .\l,i AI'i I 'hlege. Auburn. He pub. 
I r -."1835; and a vol. of 

1)1 .1, 11 l,;:raturc and Religion," 

8 liinl^r;, ; ■■■:.njc, b. London, 1807 ; 
- a publisher in NY. in 

>. ;; . , M, Astor Lib. since 1859. 

II. I, I- i ir, M. II, ri.s of the Great Metropo- 
lis," IS.-,J ; '• New York in a Nutshell," 18.33 ; 
" Salad for the Solitary," 1854 ; " Salad for the 
Social," 1856; "Pearls of Thought," 1858; 
"Mosaics," 1859; " Festiv.tl of Song," 1863; 
"About Women, Love, and Marriage," 1868. 
Contrib. to the Dewx. Rev., N. Y. Quarterly, 
Knicker}>ocker, &c. — Allibone. 

Saunders, iou-x, jurist and loyalist, b. 
Va. 1754 ; d. Frederickton, N.B., 1834. His 
grandfather emig. to Va., and acquired large 
landed estates. He was liberally educated, and 
studied law; but in 1776 rnis"eil a troop of 
horse at his own expen-i', in I ]•■'■■ • I 'in- royal 
standard. Afterwards r , i:i the 

Queen's Rangers, he s' i ii war; 

was often engaged, ami '\, tr.i w.nnded. 
At the peace he went to Eng. ; lirratne a mem- 
ber of the Middle Temple, and comn 



800 



practice of the law ; in 1790 he hccame jndire 
of the Sup. Court of N.B. ; was soon after- 
wards app. a member of the council ; and in 
1822 chief justice. His only son, John Sni- 
COE, held the offices of adj. -gen. .justice of a 
court of judicature, member of the council, 
and sec. of N.B. — Sahinc. 

Saunders, Prince, atty.-gen. of the re- 
public of llavti, anil the author ot the criminal 
code cif iliiii .'mim'i \'. I. '1 IkiioiM, \'i., nil 1775 ; 
d. llax' I , . ; ■ ,. ;i '. man, 
of exr, I ■ . ■ :: I try ca- 
pacity. A' I 1 '■Ml-, ]v ■ -,:.,,. ■., i.'iirh 

a free colored school :if » ' ■ init 

afterwards in Boston. I.n i !il[, :, 

he was at once employcil ' ' •:<;- 

prove the state of educan -n ili<)r, uhl, v: it- 
ing Eng. with that olijcrt, was rociivcd into 
the society of the nobility, and was the guest 
of Sir Joseph Banks, pre,s. of the Roy. Society. 
The result ot his mi-simi not biinj satisfactory 
to the kill'.', Ur hi- i I i\ II, :i:i.l rrturncd to the 
U.S.,wliin' li ■ -■ '!!':• and was settled 
over a iilijinii , ' I ' >■ Returning 

to Hayti idler a I' ^v y m~, Ii' was actively em- 
ployed in the public sirvicc until his death. He 
pub. "Haytien Papers;" "Memoir on Slave- 
ry," 8vo; "Address on Education," 1818; 
" Documents relative to Hayti," 8vo, 1816. 

Saunders, Romulus M., lawyer and 
statesman, b. Caswell Co., N.C., Mar. 1791; 
d. Ralei;,'h, 21 Apr. 1867. He was educated 
at an academy, and spent two years in the U. 
of N.C. Adm. to practise law in Tenn. in 
1812 ; returned to N.C. ; was in the house of 
commons in 1815-20, two years as speaker; 
was M.C. in 1821-7 and in 1841-5; was atty.- 
gen. of the State in 1828 ; in 1833 was pres. 
of the board of commiss. to settle the claims 
of American citizens tinder the treaty of July 
4, 1831, with France; in 1835 was elected a 
judge of the Supreme Court ; in 1846-,50 was 
minister to Spain ; and on his return was again 
elected to the legisl. of N.C. 

Savage, Ch.4kle8 C, b. Middletown, Ct., 
1820. Engaged in the stereotyping business, 
N. Y. Has pub. " Illnstratcd Biography," 8vo, 
1852 ; "The World," 8vo, 1853. Coiitrib. to 
A/ner. Aijrlcultiirist, N.Y. Evangelist, &c. — 
Altihnne. 

Savage, EDWAHD,port.-painter, b. Prince- 
ton, Ms., 1761 ; d. there July. 1817. At first 
a goldsmith. He studied a while under West 
at London, and then in Italy. In 1792, before 
he went abroiid, he painted the Washington 
family, and, finding no engraver, engraved the 
picture himself. He was a man of talent, but 



rsatile I 



emmenee as a pamt 



lie founded a museum in N.Y., and brought it 
to Boston, where it made part of the ol<l New- 
Eng. Museum. He was engaged on portraits 
in N.Y. in 1789. He painted a profile portrait 
of Washington on wood while in Phila., dur- 
ing the lu-esidency of the latter. 
Savage, James, LL.D. {II. TJ. 1841), an- 
,, • tiquary ami genealogist, b. Boston, July 13, 
•^ - 1784. H.U. 1803. Descended from Thomas, 
one of the early settlers of N.E. He studied 
law ; commenced practice in 1807, and was 
sub-sequently a representative and senator in 
the General Court, a councillor, and a dele- 



gate to the State Const. Conv. of 1820. He 
has also been in the city govt, as a common- 
councilman and an alderman, as well as one 
of the school com. Contrib. to the Mont/ili/ 
Anthologii and the N. A. Review; delivered the 
4th-of-July oration in Boston in 1811 ; edited 
Winthrop's " History of N. Eng.," 2 vols. ; pub. 
in 4 vols. 8vo, 1860-2, " A Geneal. Diet, of the 
First Settlers of N. England," a work of great 
merit and research ; and in the N. E. Marjazine 
(1832) a "History of the Adoption of the 
Federal Constitution." Mr. Savage was more 
than 20 years sec. or treasurer of the first 
^.iviiiL- liiiik in Boston ; 19 years treasurer 
i: III \l Hist. Soc, of which he has also been 
- .1 I ^iverul vols, of whose Collections ho 
i 1- 1 I Kill ; is a member of the Amer. Acad, of 



John, LL.D. (Un. Coll. 1829), 
■9; d. Utica, N.Y., 19 Oct. 1863. 
iJn. Coll. 1799. Member N.Y. Assembly 1814 ; 
M.C. 1815-19; afterward dist.-atty. ; State 
comptroller; 14 years chief justice Supreme 
Court, and U.S. treas. for New York. 
. Savage, John, editor and poet, b. Dublin, 
Dee. 13, 1828. He was disting. at the art 
school of the Roy. Dublin Society. Imbued 
with the revol. spirit of 1848, he became active 
in the clubs ; started 2 revol. journals, and led 



lost, he 



ailv.'ormuk, 
111 iliecanse 
lirnol-reader 
Lavs of the 
ir 'llic Whia 



hil," a tragedy, 1858. In 1857-61 
onneercd with the States, Douglas's 



Fatherland;" in l.SoO-3 w 
Review and the Democ. Rn 
editor of the Citizen in 1854 ; 
and '48, the Modern Revol. 
of Ireland ; " " Waiting for a Wife, 

1859 " 

he wi 

Undel 

l!...i' i .,,-!: , . !■ I ler Living Rcpresen- 
tan>' M 'V'. I; l,|lion broke out, 

lie\>. . ;,, riie Starry Flag" 

and ' riie ill. .-Ill 1.1 ilic North," and was 
active in orgaiiiziii;; the " Irish Brigade" and 
"Irish Legion." "Faith and Fancy," a col- 
lection of" his poems, appeared in December, 
1863 ; iu 1864 he connected himself with the 
N. Orleans Daily limes; pub. a campaign 
Life of Andrew Johnson in 1864, extended 
into a "Life and Public Services " in 1865; 
"Fenian Heroes and Martyrs," 1868; collec- 
tive edition of his poems, 1867. — Dm/clcinck. 

Savage, John A., D.D., pres. of Carroll 
Coll., Wis., and over 23 years pastor of the 
Presh. church, Ogdensburg, N.Y. ; d. Wauke- 
sha, Wis., 13 Dec. 1864, a. 64. Un Coll. 1822. 

Savage, John H., Lawyer, and M.C 1849- 
53 and 185.i-9, b. Warren Co., Tenn. lie 
served as a private soldier during a campaign 
in Fla. ; afterwards studied law, and in 1837 
commenced practice at Sraithville, Tenn. ; 
atty.-gen. 4th dist. in 1841-7; major of the 
14th U.S. Inf. in Mexican war; was present 
at the battles of Contreras, Ghnrubusco, and 
Molino del Rev, and was wounded at Chapnl- 
tepec. Promoted to be lieut.-coL, he com. the 
regt. after the death of Col. Graham. 

Savage, Samuel Phillips; d. Weston, 
Ms., Dec. 1797, a. 79. Merchant of Boston, 



801 



nml ii selectman ; pros, of the Ms. board of 
war during the Revol., and afterward judge 
CCP., Middlesex Co. His son Maj. Joseph, 
an officer of art. in the Revul., d. Brunswick, 
Me., 15 Jan. 1814, a 58. 

Sawyer, Frederic WiLLiAM,b. Saco,Me., 
22 Apr. 1810. llemoved to Boston in 1838, 
where, since 1840, he has practised law. Ori- 
ginator of the Pawners' Bank of Boston. 
Author of " The Merchant's and Shipmaster's 
Guide," 1340; " Plea for Amusements," 1847 ; 
" Hits at American Whims," &c., 1860, origi- 
nally pub., under the signatures of "Carl "and 
" Canty Carl," in the Transcript, to which since 
1847 he has contributed. — Allihone. 

Sawyer,HoKACEBDCiiLiN,capt. U. S.N,, 
b. Burlington, Vt., Feb. 22,1797; d. Wash- 
ington, Feb. 14, 1860. Midshipm. June 4, 
1812 ; lieut. Apr. 1, 1818 ; com. Dec. 9, 18.39 ; 
capt. Apr. 12, 1853. He was in "The Con- 
stitution " when she took the British ships 
" Cyane" and " Levant," Feb. 20, 1815 ; lieut. 
of the brig " Spark" in the W. I., destroying 
piracy in those waters ; and afterward in " The 
Warren," engaged in the same service, in the 
Mediterranean. Received a sword from the 
legisl. of Vt. in 1856 for services in the war 
of 1812.— Vt. Quart. Gazetteer. 

Sawyer, Rev. John, O.D. (D.C. 1857), 
b. Hebron, Ct., Oct. 9, 1755 ; d. Bangor, Me., 
Oct. 14, 1858. Dartm. Coll. 1785. He was a 
soldier at the surrender of Biirgoyne. Ord. 
pastor of the Cong. Ch. at Orford, N.H., Oct. 
2, 1787; dism. Dec. 17, 1795; at Boothbay, 
Me., from Oct. 1793 to 1808; and was after- 



Saxe, John Godfhet, LL.D 
poet, b. Highgate, Vt., June 2, 1 



:dM>f^ 



Coll. 1839. Hewasapraetitionerof law in his' ■, J' ■) J 
native State from 1843 to March, 1850, when ^•'•'-^ " "^ ' 
lie removed to Burlington, where for 5 years he 
conducted the 5cH(mcZ newspaper ; in 1851 he 
was State-atty. He has since devoted himself 
wholly to literature and lecturing. Now 
(1872) a resident of Albany, and ed. of the 
Evening Journal. In 1849 he pub. a vol. of 
poems, including "Progress, a Satire," origi- 
nally delivered at a college commencement; 
and a number of shorter pieces, many of 
which originally appeared in the Knickerbocker 
Mar/. The enlarged edition of 1852 includes 
" The Times," a poem delivered before the 



He 



fre- 



iiced 



ward more than 40 years 



missionary i 



Me. 



In June, 1857, ho addressed a large auaience 
at the Gen. Conf. in Bath, Me., for nearly an 
hour, being in his 102d year. 

Sawyer, Leicester Ambrose, b. Pinck- 
ney, N.Y. Ham. Coll. 1828. Old. Presb. 
pastor 1831. Some time pres. of Centra! Coll., 
Ohio; and became in 1854 pastor of the Cong. 
Ch., Westmoreland, N. J. He has pub. " Ele- 
ments of Biblical Interpretation," 1836 ; 
" Mental Philos.," 1839 ; " Mor.al Philos.," 
1S45 ; " Organic Christianity," 1854. In 1858 
he pub. a new tiansl. of the New Testament, 
and in ISCO vol. i. of the Old Testament; 
"Biblical Science Improved," 1862. —.4//(- 
bone. 

Sawyer, Thomas Jefferson, D.D. 
(H.U.), clergyman, b. Reading, Vt., Jan. 9, 
1804. Mid. CoU. 1829. In 1830 took charge 
of a Univ. society in New York; in 1845 be- 
came principal of the Clinton Liberal Inst., 
Oneida Co., N.Y., and also taught classes in 
theology. He resumed his former charge in 
N.Y. in 1?52, and soon after held a public de- 
hate with Rev. Isaac Westeott, a Baptist cler- 
gyman, which was pub. with the title, "Dis- 
cussion of the Doctrine of Universal Salva- 
tion," 1854. In 1861 he retired to a farm at 
Clinton ; and was instrumental in the estab- 
lishment of Tufts College, in which he has 
since 1869 held the chair of theology. He also 
aided in founding the theol. school at Canton, 
N.Y. His wife Caroline M. (Fisher), an- 
thoress, b. Newton, Ms., Dec. 8, 1812, now 
edits the Ladies' Rejmsitori/, and has pub. trans- 
lations in verse and prose from the German. 
61 



Boston Mercantile-Library As 
quently the poet of college nm 
saries. In the summer ot 1 ^'^ 
a brilliant poem on litciatinT himI i!i<' times 
at the second anniversary of ih.^ X. Y. Free 
Academy. "The Money King and Other 
Poems " appeared in 1859 ; " Clever Stories of 
Many Nations," 1863; "Poetical Works," 
cabinet edition, 1864 ; " Masquerade," 1866. 

Saxe -Weimar, Karl Bernhard, duke 
of, b. Weimar 1792 ; d. 31 Jnlv, 1862. Author 
of "Travels through N.A. 1825-6," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1828; andSummary of the Campaign in Java 
in 1811. He served in the principal c.impaigns 
of 1806-15 against the French, and was made 
lieut.-gen. in 1831. 

Saxton, RuFus, hrev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Deerfield, Ms., Oct. 19, 1824. West Point, 
1 849. He worked on a farm until he was 20 ; 
entered the 3d Art., and became 1st lieut. in 
1855. In 1853-4 he led a snrvcyini;.party 
across the Rocky Mount nn^; m isii-.i was 
employed on the coaM--ii . i I i : : im- 

provements in instrument ' iiind- 

ings, one of which, a sell ii ji t' 1 1:14 il um- 

eter, bears his name; in 1859 he In e.uno an 
instructor of West Point. At the breaking- 
out of the civil war, he was at St. Louis under 
Capt. Lyon, acting as quarterm. (rank of capt.) ; 
and was prominent in breaking up " Camp 
Jackson; "joining Gen. McClellan in Western 
Va., he afterward accomp. Gen. Sherman to 
Port Royal as quarterm.; and April 15, 1862, 
was made brig.-gen. vols. For a short time 
after the retreat of Gen. Banks from the Shen- 
andoah, Gen. Saxton com. at Harper's Ferry. 
Militnry gov. of the dept. of the South in 
1862-5; quarterm. (rank of maj.) July 29, 
1866 ; hrev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865. 

Say, Thomas, naturalist, b. Phila. July 
27, 1787; d. New Harmony, Ind., Oct. 10, 
1834. Early abandoning mercantile ])Hisuits, 
in which lie had been engaged unsuccessfully, 
he devoted himself to the study of natural 
history; was in 1812 one of the founders of 
the Acad, of Nat. Sciences of Phila.; and be- 
came one of the leading contributors to its 
journal. In 1818 Say joined Messrs. Maelure, 
Old, and Peale in a scientific exploration of 
the islands and coast of Ga. ; in 1819-20 he was 
chief zoologist in the exped. of Major Long to 
the Rocky Mountains; and in that of 1323 to 
the sources of St. Peter's River ; in 1825 he re- 
moved to New Harmony, where he spent the 
rest of his life. His principal work, " Ameri- 



SATX- 



802 



can Eiitoraolofrv," was pnh, riiila., 3 vols., 1 824- 
8. His "AnirniMu r\,n. :,. ,],._, ," 7 n.js. of 
which were ]iii!'. ai X'.v 11 ii; ■/, i^ incom- 
plete at the lim^'ii lii- 1 II -riivcries 
of new species of iii-rit- w.i.-, |.i-i i i|i-, urcatcr 
than hail ever been iimile by a siiiyie inilivid- 
ual. Member of the Linn£ean and Zoolo};ical 
Societies of London. He was a frequent con- 
trib. to the "Transactions" of the Philos. 
Society, the N. Y. Lyceum, Silliman's Journal, 
and numerous other scientific pubs. His com- 
plete writinj,'S on the Cimchology of the 
U.S., edited In- Will. 0. IJirney, were pub. 
8to, 1858; " 'I'li rit-i;,,-) .-y," edited by J. 
L. Leoontc. V. J 'vols. 8ro, 1859. 
— Se Biuii - , 1 ; , s Lib., vol. V. 

Sayre, ^l i i ^, i l. r and patriot, b. 
Lon{; Island I : i i . ••: residence of his 

son in Va. S- : i -; - X.J. Coll. 1757. 
Bred a mcicli ! . !j :; livity and talents 
he had obtain. ■ i mi !i in iii at llic pi-ricd 

of the Revul. Wa. . T,. :,;... ,.:', 

Wm. Lee, brother of U : I 1 1 , , ; : i 

and was particularly n; 

Earl of Chatham atu.ii::-.il ]. n-l !iimii_ 
become a banker. His zeal for the indc|MMid- 
enco of his native country was unmeasured, and 
an officer of the Royal Guards, named Lich- 
aidson, aUn an American, seized upon a gay 



Sayie's release; but it had already produced 
his" ruin. His banking-house failed ; he lost 
every thing, and was obliged to quit England. 
He was tlien employed by Dr. Franklin upon 
several important missions, acted for some 
time as his private sec, and went in the suite 
of Mr. Lee to Berlin at the time of the first 
suggestion of the project of armed neutrality. 
Alter leaving Berlin, Mr. Sayve passed to 
C.ipenhagcu, Stockholm, and S"t. Petersburg, 
and in each of those capitals procured ample 
supplies lor the supportof American indep. In 
17M5 lie was an active opponent of Washing- 

Seaddiug, Henrt, D. D. (18.52), b. 
Dllnke.^wcU, Eng., 1813. ' Educated at U.C. 
Coll., Toronto, and St. John's Coll., Camb., 
Eng. M.A. 1840. Classical prof. U.C. Coll. 
1838-62; rector Trinitv Church, Toronto, 
since 1R47 Anihnr of'" Meni.n ia! of Rev. 



\V. 



the 



: ,. \ ■ - :■ I; "Early 

N.iii - : : I -I •;:; •," I ■'• . ' T; "ii'- Kesur- 
reeiiuii," l;b.:. (.uuail.. ol uiIilIcs on phi- 
lology and antiquities to Brit. Amer. Mag., 
Canadian Jonr., &c. — Altibone. 

Scammell, Alexander, col. Ecvol. ar- 
my, b. Mendon, Ms., 24 March, 1747; d. Wil- 
liamsburg, Va., 6 Oct. 1781. H.U.1769. Son 
of Dr. Samuel Leslie, who came to Boston fi-om 
Portsmouth, Eng., in 1738, settled in Mendon 
(now Milford), and practised until his death in 
1753. He taught school in ICingston and Plym- 
outh, Ms. ; was a surveyor at Portsmouth in 
1772; taught school at Berwick; and was a 
proprietor of the town of Shaploigh, Me. ; as- 
sisted Capt. Holland in surveys for his map of 
N.n.; and in 1775 was a law-student with Gen. 



Sullivan, and his brigade major at Cam!. ridge 
in 1775, and on Long Island in 1776. Maile 
col. 3d N.H. Regt. in Nov. 1776; took part in 
the battles of Trenton and Princeton ; was 
wounded and especially disting. at Saratoga; 
was adj.-gen. of the army from early in 1778 to 
1781 ; col. 1st N.H. Regt. 1 Jan. 1781, and in 
July took com. of a regt. of light inf. While 
officer of the day at the siege of Yorktown, 30 
Sept. 1781, he was snrprised while reconnoi- 
tring, and, after surrendering, was inhumanly 
wounded, and died in a few days. He was an 
otiieer of great merit and of amiable character. 
He was 6 feet and 2 inches in height. — See 
Hist. Mag., Sept. 1870. 

Sehaeffer, the name of several disting. 
Lutheran divines. David EREDEiiiCK, D.D. 
(son of Frederick David, D.D., successively 
pastor at Carlisle, Gemiantown, and Phila., 
1760-1836), pastor of the Lutheran church, 
Frederick, Md., from July, 1808, to liis d. May, 
1^"7; li. Carlisle, Pa., 17^7. He was 3 years 
j.i - ml sec. of the Md. synod; also of the 
' >xuod. Pub. "Hist. Address on the 
i; :. Munition," 1818; and edited the Lutheran 
Jiitcllnii'iiccr 1826-31. Frederick Christian, 
D.D., son of F. D., b. Gcnnantown, Pa., 1792 ; 
d. New York, Mar. 1S31. N..LC0II. ISI8. 
Licensed to preach 1812; was pastor at Ilar- 
risburg, and then in N. Y. City. He pub. 
" Parables and Parabolic Sayings," and two 
sermons. Prof. Ger. lang. at Columliia Coll. 
1830-1. Charles Frederick, D.D., son 
of F. D., b. Gcrmantown, Pa., 1807. U. of 
Pa. 1827. Lutheran pastor at Carlisle, Easton, 
&c., and successively prof, of thcol. in the Lu- 
theran Scm. at Columbus, 0. ; prof, of German 
in Pa. Coll., 1; f.v.l.ir', ami Ml th.-..l in ilic 
Ev.LutliiT:inS ',:.. n,,:,.. lb ll:..i.lll. Kuii/'s 
"Manual I'l S.ir I '1 1 li-t.," limn I !;■','! 1 nan, 
1855; Lmli.r'. Sniii'l.n- Catrdii-ni, i'. i- li mbli- 
tions, 1856; " Aniritts-Rcde," Ajir. 16, 1S56; 
"Discourses," Svo, 1861; Lechlor's "Com- 
mentary on Acts," 1866; "True Christianity," 
&c., 1869 ; " Exegctical Pimctuation of the 
N. Test.," 1869. Contrib. to the Evang. Re- 
view, 1 849-66, and other periodicals. Ch.irles 
William, D.D., grandson of F. D., b. Ha- 
gcrstown, Md. Formerly Lutheran pastor at 
Hai-risburg. Has been for some years pastor of 
St. Michael's Ch., Gcrmantown. He has pub. 
" Discourse on the 50th Anniv. of the Ev. Luth. 
Ch., Harrisb.," Svo, 1845 ; "Early History of 
the Lutheran Ch. in America," 1857; and oc- 
casional discourses. Co-editor of several Lu- 
theran periodicals. — Sprague ; Allihone. 

SehafF(shaf), Philip, Ph.D., D.D. (1854), 
theologian and author, b. Chur, canton of 
Grisons, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819. U. of Ber- 
lin, 1841. Educated at the universities of Tii- 
bingen, Halle, and Berlin. He travelled as a 
private tutor to a Prussian nobleman through 
France, Switzerland, and Italy (1841-2), and, 
returning to Berlin, lectured on theology ; prof, 
of theol. at Mercersburg, Pa., 1844-62 ; charged 
with heresy on account of some of his writings, 
he was honorably acquitted by the synod at 
York, Pa., in 1845. From Nov. 1862 to 1867 
he was lecturer on cedes, hist, at And. Sem., 
and in 1868-70 was prof, of church history in 
the Hartford Theol. Inst., and was in 1871 



sen 



sen 



prof, in the Union Thcol. Sem., N.T. He has 
pub. in German a " History of the Apostolic 
Church," 1S51; "German Hymn-Book, with 
a Hist. Introd.," 1S59; and in English, "St. 
Augustine, his Life and Labors," 1853 ; 
" America, its Political, Social, and Religious 
Character," lectures delivered at Berlin, 1854, 
translated in 1855; "Germany, its Universi- 
ties and Divines," 1857; "Hist, of the Chris- 
tian Church of the First Three Centuries," 
185?, 2 vols. 8vo ; essav on " Slavery and the 
Bible," 18G1; "The Christ of the "Gospels," 
1864; "The Person of Christ the Miracle of 
History," 1865; "Lectures on the Civil War 
in America," 1865; "Christ in Song," 1869; 
besides many contributions to American and 
foreign periodicals. Dr. S. also pub. the Kirch- 
enfreuna, a theological monthly for the German 
cturches of America, in 184S-53 ; and has been 
co-editor of the Merccrsburri Review since 1857. 
Sehanek, John-, a British admiral, b. Fife- 
shire, Scotland, 1740; d. Eng. 6 March, 1823. 
He was a Ueut. in the navy in 1776, and super- 
intended the construction of " The Inflexil.lc," 
which, in 1-=; tlnii r, v ■ !: ■ frnvi ;li ■• roniTTT-nr-'^- 



his expeduiuu in im_- lua^uucuuii ui ilo:aiii.L;- 
bridges ; and for his services he was promoted 
to commander, and in 17S3 post-capt. ; admiral 
of the Blue, July, 1821. 

Sehenck, James F., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Ohio, June 19, 1807. Bro. of Robert C. Mid- 
shipm. Mar. 1, 1825; lieut. Dec. 22, 1835; com. 
Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. 1861; commo. July 2, 
1863 ; rear-adm. (ret. list), July, 1870. At- 
tached to frigate " Congress " during the Mcx.. 
war; chief aide to Com. Stockton at capture 
orSanta Barbara and Los Angelos, and at 
bomb.xrd. and capture of Guaymas and Mazat- 
lan; com. mail-steamer "Ohio," 1843-52; 
stcainvr " Sac;inaw," E. India squad., 1860-1; 
com. frigate " St. Lawrence," block, squadron, 
1 G62 ; steam-sloop " Powhatan," N. Atl. squad., 
1S64-5; and com. 3d division Porter's squad, 
in both attacks on Fort Fisher. — Uamersly. 

Schenek, Noah Hunt, D.D., rector of 
Emanuel Ch., Baltimore, and in 1867 of St. 
Ann's, Brooklyn, N.Y., b. Pennington, N. J., 
1825. N.J. Coll. 1844; Gambler Theol. Sem. 
1S53. He h^s jiul). 20 or 30 essays, sermons, 
andtreati-r ; r :,, li :, ,] and edited, 1858-60, 
the Wist. ' (Cliieago); was co-ed- 

itorofth'/ ' '((/K(HlS67; andcon- 

trib. to till' 11 ' .: ,/. I i' s.„palian, &c. — Alli- 

Sehenck, Gen. Robert Cummijtg, b. 
Franklin, Warren Co., O., Oct 7, 1809, His 
father. Gen. William C. Schcnck, an officer of 
Harrison's army, d. Jan. 1821. Bro. of Adm. 
J. F. Schenek. He grad. in 1827 at the Miami 
U., of which he was afterward a prof. ; was 
adm. to the bar, and settled in Dayton ; soon 
after was chosen to the Icgisl. from Montgom- 
ery Co., serving three terms ; and was M.C. in 
1843-51. In this body he was noted for terse 
and practical speeches, keen and pungent wit. 
Minister to Brazil in 1851-3. Comnnss. brig.- 
gen. of vols. May 17, 1861 ; Juno 17, 1861, 
while his com. were being transported to Vien- 



na, Va., over the Loudon and Hampshire R.R , 
they were fired upon while in the cars, sustain- 
ing a loss of 10 killed and 2 wounded. He was 
engaged at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 
1861 ; next served in Western Va. under Rose- 
cranz; was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley 
to assist in opposing Stonewall Jackson ; and 
for his efficient services at the battle of CrosB 
Keys, Juno 8, 1862, he was placed by Gen, 
Fremont in com. of a division. In the second 
battle of Bull Run, Gen. Schenek com. a divis- 
ion in Sigcl's corps, Aug. 29 and 30, and was 
severely wounded by a ball which shattered his 
right arm. Sept. 18, 1862, he was promoted to 
maj.-gen. ; Dec. 16, 1862, he was app. to com. 
at Baltimore. During the march of Lee into 
Pa. in July, 1863, Schenek did good serrice. 
M.C. 1S63-71 ; app. minister to England, Jan. 
1871. 

Schenek, William Edward, D.D., cor- 
resp. sec. and editor Presb. Board of Educa- 
tion, b. Princeton, N.J., 1819. N.J. Coll. 
1838. He has pub. " Historical Account of the 
First Presb. Church, Princeton," 1850; "God 
ourGuido," 1863; "Children in Heaven," 8vo, 
&c. — Allilmie. 

Sohimmelfennig, Gen. Alexander, 
I). Germany, 1824; d. Minersville, Pa., Sept. 7, 
1865. He was an officer under Kossuth in the 
Hungarian war; at the beginning of 1861 was 
made col. of a Pa. regt. ; served under Sigel 
in the Va. campaign of Gen. Pope ; was made 
brig.-gen. for Ms services at Bull Run, 29 Nov. 
1862 ; at Chanccllorsville he com. the first bri- 
gade of Schurz's division of the llth corps, and 
lield the same com. at Gettysburg ; in Feb. 
1864 he was sent to St. John's Island. His 
forces were the first to enter Charleston, Feb. 
18, 1865, when flanked by Gen. Sherman. Au- 
thor of " The War behveen Russia and Tur- 
key," 8vo, Phila. 1854. 

Schlatter (shlat'-ter), MicuAEL, mission- 
ary of the German Ref, Church, b. St. Gall, 
Switzeriand, July 14, 1716 ; d. near Phila. 
Oct. 1790. He became a clergyman, and in 
1746-51 labored as pastor of the Ref cliurches 
of Phila. and Germantown. Heorganized the 
synod of the G. R. Church in Amcr. in Sept. 
1747 ; went to Europe in 1751, and secured 
the services of 6 other ministers for the Amer. 
churches; in 1755 he became supt. of the 
German charity-schools in Pa.; in 1757 he 
accomp. an exped. to Nova Scotia against the 
French as chaplain to the Roy. Amer. Rcgt. 
He was imprisoned by the British in 1777 for 
his patriotism, 

Schley, William, lawyer, gov. of Ga. 
1835-7, b. Frederick City, Md., Dec. 14, 1786; 
d. Augusta, Ga., Nov. 20, 1858. He was edu- 
cated at the academies of Louisville, and Au- 
gusta, Ga. ; was adm. to the bar in 1812; 
prnctised law ; was judge of the Sup. Court of 
middle dist. of Ga. in 1825-8; was elected a 
number of the legisl. in 1830; and was M.C. 
in 1833-5. He pnb. a " Digest of the English 
Statutes," and was pres. of the Med. Coll. of 
Georgia. 

Schmucker, Samcel Mosheim, LL.D., 
historian, son of Samuel S., b. Newmarket, 
Va., Jan. 12, 1823; d. Phila. May 12, 1863. 
Wash. Coll. 1840. He studied theology in the 



804 



Gettysburg Theol. Sem., and iu 1842 was li- 
censed to preach at Bloomfield. He afterward 
preached iu Lewiston, Pa., and in German- 
town, and was dismissed in Oct. 1848. He 
then studied law ; was adm. to the fhila. bar 
in Jan. 1850, and practised iu N.Y. in 1853-5, 
when be resumed practice in Phila.. but occu- 
pied himself chicfiv in literature. He pub. bi- 
ographies of Catharine II., 1855 ; Nicholas I., 
185fi ; Fremont, 1856 ; Hamiltun and .Jefferson, 
1857; Dr. E. K. Kane and Napolcun III., 
1858; Washington and Clav, I8G0; Histo- 
ries of the Mormons, 1858; "Arctic Explo- 
rations;" "All IJeli-ions," 1859; " The Four 
Georges;" " The Modern Jew.s," 1860 ; "The 
South. Kebellion," 1863; " Errors of Modern 
Infidelity," 1848; " The Spanish Wife," 1854; 
" The Yankee Slave-Driver," 1857 ; " Memo- 
rable Scenes in French History," 1857 ; 
" Memorials of Daniel Webster," 1859 ; 
" Blue Laws of Connecticut," I860 ; &c., &c. 

Sehmueker, S.vmuel S., D.D., b. Ha- 

ger»town, Md., Feb. 28, 1799. Ord. 1818. 
Six years pastor of the Lutheran church, New- 
market, Va. ; from Sept. 1826 to Aug. 1864, 
prof, of didactic theol. in, and pres. of, the 
theol. sem. at Gettysburg ; and, since then, 
emeritus prof. Son of John George, D.I)., 



York 



Willi; 



: Nvuud, IS28; ed- 
1 ■'< ; and has con- 
l>i Brekeuridge's 
Ju-iiew. — Allibom. 



pie," 1S24; "I'.. nil 
'■ P„rrr;.iiu,v m 1 

"Psvc "U'V,•■^VM. 

8vo, 1S4.-, : ■• Cliri^l 
itual WdrshipurCu 

of Christ's C'hn:.'. 

Hymn-Book of i 
ited Evanqdiiih. , i, 
trib. to the lUi.i. /, 
Review, and the Ei 

Schofleld, John McAllister, maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Chautauqua Co., N.Y., Sept. 29, 
1831. West Point, 1853. Entering the 2d 
Art., be was 5 years an instr. in nat. philos. at 
West Point, and was filling, under leave of ab- 
sence, the chair of nat. philos. in Washington 
U., St. Louis, Mo., when the civil war began. 
App. capt. May 14, 1801 , miij NiAI,, T,,( ; 1,' 
was chief of staff to Gni ' , : il :it 

Wilson's Creek; becamr ! N-\. 

21, 1861, and was as-i-nil n i,. .M,,. 

militia; 15 Apr. 18i',2, t!n' A)-\. i.i \\«. was 
assigned to him ; in (kt Im- innM i| the com. 
of the army of the Iniiitiri. rMiii|,i i-ing the 
troojis of Mo. and Kans;is, mili wliii li hr drove 
all tlie organized Confed. lurces liack to the 
Valley of the Ark., defeating Hindraan, Oct. 

22, at Maysville, near Pea Ridge, Ark., and 
pursuing him beyond the Boston Jluuntains. 
Maj.-gen. vols. Nov. 2'J. I -'.J , l'.i_: ■_;■ m I'S 
A. Nov. 30, 1SG4; ninj ■_ . \: ,i i 1 I'l : j 
Mav, 1864, be joined SI, i, A '.■•; 
of t'hcOhio,andwasc..n-.|o :r.;i~ n, ill i VUa 
ties and o})erations of the iVthmta campaign, 
and until the surrender of Gen. J. E. Johnston, 
comg. the 23d corps. He left Sherman in 
Nov. 1864 to assist Gen. Thomas at Nashville, 
r('|iul>ing the attack of Hooil ; and commanded 
at the battle of Franklin, and was conspicuous 
iu tlie decisive battle of Nashville, 15 and 16 



Dec. Transferred to N.C., he look possession 
of Wilmington, Feb. 22, ISO:., ailvaneed into 
the interior of the State, brat the cm my in sev- 
eral engagements, and nittrnl 1 .i.lii>l)orough 
just before Sherman. ISrev. nuij.-u'rn. U.S.A. 
13 Mar. 1865 for the battle of Franklin. App. 
May 2, 1867, to the com. of the first military 
district, comprising the State of Va. ; sec. 
oi' ^\ar ad interim on the resignation of Gen. 
Grant; contirmed MaySO, 1868; resigned Mar. 
1869, and assigned to com. the dep. of the 
Missouri. 

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, LL.D., au- 
thor, b. Watervliet, N.Y., March 28, 1793; d. 
Washington, D.C., Dec. 10, 1864. His first 
American ancestor settled in Albany Co. in 
the reign of George II., and taught school; 
whence his name of Caleraft was pu])ularly 
changed to Schoolcraft. He entered Un. Coll. 
in 1807, and studied chemistry and mineralogy. 
Lawtence bis father bi-iii'j stipt. of triass-works, 
be pub. a work o„ •' Viinolo.jv ■ in 1817. He 
made a Western joniiirv in ls|7-|s; leturncd 
with a vcrv coinplrtr iniiaralii^ir.il and geo- 
In-ical C(.llrrti..n, and jjub. "A \iew of the 
L<"a.: Minis ,,| ,\|o,," 1819, and a narrative, 
siiH. ,11 ,uj,,l, infilled "Scenes and Advcn- 
tin, , 11, ill, .s, nil Alpine Region of the Ozark 
M.,ni,t,iiii, ol .Mu. and Ark.," isw. In 1 .S20 
II,' xsa. app. geologist to an e-^i^.i-lii .■:,„.,! , 

irji, ill, iif which ho pub. a naii..;,., la i^-l, 



the G 
Langu 



I,, .rcU uilli the 
llu,.iighlll.,aud 
Rivers, and em- 
> in the Central 



eli. 11,-1 S,.,' ; 111 l-';l :: '. •, -• ■ • 'V 

I'annnatic'.'l Cunstrucuon ol the ' ll'.'diui- 
lages, were translated by Dupouceau, and 
ted to the French Institute, which 
ed him a gold nieilal. Ho pub. at this 
The Rise of t!i,' n',--r," a n.rm ; " Oce- 



He led a second govt, exped. in Is.i: 
lb. " A Narrative of an Exped. to Itas, 
'1834. Commiss. to treat with the trib 

Upper Lakes in 1836. be procured fro 



12 11, 



W I ,,, \ ., iiiiio, and Canada. App. by 
\ I .1 ist5, he m.idc a census, and 
, :. I -: .of the Six Nations of N.Y'. ; 

). the I,-, ,1 I, X - on the Iroquois," 

17. Mai : l-i: . i, solve of Congress, 

. Sclio,, , : ; 111 a work entitled 

list, and Si.,ii-ii' il I !,f,,nnation respecting 
History, Condition, and Prospects of the 
lian Tribes of the U.S.," of which 6 vols. 
have appeared. He is also the author of 



805 



" Algic Researches," 2 vols. 1839 (revised ed. 
1 856) ; " Talladega, a Tale of the Creek War ; " 
" Oneota, or the Red Race of America," 1844; 
" Personal Memoirs of a Residence of 30 Years 
with the Indian Tribes on the American Fron- 
tiers," 1853 ; and " The Myth of Hiawatha and 
other Oral Legends." His two works on the 
Upper Mpi. have been combined under the 
title of " Narrative of an Exploratory Exped. to 
the Sources of the Mpi. River in 1820, resumed 
and completed by the Discovery of its Ori- 
gin in Itasca Lake in 1832." "The Indian 
Fairy-Bodk," compiled from his MS., was pub. 
by C. Matthews, N.Y., \S6S. — Appleton. 

Schouler, <;tx. Wh.mam, adj.-gen. Ms. 
18G0-(i,li. at Killiunh^n, Scotland, 13 Dec. 1814. 
Came to N.Y. with his lather, a calico-printer, 
in 1815 ; soon removed to Ms, and followed his 
father's trade in Taunton, Lynn, and W. Cam- 
bridge. Became propr. and ed. of the Lowell 
Courier 1841-7; one of the proprs. and eds. 
Daily Atlas, Boston, 1847-53; co.-ed. Ciu. Ga- 
zette 1853-6; Ohio State Jour. 1856-8; ed. 
Boston ..-Ir/as ami Ijie, 1S58. Four times in Ms. 
legisl.; iiiMii' M ( ,iii I Conv. 1853. Author 
of "Ma - 1,1 War," 2 vols. 8vo, 

1868-71, M '! -: ■' 1 1, ,s of "Personal and 
Polit. lir.M I-, IN 111' /:osi/n Journal in 1870. 

Sehriver, Kd.muno, insp.-gen., and brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. Pa. West Point, 18.33. 
Entering 2d Art., transferred to adj.-gen. dept. 
as capt. 7 July, 1838; resigned 31 July, 1846; 
pres. Reus, and Saratoga R.K. Co. l'85I-61 ; 
aide-de-camp to Gov. Morgan, Apr. 1861; lieut.- 
col. 11th Inf 14 May, 1861; eol. and A.D.C. 
IS May, 1862; col. and insp.-gen. 13 March, 
1863; 'brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. I Aug. 1864, 
and ni.ij.-gcn. 13 Mar. 1865, for services in the 
Rebellion ; chief of staft' (1st corps) Mar. 1862 
to Jan. 1863; in the Shenandoah campaign 
and the Northern Va. campaign, and present 
at Cedar Mountain, Manassas, and Chantilly ; 
insp.-gen. (Army of the Potomac) 1863-5; and 
engaged at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and 
in the Ri< hmond campaign from the Rapidan 
to its close in June, 1865. — Cullam. 

Sehroeder, John Fredkrick, D. D. 

(Trin. Coll. 1836), clergyman and author, b. 
Baltimore, Apr. 8, 1800; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 
Feb. 26, 1857. N.J. Coll. 1819. He studied 
at the Epis. Theol. Sem. at New Haven ; was 
adm. to holy orders in 1823, and had charge of 
a parish on' the Eastern Shore of Md. for a few 
months. He was afterward assist, at Trinity 
Church, N. Y., 14 years, and was a popular 
preacher. He delivered a course of lectures on 
Oriental Lit. before the N.Y. Athena:uni ; con- 
tributed a treatise on the Authenticity and 
Canonical Authority of the Scriptures of the Old 
Testament, and a treatise on the Use of the 
Syriac Language, to a vol. of essays and dis- 
sertations on Biblical Literature edi'ted by him- 
self; pub. a memorial volume on the death of 
Bishop Hobart in 1830. In 1839 he established 
St. Ann's Hall, at Flushing, L. I., for the 
education of young ladies. He was sonic time 
pastor of the Church of the Crmitixion in 
N.Y., and St. Thomas's Church, Brooklvn, 
L.I. He pub. in 1855 " Maxims of Wa.shing- 
ton. Political, Social, Moral, and Religious;" 
Memoir of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardinan, &.C., by 



her son-in-law, 8vo, 1849. At the time of his 
death he was engaged on " The Life ami Times 
of Washington," a serial work, 2 vols, of which 
were pub. He lived to complete only 4 num- 
bers. — Diiifrkinch. 

Schuremau, James, Revol. patriot ; d. 
New Brunswick, N. J., Jan. 23, 1824, a. 67. 
Rutg. Coll. 1775. At the head of a vol, com- 
pany, he took part in the battle of Long Island ; 
was' taken and imprisoned in the N.Y. sugar- 
house in the course of the war, and sutfered 
greatly from hunger, but, with a single com- 
panion, managed to escape, and joined the 
Amer. army at Morristown. Delegate to the 
Cont. Congress 1786-7; M.C. '89-91 and '97- 
9; in 1799-1801 was a U.S. senator, and sub- 
sequently became mayor of the city of New 
Brunswick. He was again a rcprcsc'ntative in 
1813-15. 

Sehureman, John, D. D. (N. J. Coll. 

1801), minister of the Dutch Church, N.Y. 
City; d. there 1818, a. 39. Rutg. Coll. 1795. 
Prof, theol. in N. J. Theol. Seminary. 

Schurz (shoorts), Carl, orator and poli- 
tican, b. Liblar, near Cologne, Germany, Mar. 
2, 1829. He studied at the Gymnasium of 
Cologne and at the U. of Bonn ; engaged in 
the revol. outbreak in 1848; joined Gottfried 
Kinkel in tlie pub. of a liberal newspaper; but, 
after an unsuccessful attempt at insurrection at 
Bonn in the spring of 1849, both were obliged 
to fly. As adjutant he participated in the de- 
fence of Rastadt.and on its surrender made his 
way to Switzerland. He rescued Kinkel from 
the fortress of Spandau on the night of Nov. 6, 
1850; crossed the frontier into Slecklenburg; 
thence went to Rostock, and took passage in a 
schooner for Leith. Schurz then went to 
Paris, where he was corresp. for German jour- 
nals till June, 1851, when he went to London, 
where he was a teacher till July, 1852. He 
then m., came to Phila., where he remained 3 
years, and then settled at Madison, Wis. In 
the presidential campaign of 1856 he became 
known as an orator in the German language; 
in 1858, when Mr. Douglas and .Mr. Lincoln 
were contesting the U.S. senatorship, he deliv- 
ered his first P^nglish speech, which was widely 
circulated. He next established himself in the 
practice of law at Milwaukie, and engaged in a 
leeturing-tour in the winter of 1859-60. In 
the Repub. Nat. Conv. of 1860 he exercised 
great influence, especially in determining that 
portion of the platform relating to citizens of 
foreign origin. During the canvass which fol- 
lowed, he spoke effectively throughout the 
Northern States. After Mr. Lincoln's inaugu- 
ration he was app. minister to Spain. He re- 
turned to the U.S. in Dec. 1861 ; resigned his 
office as minister; became brig.-gen. of vols. 
April 15, 1862; maj.-gen. Mar. 14, 1863; June 
17 he took com. of a division in the corps of 
Siegel, with which he disting. himself at the 
second battle of Bull Run, but was routed by 
Jackson at the battle of Chancellorsville. He 
was temporarily in com. of the Uth corps at 
the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, where he 
was conspicuous, as also at Fredericksburg. 
App. a commiss. to examine and report on the 
condition of the Southern States, csiiccially 
upon the Freedmen's Bureau, his report was 



806 



SCO 



cxtremi'ly (iistastefiil to Prcs. Johnson. In 
1 SG5-6 lie was N. Y. Tribune corresp. in Wash- 
inyiou ; in 1867 he was editor of the Detroit 
Post. He took a leadin^jj part in the Chicago 
convention in 1868, of which lie was temporary 
chairman ; labored zealously for the election 
of Gen. Grant; and in Jan. 1869 was chosen 
U. S. senator from Mo. A vol. of his speeches 
was pub. 8vo, 1865. 

Schuyler (ski'-ler), Cot. Petek, mayor 
of Albany, distins. for his patriotism and for 
his influence over the Indians. In 1G91 he 
headed a successful exped. against the French 
settlements north of Lake Champlain. His 
recommendations had to the 5 Nations of Indi- 
ans the force of law. In 1710, at his own ex- 
pense, he took 5 Indian chiefs to Eng. for the 

ml''t^^ahist^'he'Frenclf 'in C °nu!ra"™In V 19, 
as the oldest member of tlie council, the chief 
com. in N.Y. devolved upon him. He ofien 
warned the N.E. Colonies of ex|.e.ls. meditated 
against them by the French and Indians. 

Schuyler, Col^ Peteh, U. Albany ab. 
171(1; d. at his residence on the Passaic, near 
Ncuaik, N. J., Nov. 17, 1762. Grandson of 
Philip Pieter^e of Albany, and second son of 
Arent of N. Jersey by his second wife. In 
1746, on the projected "invasion of Canada, he 
was put in com. of theN.J. regt. In Dec. 
1755 he attended the congress called by Gov. 
Shirley at N.Y., and was stationed with his 
regt. at Oswego until its reduction by the 
French, Aug. 14, 1756, when he was released 
on parole, after a brief imprisonment in Cana- 
da. In 1759 he again com. the N.J. regt. with 
which lieserved under A iniM 1 ; in il), inquest 
of Canada. While a pn i '1 ,:;.val, ho 

kept open house for tij ii.w-suf- 

ferers, and redeemed 1 1 m h. i,,i;i, many of 

their ca[)tives. 

Schuyler, Philip, mnj.-gen. Revol. 
annv, I.. All.anv, 2J Nov. 17;j3; d. there 18 
Nov". 1SU4. Ill- laih.'i ,lui.g while he was 
^^Mlll J, li' v\ ;i> ^i'l"|': I i ' ■■' ilie family of Col. 
'I'll i:,,. - : in Saratoga he 

the law of 



Iiig by the 
lis father's 



he divided it equally with his brothers and sis- 
ters. He was a cap't. of N.Y. levies at Ft. Ed- 
ward in 1755 ; acommiss. in the army in 1755- 
63; was a prominent member of the N.Y. 
legisl., and, with Geo. Clinton, was chiefly in- 
strumental in determining the early and decided 
resistance of the province to the measures of 
Britain ; a delegate to Congress, he was with 
Washington on the committee to draw up 
rules and regulations for the afmy; 19 June, 
1775, was made a maj.-gen., and placed in com. 
of the Nonhern army, but reliii(|uishcd it to 

Moil! JolJHi V 111 Sr|.|. nil ;i/r,iiiii| .if illnCSS. 
Iv 1- I.I. !:.i'|. :. 'ill - -, I . ..: Iv tO tho 

s"up-iHii-iiil.- I l:.:iiaii:iil ,11 v ' T i I'e energy 

of his eliara. ter, and the di-iiity of his deport- 
ment, e.xcited popular jealousy and ill-will, and 
in (Jet. 1776 he tendered his resignation. Con- 
gress declared iliat it could not dispense with 
his services; and its president requested him to 
continue in command. On the approach of 
Burgoyne'sarmy in 1777, he did all iu his power 



to impede its advance by obstructing the navi- 
gation of Wood Creek, remleriiig the kkuIs 
impassable, removing all |jruvi.>iuiis and siures 
beyond its reach, and suminoniiiL,' the miliiia 
of N.Y. and N.E. to his assistaiiec ; bat the 
necessary evacuation of Ticonderoga by St. 
Clair occasioning unreasonable Jealousies in 
regard to Schuyler in N.E., he was superseded 
by Gates in Aug., though Congress, upon in- 
vestigation, warmly approved his conduct. 
Though " sensible of the indignity," and 
though superseded by a man who had ever 
been his enemy, this patriot offered to serve 
his country as a private gentleman in any way 
in which he could be useful. He was jirescnt 
at Burgoyne's surrender, though without com- 
mand, aiid resigned 19 Apr. 1779. Member 
Gout. Congress 1778-81. In Nov. 1779 he 
was app. to confer with Washington on the 
state of the Southern dcpt. ; U.S. senator 1789- 
91 and again in 1797. In the N.Y. senate he 
was a principal contrib. to the Code of Laws 
ailopted by the State, and w.is active and e£B- 
cient in promoting the system of inland navi- 
gation in N.Y. — See iiis LiJ'e and Times bij B. J, 
Lossimj. 2 vols. 1860-2. 

Schweinitz (shwi'-nits), Edmdnd Alex- 
ANDEK DE, Moravian divine, son of L. D., b. 
Bethlehem, Pa., 1825. Studied at the Moravi- 
an Sem. there, and at the U. of Berlin. Au- 
thor of an "Account of the Moravian Church," 
Svo, 1859; "Systematic Beneficence," 8vo, 
1861 ; "Moravian Episcopate," 186.') ; " David 
Zeisberger," 2 vols. 1870. Editor of the Mo- 
ravian, a contrib. to Appleton's Cyclopa;dia, 
and one of the translators of Herzog's Real 
Encyclopaedia. — Allibone. 

Schweinitz, Lewis David von. Ph. 
D. (U. of Kiel), botanist and Moravian clergy- 
man, b. Bethlehem, Pa, Feb. 13, 1780; d. there 
Feb. 8, 1834. He studied in Germany from 
1798 to 1812. when he returned, and officiated 
at Salem. X.C, and at Bethlehem from 1821 
till his death. He added nearly 1,400 new 
species to botanical science, more than 1,200 
of them N.A. fungi previously little known. 
Member of various learned societies in Ameri- 
ca, Germany, and France. He bequeathed liis 
valuable herbarium to the Aemli iii\ mIX.h Mai 
Sciences, Phila. He pub. " ' .' u- 

rum Lusatix" and "Sijnopsi. : ' .)• 

linw Suj)erioris" at Leipsir : ■ ~ i / ive 

Ameriae Septentrion^:' ~ ' 



Monograp] 
1821; "Cata 
N.W. Tcrritu 



I, aa, Viola," 

1. il in the 

I ; ■■ .Monograph 

the Genus Ca- 



a, AW,„;V .l/.,/„i /A.; „/,i,„,," 1831. — 5ee Me- 
muir ul\ hij \V. 11. J'.iuiM,,:, Loud. Svo, 1835. 

Scott, CiiAKi.ES, soldier, and gov. of Ky. 
1808-12, b. Cuiubeiland Co., Va., 1733; d. 22 
Oct. 1820. A non-commissioned officer at 
Braddock's defeat in 1755; raised and com. 
the first company south of the James for the 
Revol. army; was app. col. 3d Va. Batt. 12 
Aug. 1776; was disting. at Trenton; made a 
brig.-gcn. 2 Apr. 1777; was with Wayne at 
the storming of Stony Point in 1779; was 
made prisoner at Charleston, S.C, in 1780 
and was not exchanged until near the close of 



SCO 



807 



SCO 



the war. At Monmouth, where he was the last 
to leave the field, he was particularly disting. 
In 17S5 he settled in Woodford Co., Ky. ; as 
brig.-gen. of Ky. levies was with St. Clair at 
his defeat in 1791 ; com. in a successful exped. 
to the Wabash, and in actions with the Indians 
in May and June, 1791 ; and in 1794 com. a 
portion of Wayne's army at the battle of Fallen 
Timbers. The shiretown of Powhatan Co. 
was named for him, also a county in Ky. 

Seott, GusTAvns Hall, commo. tj.S.N., 
b. Va. June 13, 1812. Midshipman, Auij. 1, 
1828; licut. Feb. 25, 1841; com. Dec." 27, 
1856; capt. Nov. 4, 1863; commodore 1869. 
Com. steamer " Keystone State," special ser- 
vice, 1861; steam - gunboat " Maratanza," 
N.A.B. squad., 1862-3; steamer " Dc Soto," 
1864 ; steam-sloop " Canandaigua," blockade 
squad., 1865; steam-sloop " Saranac," Pacific 
squad., 1866-7 ; lighthouse insp. 1868. — Uam- 
eisli/. 

Seott, Henry Lee, author of "Military 
Dictionary," 8vo, 1861, b. N. C. 1814. West 
Point, 1833. Son-in-law and aide-de-camp to 
Gen. Scott ; brev. for gallantry in the Mexican 
war ; lient.-col. Mar. 7, 1855 ; and insp.-gen. 
U.S.A., and col. 14 May, 1861 ; retired for 
physical disability 30 Oct. 1861 ; resigned 31 
Oct. 1862. — CwZ/iini. 

Scott, Job, an eminent minister of the So- 
ciety of Friends. Author of " The Baptism of 
Christ a Gospel Ordinance," 1803 ; " War In- 
consistent with the Example and Doctrines of 
Christ," 8vo, 1804. — See " Journal of his Life, 
Travels, and Labors," Wilmington, 1797. — 
Allibone. 

Scott, John, jurist ; d. Kichmond, Va., 
Jan. 7, 1850, a. 68. Member of the Va. senate 
1811-13; of the State Const. Conv. in 1829; 
in 1830-1 he was app. jud^L' of tlie Gtli circuit 
and of the General Court In ili, n \, ..i.ini 

zation of this last court ,11 i 

of the special Court of A ] ; I : , v i i 

he was app. one of the 5 iih ii'i i <ii I'l ■■ t,,.. 
courts, and so continued until bis death. 

Scott, John Moein, brig.-gcn. Eevol. 
army, b. N. York 1730; d. Sept. 14, 1784. 
Yale, 1746. A descendant of the baronial 
family of Scott of Ancram, he was an early op- 
ponent of British oppression. He adopted the 
profession of the law, and mari'ied Helena Rut- 
gers. With Wm. Livingston of N. .J. his voice 
and pen boldly advocatnl < ii> i i- m :i-iirt's, 
and, because of his ultra \' , tlie 

timid ones defeated his ili . ' i -, in 

1774. Ho wasone ofthe iiiu;L :iLii\'j audiuliu- 
ential members of the gcii. cum. of N.Y'. in 

1775, and a member of the Prov. Congress 
that year; June 9, 1776, he was made a brig.- 
gen., which office he held till March, 1777. He 
was with his brigade in the battle of Long Is- 
land ; from March, 1777, to 1789, he was sec. of 
the State of N. Y. ; and was a member of Con- 
gress in 1780-3. 

Scott, Julia H. (Kinney), b. Pa. 1809; 
d. Towanda, Pa., 1842. Marricil to David L. 
Scott in 1825. A coll. of her poems, with a 
Memoir by Sarah C. Edgarton (Jlrs. Mayo), 
was pub. 1843 ; a new ed.'by Mrs. C. M. Saw- 
yer, in 1854. — See Griswolcl's Female Poets of 
Amer, 



Seott, Martin, lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. Ben- 
nington, Vt. ; killed Sept. 8, 1847, at the bead 
of his regt., in battle of El Molino del Hey. 
App. lieut 26th Inf Apr. 1814 ; cajrt. 5th Iiif. 
Aug. 1828 ; brev. maj. for battles of Palo Alto 
and Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846 ; maj. 5th 
Inf. June 29, 1846; com. his regt., and brev. 
lieut.-col. for the severe conflicts at Monterey, 
Mexico, Sept. 23, 1846. Ho was a famous 
marksman, and had seen much hard service. 

Scott, Richard, an early settler in R. I., 
b. Glemslbrd, Suffolk, Eng., 1607; d. Provi- 
dence, R. I., 1681-2. A lineal descendant of 
John Baliol, founder of Baliol Coll., Oxford. 
Came to Boston in 1634; m. Katharine Mar- 
bury (sister of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson) ab. 
1 637 ; joined Roger Williams soon after, and 
was a co-proprietor in his purchase of the In- 
dians, and one of the signers and the supposed 
author of the celebrated covenant between 
thoiiirix, , i.i li. ( i.ilicnt " to all such orders 
anil ;i_ i : hall be made for the public 

gO(Hl ' -IS." At first a Baptist, 

he ill li TiT li, , I , I tjiiakcr ; and liis wife and 

Boston for Qii.i' ' i li ■ miiiiss. to 

settle the com I" ii I ii -I to the 

jurisdiction of sh iv.-.n;, i in irr, , imdwasa 
dcp. to the Assembly in 1666. He left numer- 
ous descendants. 

Scott, Robert Kingston, gov. S.C. 1868- 
71, b. Armstrong Co., Pa., 8 July, 1826. M.D. 
of Starling Med. Coll., 0. Son of a soldier of 
the war of 1812, grandson of a soldier of the 
Revol. Settled in practice in Henry Co., O. 
Lieut.-col. 68th O. Vols. Oct. ISCI ; (a.l. 5 July, 
1862; at capture of loit Don, -n, 1 aiile of 
Shiloh, and siege of ( . I i ;i .ado at 
Hatchie River, Tenii.. i: i , n lli.iilmt; 

com. .advance of Lot;aiiV n., ^n i!, march 
inh.M|ii , en-aged at Port Gihsun, liaymond, 
.' I nd Champion Hills; com. 2d bri- 

,1 IV, 17th corps, until July, 1865; was 
ni,i,lr ]n I liner near Atlanta; exchanged 24 
Sept. 1864; and was in Sherman's operations 
bctbi-e Atlanta, and in the " mareh to tlie sea ; " 
assist, commis. bureau of R.F., S.C, 1865-8. 

Seott, Thomas, judge, b. Md. 1772; d. 
Chillicothe,0.,Feb.l5,1856. Meth.-Epis. min- 
ister 1789-96 ; in 1798 studied law, and .settled 
in Chillicothe; sec. of the conv. that framed 
the const, of Ohio in 1802, and of the State 
senate 1803-9; judge Sup. Court 1809-10; 
and chief justice 1810-15. — A. T. Goodman. 

Seott, Thomas Fielding, D.D., Prot.- 
Epis. missionary, bishop of Oregon and Wa.sh- 
ington, consec. at Savannah, Ga., Jan. 8, 1854 ; 
b. 1805 ; d. N.Y. City, July 14, 1867. Many 
years a clergyman in Georgia. 

Seott, Wii.M AM AxnriiSON.D.D., b. Tenn. 
Cumberland V . \\\ . i- :,;, Formerly editor 
of the iV. Oil ': . / ^ and pastor of 

Calvary Chun !i > n ! i i-o; was in 1863 
installed over tie: 12-1 l'u-1'- lluirch. New- York 
City. Author of " Daniel a Model for Young 
Men," 8vo, 1854; " Achan in El Dorado," 
1855; "Trade and Letters," 1856; "The Giant 
Judye," 1858; "The Church in the Army," 
1862 ; "The Christ of the Apostles' Creed," &e., 
8vo, 1867 ; also a number of addresses, papers 
in periodicals, &.c. — Allibone. 



Scott, WiNFiELD, lieut.-gen. U.S.A., b. 
Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786; d. West Point, 
N.Y., May 23, 1866. Wm. and M. Coll. 1804. 
Left an orphan in liis boyhood, he studied law, 
and was adm. to the bar in 1805. App. capt. 
of art. Mmv 3, 1808 ; licut.-rol. 2d Art. July 6, 
1812 ; adj. -gen. (rank of col.) March 18, 1813; 
col. 2d Art. March 12, 1813 ; brig.-j,'cn. March 
9, 1814 ; maj.gen. and gen. in chief of the ar- 
my, June 25, 1841 ; brev. lieut.-gen. Feb. 28, 
1855. Ordered to the Canada frontier in July, 
1812, he was made prisoner, Oct. 13, at Queens- 
town Heights ; exchanged in the early part 
of 1813 ; joined the army of Gen. Dearborn in 
March, 1813 ; com. the advance in the attack 
on Fort George, May 27, and was severely in- 
jured by the cxplo-^icm of a ma^jazine at iis 
surrender. Crossing the NiaL,Mra Kivi r, July 3, 
1814, on the 5th he delVatcd the British at 
Chippewa; on the 25th was fought the battle 
of Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls, in which 
Scott had 2 horses killed under him, and re- 
ceived two severe wounds, one of which left his 
arm partially disabled. These two engage- 
ments, fought with the best British troops, 
establishcil the prestige of our arms. For these 
brilliant services he was awarded by Congress 
a gold medal, Nov. 3, 1814, and was offered, 
but declined, the secretaryship of war. Visiting 
Europe in a military and diplomatic capacity, 
he enjoyed in France the converse and asso- 
ciation of the leading captains of Napoleon. 
During the nullilication troubles in 1832, he 
was sent to Charleston on a confidential mis- 
sion, which was completely successful. His 
prudence and discretion were eminently shown 
in procuring the removal of the Cherokees 
from Ga. in 1838, in the Canadian rebellioa 
of 1837-9, and in the boundary dispute between 
Me. and N. Brunswick in 18:i9. The annexa- 
tion of Texas having rrsuitcd in war witli 
Mexico, March 9, 1847, .'^rcti laiidni witlj I-.',- 
000 men at Vera Cruz, iinctrl ihr ,iiy:ni.l 
the castle of St. Juan d'Ullua, botli wliicli ca- 
pitulated on the 26th; t.iking up the tnarch 
toward the capital, he a-aiind successively the 
battles of Cerro Gordo' (A|iril IS), I'ontrcras, 
San Antonio, and Chinnlnivr,. ( \ii._r ig anj 
20), Molino del Rcy (Si- ^i ( i. iimltepec 
(Sept. 13), and capt'uri : ^Itxico 

(Sept. 14). In these c]i_.,_ n .. . ;,, .Mexi- 
cans, though greatly supcnui i.i miuiburs, and 
having every advantage of position, were sig- 
nally defeated. In 1 852 he was the unsuccessful 
nominee of the Whig party for the presidency. 
On the breaking-out of the civil war, he urged 
wise precautions to prevent the armed with- 
drawal of the 1 1 seceding States from the Union, 
secured the safe inaug. of Pres. Lincoln, the 
defence of the national capital, the organization 
of the Union army, and its establishment upon 
the strategetic po'ints of the country. He re- 
tired from active service, Nov. 1, 1861, visited 
Europe in Nov., and devoted his later days to 
the preparation of his " Autobiography," 2 
vols. 8vo, 1864. Also author of "General Reg- 
ulations for the Army," 1825; and "Infantry 
Tactics," 1835. 

ScottOW, Capt. JosHU.i, merchant and 
nnthor, of Boston, b. Eng. 1615; d. Boston, 
20 Jan. 1698. He came to Boston in 1634 



with his mother, a widow, and a bio. Thomas. 
Two of his daughters m. Thomas Savage and 
Samuel Chccklcy. His son Thomas grad. 
(H.U.) in 1677. He pub. in 1691 " Old Men's 
Fears;" in 1694 "A Narrative of the Plant- 
ing of the Ms. Colony," &c. He was a capt. 
of militia, confidential agent of La Tour in 
transacts, with the colonial govt. 1654-7. 

Seranton, George W., manufacturer, b. 
Madison, Ct., May 23, 1811; d. Seranton, 
Luzerne Co., Pa., Mar. 24, 1861. Removing 
to N. J., and then to Pa., he engaged in his 
business of iron manuf. in the heart of the coal 
and iron region, where a large town has grown 
up which perpetuates his name. M.C. from 
1858 till his death. 

Screven, Gen. James ; d. of wounds re- 
ceived ill a skirmish at Midway, Ga., Nov. 24, 
1778. Descended from William, a Baptist 
minister, who d. Georgetown, S.C, 1713, a. 84. 
He early engaged in the cause, of liberty, and 
in 1774 was one of the com. which drew up 
articles of association for its defence in Ga. 
A brig.-gen., commanding the Ga. militia when 
that State was invaded from E. Fla., he had 
repeated skirmi.^hcs with them between Sun- 
bnry and Savannah, in one of which he fell. 
Congress ordered the erection of a monument 
to his memory. 

Scudder, Horace Elisha, b. Boston, 
1838. Wms. Coll. 18.58. Author of " Seven 
Little People and their Friends," 1862; "Dream- 
Children," 1863; "Life and Letters of D. C. 
Scudder, Missionary," &c., 8vo, 1864 ; " Stories 
from my Attic," 1869. Editor of Riverside 
Matj., and contrib. to Atlantic Monthly, N.A. 
Eeri,no,&.c. — Atl,hnne. 

Scudder, John, M.D. (Coll. of Phys.and 
S. 1815), missionary, b. N. Brunswick, N.J., 
Sci>t. 3, 17',i:5; d. Wvuljerir. CajiC qf Good 
llopr, Jan. l.-i, 1855,' N,.l. C.il. ISll. He 
sin.lird ni.cliriii,-, mm] ^r tilrd in \ V., where he 

hu.-|,ilal. (.iving lip an cxim-iiv , rartice, he 
olllacd himscH as a mis^n.narv i,, the Amcr. 
Board; studied thooluL;\ ; ami in I SI y was ord. 
as a minister of the 1). 1!. ( linirh. For 19 
years he labored in Ceylon, where he also con- 
ducted a large hospital, and attained a high 
reputation as a surgeon and physician, also 
superintending a number of schools. He was 
transferred to the Madras mission in 1839; 
revisited Amer. in 1842-6 ; but, visiting the 
Cape of Good Hope on account of his health 
in 1854, died there. He pub. " The Redeemer's 
Last Command," " The Harvest Perishing," 
"Knocking at the Door," "Letters to Children 
on Missionary Subjects," "I^ettcrs from the 
East," 1833 ; "Letters to Pious Young Wen," 
8vo, 1846, &c. His children, 8 sons and 2_ 
daughters, all devoted themselves to missionary 
labors. — See Memoir by Rev. J. D. Waterhury, 
12mo. 

Scudder, Col. Nathaniel, long a mem- 
ber of the N. J. Assembly ; member of the Old 
Congress 1777-9 ; killed in a skirmish with an 
invading-partv of the enemy at Shrewsbury, 
N. J., Oct. 15', 1781. N.J. Coll. 1751. 

Seabrook, Whitemaesh Benjamin, 
gov. of S.C. 1848-50; d. St. Luke's Parish, 
S.C, Apr. 16, 1855, a. ab. 60. N.J. Coll. 



1812. He had been a member of the State 
senate, and pres. of the State Agric. Societv. 

Seabury, Samuel, D.D. (Oxf. U. 177"), 
first Prot.-Epis. bishop of the U.S., b. Groton, 
Ct., Nov. 30, 1729; d. Feb. 25, 1796. Y.C. 
1748.. Son of a Con<r. minister of Groton. 
In 1751 he went to Scotland to study medicine, 
but turned his attention to tlieoloi^y, and in 
1753 was ord. in Lond. He returned to Amer. ; 
was settled at N. Brunswick, N. J. ; at Jamaica, 
L.I., 1756-66; and at Westchester until the 
commencement of hostilities, when he went to 
N.Y. ; and atone time waschaplain of the king's 
Amer. regt., also practising medicine. Being 
the supposed author of some Tory pamphlets, 
he was in 1775 seized by a party of soldiers, 
carried to N. Haven, and imprisoned. As the 
fact of authorship could not be proved, he wa.s 
suffered to return to Westchester, where he 
continued to exert himself in behalf of the same 
opinions. He made a voyage to Eng. in March, 
1784, to obtain consecration as bishop of Ot. 
Meeting with obstacles to his wishes from the 
English prelates, he was consecrated bv throe 
bishops of the Scottish Epi^. Church, Nov. U, 
1784, and subsequently fullillnl the duties of 
his pastoral office at New Loii'loii till lii^d.atb. 
He took part in revising the I'raver-liook, iiiid 
framing the const, of the church, which was 
adopted in 1789. He pub. in 1791 two vols. 
of sermons, to which a suppt. was added in 
1798; also two religious tracts. 

Seabury, Samuel, D.D., clergyman, 
grandson of the preceding, b. June 9, 1801. 
Ord. deacon, Apr. 12, 1826 ; priest, July 7, 
1828. Originally a school-teacher. He was 
for a time missionary to Huntington and 
Oyster Bay, L.I. ; removed to Hallctt's Cove 
(now Astoria), where he founiled St. George's 
Church ; became a teacher in the Flushing In.st. 
in 1830; and in 18.34 removed to N.Y. to take 
charge of the Churchman, newspaper. This 
journal attained great influence in the Epis. 
Church, especially in the discussion respecting 
the 0.\ford tracts and kindred matters. In 
1849 he became rector of the Church of the 
Annunciation in N.Y. In 1863 he succeeded 
Dr. Turner as prof, of biblical learning in the 
Epis. Theol. Sem., N.Y. He has pub. "The 
Continuity of the Church of Eng. in the I6th 
Century," N.Y. 1853, 8vo ; "Amer. Slavery 
Justified," 1861, and other works, beside a 
number of occas. sermons and addresses. — 
Dili/cL-inck. 

Sealsfleld, Charles, novelist, b. 1797; 
d. Solothurn, Switzerland, 26 May, 1864. He 
resided in Amer. until 1844, when he went to 
Switzerland. Most of his works were origi- 
nallv written in German. One of the most im- 
portant of thcra, " Tokeah, or the White Rose," 
app. first in English at Phila. in 1828. His 
"Trans- Atlantic Travelling Sketches," " Pic- 
tures of Life in both Hemispheres," and " South 
and North," are of striking merit; while his 
great Mexican novel, " The Viceroy and the 
Aristocracy," is said to bo the most powerful 
and original of his works. About 1830 be waa 
connected with the press of Lond. and Paris. 

Seaman, Valentine, M.D. (U. of Phila. 
1792), physician, b. N. Hempstead, L.I., 2 Apr. 
1770; d. N.Y. City, July 3, 1817. Descended 



from Capt. John S., who settled at Hempstead 
about 1660. Studied medicine with Dr. N. 
Romayne ; a surgeon of the N.Y. Hospital 
from 1796 to his d. Conspicuous in the in trod, 
of vaccination in N.Y. He pub. "Inaug. Dis- 
course on Opium," Phila. 1792; " Waters of 
Saratoga," 1793; " Midwife's Monitor," 1800; 
"On Vaccination," 1816; papers in AJed. 
Repos., &.C., 1800; and a phannacopceia. — See 
Wmiamss Med. Diog. ; Tliompson's L.I., Ap- 
pendix. 

Searle, George W., scholar, legist, and 
member of the Boston bar (adm. 1847), b. Sa- 
lem, Ms., 22 Peb. 1826. Besides a successful law- 
practice, he has devoted much time to litera- 
ture, and has been for many years law-critic of 
the IJoston Post, attaining in tliis department 
of letters a deservedly liigh reputation. He has 
prepared treatises " Of the Habeas Corpus ; " 
"Extraord. Remedies, — Error, Certiorari, Pro- 
hibition, Mandamus, Quo Warranto," &c. ; 
"Legal Principles, their Exceptions and Lim- 
itations ; " on " Patents ; " and " Hints on the 
Art of Advocacy," a subject of which he baa 
made especial study. Among his numerous 
contiibs. to periodicals are " The Penal System 
of Ms.," " Relations of Insanity to Crime," 
and "Chief Justice Taney" (Dec. 1864) and 
"Edward Everett" (Jan. 1865), Nat. Quart. 
Rev., " Bench and Bar of the U.S. Sup. Court 
in 1853-4" {Phila. Law Reg.), and on "Rich- 
ard Fletcher at the Bar" (Amer. Law Rev.). 
Through the medium of the press and the plat- 
form Mr. Searle has sought to elevate labor, 
and to improve the condition of the toiling 
and also of the outcast classes of society. He 
has also lectured upon a variety of other topics, 
and has delivered speeches and addresses upon 
festive and other public occasions, mostly dis- 
cussing social and practical questions. 

Searle, James, Revol. patriot and mer- 
chant, b. N.Y. City ab. 1730; d. Phila. Aug. 
7, 1797. A merchant in the house of his bro. 
in Madeira; he settled in Phila. about 1763; 
signed the non-importation agreement of Oct. 
25, 1765 ; was one of the managers of the U.S. 
Lottery from Nov. 20, 1776, to Aug. 19, 1778, 
when he was for a short time a member of the 
navy board; fromNov. 1778 to July, 1780, was 
a delegate to Congress, where he was cliairm.au 
of the commercial committee, and on the com- 
mittees of foreign all'airs and of the marine ; in 
Sept. 1780 he was sent to Europe to negotiate 
a State loan to Pa., but returned in June, 1782, 
unsuccessful. — Simpson. 

Sears, Barnas, D.D. (H.U. 1841), LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1862), clergyman and scholar, b. Sandis- 
field. Ma., Nov. 19, 1802. Brown U. 1825. He 
finished a course of theol. study at Newton in 
1829 ; was 2 years pastor of the First Baptist 
Church in Hartford ; and was app. prof, in the 
Hamilton Lit. and 'Theol Inst., now Madison 
U., N.Y. He went to Europe in 1833, and 
studied for several years at Halle, Leipsic, and 
Berlin. On his return, he was app. a prof, in 
the Newton Theol. Sem., where he remained 
12 years, the latter part of the time as pres. ; 
in 1848 he succeeded Horace Mann as sec. of 
the Ms. Board of Education; from Aug. 21, 
1855, to Feb. 1867, he was pres. of Brown U. ; 
since then gen. agent of the Pcahody Educ. 



810 



SEr) 



Fund, ITI-i piili<. are, a new edition of Noh- 
dcn's " I ,i:Mi]iii:ir of ilir German Language," 
184:i; "( lasi.^il Mudi-s," 1843; "Cieeronia, 
or the riii~,i.iii Al.nlr ul' Instruction in Latin," 
1844 ; '■ Memoir ul licv. Bela Jacobs," 12mo, 
1837; "Lite ol' Luther," 1850, since repub- 
lished in Eng. with the title " The Mental and 
Spiritual History of Luther," 1850; numerous 
reports on education, occas. addresses, and con- 
tribs. to reviews and other periodicals, and to 
Appleton's " Amer. Cyclop." In 1838, and for 
several years, he edited the Christian Review, 
and has latterly edited the BiUiotheca Sacra. 
In 1864 he pub. a discourse on the completion 
of the tirst century of Yale College. 

Sears, Rev. Edmund Hamilton, Unita- 
rian clergyman and poet, b. Sandisfield, Ms., 
1810. Un. Coll. 1834; H. U. Theoh School, 
1837. Pastor of the Firet Chureh, Wayland, 
Ms., 1839-40; at Lancaster, Ms., 1840-7; and 
since 1865 at Weston, Ms. He has edited, with 
Rev. R. Ellis, the MoiMi/ Heliijious Afa;/., Bos- 
ton ; and has pub., besides hymns, " Regenera- 
tion," 8vo; "Pictures of the Olden Time," 
1857; "Athanasia, or Foregleams of Immor- 
tality," 1858; "Christian Lyrics," 1860. 

Sears, CiPi. Isaac, a patriotic merchant 
of N.Y., b. Norwalk, Ct., 1729; d. Canton, 
China, 28 Oct. 1786. His ancestor Richard, 
of Colchester, Eng., came to Plymouth in 
1630. In 1758-61 he com. a privateer, and 
cruised against the French, but lost his vessel 
by shipwreck in 1761. He then engaged in the 
European and W. India trade ; but, after the 
passage of the Stamp Act, was the foremost of 
the Sons of Liberty in N. Y. City, and was 
active during the war. Member of the N.Y. 
Prov. Congress, and of the Assembly in 1783. 
Sears, Robert, b. St. John, N. Brunswick, 
June 23, 1810. Descended from Richard of 
Plymouth. Removed to N.Y. City. Compiler 
of jjietorial works, which have had a large sale, 
— "Illustrations of the Bible,"3 vols. ; "Fami- 
ly Bible," 4to; " History of China and India;" 
"Wars of the U. S.;" "Description of the 
U.S. ; " " Treasury of Knowledge ; " " Hist, 
of the Bible ; " " Scenes and Sketches of Con- 
tinental Europe ; " " Deseri])tion of Great Brit- 
ain and Ireland ; " " Information for the Peo- 
ple;" " Family Instructor ; " " History of the 
Araer. Revolution ; " " Sunday Book ; " " Bi- 
ble Biography ; " " Wonders of the World ; " 
"Guide to Knowledge;" Description of the 
Russian Empire," Sx. — Alliljone. 

Seatou, William Winston, journalist, 
b. King William Co.,Va., Jan. 11, 1785; d. 
Washington, D.C, June 16, 1866. Of Scotch 
descent; and his mother, a Winston, was a 
cousin of Patrick Henry. He was educated at 
Ogilvie's Acad, in Richmond. He engaged in 
politics at 18 ; was assist, editor of a Richmond 
paper; subsequently had charge of the Peters- 
bury Hepuhtican, but soon purchased theiV.C. 
Journal, at Halifax; whence he removed to 
Raleigh, and became connected with the Regis- 
ter, — an influential journal edited by Joseph 
Gales, whose dau. he subsequently married. 
In 1812 he removed to Washington, and be- 
came partner with his bro.-in-law, Joseph Gales, 
jun., in founding the National Inlelliffencer, of 
which, after the death of Mr. Gales in July, 



1860, Mr. Seaton was sole editor. Their 
" Register of Debates," from 1824 to 1837, is a 
standard source of American history; and the 
Intelligencer, in ability, candor, fairness, and 
courtesy, was conspicuous among American 
newspapers. For 12 years (1840-51), Mr. S. 
was elected mayor of Washington City. G. & 
S. pub. " Annals of Congress, Debates and Pro- 
ceedings in that Body from Mar. 3, 1798, to 
May 27, 1824," 42 vols. Svo. His Life, prep, 
by his dan., was pub. in Boston in 1871, 1 vol. 
12mo. 

Seawell, Washington, brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Va. West Point, 1825. Entering 
the 7th Inf., he became capt. 31 July, 1836; 
brev. major for meritorious services in war 
against the Florida Indians, July 18, 1841; 
was engaged in the defence of Ft. Brown, Tex- 
as, Mav 3-9, 1846 ; major 2d Inf Mar. 3, 1847; 
lieut.-col. 8th Inf. Feb. 23, 1852 ; col. 6th Inf. 
Get. 17, 1860; retired Feb. 20, 1862; brev. 
brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. 

Seccomb, John, clergyman and poet, b. 
Medford, Ms., April 25, 1708; d. Chester, 
Nova Scotia, Jan. 1793. H.U. 1728. Minis- 
ter of Harvard, Ms., from Oct. 10, 1 733, to Sept. 
1757, and of Chester from 1763 to bis death. 
He pub. an ordination-sermon in Nova Seotia 
1770, and a discourse on the death of the wife 
of Gov. Belcher 1771. His humorous poem, 
entitled " Father Abbey's Will," was pub. 
both in the Gentleman's and European Maga- 
zines in May, 1782 : it was reprinted in the Ms. 
Mag. Nov. 1794; and in 1854 by J. L. Sibley, 
with hist, and biog. notes. 

Seddon, James A., lawyer and politician 
of Va. Adopted the profession of law, and 
represented the Richmond dist. in Congress in 
1845-7 and 1849-51 ; was a member of the 
Peace Congress, Feb. 4, 1861 ; was elected a 
delegate t.i \hv Ciifcd. Congress, July 20, 1 861; 
aiul mail' -ir, (4 Huron the resignation of G. 
W I;;mi.1..I|i|i, X<,v. 18, 1862. He resides in 

Sedgwick, Catharine Maria, author- 
ess, dau. of Judge Theodore, b. Stockbridge, 
Ms., 28 Dec. 1789; d. there July 31, 1867. Af- 
ter the death of her fother, in 1813, she super- 
intended the education of the daughters of 
some of her intimate friends, wliieh .-he contin- 
ued to do for 50 vears with eniiueiit success. 
Her first story, " the New-England Tale," ap- 
peared anonymously in 1822. In 1824 she 
pub. " Redwood," repub. in Eng., and trans- 
lated into iVench, Italian, and" Swedish; in 
1828 " Hope Leslie," one of the most popular 
of American novels ; in 1830 " Clarence, or a 
Tale of our Own Times;" in 1832 "Le Bos- 
su ; " in 1835 " The Linwoods," a romance 
of the Revol., and also a collection of short 
tales; and in the following 3 vears " The Poor 
Rich Man and the Rieh^ Poor Man," " Live 
and Let Live," " Means and Ends," " Home," 
and "Love-Token for Children." In 1837 
her Memoir of Lucretia Davidson appeared in 
Sparks's " Amer. Biog." In 1841, on returning 
from a European visit, she pub. " Letters from 
Abroad;" in 1845 "Wilton Harvey and Oth- 
er Tales ; " next " Morals and Manners ; " and 
in 1857 her latest novel," Married, or Single?" 
in 1858 she pub. the Life of Joseph Curtis 



811 



SEr) 



of NewYoik; "Hist. Sketches of the Old 
Painters," 1841 ; " Letters tu My Pupils," 1862. 
She wrote much for the magazines. A selec- 
tion of her works was pub. in 3 vols, in 1849 
nnd in 1856. — Memoir by Mary E. Dwight, 
12mo, 1S71. 

Sedgwick, Henrt Dwight, member of 
the New-York bar, son of Theodore, b. Shef- 
field, Ms., Sept. 22, 1785; d. Stockbridge, 
Dec. 2.3, 1831. Wms. Coll. 1804. He pub. 
Appeal to the City of New York on the Pro- 
posed Alteration of its Charter ; English Prac- 
tice, &c., of the Common Law, 8vo, 1822; 
Refutation of the Reasons, &c., in tlie Award 
in the Case of the two Greek Frigates, 1826. 
Contrib. to N. A. Review, and articles on poli- 
tics and religion in the journals of the day. — 
Miboiie. 

Sedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U.S. Vols., b. 
Cornwall, Ct., Sept. 13, 1813. Killed at Spott- 
sylvanin,MMy'J,1864. West Point, 1837. En- 
tering the 2d An., he becunie 1st lieut. in 1839; 
brev. c:i|it. for gallantry at Contreras and 
ChurulMiseo, where be com. his company; was 
highly dialing, for his conduct in the battles of 
Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, and the at- 
tack on the San Cosme Gate, lor which he was 
brev. major; capt. 26 Jan. 1849; major 1st 
Cav. 8 Mar. 1855; col. Apr. 25, 1861 ; brig.- 
gcn. vols. Aug. 31, 1861 ; and maj.-gen. vols. 
May 31, 1862; engaged in the Florida war iu 
1837-8; in the Cheyenne exped. 1857; in the 
Utah e.xped. 1857-8, and in the Kiowa and 
Comanche exped. 1860; assigned the com. on 
the Upper Potomac ; in Feb. 1862, and during 
the Chiekahominy campaign, led a division in 
Sumner's army corps; greatly disting. himself 
at Fair Oaks, and wounded at Glendale. At 
the battle of Antietam he was seriously 
wounded, and on his recovery in Dec. was as- 
signed to com. the 9th (late Burnside's) army 
corps. Feb. 5, 1863, he took com. of the sixth 
corps ; at its head he carried the heights near 
Fredericksburg in the Chancellorsville cam- 
paign, May, 1863; com. the left wing during 
the Gettysburg campaign, where he was of 
great service. At the passage of the Rapidan, 
Nov.7, 1863, he captured a whole Confcd. divis- 
ion, and was thanked in a General Order. He 
com. his corps in the battles of the Wilderness 
during the hardest of the fighting, and, while 
placing some artillery in position, was struck 
by a sharpshooter's bullet, and instantly killed. 
He was one of the oldest, ablest, and bravest of 
the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac. His 
simplicity and honest manliness endeared him 
to all. Brev. brig.-gon. U.S.A. May 31, 1862. 

Sedgwick, Gen. Robert, b. Eng. ; d. 
Jamaica, May 24, 1656. He had been a mem- 
berof the Artillery Co. in London ; was one of 
the first settlers of Charlestown, Ms., in 1635 ; 
and was an enterprising merchant. He was 
many years a dep. from Charlestown to the Gen. 
Court ; was one of the founders of the A. and 
H. Art. Co. in 1638, its capt. 1640; com. the 
Castle in 1641, and the Middlesex regt. in 1643; 
and was in 1652 promoted to the highest mili- 
tary rank in the Colony. He was associated 
wit'liJohn Winthrop, jun.,in theestablishment 
of the first furnace and ironworks in this coun- 
try in 1643-4. He went to Eng., and was em- 



ployed by Cromwell to expel the French from 
Penobscot in 1654; was engaged in the great 
exped. against the Spanish W. Indies when 
Jamaica was taken, and, just before his death, 
was advanced to the rank of maj.-gen. by the 
Protector. 

Sedgwick, Theodore, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1799), judge, b. Hartford, Ct., May, 1746; d. 
Boston, Jan. 24, 181.3. Y. C. 1765. His fa- 
ther Benjamin, merchant, a descendant of Gen. 
Robert, d. when he was 13 years of age. Hav- 
ing been rusticated for a boyish misdemeanor, 
he left college without finishing his course. 
Abandoning the study of divinity for the law, 
he was in April, 1766, adm. to the bar; prac- 
tised in Great Barrington, and afterwards 
in Sheffield. He engaged with ardor in the 
Revol. struggle; in 1776 served as aide to Gen. 
Thomas in the exped. to Canada ; and subse- 
quently exerted himself to procure supplies for 
the array. He represented Sheffield several 
times in the Ms. legisl. before and after the 
Revol. ; was a member of the Cont. Congress 
in 1785 and '6, and in 1788-97 of the Fed- 
eral Congress. His exertions in putting down 
Shays's Rebellion were of the greatest im- 
portance. In 1788 he was a representative of 
Stockbridge in the State conv. that adopted 
the Federal Const., of wliich he was a principal 
advocate ; he was speaker of the house in the 
same year; and a member of the U.S. senate 
from 1796 to March, 1799, acting as pros, pro 
tern, in 1797 ; in 1799 he was again s]ieaker of 
the house; and from 1802 to his d. was judge 
of the Supremo Court of Ms. He was one of 
the counsel, who, soon after the adoption of the 
Const, of Ms., procured a decision by which 
such a construction was given- to that instru- 
ment as to abolish slavery in the State. He 
was an active member of the old Federal party, 
and an intimate associate of Hamilton, Jay, 
Rutledge, Ames, King, and its other leaders. 
Member Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. 

Sedgwick, Theodore, hnvvcr and pub- 
licist, eldest son of thr |i,.o,ii I," I, sl„..ffield, 
Ms.. Dec. 31, 1780; d I 7, 1839. 

Y. C. 1798. He stuili-i iither; 

was adm. to the bar ill I "' , i i' i ■ li^cd at 
Albany, but, from diilii • . ''■ : retired 

in 1822 to Stockbridi;. , i: n i^lence. 

He was a member of \\v > - I i m 1824, 
'25, and '27, and a imjiniih nt m ml-rof the 
Democ. party; was a roaily and cHictive speak- 
er, and enjoyed a successful practice, as well as 
a high position at the bar. In 1827 he intro- 
duced into the State legisl. a project of a rail- 
road across the mountains from Boston to 
Albany, which was then derided as visionary, 
but which he succeeded in finally can-ying 
through. He was devoted to the causes of free 
trade, temperance, and antislavery. He pub. 
"Hints to ray Countrymen," 1826; "Public 
and Private Economy," 1836; and addresses to 
the Berkshire Agric. Soc, of which he was pres. 
in 1823and'30. Hem.agr.-dau.of Gov.\Vm. 
Livingston, author of some works of fiction, 
who d. 1867. 

Sedgwick, Theodore, son of the pre- 
ceding, lawyer and author, b. Albany, Jan. 27, 
1811 ;' d. Stockbridge, Ms., Dec. 8, 1859. Col. 
Coll. 1829. Adm. to the bar in May, 1833; 



812 



he passed the next 15 months in Europe, chief- 
ly in Paris, where he was attached to the lega- 
tion of Edward Livingston. On his return, he 
practised law in N. York with great success 
till ill-health compelled him, ab. 1850, to sus- 
pend his labors. Pres. Buchanan tendered hira 
the mission to the Hague in 1 857 ; and the 
office of assist, sec. of state was twice offered 
him, lint dcclinod. In .Tan. !8.')8 he received an 
unsoiicitrd :ipp. as U.S. attv. for tin- .M.uthern 
dist. i>i S. v., whirli li- hel.i till hi, (Iralh. In 
1833 he pill., a Lilr of l.i» mat. rnal -rcat--rand- 
father, AVra. Livingston ; " What is Monopo- 
ly?" 1835; "Annexation of Texas," 1844; 
" The American Citizen," a discourse, Un. 
Coll., 1847 ; edited the Political Writings of 
Wm. Leggett (2 vols. 8vo, N. Y. 1840) ; pub. 
a "Treatise on the Measure of Damages," 
N. Y., 1847, 5th ed. 1869, a standard authority 
in America and England; and in 1857 a 
"Treatise on Statutory an<l Cnn^tirutional 
Law." Fu-stpres. oftlii X ^' ' • i I'alace 
Company, ilewasaltu' ■ > llur- 

per's Ma<jazine and Tt'c/l'., in- ini;i nal es- 
says, many of which were cuniub. to ilie Evm- 
imj Post under the signature of " Veto." were 
remarkable for their independent spirit, their 
soundness of judgment, and their clearness and 
vigor of style. 

Sefton, John, comedian, b. Liverpool, 
Eng., Jan. 15, 1805 ; d. N. Y. City, Sept. 19, 
1868. Educated for the bar. His taste for the 
stage led him at 16 to enter that career, in 
which, in certain comic parts, he had no supe- 
rior. He came to the U.S. in 1827 ; played for 
two seasons at the Walnut-st. Theatre, Phila. ; 
and in New Yoi-k, in the part of Jemmy 
Twitchcr, in " The Golden Farmer," achieved 
great success and popularity. Sefton was 
stage-manager at the Astor-place Opera-House 
during the celebrated Macrcady riot. He was 
afterward stage-manager at Richmond ; at the 
Walnut, Phila. ; at Charleston and Columbia, 
S.C. ; and at N. Orleans under Placide. His 
last app. was at the Broadway Theatre, for the 
benefit of Barton Hill, in Oct. 1867. 

Seguin, Me. and Mrs. Arthur Ed- 
WABD Shelden, vocalists. He was b. Lond., 
Eng., Apr. 7, 1809 ; d. N.Y. City, Dee. 9, 1852. 
Member of the Lond. Acad, of Music. First 
appeared at the Queen's Theatre in 1831 as 
Polyphemus in Handel's "Acs and Galatea." 
First app. at the Old National, N.Y., Oct. 15, 
1838, in the opera of Amelie; and afterward 
performed in the principal cities with considera- 
ble repute as a bass-smger and ' comic actor. 
His wife, Ann Child, first app. at a concert in 
London ; was long a member of the Italian 
Opera Co., London ; and first app. at Drury 
Lane in 1836, in Fidelio. She was a great fa- 
vorite in the U.S., but retired from the stage, 
and taught music in New York, where she is 
now (1871) living. — Broim's Amer. Starje. 

Segur (sa'-gUr), Louis-Philippe, Count 
DE, diplomatist and historian, b. Paris, Dec. 
10, 1753 ; d. there Aug. 27, 1832. Eldest son 
of Marshal Se'gur. Entered the army in 1767, 
and in 1781 received the brev. of 2d col. of the 
regt. Soissonnais in America; embarked in 
April, in the frigate " Gloire," with his friends 
Laurctte, Broglie, and Lauzun, and took part 



in the capture of Yorktown. Affrr his return 
to France, he was smcr-^ivvly aiiil.:i--ador to 
St. Petersburg and Berlin, llr \\a- luined by 
the revolution, and duriii;;a cuii.-iil. lahle period 
supported his father, as wuU as his family, by 
the productions of his pen. Napoleon app. him 
a member of the council of state 1803, grand- 
master of the ceremonies, and a senator. On 
the restoration of the Bourbons, he was created 
a peer of France, and sided with the liberals. 
His principal works are a " History of the 
Keign of Frederick Wm. H. ; " " Moral and 
Political Gallery ; " " Ancient and Modern 
History ; " also M^moires, Souvenirs, et Anec- 
dotes, 3 vols. 8vo, 1824. 

Seiss, Joseph Augustus, D.D., b. near 
EnimittshurL', Pa., 1S2.'? T.nth.nin pastor in 
Balii.norr, anil in 1 m;'. :,:, ■-..■ ..f St John's 
Ch.,l'liila. Anil]oi-..i' I ' i 1 1. brews," 
184ti ; " llaptist S.V.; h. I.. i/' 1854; 



Ruin," 1861; "Day ol tlie Lor.l," 1861; 
"Book of Worship," 1865; "The Lutheran 
Church," 1868; "Lectures on the Gospels," 
1868-9; "I'lnin Wr.nh." &c., 1869. He 
edited "Dij • ■ i ' n Doctrine," 8vo, 

1857 ; " l-^ I :H.t," 1860. Also 

pnh. scrniiiii^ :iimi , .-. ,, and is one of the 

editors of tlic Luiiiriii/i uiid Missionunj, and the 
Prophttir Turns. — Allilme. 

Selfridge, Thomas O., rear-ndm.U. S.N., 
b. Ms. 10 Oct. 1804. Son of Thomas Oliver, 
a prominent Federalist and lawyer (II. U. 1707, 
d. 1816), who shot Charles Aiistin in Rosi.m 
in 1806; was tried and acqiiiiiiil. MbWiip. 
Jan. 1, 1818; lieut. Mar. 3, 1827; ,.,»,. Apr. 

11, 1844; capt. Sept. !4, I'-."" , , no. July 

16, 1862; rcar-adni. i. :i : Ii.lv, 1870. 

Attached to the ex]il . ■ ,, i I -j'.i ; com. 

sloop "Dale," Pacilii- --i i i i , l^i-; sieamer 
" Mississippi," 1861 ; cum. Maie-l>laiul Navy- 
Yard, Cal., 1 862-4 ; Phila. Navy-Yard, 1 867-8 ; 
pres. examining board 1869. His son Thomas 
0., com. U. S. N. (b. 1836, Naval Acad. 1854), 
was app. lieut. in 1860 ; was in the frigate 
" Cumberland" at the capture of Cape Hat- 
teras and the fight with " The Merrimack " in 
Hampton Roads ; served on the Mpi. and Red 
Rivers ; com. " The Huron " in the attack on 
Fort Fisher, and led a division of sailors to its 
assault; com. of Darien exploring-expedition, 
\610. — Hamersl,j. 

Selkirk, Alexander, a Scottish sailor, 
b. Largo, 1676 ; d. 1723. A lieut. in the navy. 
Having quarrelled with his capt., he was left 
on the uninhabited island of Juan Fernandez 
in 1704, and was rescued by Capt. Woodcs 
Rogers in 1709, who made him his mate. 
Selkirk's adventures suggested to De Foe the 
celebrated romance of " Robinson Crusoe." 

Selkirk, Thomas, earl of, founder of the 
Red-river settlements in Western Canada, b. 
1774; d. Pau, south of France, Apr. 6, 1820. 
Author of a treatise on Emigration, State- 
ment respecting his Settlement, 8vo, London, 
1817. 

Semmes, Raphael, capt. of the Confed. 
cruiser "Alabama," b. Md. ab. 1810 of Irish 
and Scotch parentage. Midsh. U. S. N. 1 Apr. 
1826; lieut. 9 Feb. 1837; com. coast-survey 
Poinsett "in 1843; the brig " Por- 



1S46 ; sorvod 



tll^> V;,llr 



hreirkiTm'-nui..ttli<-H.-lH-lli..n; en,,,. iIr. Mc:niior 
" SuraUT," ami cruised succcssliiily a-:iinst 
Amcr. commerce in tlie W. Indies; blockaded 
at Tanf;ier, and, obliged to sell his vessel there, 
went to Eng., where the fast steamer "290" 
was built for him, and in Aug. 1863 he put to 
sea, inflicting great injury on our commerce. 
This vessel was sunk off Cherbourg, France, 
by the U.S. steamer " Kearsarge," Capt. Wins- 
low, 19 June, 1864. Claims to a large amount 
against the British govt., growing ont of its dis- 
regard of international comity in permitting 
the sailing of this vessel, are now (1872) in 
course of arbitration at Geneva. Semmes has 
been app. prof, of moral philos. in the State 
seminary of La. at Alexandria. Author of 
"Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexi- 
can AVar," 8vo, 1851; "Campaign of Gen. 
Scott in the Valley of Mexico," 1 8S2; "Cruise 
of the Alabama," 1864. 

Semple, Gen. ,James, senator and jurist, 
b. Ky. 1799; d. Fl ;il, T,;n,.Ii-,-, lil . Ti. r isf,6. 
He practised ].\v, . I : : i .^d to 

III. ab. 1827, ;iii I MJle, 

Madison Co. Kl-,,., !,.■ 1, ;, I !,.■ i..rame 

speaker for several scssiuiis ; in 1833 atty.- 
gen. of the State, and gen. of militia; was 
chir^g d'affaires to New Granada in 1837-41 ; 
judge of the Supreme Court of III. in 1842; 
and U.S. senator in 1843-7. 

Semple, Robert, gov. of Earl Selkirk's 
settlement on Red River, U.C. ; was murdered 
near that place in 1816. Author of several 
books of travel. 

Semple, Robert Baylor, D.D. (B.U. 
18I6I, a Baptist clergyman, b. Jan. 20, 1769 ; 
d. Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 25, 1831. He 
received a classical education ; became a teacher 
at the age of 16, and studied law, which at the 
age of 20 he relinquished for divinity, becom- 
ing in 1790 pastor of the Bruigton Baptist 
Church. In 1 805 he was offered the presidency 
of Transylv. U., but did not accept. He pub. 
a " Catechism for Cbddren." 1809; "A His- 
tory of the Va. Baptists in 1810;" " Memoir 
of Elder Straughan," " Letters to Alexander 
Campbell," and some minor works. In 1S27 
he became the financial agen t of Col umbia Coll., 
retaining his pastorate. From 1820 to his d. 
he was pres. of the triennial convention of the 
Baptist denomination in the U.S. 

Senter, I.saac, M.D. (Y.C. 1792), phy- 
sician, b. M.H. 1755 ; d. Newport, R.I., Dec. 20, 
1799. He went to Newport early in life; stud- 
ied medicine with Dr. Thomas Moffat ; was 
a surgeon in the Revol. army, and accom|>. 
Arnold's exped. 10 Quebec, 



ward practised in Pawtucket, hut removed to 
Newport, anrl hnranip tin- iiH>st disting. prac- 
titioner l"ith of pliv -h :iii,l III rrv in the State. 
Hecoiitiib. 10 IV 11: iiM^of theday, 

and iiub., in tli i ^ ,, Coll. of Phv- 

sicinns of I'luli., ' KLiii.iil.i on Phthisis 
Piilnionalis." An hon. nieuiber of the medical 
societies of Lond., Edinb., and Ms., and was for 



' of Cincinnati 

Sergeant (sar'-jant), Erastds, M.D. 
(11. U. 1811), physician, of Stockhridge, Ms., b. 
Strickbridje, Aug. 7, 1742 ; d. there Nov. 14, 
1814. AM. of Y.C. 1784. Son of Rev. John. 
Spent two years at N.J. Coll., and studied medi- 
cine with his uncle. Dr. Thomas Williams of 
Deerfield. Hewas a skilful surgeon, and became 
the principal operator within a circle of 30 miles. 
Major in the 7th Kegt. of the county, with 
which he did duty at Lake Champlai'n from 
Dec. 1776 to Apr. 1777, and until Burgoyne's 
surrender. 

Sergeant, John, missionary to the Indians, 
b. Newark, N. J., 1710; d. Stockhridge, July 
27, 1749. Y.C. 1729. Tutor there 1731-5. 
Ord. 31 Aug. 1735. He began to preach at 
Houssatonnuc, an Indian village in Western 
Ms., in Oft. 17.34. With great labor, he trans- 
lated the New Testament, and some portions 
of the Old, into the Indian tongue, and also 
pnb. a Letter on the Indians, and a Sermon, 
1743. These Indians emigrated to New Stock- 
bridge, N.Y., and were 60 years under the care 
of his son John, who died there Sept. 8, 1824, 

Sergeant, John, LL.D. (Dick. 1826; 
H.U. 1844), an eminent lawyer and statesman, 
son of Joiiathnn Dickinson, b. Phila. Dec. 5, 
1779; d. there Nov. 23, 1852. N. J. Coll. 1795. 
Aliandoning his intention of becoming a mer- 
chant, he applied himself to the study of law, 
and was adm. to the Phila. bar in July, 1799. 
For more than half a century he was exten- 
sively known as one of the most honorable and 
profound members of his profession, and one 
of its acknowledged leaders. He entered public 
life in 1801, when he was app. cominiss. of 
bankruptcy by Jefferson. He was afterwards 
dep. atty.-gen. of Pa. ; member of the legisl. ; 
in 1838 pres. of the Pa. Const. Conv. ; M.C. 
in 1815-23, 1827-9, and 1837-42. In 1820, as 
the leading champion of the Northern States, 
he displayed his great intellectual powers in 
procuring" the passage of the Mo. Compromise. 
Mar. 4, 1826, he was app. one of the two envoys- 
extr. and niinisters-plenipo. to the Panama 
Congress ; in 1832 he was the Whig candidate 
for the vice-presidency, but was defeated ; and 
when, in 1840, Gen. Harrison became pres. of 
the U.S., the mission to Eng. was tendered to 
Mr. Sergeant, but declined. His last office was 
that of arbitrator, app. by See. Marey to deter- 
mine a long-pending and vexatious controversy 
between the U.S. and the State of N.J. He 
acted as pres. of the House of Refuge from the 
date of its establishment, and was also pres. of 
the Apprentices' Library Co. His " Select 
Speeches" were pub. Phila. 8vo, 1832. 

Sergeant, Jonathan Dickinson, lawyer 
and patriot, lather of the preceding, b. Newark, 
N. J., 1746; d. Phila. 0-t. 1793. N.J. Coll. 
1762. He studied law, and commenced practice 
in his native State. Was a member of the 
Com. Cong, in 1776-7; took his seat a few 
diiys after the Decl. of Indcp. ; and in July, 
1777, became atty.-gcn. of Pa.; which post he 
resigned in 1780, and devoted himself to his 
profession. Before the clo.4e of the war, he 
transferred his residence to Phila. ; soon be- 



814 



came cotispicuons at its bar, continuing to re- 
side there until lie fell a victim, during the prev- 
alence of the yellow-fever, to his benevolent 
exertions as one of the board (d' heallh. He i 
pub. a eulogy on Adams and Jefferson, and a i 
speech on the Missouri question 1820. 

Sergeant, Thomas, jurist, b. Phila. Jan. 
14, 1782; d. there May 5, 1860. N.J. Coll. 
1798. Son of the preceding. He studied law; 
was app. clerk of the mavor's court ; was a rep. 
in the State legisl. in "1812-14 ; in 1814-17 
judge of the Dist. Court; in 1817-19 sec. of 
Fa.; 1819-20 atty. -gen. ; postmaster of Phila. 
1824-32; and as.soc. justice of the Sup. Court 
of Pa. Feb. 1834-46. In connection with 
VVm. Rawle he reported the decisions of the 
Sup. Court from 1814 to 1828. He pub. 
"Treatises on the Land Law of Pa.," 1838; 
on "Constitutional Law," 1822; on "Attach- 
ment," 1811; and "Sketch of the Natioual 
Judiciary P.iwcrs ; " and in curly life wa-^ a con- 
trib. of i-n.s^- :iim1 ] :rv i.i ]<' ri.nli-iil. ]]■■ 

and(;cnr:,l,SM,-. Ilr m Siirall l'.:ir!|,, :, m-,-.l;,u. 

of Franklin. — A'. £. Hist. awl riemal. AVy., 
xiv. 292. 

Sessions, Dahics, patriot and lieut.-gov. 
of R.L ; d. Providence, Mar. 1 809, a. 92. Y.C. 
1737. 

Seton, Eliza Ann, founder of the Sisters 
of Charity in the U.S., b. N.Y. Aug. 28, 1774; 
d. Emmitsliurg, Md., Jan. 4, 1821. J)au. of 
Dr. Richard Bayley, and in her 20th year was 
m. to Mr. Wra. Seton, npon whose death at 
Leghorn, in 1803, she returned to N.Y. ; was 
received into the R.C. Church, and for support 
opened a school in Baltimore, whither she 
removed with her children. In 1809 she was 
enabled, by an ample endowment from a Mr. 
Cooper, to open a semi-conventual establish- 
ment at Emniitsburg. Their first charge out- 
side of their own house was that of an orphan 
asylum in Phila., to which 3 sisters were sent 
in 1814. In 1817 an act of incorporation of 
the sisterhood was passed by the legisl. of Md. 
Her Life, hv Rev. Charles J. White, was pub. 
in N.Y. I S53. — A ppleton. 

Severance, Luther, journalist and poli- 
tician, b. Montague, Ms., Oct. 28, 1797; d. 
Augusta, Me., Jan. 25, 1855. In 1825 he 
quitted his apprenticeship to Gales and Seaton 
of VVasliington, and established the Kemehec 
Joiirnalin Augusta, which he printed and edit- 
ed himself. Five years later he was sent to 
the State legisl., and was repeatedly a mem- 
ber of tlie senate ai:d of the house. M.C. in 
184.3-7; and was comraiss. to the Sandwich 
Islands in 1850-4. 

Sevier, Ambrose H., lawyer and senator, 
h.M iddle Tenn. in 1802 ; d. Li'ttle Rock, Ark., 
Dec. 31. 1848. Fatherless, poor, and scantily 
educated, he emig. in 1820 to the newly-organ- 
ized Terr, of Ark., where he managed to ho 
adm. to the bar before attuinitifj- tin' ;il'c i.f •j\. 
Was also app. clerk of tli^- I" i i ' : was 
elected to the legisl. in IS.' ; ! i Min- 

ed the Terr, of Ark. in (::;_: .il jr-.iCi, 

and the State as a U.S. boilUju ;u l,-:;7-48, 
when he was selected by Pres. Polk to negotiate 
a treaty of peace with'Mcxico. Chairman of 



the'com. on Indian affiiirs for many years, and 
afterwards of the com. on foreign relations. 

Sevier, fiKN-. John, b. of French parent- 
age (Xavici), „n the Shenandoah, Va., 1745; 
d. near Fort D.catnr, Ga., Sept. 24, 1815. 
Went with an I ::■ In, iv_-;.:iitv to the Ilolston 
River, E.Tciin l"' ' ' '-It Fort Watauga, 
and aided in ii- j mst tlie Indians ; 

served as capt. i 1 'n ^ rxpcd., and was 

in the battle nt I'mmii r.,,,:,tii: a dric-atc in 
1772toaconv. ai liaiila\, X ( ' : iiKiiilier of 
the Assembly in 1777, an^l ]iiM,iiriil iln'csial)- 
lishment of "a di~iii.t, an.l ili.- .m, n-inn of 
State laws, c^tal.lisliineut of courts, .^ic. After 



col. 



I 1779 h 
tic of P,.. 



lught w 
Creek ; 



acccpti 



r M.^ 



n 



^vtJ^f-^^- ■i'leXt. 



Oct. 7, 178(1, ai.>l n.,iv-.l M>,,r,| ;, m1 ilianks 
from N.C. lcui<!, \Va, in ili.^ Im;;- "f Mus- 
gn.ve's Mills, and 111 17SI In- was allaclied to 
Mari.iii\ rcniniand, and at the close (if the war 
>>,,-,! !.i;j-jcii. In 1784 he was made gov. of 
ill Si ii> III ■• Franklin," the name liy which 
tic- 'Iriin .iHlcuicnts first liccanie iiuVitically 
kiunvn. 111 I7SI-, Ii- a,:, in ia,a-i\ I ilir Cher- 
okccs tiir .!, ■ .1:1, i^itions. 

When 'I'lain. -, ., : .,17 . hr was 

gov. until ism. :,::.! iM l-i;-n: \\ , |sll-15; 
a ini-siun to the l.'rcrk linlians in 
d. while engaged in its pertorinanee. 
])avid,LL.I).(1!uwi1. (■,.11.1812), 
jurist, b. i'ork. Me., Oct. 7, 173.^: d. there 
Oct. 22, 1825. HU. 1755. Son of Samuel, 
who d. Apr. 28, 1769, a. 81. Classmate and 
friend of John Adams. Established himself 
at York in 1759; jn-actiscd law several years; 

prohal.- 171- -I ; tmik an a' ■ Rcv- 



1789 to 1818 wasjudge of the U.S. Dist. Court 
of Me. He represented York in the Ms. legisl. 
in 1776. 

Sewall, Jonathan, LL.D., jurist and loy- 
alist, b. Boston, Aug. 24, 1728; d. St. John, 
N.B., Sept. 26, 1796. H.U. 1748. His father 
Jonathan was a nephew of Chief Justice 
Stephen. In early life he was the intimate 
friend and associate of John Adams. He was 
several years, and until 1750, a teacher in 
Salem. Commenced the practice of law in 
Charlestown, and in 1767 was app. atty.-gen. 
of Ms. In May, 1769, he commenced a suit in 
behalf of a negro to obtain his freedom from 
his master, — James vs. Richard Lechmere of 
Cambridge. The suit terminated the follow- 
ing year in favor of the negro, — two years pre- 
viously to the settlement of the case of the 
negro Somerset, which Blackstone commends 
so liighlv. In 1768 he was app. judge of the 
Admiralty Court for Nova Scotia; but did not 
remove thither. At the commencement of the 
Revol. he resided at Cambridge in the Vassal 
House, subsequently Washington's headquar- 
ters. Early in 1775 he went to Eng., and was 
among those proscribed, April 30, 1779; in 
1788 he removed to St. John, N.B., where he 
was judgeof the Vice- Admiralty Court until his 
dea I h, Autlior of a niimhe;u Qf"political papers. . 
To him was ascribed for some lime the author- 



■111 
3V. 



815 



sliip of the tetters of " Massachusettensis " (see 
JoliTi Achiras's reprint of the Letters ofNovan- 
);his ami M.), although Trumbull, in his bur- 
lesque of Gage's proclamation (the foundation 
of McFingal) in 1775, assigned the authorship 
properly to Daniel Leonard. 

Sewall, Jonathan Mitchell, lawyer and 
poet, b. Salem, Ms., 174.5; d. Portsmouth, 
N.H., March 29, 1808. He was adopted by his 
uncle, Chief Justice Stejihcn Sewall. Studied 
law; was disting. at the bar ; and in 1774 was 
register of probate for Grafton Co., N. H., 
afterward removing to Portsmouth, N.H. For 
many years previous to his death he was in- 
temperate, llis occasional poetic pieces, some 
of which attained great popularity, were col- 
lected and pub. in 1801 ; many were of a poli- 
tical cast, and were printed in most of the 
Federal gazettes from Maine to Georgia. He 
was noted for wit, and was eminent in social 
qualities. In his epilogue to the triigcdy of 
" Cato," written in 1778, occurs the well- 
known couplet : — 



" No pent-i 
But the V 



, VtU 



: bouudless 



His lyrics, especially his " War and Washing- 
ton," warmed the patriotism and cheered the 
hearts of the soldiers of the Revol. In 1 798 he 
printed "The Versification of Washington's 
Farewell Address;" and in 1788 delivered 
" The Fonrth-of-Jul; 
which was published 

Sewall, Joseph, D.D. (U. of Glasg. 1731), 
divine, b. Aug. 15, 1688; d. June 27, 1769. 
H. U. 1707. Son of Chief Justice Samuel. 
Ord. colleague wiih Penibcrton at the Old 
South Church, Bn-i,,n, S. |,i. IC, 171,;; in 
1724 was oflFercil m ■ |,i. - •■< II t'., ^^lll<'l, he 
declined. Corrcsii. iiirmlirr .,i tin- Smntv in 
Scotland for proiiiiiiin'j Chii-iiaii Knowlril'^e; 
and was also a comuiiss. of the London oorp. 
for the Propagation of the Gospel in N.E. and 
Parts Adjacent. A man of great benevolence, 
ft friend of learning, and donated to IL U. a 
fund to be appro])riated to indigent scholars. 
He pub. 2-3 funeral and other sermons, also 
*' Four Sermons," 1741. — E/iof. 
■^ Sewall, RuFus King, b. Edgecomb, Me., 
1814. Bowd. Coll. 18.37. Author of " The 
Christian's Miniature," 1844; "Sketches of 
St. Augustine," 1848; "Ancient Dominions 
of Maine," 8vo, 1859 ; "Appeal to the Sons of 
Temperance," Xi'M. — AUibone. 

Sewall, Samuel, jurist, b. Bishop-Stuke, 
Eng., March 28, 1652 ; d. Jan. 1, 1730 H.U. 
1671. His grandfather Henry, b. in 1576, 
came to N. E., lived in Newbury or IJowley, 
Ms., and d. ab. 1655. His father Henry «ame 
over in 1634, began the settlement at New- 
bury, and, returning, finally settled there in 
1659, being followed by his wife and children 
in 1661. Samuel, after studying divinity, and 
preaching for a short time, came into pos.session 
of great wealth by his m.arriage, Feb. 28, 1676, 
with Hannah, dau. of John Hull, goldsmith of 
Boston. An assist, in 1684-6, he made a voy- 
age to England in 1688, and, returning in 1689, 
resumed his seat at the board of assistants. 
lie was annually chosen to the council from 



1718, when he was m.i.le chief jnsii.'c ; and in 
1728 resigned, in cons^cipirnrf. ,,( ;, -,■ :,;, i infirm- 
ity, this, as well as ihe dllir- , .i I't I ' piiiliato 
for Suffolk. Sharing in ih : . ;, . , , ii.lief 
in witchcraft, he coniun- i m lin , ,.,, l^inna- 
tions in 1692; but at a yu\,\k i.iM, .l,ui. 14, 
1697, a " bill " was read by his niiniatcr, Ucv. 
Samuel Willard, before the cong., in which he 
acknowledged his own guilt, asked the panlou 
both of God and man, and deprecated the 
divine judgments for his sin. He contributed 
liberally to the spread of the gospel among the 
Indians; and in 1699 was chosen one of the 
commiss. of the Society in Eng. for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel in N.E.,' and soon alter 
their sec. and treasurer. His sympathy for 
African slaves prompted him in 1700 to pub. a 
tract ciKitli'il " The Scllinj of Joseph," in 
which iir ;elvn-atr,I ilieii' riuh;-; it li. ing his 



gospeiiu 
benevoie 



His 



nd 



house was a seat of hospitality. He published 
" Answer to Queries respecting Am<Tica," 
1690; "Accomplishment of Prophecies," 1713; 
" A Memorial relating to the Kennebec In- 
dians," 1721; "A Description of the New 
Heaven," &c., 1727. llis Diary and other papers 
are now irv possession of the Ms. Hist. Society. 
Sewall, Samuel, LL.D., A.A.S., jurist, 
b. Boston, 11 Dec. 1757; d. Wiscasset, Me., 8 
June, 1814. H.U. 1776. Grandson of Rev. 
Joseph. His mother was a dau. of Edmund 
Quincy. He jjractised law in Marblehead ; 
soon became eminent; was a member of the 
State legisl. ; M.C. 1797-1800; judge of the 
Sup. Court 1800-13; chief justice from Nov. 



313 I 



i dcaih. 



1692 un 



ju.l 



1692 



Sewall, Sajiuel, bro. of Stephen, mecha- 
nician, and constnictor of bridges ; d. York, Mc, 
July 28, 1815, a. 91. . He possessed a vi-orous 
and inventive mind; was well versed in the 
principles of mechanics and nat. philos. ; and 
was the author of a number of improvements 
in the arts, among which is the construction 
of bridges on piles, which he first introduced 
at York, Me., in 1761. In 1786 he superin- 
tended the erection of the Charlcstown bridge 
on this plan. 

Sewall, Samuel, pastor of a Cong, church 
at Burlington, Ms., Apr. 13, 1814, to his d. 18 
Feb. 1868; b. Marblehead. Ms., 1 June, 1785. 
II U. 1804. Son of Judge Samuel (H.U. 1776). 
Studied theol. at Cambridge, and was fond of 
antifiuarian pursuits. Author of " History of 
Woburn, Ms.," pub. with a Memorial Sketch 
by Rev. C. C. Sewall, 8vo, 1868. 

Sewall, Stephen, jurist, b. Salem, 18 Dec. 
1704; d. Sept. 10, 1760. H.U. 1721; tutor 
there 1728-39. Son of Maj. Stephen of New- 
bury. He taught school in Marblehead, and 
preached acceptably; was judge of the Su|)C- 
rior Court 1739-52; cliief justice, and member 
of the council, from 1752 till his death. 

Sewall, Stephen, Hebraist, b. York, Mc, 
April 4, 1734; d. July 23, 1804. H.U. 1761. 
Son of Nicholas. He earned the means of en- 
tering college by working as a joiner; taught 
the grammar-school at Cambridge; became 
Hebrew tutor at the college in 1762 ; and when 
the Hancock professorship was founded, June 



816 



17, 1765, continued more than 20 yeai-s in that 
chair. He took an early part in the Revol. ; 
and was a representative from Cambridge in 
1777. He pub. a Hebrew grammar, 17G3; 
some translations and obituary discourses; 
" Carmlna Sacra," &c., 1789; "Scripture His- 
tory of Sodom and Gomorrah," 1796; and 
left in MS. a Chaldee and English Dictionary. 
He contrib. 7 of the Greek and Latin poems in 
the "Pictaset Gratulutio," ito, 1761, and was 
an accomplished scholar. 

SewaH, William Baktlett, journalist, 
and member of the Portland bar, son of Dan- 
iel, b. York, Me., 1782; d. 1869. H.U. 1803. 
Author of the " Maine Register;" assisted his 
father in almanac-making; was a contrib. to 
many papers, and editor of the Portland Adver- 
tiser. — Willis's Lawyers of Maine. 

Sewell, Jonathan, LL.D. (H.U. 1832), b. 
Cambridge, Ms., 1766; d. Quebec, Nov. 12, 
1839. Son of Jon. Sewall [ante). Educated 
at the grammar-school, Bristol, Eng. Went 
to New Brunswick in 1785; -to Quebec in 
1 789 ; was adm. to the bar, Oct. 30, 1 789 ; was 
solicitor-gen. in 1793; advocate and atty.-gcn. 
and judge of vice-admiralty in 1795-1808; 
member of 3 successive parliaments; chief-jus- 
tice in 1808-38, and pres. of the exec, council 
1808-29 ; speaker of the legisl. council from 
Jan. 9, 1809, to his d. Author of a Memoir of 
Sir Jas. Ciaig. and an essay on French Cana- 
dian Law, 1834. 

Sewell, William Grant, journalist and 
author, b. Quebec, 1829; d. there Aug. 9, 
1862. Grandson of Jonathan, chief justice of 
L.C. Educated for the law, he preferred jour- 
nalism, and in 1 852 became connected with the 
Now- York dally press, and was for some time 
one of the principal editors of the N.Y. iJaily 
Times Some years passed in the West Indies 
in search of health resulted in his publishing 
" The Ordeal of Free Labor in the West In- 
dies," 1861. 

Seward, William Henky, LL.D. (Y.C. 
IS54), statesman, b. Florida, Orange Co., N.Y., 
16 May, 1801.^^ Un. Coll. 1820. Son of Saml. 
S. Scwai-d, M.D. (who d. 1849), and Mary Jen- 
nings. In 1819 ho taught school 6 months in 
Ga. He studied law under John Ducr and 
Ogden Hoffman; was adm. to the bar in 1822; 
began practice at Auburn in 1 823, and acquu-cd 
a high reputation as a criminal lawyer. In 
1S24 he m Frances Adeline, dau. of Judge 
Elijah Miller. In 1 828 he was pres. of a State 
conv. of young men who favored the re-election 
of J. Q.Adams; memberof the State senate in 
1 830-4, he made in 1 832 an able speech in favor 
of the U. S. Bank, and became a leader of the 
oijposition party afterward known as Whigs. 
In 1833 he made a tour in Europe, and pub. his 
observations in a series of letters. The unsuc- 
cessful candidate for gov. of N.Y. in 1834, but 
elected in 1838, and again in 1840 ; he favored 
internal improvements, reform in the courts of 
law and chancery, and the extension of educa- 
tion. In 1842 ho resumed his profession, prac- 
tising extensively, chiefly in the U.S. courts. 
He supported Henry Clay in 1844, and Gen. 
Taylor m 1848; opposed the annexation of 
Texas; and was U.S. senator in 1849-61, and 
sec. of state under Prcsidon ts Lincoln and John- 



son in 1861-9. He was the friend and adviser 
of Pres. Taylor, and disting. himself by his 
firm resistance to the extension of slavery. In 
March, 1850, he made a speech in favor of the 
admission of California into the Union, in 
which occura his famous phrase, " the higher 
law." He opposed the compromise of 1850, 
and was denounced as a seditious agitator. 
His speeches on the repeal of the Mo. Compro- 
mise and the admission of Kansas were widely 
circulated. He opposed the Native-American 
party, and was one of the chief founders of the 
Kepublican party. In a speech at Rochester 
in Oct. 1858, he declared that the antagonism 
between freedom and slavery is " an iiTcpressi- 
ble conflict " between opposing and enduring 
forces. In 1856 he labored earnestly and ef- 
fectively in support of Fremont for the presi- 
dency, and was himself a prominent candidate 
for that honor in the Republican Convention 
of 1860. He advocated Mr. Lincoln's election 
in 1860, during an cxtriidnl tmiv, in a series of 
speeches. As sec. oT suite, Ije e\liil.itr,| mueli 
ability in relation to l.iv.-imi |i.iliey .luriii- the 
civil war. Among the iin]i()rt:iTit .-.ul j ets of his 
diplomacy were the liberation of Mason and 
Slidell, and the French invasion of Mexico in 
1862. In the spring of 1865 he was thrown 
from his carriage, and his arm and jaw were 
broken. While lying in this crippled state, 
April 14, 1865, Lewis Payne, alias Powell, an 
accomplice of J. Wilkes Booth, entered 



house, broke the ski 


ill of 


Frede 


rick 


Seward, 


and with, -i Lue^ ri.ie 


M 4 - 


v-r,il ■ 


\.'V 


1 wounds 


on the lie. 














ry. Mr. 


Seward .mi- i: 11'; 


■ 1 ' 


■ .h. 


■'■"" 


's recon- 


StniCtlOn ]i(ilie\ :e 

sentiment of th" 1: 








' Author 


ofa "Life of John <j 






" 1 


^49. His 


complete works, in i 










correspi, and his v:ilr 






11 .\. 


■w^York' 


speeches, addresses, i 


;c., w 


ere jiu 


Ii. ir 


1 4 vols. 


Svo, N.Y. 1853-62. 










Seybert, Adam, 


M.D. 


, b. Phila. 


1773 ; d. 


Paris, May 2, 1825. 


M.C. 


1809- 


15 and 1817- 


19. In 1793 ho went to Europe, 


, anc 


1 Studi'd 


at Lond., Edinb., Pa: 


ris, and Giitt: 


Inge 


n, giving 



special attention to chemistry and mineralogy. 
Author of "Inaug. Dissert, on Putr iaclion 
of the Blood," Svo, 1793; " .Staiistieal Annals 
of the U.S.," 1789-1819, 4tci, l-l-; ■ \:y.y.r\. 
ments and Observations on Land anl S a Air, 
and on the Atmosphere of Jlar.-lies," in the 
" Transactions " of the Amer. I'hilos. Society. 

Seymour, Horatio, LL.D. (Y.C. 1847), 
U.S. senator 1821-33, b. Litchfield, Ct., May 
31, 1778; d. Middlebury, Vt., Nov. 21, 1857. 
Y.C. 1797. Son of Major Moses of Litchfield, 
a Rcvol. soldier, and many years a representa- 
tive to the State legisl., who d. Sept. 17, 1826, 
a. 84. Horatio studied law at the Litchfield 
Law School, and settled in Middlebury, Vt., in 
1799; member of the council 1809-17. He re- 
sumed practice in 1833; was the Whig candi- 
date for gov. of Vt. in 1836; and in Oct. 1847 
was app. judge of probate. 

Seymour, Horatio, LL.D. (Ham. Coll. 
1858), gov. N.Y. 1853-5 and 1863-5, b. Onan- J SjS^" 
daga Co., N.Y., 1811.^ Studied law, and prac- |Vi' 

tised at Utica, but soon gave his whole timo 'Jrij^' 
to the care of the large estates left by his father 



SEY 



817 



SUA 



and father-in-law. Strongly attached to the 
Dcmoc. party, he was in 1841 chosen to the 
State Assembly ; mayorof Utica 1842 ; speaker 
of the Icsisl. i'n 1845. In Jan. 1861 he deliv- 
ered a speech at Albany strongly advocating 
concessive and conciliatory measures toward 
tlie seceding States, which position he main- 
tained in numerous public addresses. Pres. of 
the Nat. Democ. Convention at Chicago, Aug. 
1864; candidate for gov. in Nov. 1864, and 
defeated ; pres. of the Nat. Democ. Convention 
in N. Y. 4 July, 1868, and nominated to the 
jiresidcMcy of the U.S., but received only 80 
clcetonil votes, and was defeated by Gen. Grant. 

Seymour, Thomas Hart, soldier and 
politician, b. Hartford, Ct., 1808 ; d. there 3 
Sept. 1868. Educated at the Middletown 
Milit. Acad. He practised law ; edited theye/^ 
fa-sonian, a Democ. newspaper, in 1837 ; was a 
judge of probate; M.C. 184.'i-5; served in 
the Mexican war as maj. 9th Regt. 1847 ; lieut.- 
col. 12th Inf 12 Aug. 1847; com. the 9th Inf. 
on the fall of Col. Ransom ; brev. col. for 
Chapultepec 13 Sept. 1847; gov. of Ct. 1830- 
3 ; minister to Russia 1853-7. llis sympa- 
thies were strongly with the South during the 
Rebellion. 

Seymour, Truman, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Burlin,i;ton,Vt., Sept. 24, 1824. West Point, 
1846. Entering the 1st Art., he was brev. 1st 
liout. and capt. for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, 
Contreras, and Churubusco ; was in 1850-3 
Pjjist. prof of drawing at West Point ; served 
in the last Floridawar (1856-8) ; became capt. 
1st Art. 22 Nov. 1860 ; and under Maj. Ander- 
son served at Fort Sumter in April, 1861 ; 
transferred to the 5th Art., he joined the Army 
of the Potomac in March, 1862, and was made 
cliief of art. of M'Call's division. Brig.-gen. 
vols. Apr. 28, 1862, he com. the left wing at 
the battle of Mechaniesville, June 26. In the 
battles of Manassas, South Mountain, and An- 
tietam, he led a brigade in Meade's division. 
Com. division at the assault of Fort Wagner, 
and severely wounded, 18 July, 1863; com. 
exped. to Florida, Feb. 1864, and fought the 
battle of Olustee 20 Feb. 1864; com. a bri- 
gade 6th corps in battle of the Wilderness, 
and captured 6 May, 1864; com. division 6th 
cor|)S in Shenandoah Valley, Oin.-Dec. 1864, 
and in the Richmond cnmpnign, Dec. 1864 to 
ir, Apr. isfi5. Brev. mnj. for Fort Sumter, 
lifiit rr,l ini- Snii!!i M- .1 1 11 f ;i i 11, col. forAutle- 
i.i'ii, I.I I : ji-11, ( 1 ; \| ir 1 -il.")) for capture of 
J\i.i-:.,u ■, 1,1. , I iii,i|,-:j,n, lur services during 
the i;. lielUun. JIaj. 5ili Art. 13 Aug. 1866. 
A.M. oi Wins. Coll. 1865. — Culhm. 

Shaler, Gen. Alexander, major N.Y. 7 th 
Rcgt. before the Rebellion ; lieut.-col. 65th N.Y. 
Regt. 11 June, 1861 ; col. 17 July, 1862; brig.- 
gen. vols. 26 May, 1S63. Served in Peninsular 
campaign ; under Pope in Va., and under 
M'Clell.an in Md. ; was at Frcdiricksburg in , 
Dee. 1862; com. a l.ii^nl., m, 1 .lining, in 
storm of Marye's ILi_:, M. ■ ; ; was at 

Gettysburg, Rappalmn i I. "- i i ( N'uv. 8, 
1863) ; was taken pri "ip i :i: i,i. i n.le uf the 
Wilderness, in May, Isbl, and r.iiitincd at 
Charleston, S.C. ; "exchanged in Aug. 1864; 
com. 2d div., 7th corp.s, and post of Duval'i 
Bluff, Ark., in Jan. 1865; and brev. maj.-gen, 
62 



27 July, isr,.-) ; npp, maj.-gen. 1st div. national 
guard, S..\,y., a.'! ,Taii. ISti". 

Shaler, Wii.uam, U.S. consul at Hava- 
na ; d. there 29 .Mar, 18:13, a. 55. A.M. of N.J. 
Coll. 1828. Formerly consul-gen. at Algiers. 
He displayed signal abilities in trying circum- 
stances, and was commissioned to negotiate a 
treaty with the latter power in 1815. His 
"Sketches of Algiers," pub. 1826, was very 
serviceable to the French in their operations 
against that place. He also pub. in the Philos. 
Trans, a paper on the Language of the Ber- 
bers in Africa. 

Shank, David, a British gen., b. Va. ; d. 
Glasgow, Oct. 16, 1831. App. a lieut. of 
loyalists under Lord Dunmore in Va. in 1775; 
was at Gwynn's Island and other skirmishes; 
was a vol. at the battle of Long Island, Aug. 
27, 1776; was app. a lieut. in the Queen's 
Rangers, March, 1777 ; engaged at ISrandv- 
wine, Sept. U, 1777, when 14 out of it.s 21 
officers were killed and wouniled ; di^till!,^ him- 
self at GermantownandMonmiiiitli ; ,siii',,,,ded 
to a company, Oct. 177,-i: and was cii,j mm-i] at 
the battle of S]iiiii"ii. I \' .1 In \|, 1779 
he com. a troop 1,1 u 1 , ,.111. 

the cavalry of ih v' 1. 1, I; : , \';,., 

with which he mi : , 1 ,1 . ; ,, .. ,11 at 
Spencer's Ordinarv ; in I7'.i_' In. 1.1; ,. I a n-lit- 
inf. corps for Canila, r.ill-.l rh.. na --i ', lin- 
gers; and com. tlie troupe ill l":;, r ( '.iii.nl.i in 
1796. He went to Eurupc iii 17JJ , n.i, made 
col. in 1808, maj.-gen. 1811, and a liout. -gen. 
in 1821. — Mon/an. 

Shanly, Walter, engineer, b. Queen's 
Co., Ireland. Came to Canada in 1836 ; mem- 
ber Canadian parliament; was jirotninently 
engaged in the construction of the Wellund 
Canal; was engineerof the Grand Trunk Rail- 
way ; and employed with his bro. Francis since 
Mar. 1869, under an appropriation of five mil- 
lions, to complete the tunnel through the Hoo- 
sac Mountain. 

Shannon, Mary Eulalie Fee, b. Flem- 
ingsburg, Ky., 9 Feb. 1824; d. Auburn, Cal., 
26 Dec. 1855 ; m. 31 Jan. 1854 to John Shan- 
non, editor at Auburn, Cal. Descended, on 
the mother's side, from John Carver the Pil- 
grim ; on the father's, from the fiimily to which 
belonged John Philpot Curran. She was a 
b. of verses to Arthur's Home Ma/], and 



to We 



papers. A vol. of her poems, en- 



titled "Buds, Blos.soms, and Leaves," was 
pub. Cin. 1854. — Poe/s and Poetrij of the 

Shannon, Wilson, lawyer and politician, 
b. Belmont Co., 0., Feb. 24, 1802. Athens 
Coll., O., and Transylv. U., Ky. Adopted 
the profession of law, and in 1835 was pros, 
atty. for 0. ; gov. of the State in 1838-40, and 
again in 1842-4; was minister to Mexico in 
1844; M.C. 1853-5; Terr. gov. of Kansas 
185,)-July, 1856. He has since practised law 
at Lawrence, Kansas. 

lNiel, D.D. (B. U. 1828), Bap- 
b. Hudderslield, Eng., Dec. 26, 
1783 ; d. Md. June 23, 1853. In 1802 he came 
to America as a commercial agent, and estal)- 
lished himself in N.Y. He had previously re- 
ceived a good academic education, and, having 
studied theology, took charge of a Bapti.-t 



818 



cong. in Newark, N. J., in 1809, bnt in 1811 
reiiiovc'l to B(i-;t )n, and became pastor of the 
B:ipti>t Church in Charles Street, in which po- 
jitiuii h.> (■..ntinnod from April 29. 1812, to 
Jill ^ i I " ; An active member of the Ms. 
M: - I (V, one of the editors of the 

A \li^]iizine, a founder of the 

Nmi'i III i; iiiii-t 1-Jucation Societv, and of 
the Noutiin Theol. Sem. His pub. writings 
consist entirely of sermons and addresses, of 
which about 20 are extant. 

Sharpe, Willum, b. Cecil Co., Md., Dec. 
13, 1742 ; d. Iredell Co., N.C., July, 1818. At 
21 he moved to Mecklenburg, N.C. ; was a 
lawyer, and active in the patriot cause. A 
delegate to the Prov. Congress in 1775-6, and 
of the Cont. Congress in 1779-82; aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Rutherford in the Indian cam- 
paign of 1776 ; and was one of the commiss. 
who made a treaty with them in 1777. 

Sharswood, Geokge, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1856), jurist, b. Phila. 7 July, 1810. U. of 
Pa. 1828. Adm. to the Phila. bar 1831 ; app. 
judge dist. court of Pa. 1845; pres. judge 
1851-67; app. judge Sup. Court of Pa. 1867; 
prof, of the Law School, O. of Pa. Author of 
a work on professional ethics, 8vo, 1854 and 
1869; "Popular Lectures on Coml. Law," 
1856; "Lectures Introd. to the Study of the 
Law," 12mo, 1870; editor of Blackstone's 
Commentaries, Byles on Bills, Starkie on Evi- 
dence, Russell on Crimes, Leigh's Nisi Prius, 
Roscoe on Crim. Evidence, and Smith on Con- 
tracts. 

Sharswood, William, Ph. D. (U. of 
Jena 1859), b. Phila. 1836. U. of Pa. 1856. 
Author of " Studia Physica," 2 parts, 4to ; 
" Elenore," a drama, 1862, afterward pub. as 
" The Betrothed," 8vo, 1865 ; " Misc. Writings 
of Wm. Sharswood," 8vo, vol.i.; "In Memori- 
am," 1862. Contrib. to scientific journals. — 
Allihone, 

Shattuck, Aaron D., landscape-painter, 
b. Francestown, N.H., Mar. 9, 1832. At 19 he 
began to paint portraits in Boston; then stud- 
ied at the Acad., New York ; visited the White 
Mountains; then opened a studio in New 
York ; was favorably noticed in the exhibition 
in 1856 of the Nat. Acad., and in 1861 became 
an academician. He has painted spirited sea- 
coast scenes, " Sunset on the Lake," " Autum- 
nal View of Androscoggin Scenery," and a 
fine " Glimpse of Lake Champlain." — 2\icker- 

Shattuck, George Chetne, M.D. (U. 
of Pa. 1807), LL.D. (D.C. 18.53), physician, b. 
Templeton, Ms., Julv 17, 1783; d. Boston, 
Mar. 18, 1854. Dartm. Coll. 1803. Son of 
Dr. Benj. {H.U. 1765, b. 11 Nov. 1742, d. 14 
Jaji. 1794). His practice in Boston was exten- 
sive and lucrative. Pres. of the Ms. Medical 
Soc, member of that of N. H., and of the 
Acad, of Arts and Sciences. By his will he 
devised more than S60,000 to charitable ob- 
jects. He contrib. largely to the library of 
Dartm. Coll., and built, and furnished with 
valuable instruments, its observatorv. Author 
of "Structure and Physiol, of the Skin," ISOS; 
" Causes of Biliary Secretions," 1808 ; " Yel- 
low-Fever of Gibraltar in 1828," 8vo, 1839. 

Shattuck, Lemuel, historical and statis- 



tical writer, b. Ashby, Ms., Oct. 15, 1793 ; d. 
Boston, Jan. 17, 1859. As a teacher he re- 
sided at various times in New Ipswich, Troy, 
Albany, and Detroit, Mich. ; was a merchant 
in Concord, Ms., from 1823 to 1833, and after- 
wards a bookseller and publisher in Boston. 
Member of the common council of Boston 
1837-41, and was for some years a representa- 
tive to the legisl. In 1844 he was one of the 
founders, and for five years vice-pres., of the 
N.E. Historic-Genealogical Society ; and was 
a member of the Amer. Statistical Assoc, of 
the Amer. Antiquarian and Ms. Hist. Socie- 
ties. He pub. a " History of Concord, Ms.," 
8vo, Boston, 1835; in 1855, "Memorials of 
the Descendants of William Shattuck;" "The 
Census of Boston," 1845 ; "Vital Statistics of 
Boston," 1841; and " Report on the Sani- 
tary Condition of Ms.," 1850. 

Shaw, Charles, b. Bath, Me., 1782 ; d. 
judge of a court at Montgomery, Ala., 1828. 
H.U. 1S05. Author of " Topog. and Hist. 
Descript. of Boston from its First Settlement," 

1817. He practised law some years in Lincoln 
Co., Me., before he removed to Ala. He was 
a good classical scholar and writer. 

Shaw, Henry W. (" Josh Billings "), 
humorist, b. Lanesborough, Berkshire, Ms., 

1818. Grandson of Dr. Samuel (M.C. from 
the Rutland-Co. dist., Vt., during the war of 
1812), and sonof Henrt (M.C), whose vote in 
favor of the Mo. Compromise in 1820 terminate 
ed his political career. His uncle John Savage 
was chief justice of N.Y. Afthe age of 15 he 
went to the West, where he engaged in farming 
and auctioneering for 25 years ; and afterward 
settled in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., in the latter vo- 
cation. He never wrote a line for the public 
until past 45 years of age ; his first production, 
under the name of "Josh Billings," having 
been written 25 May, 1863. Since then he has 
pub. 4 vols, of comic sketches, establishing for 
himself a hi,gh reputation for originality, and a 
deep insight into human nature. His " AUmi- 
nax"has attained an immense circulation; and 
he is also a successful lyceum lecturer. 

Shaw, John, capt.'U.S.N., b. Mt. Mellick, 
Queen's Co., Ireland, 1773; d. Phila. Sept. 
17,1823. The son of an English officer. With 
only an ordinary education, he with an elder 
bro. eniig. to Amer. in Dec. 1790; settled in 
Phila.; .' !■ ■ - 1 i rifiring life; and in 1797 
was ma-- I ' : iiliiig to the W. Indies. 

App. li r - ^. \ J 3, 1798, on the break- 
ing-out. ii hi-; ;'~Mitli France; he became 
master com. .May 22, li504 ; and capt. Aug. 
27, 1807. He sailed in "The Montezuma," 
Capt. Alex. Murray, in Nov. 1798; and in 
Dec. 1799 took com. of the schooner "Enter- 
pri.se;" in May, 1800, he took, after a smart 
action, the French privateer " La Seine," and 
two weeks later the privateer " La Citoyenne ; " 
in June he captured " L'Aigle," a privateer of 
nearly equal force, after a short contest; and 
in Jiily " Le Flambeau," a vessel of superior 
force, after one of the warmest actions of the 
war. He reached home in Jan. 1801, having 
in 6 months captured 8 privateers and letters- 
of- marque, and fought 5 spirited actions, 2 
with vessels of superior force. He cruised 
in the Mediterranean in " The George Wash- 



819 



SHE 



ington " in 1 801 , and in " Tlie John Adams " 
in 1805; in 1814 he com. the squadron block- 
aded in the Thames between N. London and 
Norwich; in 1816-17 com. the Mediterranenn 
equadron ; and afterward had charge of the 
navy-yards of Boston and Charleston, S.C. — 
Cooper's Nuv. Biog. 

Shaw, John, M.D., poet, b. Annapohs, 
Md., May 4, 1778 ; d. Jan. 10, 1 809, on a voyage 
from Charleston to the Bahamas. St. Jolin's 



Coll. 179.'i. 



medicine; 



app. 



surgeon in the fleet ordered to Algiers in Dec. 
1798; and was sec. to Consul Eaton at Tunis. 
Returning in 1800, he went in 1801 to pursue his 
studies in Edinb. He sailed with the Earl of 
Selkirk in 1803 to Canada, where that noble- 
man was founding a settlement on St. John's 
Island, in Lake Ht. Clair. In 1805 he returned 
home, and bc-an practice ; m. in 1807, and re- 
moved to Baltimore. His poems, with a Me- 
moir containing extracts from his foreign cor- 
resp. and journals, were pub. in 1810. Hewiis 
a contrib. to the Phila. Port-Folio. 

Shaw, Lemcel, LL.D. (H.U. 1831; B.U. 
1850), an eminent jurist, b. Barnstable, Jan. 
9, 1781; d. Boston, March 30, 1861. H.U. 
1800. Son of Rev. Oakes Shaw. He became 
an usher at the Franklin School, Boston, and 
assist, editor Boston Gazette; studied law;, en- 
tered the Suffolk bar in Sept. 1804; was a 
representative in 1811-16, and again in 1819; 
was a valuable member of the State Const. 
Conv. in 1820; State senator in 1821-2, 1828, 
and 1829 ; and was chief justice of the Ms. Sup. 
Court, Aug. 23, 1830-31 Aug. 1860. He 
was undoubtedly the profoundest judge since 
Tbeophilus Parsons in N.E. His sagacity and 
penetration were proverbial ; and his influence 
on the' bench was almost unlimited. A mem- 
ber of the Acad, of Arts and Silences, of the 
Ms. lli-t., and the N.E. Uistoric-Genealogi- 
cal Societies. Ilis rc-iiorted ikci-ic.ns are found 
in the last IG vols, of rRkcrinu's Kcports, and 
in those olMetcalf, Cu.-hing, and Gray, — in all 
ab. 50 vols. Few men have contrib. more to 
the growth of the law as a progressive science. 
In 1822 he prepared the charter for the city of 
Boston. He pub. "Oration, July 4, 1815;" 
" luaug. Address," 1830; Charge to the 
Grand Jury, Ipswich, 1832; Address at the 
opening of the New Court House, Worcester, 
l!^4.") ; charge to the jiirv in the trial of Prof. 
J. W. Webster. In 18ri he delivered a dis- 
course before the Boston Humane Society. 

Shaw, Oliver, composer and teacher of 
music at Providence, R.I. ; d. there 31 Dec. 
1848, a. 70. Among the best of his pieces are 
" Mary's Tears," "Nothing True but Heaven," 
" Arraved in Clouds," and " Home of My 
Stm\."'— iJoore's E„c,/cL of Music. 

Shaw, Robert Godld, a philanthropic 
merchant of Boston, b. Gouldsborough, Me., 
June 4, 1776 ; d. Boston, May 3, 1853. Edu- 
cated in the Boston schools ; subsequently filled 
a situation in the counting-room of liis uncle ; 
and at the age of 21 engaged in business for 
himself with success, acquiring great wealth, 
which he liberally dispensed. He bequeathed 
$1 10,000 to be set apart at interest bv his execu- 
tors until it should amount to $400^000. This 
sum is to be designated the " Shaw Fund," 



and is designed to sustain an institute or asy- 
lum for mariners' children. He also bequeathed 
$10,000 for the purchase of a site for the insti- 
tution. 

Shaw, CoL. Robert Gould, grandson of 
the preceding, b. Boston, Oct. 10, 1837 ; killed 
in the assault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863. 
H. U. 1860. He was a private in the N.Y. 7th 
Regt. in April, 1861 ; 2d licut. Ms. 2d, M,-iy 
28, 1861 ; capt, Aug. 10, 1862; and com. the 
first regt. of colored soldiers from a free State 
ever mustered into the U.S. service. Col. .')4th 
Ms. Apr. 17, 18C:!. — //.!/■.■. ,1A „ ,/ /;■,,,,. 

Shaw, M.W. S.vMi 1 1, .V .\ s, ;. : and 

merchant, b. Ba^tiHi, (lit. i', 17.'! , 1 M i\ .:i). 

1794, on the v,nav>' 1: i ,,i;h.i, i<, i;.:;,,n. 

Educatr.ll.) AI,,':. , I..... ■■,,:i,.,'; .•,!:ii-- 

Jan. 1, 17, . , , , , , ' :;uUl 

Dorchc^trl■ ll< ,_!.;, I,, 'i,„l.ion,i : : 11,1 ai the 
peace was a major ol' art., and aiilo-dc camp to 
Gen. Knox. lie went to Canton in Feb. 1784 
as supercargo; on his return in May, 1785, 
Gen. Knox gave him the post of first sec. of 
the war dept. ; in Feb. 1786 he was app. U.S. 
consul at Canton, and made several voyages 
between Canton and N. York. His Journals, 
with a Memou- by Josiah Quiney, were pub. 
8vo, 1847. 

Shays, Daniel, leader of the Shays Re- 
bellion in 1786-7 in Ms., b. Hopkinton,' 1747; 
d. Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825. He was an 
ensign in Woodbridge's regiment at the bat- 
tle of Bunker's Hill, and attained the rank of 
captain in the Revol. army. Shays, though 
not prominent in the commenccnKiit of the in- 
surrection, was chosen leadrr^i li,, i;i i:i _, lus. 
They complained that the;; (1, ,: ;i. I was 

too high, the senate arUu.n : , i , , ,,is 

extortionate, and taxes tuo l,iii,l n- to 

bear; and they demanded an issue of paper- 
money, and the removal of the Gen. Court to 
Boston. Bodies of armed men interrupted the 
sessions of the courts in a number of ( 



Springfield; in Jan. 1787 he marched with ab. 
2,000 men to ca])ture the arsenal at Spring- 
field ; but, being fired upon by the militia under 
Gen. Shepherd, the insurgents fled, the leaders 
making their way to N.H. Shajss remained in 
Vt. about a year, and, at his petition, was after- 
ward pardoned, and removed to Sparta, N.Y. 
He was allowed a pension for services in the 
Kevol. war. — .il/woCs Hist, of the Ins. in Ms. 

Shea (sha), John Augustus, b. Cork, Ire- 
land, 1802; d. New York, Aug. 15, 1845. 
Emig. to the U.S. in 1827, and was editor and 
contrib. to mags, and newspapers in N.Y., 
Phila., and Georgetown, D.C. Author of 
" Rudekki," a romance in verse, 1826; 
" Adolph, and Other Poems," 1831 ; " Parnas- 
sian AVild-Flowers," 1836; " Clontarf," 1843; 
"Poems," 1846, 12mo, posthumous, pub. by 
his son George Aug. Shea. — AUihone. 

Shea, John Gilmart, LL.D., author, b. 
N.Y. City, July 22, 1824. Educated to the 
law, and adm. to the bar ; he has, however, de- 
voted himself chiefly to historical studies. He 
edited 7 vols, of the Hist. Mar,. (1859-65) ; ed. 
and pub. from early MSS. the Cramoisy se- 



SHE 



820 



ries of " Memoirs and Relations conceming 
the French Colonies in N.A.," 20 vols. 1857- 
62 ; and " The Library of American Linguist- 
ics," a series of grammars and dictionaries of 
American languages, of which 13 vols, have 
been pub. Author of " The Discovery and 
Exploration of the Hfississippi Valley," 8vo, 
18.53 ; " Hist, of the Catholic Missions among 
the Indian Tribes of the US.," 1854 ; "Perils 
of the Ocean and Wilderness," 1857; "Early 
Voyages up and down the Mpi.," 1862 ; '* The 
Fallen Brave," biographies of officers who have 
fallen in the war for the Union ; " The Catholic 
Church in the U.S.," 1856; "The Catholic 
Authors of Amer.," 8vo, 1858; "Life of St. 
An-i-lM Mrriri ot Hvc.Mia," lOmo, 1S57 ; " Le- 
gciiiLiii II:; .!' Ir, ; iihl ' i-:,7. Asericsofbi- 
o;.n M : ' ' ' 1' - I iiaries killcdon the 

Lull,;:, ii: :i ,. L - , which app. in the 

Cull,u:,c \h.j., ucic cul;., icvised, and pub. in 
Germany. He has edited Washington's Private 
Diaries, 1861; Miller's N.Y. in 1695; Norun 
Belgium, 1862; "Operations of the French Fleet 
under De Grasse in 1781-2," 1864 ; " The Lin- 
coln Memorial," 1864, &c. ; the Catholic Alma- 
nac ; Frank Leslie's periodicals. Of his trans- 
lation with notes of Charlevoi.x's " Hist, of Xcw 
France " (6 vols.), 5 vols. (1866-71) have app. 

Sheafle, Sik Roger Hale, a gen. in the 
Briii,h annv, b. Boston, 15 Julv, 1763; d. 
K.liuburgh, 17 July, 1851. Son of Wm. (dep. 
coinpt. of customs at Boston), who d. 1772, and 
Susannah (dau. of Thos. Child), who d. Aug. 
1810. Earl Percy, whose quarters were at his 
mother's house in Boston, procured for him a 
military education, and a cominiss. in the 5th 
Foot in May, 1778. He became a lieut.-col. 
in 1798; served in Holland in 1799; in the ex- 
pcd. to the Baltic in 1801 ; maj.-gen. 4 June, 
1811 ; served in Canada in 1SI2-13 ; com. the 
British forces after the fall of Gen. Brock at 
Qneenstown, where he defeated the American 
troops who had crossed the Niagara, and for 
this service was nnidc a bart. 16 Jan. 1813. 
Defended York (now Toronto) when attacked 
in Apr. 1813. Full gen. 28 June, 1828. 

Shedd, William Greenougii Thatek, 
D. D., clergyman, b. Acton, Ms., June 21, 
1820. Vt. tl. 1839; And. Thcol. Sem. 1843. 
He became pastor of the Cong, church in Bran- 
don, Vt., in 1844; prof o( Eng. lit. iu the U. 
of Vt. in 1845; of sacred ihetoric in Aub. 
Theol. Sem. in 1852; and in 1854 prof of 
church history at Andover. In 1862 he was in- 
stalled assist, pastor of the Presb. ("Brick") 
church in N.Y. ; in 1803 prof of biblical litera- 
ture Union Theol. Sem,, X.Y. City. He has 
edited mid puli. a tr.iiislution of Theremin's 
" Hhctori.'," N.Y. 1S50, 2d edit., with introd. 
essay. 18."i9; Coleridge's works, with introd. 
essay, 7 vols., N.Y. 1853; " Discourses and Es- 
says," 1S56; " Lectures on the Philosophy of 
Hist.," ls.-,G; tran.l. of Guericke's "Church 
Hi-i J ,, l-,-,:-f,3; Augustine's " Confcs- 
siuii- : cssav, 1860; " History of 

Clin- 1' , 2 vols. 8vo, 1863; "Trea- 

ti.5c c.ii II :, ; s" 8vo, 1867; "Orthodox 

ConL'. aihl the Christ. Sects," 1871 ; and con- 
trih. to various theol. reviews. 

Shelby, Isaac, soldier and statesman, b. 
near Uaycr^town, Md., 11 Dec. 1750; d. Lin- 



coln Co., Ky., 18 July, 1826. Of Welsh ex- 
traction. Son of Gen. Evan Shelby. He re- 
ceived an ordinary Eng. education, and became 
a surveyor in Western Va. In 1774 he was a 
lieut. in his father's company at the battle with 
the Indians at Pt. Pleasant, Va. ; capt. in 1776 ; 
app. commissary in 1777; member of the le- 
gisl. of Va. in 1779, and commiss. a major by 
Gov. JetFerson ; col. in 1780; and at Cellar 
Spring, in conjunction with Sevier and Clarke, 
inflicted severe loss on Maj. Ferguson, the dar- 
ing British partisan, whom he defeated in the 
battle at King's Mountain, 7 Oct. 1780. The 
force he com. here consisted of nndisciplined 
riflemen; and to Shelby belongs the merit of 
originating this important exped., which exer- 
cised .such a powerful influence upon the result 
of the war in the South. He was in the action 
of Musgrove's Mills; served in the campaign of 
1781 under Marion; was in the skirmish at 
Monk's Corner, and subsequently joined Greene 
with 500 mounted vols. Member of the legisl. 
of N.C. 1781-2, and received fjom that body a 
vote of thanks and a sword. In 1788 he in. 
and settled at " Travellers' Rest," Lincoln Co., 
Ky. After the separation of Ky. from Va., 
and the formation of a constitution for the for- 
mer State by a convention of which he was a 
member, he was gov. in 1792-6, and again in 
1812-16. In 1813, at the head of 4,000 men, 
he joined Gen. Harrison, whom he aided in the 
victory of the Thames. For his bravery at 
that battle. Congress honored him with a gold 
medal. App. see. of war by Monroe in 1817, 
he declined on account of his age. In 1818 he 
acted as a commiss. in conjunction with Gen. 
Jackson in forming a treaty with the Chicka- 
saw Indians. A county iu Ky., and a > oil. at 
Shclbyville, perpetuate his name. His son 
Gen. Ja.mes, a maj. in the campaign of 1813, 
b. 1784, d. Sept. 1848. 

Sheldon, David Ne.wton, D D. (B.U. 
1847), cler-vman, b. Suffield, Ct., June 26, 
1807. Wms. Coll. 1830. Newton Theol. 
Sem. Baptist missionary to France in 1835-9, 
chiefly in Paris and vicinity. He returned 
home, and was for 2 years pastor of a Baptist 
church in Halifax, N.S. In i! -;: ; : : f 
1842 he i)cc.ame pastor at Wa' V . nl 

from 1843 to 1853 was pies V i 1. 

Pastorof the Elm-st. (Bapii-! ivi,, r.;!,. 

till 1856, when he was cxcominunioateil from 
it on a charge of heresy ; and in Sept. 1857 be- 
came pastor of the Summer-st. (Unitarian) 
Church, Bath; and since 1862 pastoral Wa- 
terville. Me. Many years a contrib. to the 
Chrisliun Review; has pub. occasional . ■sermons, 
and, since his change in Iheol. views, " Sin and 
Redemption," a vol. of discourses, N.Y. 1 8.i6. 

Shellabarger, Samcel, M.C. I86I-3 and 

186.5-71, b. Clark Co., O., 10 Dec. 1817. 
Miami tf., O., 1841. Lawyer, member Ohio 
legisl. 1852-3, and a prominent Republican. 

Shelton, Frederic William, LL. D., 
author, b. Jamaica, L. I., N. Y., 1814. N.J. 
Coll. 18.34. Ord. to the Epis. ministry in 
1847, he has been successively settled at Hunt- 
ington, L.I., at Fi^hkill on the Hudson, and 
at Montpelier, Vt., whither he went in 1854. 
He has pub. " Tlie TroUopiad, or Travelling 
Gentleman in America," N.Y., 1837, a satire ; 



821 



*' Salandcr and the Dragon," a romance, 1851 ; 
" Chrystalline, or the Heiress of Fall-down 
Castle," 1854 ; " The lioetor of St Bardolph's, 
or Superannuated," 1853; "Up the River," 
1853, a series of rural sketches, originally eon- 
trib., like many of his writings, to the Knicker- 
bnckcr iJa;/. ; and " Peeps from the Belfry, or 
the Parish Sketch-Book," 1855. He has also 
puh. two lectures on " The Gold-Mania," and 
" The Use and Abuse of Reason." 

Shepard, Charles Uphaji, M.D., LL.D., 
physicist, b. Little Corapton, R. I., June 29, 
1804. Amh. Coll. 1824. He received at Cam- 
bridge a year's instruction of Thomas Nuttall, 
and, after giving private lessons in botany and 
mineralogy for some months in Boston, was 
for 2 years an assist, in the laboratory of Prof. 
Silliman at Y.C. He then took charge for one 
year of an institution at New Haven for furnish- 
ing thecitizens with popular lectures on science. 
In 1832-3, under a commission from the U.S. 
govt., he investigated the culture and manuf. 
of sugar in the Southern States, the results of 
which are embodied in Prof. Silliman's reirort 
to the sec. of the treasury in 1833. Lecturer 
on nat. history in Y. Coll. in 1830-47 ; prof, 
of chemistry in the Charliston Med. College, 
S.C, in 1854-61; in 1835 he was app. associ- 
ate of Dr. Percival in the State geol. survey of 
Ct. ; prof, of chemistry and natural history in 
Amh. Coll. in 184.5-52. In the investigation 
of minerals and meteorites Prof. S. has ex- 
plored the greater part of N. Amer., and has 7 
times visited Europe. His collection of min- 
erals and meteorites at Amh. Coll. is the best 
in the U.S., and is only surpassed by those of 
the British Museum and the Imperial Cabinet 
of Vienna. Besides scientific papers in period- 
icals, addresses, pamphlets, &e., he pub. in 
1832 his " Treatise on Mineralogy," of which 
a 3d ed., greatly enlarged, appeared in 1855; 
and in 1837 a Report on the Geology of Ct. — 
Ap/ileton. 

Shepard, Samuel, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1819), 
Cong, pasior of Lenox, Ms., from 30 April, 
1795, to his d. 5 Jan. 1846, b. Chatham (now 
Portland), Ct., Nov. 19, 1772. Y.C. 1793. 
He was in 1834-46 vice-pres., and many years 
one of the trustees, of Wras. Coll. His pulpit- 
oratory was of a high order, and he pub. some 
occasional sermons. 

Shepard, Thomas, clergyman and author, 
b. Towcester, England, Nov. 5, 1605 ; d. Cam- 
bridge, Mii., Aug. 25, 1649. Educated at 
Eman. Coll., Camb. On obtaining his degree 
of A.M. in 1627, he became a preacher at 
Earls Coin, Essex, remaining until silenced 
for nonconformity in 1630. After passing 
some time " with the kind family of the Uarla- 
kendens," he removed to Buttercrambe, near 
York, where he resided in the family of Sir 
Richard Darby, whose dau. he m., and preached 
in the vicinity until again silenced. After a 
similar result at Heddon, Northumberland, he 
resolved to emigrate to N. England. He sailed 
from Gravesend with Messrs. Wilson and 
Jones in " The Defence," which landed them 
safely at Boston, Oct. 3, 1635. Succeeding 
Messrs. Hooker and Stone as minister of Cam- 
bridge, Feb. 1, 1636, he remained there till his 
death. He was active in founding Harv. Coll., 



and was one of its most efficient patrons. Its 
location at Cambridge was du'- to him. He 
pub. "Theses Sabbaticas," "The Matter of 
the Visible Church," " The Church-Member- 
ship of Little Children," a letter entitled 
" New England's Lamentation for Ohl Eng- 
land's Errours," several sermons, " The Sincere 
Convert," "The Sound Believer," and "The 
Parable of the Ten Virgins Opened," pub. after 
his death in a folio volume. The two latter, 
with his "Meditations and Spiritual Experi- 
ence," and a treatise on Evangelical Conver- 
sion, have been lately reprinted in Eng. in a 
popular form. Shepard's Autobiog. was first 
printed in 1832 for the Shepard Cong. Society 
at Cambridge. It also appears in Young's 
" Chronicles." His works were pub. Boston, 
1853, 3 vols. Svo. A MS. vol. by him is in 
the library of the N. E. Historic-Geneal. Soc, 
Boston. 

Shepard, Gen. William, b. Dec. 1, 1737; 
d. Westfield, Ms., Nov. 11, 1817. He served 
si.x years in the Provincial army (1757-63); 
was a captain under Amherst, and was in the 
battles at Fort Wm. Henry and Crown Point. 
Entering the Revol. army as lieut.-col. in Col. 
T. Danielson's regt., he was transferred to Col. 
Learned's regt.; was in 1777 app. col. of the 
4th Ms. Regt., and continued in the service 
with the reputation of a brave and efficient 
officer till 1783, participating in 22 engage- 
ments. Summoned from his farm by the 
Shays Insurrection in 1786, at which time he 
was a brig.-gen. of militia, he prevented the in- 
surgents from capturing the arsenal at Spring- 
field. Mcjnberof the exec, council in 1788-90, 
and held other public trusts. He was a major- 
gen, of militia, and M.C. in 1797-1803. Like 
many of his brave companions in arms, he 
was in his old age poor and destitute, an obitu- 
ary notice speaking of his equanimity under 
" iJelisarian " sufferings. 

Shepherd, Nathaniel G., poet and ar- 
tist, b. New York, 1835; d. there May 23, 
1869. He studied in his native city; taught 
writing and drawing in Ga. several years, and, 
on his return to New York, engaged in the ins. 
business, devoting his leisure to study and to 
poetry. As a war corresp. for the Trihmie, he 
visited Va. and the vicinity of Fort Sumter, 
returning in the fall of 1863. " The Dead 
Drummer-Boy," which appeared in Huifier's 
iliiijazine, was one of the finest poems of the 
v\-ar. He wrote successfully for the periodicals 
and illustrated papers of the day. 

Shepherd, Oliver Lathrop, hrev. brig.- 
gen. IIS. A., b. N. Y. West Point, 1840. 
Entering the 3d Inf., he became 1st licut. 3 
Nov. 1845 ; capt. I Dec. 1847 ; lieut.-col. (18th 
Inf.) 14 May, 1861 ; col. (15th) 21 Jan. 186-3. 
He served in the Florida war 1841-2; in the 
Mexican war in the battles of Palo Alto, 
Besaca de la Palma ; was brev. capt. 20 Aug. 
1847 (for Contreras and Churubusco) ; and 
major 13 Sept. 1847 (for Chapultepei) ; was 
engaged against the Apache Indians in Mar. 
1856; in the Gila exped. 1857; was engaged 
in the Tenn. and M pi. campaign, Dec. 1861- 
June, 1862; and in the siege of Corinth, rout 
of Confed. camp, 17 May; pursuit of Confcds. 
to Baldwin, Mpi., May 30-31; in Buell's cam- 



SHE 



paign in Ky. July-Sept. 1862; in Gen. Rose- 
cianz's Teiin. campaign, com. a brigade of 
regulars in battle of Stone River .31 Dec. 1862, 
for which brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; 
brev. col. 17 Miiv, 1862, for sicfre of Corinth, 
Mni. ; retired Jiiiv la, 1870. — Cullum. 

Shepley, Ethek, ll.u. (D.C. 18+5), 

judge and senator, b. Groton, Ms., Nov. 2, 
1789. Dartm. Coll. 18U. He lommenced the 
practice of law in Saco, but subsequently set- 
tled in Portland ; was in the Ms. legisl. in 1819 ; 
» member of the M.',. Const. Conv. in 1820; was 
in 1821-3.3 U.S. any. fur Mo. ; was U.S. sena- 
tor in 18.J.3-6; Sept! 2.3, \S''>r,, lie was chosen a 
justiceof the SiipLcine Court uf M'^ ; and Oct. 
20, 1848, chief justice, which position he held 
until 1855. While on the bench, he furnished 
material for 26 vols, of Reports, and, as sole 
commissioner, was app. to revise the statutes 
of Me., puMished 1857. 

Shepley, George Foster, son of the pre- 
ceding, b. Saco, Me., Jan. 1, 1819. Dartm. Coll. 
1837. He studied at the Harvard Law School 
and at Portland ; began to practise law at Ban- 
gor in 1840; removed to Portland, and, under 
Pres. Polk, was app. U. S. dist -atty., which 
post he held till 1861. When civil war broke 
out, he became col. 12th Me. Vols., and, taking 
part in Gen. Butler's exped., acted as com. of 
a brigade. On the surrender of N. Orleans, 
he was made commandant of the city, and July 
18, 1862, brig.-gen., and military gov. of La. 
from June 2, 1862, to 1864; milit. gov. of Bicli- 
niond, Va., on its surrender 3 Apr. 1865. Re- 
signed July 1, 1865, and resumed practice in 
Portland. Now (1871) U.S. circ. judge 1st 

Sheppard, John H., b. Cirencester, Eng., 
Mar. 17, 1789.y H.U. 1808. His parents came 
to America in 1793, and settled at Hallowell, 
Me. Adm. to the Me. bar in 1810; settled in 
Wiscasset ; was register of probate for Lincoln 
Co. 1817-34; removed to Boston 1842; libra- 
rian N. E. H. G. Soc. 1861-9. Author of a 
"Life of Com. Tucker of the Revol. Navv," 
12mn, 1868 ; of contriljs. to the N.E.U.C. lie 
gisler ; of several Masonic addresses; " Vindi- 
cation of Masonry," 1831 ; an elegy on Benj. 
Vaughan, LL.D.; and of occasional and otlier 
fusitive poems. 

Sherbrooke, Sir Jobs Co-\pe, a British 
gen.; d. Feb. 14, 1830, at C:\Iv.rfon, X.itts. 
Ajpp. a captain in 1783; lieiit, ^ "I IT'U; ml. 
1798; lieut.-gen. 1811 ; col. of itv ■■■:•„], isiS; 
full gen. May, 1825. He distin-. h.msrlt ,„ the 
taking of Seringapatam in 1797. In 1809 he 
was app. to the statf of the army in the Penin- 
sula ; and at the battle of Talavera was second 
in command. For bis conduct in that situation 
he was app. soon afterwards lieut.-gov. of 
Nova Scotia ; and from there he was removed, 
in the beginning of 1816, to the govt, of Lower 
Canada. He returned to England in Aug. 
1818. 

Sherburne, Andrew, a pensioner of the 
Ecvol. navv. afterwards a Baptist minister, h. 
Rye, N.H.,'Sept. 30, 1765 ; d. Augusta, Oneida 
Co., N.Y., after March, "1831. Author of an 
Autobiography, pub. in 1828; 2d ed. Provi- 
dence, 1831, r2mo. 

Sherburne, Col. Henry, Revol. officer, 



d. collector of Newport, 1824. N. J. Coll. 
1759. Maj. in Varnum's regt., and taken pris- 
oner at the " Cedars;" afterwards a col. in iho 
army ; commiss. to settle the accounts of R.I. 
with the U.S. ; representative of Newport in 
the R.L Assembly, and tr^'a-i. of IM. 1 792-1 318. 

Sherburne, ('"L. John Hicnuy, n-gistcr 
of the navv dept. Wasliiii;.'tiin, D.t.'., 1825, b. 
Portsmouth, N.H. Son of Jndg.- John Sam- 
uel. Author of LifLM>f Paul Jones," Svo, 1825; 
" Tourist's Guide in Europe," Svu, 1 847 ; " Sui>- 
pressed History of the Ailininistration of John 
Adams, 1797-1801," 1846; "Osceola," a tra- 
gedy ; " Naval Sketches ; " " Erratic Poems ; " 
"Etiquette." 

Sherburne, John Samuel, judge, b. 
Portsmouth, N.H., 1757; d. 2 Aug. 1830. 
Dartm. Coll. 1776. He attended the H. Coll. 
Law School. Served as aide to Gen. Whipple 
in the Revol. war, and lost his left leg by a can- 
non-shot at the battle of Butt's Hill, R.L, 29 
Au-. 1778. Judge N.II. Sup. Ct. ; M.C. 179.3- 
7; U.S. dist.-atty. 1801-4; judge U.S. Dist. 
Ct. 1804-30. 

Sheridan, Philip Henry, lient.-gen. U.S. 
A., b. Somerset, Perry Co., O., Mar.' 6, 1831. 
West Point, 1853. Entering the 1st Inf., he 
served in Texas until in 1855 he joined the 4th 
Inf., with which he served in Oregon, receiving 
special mention for gallantry in action with the 
Indians at the Cascades of the Cohinjliia, Apr. 
28, 1856, and for meritorious conduct in the 
settlement of the difficulty with the Coquillo 
Indians on Yakima Bav. 'Capt. 1.3tli Inf. May 
14, 1861 ; pres. of the milit. coninii-, to an. lit 
claims in Mo. during the shiiiiih r i4 l^r.l ; 

Dec. 24, 1861, made qnarl'T. - 1 . !ii .f 

commissary ofthe Army ol I h^ 1;- 

ing the same duties on the si.ii; : i . n 1! rk 

at Corinth, May 10, 1862. App. .ul. :2U .Mieh. 
Cav. May 25, he took part in the succcsslul 
exped. to destroy the Mobile and 0. Railroad 
at Booneville, Mpi. ; defeated Forrest's cavalry, 
June 6; took com. of the 2d brig, of cavalry, 
with which he re])ulsed and defeated a superior 
Coiifed. force under Chalmers at Booneville, 
Julv 1, the date of his commission of brig.-gen. 
In Aug he defeated Faulkner's Cav. near Rien- 
zi, Mjji. ; Sept. 20 he took com. of the 3d div. 
of the Army of the Ohio ; and Oct. 1 he was 
transferred to the 1 1th division, which he led at 
PerryviUe. In the advance tn ^r^rflvesborolr.'h, 
Dec. 26, heledadixi^inn nnd. r Cn .M ( ;.K.k, 
and contribuled greatlv t-. th ■ .-iii [■.-.-lul i-uo 
of the battle of Stone Kiv.r ; niaj.-geii. \.>ls. 
Dec. 31, 1862. He rendered signal service at 
the battles of Mission. Ridge and Chickamauga ; 
was transf. to the Army of the Potomac as 
chief of cav. 4 Apr. 1864 ; routed the Confed. 
cav. in several engagements; Aug. 1, 1864, was 
detached to the Shenandoah Valley ; defeated 
Early at Winchester Sept. 19, Fisher's Hill 
Sept. 22, and at Cedar Creek Oct. 19, where 
he turned disaster into victory ; and finally, in 
co-operation with Gen. Grant, compelled Lee's 
surrender at Appomattox C.H., after gaining 
the decisive victory of Five Forks, Apr. 1 , 1 865, 
and capturing ab. 6,000 men at Sailor's Creek, 
April 6. After the war he performed valualilo 
service in Texas and La., enforcing the recon- 
struction acts, for which he was removed by 



SHE 



Pres. Johnson in Aug. 1857. Brig.-gcn. U.S.A. 
20 Sept. 1864; maj.-gen. 8 Nov. 1864; liuut.- 
gen. Mar. 4, 1869. 

Sherman, Ch.4.bles R., jurist, b. Norwalk, 
Ct., 26 Sept. 1788; d. Lebanon, O., 24 June, 
1829. Son of Taylor Sherman, well known in 
the political and civil annals of Ct. Charles 
E. settled in Fairfield Co., O., in 1810, in the 
practice of the law. He vias eminently suc- 
cessful at the bar, and soon had a wide-spread 
reputation and practice. Ho held tJic office of 
revenue collector for Fairfield Co., but became 
poor through the frauds of his deputies. Jud;,'e 
of the Sup. Court of Ohio from 1825 to tiLi d. 
Judge Sherman left three sons, — Wm. Tccum- 
Beh, now gen.-in-chief U.S.A. ; John, now U.S. 
senator from O. ; Charles T., now U.S. dist. 
judge Northern Dist. of Ohio. 

Sherman, John, minister of Watcrtown, 
Ms., from 1647 to his d. Aug. S, 1685, b. Dod- 
ham, Eng., 26 Dec. 1613. A.M. of Camb. U., 
Eng., 1633. His Puritanism took him to N. 
Eng. in 1634. He preached some time in Ct., 
and was chosen a magistrate of that Colony 27 
May, 1641. He was a disting. divine, an emi- 
nent mathematician, and pub. a numberof alma- 
nacs enriched with pious reflections. He was a 
fellow of H.U., and delivered lectures there. 

Sherman, John, grandson of Roger, b. 
N. Haven, Ct., 1772; d. Aug. 2, 1828, at the 
" Rural Resort," Trenton Falls, N.Y., built by 
him in 1822. Y.C. 1792. Pastor of the First 
Church, Mansfield, Ct., Not. 1797-Oct. 1805, 
and of the Unitarian church, Trenton Falls, for 
a short time from Mar. 9, 1806. Author of 
" One Grod in One Person Only," &c., 8vo, 
1805, the first formal and elaborate defence 
of Uuitarianism that appeared in N.E. ; " A 
View of Eccles. Proceedings in Windham 
Co.," 1805; "Philosophy of Language Illus- 
trated," 1826; "Description of Trenton Falls, 
N.Y.," 1827. — Sprufjue. 

Sherman, Johx, statesman, son of Chas. 
R., and bro. of Gen. Wm. T., b. Lancaster, O., 
May 10, 1823. Adm. to the bar in 1844 ; dele- 
gate to the Whig convs. of 1844 and '48 ; M.C. 
1855-61; U.S. senator since 1861. A leading 
member of the finance committee through the 
civil war, and tor some time its chairman. 
Sherman and Thad. Stevens were the authors 
of the bill enacted in 1S66-7 for tlie recon- 
struction of the seceded States. 

Sherman, Roger, signer of the Decl. of 
Indep., b. Newton, Ms., Apr. 19, 1721 ; d. New 
Haven, Ct., July 23, 1793. He was a shoe- 
maker till after he was 22 years old, and after 
his father's death in 1741 supported his mother 
and several younger children, devoting all his 
leisure to study, especially of mathematics. In 
1743 he went to N. Milford, Ct., and soon after- 
ward joined an elder bro. in keeping a small 
store ; in 1745 he was app. county surveyor of 
lands, and for several years from 174S fur- 
nished the astronomical calculations for an al- 
manac pub. in N.T. Having studied law, he 
was adm. to the bar in 1754 ; was several times 
elected to the Assembly; and in 1759 was app. 
judge of the C.C.P. He removed to N. Haven 
inl761; became judge of C.C.P. therein 1765; 
an assist, in 1766, holding the latter office 19 
years, and the judgeship till 1789, a portion of 



the time on the bench of the Superior Court ; 
in 1774 he was app. a member of Congress, — 
a post in which he continued till his death, at 
which time he held a scat in the U.S. senate ; 
he was also a member of the council of safety, 
and, from 1734 tiU his death, mayor of New 
Haven; aud he was many years treas. of Y.C. 
In the Congress of 1 776 he was one of the com. 
app. to draught the Decl. of Indep. ; aud dur- 
ing the war he served on many important com- 
mittees, and was successively a member of the 
board of war and ordnance, and of the board of 
treasury. In 1783 he was associated with an- 
other judge in codifying the laws of Ct. Hs 
had been one of the com. which framed the old 
Articles of Confederation, and was one of the 
most efficient members of the Const. Conv. of 
1787, and was chiefly instrumental in securing 
the ratification of the Constitution by the State 
Conv. of Ct. His services to the country were 
invaluable. He was a man of great common 
sense, and, according to Jefterson, " never said 
a foolish tiling in liis life." 

Sherman, Roger Minot, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1S29), jurist, b. Wobum, Ms., May 22, 1773; 
d. Fairfield, Ct., Dec. 30, 1844. Y.C. 1792; 
tutor there in 1 795. A nephew of the preced- 
ing. Adin. to the bar in 1796, and opened an 
office in Fairfield, where he passed the rc^t of 
his life, soon obtaining an honorable and lu- 
crative practice. Member of the Gen. Assem- 
bly in 1798 ; of the State senate in 1814-18 ; a 
delegate in 1814 to the Hartford Convention; 
judge of the Superior Court and the Suprem» 
Court of Errors, May, 1840-2. 

Sherman, Thomas W., brev. major-gen. 
U.S.A., b. New-port, R.I., 26 Mar. 1813. West 
Point, 1836. Enteiing 3d Art., he became 1st 
lieut. Mar. 14, 1838; capt. May 28, 1846; brev. 
major for gallantry at Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 
1847 ; lieut.<ol. 5th Art. May 14, 1861 ; brig.- 
gen. vols. May 17, 1861 ; col. 3d Art. June 1, 
1863; retired maj.-gen. 31 Dec. 1870. He 
com. a division in the battle of Bull Run, and 
the land-forces of the Port-Royal exped. 1861- 
2, landing at Hilton Head Nov. 7, 1751 ; in Mar. 
1862 he was superseded by Gen. Hunter, after 
which he was ordered to the army under Gen. 
Hallcck before Corinth. He com. a div. above 
N. Orleans Sept. 1862-May, 1863 ; com. 2d dir. 
19th corps in siege of Port Hudson, and lost a 
leg in the assault of the works there 27 May, 
1863; brev. brig.-gen. and maj.-gcn. 13 Mar. 
1865 for capture of Port Hudson and for 
merit, services in the war. — A^ E. H. G. Reg., 
xxiv. 163. 

Sherman, William Tecumskii, LL.D., 
geu. U.S.A., b. Mansfield, 0., 8 Feh. 1820. 
West Point, 1840. Son of Judge Charles 
R., a descendant of Samuel, who came from 
Essex Co., Eng., in 16.34, and settled in Ct., 
and brother of Senator John Sherman. His 
mother was Mary Hoyt. His fitther dying in 
1829, he was adopted by Thomas Ewing, M.C.,. 
whose dan. Ellen he m. in May, 1850. Enter- 
ing the 3d Art., he served in Fla. ; liecame Ist 
lieut. in Nov. 1841 ; was made commissary 
(rank of capt.) 27 Sept. 1850; resigned 6 Sept. 
1853; became a broker in San Francisco; 
afterward practised law in Leavenworth, Ks. ; 
and in 1860 became supt. of a new military 



824 



sm 



aciid. founded by the Suite of La., resigning 
when the secession ordinance was passed in Jan. 
1861. A|)p. col. 13tli U.S. Inf. May 14, he 
com. a brigade at tlie battle of Bull liun. Jnly 
21 ; was made brig.-gcn. of vols, from May 17, 
and succeeded Gen. Anderson in com. of the 
dept. of Ky. Oct. 8, 18G1. When asked by 
the sec. of war how many men he should re- 
quire, he replied, " 60,000 to drive the enemy 
from Ky., and 200,000 to finish the war in this 
section." llis estimate was considered as wildly 
extravagant ; and he was reported insane, and 
relieved from the com. Feb. 14, 1862, he took 
com. of the 5th division of Gen. Grant's Army 
of the Tenn. His services at Shiloh, Apr. 6-7, 
were thus acknowledged by Grant : " On the 
first day he held with raw troops the key-point 
of the landing. . . . To his individual efforts I 
am indebted for the success of that battle." 
He was wounded in the hand, and had three 
horses shot under him. Made maj.-gen. 1 May, 
and was prominent in the siegeof Corinth. He 
com. at Memphis from July to Nov. 1862. In 
the Vicksburg campaign, which began in Dee., 
he com. the first division, and attempted, un- 
successfully (Dec. 27), to capture that place 
from the north side. He rendered important 
services in several battles preceding the siege, 
and com. one of the 3 corps which made an 
unsuccessful assault on the works, May 22. 
After the surrender of Vicksburg, 4 July, 1803, 
Sherman marched against Gen. Johnston, and 
occupied Jackson, from which the enemy were 
driven July 17. App. com. of the dept. of the 
Tenn. in Oct. 1863, he joined Grant at Chat- 
tanooga ab. Nov. 15; he occupied Mission. 
Kidge on the 24th ; rendered valuable services 
at the battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 25 ; and im- 
mediately moved to the relief of Burnside, who 
was besieged at KnoxviUe. The enemy raised 
the siege, and fled on his approach. Arriving 
at Memphis in Jan. 1864, he marched from 
Vicksburg eastward, destroying the railroads ; 
and, ab. Feb. 14, entered Miridian, destroying 
depots, arsenals, &e. App. in March, 1864, to 
com. the military division of the Mpi. ; May 6, 
1864, he moved from Chattanooga with the 
armies of the Cumberland, Tenn., and Ohio, 
numbering 98,797 men, with 254 cannon. 
Turning Johnston's position, the latter fell back 
to Resaca, whence, after a severe battle (May 
15), he retreated to Alatoona. Sherman again 
turned his flank by moving to Dallas ; fought 
him at Dallas and New-Hope Church about 
May 28, driving him upon the strong positions 
of Kenesaw, Pine, and Lost Mountains ; June 
27, he attacked the works at Kenesaw, but was 
repniscd with severe loss. Another flank move- 
ment caused Johnston's withdrawal across the 
Chattahoochee, July 3 ; and, July 17, he drove 
the enemy to Atlanta. Gen. Hood, having 
superseded Johnston, attacked Sherman 22 
July, and was repulsed with great loss. Ab. 
Aug. 28 he gained victories at Jonesborough 
and Lovejoy's, forcing Hood to evacuate At- 
lanta Sept. 1. Hood then invaded Middle 
Tenn., opening the way for Sherman to march 
through Ga. to the sea. Abandoning his com- 
munications with Chattanooga, and leaving 
Atlanta in ruins, Sherman began his famous 
march, Nov. 16, with 66,000 men, moving in 



tlircc columns ; passed between Macon and 
Augusta, destroying railroads and other public 
property ; and arrived at the outworks of Sa- 
vannah, Dec. 10. His loss in this march was 
63 killed and 245 wounded. He occupied Sa- 
vannah Dec. 21 ; marched north-west Jan. 15, 
1865; took Columbia, S.C, Feb. 17, compel- 
ling the enemy to evacuate Charleston ; and 
moved by way of Cheraw and Fayetteville 
towards Goldsborough, N.C. He deleated the 
enemy at Averyshorough, Mar. 16, and at 
Beiitonville on the 18th ; entered Goldsborough 
Mar. 23, and formed a junction with the army 
of Gen. Sehofield. Apr. 17 he agreed witii 
Gen. Johnston on a memorandum or basis of 
peace, which was disapproved by the pres. and 
cabinet. Apr. 26 Johnston surrendered at 
Durham Station, N.C, on the same terms as 
were granted to Lee ; and the war ended. Made 
brig-gen. U.S.A. 4 July, 1863; maj.-gen. 12 
Aug. 1864; lieut.-gen. 25 July, 1866; gen.-in- 
chief of the army 4 Mar. 18B9. — See Sherman 
• ■■ " ■ " „d Irwin, 1865; 



aiul llis Ciimpaiqns, Bow 
Iin\rs Ohio m t'he War, 



Sherwin, Thomas, LL.D., instructor, b. 
Westmoreland, N.H., Mar. 26, 1799 ; d. Bos- 
ton, July 23, 1869. H.U. 1825. In his boy- 
hood he worked on a farm in Temple, N.H. 
In 1825-6 he taught the acad. at Lexington, 
Ms. ; was tutor in mathematics at H.U. in 
182G-7 ; was engaged some months in engineer- 
ing and surveying ; taught a private school lor 
bovs in Boston one year, when ho became sub- 
master of the Kn<.'lisli High School, Boston; 
and from 1838 till his death had charge of the 
institution, " the model school of the U.S." 
He was one of the originators of the Amer. 
Inst, of Instruction in 1830, and its pres. in 
1853-4, as well as of the Ms. State Teachers' 
Assoc, in 1845. of which he was the third pres. 
He was one of the editors of the J/s. Tearher, 
and pub. " Elements of Algebra," and " Com- 
mon-school Algebra." He was active in estab- 
lishing the Ms. Inst, of Technology; member 
of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. His 
son Thomas, lieut.-col.of the22d Ms. Regt. in 
the late civil war, was afterward brev. brig.- 
gen. — See N. E. Historic-Genealogical Reg., 
xxiv. 

Shew, Joel, M.D., hydropathist, b. Provi- 
dence, Saratoga, N.Y., Nov. 13, 181G; d. 
Oyster Bay, N.Y., Oct. 6, 1855. Ab. 1841 he 
commenced the study of medicine, and, soon 
after obtaining his degree, visited the water- 
cure establishment of Priessnitz in Germany ; 
adopted his views, and on his return com- 
menced the practice of hydropathy. Besides 
superintending a large establishment, visiting 
numerous patients, and contribut-ng to the 
Water-Cure yoiirna/ (which he established) and 
other hydropathic periodicals, he pub. " Hy- 
dropathy, or Water Cure," 1848; " Water-Cure 
Manual," 1856 ; " Management of Children," 
1852 ; " Midwiferv, and Diseases of Women," 
1852 ; " Hydropathic Family Physician," IS.M ; 
" Tobacco, its History, Nature, and Efltcts," 
&c. ; " Curiosities of Common Water; " " Con- 
suniprion, its Prevention and Cure;" "Chol- 
era, &c., treated by Water." 

Shields, Charles Woodruff, D.D.,b.N. 
Albany, Ind., 1825. N. J. Coll. 1844; Princet. 



SHI 



Theol. Scm. Some years pastor 2d Presli. 
CLurch, Phila., and since Dec. 1S65 prof, of 
the relations of science to religion m N. J. 
Coll. Author of Eulogy on Dr. E. K. Kane, 
1857; PhilosnphM Uuima, 8vo, 1861; "A 
Manual of Worship," 1862; "Directory for 
Public Worship," &c., 1863; Book of "Com- 
mon Prayer, &c., as amended for the Presb. 
Church, 1864 ; "The Book of Remembrance," 
1867; Memoir of Joel Jones, LL.D., pro- 
fixed to his Notes on Scripture, 1860; Re- 
view of Comte, 1858, &c. — Al/Jboue. 

Shields, Gex. James, politician, b. Duu- 
gannon, Tyrone Co., Ireland, 1810;,,emig. to 
America ab. 1S26. He pursued his studies 
till 1832, when he went to 111., and commenced 
the practice of law at Kaskaskia. In 1836 ho 
was in the legisl. ; State auditor in 1839; 
judge of the Supreme Court in 1 843 ; and in 
1845 commiss. of the gen. land-office. Ho 
had served as a lieut in the Florida war ; app. 
byPres. Polk a brig.-gen. U.S.A. 1847; and 
for his disting. services in the battle of Ccrro 
Gordo, in which he was dang, wounded, was 
brcv. maj.-gen; also severely wounded in battle 
of Chapultepec. In 1848 he was app. gov. of 
Oregon Terr., which he resigned; U.S. sena- 
tor from Illinois in 1849-55 ; subsequently took 
up his residence in the Terr, of Minnesota, 
and in 1858-60 was U.S. senator from that 
State ; at the end of his term he went to Cali- 
fornia. Made brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 19, 1861 ; 
on the death of Gen. Lander, he was assigned 
to his command. He gained the battle of Win- 
chester Mar. 23, in the movements preparatory 
to which (on the 22d) he was severely wounded. 
At the battle of Port Republic, June 9, 1862, 
he was worsted by Gen. T. J. Jackson. 

Shillaber, Benjamin P. ("Mrs. Parting- 
ton "), b. Portsmouth, N.H., 1814. Entered a 
printing-office in 1830; came to Boston in 
1832; became editorially connected with the 
Boston Post (1847-50) and Evening Gazftt", 
and edited the Car/xt-Bag 1850-2; and in 
1856 connected himself with the Saturda //-Even- 
ing Gaxtte. Author of "Rhymes with Rea- 
son and Without," 12mo, 18.'j3; "Poems;" 
" Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington," 1854 ; 
" Knitting- Work," by Ruth Partington, 1859. 

Shindler, Mart Stanley Bdnce, poet, 
b. Beaulbrt, S.C, Fob. 15, 1810. Dau. of 
Rev. Benj. F. Palmer, D.D., who in 1814 re- 
moved to Charleston. Educated by the Misses 
Ramsay, daughters of the historian, and at the 
seminaries of Wethcrsfield, Ct., Elizabethtown, 
N. J., and of Rev. E. C. Hei-rick, New Haven. 
She m. Charles E. Dana of New York, 19 Dec. 
1835. They removed to the West in 1838, 
where she lost her husband in 1839. She be- 
gan her literary career by writing for the Rose- 
bud, ed. by Mrs. Caroline Gilni.an of Charles- 
ton, S.C. She pub. the " Southern Harp " in 

1841, and "The Parted Family, and Other 
Poems," 1 842 ;" The Northern Harp; " " Charles 
Morton," 1843; "The Young Sailor," 1845; 
" Forecastle Tom ; " " The Temperance Lyre," 

1 842. Having become a Unitarian, she pub. in 
1845 "Letters to Relatives and Friends," re- 
pub, in Lond. ; " Southern Sketches " appeared 
m 1847. In May, 1848, she m. Rev. Robert 
D. Shindler, who since 1851 has been a prof. 



in Shelby Coll., Shclbyyillc, Ky. Some of 
her lyric poems have much merit. — Hart's 
Prose Writers. 

Shippen, Edward, LL.D., jurist, a de- 
scendant of Edward Shippen, the first mavor 
of Phila., b. there Feb. 16, 1729 ; d. AprU'ie, 
1806. Having studied law in Phila., he fin- 
ished his education at the Temple in London, 
where he was adm. a barrister iu 1750. On 
his return to Phila. he devoted himself to his 
profession ; at the age of 24 he was app. pro- 
thonotai-y of the Supreme Court, and judge 
of the Admiralty Court for the province ; was 
afterwards member of the Council until the 
cessation of the office at the Revol. ; and was 
after that event app. pres. of the Courts of 
Quarter Sessions for the county of Phila. In 
1791 he was app. judge of the Supreme Court, 
and in 1799 chief justice; which office he re- 
signed in Feb. 1806. His dau. Margaret m. 
Gen. Arnold. 

Shippen, William, physician, b. Phila. 
Oct. 1, 1712; d. there Nov. 4, 1801. He was 
a skilful and successful practitioner; one of the 
founders and trustees of the Coll. of N. J. ; a 
vicc-prcs. of the Philos. Society of Phila. ; the 
first physician to the Pa. Hospital ; a delegate 
to the Cont. Congress in 1778-80; and was one 
of the founders of the first Presb. church of 
Phila., of which he was a mcml)er 70 years. 

Shippen, William, M.D., son of the 

S receding, b. Phila. 1735; d. Germantown, 
ulyll, 1805. N.J. Coll. 1754. He received 
his early education at the grammar-school of 
Dr. Finley at Nottingham; studied medicine 
under his father, and also at Lond. and Edinb., 
where he grad. M.D. Returning to Pliila. in 
May, 1762, he commenced in the autumn the 



t course of anatomical lectures 



given 



in this country. In Sept. 1765 he was 
prof, of anatomy and surgery in the Phila. 
Jled. School, of which he was a founder. He 
entered the med. dept. of the amiy in 1776; 
and from Apr. 11, 1777, to Jan. 1781, was its 
director-gen. He subsequently practised as 
accoucheur-surgeon and physician until 1798. 
Shirley, William, one of the ablest of 
the colonial governors of Ms. (1741-56), lieut.- 
gen. British army, b. Preston, Sussex, Eng., 
1693; d. Roxbury, Ms., Mar. 24, 1771. He 
was bred to the law; came to Boston in 1734, 
and practised his profession. At the time of 
his app., he was a commiss. for the settlement 
of the boundary between Ms. and R.I. He 
planned the successful expcd. as.ninst Cape 
Breton in 1745 ; was in Eng. in 1745-53; was 
one of the commiss. at Pnris for settling tlic 
limits of Nova Scotia and other controverted 
rights in America in 1750; treated with the 
Eastern Indians in 1754; and explored the 
Kennebec, erecting 2 or 3 forts ; was com.-in- 
chief of the British forces in N.A. in 1755; 
planned the exped. against Niagara, and him- 
self proceeded as far as Oswego. In 1759 he 
was made lieut.-gen. He was afterward gov. 
of one of the Bahama Islands, but returned to 
Ms in 1770. He built the spacious mansion 
in Roxbury, afterward the residence of Gov. 
Eustis. He pub. " Electra," a tragedy ; " Birth 
of Hercules," a mask ; a Letter to the Duke 
of Newcastle, with a Journal of the Siege 



SHO 



SHIT 



of Louisburg, 1 745 ; and the Conduct of 
Gen. Wm. Shirley briefly stated, London, 8vo, 
1753. His son William, an officer in the 
army, was killed with JJraddock in 1755. 
Thomas, a maj.-gen. in the army, created a 
bart.> in 1786, gov. of the Leeward Islands, b. 
Boston, d. Mar. 1800. — See Drake's Ptirtic. 
Hist, of Ihe Five Years' French and Ind. War, 
1744-9. 

Short, Charles, LL.D., scholar, b. Ha- 
verhill, Ms., 1821. H.U. 1846. Assist, instr. 
Phillips Acad. 1847 ; master of the Roxbury 
Classical School 1847-53, and of a private 
classical school in Phila. 1853-63; pres. of 
Kenyon Coll., 0., 1863-7; prof, of Latin in Co- 
lumbia Coll., N.Y., since Mar. 2, 1868. He ed- 
ited, with additions. Advanced Latin Exercises 
in Schmitz and Zumpt's Classical Series, and 
Mitchell's Ancient Geog. 1860; assisted in the 
preparation of several classical works ; contrib- 
uted many valuable papers to reviews ; and has 
translated articles from the German for Her- 
zog's Real Encyclop. — AUibone. 

Short, WiLLAM, diplomatist, b. Spring 
Garden, Va., Sept. 30, 1759; d. Phila. Dec. 5, 
1849. Wm. and Mary Coll. He was at an 
early age a member of the exec, council of Va., 
and, on the app. of Jefferson as minister to 
France in 1784, was joined with him as sec. 
of lej^ation. In 1789 Mr. Short was appointed 
charge d'affaires to the French republic by 
Washington ; and he had the honor of holding 
the first exec, commission signed by him, and 
of being the first citizen app. to office under 
the Federal Constitution. During the admin- 
istration of Gen. Washington he was succces- 
sively minister res. at the Hague, and com- 
miss. and subsequently minister to Spain. His 
State papers, and especially those connected 
with the important negotiations relative to the 
Spanish boundaries and rights in connection 
with Fla. and the Mpi., which resulted in the 
treaty of 1 795, are marked by great clearness, 
ability, good temper, and research. 

Shreve, Capt. Henry M., a pioneer in the 
steam navigation of the West; d. St. Louis, 
Mar. 6, 1851. He was for nearly 40 years 
constantly connected with commerce in that 
region. U.S. supt. of Western river improve- 
ments, and by the use of the steam snag-boat, 
of which he was the inventor, added largely to 
the safety of Western commerce. He was also 
employed by Gen. Jackson in several hazard- 
ous enterprises during the war of 1812. On 
the memorable 8th of Jan. 1815 he superin- 
tended one of the field-pieces, which was so de- 
structive to that column of the British army 
which was led by Gen. Kean. 

Shreve, Thomas H., editor and poet, b. 
Alexandria, D.C., 1808; d. Louisville, Ky., 
Dec. 23, 1853. At first a merchant, he.moved 
to Cincinnati in 1830; became associate editor 
of the Mirror in 1834 ; removed to Louisville 
in 1833 ; and ab. 1842 became an editor of the 
Louisville Journal. Besides his contribs. to pe- 
riodicals, he wrote " Drayton, an American 
Tale," pub. in 1851. He was a Quaker in his 
religions faith, and a man of high and noble 
character. — Poets and Poetry of the West. 

Shubriek, the name of several gallant 
officers of the U.S. navy, natives of S.C., sons 



of Col. Thomas, aide to Gens. Greene and 
Lincoln in the Revol. war, b. 1755, d. Charles- 
ton, S.C, 4 Mar. 1810. John Taylor, b. 12 
Sept. 1788, d. July, 1815. Midshipm. 20June, 
1806; lieut. 28May, 1812. He was in " Tha 
Chesapeake" in her affair with "The Leo- 
pard" in 1807 ; in the action of" The Consti- 
tution " with " The Guerriere " in Aug. ; and 
with "The Java," 29 Dec. 1812; of "Tha 
Hornet "with " The Peacock," 24 Vvh^ 1813 
(for which he received medals from ConLTCss); 
of " The President" when captured by a British 
squad, in Jan. 1815; and on the conclusion of 
peace was despatched to the U.S. in com. of 
" The Epervier " with the treaty. This vessel 
was never afterward heard from. William 
Branford, b. 31 Oct. 1790. Midshipman 20 
June, 1806; lieut. 6 Jan. 1813; com, 28 Mar. 
1820; capt. 21 Feb. 1831; rear-adm, (ret. list) 16 
July, 1862. Com. battery of 1 gun on Craney 
Island in the repulse of the British forces 22 
June, 1813; lieut. in "The Constitution" in 
action with " The Cyane " and " Levant," 20 
Feb. 1815 ; com. squad, in the Pacific in 1847, 
and captured Mazatlan and other ports from 
the Mexicans ; com. Brazil squad, and Para- 
guay cxped. 1859. Chairman li;;ht-house 
board 1860-70. I^dward Rutlldge d. at 
sea 12 Mar. 1844, a. ab. 50. Midshipm. 16 
Jan. 1809; lieut. 9 Oct. 1813; com. 24 Apr. 
1828 ; capt. 9 Feb. 1837. Served under Com. 
Rodgcrs in the war of 1812-15; app. to com. 
the Columbia, Brazilian squad., May, 1842. 
Ikvine, b. 1797, d. Phila. 5 Apr. 1849. Mid- 
shipm. 12 May, 1814; lieut. 13 Jan. 1826; 
com. 8 Sept. 1841. Served under Decatur in 
the action of " The President " with the Brit- 
ish squad, in 1815, also in the war with Algiers 
in 1816; as 1st lieut. of "The Potomac" iu 
1832, headed the sailors and marines in the de- 
struction of Quallah Battoo. 

Shulze, John Andrew, gov. of Pa. in 
1823-9, b. Tulpchocken, Berks Co., July 19, 
1775 ; d. Lancaster, Nov. 18, 1852. Son of a 
Lu theran clergy man . He represen ted Lebanon 
County for several years in the State legisl. ; 
chosen gov. by the Democ. party. 

Shunk, Francis R., gov. of Pa. 1845-8, 
b. Montgomery Co., Pa., Aug. 7, 1788; d. 
Harrisburg, July 30, 1848. He became a 
teacher at the age of 15; in 1812 was app. a 
clerk in the surveyor-general's dept., at the 
same time studied law ; assisted as a soldier iu 
the defence of Baltimore in 1814; was soon 
afterwards assist, and then principal clerk in 
the house of representatives for several years ; 
next became sec. to the board of canal com- 
mis.; in 1838 was sec. of state; next established 
himself in the practice of law at Pittsburg. 

Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradsteeet, 
M.D., antiquary, mayor of Boston 1868-70, b. 
Boston, June 29, 1810. H.U. 1831. Son of 
Dr. Benjamin. Has pub. " Epitome of Phre- 
nology," 1835; "Perpetual Calendar for Old 
and New Style," 1848; "Passengers of the 
May Flower in 1020," 1849; " Brief Notice of 
Wm. Shurtleff of Marshfield," 1850; "Gene- 
alogy of the Leverett Family," 1850 ; " Thun- 
der and Lightning, and Deaths in Mar.shfield 
in 1658 and 1666," 1850; "Records of Ms. 
Bay, 1628-86," 6 vols. 4to ; " Topog. Descrip- 



827 



tion of Boston," Svo, 1871 ; edited, with David 
Pulsifer," Records of New Plymouth," 12 vols. 
4to. 

Shute, Daniel, D.D., minister, of Hing- 
ham, Ms., from Dec. 10, 1746, to 1800, h. 
Maiden, July 19, 1722; d. Aug. 30, 1802. 
H.U. 1743. Member of the convention to 
adopt the Constitution of the U.S. He pub. 
occasional si-rmons. 

Shute, Samuel, gov. of Ms. 1716-23, b. 
Lond. 16.^3; d. Eng. Apr. 15, 1742. Educat- 
ed at Leyden. He served in the army of King 
William ; was a lieut.-col. under Marlborough, 
and was wounded in one of the great battles 
in Flanders. During his administration he 
had a warm controversy with the legisl., who 
would not fix his salary, denied his right to 
negative the speaker, and assumed his powers 
as com. in chief. After his return to Eng., an 
explanatory charter was procured in 1724, con- 
firming the gov. in the rights for which he had 
contended. 

Siamese Twins, Cn.iNG and Eng, b. 

Bangesau, on the north-west cornerof the Gulf 
of Siam, 1810. The father was a Chinaman, 
the mother a Siamo-Chinese woman. They 
were brought to the U.S. at the age of 18 by 
Capt. Abel Coffin, and exhibited throughout 
this country and Europe; realized a compe- 
tence; married 2 sisters (mulattoes) in 1842, 
and settled in Surrey Co., N.C. Each has 9 
children. They revisited Europe in 1868-9. 

Sibley, Maj. George Champlain, b. Great 
Barringion, Ms., 1782; d. Elma, Mo., 31 Jan. 
1863. Son of Dr. John, a surgeon in the 
liuvol. war. His youth was spent in N.C. 
Pres. Jefferson app. him an Indian agent, and, 
with 100 Osage warriors, he explored the 
Grand Saline and Salt Mountain, a report of 
which cxped. was pub. Afterward a commiss. 
to lay out a road from Mo. to N. Mexico, and 
made several treaties with the Indians. Many 
years president of the St. Charles Co. Bible 
Society of Mo. ; trustee and patron of Linden- 
wood College. 

Sibley, Henrt H., gen. C.S.A., b. La. 
ab. 1815. West Point, 1838. Entering 2d 
Dragoons, he served in the Fla. war ; became 
capt. Feb. 16, 1847 ; brev. major for gallantry 
at Medellin, Mexico, March 25, 1847 ; Feb. 7, 
1761, became major 1st Dragoons, being then 
in service against the Navajoes in N. Mex- 
ico ; and resigned May 13, 1861. He was app. 
brig.-gen. in the Confed. army, and led a force 
from Texas for the conquest of New Mexico. 
He attacked Fort Craig, Jan. 5, 1862, but was 
repulsed, and obliged to retreat. In 1870 he 
entered the service of the khedive of Egypt as 
gen. of brigade of artillery. 

Sibley, Gen. Henry H., b. Detroit, Mich., 
Feb. 1811. Son of Judge Solomon. Many 
years an Indian trader in the employ of the 
Amer. Fur Company at Mackinaw and Fort 
Snelling ; delegate to Congress from Minne- 
sota Terr, in 1849-53 ; first gov. of Minn, in 
1858 ; brig.-gen. of vols. 29 Sept. 1862; com. 
an exped. against the Minnesota Indians in 
1863; and afterward brev. maj.-gen. of vols. 
Delegate to the Cleveland Soldiers' Conven- 
tion of 1866. 

Sibley, John Langdon, b. Union, Me., 



Dec. 29, 1804. H.U. 1S25. Assist, lib. there 
1825-6 and 1841-56; librarian since 1856; 
ord. at Stow, Ms., May 4, 1829 ; di.sm. Mar. 31, 
1833. Anthor of " History of Union, Me.," 
1851; "Notices of the Triennial Catalogues 
of H.U., with a Ueprint of the Catalogues of 
1674, 1682, and 1700," 1865. In 1837 he be- 
came the editor, and afterward prnpriotor, of 
the American Mag. ofdf irid F I'rrt. KnowL, 
and since 1841 has rdr ; I',; iiial Cata- 

logues of H.U., and : . i - - ^ I i:. Annual 
Catalogues. He is mm (l-;ii :mimui; ])ub. a 
biog. record of the early gjiuluaius ul H.U. 

Sibley, Solomon,' judge, b. button, Ms., 
Oct. 7, 1769; d. Detroit, Apr. 4, 1846. He 
studiedlaw. Removed to Ohio in 1795; estab- 
lished himself first at Marietta, and then atCin- 
cinnati. He removed to Detroit in 1797 ; was 
in 1799 elected to the first Terr, legisl. of the 
N. W. Terr. ; was a delegate to Congress from 
Mich. Terr, in 1820-3; and judge of the 
Supreme Court in 1824-36. 

Sickles, Gen. Daniel E., b. N. Y. City, 
Oct. 20, 1821. U. ofN.Y. He studied law; 
was adm. to the bar in 1844 ; became a mem- 
ber of the legisl. in 1847, and took a prominent 
position among the leaders of the Denioc. party; 
in 1853. he became corporation atty. ; and was 
sec. of legation in Eng. to Mr. Buchanan until 
1855 ; he was then elected State senator, and 
in 1855 a representative in Congress. Feb. 27, 

1859, he killed Philip Barton Key, U.S. dist. 
atty. for D.C., shooting him in the streets of 
Washington, for criminal connection with Mr. 
Sickles's wife. He was tried for murder, but 
acquitted. He was re-elected to Congress in 

1860. In 1861 he raised the Excelsior Brigade 
in New York, and was made colonel. His com- 
mission as brig.-gen. was dated Sept. 3, 1861. 
Ho fou'iht in thcliattles of the Chickahominy 
eaiii; :ii,ii. !ii- li i jade forming part of Hooker's 
di.. I II -' Iman's (.3d) army corps. 
II r I. Hooker's command when 
tlini •■\\\f 1 i'">k the 1st army corps, and led 
that division at Antietam and Fredericks- 
burg. He com. the 3d army corps in the 
battles near Chancellorsville, Va., May 2, 1863 ; 
and at Gettysburg, Pa., where ho lost a leg, 
July 2, 1863. Maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862; col. 
42d Inf. July 28, 1866; retired as maj.-gen. 
Apr. 14, 1869; minister to Spain 1869; now 
(1871) coll. int. rev. 4th dist. Pa. Sec. gen. 
sup. council of Freemasons. Anthor of Ma- 
sonic Monitor, 1864; General Ahiman Rezon 
and Freemason's Guide, 1866. 

Sigel, Gen. Franz, b. Zinsheim, Baden, 
Nov. 18, 1824. Was grad. at the military 
school of Carlsruhe; entered the service of 
Baden ; but in 1 848 resigned, and devoted him- 
self to German unity and republicanism. The 
revol. govt., June. 1, 1848, app. him minister of 
war. After the defeat of Mieroslawski by the 
Prince of Prussia, Sigel, who had taken part 
in these battles, at the head of this beaten and 
dispirited force, by a skilful retreat placed it 
safely within the walls of the fortress of Ras- 
tadt. Upon the flight of the provis. govt., 
Sigel (July 11) withdrew to Switzerland ; ex- 
pelled by the Swiss govt., he came in 1850 to 
New York, taught mathematics in the acad. of 
Dr. Rudolph Dalon, and afterward ra. his dau. 



828 



col. 3il Mo. Vols. L'uder Gcii. Lyon lit; took 
part in the capture of Camp Jauk.son ; was 
sent into S.W. Missouri, June 23 ; fought the 
battle of Canhage, July .5, when, with ab. 1 ,200 
men, he engaged 5,000', upon whom, in retreat- 
ing, he inflicted very severe loss ; took part in 
the battle of Wilson's Creek, and directed the 
retreat from Springfield, arriving at Holla 
Aug. 19. Made brig.-gen., dating from May 
1 7, 1 861 , he commanded a division in Fremont's 
army, which in Oct. pursued the Confederates 
under Price; was again sent to the South-west 
bj' Gen. Halleck, Feb. 1862, commaiuliiig a 
division ; and bore a prominent jiart in the hat- 
tie of Pea Ridge. His relations with Gen. Hal- 
leck, commander of the department, bicoming 



teparti 
ed in 



May, but 



unsatisfactory, he resigm 
made major-gen., dating from March 21, and 
ordered to the com. of Harper's Ferry, where he 
arrived Jime 2. SucceecUng to the com. of 
Fremont's army corps June 26, he sened 
through the campaign of Va. under Gen. Pope ; 
took a prominent part in the second battle of 
Bull Hun, Aug. 29-30; and Sept. 14 was put 
at the head of the 11th army corps. Early in 
Mar. 1864 he was placed in com. of the dept. 
of West Virginia. He was defeated by Gen. 
Breckenridge at New Market 15 May, and was 
relieved of the com. by Gen. Hunter. He 
evacuated Martinsburg 2 July, and on the 3d 
was driven from Leetown, and took a position 
at Maryland Heights. Elected register of N. Y. 
City and Co. Nov. 1871. 

Signay, Joseph, Catholic archbishop of 
Quebec; d. Oct. 3, 1850, a. 71. Made bishop 
in 1833, archbishop in 1844. 

Sigourney, Lydia Howakd Hontley, 

authoress, b. Norwich, Ct., Sept. 1, 1791 ; d. 
Hartford, June 10, 1865. She enjoyed special 
educational advantages. At the age of 18 she 
engaged in teaching a young ladies' school at 
Norwich ; opened a select school at Hartford in 
1814 ; and in 1815 pub. " Moral Pieces in Prose 
and Verse." She early manifested poetic tal- 
ent, and had pub. articles in periodicals. In 
1819 she m. Charles Sigourney, a merchant of 
Hartford. Her poems, generally lyrical, are 
mostly on religious or serious topics ; and her 
publications number 59 vols. In 1840 she vis- 
ited Europe; and in 1842 pub. her "Pleasant 
Memories of Pleasant Lands." She has pub. 
"Traits of the Aborigines," a poem, 1822; 
" Lays from the West," pub. in London ; " A 
Sketch of Connecticut Forty Years Since," a 
prose volume, 1824; "Letters to Young La- 
dies;" "Letters to Mothers;" "Poetry for 
Children ; " " Zinzendorf and Other Poems," 
1835 ; " Pocahontas and Other Poems," 1841 ; 
a choice collection of her miscellaneous poems, 
illustrated by Darley, in 1848 ; " Scenes in my 
Native LanS," 1845; "How to be Happy,'' 
1833 ; " Biography and Writings of Nancy JL 
Hyde," 1816 ; " Select Poems," 1834 ; " Poems 
for the Sea," 1845 ; " Voice of Flowers," 1845 ; 
' "Letters to mv Pupils," 1851 ; "Memoirs of 
Mrs. Harriet N. Cook," 1852; "Past Meri- 
dian." 1855; "The Man of Uz, and other 



Poems," 1862; "Gleanings," 1860; "Selec- 
tions from Various Sources," 1863; and a pos- 
thumous vol.t" Letters of Life," 1866. 

Sill, Gen. Joshua Woodrow, b. Chilli- 
cothe, O., Dec I'. l-:i: lillrd in battle at 
Murfreesboriiiu' 1' "!,'- l'. West Point, 
1853. Son oil; ^ Ml Entering the 
ordnance dept., - i- m-iiLictor at West 

Point 1854-7; reM-nin^ 20 Jan. 1861, he ac- 
cepted the professorship of mathematics and 
civil eng. in the Brooklyn Coll. and Polyt. In- 
stitution. This post he rcsic^ncrt when Sumter 
fell; wasmaili' :i i r nli _ n of O. in May, 
and 27 Aug. r-' ■ ' i "■ , \ ,,;. ; aud was in 
the combat ut I;, M .i i II .Inly, 1861. 
He com. a bri-.i'i' i;i i .. ii liinhrll's ilivision 
in Ky. ; and was made briu.-<;en. 16 July, 
1862, having taken part in the Huntsville ex.- 
ped. and the action at Battle Creek, Tenn. 
When Gen. McCook took com. of an army 
corps, Sill was assigned to the com. of a divis- 
ion, and was in the battle of Perryville 8 Oct., 
the pursuit of Bragg's forces, and the move- 
ment to Nashville. On the re-organization of 
the army under Maj.-Gen. Rosecranz, he was 
placed in com. of a brigade in Sheridan's divis- 
ion. He fell at the head of this brigade, with 
which he had three times checked the furious 
onset of the foe upon the right w^ing on the dis- 
astrous Wednesday of the battle of Stone River. 

Silliman, Benjamin, LL.D. (Mid. Coll. 
1826), physicist, b. N. Stratford, Ct., Aug. 8, 
1779; d. N. Haven, Nov. 24, 1864. Y.C. 1796; 
tutor there 1799-1804. Son of Gold Sellcck 
Silliman. He studied law, and was adm. to the 
bar in 1802 ; app. in 1802 prof, of chemistry in 
Y. C, a science then in its infancy in the U.S. 
After 2 years' study in Phila. with Dr. Wood- 
house, he delivered at N. Haven in 1 804 a par- 
tial course of lectures on chemistry to the stu- 
dents of the coll. ; in the winter of 1805 ho gave 
his first full course of lectures, and then visited 
Europe to prosecute his studies ; after an ab- 
sence of 14 months he resumed his professor- 
shii). He pub. "Journal of Travels in Eng- 
land, Holland, and Scotland in 1803-6," pub. in 
1810 (2 vols. 8vo) and in 1820 (3 vols. 12mo). 
Soon after liis return he made a geological sur- 
vey of a part of Ct., which is believed to hare 
been the first of these explorations made in the 
U.S. He pub. a full account of a meteorite of 
great size and splendor, which in Dec. 1807 
threw oil' large fragments in the town of Wes- 
ton, Ct. In 1813 he pub. in the "Memoirs of 
the Ct. Acad, of Ai-ts and Sciences " an account 
of his experiments with the oxy-hydrogen blow- 
pipe of Dr. Hare, by which he had greatly ex- 
tended the list of bodies known to be fusible. 
In 1818 Prof. Silliman founded the American 
Journal of Science and Art, of which for 20 years 
he was sole, and for 8 years more senior, editor. 
In 1838 his son Benjamin, jun., became asso- 
ciated with him in editing the work ; and in 
1846 it was transferred by the senior editor to 
Profs. J. D. Dana and B. Silliman, jun. Prof. 
S. was a frequent lecturer upon chemistry and 
geology in most of the populous towns and 
cities of the Union. In 1 830 he pub. a text- 
book on Chemistry, 2 vols. ; and in 1829 an 
edition of Bakewell's Geology, with Notes. 
An "Account of a Joui-ney between Hartford 



SIL 



829 



SIM 



and Quebec" appeared from his pen in 1820. 
He spent 6 months of 1851 in Europe, and in 
1853 pub. "A Visit to Europe in 1851," 2 vols. 
12mo. In 1853 he resigned his professorship, 
and was made prof, emeritus ; but at the request 
of his colleagues he continued to lecture on ge- 
ology till June, 1855, when he gave his closing 
academic course. lie was a member of numer- 
ous American and European scientific societies. 
— See Life of SilVman by Prof. Geo. P. Fisher, 
2 vols. 8vo,'l866. 

Silliman, Benjamin, Jun., M.D. (U. of 
S.C. 1849), phvsicist, son of the preceding, li. 
New Haven, Ct., Dec. 4, 1816. Y.C. 1837. lie 
was an instructor at Yale in chemistry, miner- 
alogy, and geology in 1838-47, and in 1842 
opened a laboratory for instruction in analyti- 
cal chemistry; in 1846 he was app. prof, of 
chemistry applied to the arts in the scientilic 
school of the coll., which he was chiefly instru- 
mental in organizing. He became assoc. editor 
of the ./oumal of Science with his father in 1838, 
and in 1846 was assoc. with Prof. Dana as edi- 
tor and proprietor. In 1849-54 he was prof, 
of medical chemistry and toxicology in the U. 
of Louisville, Ky. ; and in 1854 sitcceeded his 
father as prof, of chemistry in Y.C, which po- 
sition he now holds. In 1 853 he had charge 
of the depts. of chemistry, mineralogy, and ge- 
ology in the Crystal-Palace Exhibition in New 
York, and, in connection with Mr. C. B. Good- 
rich, prepared the " Illustrated Record " and 
the " Progress of Science and Art " then pub. 
In 1851 he visited Em-ope with his father, and 
prepared from his notes the " Visit to Europe," 
pub. in 1853. He was several years sec. of the 
Araer. A.ssociation for the Advancement of 
Science, and had charge of the publication of 
its "Proceedings." He is well known as a lec- 
turer on scientific topics. Besides about 60 
papers in the .Toiimal of Science, he has pub. 
"First Principles of Chemistry," 1846, revised 
in 1856; and "Principles of Physics," 1858.— 
Appleton. 

Silliman, Gold Selleck, b. nciir Fair- 
field, Ct., ab 1730; d. there July, 1790. Y.C. 
1752. A lawyer on the breaking-out of tlie 
Revol., and a col. of local ciiv.nlry, he sen-ed as 
brig.-gen., and during most of the war charged 
with the defence of the south-western fronliorof 
Ct. adjoining N.Y. He served in the battle of 
Long Island at the head of his rcgt., and at 
White Plains; and was very efficient in re- 
pelling the raid on Danbury in 1777. Cap- 
tured by a party of Tories, May 1, 1779, and 
held captive one year. Father of Prof. Silli- 
man. 

Silsbee, Joshua S., comedian, the first to 
introduce Yankee characterizations into Eng., 
b. Litchfield, Ct., Jan. 4, 1S15; d. San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., Dee. 22, 1855. Made his debut in 
the winter of 1837 in Natchez, Mpi. Sept. 23, 
1851, he opened at the Adclphi, London, as 
Jonathan Plonghboy. 

Silsbee, Nathaniel, senator, and mer- 
chant of Salem, Ms., b. Essex Co., 1773; d. 
Salem, July 1, 1850. His father Nathaniel 
was a shipmaster in the employ of E. H. Der- 
by of Salem. The son amassed a fortune by 
honorable d>'aling; frequently served in each 
branch of the State legisl. ; in 1823-6 was pres. 



of the State senate ; M.C. 1816-20; and was a 
U. S. senator in 1826-35. 

Simcook, John, Quaker preacher ; d. Ches- 
ter Co., Pa., Jan. 27, 1703. He was 40 years 
a minister, and was endowed with great wis- 



Hc 

s opinions, both by 
goods. He settled 
wns aetivc in en- 

" K''\:\i in the ti-ue 
liiHt him 



1752; d. 



dom and spiritual di; 
great sutl'crer in Eng. for h 
imprisonment, and loss of 
early in Chester Co., P:i. ; 
deavoring to recover ('• "i 
faith, and afterward in 
and his party. — (.'</'. 

Simcoe, John Ghw \ 
gen., b. near Exeter, Eng 
Torbay, 26 Oct. 1806. His father, a capt. in 
the navy, was killed at Quebec during its siege 
by Wolfe. He entered the army an ensisjn in 
1770, and, on the breaking-out of the Amer. 
war, purchased a company in the 40;h Foot, 
which regt. he com. at the battle of Brandy- 
wine, where he %vas wounded, as also at Mon- 
mouth. He raised a battalion called the 
Queen's Rangers, drilled and disciplined in a 
superior manner for light and active service, 
and with which he performed important ser- 
vices to the royal cause in the South. Clinton 
gave him, 23 June, 1779, the local rank of liout.- 
col. In Oct. 1779, while on an exped. to de- 
stroy some boats, he was taken prisoner, and 
narrowljf escaped death. His corps was con- 
stantly m advance of the army, and performed 
a series of gallant, skilful, and successful en- 
terprises. Simeoe w.is included in the capitu- 
lation at Yorktown. A "Journal" of his 
campaigns, printed only for his friends, was 
reprinted 8vo, N.Y., 1844. After the war, the 
corps was disbanded, and the officers ]!aced on 
half-pay. Gov. of Upper Canada in 1 79 1 -4, ho 
retained his old enmity against the U.S., and, 
if he did not promote, certainly did nothing 
to prevent, Indian hostilities on our borders. 
Col. 18 Nov. 1790; maj.-gen. 3 Oct. 1794; 
lieut.-gen. 3 Oct. 1798; gov. and com.-in-chi;;f 
of St. Domingo, Dec. 1796-.July, 1797, and ex- 
erted himself sneeessfuUy to oppose the French, 
and to estalilish the financial and other inter- 
ests of the Colony. 

Silniti^re, I'ierre Eugene du, painter 
and antiqunrv, b. Geneva; d. Phila. 1788. 
A.M. of N.J." Coll. 1781. From 1760 to his 
death he practised his profession in Phila. ; 
painted miniatures in water-colors, and was 
also a collector of specimens of natural history. 
He had many of his portraits engraved in 
Paris, among them Washington, Arnold, Silas 
Deane, Gates, Laurens, Huntington, Morris, 
Steuben, Charies Thomson, Gerard, and Jos. 
Reed. He was an ardent patriot and a well- 
informed man, and collected materials for a 
Hi«t. of the Amer. Revolution. 

Simmons, George Frederick, clergy- 
man, b. Boston, Mar. 24, 1814; il. Concord, 
Ms., Sept. 5, 1855. H.U. 1832. Son of Judge 
Wm. of Boston, who d. 1843. He was disting. 
for brilliiint scholarship, and was ord. Oct. 9, 
1838. lie preached at Mobile, Ala., in 1838- 
40; at Waltham, Ms., in 1841-5; and at 
S]jiingfield in 1848-51 (each of which places 
his antislavery preaching and opinions caused 
him to leave), and afterward in Albany. He 
was twice in Europe, — once (on graduation) as 



830 



SIIVI 



a tutor in a private family ; and again in 184.3-5, 
when he went to Germany, and studied theolo- 
gy. A vol. of his sermons was pub. 1855. 

Simmons, James F., senator, h. Little 
Conipton, R. I., Sept. 10, 1795; d. Johnson, 
R. I., July 14, 1864. A farmer and manufac- 
turer. A member of the Gen. As.sembly in 
1828-41 ; U.S. senator in 1841-7, and ayain 
in 1857-63. 

Simmons, John, merchant of Boston, b. 
Little Compton, R. I., Oct. 1796; d. there 29 
Aug. 1870. By his will he provided for the 
founding of the " Simmons Female Coll.," for 
the education of indigent young women. 

Simms, Jeptha Root, b. Canterbury, 
Ct., 1 807. Author of "History of Schoharie 
Co., N.Y.," 8vo, 1845; "The American Spy, 
Nathan Hale," 8vo, 1846; "Trappers of N.Y.," 
1850. Contrib. to periodicals. — AlUhone. 

Simms, Wm. Gilmore, LL.D., author, b. 
Charleston, S.C., Apr. 17, 1806 ; d. there June 
11, 1870. His father was of Irish descent. At 
tlie age of 7 he Iw^an to write verses. Owing 
to the liniiteil means of Iiis family and a sickly 
cliiUihiiod, his early education was slight. Af- 
ter a ckrkship of several years in a store in 
Charleston, he at 18 began to study law. At 
20 he m. Was adm. to the bar in 1828, -which 
ho quitted after a year's practice, and became 
editor, and part proprietor, of the Charleston 
Citi/ Gazette, which, favoring the Union dur- 
ing the nullification excitement, became a 
losing concern, and in 1832 left Mr. Simms 
nearly penniless. Losing by death, about this 
time, his grandmother, father, and wife, he 
came north, and passed the summer at Hing- 
ham, Ms., where he finished the longest and 
bestof bis imaginative poems " Atalantis" (N. 
Y. 1833). He had previously pub. a " Mono- 
dy on the Death of Charles C. Pinckney," 
1825; 2 vols, of Poems, and "Early Lays," 
1827 ; " Vi^ion of Cortes, Cain, and other Po- 
ems," 1829; and in 1830 "The Tricolor, or 
Three Days of Blood in Pans." His other 
poetical works are " Southern Passages and 
Pictures," 1839 ; " Donna Anna," 1843 ; 
" Grouped Thoughts and Scattered Fancies," 
1845; "Lays of the Palmetto," 1848; "Po- 
ems," 2 vols. 1854; " Areytos, or Songs and 
Ballads of the South," 1860 ; and in 1867 edit- 
ed " War Poetry of the South." He also pro- 
duced two dramas, " Norman Maurice," and 
" Michael Bonham, or the Fall of the Alamo ; " 
and adapted Shakspeare's " Timon of Athens " 
for the stage, with numerous additions of his 
own. He is best known by his romances, 
founded upon local or revol. history. His nov- 
els are "Martin Faber;" a m^/ame entitled 
" The Book of My Lady," 1833 ; "'Carl Wer- 
ner," 1838 ; " Confession, or the Blind Heart," 
1842; "Castle Dismal," 1845; "The Wig- 
wam and the Cabin," 1845-6 ; " Marie de Ber- 
niere," 1853; " The Yemassee," 1835; " Pela- 
yo," 1838, and its .sequel, "Count Julian," 1845; 
"The Damsel of Darien," 1845; "The Lily 
and the Totem," " The Maroon and Other 
Tales," 1855; " Vasconcelos," 1867; "The 
Cassique of Kiawah," 1860 ; " The Partisan," 
1835; " Mellichampe," 1836, and " Katherine 
Walton," 1851 ; " The Scout," originally pub. 
as the "Kinsmen," 1841; "Woodcraft," ori- 



ginally entitled " The Sword and the Distaff," 
" The Forayers, a Raid of the Dogdays," 1855, 
and its Sequel, "Eutaw," 1856; " Guy Kivers," 
18.34; "Richard Hurdis," 1838; "Border 
Beagles," 1840; "Beauchampe," 1842 ; "Hel- 
en Halsey," 1845 ; " The Golden Christmas," 
1852; and " Charlemont, or the Pride of the 
Village," 1856. His hist, and biog. works are 
a "Hist, of S.C. ;" " S.C. in the Revol.," 
1854 ; and Lives of Marion, Capt. John Smith, 
Chevalier Bayard, and Gen. Greene; also a 
" Geography of S.C," and a number of arti- 
cles on the " Civil Warfare of the South," and 
the"Amer. Loyalists of the Revol.," pub. in the 
South. Lit. Messenger and Quarterly Review. His 
other works are, " Views and Reviews in Amer. 
Literature ; " " Egeria," a collection of apho- 
risms ; " Father Abbot, or the Home Tourist, 
a Medlev," "Southward Ho!" 1854; "The 
Morals of Slavery," &c. He also edited, whh 
notes, the 7 dramas ascribed to Shakspeare, 
but not pub. among his works, under the title 
of " A Suijplcmcnt to Shakspeare's Plays," 
and contril). much to periodical literature, be- 
sides delivering occasional orations. Many of 
the biographies of South Carolinians in the 
New Amer. Cyclop, are from his pen. He re- 
sided on his plantation of woodlands near 
Midway, S.C. A uniform edition of his works 
was pub. by Redtield, in N.Y., in 19 vols. 

Simonds, William, b. Cluirlcstown, M.s., 
Sept. 1822; d. Winchester, Ms., Julv 7, 1859. 
Established the SatunUu/ Ramhkr in 1846, and 
was editorially connected widxlhe N.E. Farmer, 
in which the Rambler was merged in Dec. 
1850, until his death. In 1848-9 he pub. and 
edited the Pictorial Kational Library, monthly. 
Author of the "Aimwell Stories," 6 vols., and 
other juvenile books. 

Simonson, John S., brev. brig.-gcn. U.S. 
A., b. Pa. Served in Dobbins's regt. N.Y. 
vols.; in campaign on the Niagara 1814. A 
resident of Clark Co., Ind., since 1817. 
Member of both branches of the legisl. ; speak- 
er of the house in 1845. App. capt. mounted 
rifles. May 27, 1846 ; brev. nuij. for battle of 
Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847, in which he was 
wounded ; com. bis regt. on the fall of Loring, 
and disting. in attack on De Belcn Gate ; maj. 
mounted rifles 1853; col. 3d Cavalry, May 13, 
1861 ; retired Sept. 28, 1861. Bicv. brig.- 
gen. for long and faithful service in the army 
13 Mar. 1865. 

Simpson, Ed.mcnd, actor and manager, 
b. 1784; d. New Y'ork, July 31, 1848. Made 
his d^ut in Towcester, England, in May, 1806 ; 
at the Park, New York, Oct. 22, 1809, as 
Harry Dornlon in " Road to Ruin." Manager 
ofthePark Theatre from 1810 to June 5, 1848. 
While playing Faustus, in 1828, he broke one 
of his legs, causing permanent lameness. Re- 
tired from the stage in 18.13, and last appeared 
in 1841 as Dazzle in "London Assurance." 

Simpson, Sir nEnr.GK, gov. of the Hud- 
Son's Bay Co.. I. i;.>.. -:,n-. , S. ..t' ind, ab. 
1796; d. Montiv:,! v ,; - , r ,, iso9 

to 1820he wa> ■ i i_ n m ;.,n-Miits 

in London, wIidi ii. v,.,- . iii|,,..i. u ;.» ihr KaH 
of Selkirk, who was engaged in loiuiding in 
Canada the Red-river Settlement, to take the 
lead in the operations of the company; with 



831 



SKK 



whom, in 1820, he s.ailcd from Eng., and in 
May left Montreal for the Nortli-west. Set- 
tling at Lake Athabasca, he carried on a great 
competition with the North-west Co. ; but in 
1821 the two coalesced, when he was app. gov.- 
in-chief of Kupert's Land, and gen. supt. of all 
the Hudson's Bay Co.'s affairs. He planned 
in 1836 the exped., under his nephew Thomas 
Simpson, to connect the discoveries of Captains 
Ross and Buck, evincing such forethought and 
zeal, that the expedition was perfectly success- 
ful. It lasted 3 years, and traced the arctic 
coast of America from the mouth of the Mac- 
kenzie River to Point Barrow, and from the 
mouth of the Coppermine River to the Gulf of 
Boothia. For these services he was knighted 
by the queen in 18,55. He soon after made an 
overland journey round the world, of which he 
pub.averyinterestingnarrative, Lond. 8vo,1847.. 

Simpson, Henry ; d. Phila. 1868, a. 77. 
Member of the legisl. of Pa., and aiipraiser of 
the port of Phila. Author of " The Lives 
of Eminent Philadelphians," Svo, 1859. — 
Allilione. 

Simpson, James H., brig.-gen., and col. 
of engineer corps U.S.A., b. N.J. ab. 1812. 
West Point, 18.-!2. A.M. of N.J. Coll. 1848. 
Entering the 3d Art., he was aide to Gen. 
Eustis in the Florida war 1837-8; 1st lieut. 
topog. cngrs. 7 July, 1838 ; capt. 3 March, 
1853; maj. engr. corps 3 Mar. 1863; lieut.- 
col. June, 1863 ; col. 7 March, 1867 ; col. 4th 
N. J. Vols. 12 Aug. 1861, and in the Peninsu- 
lar campaign ; was engaged at West Point and 
Gaines's Mills, where he was captured 27 June, 
1862 ; chief eng. dept. of the Ohio Aug. 1862 
to June, 1865; brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 
1865. Author of "Journal of a Military Re- 
connoissance from Santa Fe to the Nav:ijo 
Country in 1849," Svo, 1852 ; " Shortest Route 
to California," 8vo, 1869 ; " Report on the 
U. P. Railroad and Branches," 8vo, 1865. — 
Cidhim. 

Simpson, Mathew, D. D. (Wesl. U. 

1841), bishop M.E. Church, b. Cadiz, O., 21 
June, 1810. Madison Coll. 1829; M.D. 1833. 
While an infant he lost his father, and the care 
of his education devolved upon his mother. 
Though he had studied medicine, yet he felt it 
his duty to preach; was licensed as a local 
preacher; ord. deacon in 1835, and elder in 
1837; w.as pres. of the Ind. Ash. U. in 1839-41 ; 
vice-pres. of Alleghany Coll. 1841-51, and prof. 
of natural science; app. in 1848 editor of the 
Western Christian Advocate; elected bishop in 
1852. The intimate personal friend of Fres. 
Lincoln, he contributed greatly by his zeal and 
eloquence to sustain the cause of the Union in 
the great civil war. 

Simpson, Gen. Michael, who served in 
Arnold's Quebec exped. in 1775 ; d. near Har- 
risbnrg. Pa., June 15, 1813, a. 80. 

Simpson, Stephen, editor, b. Phila. July 
24, 1789 ; d. Aug. 17, 1854. George his 
father was cashier of the Bank of the U. S., 
and afterward of Girard's Bank. Under the 
signature of "Brutus," Stephen wrote against 
the U.S. Bank for the Aurora. He was with 
his bro. George engaged in the battle of New 
Orleans ; was chief editor and proprietor of the 
Portico; and in 1822, with John Conrad, edited 



the Cohmlian Obsen:er, in the interest of Gen. 
Jackson. He wrote "A Life of Stephen 
Girard," 12mo, 1832, and many other works. 
Contrih. to the Philadelphia Book. — Simpxoii. 

Sims, Clifford Stanley, b. Pa. 17 Feb. 
1839. Adm. to Phila. bar 1860. Now (1871) 
U. S. consul at Preston, Ontario (Dom. of 
Can.). Author of " Stemmata Rosellana," 
1859; "Origin and Significance of Scottish 
Surnames," Svo, 1862; "Hist, of the N.J. 
Soc. of the Cincinnati," Svo, 1866. Contrib. 
to " Heroes and Martyrs," and the N.E. Geneal. 
and Hist. Reg., &c. — Allibone. 

Sims, Ret. Edward Dromgoole, scholar, 
b. Brunswick Co., Va., March 24, 1805; d. 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., April 13, 1845. U. of N.C. 
1824. Tutor there in 1825-7 ; subsequently 
principal of an acad. at La Grange, Ala. ; and, 
when the coll. was established there, was elected 
prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. At a, 
later period he was prof, of languages in Ran- 
dolph Macon Coll. In 1836 he made a Euro- 
pean tour, and spent nearly two years in the 
U. of Hallo ; prof, of English lit. U. of Ala. 
1841-5. 

Sinclair, Arthur, capt. U.S.N., b. Va. 
ab. 1780; d. Norfolk, Va., 7 Feb. 1831. Mld- 
shipm. under Cora. Truxton at the capture of 
the French frigate " L'Insurgente," 1 Feb. 
1799 ; lieut. 10 Jan. 1807 ; com. 2 July, 1812 ; 
capt. 24 July, 1813. 

Sinnickson, Thomas, Revol. soldier and 
judge, b. Salem Co., N. J., 1745; d. there May 
15, 1817. Received a classical education, and 
was bred a merchant. Member of the fir.st 
Prov. Congress in 1775. He served in the 
Revol. war, at the battles of Trenton and 
Princeton as capt. ; was for many years a 
member of the council and assembly o"f N. J., 
and pres. judge of the C.C.P. ; member of the 
first Congress 1789-91, and again in 1797-9. 

Sitgreaves, John, Revol. patriot ; d. 
Halifax, N.C, March 4, 1802. He resided at 
Newhern ; was a lieut. in 1776; was aide to 
Caswell at the battle of Camden, Aug. 1780; 
member Old Congress 1784-5 ; member legisl. 
1786-9; and U.S'. dist. judge 1789-1802. 

Skene, Col. Philip; d. Oct. 9, 1810, 
near Stoke Goldington, Bucks, Eng. Grand- 
son of John Skene of Halyards in Fifeshire, 
Scotland. He entered the army in 1739, and 
served in the exped. against Portobello; in 
1741 was at the taking of Carthagena; and 
was also .at the battles of Fontenoy, Cullodcn, 
and LofTeldt. He came to Amer. in 1756; Feb. 
2, 1757, became capt. 27th Regt. ; was wounded 
in the attack on Ticonderoga, July, 1758; was 
app. raaj. of brigade 31 July, 1759 ; and in Oct. 
following was left in charge of Crown Point, 
and projected a settlement at Wood Creek and 
South Bay, at the head of Lake Champlain ; 
in 1762 he accomp. the exped. against Marti- 
nico and Havana, and was one of the first to 
enter the breach at the storming of the Moro 
Castle. On his return to N.Y. in 1763 he re- 
newed his efforts to complete his settlement at 
Wood Creek, for which a patent was granted 
March, 1765, and it was formed into a town- 
ship under the name of Skenesborough ; and in 
1770 he established his residence there. In 
June, 1775, he was arrested at Phila. as a loy- 



832 



SLA 



alist; was cxchans^'d in Oct. 1776; 



accomp. 



Burgoyne's exped. ; was with Baum in his 
ped. and defeat at Bennington ; and ho was 
taken prisoner at Saratoga. In 1779 he was 
attainted, and his property confiscated by the 
legislature of New York. 

Skinner, Charles W., commo. U.S.N., 
b. Me.; d. Richmond, Va., Nov. 15, 1860. 
Alidshipm. 1809; liout. July 24, 1813; com. 
Mar. 3, 1827 ; capt. Feb. 9, 1837 ; retired 1S55. 

Skinner, Coktlaxdt, a loyalist brig.-gen. 
of the Revol.; d. Bristol, Eng., 1799, a. 71. 
His mother was a dau. of Stephen Van Cort- 
landt, and he was therefore cousin to Gen. De 
Lancey. Was atty.-gcn. of N.J. in 1775, and 
in the performance of his official duties evinced 
both ability and integrity. He organized 3 
battalions, called the N. J. Volunteers. At 
the pea:^^e he went to Eng., where he received 
compensation for losses as a loyalist. One of 
his daughters m. Sir Wm. Robinson, commiss.- 
gen. in the British army. Another m. Field- 
Marshal Sir George Nugent. His son Philip 
Keabxey, lieut.-gen. British army, b. Ambov, 
N. J., d. Lond. Apr. 9, 1826. He entered the 
service as ensign 1st N.J. Vols, (loyalist); was 
made prisoner in the exped. to Ostend ; served 
in Ireland, E. and W. Indies, and Spain ; and 
attained rank of lieut.-gcn. in 1 825. — Sabine. 

Skinner, John, an English lieut.-gen., b. 
N.J. ; d. Eng. Oct. 10, 1827. Entered the ser- 
vice as ensign 16th Regt. Sept. 4, 1772; capt. 
70th, June 10, 1778. In the campaignsof 1779- 
81 he was at the actions of Beautbrt and Stono 
Ferry, the defence of Savannah against Lin- 
coln and D'Estaing, the successful siege of 
Charleston; and com. a ti-oop in Col. Tarle- 
ton's Legion in the battles of Blackstocks, Cow- 
pens, and Guilford. In 1795, reducing the re- 
volted Maroons to submission, he saved .la- 
maica from the fate of St. Domingo; in 1804 
he com. the 16th Regt. in the exped. against 
Surinam; and afterwards, while major-gen., 
acted as gov. in succession of St. Martin's, 
Santa Cruz, and Guadaloupe in the W. Indies, 
at the capture of which latter island, in 1810, 
he com. a brigade, and for that senice received 
a gold medal. 

Skinner, Johx STnART, writer on agri- 
culture, b. Md. Feb. 12, 1788; d. Baltimore, 
Mar. 21, 1851. Adm. to the bar in 1809. lie 
was agt. of the govt, to conduct some negotia- 
tions with the British forces in Chesapeake 
Bay in 1812, and, removing to Baltimore in 
the fall of 1 813, held the olllce of postmaster of 
that dry 1822-37. He began in 1819 the i)ub. 
of the Old Amer. Farmer, — the first periodical 
in the U.S. devoted solely to agriculture ; and 
was the first to propose and organize the agric. 
shows in the Middle and Southern Stales. 
Third assist, postmaster-gen. 1841-5. He sub- 
sequently edited the Amer. Turf Register, tlio 
Farmer's Library and Affric. Journal, and from 
1848 a nKinthly journal called The Plotiijli, ike 
Loom, and the Anvil. Member of many foreign 
agric. societies. He received a vote of thanks 
from the Chilian Congress for services rendered 
them in their struggle for indep. Author of 
"A Christmas Gift to Young Agriculturists," 
8vo, 1841; "The Dog and the Sportsman," 
1845; "Letter on Nautical Education," 1841. 



— See Memoir of, b,j B. P. Poore, in the P., L., 
and A., -July, 1854. 

Skinner, Otis Ainsworth, D.D., Univ. 
clergyman and author, b. Royalton, Vt., July 
3, 1807 ; d. N'apionille, 111., Sept. 18, 1861. At 
19 he began teaching school and preaehin^ ; 
settled in" Baltimore in 1831 ; in Haverhill in 
1836; over the 5th Society in Boston, Jan. 26, 
1837 ; over the Orehard-st. Society, N.Y. City, 
in 1846 ; over his old society in Boston from 
Jan. 1, 1849, to April, 1857, when he settled in 
Elgin, 111. ; Aug. 1857 became pres. of Lom- 
bard U., Galcsburg, 111. ; and in Oct. 1858 be- 
came pastor of the society at Joliet, 111. In 
Baltimore he edited a religious paper, the South- 
em Pioneer ; in Haverliill, the Gospel Sun ; in 
Boston, the Universatist Miscdlany, a monthly 
mag. He pub. " Universalism Illustrated and 
Defended," "Doctrinal Sermons," "Letters 
on the Knapp Excitement," " Letters to Par- 
ents," and " Family Worship." He was an 
eiricient worker in the cause of temperance, of 
education, and other reforms. — See Lfe h» T. 
B. Thaya; 8vo, 1861. 

Skinner, Richard, LL.D. (Midd. Coll. 
1817), statesman and jurist, b. Litchfield, Ct., 
May 30, 1778 ; d. Manchester, Vt., May 23, 
1833. Son of Gen. Timothy. Educated at 
the Litchf. Law School. Adm. to the bar of 
Litchfield Co. in 1800, and passed the remain- 
der of his life in Manchester, Vt. He soon be- 
came the ablest lawyer in the State ; was. app. 
in 1801 State-atty. for Bennington Co.; wasm 
1806-12 judge of probate; was M.C. 1813-15; 
app. assoc. judge of the Sup. Court in 1815; 
chiefjuaticeiul816; in 1818 was elected a mem- 
ber, and subsequently speaker, of the h. of rep- 
resentatives ; gov. in 1820-3 ; and ag.".in chief 
justice in 1 824-9. He was an officer of various 
local benevolent associations, and pres. of the 
N. E. branch of the Amer. Education Society. 

Skinner, Thomas Harvey, D. U. ( Wms. 
Coll. 1820). LL. D. (1855), clergyman, b. Har- 
vey's Neck, N.C., Mar. 7, 179U N.J. Coll. 
1809. He began the study of law, but was li- 
censed to preach in Dec. 1812, and ord. June 
1813 as co-pastor of the 2d Presh. Church in 
Phila. In 1816 he was settled over the 5th 
(New-School) Presb. Church, Phila. ; in 1832 
he became prof, of sacred rhetoric in Andover 
Theol. Sem. ; in 1835 pastor of the Mercer-st. 
Presb. Church, N.Y. ; aiul was in 1848-71 
prof, of Siicred rhetoric and jjastoral theology 
in the Union Theol. Sem. there. In 1836 he 
pub. " The Religion of the Bible," " Preach- 
ing and Hearing," and " Hints to Christians," 
and in 1854 translations of Vinet's "Homi- 
leties " and " Pastoral Theology." He has also 
pub occasional discourses, Religious Life of 
F. Markoe, " Thoughts on Evangelizing the 
World," and " Discussions in Theologv," 8vo, 
1868. Died Feb. 1, 1871. 

Slack, Elijah, M.D., LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 
1863), Presb. clergyman, b. Bucks Co., Pa., 
1784; d.Cincin., 0,29 May, 1866. N.J. Coll. 
1808. Principal of Trenton Acad. 1808-12; 
viee-prcs. and prof, of math, and philos. N. J. 
Coll. 1812-17; removeil to Cincin. ; was at 
one time prof, of chemistry in Ohio Med. Coll. ; 
in the fall of 1837 removed to Brownsville, 
Tenn., where he established a high school of 



833 



SLO 



great excellence, and returned to Cincin. in 
1844 ; pres. of the Coll. of Cincinnati. 

Slade, William, gov. of Vt. 1844-6, ti. 
Cornwall, Vt., May 9, 1786; d. Middlebury, 
Vt.Jan IS, is:-,n. Mid. Coll. 1807. He com- 
mon. ■.■,! til.' pia-ti.-i- ofjaw at Middlebury, Vt., 
in I '-Ml; mil ill 1814-15 pnh. and edited the 
r„„,-,', ,:, /',/' I/, in cnnnootion with book«cll- 



ihe Seminole w;\r, tinl .vn^ i^-i^t. pmf. of 
ethics and inathrm !■ - <• H' I'lrint in 18J5- 
9. When the ]!■ nr, he com. a 

small garrison ;it I , : M 1, , . .I.m. 10, ISGl, 
he threw hitnscll iiuu Id;; I'ukein, which he 
successfully held until relieved by Col. Brown, 
thus preserving the kev to the Gulf of Mexico ; 
maj. 16th Inf May 14, 1861; bri-.-gi-ii, of 



siuiic.l liic iji.micc ,.l l.,H 111 .Mi.ldit.l.m-v in 
1829; was state's attv. in 1S30-1 for Addi- 
son Co.; M.C. in 18.'3I-4.1 ; in 1844 was re- 
porter of the Supreme Court of Vt ; in 1846- 
58 he was sec. of the National Board of popu- 
lar education. In 1823 he pub. the " Vermont 
State Papers," a valual)le compilation. In 
1825 he compiled the statutes of Vt. ; and in 
1844 the Vermont Rciiorts. vol, n\-. He also 
wrote many pamphlets. — 11/ t M^i;.. iii. n."i. 

Slater, Samuel, the failnr ..f .■nrtnn 
manuf. in the U.S., h. B(l|.ri', In- , .Imir 9, 
1768; d. Webster, M^ , .Ni r ■:>< l^:' Tli- 
son of a farmer. Ili'i' i . i : . < I - InnntiMii, 
and served his aj.i.i r : • niii ,l.-.!r,iiali 
Strutt, the partnrr ••• .\m,imij;i llavin- 
completed his term ol service, lie sailed tor New 
York, Nov. 13, 1789. In the ensuing Jan. he 
proceeded to Pawtucket, R.I., where he started 
in Dec. 1790 the first successful cotton-mill in 
the U.S. The restrictions of his govt, prevent- 
ed his taking with him any patterns or draw- 
ings ; and ho was compelled to rely entirely 
upon his memory for carrying his plans into 
effect in all their complicated variety. Not 
only was he compelled to prepare all the plans 
in the several departments of the process of 
manufacturing, but also to construct with his 
own hands the different kinds of machinery, 
whether of wood, iron, brass, tin, or leather; 
or else teach others how to do it. Later in life, 
Mr. Slater also became interested in the wool- 
len and iron manufactures, and acquired great 
wealth, A Memoir, bv Geo. S. White, was 
pub. Phila. 8vo, 1836. ' 

Slaughter, Gabbiel, gov. of Ky. 1816- 
20, b. Va..ab. 1767 ; d. Mercer Co., Ky., Sept. 
19, 1830. An early emig to Ky. ; was a skil- 
ful and successful farmer, and was frequently 
chosen to the State legisl. At the battle of New 
Orleans he was col. of a Ky. regt., and receivetl 
the thanks of the legisl. He was chosen lieut.- 
gov. ; but, on the death of Gov. Madison, the 
chief magistracy devolved on him. 

Sleeper, John SiiEKEnRNE, b. Tyngs- 
borough, Ms,, 21 Sept. 1794. For 22 years a 
sailor and shipmaster in the merchant-.scrvice 
from Boston ; connected with the N.fl. Nncs- 
Lfller, Exeter, 1831-2 ; the Lou-ell Dailii .lour- 
rujil 1833; and editor of the Boston Journal 
1834-54; mayor of Roxbury, 
Author of '■ Tales of the Ocean," 
water Bubbles," 1854; "Jack 
castle," 1860; "Mark Rowland 
addresses, &c. — Allihone. 

Slemmer, Gen. Adam J., b. Montgom- 
ery Co., Ha., ab. 1828; d. Fort Laramie, Ks., 
Oct. 7, 1868. West Point. 1850. Entering 
the 1st Art., he ^^»ls promoted for gallantry in 
63 



42; "Salt- 
the Fore- 
1807; also 



col, 4tli Inf. Fell. 8, 1SG4; 1-3 Mar. 1805, brev. 
col, and brig.-gen. 

Slidell, John, lawyer and senator, b. N.Y. 
City ab. 1793 ; d. Lond. July 29, 1871. Col. 
Coll. 1810. He established himself as a 
lawyer in N. Orleans, and practised with snc- 
cess. U.S.dist.-atty.in 1829-33; was frequent- 
ly elected to the State legisl., and was M.C. in 
1843-5; in 1845 ho was app. by Mr. Polk min- 
ister to Mexico; in 1853 was elected to the 
U.S. senate, and was re-elected in 1859. Ho 
spoke rarely, but served on important com- 
niitrne^, anii ixerfed great influence, lie was a 
strrnmiiis sii|niorter of the doctrines of the 
Soiiiln rn-ri-jits p.arty, and after La. had passed 
the ordinance of secession, in Jan. 1 861 , he with- 
drew (Feb. 4) from the senate. In the fall of 
1861 he was sent as a commiss. to Franco, to- 
gether with Mr. Mason of Va. Embarking Irom 
Havana in the English mail-steamer " Trent," 
they were both arrested (Nov. 8) by Capt. 
Wilkes of the U.S. frigate "San Jacinto," 
and confined in Fort Warren, Boston harbor. 
Released on the reclamation of the British 
gort., he sailed for Eng. Jan. 1, 1862, where 
he resided until his death. 

Sloan (sldn), Samuel, architect, b. Chester 
Co., Pa., 7 Mar. 1815. Establishing himself 
in Phila., he designed many important edifices, 
among them the Blockley Hospital for the In- 
sane, Phila., and the State Insane Hospital, 
Montgomery, Ala. He pub. " Model Architect," 
1850-1; "City and Suburban Architectur,\" 
1859; "Home"stcad Architecture," 1860; and 
"Constructive Architecture," 4to. In 1868 
he began the Architectural Review. — Thomas. 

Sloat, John Drake, rear-admiral U.S.N., 
b. New York 1780; d. New Brighton, Staten 
Island, Nov. 28, 1867. He entered the navy as 
sailing-master, Feb. 12, 1800; was honorably 
discharged in 1801; re-app. Jan. 10, 1812; 
made lieut. Julv 24, 1813 ; master com. Mar. 
21, 1826; capt." Feb. 9, 1837; commo. (retired 
list) July 16, 1862 ; and rear-adm. July, 1866, 
He was in the action of " Th'^ Uni.ed States " 
and " Macedonian," Oct. 25, 1812; com. "The 
Grampus" in 1824-5, and engaged in exter- 
minating the W. India pirates ; and performed 
his last active service as com. of the Pacific 
squ.adron in 1846-52. He was then placed in 
charge of the Norfolk navy-yard, and subse- 
quently superintended the construction of the 
Stevens Battery at Hoboken, and the U.S. 
mail-steamships sailing from New York. 

Sloeum, Gen. Henry Wadswouth, b. 
Syracuse, N.Y., Sept. 24, 1827. West Point, 
1852. Entering the 1st Art., he was made 1st 
lieut. March 3, 1855; resigned Oct. 31, 1856, 



sr.o 



834 



SMA 



and settled as a lawyer in Syracuse, having 
previously prepared himself for the profession ; 
col. 27th N.Y. Vols. May 21, 1861 ; he joined 
McDowell's army when it was about to ad- 
vuiKT ; w as assiLjnrd to Col. Andrew Porter's 
hri-ailc, lluntrr's dinsion.and at the hattle of 
Bull Uuii Wiis shot thronfjh the thigh; brig.- 
geii. vols. Aug. U, lS61,and assigned a brigade 
in Franklin's div.; he was at the battle of 
West Point, Va. ; took com. of the division 
upon Gen. Franklin's being assigned to the 
com. ol an army corps, May 15, 1^62 ; served 
at the battle of Gaines's Mills, June 27, being 
ordered to re-enforce Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, then 
severely pressed by the enemy ; and held the 
right of the main line at the battle of Glendalc, 
June 30, against superior numbers. He was 
made maj.-gen. July 4 ; took part in the battles 
of Manassas, South Mountain, and Antietam ; 
and in Oct. was assigned to command the 12th 
corps, previously under Gin. Banks. This 
corps he led at Fredericksburg, Chancellors- 
ville, and Gettysburg, July 1-4, where he com. 
the right wing ; was occupied in guarding the 
Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, Sept. 
lS63-Apr. 1864; com. 20th corps in the At- 
lanta campaign ; com. the army of Ga., one 
of the grand divisions of Shcnnan's army in 
the great march through Georgia and the 
Caroliuas, Nov. 11, 1864, to June 9, 1865, 
taking part in the numerous skirmishes and 
battles of the campaign; resigned 2S Sept. 
1865. M.C. from Brooklyn, N.Y., 1869-71. 
— Culhm. 

Slough, John P., politician, b. Cincinnati, 
O., 1829 ; killed at Santa Fe, N.M., Dec. 16, 
1867. He practised law in Cincinnati. In 1850 
he was elected to the Ohio Icgisl., from which, 
as he would not apologize, he was expelled 
for striking one of the members. In 1 852 he 
became sec. of the Central Democ. Conv. of 
Ohio. Soon after this he went to Kansas, and 
in 1860 to Denver. On the breaking-out of 
the Rebellion, he raised a company of vols., 
and assumed com. of Fort Garland. Becom- 
ing col. 1st Colorado Regt., he was sent into 
New Mexico, and took com. of Eort Union ; 
here he fought his first battle at Pigeon's 
Ranche, causing the retreat of the 'Texan 
troops under Gen. Sibky. The battle was 
fought in direct opposition to the orders of 
Gen. Canby, but terminated successftilly, and 
gave him great popularity. Repairing to 
Washington, he was made a brig.-gen. of vols., 
and was milit. gov. of Alexandria till the close 
of the war. App. chief justice of the Terr, of 
New Mexico, his imperious temper rendered 
him very unpopular; and a series of resolutions 
were passed in the legisl., advocating his re- 
moval, which led to a personal encounter with 
the senator who introduced them, resulting in 
the death of Mr. Slough. 

SmaU, John, a British gen., b. Strathardle, 
Atholc, Scotland, 1726 ; d. Guernsey, March 
17, 1796. After serving in the Scotch brigade 
in the Dutch senice, he was commissioned as 
ensign in the 42d Highlanders, Aug. 29, 1 747, 
and was employed hunting the rebels through 
the Highlands; in 1756 he was app. lient. m 
his old regt. on the eve of its departure for 
America to join the force under Loudon ; in 



1758 he served under Abercrombie in the attack 
on Ticonderoga, and accomp. Amherst the fol- 
lowing year in his exped. ; in 1760 he went to 
Montreal; served in the W. Indies in 1762; and 
Aug. 6 of that year was made capt. June 14, 
1 775, he received a commission as maj. to raise 
a corps of Highlanders in Nova Scotia in aid 
of the crown. Maj. Small was in the battle 
of Bunker's Hill, and is a prominent figure in 
TrambuU's picture. App. maj. com. the 2d 
batt. of the 84th Royal Emigrants, with a por- 
tion of which he joined the array under Sir 
H. Clinton at New York in 1779, and in 1780 
was app. lieut.-col. of his regt. He became 
col. Nov. 18, 1790, and in 1793 was app. lieut.- 
gov. of Gnemsey ; maj -gen. Oct. 3, 1794. 

Smalley, John, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1800), 
Cong, minister of Berlin, Ct., b. Lebanon, Ct., 
June 4, 1734; d. June 1, 1820. Y.C. 1756. 
He studied theology with Dr. Bellamy, and 
was ord. minister of Berlin, Apr. 19," 1758. 
He was one of the most eminent of the great 
divines of New England, and thought and 
wrote with a logical accuracy and perspicuity 
that are seldom surpassed. His celebrated ser- 
mons on " Natural and Moral Inability," pub. 
in 1760, were repub. in Eng., and also, it is 
believed, in a German translation. He pub. a 
sermon on "Eternal Salvation," "None but 
Believers Saved," &e., " Perfection of Divine 
Law," and " Evils of a Weak Government ; " 
also 2 large vols, of sermons, and contrib. to 
magazines. 

Smallwood, William, maj.-gen., b. Md. ; 
d. there Feb. 14, 1792. He was made a col. in 
1776; Aug. 8 arrived at New York at the 
head of a battalion, composed of men belong- 
ing to the best families of Md., which suti'ercd 
most severely in the defeat at Long Island, at 
which Smaliwood was not present ; was in the 
action at White Plains ; made brig.-gen. Oct. 
23, 1776; and in the summer of 1777 accomp. 
Gen. Sullivan on his exped. to Staten Island. 
When the British arrived in the Chesapeake, 
he was despatched to assemble the militia of 
the Western Shore of Md., with about 1,000 of 
whom he joined the main army, Sept. 28. He 
led the Md. militia at the battle of Gcrman- 



at Camden, returned to the North, refiising to 
serve under Baron Steuben, who was his senior 
officer, and declaring his intention to leave the 
service unless Congress should cause his com- 
mission to be dated 2 years before his app., — a 
claim justly regarded as absurd. Member of 
Congress in 1785, and in 1785-8 gov. of Jlarv- 
land. 

SmariUS, Rev. S J., R.C. mission.nrv and 
author, b. Tclburg, Holland, 3 JLir. 1823; d. 
Detroit, 2 Mar. 1870. After completing his 
studies at the U. of North Brabant, he came 
to the U.S. and joined the Society i>f Jesus at 
Florissant, Mo., 13 Nov. 1841. While a prof, 
of poetry and rhetoric at Cincinnati (184.3-8), 
he pub. anonymously many poems of much 
beauty. Ord. priest in 1849. App. in 1853 
pastor of the Church of St. Francis Xavier, 
St. Louis, he became celebrated for his elci- 
quence and for controversial ability. In 1861 
he was detailed for missionary labor, with a 



835 



sail 



large field of operations; and in 1865 visited 
Europe for his health. His book, " The 
Points of Controversy," displays learning and 
ability. 

Smet, Father Peter de. since 1823 a 
R.C. missionary among the Rocky-Mt. Indians. 
Author of " Letters and Sketclies, and Resi- 
dence in the Rocky Mountains," 1843; " Ore- 
gon Missions and' Travels, &c., in 1845-6," 
1847 ; " Western Missions and Missionaries," 
1863 ; " Reisen zu den Felsenqebirgen," &e., 1865. 
— AlUhone. 

Smibert, or Smybert, John, a Scottish 
painter, b. Edinburgh ab. 1684; d. Boston, 
1751-2. He had studied in Italy. Early in 
life he went to Lond., where he had attained a 
respectable position as a portrait-painter, when 
he was induced in 1728 to accompany Dean 
Berkeley to America; and, upon the failure of 
the benevolent scheme of the latter, he settled 
in Boston, where in 1730 he m. Mary Wil- 
liams. He painted most of the contemporary 
worthies of N. England and N.Y., and, accord- 
ing to Dunlap, exercised a considerable influ- 
ence upon Copley, AUston, and Trumbull. The 
only portrait of Jonathan Edwards is his pro- 
duction. His most celebrated painting is a 
large piece representing Berkeley and several 
members of his family, together with the artist 
himself, on their first landing here. It is now 
in the possession of Yale Coll. His son Ka- 
THANiEL, also a painter, d. aged 21. 

Smiedel (smee'-del), or Schmeidel, 

Ulrich, a German traveller, b. Straubingen. 
Was one of the founders of Buenos Ayros ab. 
1534. In 1554 he pub. an account of bis trav- 
els in Pern and on the Paraguay River. 

Smilie, John, M.C. 1793-5 and 1799- 
1813, b. Ireland, 1741 ; d. Washington, D.C., 
Dec. 30, 1812. Came to Pa. in 1760; settled 
in Lancaster Co. ; served during the Revol. in 
both civil and military capacities, and after- 
ward in the Pa. legislature ; chairman of the 
com. on foreign relations in Congress. 

Smillie, George D., landscape-painter, b. 
N.Y. City, 29 Dec. 1840. Son of James, the 
well-known landscape-engraver. He entered 
the studio of James M. Hart in 1861, and in 
the autumn of 1862 took a studio and began 
his artist career. In 1864 his " Sunny-Brook 
Farm " procured him a membership in the 
Nat. Acad. His chief pictures are, " The 
Mountain Side," " A Mountain Ravine," 
" Meadows at Conway," and the "Bouquet Riv- 
er and Hills from the White Mts. and Adiron- 
dacks." James D., landscape-painter, bro. of 
the preceding, b. N.Y. City 1833. Learned the 
art of engraving of his father, and was in 
the employ of the Amer. Bank-Note Co. until 
1862, when he visited Europe, and determined 
to become a painter. He took a studio with 
his bro. George in 1864 ; became a member of 
the Nat. Acad, in 1865; and is treas. of the 
Soc. for the Development of Water-color 
Painting. Among his pictures is " Ausable 
Lake," in the Adirondacks. He has been some 
time engaged upon a series of 22 plates illus- 
• trating Bryant's poem "Among the Trees." 
Smith, Andrew Jacicsos, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., h. Bucks Co., Pa., ab. 1814. West 
Point, 1838. Rntering the 1st Dragoons, he 



became 1st lieut. 4 Mar. 1845; capt. 16 Feb. 
1847; maj. 13 May, 1861; 1st Cav. 3 Aug. 
1861; lieut.-col. 5th Cav. 9 Mav, 18G4; col. 
7th Cav. 28 July, 1866; brig.-gen. vols. 17 
Mar. 1862; maj.-gen. vols. 12 May, 1864. He 
served in the Mexican war 1847-S, in the 
Oregon hostilities 1855 and 1860; chief of 
cavalry (dept.of the Mo.) Feb.-Mar. 1862, and 
(of the Mpi.)Mar.-July, 1862, and engaged at 
siege of Corinth ; com. division in assault of 
Chickasaw Bluffs 27-29 Dec. 1862; and at 
Arkansas Post 11 Jan. 1863; com. div. 13th 
corps in Vicksburg Campaign, Jan.-July, 
1863; com. 6th div. 16th corps, Aug. 1863 io 
Jan. 1864, 3d div. (same corps) Jan.-Mar. 1864. 
In Red-river campaign, Mar.-May, 1864, he 
com. detachments of 16th and i7tli corps, 
and engaged at Fort De Russy, Pleasant Hill, 
and Cane River; com. right wing lOtli corps 
in Mpi. and Tenn. June-Sept. 1864 ; in opera- 
tions in Mo. during Price's raid, Sept.-Nov. 
1864 ; com. detachment of Thomas's army 
against Hood, Dec. 1864 to Jan. 1S65 ; com. 
16th corps, Feb.-July, 1865, in Mobile cam- 
paign ; and engaged in siege of Spanish Fort, 
and occupation of Montgomery ; brev. col. 10 
Apr. 1864 for Pleasant Hill, La.; brev. brig.- 
gen. 13 Mar, 1865 for battle of Tupelo, Mis. ; 
and maj.-gen. for battle of Nashville; resigned 
Mav 6, 'l869. — C;<//uni. 

Smith, Asa Dodge, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 
1849), LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1864), prcs. of 
Dartm. Coll. since Oct. 18, 1863, b. Amherst, . / ,, 
N.H., Sept. 21, 1804^. Dartm. Coll. 1 830 ; £*• ^»-»7 '"' 
And. Sem. 1834. IVstor of the 14th-st. ' 

Presb. Ch., N.Y. City, Nov. 2, 1834-Oct. 15, 
1 863 ; lectured as prof, of pastoral tlieol. at 
the Un. Theol. Sera. 1843-4. He has pub. 
"Letters to a Young Student," 1838; " Dis- 
course on the Life of Rev. Charles Hull, D.D.," 
1854; " Memoir of Mrs. Louisa A. Leavitt," 
1843 ; and many sermons and discourses. 

Smith,AuGU8TUS William, LL.D. (Ham. 
Coll. 1850), clergyman and teacher, b. New- 
port, Herkimer Co., N.Y., May 12, 1802 ; d. 
Annapolis, Md., March 26, 1866. Ham. Coll. 
1825. His earlier years were passed on a 
farm. He became a teacher in the Oneida 
Conf. Sem. at Cazenovia ; was prof, of mathe- 
matics and astronomy in Wesl. U. 1831-57; 
and pres. in 1852-9; from 1859 until his d. 
he was prof, of natural philos. in the U.S. 
Naval Acad, at Annapolis. He was an excel- 
lent mathematician, and author of some val- 
uable text-books. In 1860 he was one of the 
corps of astronomers sent by govt, to Labra- 
dor to observe the .innular eclipse of the sun. 

Smith, Rev. Azariah, M.D., missionary, 
b. Manlius, N.Y., Feb. 16, 1817; d. Aintah, 
June 3, 1851. Y. C. 1837. To improve his 
usefulness as a missionary, he studied medicine 
as well as theology. In 1842 he embarked for 
Western Asia; early in Jan. 1843 arrived at 
Smyrna, and, during two months of that year, 
resided at Brusa. He made numerous jour- 
neys into the interior ; was the travelling com- 
panion of Layard ; and subsequently, when ihe 
Asiatic cholera raged there, he successfully ad- 
ministered to those afflicted with it. In 1848 
he settled at Aintab, about 70 miles north of 
Aleppo. Author of papers on Meteorology 



836 



SMI 



and Syrian Antiquities, pub. in the American 
Journal of Science. 

Smith, Benjamin Boswokth, D.D., 
bishop ot" the Pr.-Epis. diocese of Kv., b. Bris- 
tol, R I., June 13, 1794. Brown U. 1816. Ord. 
deacon 1817 ; prit-st 1818 ; conscc, liishop Oct. 
31, 1832, at NY. Ivlitc.l ilic Ej:isr. Req. of 
Vt. 1827, and A>/sr. AVv.r,/, r, Phila. 1829. 

Smith, BccKiNr,,, SM. liisf. wrih.-, Ii. r„m- 
berland Island, <;a.,. 11 (i.t r-ni; ,l.X V. Ciiv, 
Jan. 5, 1871. Cam'.. L:iu .^rl,,,.,!, 1 s:;i;, \\.- 
practised law in JIc, whne In- wa-i a inrml.or 
of the Assembly ; U S. chnvie' d'affaires to 
Mexico 1850; sec. of legation at Madrid 
1853-9; judge of a court, and State senator 
of Fla. Ho pub. " Narrative of Talieca de 
Vaca," 1851 ; " Letter from De Soto in Fla. 
of Julj' 9, 1.539, with Maps and Notes," 1854 ; 
" Grammars of the Heve and Sonora Lan- 
guages," 18G1-2; "Inqiiirv into the Authen- 
ticity of V. Ill, f\W I"! ilin-i of Discovery in 
the U.S.," 1 ■- ;'ivcs of the Career 

of DeSoti I i I 1 ... by the Bradford 

Club; " (.'oii<[ r . [ I ri'ln." translated from 
the Spanish,' 186G; and in Spanish, docu- 
ments relating to the history of Fla., and a 
geog. deserip. of Sonora, &c. ; also contrib. to 
Hist, ilarj. and to Duyckinek's " Cyclopaedia 
of American Literature." 

Smith, Caleb, minister of Orange, N. J., 
from Nov. 30, 1743, to his d. Oct. 20,1762; b. 
Brookhaven, L.L, Dec. 29, 1723. Y.C. 1743. 
Author of a sermon on the death of Rev. 
Aaron Burr 1757. An "Account of his Life, 
from his Diary," &c., was pub. 1763. He 
m. Martha, dan. of Jonathan Dickinson. — 
Sprague. 

Smith, Caleb Blood, statesman, b. Bos- 
ton, Ms., Apr. 16, 18U8 ; d. Indianapolis, Jan. 
7, 1SG4. His parents emig. to Ohio in 1814. 
He was educated at the Cincinnati and the 
Miami Colleges. Studied law at Cincinnati 
and Connersville, Ind. ; adm. to the bar in 
1828; began practice at Connersville; estab- 
lished and edited the Sentinel in 1832; was a 
member of the Ind. h. of representatives in 
1833-6 and in 1840 ; speaker of the house in 
1835-6 ; and was several years one nf the fund 
commiss. m 1 ; 1 ; AM' i -i43-9 ; and one of 
thecomnii-- i- . m^ with Mexico, and 

then rcsuiii. i i ' uicinnati. In 1858 

hercmoviii i'> In iin; i|i :i,, and practised law, 
until, in Mar. l^<il, apji by Pres. Lincoln sec. 
of tlu- inin-Kir. Dec. 22, l'862, the senate con- 
tirrmd In-; ii..iiiiiia-ion as IT.S. circuit judse for 
Ind. ; nienib.T of the Peace Congress at Wash- 
ington, Feb. 1861. 

Smith, Charles, bookseller of N.Y. City ; 
d. 18(18, a. 40. Translated for the stage plays 
of Kurzcbne and Schiller, and pnb. and edited 
the Mnnthli Military Repository, N.Y., 2 vols. 
8vo, 179'i-7; " Gentleman's' Polit. Pocket 
Almanac." 1797. 

Smith, CruRLES, LL.D., jurist, b. Phila. 
1770 ; ,1. iiirrr Mar. 18, 1836. Son of William, 
)nof iif tbr V. iti Pa. He arranged and pub. 
the Laws ul I'a , 5 vols. 8vo. 1810-12. 

Smith, (iEN. Charles Ferguson, b. Pa. 
ah. 1805 ; d. Savannah, Tenn., Apr. 25, 1862. 
Son of Dr. Samncl B. West Point. 1825. 
Assist, instr: inf. tactics, June, 1829-Sept. 1831 ; 



adj. West Point, Sept. lS31-Apr. 1838; in.str. 
inf. tactics, and commandant of cadets, Apr. 
1838-Sept. 1842; capt. 7 July, 1838; brev. 
major " for gallant conduct in battles of Palo 
Alto and Resaca de la Palina," 9 May, 1840 ; 
brev. lieut.-col. forgallantry at Monterey, Mex., 
23 Sept. 1846; brev. col. "for gallantry in 
battles of Contreras and Churubusco," 20 Aug. 
1847 ; major 1st Art. Nov. 25. 1854 ; lieat.-col. 
10th Inf. Mar. 3, 1855 ; acting insp.-gen. in 
Mexico, June, 1848 ; col. 3d Inf Sept. 9, 1861 ; 
brig.-gen. vols. Aug. 31, 1861 ; maj.-gen. Mar. 
21, 1862. He com. the Union forces for some 
time in Ky. ; led a division under Gen. Grant 
at the ca]nnre of Fort Donelson, in which he 
greatly di^ting. himself, leading a charge that 
was decisive of the battle, and was afterward 
ordered to Savannah, Tenn., where he died of 
dysentery soon after his arrival. 
' Smith, Charles H., brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Eastport, Me. Capt. 1st Me. Cav. 
Sept. 1861; lieut.-col. Mar. 1863; col. June, 
1863 ; engaged at Cedar Mountain, Rappahan- 
nock Station, Se.imd Bull Run, Stone. nan's 
Raid,Aldie,Mid.II.-.i,-u,(;. I:^.i.;,l,. r,;i,:o,_.'s 
Station, and Mi :- ': . - . - . av. 

campaign, May-.T . ' >- i ! n ni, 

SouthAnua, Uai\r'- s! ..j., I ■. i i , - ^ atajn, 
and wounded ; and Ijk-v. hri;_'.-i;. n. fur di>ting. 
conduct at St. Mary's Church ; com. cav. 
brigade at Reams's 'Station ; com. 3d brig. 
Greg-'s div. Oct. 1864, at Rowantz Creek, 
Gravelly Run, Boydton Plank Road.Dinwiddio 
C.H., Juttersville Station, and the operations 
ending in the surrender of Lee ; brev. brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. for Sailor's Creek, and brev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services 
during the war; col. 19th U.S. Inf. 15 Mar. 
1869. — Henri/. 

Smith, Cotton Mather, minister of 
Sharon, Ct., from Aug. 28, 1 755, to his d. Nov. 
27,1806; b. Suffield, Ct., 1731. Y.C. 1751. 
Grandson of Rev. Henry of Wetbersfii;ld (1539- 
1648). A zealous patriot, and a chaplain in 
the Kevol. army in 1775. He pub. 3 single 
sermon*, 177(i. '71 . '9'!. 

Smith, (iiN. Daniel, Revol. patriot, and 
an earlv sntka- of Cumberland, Tenn., b. 
Fauquier Co., Va. ; d. Sinn; . i t f. im , 16 

Junc,1818. He filled mam . - :'i. . . ivas 
a conspicuous member of i!i im,! 

the Tenn. const.; and wa> 1' S ■ u ir.a I :ii.-<- 
9 and 1805-9. He pub, the tir,<t maj) nt Tc-:in., 
and a geography of the country, printed by 
Carey at Phila. iUi_li2a. V'A (\% ' 

Smith, Daniel, inissioiiarK^t Natchez 
1816-20, b. Bcnnin-ton, Vt., 1789; d. Loui.s- 
ville.Ky, 1822. Mul (\,ll. 1810 ; And. Tlieul. 
Sem. With S. J. Mills be pub. report of 
their tour west of tlie Alleghany Mountains, 
8vo, 1815. — Sprarjm. 

Smith, Edmund Kirbt, gen. C.S.A., h. 
St. Augustine, Fla., ab. 1825. West Point, 
1845. Son of Joseph L. Smith, first presiding 
judge of the Supreme Court for the eastern 
district of Fla., formerly a la^vyer of Litchfield, 
Ct. His mother was Frances, dau. of Judge 
Ephraim Kirby. App. brev. 2d lieiit. 5th Inf. ; 
disting. at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 
May 9, 1846 ; 2d licut. 7th Inf. Aug 9 ; won 
the brevs. of 1st lieut. and capt. for gallantry 



837 



at Ccrro Gordo (Apr. IS) and Contrcras and 
Churabusco (Aug. 20, 1847); assist, prof, 
mathematics West Point, Oct. 23, 1849-52; 
1st lieut. 9 March, 1851 ; eapt. 2d Cav. .3 Mar. 
1S55; major 31 Jan- ISCI : r.-ivnr'd April 6, 
1861. He served nn : r \ m li.ir, i,. Western 
Texas; and was ili- : : I ly wounded 

in action with t]v i M i\ 13, 18.59. 

App. abri',' -•ji'n r : ;ii : -. r\.'.l nndrr 

Gen. J. Iv .l..'r- --1 , . , • A' :,, ..■ :■- --!!. - 

andoah, ^m , ■ ■ i • i, 

whosp arriv.ii il' u-; ■; l, h,i,,l . . Un., u.,;i ;,i 



ot th. 



.idl 



he was severely wounded. Sept. 24, ISGl, lie 
was m. at Lynchburg, Va., to Miss Casjic Scl- 
den, after which he com. the 4th division of 
the Array of the Potomac. Promoted to maj.- 
gen., ho was ordered immediately after the 
capture of Fort Donelson, April 8, 1862, to 
com. the dept. of East Tenn. He led the ad- 
vniifo of (irn llra-g into Ky. Aug. 1862; was 
111 i! ■ I: II' 'I in Oct.; was in the battle of 
Ml i; andearly in 1863 took com. 

1. 1 ... i i.i,. .; i. Army, which he surrendered 
to (jcH. e.iiil.y 2G May, 1865, at Baton Rouge. 
He cum. the ti\)Ops in "tlie Red-river campaign 
of Gen. Banks, and was much occupied in cot- 
ton speculations in 1864-5. 

Smith, Edward D.^RRELL, M.D. (Phila. 
Coll. 1801)), prof of chemistry and mineralogy 
S.C. Coll. ; d. near St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 17, 
1819. N.J. Coll. 1795. Translator of De- 
fault's " Surscrv," 2 vols. 8vo, 1814. He pub. 
Iu;m-. I)i-srrtatioiion tlir Cirnilation, 1800. 

Smith, Ki>w.u:i. 1)i;laiili.ii, la^\Ter, b. 
Rochester, N.Y., 8 May, IsiiC. U. of N.Y. 
1846. Sun of Dr. Archelaus G., wliosc grand- 
father emig. from Eng. to Ct. Adm. to the 
bar in 1848, and began practice in N.Y. City, 
attaining a high rep. as a mercantile lawver. 
U.S. dist.-atty. for N.Y. 1861-5. Author of 
"Avidffi," a poem, 1843; "Destiny," a poem, 
1846; Reports N.Y. Court of Common Pleas, 
1850-8,4 vols. Svo, 1855-9. Contrib. to Kiiiclc- 
erhorker M<iiiii:me, &c. 

Smith, Rev. Eli, D.D., b. Northford, Ct., 
Sept. 13, 1801; d. Beirut, Syria, Jan. 11, 
1857. Y. C. 1821 ; And. Sera. In May, 1826, 
embarked as a missionary, and took charge of 
the printing-establishment at Malta. He was 
afterwards transferred to the mission in Syria. 
An account of an exploration of Armenia 
made by him in 1830-1 was pub. 18.33 in 2 
vols. He afterwards pub. a coll. of missionary 
sermons and addresses. In 1838, and again in 
1852, he was the companion and co-adjutor of 
Pir.!' I'.lwar.l T^iililnson in his extensive and 
i!: iiiiin of Palestine. His great 

kii I A iliic enabled him to render im- 

jiiii ; .'ii I . I. . Ill ilie production of a new and 
iiiipnived form and font of Arabic type. Ab. 
1S4S he commenced the great undertaking of 
preparing a new translation of the Bible into 
Arabic, on which he labored to the close of his 
life. 

Smith, Elias, preacher and author, found- 
er of the first religious newspaper in the world, 
h. Lyme, Ct., June 17, 1769; d. Lynn, Ms., 
June 29, 1846. In early life he taught school, 
though his own education was scanty ; and in 
1790 commenced preaching; ord. at' Lee, Ms., 



Aug. 1792; at Wohurn, Nov. 14, 1798, where 
he remained till Sept. 1801. He afterward 
preached in various places. Rev. Matthew 
Ilale Smith {" Burleigh ") is his son. In 1803 
ho pub. " The Clergvman's Looking-Glass," 
and "The History of Anti-Christ;" in 1805 he 
began the Christian's Mag., pub. quarterly for 
two years. He pub. 22 sermons on the Prophe- 
he began 



I'his 



A.W, having 

.' -. . ^1 riiiU., .ai.l a 1 ear. l.dure the Uoslon 

i;ccoider {Princes Christian Uisturij, 1743-4, 
was not properly a newspaper) ; it was discon- 
tinued in Sept. 1817. Also author of "Ncw- 
Testamoiif DirtinuMw " I'liilii I'JI-i: p^nv on 

"The l--'i ■ • \-''- ' M" ■■ A. r^io. 

"Lifi-, C. A : A Si,f: 

(cringe ..1 I ,,„- - ,i, I ..,.-,,;, ij,,.,, r-IG; 

"The llu-iMvl I.i,. .iiul i.iiUR.ii.i,.i.,AsXus. 
from Jan. 1819 to Oct. 1820, 12mu, Boston; 
"The American Physician and Familv Assist.," 
12mo, 1832; "The People's Book," Boston, 
1836; "The Age of Enquiry;" "Christian's 
Pocket Companion," Exeter, 1825, S:e. 

Smith, IvLiHU HcBBARD, M.D., phvsi- 
cian, b. Litchfield, Ct., 4 Reiit. 1771 ; d. N.Y. 
Citv 10 Sq> IT'W Y f i--r, ]],■ =r-ttlcd 

ilipnirli..- r, V. .. ^■ :' ■ i: •': ■ ' , :„ne 



lital. 



lie 



of 



the sufferers by ili- v i' ' ' 
which he himself Irll :v \ : 
practical talent of a liiuh mi n i , i- 
his epistle prefixed to ilie Aiiin 
Darwin. He pub. " Edwin and Angelina," an 
opera in 3 acts, 1797; "Discourse licfore the 
Slauumission Society," 1798; Letters to Win. 
Buel on the Fever which prevailed in New York 
in 1795; and in 1793 pub. the first collection 
evt;r made of American poetry. He contrib. 
to tbit N.Y. Med. Repository papers on Pesti- 
lential Fever in Granada in 1793, Natural His- 
tory of the Elk, and on Pestilential Diseases. 
Supposed author of' "Andre'," a 5-act tragedy, 
1798. 

Smith, Elizabeth Cakes (Prixce), au- 
thoress, b. Portland, Me. She m. Seba Smith 
at the age of 16, and about the same time be- 
came an anonymous contrib. of poems to the 
periodical press. Her husband's pecuniary mis- 
fortunes afterward induced her to make litera- 
ture a profession. Her children, it is said, bear 
the name of Oaksmith. In 1843 appeared the 
first considerable coll. of her poetical pieces, 
entitled "The Sinless Child and Oiher Po- 
ems," and her contributions of verse to the 
magazines have since been numerous. She is 
the writer of " The Roman Tribute "and " Ja- 
cob Leisler," tragedies ; " The Western Cap- 
tive" and "Bertha and Lily," novels; " The 
Lost Angel," 1848, a novil ;' " Rii-ln's without 
Wings;" "Hints on Dn-^ mi'l T. .uii\ ;" 
"ShadowLand;""Th> A : i id 

for Christmas;" and many A md 

miscellaneous works. In l^M -li | nA \Vo- 
man and her Needs," a work devoted tf. the 
rights of woman, which Mrs. Smith has often 
advocated by pen and public addresses. 



Smith, Elizur Goodrich, b. Durham, 
Ct. T.C. 1822. Cong, minister of Ogclens- 
burg, N.Y., 1829-31 ; since in the govt, service 
at \Vasliin;,'ton for many years. Has pub. "Me- 
niuir c)t C. A. I'ciner," 1849; "Economy of 
raiiiiiu-," truiii the German of Burger, 1842; 
".Iiaii .Miiii.'." IS50; "Winter in Spitzbcr- 
geii," fruni tlic (irruian of Ilildcbrandt, 1852; 
" Three Days in Memphis," from the German 
of Uhleman, 1858; and " Corda on Rust and 
Bliglit in Grain," 1847. He prepared the . 
U.S. Agric. Reports of 1841-8, and has edit- 
ed and contrib. to a number of periodicals. — 
Alliboue. 

Smith, Mes. Emeline Sherman, wife of 
James M. Smith of the N.Y. bar, b. New Bal- 
timore, X.Y., 1823. Author of " The Fairy's 
Search and Otlier Poems," 1847 ; and " Poems 
and Balhuls," 8vo, 1859. Mrs. Sraitli has con- 
trib. to tlie Home Journal, New-Yorker, Ladies' 
Companion, t&c. — AUihone. 

Smith, Ethan, minister and theol. writer, 
b. Belchertown, Dec. 19, 1762; d. Aug. 29, 
1849. Dartm. Coll. 1790. He was a soldier 
at West Point at the time of Arnold's treason ; 
was minister at Haverhill 1792-1800, and at 
Hopkinton, N.H-.from Mar. 12, 1800, to 1818 ; 
pastor of the church at Hebron, N.Y., in 1818; 
at Puultney, Vt., from Nov. 21, 1821, to Dec. 
1826; at Hanover, Ms., from May 16, 1827, to 
Jan. 12, 18.32; and afterward city missionary 
atBoston. Besides sermons, he pub. "Disser- 
tation on the Prophecies," " Lectures on Bap- 
tism," "Memoirs of Mrs. Bailey " (1815), "Key 
to Revelation," and " View of the Hebrews, or 
the Tribes of Israel in Amer.," 12rno, 1825. 

Smith, Francis, a British lient.-gen. ; d. 
17 Nov. 1791. Capt. 10th Foot 23 June, 1747 ; 
maj. 25 Sept. 1758; lieut.-col. Jan. 1762; col. 
and aidOKle-camp to the king 8 Sept. 1775; 
maj.-gcn. 27 Feb. 1779; lieut.-gen. 25 Sept. 
1787. He com. the troops sent 19 April, 1775, 
to destroy the Amcr. stores at Concord, and 
was wounded in the fight at Lexington ; was 
made a brig-gen. in America in 1776; and 
com. a brigade in the battles on Long Island 
in Aug. 1776, and at Quaker Hill, R.I., in Aug. 
1778. 

Smith, Francis H., mathematician, b. 
Norfolk, Va., 1812. West Point, 1833. Prof, 
mathcm. Hamp. Sid. Coll. 1837-9; and of 
Va. Milit. Institute, Lex., Va., 1839-61, and 
supt. He has pub. with R. T. W. Duke a 
treatise on Statistical Arithtnctic, and is the 
author of text-books on Algelna. Geometry, 
and Trigonoraetrv,a report on Scientific Educa- 
tion in Europe, and of essavs uii College Re- 
form and Com.-school E.lucatii.n ; A.M. of 
Hamp. Sid. Coll. 18.38. Joined in the Rebel- 
lion a;.'ain.st the U.S. — Allihone. 

Smith, George William., gov. of Va. 
1811 ; lost his life at the burning of the Rich- 
mond Theatre, Dec. 26, 1811. 

Smith, George W., b. Phila. 1800. N.J. 
Coll. 1818. Author of " Facts and Arguments 
in Favor of Railroads," 8vo, 1824 ; "Defence 
of the System of Solitary Confinement," 8vo, 
1 829 ; and of some pamphlets on similar sub- 
jects. — Atlihone. 

Smith, Gerrit, philanthropist, h. Utica, 
N.Y., Mar. 6, 1797. Ham. Coll., N.Y., 1818. 



His father Peter left him one of the largest 
landed estates in the U.S., the management of 
which has been his principal occupation. In 
1853 he was adm. to practice, and subsequently 
took part in several important trials. He early 
joined in the benevoleut enterprises of his day, 
and in 1825 connected himself with the Ann r. 
Colonization Society, to which ha gave largely 
for the accomplishment of its objects ; but in 
1835 -withdrew from it, and joined the American 
Autislavery Society. He has ])raetically illus- 
trated his opposition to land-monopoly by dis- 
tributing 200,000 acres, partly among insti- 
tutions of learning, but mostly among poor 
white and black men, in parcels of ab. 50 acres. 
His largest gifts of moiiey have been in aid of 
emancipation, and to bny homes for the poor. 
In 1852 he was a memb.'r of Congress. He 
was long a prominent advocate, with both 
tongue and pen, of a larger liberty of ojiinion, 
and freedom from what he believed the bond- 
age of sect. In 1861 he made some speeehes 
in behalf of a vigorous and uncompromising 
prosecution of the existing war, and also wrote 
many articles to this end for the press. He 
has pub. many speeches and addresses. A vol. 
of his speeches in Congress was pub. in 1856, 
and in 1861 another, entitled " Sermons and 
Speeches by Geirit Smith ; " also " Theolo- 
gies," 8to, 1866; "Nature the Base of a Free 
Theology," 1867; "Religion of Reason," 1864. 
— AppUton. 

Smith, GoLDWiN, LL.D., b. Reading, Eng., 
1823. Son of a physician. Educated at Ox- 
ford, where he was a tutor, and in 1858-66 prof. 
of modern history. He was called to the bar 
in 1847, but, disincliued to the profession, ho 
became sec. of the Oxford commission, and in 
1859 a member of the education commission ; 
in 1868 be became prof, of history at Cornell 
U., N.V., .Miv.rini; his first leeture there Nov. 
17. Ho l.a. iiul,. -uiii ' histurieal works, in- 
cluding "Lrriurr- oil Moilern History" and 
"Three Eiinlish Statesman," and during the 
Rebellion aided the Union cause by his forcible 
tract on Slavery and his letter on Southern 
Independence. Also author of " Speeches 
and Letters on the Rebellion," 1863-5, 2 vols. 
8vo ; " The CivU War in America," an ad- 
dress, 1866. 

Smith, Gen. Giles A., b. N.Y. Col. 8th 
Mo. Inf. 1862; com. brig. 2d div. 13th corps, 
Dec. 1862; in capture of Ark. Post 11 Jan. 
1863; Yazoo-Pass exped. 19-26 March, 1863; 
in the assaults on Vicksburg 1 9 and 22 May ; 
disting. and wounded at Lookout Jlonntain ; 
brig.-gen. 4 Aug. 1863 ; com. div. in 17th corps 
in subsequent operations of Sherman, includ- 
ing the campaign of Atlanta, march to the sea, 
and camp, of the Carolinas. Brev. maj.-gen. 
1865. 

Smith, Gen. Green Clay, b. Richmond, 
Ky.,Jiily 2, 1830. Transylv. U. 1849. Son of 
John Speed Smith. At 15 he volunteered as a 
private in the Mexican war, and became lieut. 
1st Ky. Cav., serving one year. He studied 
law ; pi'actised in Madison Co. until 1859, when 
he moved to Covington ; school-commissioner 
1853-7 ; a member of the Ky. legisl. 1861, he 
was a most decided adherent of the govt.; app. 
col. 4th Ky. Cav. Feb. 1862 ; served under Gen. 



839 



if 



Dumont ; was wounded at Lebanon, Tenn. ; 
made brig.-gen. vols. June 11, 1862; resigned 
Dec. 1 , 1 863, having been in some 50 engage- 
ments. M.C. 1863-6; deleg. to the Baltimore 
Convention 1864 ; app. gov. Montana 1866. 

Smith, Gen. Gustavds Woodson, b. 
Scott Co., Ky., ab. 1820. West Point, 1 842. 
Assist, prof. cngr. West Point, Aug. 31, 1844, 
to Sept. 24, 1 346, and Nov. 1 , 1 849-54 ; 2d lieut. 
engrs. Jan. 1, 1845; brev. 1st lieut. for gal- 
lantry at Cerro Gordo Apr. 18, and capt. for 
gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco Aug. 
20, 1847 ; com. of sappers, miners, and pon- 
toniers from Mar. 10, 1847, to May 22, 1848; 
1st lieut. Mar. 3, 1853 ; and resigned Dec. 18, 
1854, in order to join a projected expcd. against 
Cuba under Gen. Quitman. Smith is said to 
have received from the Cuban fund S10,000 in 
consideration of resigning his commiss. to take 
part in this enterprise. After its failure, he was 
for a time employed in the iron-works of Cooper 

6 Hewitt, at Trenton, N. J., but in 1858 was 
app. street-commissioner of N.Y. City. This 
he resigned in Aug. 1861, having previously 
joined the Confed. army by way of Ky., with 
his friend and oiBcial dep. Mansfield Lovell ; 
was at once made a maj.-gen., and served in 
Va. ; at the battle of Fair Oaks ho succeeded 
to the command after Gen. J. E. Johnston was 
wounded ; in Dee. 1 862 he com. at Petersburg ; 
in 1 864 at Augusta, Ga. ; and was made pris- 
oner at Maeon, 21 Apr. 1865, by Gen. Wilson. 

Smith, Henry Botnton, D.D. (U. of Vt. 
1850), LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1869), clergyman and 
/fl) author.b. Portland, Me., Nov. 21,1815. Bond. 
Coll. 1834 ; tutor there in 1836-7 and 1840-1. 
He studied theology at Andover and Bangor, 
and afterward at Halle and Berlin ; was pastor 
of the W. Amesbury, Ms., Cong. eh. in 1842- 

7 ; was prof, of mental and moral philos. in 
Amh. Coll. in 1847-50; of church liistory in 
the Union Theol. Sem., N.Y., in 1850-5; and, 
since then, of systematic theol. there. He re- 
vised and edited Gieseler's " Church History " 
(1849-57) in 1859 ; pub. " The History of the 
Church of Christ, in Chronological Tables," in 
1860; a "Memorial of Anson G. Phelps; " in 
1860-2 a revised edition of Hagenbach's "His- 
tory of Christian Doctrines," with valuable 
additions ; " Keport on Religion in the U.S.," 
made to the Evang. AUianc, Oct. 1 867 ; and 
"The Re-union of the Presbyterian Churches," 
8vo, 1867. Many years a contrib. to religious 
periodieals, and since 1859 has edited the 
Amer. Thd. Review. Has pub. many addresses 
and sermons, and contrib. to the " New Amcr. 
Cyclopa-dia " articles on Calvin, Hegel, Kant, 
the r.clbrmed Church, and Schelling. 

Smith, Henry H., M.D. (U. of Phila. 
1837), prof, of surgery U. of Pa. 1855, surgeon- 
gen, of the State 1861, b. Phila. 1818. After 
spending 4 years in the hospitals of Paris and 
Phila., he se"ttlcd in practice in Phila. Author 
of "Minor Surgery," 1843; " Anatomical At- 
las," Svo, 1844; "Operative Surgery," Svo, 
1854; " Treatment of Fr.ictures," 1S55; "Pro- 
fessional Visit to Lond. and Paris," Svo, 1855; 
"Lectures on Surgery," 1855; "Practice of 
Surgery," Svo, 1856; "Principles and Prac- 
tice of Surgery," Svo, 2 vols. 1863; "Influ- 
ence of the Alumni of the U. of Pa./' Svo; 



translator of Civiale on " Stone and Gr.avcl," 
Svo, 1841 ; editor of Horner's "U.S. Dissect- 
or," Thompson's " Dictionary of Surgery and 
Dora. Med.," and contrib. to medical journals. 
— Allibone. 

Smith, Horace Wemyss, son of Richard 
Penn, b. Phila. 1825. Has pub. "Nuts for 
Future Historians to Crack," Svo, 18.i6 ; 
" Works of Rich:ird Penn Smith," 1856 ; 
"Yorktown Orderiy-Book," 1865; poems in 
Godey^s and Graham's Mar/azines ; and is pre- 
paring " Patriotic Songs of America," and " Life 
of Wm. Smith, D.U.," 4 vols. Svo. — A/libone. 

Smith, Isaac, Revol. patriot; d. Trenton, 
N.J., Aug. 29, 1807, a. 71. N.J. Coll. 1755, 
and a tutor there. Commenced the prtictice 
of physic, and from tliebeginningof the Revol. 
was disting. for his patriotic services. In 1776 
he com. a regt., and, soon after the termination 
of the struggle, received the app. of judge of 
the Supreme Court of N. J., which post he 
held IS years. M.C. in 179.5-7, and was app. 
by Pres. Washington in the hitter year a com- 
miss. to treat with the Seneca Indians. Pres. 
of the Bank of Trenton at the time of his 
death.— Porf/o/i'o, i. 135. 

Smith, Israel, Gov. of Vt. 1807-8, b. 
SulKelil, Ct., Apr. 4, 17.'59; d. Rutland, Vt., 
Dec 2. 1810. Y.C. 1781. He practised law 
at Rupert, Vt. ; was soon after elected to the 
Assembly ; in 1789 he was one of the commiss. 
the boundary controversy 



1791-7 and 1801-3. Removed to Rutland; 
was again a representative; was chief justice 
of the Supreme Court in 1797 ; and was U.S. 
senator in 1803-7. Member of the convention 
that adopted the Federal Constitution in 1791. 
Smith, Col. James, a signer of the Dccl. 
of Indep., b. Ireland ab. 1720; d. July 11, 
1806, York, Pa. His father, whom he had ac- 
comp. to America in 1729, was a farmer on 
the Susquehanna. Jaracs, tlie second son, was 
educated at the Coll. of Phila., studied law, 
was adm. to the bar, and settled near Shippens- 
buig as a lawyer and surveyor, but afterwards 
removed to York, where he continued the prac- 
tice of his profession during the remainder of 
his life. In 1 774 he raised the first vol. com- 
pany in the State for the purpose of resisting 
Great Britain ; and was a member of the con- 
vention to consider the expediency of abstain- 
ing from importing any goods from Eng., and 
also of assembling a General Congress. At this 
meeting he was one of the com. lo prepare 
for the repre-i-iiMiivf--; M;ni these 
i," together u :' -.:■ i; . ] --iiyon 
the Constitutional Powri . ■ i . i I; mi over 
the Colonies in America, ^,1 .. ,1. i : .inmg 
impulse to the cause ol the Kciuiuiiuu in that 
region. Member of the I'a. conv. of Jan. 
1775 ; was also a member of the Prov. Conf. 
which assembled on the 18th of June ensuing 
to lorm a new govt, for Pa., and seconded the 
resolution moved by Dr. Rush in favor of a 
decl. of indep. It was unanimously adopted, 
signed by the members, and presented to Con- 
gress a few days only before the Decl. of Indep. 
July 15, a conventio'n, of which Col. Smith was 
a member, was assembled in Phila. for the pur- 



SMI 



840 



8MI 



pose of fonnini^ a new constitution for tiie 
State ; on the 20th of the same month he was 
elected a member of Conjircss, and remained 
in that body until Nov. 1778 ; in 1780 he was 
member uf the Gen. Assembly of Pa. He was 

S]je<i- ' , , ■.'. liirh was llei^'lilened by 

an ini , :i i -Mire, a certain Imlicrous 

cast.il , .1111 I II, Hi. ., anil a drawling mode of 
utterance. 

Smith, Col. Jame.'?, pioneer, b. Franklin 
Co., Pa., 1737; d. Washington Co., Ky., 1812. 
At 18 he was taken by the Indians and adopted 
by them, but escaped in 1759. His subsequent 
adven.Hi-cs as a leader of the Blackljovs in 
176.! and '65, his service as a lieut. in Bouquet's 
e.\ped. in 1764, his explurinc; excursion into 
Southern Kv. in 176(;. and his services in the 
Revul. war. 'in wbi.h lie held the rank of col., 
are detailed in his " Keniarkable (Icciirrences 
in the Lite ami Travels of Cul. James Smith," 
Lexington, Ky., 1799. He settled in Cane 
Kidge, near Paris, Ky., in 1788; was a meinber 
of the conv. at Danville ; and afterward repre- 
sented Bourbon Co. in the Gen. Assendily of 
the State. He is the author of " Shakerisra 
Developed " and " Shakerism Detected," and 
in 1812 of" A Treatise on the Mode and Man- 
ner o( Indian War," Paris, Ky. His Narrative, 
edited by Wm. M. Darlington, was repub. at 
Cincinnati in 1870. 

Smith, James Y., pov. of R.I. 1863-5, b. 
Groton, Ct., 15 Sept. 1809. At 17 he removed 
to Providcnc:;, and engaged in the lumbcrbusi- 
ncss ; and in 1838 embarked in the cotton man- 
ufacture at Willimautic, Ct., and at Woonsock- 
ct, R.I., and acquired wealth. Member of the 
R.I. legisl.in 1843, and several times re-elected; 
mayor of Providence in 1855-7; and as gov. 
of the State was an efficient supporter of the 
Union cause, and a large contrib. from his own 
means in aid of the soldiers and their families. 

Smith, Jekemiah, LL.D. (H.XJ. 1807J, 
Ecliolar and j..rist, b. Peterborough, N.II., 29 
Nov. 1759; d. Dover, Sept. 21, 1842. Rutg. 
Coll. 1780. He early attained distinction at 
the bar, and as a general scholar had few equals. 
M.C. in 1791-7 ; was app. in 1801, by Adams, 
judge of the U.S. Circuit Coiut, but did not 
fill the office; was in 1809-10 gov. of N.H.; 
and during several years was chief justice of 
the State Superior fcourt. His acquaintance 
with books was extensive, and his literary taste 
remarkably correct and pure. He was a patron 
and friend of Daniel Webster. He published 
"Sketch of Judge Caleb Ellis," Haverhill, 
May 21, 1816. — See Mevwir by J. H. Morrison. 

Smith, Jerome Van Ckowsinsuield, 
M.I). ( Wms. Coll. 1822), phvsicianand author, 
b. Conway, N.H., July 20, 1800. B.U 1818. 
He was the son of a physician. He was prof, 
of anatomy and physiology, and subsequently 
prof, of anatomy, ii'i N.Y. 13th-st. Med. Coll. 
Dr. Smith estab. the Boston 3Icd. Intetligi-ncer, 
conducting it through more than 40 vols. ; 
edited the Boston Weekly News- Letter, 2 vols. 
8vo, 1825-6; pub. anonymously a History of 
the American Indians, and a practical treatise on 
the Honey-Bee ; edited 6 vols, scientific tracts, 
^Memoirs of Jackson, American Medical Pock- 
et-Book; contributed materially to Bowen's 



Picture of Boston, and the Boston Almanac. 
One of his best works is on the " Natural 
History of the Fishes of Ms.," 1 8.33. He has 
alsopub. a class-book of anatomy ; " Pilgrimage 
to Egypt," 1852; " Turkey and the Turks," 
1852;'" Mechanism of the Eye ;"" Pilgrim- 
age to Palestine," 1851; editor ;1/erfica/ World, 
1857, 2 vols. 8vo. He was port-physician of 
Boston in 1826-49, member of the legisl. in 
1837 and '48, and mayor of Boston 1854. 

Smith, Capt. Joh.n, founder of Virginia, 
b. Willoughby, Lincolnshire, Eng. ; baptized 6 
Jan., 1579-80; d. Loud. 21 June, 1631. Son of 
George, who d. ab. 1 593. His parents sent him 
to the free srhools of Alford and Louth. For 
a short time he was in a counting-house at 
Lynn ; but with 10 shillings, furni-lied by his 
friends, as he says, " to get rid of him," 
he went with a son of Lord Willoughby to 
France; served in the Low-Country wars 4 
years, and then returned home. His love of 
adventure took him a second time to the Low 
Countries, where he determined to join the 
armies fighting the Turks. In 1601 he joined 
the army uf liaron Kisseil, which was endcav- 



eged 



e bc- 
ssful ; 



and he was rewarded with the command of 250 
horse under Count Mcldritch. In a subsequent 
combat he was severely woumied ; and in an- 
other siege he sueressivi-ly slew .S Turks in 
single combat. For In- rN|il..it- ii. was made 
a major, and received Imhh ili ■ I'l mcr uf Tran- 
sylvania a patent of imliiliiy ami a |Hiisiou of 
600 ducats. Later in the war, he ua, wounded, 
captured, and sent a slave to Constantinople. 
Having killed his master, who had grossly in- 
sulted him, he fled, attired in his master's 
eloHi'-;, :in I. n'r^r !iianv ailvn'iir.-;. reached 
y.u- ..' '.■'■\ <:r. ', -.■.■ I-: ■ ■!-il in New- 
1H.II-. ■,, \ , ,,, ., li ■, 19,1606. 



Ill' !■.-■_ . :■ -|i.i,ii.s •'"■' l^ept pris- 

c.:i i . _ I, iiiiik-r ut the voyage. After 

lah.: , _ Smith was named one of the 

CMiiM I,. Im «,i- i.\.luiled on the charge of 
sejiiiiiii. Nui>Mili-.tanding all this, he devoted 
himself to the interests of the Colony. Along 
with Newport, he headed a party sent to dis- 
cover the source of the James. Strong in the 
aflfections of the colonists, and in his innocence, 
he demanded a trial, which resulted in his 
triumphant acquittal, and his taking his place 
in the council. Katclid' succeeded the deposed 
Wingfield as pres. ; but Smith became the real 
head of the Colony, and to his almost unaided 
eflTorts the salvation of the infant settlement 
was owing. He set about the building of 
Jamestown, and made frequent exeursions into 
the country for corn. He prevented the escape 
of Wingfield, Kendall, and other malccontents 
to Eng. by a resort to arms. He states that in 
one of his expeds. he was taken by the Indians, 
and that his life was saved through the interfer- 
ence of Pocahontas. This story is now general- 
ly disbelieved. (See Charles Deane's Introd. 
to Smith's " True Relation.") In June-July, 
1608, Smith made a survey of Chesapeake Bay 
as far as the mouth of the'Patapsco. He again 



841 



SM3 



explored the bay, returning Sept. 7 ; having 
sailed 3,000 miles, and from his surveys con- 
structed an accurate map, still extant. Sept. 10 
he was inaug. pres. of the Colony. The men 
were regularly drilled in milftary exercises ; 
and buildings were repaired or erected. Every 
man was obliged to labor 6 hours a day. In 
order to prevent an apprehended deKciency of 
corn, he made an ineffectual attempt to seize 
the person of Powhatan. In this enterprise 
he encountered great peiil, and was nearly 
poisoned. Having been .severely burned by the 
explosion of a bag of gunpowder, and feeling 
the need of surgical skill, and tired of strug- 
gling with malicious enemies, he return d to 
Eng. in the autumn of 1609. In Mar. I6U 
he sailed from Lond. with 2 ships for trade 
and discovery in N. England. He returned in 
August, and gave to Prince Charles a map of 
the country between the Penob-cot and Cape 
Cod. In March, 1615, he sailed again, intend- 
ing a permanent settlement, but was taken by 
a French man-of-war, and carried to Rochelle, 
but escaped from the ship, and returned to 
Eng. While on board this ship, which was 
really a pirate, he wrote an account of his voy- 
ages to N. Eng., which was pub. in 1616; and 
he distributed the work in the west of Eng. 
himself. The Plymouth Company created him 
admiral of New Eng. He passed the rest of 
his life in Eng. Smith spared neither time nor 
labor to advance the colonization of America. 
His was an enthusiastic, determined, and un- 
compromising spirit ; and this made him many 
enemies. Author of " A True Relation of 
Va.," 1608, repub. with infrod. and notes by 
Charles Deane, Boston, 1866 ; " Map of Va.," 
&c., 1612; " N. England's Trials," &c., 1620; 
"Pathway to Experience," 1626; a "Sea 
Grammar," 1627 ; " The Generall Historic of 
Virginia, New England, and the Summer 
Isles," 1624 ; " The True Travels, Adventures, 
and Observations of Capt. John Smith in 
Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, from 1593 
to 16^9," 1630 (both reprinted at Richmond in 
1819); "Advertisements for the Unexperienced 
Planters of New England," 1631. — See Smith's 
Life in Sparks's Amer, Bioq. 

Smith, John, D.D. (B.U. 1803), prof, of 
languages at Davtm. Coll. from 1778 to his 
death, Apr. 30, 1809, b. Rowlev, Ms., Dec. 21, 
1752. Dartm. Coll. 1773. Tutor 1774-8. He 
was a preacher as well as a linguist; pub. ser- 
mons, also Hebrew, Greek, and Latin gram- 
mars. Associate pastor of the Presb. Ch. at 
Dartm. Coll. from Nov. 1772 to Sept. 5, 
1787, and sole pastor from that time till his d. 
Susan, his widow, author of a Memoir of her 
husband in 1843, d. 1845, a. 82. 

Smith, John, capt. U S.N. ; d. Phila. 6 
Aug. 1815 ; lieut. 8 Mar. 1798 ; com. 25 Mar, 
1804; capt. 24 Dec. 1811; com. the brig. 
" Vixen," in the squadron of Cora. Preble in 
the attacks on Tripoli in 1804. 

Smith, John Acgustine, M.D., lecturer 
on anatomv in the Coll. of Pbys. and Sur- 
geons, N.Y., and pres. of Wm. and Maiy 
Coll. 1814-26 (grad. there 1800). Author of 
" Introd. Discourse, New Med. Coll., Crosby 
St., N.Y.,'^ 1837 ; " Functions of the Nervous 
System," 1840; " Mutations of the Earth," 



1846; " Monograph upon the Moral Sense," 
1847; "Moral and Pliysieal Science," 1853. 
Dr. S. edited the N.Y. Med. and Phjs. Jour, 
nm. — AUilmie. 

Smith, John Blair, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 
1795), an eloquent preacher, b. Pequea, Pa., 
June 12,1756; d. Phila. Aug. 22, 1799. N.J. 
Coll. 1773. Son of Robert, D.D., and studied 
theology with a bro., Samuel Stanhope, then 
pres. of Hampden-Sid. Coll.; and in 1779 suc- 
ceeded him in that position. He became cele- 
brated as a preacher in the Valley of Va. Dr. 
Alexander thus pictures him in the midst of 
the revival-scenes of his time : " In person he 
was about the middle size ; his hair was un- 
commonly black, and was divided on the top, 
and fell down on each side of the f;ice ; a large 
blue eye, of open expression, was so piercing, 
that it was common to say Dr. Smith lopked 
you through." In Dec. 1*79 1 he was called to 
the Third Presb. Church, Phila., and thence to 
the presidency of Un. Coll. upon its fouiid.ition 
in 1795; but in May, 1799, returned to his 
former charge in Phila., where he soon after 
died of the epidemic then raging. — Sprafjne. 

Smith, John Cotto.v, LL.D., scholar and 
statesman, b. Sharon, Ct, Feb. 12. 1765; d. 
there Dec. 7, 1845. Y.C. 1783. Son of Rev. 
Cotton Mather Smith, a descendant of Rev. 
John Cotton ami Rev. Richard Mather. 
Adm. to practice at the Litchfield Co. bar in 
1786; was in 1793 and in 1796-1800 a mem- 
ber of the lower house, of which he was clerk 
in 1799, and speaker in 1800; M.C. in 1800-6 ; 
he devoted himself to agricultural and literary 
pursuits, at the same time representing his na- 
tive town in the State legisl. till 1809, when 
he was chosen a member of the council ; was 
nominated to the bench of the Supreme Court 
in Oct. 1809; was made lieut.-gov. before the 
second term of the court ; and was gov. in 
181.3-18. Member of the Society of Northern 
Antiquarians in Copenhagen, as also of the 
Ct. and Ms. Hist. Societies ; pres. Ct. State 
Bible Society, American Board for Foreign 
Missions, and, lastly, of the American Bible 
Society. In the celebrated discussion on the 
Judiciary in 1801, he presided over the com. 
of the whole. Gov. Smith was for several 
years an occasional contrib. to various scien- 
tific and literary periodicals. — See Eulogn by 
Reu. W. W. Andreivs before the Cl, Hist. Sac, 
12mo, N.Y. 1847. 

Smith, John E., brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Pa. Aide-de-c.imp to Gov. Yates of III. 
Apr. 1861; col. 45th III. Vols. July, 1861. 
Engaged at capture of Forts Henry and Don- 
elson, battle of Shiloh, siege of Cormtli ; brig.- 
gen. U.S. Vols. Nov. 29, 1862; com. 8th div. 
16th army corps, Dec. 1862; engaged at Ya- 
zoo Pass, Fort Gibson, Raymond. Jackson, 
Champion Hill, and Big Black River ; com. 
1st div. 17th corps, June, 1863 ; transferred to 
15th corps, Sept. 1863 ; engaged at Vicksburg, 
Mission. Ridge, Atlanta campaign, May to 
Sept. 1864 ; Sherman's Georgia and Carolina 
campaii;n, Nov. 1864 to Apr. 1865 ; and bat- 
tle of Bentonvillc, N.C. ; col. 28 July, 1866 ; 
transf. to 14th Inf. 20 Dec. 1870; brev. brig, for 
siege of Vicksburg, and maj.-gen. U.S.A. for 
capture of Savannah. — Henry. 



sail 



842 



SIMI 



Smith, John Gregorv, gov. Vt. 1863-5, 
b. St. Alban's, 22 July, 1818. U. of Vt. 1838. 
N. Haven Law School. Son of John, a lawyer 
and M.C., with whom he bc;.'an practice in 
1841, and whom, on his d. in 18.58, he succeed- 
ed as chancellor. Active in luilroiul interests 
of Vt., and made pres. N. I'^icilic Railroad in 
1866; member Vt. senate 1858, '59; rep. 1860- 
2, and speaker in 1862. An active supporter 
of the Union cause during the civil war. 

Smith, Jon.N Jay, great-grandson of James 
Logan, b. Burlington Co., N.J., June 16,1798. 
In 1829-51 librarian of the Phila. and Lognni- 
an Libraries. Author of " A Summer's Jaunt," 
2vols. 1846; "Amer. Hist.andLit. Curiosities," 
1861 ; "Notes for a Hist, of the Phila. Library 
Co.," 1831 ; " Guide to Laurel-hill Cemetery," 
1844 ; Lives of Franklin, Rittenhouse, Keaton, 
Montgomery, and A. Washington, in National 
Port. Gallery. Editor of a tiumlier of works, — 
ofthei'^'(i'".'v'A/i; Bii'i li:i, l«'?n--J ; Ihr'; Frpress, 



1832 



m 



some 
land, 
encc, 
Thcv 



inl.'^tl >rii:li,,i i :! ■ I ■.. lortune, took 

the till' ■ !i ', I. I : , ,,r the church, 
and ixMvi-.ii ;i',.i)!iii ■ •miliority over the 
"saints." Popular indignation having been 
aroused by his acts, he was arrested, and con- 
fined in jail at Carthage. The jail was broken 



die's r J ! - II , \ul., 

I845-i;, ., i.M- , 11,,, , , \ , ., .. - . . ; and 
Dowiuwi. liulUrudui.sl, le5..-UU, .Vc— 4ffi- 
bone. ■ ' 

Smith, John Speed, b. Jessamine Co., 
Ky., July 31, 1792; d. Madison Co., Ky., 
June 6, 1854. He served imdcr Harrison at 
the battle of Tippecanoe, and was his aide at 
the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct. 1813. In 
1819, 1827, and several subsequent years, he 
was a member of the State Icgisl., and speaker 
in 1827 ; M.C. 1821-3 ; U.S. atty. fortlie dist. 
of Ky. under President Jackson ; at one time 
a commiss. to the legisl. of Ohio ; and for sev- 
eral years supt. of public works in Kentucky. 

Smith, Jonathan Bayard, member Old 
Congress 1777-8, b. Phila. 1741; d. there 
June 16, 1812. N. J. Coll. 1760. His father 
was of Boston. He became a successful mer- 
chant of Phila. ; com. a company of militia at 
Princeton ; many years judge of C.C.P. ; and 
a trustee of N. J. and Pa. Colleges. 

Smith, Joseph, founder of Mormonisra, b. 
Sharon, Vt., 1805; murdered at Carthage, 111., 
June 27, 1844. In his youth his parents re- 
moved to Palmyra, N.Y. Here he pub. in 1830 
" The Book of Mormon, an Account written 
by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates taken 
from the Plates of Ncphi." Smith professed 
to have translated this English version from 
the original plates (discovered to him by an- 
gels), Oliver Cowdery acting as his scribe. This 
" divine revelation " is a corrupt version of a 
religious romance (" The Maniisrript Found") 
bv Solomon ST,aul.liii,-."iii' " m I mii, :,i„l loft 



into by a mob, and Smith was killed. — See 
Aatob. ofJosejjh Smith; J. B. Turner's Life of 
Joseph Smith. 

Smith, Joseph, D.D., Pres. clergyman and 
educator, b. Westmoreland Co., Pa., July 15, 
1796; d. Grccnsburg, Pa., Dee. 4, 1868. Jeff. 
Coll., Pa., 1815; Princet. Tlieol. Sem. 1819. 
Licensed to preach in 1819, he labored in Va., 
and was principal of an acad. at Staunton ; in 
1832 he took charge of the church and a large 
acad. at Frederick City, Md. ; was afterward 
pres. of Franklin Coll., New Athens, O. ; re- 
signed on acc(jnnt of his conservative view of 
slavii V ; rrsuiiinl his pastoral charge at Fred- 
crirk i ily, aii'l \\ as pres. of the coll. newly or- 
gani/,' d tlh IV. Ill lS47he became gen. agent 
for tlir synoiU iinl.racing W. Pa., N. W. Va., 
and i;. I >liio, Suli-ccpiently he held pastortil 
cliaiL;. , ill KoiiiHlliill, Pa., and Greeusburg. 
Autli.jr 111 • I )lcl Kedstone, being Historical 
Sketches of Western Presbyterianism," &c., 
8vo, 1853; "History of Jefferson Coll.," &c., 
1857. 

Smith, Joseph, rear-adm: U.S.N., b. Han- . 
over, Ms., Mar. 30, 1790. Midshipm. Jan. 16,0. J«v 
1809 ; lieut. July 24, 181.3 ; com. Mar. 3, 1827 ; (| 
capt. Feb. 9, l"837 ; rear-adm. (retired list) 
Julv 16, 1862. Lieut. Smith was disting. and 
woundrd in Ma.Dnn.nmh's virtory on Lake 
Chiini|il;iiii, Srpt.ll, ISI4 ; ;iii,l wasat the cap- 
tur.' u|■.\l^-.rilH.^,..-^^, 1 s 1 :, II,. mm. ship- 
of-tli<-;iM.' ■oliiM" Miilit.>,|iia.l., 1S40; Medit. 
si|n:i ! I I : :■ ; • lii. I of bureau of yards and 
durk I r ' ' < )ni: of his sons was killed 
in 1 1, I II -less " when destroyed by 

till' ■ .\i' 1 1 iiiiiM k. iirar Fortress Monroe, Mar 
1862; another, C'a|)t. Albert N., U.S.N., 
chief of bureau of eipiipment, d. Sept. 8, 1866, 
aged 43. 

Smith, Joseph Mather, M.D. (Coll. Ph. 
and Surg. 1815), iilivsi. ian and ni.d. writer, b. 
New Ruchclle, N.Y.,' Mai.h 14. 17MI ; d. N.Y. 
City, Apr. 22, ISIili. Hi, lailirr Dr. Matssn 
Smith was an eminent pin -i> ian nt Westches- 
ter Co., and his motli.r a .'ir-, vn.laiit of the fa- 
mous Mathers of Ms. lb- >iialir,l medicine; 
was licensed to practi-r in M:i\ , 1 s| i ; and set- 
tled in New York. lie aidnl in limiiding the 
Medico-Phi/sio!o(/ical Sorieli^, and contrib. to the 
first vol. of its Transactions, in 1817, a paper 
on the "Efficacy of Emetics in Spasmodic Dis- 
eases." From June, 1820, to April, 1824, he 
was visiting-physician to the N.Y State Prison. 
In 1824 ho pub. " Elements of the Etiology 
and Philosophy of Epidemics." App. in 1826 
to the chair of theory and practice of physic in 
the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, wdach he 
filled near 30 years ; in 1855 he was transferred 
to the chair of materia medica; in 1829 he was 
a]ip. vi.-itiii;4-pliy>ician of the N.Y. Hospital. 
Ill w.!- a Ih [L. Ill , iiiitrib. to tlie mod. periodi- 
.:il- , -- ,1 I -J- -i.Mnican r.litor of the iV.y. 
M.:' / ./ ■ n-il : ill l,si;)l he dclivcredan 

mlilr. -. .11 i!: • I |.i.|rniic Cholera of Asia and 
Euro]!!..," altrnvard pub.; in 1854 he was 
elected i.ns. of the N.Y. Acad, of Med.; in 
18C0 hi., lead before the Amer. Med. Assoc, an 
adiniraldc report on the Medical Topography 
and Epidemics of the Slate of N.Y. Among 
his essays are " The Public Duties of Medical 
Men," 1846 ; " The Influence of Diseases on the 



843 



Intellectual and Moral Powers," 1848 ; "Re- 
port on Practical Medicine ; " " Report on 
rulilic llv-icue," 1850; " Illustrations of Men- 
tal I'li.iiomcna in Military Life," 1S50 ; " Puer- 
peral Fever," 1857; "Therapeutics of Albu- 
minariu," 1802. 

Smith, Joseph R.,brev.brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. SaiMly Hill, Wasli. Co., N.Y., 1802; d. 



busco, Aug. 20, IS47, — twice wounded in the 
latter; maj. 7th Inf. June 11, 1851 ; retired 25 
Sept. 1861. Brev. brig.-geii. 9 Apr. 1865. — 
Cullum. 

Smith, JoSHCA Hett, notorious for his 
complicity in Arnold's treason, and at whose 
house, near Stony Point, Arnold and Andre' 
held their interviews; d. N.Y. 1818. He was 
tried bj- a military court for his connection 
with this affair, and acquitted; but, being Sub- 
sequently imprisoned by the civil authorities, 
escaped to New York, disguised in a woman's 
dress. Bro. of Chief Justice William Smith, 
and a man of considerable influence ; counsel- 
lor-at-law ; and a member of the convention of 
the State of N.Y'. 1775. At the close_ of the 
war he went to Eng. In 1 803 he pub. in Lon- 
don " An Authentic Narrative of the Causes 
which led to the Death of Major Andre," — a 
book held in slight estimation. 

Smith, JosiAli, clorgvman, b. Charleston, 
S.C, 1704; d. I'hila. Oct. 1781 while a pris- 
oner of war, taken at Charleston. H.U. 1725. 
Grandson of Gov. Thomas ; ord. minister for 
Bermuda, July 11, 172i;; afterward of Cainhoy 
and of tW I'lVslh clmnh at (■llarle^ton. lie 
maintaiiiril in IT.iO .i learned disi.utation with 
Hugh Fi,.li.T on the right of private judgment. 
He pub. a vol. of sermons, 8vo, 1752, and a 
number of occasional discourses. 

Smith, Junius, LL. D. (Y. Coll. 1840), 
pioneer of ocean steam-navigation, b. Plvm- 
oufh, Ct., Oct. 2, 1780; d. Astoria, N.Y., Jan. 
2-3, 18.5.'!. Y. C. 1802. Son of Gen. David. 
He studied at the Litchfield Law School ; in 
180.3 delivered the annual oration before the 
Cincinnati of Ct. ; practised at the New-Haven 
bar until 1805, when he was employed to prose- 
cute a claim against the British govt, for a 
large amount in the Admiralty Court of Lond., 
upon the successful termination of which he 
embarked in commercial pursuits with Amer- 
ica, and conducted a prosperous business for 
many yi-:\y^ Tn I «'V2 he engaged in the pro- 
jects! :■' l^ "i ''■'' In secure the navigation of 
the A II ' '■ I "iih steamships; pub. a 

pro-) 1- I'll _ ilie enterprise upon the 

public iNuui , cMalni-hed in 1836 the British 
' ■ " i-Navigation Company ; and 

138 the feasibility of the pro- 
by the crossing of the small 
Foiled, from various causes, 
I i| advantage from this pro- 
I rffiirt, he endeavored to 
lint, ])urchased an extensive 
iiville, S.C, and was engaged 
when he was assaulted, and 
received a fracture of the skull from which he 
never recovered. 



and Amer. Stiai 
in the spring of 1 
ject was proved 



enterpi 



Smith, Ltkdon Arxold, M.D., physician, 
b. Haverhill, N.H., Nov. 11, 1795; d. Newark, 
N.J., Dee. 15, 1865. Dartm. Coll. I8I7. Ho 
grad. M.D. at Dartm. and Wnis. Med. Colleges 
in 1823 ; began practice at Williainstown, Ms., 
in Mar. ISi't; and in Julv, 1827, settled per- 
manently at Newark. He'was made a fellow 
of the N.Y. (\illo;;e of Pliys. and Surgeons in 
Isi;), nirnilicr ol the Amer. Scicntilic Assoc. 
in I ~.i.i, \ I. r |iri s. of the Am. Med. Assoc, in 
1^:.,|, ainl ]iir, ,,( the N.J. Med. Society. II« 
pull. ri;aii\ ai lii les in medical journals and 
other periodicals, and a treatise on "The 
Kpidemics of New Jersey." He was prime 
mover in establishing the lunatic asylum of 
New Jersey. 

Smith, Makcus, comedian, b. N. Orleans, 
Jan. 7, 1829. Son of Sol. Smith. Made his 
debut Nov. 11, 1849, at the St. Charles, N. Or- 
leans, as Diggory in " Family Jars ; " at Phila., 
at the National, Aug. 31, I8'57, as Bramble in 
" The Poor Gentleman." Has since played in 
the leading theatres, been a successful star, and 
was long a favorite at Wallack's. Lessee of 
the N. Y. Thratre in 1866. Now (1S71) at the 
St. James Tlicatre, London. Is a careful and 
relial.i.' a.'Uir. — l!n„r,/s Am.,;,;,,, Shn/e. 

Smith, Makoarkt, b. I'lula. 1778; d. 
Washington, D.C., 1844. Dau. of Col. John 
Bayard. She m. Samuel Harrison Smith 1 800. 
Author of " A Winter in Washington," 2 vols. 
1827 ; " What is Gentility ?" 1830 ; and tales 
in " 'The Lady's Book " and South. Lit. xMessen- 
ger. — ilrs. Hale's Wovian's Record. 

Smith, Gen. Maktin Luther, b. New 
York 1819; d. Rome, Ga., July 29, 1866. 
West Point, 1842. Entering the topog. engi- 
neers, he became 2d lieut. Nov. 1, 1843; brev. 
1st lieut. for meritorious conduct during the 
Mexican war; 1st lieut. Mar. 1853; capt. July 
1,1856; and resigned Apr. 1, 1861. Brig.-gen. 
Confed. army from Florida ; com. a brigade in 
defence of New Orleans, and was at the head 
of the eng. corps of the army, and planned and 
constructed the defences of Vicksbnrg ; after- 
ward made major-gen., and taken prisoner at 
Vicksbnrg. At the time of his death he was 
chief engr. of the system of railroads which was 
to connect Selnia, Ala., and Dalion, Ga. 

Smith, Rev. Matthew Hai.e (" Bur- 
leigh "), son of Rev. Ellas. Successively a 
Univcrsalist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, and 
a Baptist. Author of " Text-Book of Univer- 
salism," 1845; "UniversaMsm Exposed," 8vo, 
1842; " Universalisra not of God," 1847; 
" The Bible, the Rod, and Religion, in Common 
Schools," a sermon, 1847 ; " Reply to Horace 
Mann," 1847; "Sabbath Eveninjjs," 1859; 
" Mount Calvary," 1866 ; " Sun^hine and Shad- 
ow in New Yoi-k." Long a corresp. of the 
Doston Journal under the pseudouyme "Bur- 
lei-h." 

Smith, Melancthox, rearadm. U.S.N., 
b. New York, May 24, 1809. Midshipm. Mar. 
1, 1826 ; lieut. March 8, 1837 ; com. Sept. 14, 
1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 
1866; light-house insp. 1856-60; rear-adra. 
July, 1870 (retired list). Served in the Semi- 
nole war 1839-40 ; com. frigate " Constitution," 
Medit. squad., 1848-51 ; com. steamer " Massa- 
chusetts," 1861 ; engaged with Confed. steamer 



844 



" Florida." Mpi. Sounil, Oct. 26, 1 861 ; com. 
steam-sloop " Alississippi" at the capture of N. 
Orleans, in which fight he ran the ram " Ma- 
nassas " ashore and destroyed her. lie took 
patt in all the engagements of the squadron 
until Mar. 14, 1863, when, in passing the Port- 
Hudson batteries, " The Mississippi " grounded, 
and was set on fire by Captain Smith. While 
com. " The Monongiibcla," he participated in 
the attacks on Port Hud>on in June and July, 
1863; com. steam-slou]) " Oni>ndaga," N. A. 
block, squad., 1864 ; eng;i->a « itii Confed. ram 
"Albemarle" in All.i'in. Smnid, May .i, 1864; 
com. frigate "Walia-li" in IhiiIi attacks on 
FurtFisher; app. clil I m! ImnMii uf equipment 
and recruiting ISGii. — Il.un, r,':/. 

Smith, MEisKuvtiiiEi:, ul Es.-ex, Va. ; d. 
at an advanced age. He was long a member 
of the h. of burgesses, of all the Va. conven- 
tions in 1775-6, and in that of May, 1776; 
member of the Federal ci'iivfntion i.f Va. ; 
also a member of the Cont. ( ..n v-- i :"--s2. 

Smith, Nathan, Ml' II l i: -ur- 
geon, b. Rehoboth, Ms., ."^i | ; , -. ;7i _ , i X. 
Haven, Jan. 26,1829. \Vi.,:>. )..i.ii_, :... fa- 
ther removed to Vt., where llie suns uluiation 
was limited. During the clu^i^g ytars of the 
Revol. war be served in the Vt. njiiitia. Un- 
til the age of 24 he labored c.n :i farm, then de- 
voted himself to the study cif 111-. liiiii'-, ]jrac- 
tised a tew years in Coriii-li, NIL. ami ihen 
attended the med. lectures ar III'. Wh. ii in 



so that Dr. .Sniitli had to create every thing 
needed in the institution, as well as to perform 
his own appropriate duties. Dr. Smith then 
went to Europe, where he spent a year attend- 
ing the best medical schools of Eng. and Scot- 
land. In 1813 he was invited to the chair of 
ihe infant mcd. school of Y.C., but also con- 
tinued to lecture at Dartm. Coll., besides deliv- 
ering lectures at the U. of Vt. and at Bowd. 
Coll. Author of "Essay on Typhus-Fever," 
1824; " iMedical and Surgical Memoirs, with 
Addenda bv N. R. Smith," 1831. His son, 
N.\THAs Ryno, M.D. (U. of Vt. 1820). Y.C. 
1817. Med. prof, in the U. of Md. Author 
of " Physiological Essays on Digestion," 1825 ; 
" Diseases of the Ear," from the French of 
De Saissv, 1829; "Surgical Anatorav of the 
Arteries,'' l-iu; -Tiratment of Fractures," 
1867; i.ap.i. III J ,„, ,1/,,/. Jour., &c. 

Smith, Xmihs. lawyer and senator, b. 
Roxbuiy, Ci., 1770; d. Washington, D.C., 6 
Dee. ISJBo. Sun of Richard, and bro. of Hon. 
Nathaniel Smith. Edueiited at the Litchfield 
Law School. He was many years county-atty. 
for New Haven, and U.S. atty. for Ct. ; mem- 
ber of the conv. that framed tlie State const , 
and often in the legisl. of the State; practised 
law in New Haven until his d. ; delegate to the 
Hartford conv. in 1814; U.S. senator 1832-5 ; 
M.A. ofY.C. 1808. 

Sm.ith, Nathaniel, jurist, b. Woodbury, 
Ct., Jan. 6, 1762 ; d. there Mar. 9, 1822. His 
education was limited. Studying law under 
Judge Reeve, he began pnieiice in his native 
town in 1789, and soon became eminent. He 
was repeatedly a member of the State legisl. ; 



was M.C. in 1797.-0 , Stale senator in 1799- 
1804; judge Sii[. ( ..u: ,n,., 1 soS-May, 1819. 

Smith, <Ji.ii I ■ and benevolent 

farmer, b. Hani I 1 ,1 i 1766; d. there 
Dee. 22, 184,'). H. a. .iiur. 1 -rcat wealth by 
stock-raising. Was lor 40 years a magistrate, 
twice a representative to the State legisl., and 
in 1820 was a member of the Const. Conv. 
During his lifetime, besides other charitable 
acts, he gave marriage-portions to several fe- 
males, and built schoolhouses. At his death 
he bequeathed his large estate to eharitableand 
educational objects. 

Smith, Oliver Hampton, b. Trenton, 
N. J., O.t. 23, 1794; d. Indianapolis, Mar. 19, 
1859. Eniig. to Iiid. 1817; practised law; in 
1824 he was pros. ativ. for the 3d Dist. of Ind.; 
member of State legisl. 1822 ; M.C. in 1827- 
9; and U.S. senator in 1837-13. Author of 
" Recollections of Congressional Life; " " Early- 
Indiana Trials, Sketches, and Rernini-scences," 
Phila. 8vo, 1 858. — Geuea/. Bey., xiii. 282. 

Smith, Persifor Frazer, brcv. maj.-geu. 
U.S.A., b. Phila. Nov. 1798; d. Fort Leaven- 
worth, Ks., May 17, 1858. N.J. Coll. 1815. 
His maternal grandfather, Persifor Frazer, a 
lieut.-col. in the Revol. army, d. Phila. May, 
1792. He studied law, and practised at New 
Orleans. He wasadj.-gcn. of the State ; a vol. 
under Gen. Gaines during two campaigns in 
the Fla. war (as col. of La. Vols.) in 1836 and 
'38 ; and received the com. of the brigade of La. 
VoN. undtT Tavl.iron ili.- Rio (Jiande. May, 
lS4Ci ; tmI. iiin'aiiiiil lilli-. May l'7, 1846 ; 



busco, Aug. 20, 1847". The official report of 
the battle of Contreras states that he " closely 
directed the whole attack in front with his ha- 



ul rr. 



ofa.in, , 1 . A :_ 2_', 1847; mili- 
tary aii'i .iMi _ : a|.\r M, Oct. 1847, and 

com. 2u division L .."i.A. ; niiiit. and civil gov. 
of Vera Cruz, May, 1848; subsequently com. 
the depts. of Cal. and Texas; made brig. -gen. 
Dec. 30, 1856; and just before his death was 
app. to com. the Utah expedition. 

Smith, Persifor Frazer, b. Phila. 
1808. U. of Pa. 1825. Adm. to the bar 1829. 
Author of " Reports Sup. Ct. of Pa.," 186.5- 
6; "Forms of Procedure," 8vo, 1862. — AlU- 

Smith, Preston, brig -gen. C.S.A., killed 
at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. He entered 
the service as an officer in a Tenn. regt., and 
rose to the rank of brig.-gen. He, and nearly 
all his staff, were killed, while making a recon- 
noissance, by a volley from a Union regiment. 

Smith, Richard Pkxx, lawver ami drama- 
tist, b. Phila. March, 1799 ; d. at liis ix-idenco 
on the Schuvlkill, Aug. 12, Is.'a. Sun of 
Wm. Moure Smith. .Ailiii. m ti../ I.ar in 1821. 
His 111-; I. i.Maai a. «a, a - • :■ - .a ,--ais. en- 



title 



7 hr I I. a I a. .i ,,- ,:, .11,, ..or of 

Duana. Ila 111, II la- a lii, ,a,alaauf law. 

Heiiub. "TlieFursakcn,"aiiovel, 18;!1 ; "The 
Actress of Padua, and Other Tales ; " " Caius 
Marius," a tragedy written for Forrest; and 



SMI 



845 



SMI 



many other successful plays, among them 
" Quite Correct," " The Eighth of Jaliuarv," 
" Tlie Sentinels," "Wm. Penn," "The Water- 
Witch," "Is she a Brigand?" &c. He fre- 
quently contrib. poetical pieces for the news- 
papers. Also author of " Life of David 
Crockett," 1836. His miscellaneous works, 
coll. by his son Horace W. Smith, with a Me- 
moir liv Morton McMichacl, were pub. 18.56. — 
D„!irl:!„rh. 

Smith, Richard Somers, b. Phila. 1813. 
West Point, 1834. Railroad engr. 1836-40; 
prof, of drawing, West-Point Acad., 1840-56; 
resigned from the army in 18.56; prof, math., 
eng., and drawing, Brooklyn Inst., 1855-9; 
director Cooper Inst., N.Y. City, 1859-61 ; 
maj. 12ih U.S. Inf. 14 May, '61, to 30 May, 
1863, serving in the Rappahannock campaign, 
and com. a brig, at Chancellorsville in Mav, 
1863. Prcs. of Girard Coll. 1863 to Sept. 1867. 
Author of " Manual of Topog. Drawing," 
1854 ; " Linear Perspective," 1857. — Cullum. 

Smith, Robert, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1760), 
clcrirvmaii and scholar, h. Lonrlondorrv, Ire- 
laud,' 17J:J ; d. Rorkvillf, V.\ . Am r.,'l793. 
When a child, his pann; ' ! i >■ head- 

waters of the Brandy u in .1 I 1 , Pa. 

He was educated at tlir I i^^ ~ Mmhh- School 
of Rev. Samuel Blair, wi.ose simct l.lizabeth 
hem. in 1750. Licensed Dec. 27, 1749. Mar. 
26, 1751, he was settled pastor of Pequea 
Presb. Cliurch, Lancaster Co. Here he estab. 
a classical and theol. sera, of high character, 
where was laid the foundation of the eminence 
of his two sons, Samuel Stanhope and John 
Blair Smith. Author of some sermons. — 
Spraqiie. 

Smith, Robert, D.D., first Prot.-Epis. 
bishop of S.C, b. Norfolk Co., Eng., 1732 ; d. 
Charleston, Oct. 28, 1 801 . U. of Camb , Eng., 
1753, of wliich ho was elected a fellow. Adm. 
to deacon's orders March 7, and to priest's 
Dec. 21, 1756. In 1759 he became rector of 
St. Philip's, Charleston, S.C. ; visited Eng. in 
1768-70, and, though loyal at the commence- 
ment of the Revol., became an ardent patriot, 
and went to the lines armed as a common sol- 
dier. Banished in consequence by the British, 
in 1780 he took temporary charge of St. Paul's 
parish. Queen Anne Co., Md. ; returned to his 
formor charge in May, 1783, and, on account 
of th'.ir depressed condition, took charge of an 
acad. incorporated in 178G as Charleston Co'l., 
and in which he hold the office of principal 
until 1798. Elected bishop of S.C. in 1795, 
he was consec. at Phila. Sept. 13. 

Smith, Robert, statesman, bro. of Gen. 
Samuel, b. Nov. 1757; d. Baltimore, 26 Nov. 
1842. N.J. Coll. 1781. Hewasprcsentattho 
battle of Brandywine as a vol. ; studied law, 
and rose to distinction at the bar; was sonic 
years a member of the Md. legisl. ; see. U.S. 
navy 26 Jan. 1802-1805; U.S.attv.-gen. Mar.- 
Doc. 1805; sec. of state 6 Mar. 1809-25 Nov. 
1811 ; was some years pres. of the Bible Soci- 
ety and of the Md. Agnc. Soc; and succeeded 
Archbishop Carrol as provost of the U. of Md. 
Author of an " Address to the People of the 
U.S.," 1811. 

Smith, RoswELL C, b. Franklin, Ct., 
1797. Author of school text books on geog- 



raphy, grammar, and arithmetic, extensively 
used ; and a " Reply to the Charges of Daniel 
Adams," 1831. 

Smith, Samoel, historian, b. Burlington, 
N.J., 1720; d. there 1776. Member of the 
assembly, treas. of West Jersey, &e. He pub. 
" History of New Jersey from" its Settlement 
to 1721," 8vo, 1755. Some of his valuable 
MSS. were used by Proud in his Hist, of 
Pennsylvania. 

Smith, Gen. Sambel, Eevol. otKeer, b. 
Carlisle, Pa., July 27, 1752 ; d. April 22, 1839. 
His father John Smith, who removed to Balti- 
more in 1 760, was several years a member of 
the legisl. ; member of the Md. Const. Conv. 
of 1 776 ; and during nearly the whole war was 
chairman of the com. of ways and means in 
the house of delegates. Samuel received the 
rudiments of his education at Carlisle; then 
attended school in Baltimore, and aftcnvards 
in Elkton. Until 1771 he was in his father's 
counting-room, when he visited Europe in one 
of his father's vessels. Early in the struggle 
for liberty he joined a vol. company, and in 
Jan. 1776 wasapp. acapt. in Smallwood'sregt., 
which, at the battle on Long Island, did emi- 
nent servioe, and lost one-third of its men. 
Disting. at Harlem and White Plains, where 
he was slightly wounded; and, in the harassing 
retreat through N. J., he was, Dec. 10, 1776, 
given a major's commission in Gist's batt. ; 
made lieut.<ol. of the 4th (Md.) Regt. in 1777, 
and was at the attack on Staten Island and at 
Brandywine. Immediately afterwards he was 
detached by Washington to the defence of Fort 
Mifllin. In this naked and exposed work ho 
maintained himself, under a continual cannon- 
ade, from Sept. 26 to Nov. 1 1 , when he was to 
severely wounded as to make it necessary to 
remove him to the Jersey shore. For this 
gallant defence, Congress voted him thanks and 
an elegant sword. Not entirely recovered from 
the ert'ects of his wound, he yet took part in 
the hardshiijs of Valley Forge. He took an 
active part in the battle of Monmouth. Re- 
duced, after a service of three years and a half, 
from affluence to poverty, he was compelled to 
resign his commission, but continued to do 
duty as a col. of militia until the end of the 
war. Several years a member of the legisl.* 
he was a member of Congress either in the 
house or senate, where his scnices were of the 
utmost importance, from 1793 to 1833. Under 
Mr. JeflFereon ho served a short time as sec. of 
the navy, though declining the app. He was a 
brig.-gen. of militia, and served as mnj.-gen. of 
the State troops in the def nee of Baltimore in 
the war of 1812, the succe:s of which wag emi- 
nently due to his talents and knowledge. In the 
summer of 1835, wh'^n in his 83d year, a com. 
of his fcllow-citiz'^ns having called on him to 
put down a feaniil mob which had possession 
of the city, he at once consented to make the 
attempt, was successful, and was elected mayor 
of the city. 

Smitli, Samuel Emersom, jurist, b. Hol- 
lis, N.ll., March 12. 1788; d. Wiscasset, Me., 
March 3, 1860. H.U. 1803. His father Ma- 
nasseh (H.U. 1773), a chaplain in the Revol. 
army, afterward a lawyer at WLscasset, d. 
there 1823. He studied law; was adm. to the 



846 



SIMI 



Boston bar, and settled in Wiscasset in 1812 ; 
representative in 1 8 1 9-20. He was chief justice 
C. C. P., Me., 1821; a justice of the State 
C.C. P. in 1822-30; gov. 1831^; again jud^'e 
of C. C. P. in 1835-7, and in 1837 a commiss. 
to re^-ise the public statutes of Maine. 

Smith, Samuel Francis, D.D. (Colby 
tr. 1853), clergyman, b. Boston, Oct. 21, 1808. 
H.U. 1829. After studying theology at An- 
dover, he edited for 1 8 months the Baptist ilis- 
sionary Magazine in Boston. He was at this 
time a large contributor to the Encydopaidia 
Americana. From Feb. 12, 1834, to 1842, he 
was pastor of the First Baptist Church, Water- 
ville, Mc., and prof, of modem languages in 
Waterville Coll; from Jan. 1, 1842, to July, 
1 854, he was pastor of the First Baptist Church, 
Newton, Ms. ; edited the Christian Review in 
1 842-9 ; and since 1 854 has been engaged in 
literary pursuits, and editing the publications 
of the Baptist Miss. Union. He h.as from 
early youth been a contrib. to periodical litera- 
ture; and the well-known hymns, "Mv Country, 
'tis of Thee," and " The Morning Light is 
Breaking," are among his early productions. 
In 1843, in connection with Rev. Baron Stow, 
he compiled " The Psalmist," a collection of 
psalms and hymns. His other publieations 
are "Lyric Gems," 1844; and " Lite of Rev. 
Joseph Grafton," 1845. He also contrib. a 
large portion of the songs in the " Juvenile 
Lyre," edited by Lowell Mason. 

Smith, Samuel Harrison, editor; d. 
Washington, Nov. 1, 1845, a. 73. U. of Pa. 
1787. Son of Jonathan Bayard, a Revol. pa- 
triot. He edited the New World at Phila. in 
1796 ; and, when the seat of govt, was located at 
•Washington, he established there, Oct. 31, ISOO, 
the National Intelligencer, which he relinquished 
in 1810. Commiss. of the revenue from 1813 
until the abolition of the office. Author of 
"Remarks on Education," &c., 8vo, 1798. 

Smith, Samuel J., poet, b. Burlington, N. 
J.,1771; d. 1835. Grandsonof Samuel, the his- 
torian of N. J. With large inherited wealth he 
lived on his estate, dividing his time between lit- 
erature, his farm, and public benefactions. A 
vol. of his poetry was pub. 8vo, 1 836. Two of 
his beautiful lynca are m Lyra Sacra Americana. 
• Smith, Sarah Lanman, missionary, b. 
Norwich, Ct., 1802 ; d. Boujah, near Smyrna, 
Sept. 30, 1836. Dau. of Jabez Huntington. 
In 1830-1, she, mth Sarah Breed, established 
and conducted a sabbath school among the Mo- 
hegan Indians; in 1831 she m. Rev. Eli Smith; 
embarked for Smyrna, laboring chiefly at Bei- 
rut; in 1836, in ill-health, she was wrecked on 
a voyage to Smyrna, but escaped in a boat, dy- 
ing soon after. Her Memoirs were pub. by Dr. 
II. W. Hooker in 1839. 

Smith, Sarah Louisa P. (Hickman), b. 
Detroit, Mich., 30 June, 1811 ; d. N. Y. City, 
12 Feb. 1832. Grand-dau. of Gen. Wm. Hull. 
Her family resided at Newton, Ms., where she 
was liberally educated. In 1828 she m. Saml. 
Jenks Smith, an editor in Providence, B.I., 
with whom she removed to Cincinnati in 1829. 
Ho was afterward connected with the N. Y. 
press, and d. while on a voyage to Europe in 
1842. Her poems were pub. 12rao, 1828. — See 
Poets and PoUr,j of the West. 



Smith, Samuel Stanhope, D.D. (Y.C. 
1783), LL.D. (H.U. 1810), scholar and clergy- 
man, b.Pequea, Pa., Mar. 16, 1750 ; d. Prinee- 
ton, Aug. 21, 1819. N. J. Coll. 1769. Son of 
Robert Smith, D.D., in whose acad. he was 
educated. He became an assist, in his father's 
school, and was in 1770-3 tutor at Princeton, 
pursuing at the same time the study of thcolo 
gy. Ord. in 1774. He commenced the labors 
of a missionarv in the western counties of Va., 
and was solicited to preside over Hamp. Sid. 
Coll. ; in 1779 he became prof, of moral philos. 
at Princeton, where the ravages of the war had 
been most severely felt, dispersing the students, 
reducing the building to a state of dilapidation, 
and greatly embarrassing the institution finan- 
cially. He made great exertions and pecuniary 
sacrifices to restore it to prosperity ; accepted in 
1783 the additional office of prof, of theol., and 
in 1786 that of vice-pres. of the college. Mem- 
ber of a com. to draw up a system of govt, for 
the Prcsb. Church in 1786, and in 1795 suc- 
ceeded Dr. Witherspoon, his father-in-law, as 
pres. of the college, resigning in 1812. Dr. S. 
wrote with elegance and perspicuity, was an 
eloquent and popular preacher, and was elegant 
in person and manners. Author of " An Es- 
say on the Variety of Complexion in the Hu- 
man Species," 1788, maintaining the idea of 
the unity of the race ; " Lectures on the Evi- 
dences of the Christian Religion and on Moral 
Philosophy," 1809 ; and a " System of Natural 
and Revealed Religion," 1816. Also sermons, 
2 vols. 8vo, 1821, with a memoir. — Sprague. 

Smith, Seba, author, b. Buckfield, Me., 
Sept. 14, 1792; d. Patehogue, L.I., July 29, 
1868. Bond. Coll. 1818. He settled in Por^ , 
hmd as a writer for the periodical press, where J- 
/^e wrote the series of humorous political letters/ __. ,_ 
under the psendonvme of " Major Jack Down- )\vv(,vG<kC 
ing,'jfirst pub. collectively in 18.33. In 1842 ' -^ ^i^ 
he r/moved to New York. His other publica- 
tions are, "Dew-Drops of the 19th Century," 
1846; " My 30 Years out of the Senate, "'by 
Maj. Jack'Downing, 1859; "Powhatan," a 
metrical romance, 1841; "New Elements of 
Geometry," 1850; and " Way Down East, or 
Portraitures of Yankee Life," 1855. He also 
wrote many minor occasional poems. Editor 
of and contrib. to many newspapers and peri- 
odicals. His widow (Elizabeth Oakes) resides 
in New York. 

Smith, Solomon Franklin, actor and 
manager, b. Norwich, Chenango Co., N.Y., 
Apr. 20, 1801 ; d. St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 14, 1869. 
He learned the printer's trade, and, while very 
young, joined a company of strolling jilayers at 
Louisville, Ky. He soon became a leading ac- 
tor and great favorite in the West and Sooth, 
then a star, and finally a manager in many 
Western theatres. July 4, 1822, he issued at 
Cincinnati a paper called the Independent Press, 
continued one year; in 1853 he quitted the 
stage, practised law in St. Louis, and in 1861 
was a member of the State convention as 
an unconditional Union man. His forte as an 
actor was low comedy, in which he was un- 
e(jualled. His "Autobiography" and "Renii- 
niscences of the Stage." were pub. in N.Y. in 
1868; "Theatrical Apprenticeship," in 1845; 
and " Theatrical Journey- Work," &c., in 1854. 






SMI 



847 



Smith, Thomas, first minister of Portland, 
from Mar. 8, 1727, to 1784, b. Boston, Mar. 10, 
1702; d. Portland, May 23, 1795. H.U. 1720. 
In 1725 ho went to Falmouth, now Portland, 
as chaplain to the troops there, and preached 
to the inhabitants ; in 1767 he received a col- 
league, Samuel Deane. He pub. some sermons. 
Extracts from his Journals, 1720-88, with Ap- 
pendix, were pub. by S. Freeman, 1821; "Jour- 
nals of Thos. Smith and Saml. Deano," with 
Not"s, &c., by William Willis, were pub. 8vo, 
1849. 

Smith, Thomas, jurist, b. Scotland; d. 
Bedford, Pa., June, 1809. An emigrant to 
America at an early age, and a lawyer by pro- 
fession. Feb. 9, 1769, he was app. dop. sur- 
veyor, and established himself in Bedford, Pa. 
lie became prothonotary, clerk of the sessions, 
and recorder of Bedford Co. ; col. of militia in 
the Revol. ; member of the State Const. Conv. 
in 1776; member State legisl. ; member of the 
Old Congress 1780-2; pres. of the judicial 
dist. of Cumberland, Miiflm, Huntingdon, Bed- 
ford, and Franklin Counties, 1791-4 ; judge of 
the Sup. Court of Pa. 1794-1809. — Port/o/i'o, 
1809. 

Smith, Thomas Jefferson, judge, an 
accomplished scholar and vigorous writer; d. 
Baltimore, July 13, 1857. He was at one 
time judge of a Marine Court in N.Y., and 
had occupied a judicial position in California. 

Smith, Thomas L., b. Phila. 1805. Judge 
Sup. Court of Ind. 1S47-53. Author of " Re- 
ports Sup. Ct. of Ind. 1848-9 ; " " Elements of 
the Laws," &c., 2d ed., 1859, Svo. — Allibone. 

Smith, Thomas Mather, D.D. (Bowd. 
Coll. 1850), b. Stamford, Ct., 1797; d. Poi-t- 
land, Me., 6 Sept. 1864. Y.C. 1816 ; Andover 
Sem. 1820. Ord. 1822. Son of Rev. Daniel 
of Stamford, Ct. Cong, pastor successively of 
Portland, Fall River, Catskill, N.Y., and New 
Bedford. Ord. priest in the Pr.-Episc. Church, 
he was prof, of syst. divinity at Kcnyon Coll., 
O., in 1845-63, and 4 years president. 

Smith, Truman, U.S. senator, 1849-54, b. 
Roxbury, Ct., Nov. 27, 1791. Y.C. 1815. Ad- 
mitted to the bar in 181 8 ; was a member of the 
State legisl. in 1831-2 and '34 ; M.C. in 1839- 
43 and in 1 845-9. He has since practised law 
in N.Y. City. Judge of the Court of Arbitra- 
tion in N. York under the treaty of 1862 with 
Great Britain ; a judge of the Court of Claims 
arising from the Rebellion. He pub. "An Ex- 
amination of the Question of Aniesthesia," 
Svo, 1859; again, Svo, 1867. He assigns the 
discovery to Dr. Horace Wells. 

Smith, William, chief justice of N. Y., 
b. New York, 25 June, 1728; d. there 3 Dec. 
1793. Y.C. 1745. Son of an eminent lawyer 
of the same name, who was mayor of the city, 
judge Sup. Court, and influential in public af- 
fairs, and who d. 22 Nov. 1 769, n. 73. The son 
hecimeoneof the foremost lawyers of his time 
in America. App. a judge of the Supreme 
Court in 1763 ; member of the council as early 
as 1 769 ; adhered to the royal govt, in the 
Revol.; went to Eng. at the peace in 1783; 
and in Nov. 1786 was app. cliief justice of 
Canada. It is believed, that he at fii-st op- 
posed the measures of Eng., and joined the 
royal side with many others in 1778, He 



wrote an excellent history of New York from 
its settlement to 1732, pub. Loml. 1757, re- 
pub, with additions in 1814, and continued to 
1762 by William, son of the chief justice, 
also author of the first " English History of 
Canada," b. June, 1770. 

Smith, William, D.D. (Oxf 1759), Pr.- 
Ep. clergyman and author, b. Aberdeen, Scot- 
land, 1726; d. Phila. May 14, 1803. U. of Aber- 
deen, 1747. Heemig. to Amer. in 1750 ; was a 
private tutor in the family of Gov. Martin on 
Long Island ; and, being invited to take charge 
of the coll. in Pbila., revisited Eng. to be ord. 
in the Epis. Church ; returned to Amer. iu 
Dec. 1753 ; and in May, 1754, was placed at the 
head of the coll. This institution, of which he 
was founder and first provost, attained a high 
character in his hands, and was subsequently 
erected into the present U. of Pa. During hij 
long life he was disting. for his oratorical pow- 
ers, for his sermons and political writings dur- 
ing the Revol., and more particularly for his 
devotion to the cause of education and litera- 
ture. His orations on the deaths of Gen. 
Montgomery and Dr. Franklin, pronounced 
by request of Congress and other public bodies, 
were considered masterpieces of composition. 
Besides these, he pub. discourses on several 
public occasions during the war, 1759, 2d ed., 
with sermons added, 1763; "Concerning the 
Conversion of the Heathen in America," 1760; 
" An Account of the Charitable Corporation 
for the Widows of Clergymen," 1769 ; an Ora- 
tion before the Amer. Philos. Society, 1773 ; on 
" The Present Crisis of American Affairs," 
June 23, 1775; on "Temporal and Spiritual 
Salvation," 1790; an essay entitled "A Gen- 
eral Idea of the College of Mirania," 1753. 
One of the earliest of his writings was " A 
Philosophical Meditation and Religious Ad- 
dress to the Supreme Being," Lond. 1754. 
From Oct. 1757 to Oct. 1758 he pub. a series 
of eight essays in the Amei: Mcuf. at Phila., . 
entitled " The Hermit ; " and was the author 4iir 
of " Bouquet's Exped. against the Western J^uit 
Indians." A .selection of his works was pub. 
2 vols. Svo, 1803. ' ' 

Smith, William, statesman ; d. Balti- 
more, 27 Mar. 1814, a. 85. A delegate to the 
Old Congress 1777-8; M.C. 1789-91 ; and af- 
terwards auditor of the treasurv. 

Smith, William, D.D., Pr.-Ep. clergy- 
man, b. Scotland, 1753; d. New York, Apr. 6, 
1821. Heemig. to America as an ord. minister 
in 1785; oflSeiated in Md., Narrag.insett and 
Newport, R.I., Nonvalk, Ct., and New York ; 
his tmhappy temperament preventing his longso- 
jom'n in any parish, though higlily respected for 
scholarly attainments. He taught a grammar- 
school in New York in 1 800 ; and in 1 802-6 was 
principal of the Epis. Academy, Cheshue, Ct. ; 
he subsequently resided in New York, writing 
for the press. Among his publications were a 
series of essays on the Christian Ministry, a 
Book of Charts, and a large work on Christian 
Psalmody, 1814. The Office of Institution of 
Ministers into Parishes or Churches, as set 
forth in the Book of Common Prayer, was his 
production. His colloquial powers were ex- 
traordinary. — Blake. 

Smith, William, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 1796), 



^A 



848 



sail 



senator, b. N.C. 17G2; d. Iliintsvillc, Ala., 26 
June, 1840. Educated at Mount-Zion Coll. 
Admitted to the bar in 1792; M. C. from 
Charleston dist. 1797-9; U.S. senator 1816-23 
and 1826-31; member State legisl., and judge 
of the Sup. Court. A disting. supporter of the 
doctrine of State rights. Declined a seat on 
the bench of the U.S. Sup. Court; candidate 
of S.C. for vicc-pres. in 1837; twice pres. uro 
ton. U.S. senate. 

Smith, William, politician, nicknamed 
"Extra liilly," b. King George Co., Va., 6 
Sept. 1797. .. Educated at PlainlieldAcad., Ct., 
and in private schools in Va. ; and began to 
practise law in 1818. By establishing a line 
of coaches through Va., the Carolinas, and 
Ga., he made a fortune. Was a member of the 
Icg-isl. in 1836 and 1840; M.C. 1842-3; gov. 
of Va. 1846-9; and again M.C. in 185.3-61 ; 
made a brig.-gen. in the Confcd. army, and 
wounded at Antietam. 

Smith, WiLLi.vM, commo. U.S.N., b. Ky. 
9 Jan. 1803. Midshipm. Mar. 4, 1823; licut. 
Mar. 3, 1831; com. Sept. 12, 1854; commo. 
July 16, 1862 ; retii-cd 9 Jan. 1865. Attached 
to "The Sea-Gull" in 1823, and served in 
Porter's squad, against W. I. pirates ; in " The 
Vandalia" 1835-7, co-operating with the army 
in several expeds. against the Seminole In- 
dians, Fla. ; during the Mexican war assisted 
at the capture of Tuspan and Tabasco; com. 
" The Levant " in the E. I. squad. 1854-8 ; and 
participated in the capture of the barrier forts, 
Canton, China, in 1856; was in the fiigate 
" Congress " when sunk by " The Merrimack ; " 
com. " The Wachusett '" and gimboats co-op- 
erating with McClellan's army in 1862; and 
com. Pcnsacola naval station in 1862-5. — 

Smith> Gen. Willum Farrar, b. St. 
Alban's, Vt., Feb. 17, 1824. West Point, 1845. 
Entering the topog. engrs., he became 2d lieut. 
1849; 1st lieut. 1853; capt. 1859; major Mar. 
3, 1863; assist, prof of mathematics at AVest 
Point 1846-8 and 1855-6 ; and also employed 
on the surveys of the Lake-Superior region, 
of the Rio Grande, Texas, the military road 
to California, and on the Mexican-boundary 
commission. When civil war began, he was 
sec. of the lighthouse board at Washington ; 
obtaining leave of absence, he took com. of 



the 3d Vt. Vols 
Aug. 13, 18i;i 
was in the 1! 
During the CI 
highly disting- ; 
Gen. Franklin ; 



IG Jii 



became bng.-gen. 
Fulv 4. 1862. He 
lM July, 1861. 
uipaign'he was 
I "11 in the corps of 
in the battles of 



South Mountain and Antietam ; com. the 6th 
corps in the battle of Fredericksburg Dec. 1 3 ; 
chief engr., dept. of the Cumberland, Oct.-Nov. 
1863; of the milit. division of the Mpi. Nov. 
1863-Mar. 1864; in operations about Chatta- 
nooga, and battle of Mission. Ridge ; com. 18th 
corps, Army of Potomac, May-July, 1864 ; and 
engaged at Cold Harbor and siegeof Petersburg ; 
resigned 7 Mar. 1867; pres. Internat. Tcleg. 
Co. since 1 864 ; brev. lieut.-col. for White-oak 
Swamp 28 Jime, 1862; col. for Antietam 17 
Sept. 1862; brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 
1865 for Chattanooga, and forgallant and merit, 
services during the Rebellion. — Cullum. 



Smith, William Locgiiton, LLP., 
statesman of S.C; d. 1812. M.C. from S.C. 
1789-97 ; an able supporter of the administra- 
tions of Washington and Adams ; minister to 
Portugal in 1797-1800, and to Spain 1800-01. 
He 5)ub. an oration, July 4, 1796; a com- 
parative view ol the Constitutions of the States 
and the U.S., 1797 ; a pamphlet against the 
pretensions of Jefferson to the presidency ; 
essays signed " Phocion ; " address to his con- 
s, 1794. His speeches and letter to bis 
rvere rcpnb. in London in 1795. 

Smith, William Moore, lawver and poet, 
b. Phila. June 1,1759; d. there' 1821. Son 
of William Smith, provost of Phila. Coll., and 
pub. a vol. of poems, 1785, which in 1787 was 
rcjiub. in Eng. He was, under Jay's treaty, i 
general agent for claimants, and visited Eng. 
ill 1803 to close his commission, accomp. by 
his son William Rudolph Smith as private sec. 
Richard Penn Smith was his son. 

Smith, William Rudolph, hist, writer, 
son of Wm. Moore Smith, b. at the Trappe, 
Pa., 31 Aug. 1787; d. Quincy, 111., 29 Aug. 
1868. Author of " Observations on Wis. Ter- 
ritory," 18.38; "Hist, of Wisconsin," 4 vols. 
8vo; "Discourse before the Wis. Hist. Soc," 
1850. In early life he edited the Huntingdon 
(Pa.) Museinn, and contrib. the Memoirs of 
Wythe to " Sanderson's Lives." Many years 
pies, of the State Hist. Soc. He went to Wis. 
in 1837, and in 1853 became atty.-gcn. of the 
State. 

Sm.ith, William R. of Tuscaloosa, Ala., 
formerly a judge ; M.C. 1851-5. Author of 
" The Alabama Justice," 8vo, 1841 ; " Uses of 
Solitude," a poem, 1860; " As It Is," a novel ; 
Condensed Ala. Reports, 1862. 

Smith, Col. William Stephens, Revol. 
officer, h. N.y. 1755 ; d. Lebanon, N.Y., June 
10, 1816. N.J. Coll. 1774. Son of Capt. 
John. He was aide to Gen. Sullivan, Aug. 
15, 1776 ; lieut.-col. 13th M.s. Regt. from Nov. 
1778 to Mar. 1779; was several times wounded ; 
was then for a short time attached to the staff 
of Steuben, but left in July, 1781, to become 
aide-de-camp to Washington. He ni. the only 
dau. of John Adams, whose sec. of legation ho 
was in Eng. in 1785; was surveyor of N.Y. ; 
3 vears a member of the Assemblv'; pres. of the 
N'Y. Cincinnati in 1804, and M.'C. 1813-16. 

Smith, WoRTHiNGTON, D.D.. prcs. of the 
U. of Vt. 1849-56, b. Hadley, Ms., 1793; d. 
St. Alban's, Vt., Feb. 13, 1856. Wms. Coll. 
1816. Minister at St. Alban's, Vt., 182.3-49. 
His sermons, and Memoir by Rev. J. Torrey, 
DD, were pub. 1861, 8vo. 

Smithson, James Lewis Macie, F.R.S., 
an English chemist, and founder of the Smith- 
sonian Institution at Washington ; d. Genoa, 
June 27, 1829. M.A. of Pembroke Coll., 
Oxford, May 26, 1 786. The birth of this gentle- 
man is thus described by himself at the com- 
mencement of his will : " I, James Smithson, 
son of Hugh, first duke of Northumberland, 
and Elizabeth, heiress of the Hungerfords of 
Stadley, and niece to Charles, the proud duke 
of Somerset." His brother was Earl Percy of 
Lexington fame. He was elected fellow of the 
Koyal Society in 1787, and appears under the 
name of Macie in the Philosoph. Transactions 



849 



SNE 



for 1791 ; but, between that date anJ 1803, he 
chose to change his name to Smithson (the 
family name of his father). He was at one 
time a vice-pres. of tlic Roy. Soe., to whose 
Transactions he adJcd ci^ht communications, 
and was also deeply interested in geological 
investigations. Mr. Smithson's will, dated 
Oct. 2.3, 1826, devised the whole of his prop- 
erfv (£l2onnii\ t,, l,i^ ppphew Lieut -Col. 
lii''l-.'!i-"'i tMi |,i. III.. ;, d, nl'ier his decease, to 
Ijt- :ii ■ , I i_- I ; 1 , ■ 11 in the event of his 
ih ::. ^ .'. ,;:i ,,i .1 1,1 -n cliililrcn, then the 
ivlio!, ol iU ).iu|„_ii.i Uj (he United States, for 
the purpose of luuudingan iii.siitution at W.ash- 
ington,to be called the Smithsonian Institution, 
for the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
among men." By the death of his nephew 
in 1835 without heirs, the jiroperty devolved 
upon the U.S. Hon. Richard Rush, as agent 
of the U.S., received the bequest, and, Sept. 1, 
1838, paid into the U.S. treasury $515,169. In 
Aug. 1856 Congress passed an act to establish 
the institution; and, up to 1871, 17 vols, of 
" Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" 
have been pub. In 1 862 a niece of Smithson 
bequeathed to the institution £25,000. 

Smybert. — See Smibert. 

Smyth, Gen. Alux-^nder, b. Island of 
Rathlin, Ireland, 1765; d. Washington, D.C., 
26 Apr. 1S30. Member Va. legisl. ; app. eol. 
of rifies8 July, 1808; acting insp.-gen. 30 Mar. 
I8I2; insp.-gen. (rank of brig.-gen.) 6 July, 
1812; undertook the invasion of Canada in 
Nov.l 8 1 2, but proved incompetent, and wassoon 
removed from the army; M.C. 1817-25 and 
1827-30. He pub. "Regulations for U.S. Infant- 
ry," 1812, and a pamphlet on the Apocalypse. 

Smyth, Clement, D.D., R.C. bishop of 
Dubuque, Iowa; consec. 3 May, 1857 ; d. 22 
Sept. 1865. 

Smyth, John F. D., a loyalist, who was 
imprisoned at Phila. for attempting to raise a 
force in Va. ; escaped, and was retaken at 
Pittsburg. He pub. in Lond. 2 vols. 1784, 
"A Tour in the U.S.," which, though replete 
with falsehood and calumny, contains truthful 
pictures of society and manners in Va. at that 
date. — AlUbone. 

Smyth, Thcmas, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1843), 
'■l*.''73clergyman, b. Belfast, Ireland, 14 July, 1808. 
Educated at Belfa.st and London ; came to the'^ 
U.S. in 1830; soon after entered the Princeton 
Thcol. Sera.; visited Charleston, S.C., in Nov. 
f831; and in 1832 became pastor of the 2d 
Presb. Church there, where he continued till 
1862. He has written " Ecclesiastical Repub- 
licanism," " On the Prelatic Doctrine of Apos- 
tolic Succession," " The Life and Character 
of Calvin Defended," 1844; "The History, 
Character, and Results of the Westminster 
Assemblv of Divines," 1847; "Bereaved Fa- 
milies Consoled," 1845; "The Unity of the 
Human Races proved to he the Doc'trine of 
Scripture, Reason, and Science," 1850 ; " Na- 
ture and Claims of Young Men's Christian 
Associations," 1 857 ; " Why do I Live ? " 1 857 ; 
" The Well in the Vallev," 1857 ; " Obedience 
the Life of Missions," 1860; "The True 
Origin and Source of the Mecklenburg Deel. 
of Indep. ; " " How is the World to be Con- 
verted 1 " &c. 

64 



Smyth, Gen. Thomas A., b. Ireland; d. 
Petersburg, Va., Apr. 9, 1865, being mortally 
wounded near Fannville, Va., while com. the 
2d div. 2d army corps, Apr. 6, 1865. While 
a boy, he came to the U.S., and settled at 
Wilmington, Del., and engaged in coach-mak- 
ing. At the opening of the war he raised a 
company in Wilmington, and joined in Phila. 
a 3-raonths' regt., serving in the Shenandoah 
Valley. Returning home, he was made major 
of a Del. regt., and rose to the com. of a brigade. 
Made brig.-gen. 3 June, 1864, for gallantry at 
Cold Harbor. 

Smyth, William, D.D., b. Pittston, Me., 
1797; d. Brunswick, Me., Apr. 3, 1868. Bowd. 
Coll. 1822. 40 years a prof, of mathematics 
in that institution, and author of valuable 
school text-books on algebra, geometry, trigo- 
nometrv, &c. 

Snell, Thomas, D.D. (Amh. Coll. 1828), 
clergvman, b. Cummington, Ms., Nov. 21, 
1774; d. N. Brookfield, May 4, 1862. Dartm. 
Coll. 1795. He taught an acad. at Haverhill 



one y 
Ian ' 

2d CI 



As. 



nscd to prench by the Tol- 



on the Cuu]|.iiiiuii ul tiR-4(jiii Yfai ui m, A 
istry, with a brief History of tile Town, IS 



1848 ; 



on the 50th Anniv. of his Or 
■ling an Hi, 



Sketch of N. Brookfield, 1850 ; and Historical 
Sketch of the 1st Cong. Church, N. Brookfield, 
to May, 1852. 

Snelling, Col. Josiah, b. Boston, 1782; 
d. Washington City, Aug. 20, 1828. App. 
lieut. 4th Inf May 3, 1808 ; capt. June, 1809 ; 
disting. in the battle of Tippecanoe, Oct. 1811; 
brev. major for disting. service in the battle of 
Brownstown, Aug. 9, 1812; assist, insp.-gen. 
Apr. 25, 1813; lieut.-col. 4th Rifles, Fob. 21, 
1814; insp.-gen. (rank of col.) Apr. 12, 1814; 
disting. in affair at Lyon's Creek ; col. 5rli Int. 
June 1, 1819. Author of Remarks on " Gen. 
Hull's Memoirs," 8vo, 1825. Col. S. was a 
principal witness against Hull at his trial. 

Snelling, William Joseph, poet and 
journalist, b. Boston, 26 Dec. 1804; d. Chel- 
sea, Ms., 24 Dec. 1848. Son of the preceding. 
Educated at West Point. Afterward a fur- 
trapper in Mo., and subsequently engaged &l 
the Galena lead-mines. He began writing in 
1 828 ; was many years connected with the 
newspapers, and at his death was editor of the 
Boston Herald. He was the victim of intem- 
perance. His contribs. lo the (ialaxi/, ihaN.E. 
Mag., and "TheBoston Book" (1837), evinced 
his'ability as a writer of the first rank. His 
principal poetie.il work, " Truth," is a spirited 
but severe satire on some of our best poets. 
His " Tales of the North-west " contain capital 
descriptions of Indian life. He also published 
" Polar Regions of the Western Continent Ex- 
plored," 8vo, 1831 ; "The R.at-Trap," &c. 

Snethen, Nicholas, clergyman, b. Glen 
Cove, L.I., Nov. 15, 1769; d. Princeton, Ind., 
May 30, 1 845. He labored on his fiither's farm ; 
entered the itinerant ministry of the M. E. 
Church in 1794 ; travelled and preached 4 years 
in N. Eng. ; labored at Charleston, S.C, for a 



850 



SOT 



year ; thence was ordered to Baltimore ; after- 
ward travelled as assistant to Bishop Asbury, 
aciint; as his private sec. In 1804-6 he was 
stationed in New York ; whence he removed to 
his farm on Larganore, Frederic Co., Md. Be- 
coming by marriage an owner of slaves, he 
emancipated them in 1829. In 1809 he again 
became an itinerant, and while stationed at 
Georgetown was elected chaplain to Congress. 
He returned to farming in 1814, and in 1829 
removed to Indiana. In 1821 he advocated the 
introduction of lay representation into the 
Church, and in 1828 bore a prominent part in 
the formation of the Meth.-Prot. Church, in 
connection with which he travelled and preached 
till a short time before his death, residing prin- 
cipally in Cincinnati. He published a vol. of 
essays on Lay Representation ; Lectures on 
Biblical Subjects, 1836; and was co-editor of 
the Mcth. Protestant in 1834. A volume of 22 
of his sermons was pub. soon after his death, 
and subsequently his writings, with a biogra- 
phy by his son, W. E. S. of Baltimore. 

Snow, Caleb Hopkins, physician and 
author, b. Boston, 1 April, 1796; d. there July 
6, 1835. Brown U. 1813. Son of Prince 
Snow, some years deputy-sheriff of Suffolk. 
Published in 1825 " History of Boston," 8vo ; 
" Geography of Boston," &.C., 1830. 

Snowden, James Ross, numismatist, b. 
Chester, Del. Co., Pa., 1810. Speaker of the 
house of rep.. Pa., 1842-4; State treas. 1845- 
7; treas. U.S. mint 1847-50, and director of 
the same 1853-61. He has pub. " Description 
of Coins in the U.S. Mint," 8vo, 1860 ; " De- 
scription of Medals in the U. S. Mint," 4to, 
1861 ; " The Mint at Phila.," 8vo, 1861 ; 
"Coinsof the Bible," &c., 1864; "The Corn- 
planter Memorial, 'k^c, 1867. Author of the 
article on the Coifs of the United States 
in the National ^Imanac of 1863, and of 
many pamphlets on similar subjects. — AUi- 
hoiic'. 

Snyder, John Ludwig, a Revol. soldier 
of great longevity, b. Michaelstadt, Germany, 
Aug. 5, 1746 ; d. Pa. March 23, 1860, a. 113, 
"mos. 18d. HecametoAmer. inl758; entered 
the army in 1775, and fought through the 
whole war, being present at Trenton, Brandy- 
wine, Paoli, Germantown, Valley Forge, Mon- 
mouth, Stony Point, and under Lafayette at 
Yorktowu. He was a gunsmith by trade, and 
made a perfect gun when aged 107. He 
retained his sight and vigor to the last year of 
his life. — i?is(. Mag., iv. 157. 

Snyder, Simox, gov. of Pa. 1808-17, b. 
Lancaster Co., Nov. 5, 1759 ; d. Selim's Grove, 
in Northumb. Co., Nov. 9, 1819. He rose 
from the humble situation of an apprentice to 
the enjoyment of the highest honors of the 
State. Memberof the convention which formed 
the constitution of Pa. ; several years speaker 
of the house of representatives; and in 1818 
was a member of the State senate. 

Solger, Reinhold, Ph.D., b. Prussia; 
some years a risident of Eng. ; came to the 
U.S. with Kossuth, and became assist, register 
U.S. treasury; d. 13 Jan. 1866. Author of 
the "States System of Europe," 1854; "Schles- 
wig-Holstein Question," 8vo, 1862 ; "History 
of the Rebellion in the U.S.," in German, 



1802; and of the prize-poem for the Schiller 
Centennial, Nov. 10, 1859. 

Solis, Antonio de, a Spanish poet and 
historian, b. Alcala de Henares, 18 Julv, 1610; 
d. Madrid 19 Apr. 1686. He studied' law at 
Salamanca, but, devoting himself to literature, 
produced a comedy at 17, and acquired some 
repute as a poet. App. in 1632 to a lucrative 
office under the sec. of state, he became, alter 
the death of Philip IV., historiographer of the 
Indies, but took orders in the Church in 1067, 
and d. poor. His '" llistoria de la Conquisia dn 
Mexico " (fol. Madrid, 1684) concluded with the 
subjugation of the Mexicans, that he might 
not have to record the subsequent cruelties of 
his countrymen. An Eng. translation was 
pub. in 1724 ; and another, by Townshend, 3 
vols. 8vo, Lond., 1809. His plays were collect- 
ed and pub. at Madrid in 1732. 

Somers, Richard, a laave naval officer, 
b. Egg Harbor, N. J., 1778; d. Sept. 4, 1804. 
Son of Col. Richard of the Revol. army, who 
d. 1794. Educated at a school in Phila. and 
at the Burlington Acad. He went to sea in 
1794; became a midshipm. in the navy in 1798 ; 
lieut. in 1801 ; and was at his death a master- 
com. In 1803 hecom. the schooner " Nautilus," 
in Com. Preble's squadron, in the Medit., and 
bore a disting. part in the several attacks on 
the Tripolitan gunboats; himself leading one 
of the attacking divisions, and Decatur the 
other. He vol. to take the " Ketch Intrepid," 
fitted up as a fireship, into the harborof Tripoli, 
and with his brave comrades lost his life by its 
premature explosion. 

Sommers, Charles G., D.D., b. London, 
1791 ; d. N.Y. City, Dec. 19, 1868. He came 
in 1802 to the U.S. ; was in 1811 in the employ 
of John Jacob Astor, but soon turned his at- 
tention to the ministry, in which he labored 
over 50 years. He was active in mission and 
reform work under the auspices of the Tract 
Society and the Bible Societies ; founded the 
American Baptist Home-JIission Society, and, 
in connection with Rev. Mr. Griffiths, es- 
tablished the first Sunday school in America, 
upon the plan of Robert Raikes, in Division 
St. He pub. some controversial papers in de- 
fence of his sect, edited a vol. of psalms and 
hymns, and 3 vols, of the Baptist Library, 
and a Memoir of John Stanford, D.D., with 
selections from his Correspondence, 1835. 

Sonntag, George, admiral in the Russian 
navy, b. Pliila. 1786; d. Odessa, Russia, 23 
Mar. 1841. Son of Wm. Lewis Sonntag, a 
French officer, who came to the U.S. during the 
Revol. war, and subsequently established a 
mercantile house in Phila. George went to 
Russia in 1815 ; was in the allied army at the 
entry into Paris, and attained the grade of ad- 
miral, and of a gen. in the Russian army, by 
his talent, energy, and intrepidity. 

Sothern, Edward Askew ("Douglas 
Stewart '), b. Liverpool, Eng., Apr. 1, 1830. 
Made his first a|ipe.irance in Jersey, Eng. ; be- 
came stage-manager for Charles Poole. Made 
his d€t>ut in Boston at the National, as Dr. 
Pangloss, Sept. 1852 ; at Laura Keene's Thea- 
tre, N.Y., May 12, 1858, and there made his 
great hit as Dundreary, in " Our American 
Cousin," — a play of which ho is the author. 



sou 



sou 



He performed this character at the Haymarket, 
London, from Nov. 11, 1861, for 496 times; but 
was not successful in it at Paris, where he 
opened July 8, 1867. 

Soublette, Carlos, Venezuelan states- 
man ; d. Caraccas, 12 Feb. 1870, a. ab. 70. He 
disting. himself in the war for So. American 
independence ; had been sec. of war, of state, 
of foreign affairs, and of finance. Pres. of 
Venezuela in 1842-6, and had been also am- 
bassador to Eng., France, and Spain. 

Soule, Cakoline a., b. Albany, N.Y., 
1824. Author of " Memoir of Rev. H. B. Soule, 
18.52; "Home-Life," 1854; "The Pet of the 
Settlement," 1860 ; " Wine or Water," 1862; 
edited the Rose-Bud 1854-5; co-editor of La- 
dies' Depositor!/ 1856-62 ; and contrib. to mags. 
and papers. 

Soule, JosHCA, D.D., bishop of the M.E. 
Church south, b. Bristol, Me., Aug. 1, 1781 ; 
d. Nashville, Tenn., Mar. 6, 1867. Licensed 
to preach in 1798 ; ord. elder in 1802 ; app. in 
1804 presiding elder of the Me. dist. ; and at 
the gen. conf. at Baltimore, 1808, drew up the 
constitution of the plan then adopted for a del- 
egated gen. conf. In 1 816 ho was chosen book- 
agent, and editor of the Meth Mag. ; in 1820 
was elected to, but declined, the episcopate; 
had charge of the N.Y. City station in 1821, 
and that of Baltimore in 1822-3; in 1824 he 
was re-elected and ord. bishop ; he was dele- 
gate to the British Wesl. Meth. Conf. in 1842, 
and afterward travelled extensively in the 
British islands and in France. On the division 
of the church. Bishop Soule adhered to the 
southern portion, and changed his place of res- 
idence from Lebanon, O., to Nashville, Tenn. 
In 1853-4, he made an episcopal tour in Cal. 
Until forced by age and infirmity to retire from 
active business, he was " abundant in labors," 
scorning ease and self-indulgence. 

Soule (soo'-la'), Pierre, lawyer and sena- 
tor, b. Castillon, in the Pyrenees, 1801; d. 
N. Orleans, 16 Mar. 1870. Son of a lieut.-gen. 
in the Republican armies, who afterward tilled 
the office of judge, previously hereditary in the 
family. Destined tor the Church, he was sent 
in 1816 to the Jesuits' Coll. at Toulouse, and 
completed his studies at Bordeaux. At the 
age of 15 he took part in a conspiracy against 
the Bourbons, and, the plot having been dis- 
covered, he was obliged to conceal himself, and 
for more than a year followed the occupation 
of a shepherd. Permitted to return, he went 
to Paris, and, in conjunction with Barthclemy 
and Mery, established a paper advocating re- 
publican sentiments. Placed on trial tor a 
bitter attack upon the ministry, his advocate 
appealed to the clemency of the court in be- 
half of the prisoner on the score of his youth. 
This line of defence did not suit Soule', who 
rose from his seat, and addressed the court, de- 
nying the criminality of his opinions and con- 
duct. His eloquence did not save him from 
St. Pelagie, whence he escaped to Eng. He af- 
terward came to Baltimore, and in the fall of 
1825 removed to N. Orleans. Having deter- 
mined to make the law his profession, he ap- 
plied himself assiduously to the study of Eng., 
passed his examination for the bar in that lan- 
guage, was adm., and soon rose to great emi- 



nence in the profession. In 1847 he was elect- 
ed a U.S. senator to fill a vacancy, and was re- 
elected in 1849 for 6 years. He'took extreme 
Southern ground, and was a frequent partici- 
pant in the debates upon the compromise 
measures of 1850. In 1853 he was app. 
by Pres. Pierce minister to Spain. He was 
soon involved in a quarrel with M. Turgot, 
the French ambassador, whom he severely 
wounded in a duel. He lent his infiuence to 
the revol. outbreak of Aug. 1854 in Madrid, 
and was led, by his peculiar views on the sub- 
ject of the acquisition of Cuba by the U.S., 
to exceed instructions, and to withhold a treaty 
for reciprocity of trade between the U.S. and 
Cuba which had been concluded by our sec. 
of legation at Madrid during the temporary 
absence of the minister. He joined in the Os- 
tend Conference in 1854, returned to the U.S. 
in 1855, and is understood to have opposed the 
secession of La. In 1862 he was arrested in 
N. Orleans for disloyalty to the govt., and con- 
fined some months in Fort Lafayette, but was 
released on condition that he would leave the 
country. He returned to N. Orleans a few 
months before his death. 

Soulouque (soo-look'), Faustin, a Hay- 
tien general, and emperor under the title of 
Faustin I., b. in the southern part of St. Do- 
mingo in 1789; d. Jamaica, W.I., Aug. 6, 1867. 
A slave by birth, he was fr«ed by the decree 
of 1790; took part in the negro insurrection 
against the French in 1803 ; served as capt. 
under Boyer in 1 820, as col. under Herard in 
1 344, as brig.-jjen. under Guerrier in 1845; 
and com. a division at the time of the death of 
Riche in 1846. While the generals Soutl'ran 
and Paul were disputing and plotting for the 
succession, the senate unexpectedly elected 
Soulouque to the presidency, March 1, 1847. 
He belonged to the mulatto party ; but, jealous 
of their power, he began to attach the blacks 
to his interest, and to pursue a system of ter- 
ror toward the citizens, who were decimated 
in 1848 by confiscations, proscriptions, and ex- 
ecution. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to 
subjugate the republic of St. Domingo. In 
1 849 he caused the restoration of the empire, 
ostensibly by the will of the people ; was chosen 
emperor (Aug. 26) ; surrounded himself with a 
numerous court ; and issued a constitution, re- 
serving to himself, however, the right at any 
juncture to rule as he pleased. He was 
crowned with great pomp, Apr. 18, 1852, imi- 
tating on the occasion the ceremonial at the 
coronation of Napoleon I. In 1855, while re- 
peating his attempt to conquer St. Domingo 
mth 10,000 men, he was completely defeated 
by Santana. He was also defeated in the next 
campaign. A commercial crisis in 1858 in- 
creased the general discontent, and Gen. Gef- 
frard, an enterprising mulatto, led a rebellion, 
and was recognized as pres. of the republic of 
Hayti by the clerk and officials. Soulouque 
took refuge, Jan. 15, 1859, on board a British 
frigate, and afterward resided in Jamaica. 

Southard, Samdel Lewis, LL.D. (U. of 
Pa. 1832), an eminent lawyer and statesman, 
b. Basking Ridge, N. J., June 9, 1 787 ; d. Fred- 
ericksburg, Va., June 26, 1842. N.J. Coll. 
1804. Son of lienry, Revol. soldier and M.C. 



sou 



852 



(1801-11 and 1815-21), b. L.I. Oct. 1747, d. 22 
May, 1842. Samuel taught school 18 months 
in his native State ; was tutor in the family of 
Hon. John Taliaferro of Va. until 1810; stud- 
ied law, and was adm. to practice in that 
State ; in 1811 he located himself at Heming- 
ton, N. J.; in 1314 was adm. as counsellor-at- 
law, and app. law-reporter by the legist.; in 
1813 was app. assoe. justice of the Sup. Coui-t 
of N.J. ; U.S. senator, Jan. 22, lS21-March 4, 
1827; was app. sec. U.S.N, in 1823; was also 
acting sec. of the treasury during 5 or 6 months 
of 1 825 ; for a short period acted as sec. of war ; 
in 1829 was app. atty.-gen. of N. J.; in 1332 
was gov. of the State ; and again U.S. senator 
fi-om 1833 to his death, becoming in 1841 pres. 
of that body. In 1831 he was elected a mem- 
ber of the Philos. Society. He is remembered 
in N. J. as the " favorite son " of that State. 
He-pub. "Reports Sup. Ct. of N. J.," 1816- 
20, 2 vols. 8vo, addresses, discourses, speeches, 
&e. Samuel Lewis, his son, b. Trenton, 
1819, d. 1859. N.J. Coll. 1836. Prot.-Epis. 
divine. Author of " The Mystery of Godli- 
ness," 8vo, 1S48; "Pastoral Letter to Calvary 
Church, N.Y.," 1849; " Sermon on the Death 
of Heury Clay," 1852. 

Southgate, Hokatio, D.D., b. Portland, 
Me., 1812. Bowd. Coll. 1832; And. Theol. Seni. 
1835. Ord. Prot.-Epis. Ch. 1836; bishop of 
Constantinople 1844-50; elected bishop of Cal. 
in 1850, but declined; rector of St. Mark's, 
Portland, 1851-2; of the Ch. of the Advent, 
Boston, 1 852-8. Horatio his father, a la\vyer 
of Portland (b. Scarborough, Me., 1781; regis- 
ter of probate for Cnrab. Co. 1815-36), pub. in 
1830 " The Probate Manual." The son is the 
author of " Tour in Armenia, Kurdistan," 
&c., 1841, 2 vols. 8vo; "Practical Directions 
for Lent," 1850; "Visit to the Church of 
Mesopotamia," &c., 12mo, 1844; "The War 
in the East," 1855; "Parochial Sermons," 
1859 ; also of some pamphlets, and contribs. to 
periodicals. 

Southwiek, Solomos, editor and politi- 
cian, b. R.I. all. 1774 ; d. Albany, N.Y., Nov. 
18, 1839. He was brought up to the trade of 
a baker ; but, after having been a journeyman- 
printer in Albany, about the beginning of the 
century he became sole editor of the Alhani/ 
Rfyister, which under his management became 
the leading Repub. or Democ. paper in the 
State ; but Mr. Southwiek riuarrelled with his 
party,and alienatr.l his lii iids, and the lirqis- 
«_-Tdicd in l>il7. li- rlr. nvards entered into 

bankrupt. Tiiouuh ;i i: '^i : in li'mion, be 
ncvcrth.-iess cstal)li-!i"l :■ ' ''■<■ ■ •]■ rcallcd 
t\\Ki Chrisli.niVisdaiil.:' '• • ■ luutohis 
poli;ie:il paper, he eilii I ''i.'i t i . ii ; also, for 
a till! ■, carrvin.' on an agrirultural paper called 
t'.i ■ /'"('/'/''"/. wlii -h died Irom want of support. 
He altriuard j reparcd an able course of lec- 
turer in behalf of the temperance cause, an- 
other upon biblical literature, and another 
Tipon self-education, which he delivered exten- 
sively throughout the State. 

Southworth, Emma D. E. (Nevitte), 
novelist, b. Washington, D.C., Dec. 26, 181 ■5. 
She was married in 1841, and in 1843 was 
obliged to resort to her pen for support, and 



made her de'hut as a writer in the I^'ationa! Era, 
a newspaper of Washington, to which she be- 
came a regular contrib. of tales ami sketches. 
Her first novel, "Retribution," written -nhile 
engaged in school-teacliing in Washington, ap- 
peared in 1849. She has since produced " The 
Deserted Wife," Shannondale," " The Curse 
of Clifton," " The Lost Heiress," " The Dis- 



ar.l.' 



rhh- 



L-nryy 



chictiy devoted. In 1853 she removed to a 
charming villa on the Potomac Heights, near 
Georgetown ; and has since been engaged as a 
regular contributor to the N. Y. Ledgar. 

Southworth, Nathaniel, miniature- 
painter, b. Seituate, Ms., 1806; d. Dorchester, 
Apr. 25, 1858. He early manifested talent in 
drawing, and, establishing himself in Boston, 
ranked as one of the best in his dept. of the art. 
His likenesses were characterized by accuracy 
in drawing and great delicacy in execution. 
After visiting Europe in 1848, he praetiscil bis 
profession in New York and I'M nil Iphia. 

Sower, ChkistophEU, iilinl.r ainl jiiili- 
lisher of Phila., b. Germany; .1. .s.|,t. I7.js. 
He pub. in 1735 a quarterly journal in (Ger- 
man, — the first of its kind iu a foreign lan- 
guage issued in Pa. ; established the first type- 
tbnndry and printers'-ink manuf. in the coun- 
try ; and in 1743 printed a German quarto Bi- 
ble, lie possessed great influence among his 
countrymen, frequently acting as their repre- 
sentative in their intercourse with the govt. 
About 1744 he resigned liis business to his son 
CHKiSTOPHEn, b. Hesse-Darmstadt, German v, 
Sept. 26, 1721, d. Aug. 1784. He emigrated 
with his father to Pa. in 1726, and conducted 
by far the most extensive book-manuf. then, 
and for many years subsequently, established 
in America. He is supposed to be the invent- 
or of cast-iron stoves, and it is certain that 
he introduced the use of them. He was not'd 
for philanthropy, and during the Revol. dis- 
tributed flour and potatoes by the wagon-load 
among the destitute families of the militia in 
service. Ho was subsequently known as "Das 
Brod - Vater," — the bread-father. The Kevol. 
broke up his establishment ; and, taking part 
with the loyalists, his estate was confiscated. 

Spaight, Richard D., gov. of N.C. 1792- 
5 ; killed in a duel with John Stanley, Sept. 5, 
1802. He commenced his academic studies in 
Ireland, and coraplet.d them at the U. of < ilas- 
gow. He joined the Amer. army in 1778 as 
aide to Gen. Caswell, and was at the battle of 
Camden in 1780. In 1781 he entered the house 
of commons of N.C. ; in 1782-4 was a mem- 
ber of the Cont. Congress, also in 1785-6; 
was one of the delegates to frame the U.S. Con- 
stitution ; in 1792 he was again elected to the 
local legisl. ; M.C. 1798-1/01, after which he 
was elected to the State senate. 

Spaight, Richard Doers, lawyer and 
statesman, son of the preceding, b. Newbern, 
N.C, 1796; d. there Nov. 1850. U. of N.C. 
1815. Member of the house in 1819; of the 
State senate in 1820-2 ; M.C. 1823-4; again 
a State senator in 1824-34 : and iu 1835-7 was 



853 



SFA. 



gov. of the State. Member of the State Const. 
Convention in 1835. 

Spalding, Beseuict Joseph, D.D., ad- 
niinistratorof the 11. C. diocese of Louisville, Ivy., 
1). Marion Co., Ky., 1810; d. Louisville, Ky., 
Aug. 4, 1868. He studied at St. Mary's Coll. 
and at Bardstown ; grad. at the Coll. of the 
Propaganda, Rome, in 1 837 ; was made priest, 
and, returning home, taught for several months 
at the St. Thomas Sem. ; and was afterward 
agent and Aoiwma in St. Joseph's Coll. In 
1 840-2 he canied on, with Rev. John Hutch- 
ins, a seminary for boys in Breckinridge Co. 
Viee-pres. of St. Joseph's Coll. in 1842-4; 
pastor of St. Joseph's, 13ardstown, from July, 
1844, till 1849; and from 1849 till his death 
p.astorofilii' I iM .Iral I liiireh, Louisville, and 
vicar-gc:i- . r : i His property, which 

was con-i>l .- ;: for benevolent ob- 

jects, llr M,:, :. 1. :,;;, 1,> loved both by Catho- 
lics and rriHe.^iunts tor liis blameless life, his 
generous liberality, and his self-sacrificing dis- 
position. 

Spalding, Lym.vs, M.D. (Dartm. 1798), 
phvsician and mcd. writer, b. Cornish, N.H., 
.5 June, 1775 ; d. Portsra., N.H., 31 Oct. 1821. 
H. U. 1797. He studied under Dr. Nathan 
Smith, whom hi; aided in ejtahli>hing the med. 
s. 'm m ii: 1 1 ,■ Ml, ( "':. : .i' I. ;- .1 there the 
li; < .\]f\ began 

ri;-! . ,i- !■ . . , ; r. ■■ II ;.,■- a skilful 
an.a.,ini-i; I- .:„-■ pr.'. .., ,!„. i^nlof Phys. 
and Surgeons in Western N.Y. in 1812; and 
removed to N.Y. City in 1813. He planned 
the U.S. Pharmacopceia, and was one of the 
committee for its pub. in 1 820 ; and was a mem- 
ber of many learned societies in America and 
Europe. He pub. " A New Nomenclature of 
Chemistry," 1799; " Inaug. Address," 1813; 
" History of Scutellaria ; " " Reflections on 
Yellow-Fever," 1819; and was a contrib. to 
manv mcd. and philos. journals. 

Spalding, M.vrtin Jons, D.D., R.C. 
arclibiiliop of Baltimore, b. Mariuu Co.. Kv., 
JLiv 23, 1810. Consec. bi.-li-^ ■■! 1. i-i.-, 
Sept. 10, 1848 ; succeeded to I : ; 1 )- 

ville, Feb. 11,1850; transl. to l;. ,, ,::'., 
1864. Educated at St. Mary'a (li-.u L. Lanuu, 
Kv.), at St Joseph's (Bardstown, Ky.), and 
grad. at Rome. July, 1S34. Author of "Mis- 
cellanies," 8vo, 1855; "Early Catholic Mis- 
sions of Kv.," 8vo, 1844; "Lectures on the 
Evidences if Catholicitv," 1847 ; " Life of Rt. 
Rev. B. J. Flaget," 1852; "History of the 
I'rot. Reformation, " 2 vols. 1860. He edited 
the Abhe' Dai-ras's " History of the Catholic 
Church," 4 vols. 8vo, 1865-6. 

Spalding, Rufus Paine, lawyer, and 
JLC. 1863-9, b. West Tisbury, Ms., May 3, 
1798. Y. C. 1817. He removed with his par- 
ents to Ct. when very young ; m. a dau. of 
Judge Zeph. Swift ; settled as a lawyer in 
Trumbull Co., O., in 1821 ; was elected 'to the 
Icgisl. in 1839 ; re-elected in 1841, and chosen 
speaker; judge of the Oliio Sup. Ct. from Fel). 
1849 to Feb. 1852; and afterwards practised 
law in Cleveland- 
Spalding, SoLOMOx, author of the " Book 
of Mormon," b. Ashford, Ct., 1761 ; d. Amitv, 
Washington County, Pa., 1816. Dartm. Coil. 
1785. He bad been a soldier in the Revol. 



army; became a licentiate of the Windham 
(Ct.) Cong. Assoc. Oct. 9, 1787 ; preached 8 or 
10 years, when he was ord. an evangelist, Out 
did not settle, owing to ill-health. While re.-id- 
ing in Salem, Ohio, about 1812, he wrote a 
work of fiction suggested by the opening of a 
mound in which were discovered human bones, 
and some relics indicative of a former civilked 
race : he entitled it " The Manuscript Found." 
About 1814 he went to Pittsburg, Pa., where 
he was followed by Sidney Rigdon, then a 
printer, and afterward a noted Mormon. He 
told his employer of Spalding's novel, who 
borrowed the manuscript, and offered to print 
it. His widow returned to New York with it; 
but it was afterwards stolen from her. The 
uniform testimony of those who read the work 
is, that the basis, and in great part the form 
thereof, now constitute the Mormon Bible. — 
Hist. Mag., Aug. 1869; AUnmi D.C. 

Spangenberg, Acgdstus Gottlieb, 
Ph. D. (Jena, 1726), a Mora%'ian bishop, b. 
Klettenberg, Germany, 15 July, 1704 ; d. near 
Hernhutt, 18 Sept. 1792. The son of a cler- 
gyman. He aided in establishing near Jena 
free schools for poor cliildren ; became in 1731 
a prof, in tlie U. of Halle, and assist, supt. of 
Francke's Orphan House ; and, joining the ilo- 
ravians in 1733, was a missionary to the W. 
Indies and North iVmerica in 1735'-9. He es- 
tablished a colony in Ga., and received a grant of 
land, a part of which is within the present limits 
of Savannah. He preached to the Germans of 
Pa. ; and his report on the state of religion 
there induced his church to found the town of 
Bethlehem; made a bishop in 1744. He was 
again in America in 1744-9, and a third time 
in 1751-.June, 1762. He made frequent journeys 
to the Indian country ; was adopted by the 
Oneidas, and was liiLihly n^pcctcd by the In- 
dians. A large tr,,. i oi : n.i in Western N.C. 
was bought in 17 ■: , , ; ,ii,vr church 

planted there. Hi: I i and Indian 

warof 1755-62, 1! i tlie frontier 

post, and was sio i odcd by the 

Christian Indian-, i,. , _ |iotection to 

the country soutli o: . ii;. .,, rathofZin- 
zendoi-ff in 176U, lie n.u i.u\ii to the supreme 
council of the sect, and in 17G4 app. supreme 
inspector in Upper Alsatia. Made in 1789 
pres. of the gen. directory. Author of " Biog- 
raphy of Zinzendorff," 1772-5, 8 vols. 8vo, and 
" Idcu Fidei Fialrum," 8vo, 1779. 

Sparks, Jared, LL.D. (H. U. 1843), his- 
torian, b. Willington, Ct., May 10, 1789; d. 
Cambridge, Ms., March 14, 1866. H.U. 1815. 
Tutor 1817-19. His youth was passed in agric 
and mechanical occupations. During his col- 
lege course he taught for a time a small private 
school at Havre de Grace, Md., and while there 
served in the militia called out to repel an an- 
ticipated attack by the British. He studied 
theology at Camb. ; and also became one of the 
conductors of the N. A. Review, of which he 
was sole proprietor and editor in 1823-30. 
From May 5, 1819, until 1823, when his health 
became impaired, he was a Unitarian minister 
in B.altimore. In 1821 he was elected chaplain 
to the house of representatives ; McLean prof 
of history at H. U. in 1839-49; and pres. in 
1849-52 ; in 1857 he made a European tour 



with his family, and afterward resided in Cam- 
bridge. He piib. in 1820 " Letters on the Min- 
istry, Ritual, and Doctrine of the Prot.-Ep. 
Church ; " " Unitarian Miscellany and Chris- 
tian Monitor," 1821-3; " Comparative Moral 
Tendency of Trinitarian and Unitarian Doc- 
trines," 1 823 ; " Essays and Tracts on Theolo- 
gy," 6 vols. 1826; "Life of John Ledyard," 
1828 ; " The Writings of George Washington, 
with a Life," 12 vols. 8vo, 1834-7; "The 
Diploraatic Corresp. of the Amer. Revol.," 12 
vols. 8vo, 1829-30; " The Life of Gouverneur 
Morris," 3 vols. Svo, 1832; "The American 
Almanac," 1830; "Library of Amer. Biog.," 
25 vols. 18mo, 1834-8 and 1844-8; "The 
Works of Benjamin Franklin, with a Life," 10 
vols. Svo, 1840. His long and important labors 
in illustration of American history were closed 
in 1854 by his " Corresp. of the Amer. Revol.," 
4 vols. 8vo, 1854. His historical writings 
erince thorough research, candid judgment, 
dispassionate criticism, and accuracy and sim- 
plicity of style. In 1852 he printed two jjam- 
phlets in defence of his mode of editing the 
Writings of Wasliington, in reply to the stric- 
tures of Lord Mahon and others ; and a similar 
pamphlet in 1853, occasioned by a reprint of 
the original Icttrrs from Washington to Joseph 
Kfril, Hi, •■ \Va..hiugton" cost him 9 years 
of lal...r, iiirhi'liuL; researches in 1828 in the ar- 

chiv. s ,,t I, l,,n and Paris, then opened for 

the tirst time for historical purposes, and the 
personal examination of the Revol. papers in 
the public offices of the original 13 States and 
the dept. at Washington. He also secured the 
possession of all the Washington papers at Mt. 
Vernon. To his series of Biography he con- 
trib. Lives of Ethan Allen, Marquette, Arnold, 
De La Salle, Pulaski, Ribault, Charles Lee, 
and Ledyard. A Memoir of Sparks, by G. E. 
Ellis, D.D., was pub 1869. 

Spear, Chakles, Universalist minister, b. 
Boston; d. Washington, D.C., 1863. His la- 
bors in behalf of prisoners were constant, visit- 
ing tiiem, and, after their release, aiding them 
to obtain emplovment. Author of " Names 
and Titles of Christ," 16th ed., 1844; "Essays 
on the Punishment of Death," 1844; "Plea 
for Discharged Convicts," 1844; "Voices 
from Prison," a selection of Poems. Edited 
the Prisoner's Friend 1849-54, 6 vols. Svo. 

Speeee, Conrad, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1820), 
b. N. London, Va.,Nov. 7, 1776; d. Staunton, 
Va., Feb. 15, 1836. Employed in farm-labor 
until 16. Educated atLiberty Hall.since known 
as Wash. Coll. ; studied divinity, and was a 
Baptist preacher, and a tutor in Hampden-Sid. 
Coll. Licensed by the presbytery of Hanover 
1801. He published in the Kepublican Farmer, 
weekly, "The Mountaineer," 1813-16, a de- 
script, of men and things in Va., after the 
manner of the Spectator ; a number of single 
sermons, 1810-32; and some poems. Pastor 
of the Augusta Church, Va., 1813-36.— 



i, James, lawyer, b. Jeff. Co., Kv., 
March 11, 1812. St. Joseph Coll. Studied 
law at Transylv. U. ; adrn. to the bar, and 
practised at Louisville from 1833 ; member of 
the legisl. in 1847; State senator 1861 ; U.S. 
atty.-gen. Nov. 1864-JuIy, 1866; resumed his 



profession ; delegate, and prcs. of the Phila. 
Loyalists' Convention of 1866. 

Spelman, Henkt, third son of Sir Henry 
the antiquary. Came to Va. in 1609. Author 
of" Relation of Virginia," pub. Lond. 186 1. 

Spence, Robert Trail, capt. U.S.N. , b. 
Portsmouth, N. H. ; d. near Baliimore, 26 
Sept. 1826. Midshipm. 15 May, 1800; licut. 
17 Feb. 1807 ; com. 24 July, 1813 ; captain 23 
Feb. 1815. He served under Preble iu the at- 
tack on Tripoli, July-Scpt. 1804. 

Spencer, Ambrose, LL.D. (H.U. 1821), 
politician and jurist, b. Salisburv, Ct., Dec. 
13, 1765; d. Lyons, N.Y., March 1.3, 1848. 
H.U. 1783. The son of a farmer and mechan- 
ic. Educated, together with his bro. Philip, at 
Yale and at Harvard. He studied law with 
John Canfield of Sharon, Ct., whose dau. he 
m. before he was 19, and settled in Hudson, 
N.Y. In 1786 he was app. clerk of that city ; 
in 1793 he was elected a member of the As- 
sembly; in 1795 he was elected to the senate 
for 3 years, and in 1798 was re-elected for 4 
years. He was the author of a bill, which be- 
came a law, meliorating the criminal code, and 
authorizing the erection of a State prison near 
New York. It abolished the punishment of 
death in all cases but treason and murder, and 
substituted imprisonment and hard labor. In 
1796 he was app. assist, atty.-gen.; atty.-gen. 
in 1802-4; and in 1804 he received the app. 
of a justice of the Supreme Court, of which he 
was chief justice iu 1819-23. Though a la- 
borious and eminent lawyer. Judge Spencer 
never failed to take the most lively interest in 
politics. He was the warm friend' of De Witt 
Clinton, but separated from him on the ques- 
tion of the war of 1812. In 1812 he was ac- 
tive in the struggle to prevent the charter uf 
the six-million bank. Member of the State 
Const. Conv. in 1821 ; resumed for a while the 
practice of big profession at Albany ; and was 
subsequently employed in various public du- 
ties, particularly that of mayor of Albany; 
M.C. 1829-31. In 1839 he removed to the 
village of Lyons. In 1844 he presided at the 
Whig Nat. Convention, held at Baltimore. 
While in Congress, the difficulty with the 
Cherokee Indians enlisted in their behalf his 
warmest sympathies, and he united with 
Wirt and other philanthropists in tlie vain 
endeavor to arrest the monstrous injustice of 
our government. 

Spencer, Mrs. Bella Z., authoress, b. 
London, Eng., ab. 1840; d. Tuscaloosa, Ala., 
1 Aug. 1867. She came to the U.S. in infan- 
cy ; m. Gen. Geo. E. Spencer in 1862, and 
was the author of "Tried and True," 1866; 
" Surface and Depth," 1867 ; " Ora, the Lost 
Wife," 1864 ; and other works. 

Spencer, Ehhu, D.D. (U. of Pa. 1782), 
Presbyt. pastor, b. E. H.iddam, Ct., Feb. 12, 
1721 ; d. Trenton, Dee. 27, 1784. Y.C. 1746. 
Ord. Sept. 14, 1748. Descended from Jarcd 
of Cambridge, 1634, who settled in Haddam 
in 1660. Missionary to the Oneidas in 1748- 
9 ; pastor at Elizabethtown, N. J., Feb. 7, 
1750-6; afterwards at St. George's, Del. ; and 
from Oct. 1769 at Trenton, N.J. Gen. Jo- 
seph was his bro. A dau. m. Jonathan Dick- 
inson Sergeant. — Sprague. 



SPE 



855 



SPI 



Spenoer, Ichabod Smith, D.D. (Ham. 
Coll. 1841), Presb. minister, b. Rupert, Vt., 
Feb. 23, 1798; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 23, 
1854. Union Coll. 1822. Descended from 
Thos., a first setiler of Hartford, who d. 1687. 
He studied at Salem Acad., N.Y., and taught 
school at Schenectady and Canandaipfua. Set- 
tled at Northampton, Sept. 11, 1828, as eol- 
leaKue with Mr. Williams; dism. March 12, 
1832, and was pastor of the Second Church, 



Sketches." His sermons, with Memoir, were 
pub. by J. M. Sherwood, 2 vols. 18.55; his 
Sacramental Discourses by Gardiner Sprinij, 
1 86 1 ; " Evidences of Divine Revelation," 1 865. 
— Sproffne. 

Spencer, Jesse Ames, D.D. (Col. Coll. 
1852), clergyman and author, b. Hvde Park, 
N.Y., June 17, 1816. Col. Coll. 1837. Re- 
moving to N.Y. City in 1825, he was several 
years assist, to his father as city surveyor. He 
studied theology in the Gen. Sem. of the Epis. 
Church; was ord. deacon in July, 1840, and 
priest in 1841. After 2 years' ministerial la- 
bor at Goshen, N.Y., he was compelled by ill- 
health to make a trip to Europe, and on his 
return engaged in educational and literary oc- 
cupations. In 1848-9 he travelled in Europe, 
Egypt, and the Holy Land ; and in 1850 was 
app. prof, of Latin and Oriental languages in 
Burlington Coll., N.J. He became editor and 
sec. of the Epis. Sunday-school Union and 
Church Book Society in' Nov. 1851, but re- 
signed in 1857 ; in 1858 was elected vice-pres. 
of the Troy U., but declined ; prof, of Greek 
in the Coll. of N.Y. City since Oct. 1869. He 
has pub. a vol. of " Discourses," 1843 ; " His- 
tory of the English Reformation," 1846 ; " The 
New Testament in Greek, with Notes," 1847; 
" CtE'^ar's Commentaries," 1848; "Egypt and 
the Holy Land," 1849; and a " History of the 
U.S.," 4 vols. 8vo, 1858. He has also edited 
a valuable series of classical books by T. K. 
Arnold. 

Spencer, John Canfield, LL.D., lawver 
and politician, b. Hudson, N.Y., Jan. 8, 1788; 
d. Albanv, N.Y'., May 18, 1855. Un. Coll. 
1806. Son of Chief Justice Ambrose. In 
1809 he m., and opened a aw-office in Canan- 
daigua, whence in 1845 he removed to Albany. 
Becoming at the age of 19 private sec. to Gov. 
Tompkins, from that time until his last illness 
he was prominent in public affairs. In 1811 
he was m.ide master in chancery; in 1813 
brigade judge-advocate in active service on 
the frontier; in 1814 postmaster of Canan- 
daigua; in 1815 assistant atty.-gen. for the 
western part of the State ; and was M.C. from 
1817 to 1819. While there, as one of the com. 
to examine into the affairs of the U.S. Bank, 
he drew up its report. When, 15 years after- 
wards, the final struggle came, and Gen. Jack- 
son was using the means furnished to his lumd 
by this report, Mr. Spencer was found among 
the friends of the bank. In 1819-20 hc'was a 
member of the Assembly, and was speaker in 
1820 ; State senator in 1824-8 ; in 1827 he was 
app. by Gov. Clinton one of the board to revise 
the statutes of New York, and took an impor- 
tant part in the performance of that laborious 



and responsible task. Joining the anti-Masonic 
party, he was app. special atty.-gen. under the 
law passed for that purpose, to prosecute those 
connected with the alleged abduction of Mor- 
gan, but resigned in May, 18-30, having, mean- 
while, involved himself in a controversy with 
Gov. Throop. In 1832 he was again elected to 
the Assembly ; in 1839-41 he was sec. of state, 
and supt. of common schools ; in Oct. 1841 he 
was made sec. of war by Pres. Tyler ; and in 
March, 1843, was transferred to the treasury 
dept., but resigned in 1844 from his opposition 
to the annexation of Texas, and afterward de- 
voted himself to the practice of his profession. 
The organization of the State asylum for idiots, 
and the improvement of the common-school 
system of the State, were, to a very considerable 
extent, due to him. He edited the first Amer- 
ican edition of De Tocqueville's "Democracy 
in America," with an original preface and 

Spencer, Gen. Joseph, b. East Haddam, 
Ct., 1714; d. there Jan. 13, 1789. Judge of 
probate in 1753; joined the Northern army in 
1758 as major under Col. Whiting, and as 
lieut.-col. in the two following campaigns, when 
he acquired the reputation of a brave and 
good officer. Elected a member of the council 
in 1766, and was app. brig.-gen. in the Cont. 
army, June 22, 1775; maj.-gen. Aug. 9, 1776. 
He was with the army in the exped. against 
R.I. in 1778, and assisted in Sullivan's retreat; 
and resigned 14 June, 1778, in consequence of 
an order by Congress to inquire into the 
reasons of the failure on his part to carry out 
the plan of an exped. against the British in 
R.I. the preceding year. In 1779 he was elect- 
ed to Congress, and in 1780 was again ele<ted 
into the council, and was annually re-elected 
until his death. He was highly esteemed by 
Washington. 

Spencer, Platt R., teacher and author 
of the " Spencerian " system of penmanship, b. 
Greene Co., N. Y., 1801 ; d. Geneva, O., 16 
May, 1864. 

Spencer, Thomas, M. D., founder and 
prof, of the Medical Coll. at Geneva, N.Y., b. 
Great Barrington, Ms., 1793; d. Phila. May 
30, 1857. He was a surgeon in the army dur- 
ing the Mexican war, and was afterward prof, 
in a med. coll. in Chic.igo and in Phila. He 
had been pres. of the N.Y. Medical Assoc, and 
was the author of " Chemistry of Animal 
Life,"1845 ; "Epidemic Diarrhoea," 8vo, 1832; 
"Introductory Lecture at Geneva College," 
1842. — See Memoir iy 5. D. Willard, 31.0., 
8vo, 1858. 

Spencer, William A., capt. U.S.N., b. 
N.Y: 1793 ; d. N. Y. City, 3 Mar. 1854. Son 
of Judge Ambrose. Midshipm. 15 Nov. 1809 ; 
lieut. 9 Dec. 1814 ; com. 3 Mar. 1831 ; capt. 22 
Jan. 1841; resigned 9 Dec. 1843. Acting lieut. 
in Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain 
11 Sept. 1812. 

Spinner, Fbancis E., U. S. treas. since 
1861, b. German Flats, Herk. Co., N.Y., 21 Jan. 
1802. Educated by his father, a German cler- 
gyman. 20 years the exec, officer of the Mo- 
hawk-valley Bank; major-gen. of militia; co. 
sheriff; auditor in the naval office. New York, 
1845-9; M.C. 1855-61, 



SPO 



856 



SpofFord, Harriet Elizabetb (Prks- 
coir), aiitlior, b. Calais, Me., 3 April, 1835. 
Dan. oC Juscph VV. Prescott ; mairied in 1865 to 
R. S. Spofford, Jan., of Newburyport, Ms. She 
has pub. "Sir Rohan's Ghost," 12mo, 1859; 
" The Amber Gods, and Other Stories," 1863 ; 
"Azarian,"an episode, 1864. Contributed to 
Atlantic Monthly, N. A. Review, Onr Young 
Fullcs, Harper's and Knickerbocker Magazines, 
llie Ualaxii, &c. 

Spooner, Alden Jeremiah, editor Brook- 
h/n Huir, and 20 vcais contrib. to the Knicker- 
bocker and r.,/„„ :. , .1/ . ,' , , '.f.,:,s., b. Sag Har- 
bor, L.I., 2 1< !, I ■ , 1 1 ; '!, with notes and 
memoir, G. In ,11 -;i of Brooklyn," 
and also \V(,..i~ 11:1 -I I. Mu- Island," with 
Memoir of Wood, and additions. 

Spooner, Lysander, b. Petersham, Ms., 
1808. Author of "The Deist's Reply," &c., 
8vo, 1836 ; " Credit, Currency, and Banking," 
1S43 ; " Unconstitutionality of prohibiting Pri- 
vate Mails;" "Unconstitutionality of Slave- 
ry," 1845 ; " Poverty, Causes and Cure," 
1846 ; " A Defence for Fugitive Slaves," 1856; 
"Trial by Jury," 1852; "New System of 
P.ipcr Currency," 1861 ; "Considerations on 
U. S. Bonds," 186G ; " No Treason," 1867. 
He is a vigorous and perspicuous writer. — 
Allilmte. 

Spooner, Shearjashub, M.D. (Coll. of 
Ph. and Surg. 1835), b. Brandon, Vt., 1809; 
d. Plainfield, N. J., March, 1859. Midd. Coll. 
1830. He practised dentistry with success in 
New York until 1858, when he removed to 
Plainfield, N.J. Author of " Guide to Sound 
Teeth," 1836; "Art of Manuf. Mineral Teeth," 
1837; "Treatise on Dentistry," 8vo, 18.38; 
"Anecdotes of Painters," &c., 3 vols. 1853; 
"Dictionary of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers," 
&c., 2 vols. 8vo, IS65. — Allibone. 

Spotswood, Col. Alexander, gov. of 
Va. 1710-23, b. Tangier, Africa, 1676; d. An- 
napolis, Md., 7 June, 1740. Bred to the army, 
he served under Marlborough ; was danger- 
ously wounded at Blenheim, and became dep. 
quarterm.-gen. ; he was app. postmaster in 
1730, and iu 1739 com. of the forces intend- 
ed to operate against Fla. He was the author 
of an act improving the staple of tobacco, 
and making tobaeco-notcs the medium of 
ordinary circulation ; was the father of the 
iron manuf. in Va. ; was the first to explore 
the Appalaeliian Mountains; exerted himself 
to befriend Wm. and Mary Coll. ; and was 
zealous in efforts to Christianize the Indians. 
His son Robert was killed by Indians in 1757. 
A grandson, Col. Alex., a disting. Rcvol. 
officer, app. maj. 2d Va. Regt. 13 Feb. 1776, 
m. Eliza, niece of Gen. Washington, d. Not- 
tingliam, Va., 20 Dec. 1818. John, bro. of 
the last, also a Revol. officer, was severely 
wounded at the battle of Germantown. 

SpottS, James H., capt. U.S.N., b. N.C. 
March II, 1821. Midshipm. Aug. 2, 1837; 
lieut. Nov. 21, 1851 ; com. July 16, 1862; capt. 
July 25, 1866. Com. steamer "Magnolia," 
E. Gulf block, squad., 1862; steamer" South 
Carolina," S.A. block, squad., 1863-4 ; steamer 
"Powhatan," N.A. block, squad., 1864-5 ; in 
lioih engagements with Fort Fisher, Nov. 
1864 and Jan. 1865; in the engagement witli 



Fort Anderson and in the Cape-Fear River, 
Feb. 1865; also at the bombard, of batteries 
above Dutch Gap. James liivcr, Apr. 1865 ; 
com. "Guerriere," lS70.—IIamersly. 

Sprague, Charles, poet, b. Boston, Oct. , 

26, 1791.^ Son of Samuel, one of the famous it.'. %J' 
tea-party. At the age of ten he unfortunately 
lost thr vision of his left eye. He engaged in 
111 1, .:Ki;- l,u-iiir-H until 1820, when he be- 
c.i;-i : \'.' : '. • 'lie State Bank, and on the 
I- . \ < 1 1' Globe Bank (in I !^25) was 

c!iu II > :,.-;ii r, ;; -tation he occupied until 1865. 
He has six times received the prize for the best 
poems for the American stage, beeoming known 
as a poet by being iu 1 S2 1 the Bueee.isi'ul com- 
petitor for the prize offered for the best prol- 
ogue at the opening of the Park Theatre, 
N.Y. In 1823 he wrote the prize ode for the 
pageant in honor of Shakspeare at the Boston 
Theatre; in 1830 he pronounced an ode at 
the centennial celebration of the settlement of 
Boston; in 1827 he delivered an address on 
intemperance ; and at the commencement at 
Harvard, 1829, delivered before the Phi Beta 
Kappa Society the ingenious poem " Curios- 
ity." He was of the city council in 1823, '24, 
and '27, and delivered the city oration July 4, 
1825. Among his best pieces are the " Ode on 
Shakspeare," and the " Winged Worshipjiers." 
An edition of his poems and prose wridngs 
appeared in 1855, 8vo. A son, Chakles 
James, has also written verses in a delicate 
vein of sentiment. 

Sprague, John T., col. U.S.A., b. New- 
buryport, Ms., 1812. App. lieut. U.S. marines 
17 Oct. 1834; served against the Creek and 
Seminole Indians; adj. Nov. 1843-6; brev. 
capt. 15 Mar. 1S42 for good conduet in Fla. 
war; capt. Sept. 1S46; maj. 1st Inf. 14 May, 
1861 ; chief of staff to Gen. Pope; adj.-gen. of 
N.Y. 1861-5; liout.-col. Uth Inf. Mar. IS63; 
col. 7th Inf. 12 June, 1865; and retired 15 July, 
1870. Author of a "History of the Florida 
War," 8vo, 1848. 

Sprague, Peleg, LL.D. (H.U. 1847), 

jurist, b. Duxbury, Ms., Apr. 28, 1793. H.U. 
1812. Litchf. Law School. William his an- 
cestor is supposed to have come over with Rev. 
Mr. IDgginson to Salem in 1629, and settled 
at Ilingham. Adm. to the Plymouth-Co. bar 
iu Aug. 1815; practised 2 years in Augusta, 
Me., and then settled in Hallowell, where he 
speedily acquired distinction. Member of the 
Me. legisl. 1820-1; M.C. 1825-9; U.S. senator 
1829-35; U.S. dist. judge of Ms. 1841-65. 
Judge Sprague removed to Boston iu 1835. 
Author of " Speeches and Addresses," 8vo, 
1858; "Decisions," 1841-61, edited by F. E. 
Parker, 8vo, 1861; vol. ii. 1854-64, 8vo, 1868. 
— Willis's Ixia-^ers of Me. 

Sprague, William, gov. of R.I. 1838-9, 
b. Cranston, R.I., 1800; d. Providence, Oct. 
19, 1851. Wlien quite yoimg, he was elected 
to the General Assembly, and in 1832 was 
chosen speaker of the house; M.C. in 1836-8 ; 
U.S. senator 1842-5; and afterwards member 
of the Assembly of his State. He was engaged 
largely in the manuf. of cotton, and was pres. 
of the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill Rail- 
road, of the Globe Bank, and of the People's 
Savings Bank. 



857 



in Sparks's "Amer. Biog.," 
turcs on Revivals of Religi 



Sprague, William, gov. of R.I. in 1860- 
3, b. Cranston, R.I., Sept. 12, 1830. Nephew 
of the preceding. Aransa, his father, was mur- 
dered at Cranston, R.I., ab. Jan. 1844. He 
has been engaged fi'om boyhood in the calico 
print-works founded by his grandfather Wil- 
liam, after whose death thej were canicd on by 
liis father and uncle, and in which he became 
partner. In Feb. 1861 he offered to the Pres. 
1,000 men and a battery of artillery, and, as 
soon as the call for troojis was made, hastened 
with them to the field. The coraniiss. of brig.- 
gen. of vols, was ottered him ; but he refused 
It. He fought with the R.I. troops at Bull 
Run, where his horse was shot under him, and 
in several engagements of the Chiekahominy 
campaign. Chosen U.S. senator for 6 years 
from Mar. 4, 1863, and re-elected for the fol- 
lowing term. 

Sprague, William Bcell, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1S28), clergyman and author, b. An- 
dover, Ct., Oct. 16, 1795.^ Y.C. 1815. Princet. 
Theol. Sem. 1819. Private tutor in the family 
of Maj. Lawrence Lewis of Va. one year ; was 
colleague pastor, with Rev. Joseph Lathrop, of 
the First Cong. Church, West Springfield, Ms., 
1819-29; and has, since Aug. 26, 1829, been 
pastor of the Second Pi-csb. Church at Albany. 
He visited Europe in 1 828 and 1 836. His writ- 
ings are, "Several Discourses on Special Occa- 
sions," 1821 ; "Letters to a Daughter," 1 822 ; 
"Letters from Europe," 1828 ; "Life of E. D. 
Griffin," 1S38; "Lite of Timothy Dwight," 

■ ~ — .. jg^j. „Y^^^^ 

1832; "Hints 
on Christian Intercourse," 1834; " Contrast be- 
tween True and False Religion," 1837; "Aids 
to Early Religion," 1847 ; " Words to a Young 
Man's Conscience," 1848; "Visits to Euro- 
pean Celebrities," 1855; " Annals of the Amer. 
Pulpit," 9 vols. 8vo, 1857-66; "Lectures to 
Young People," 1825; "Letters to Young 
Men," 1854; "Women of the Bible," 8vo, 
1850; "Memoirs of Rev. John and W. A. 
McDowell, D.D.," 1864 ; and was a contrib. 
to Appkton's New Amer. Cyclop. He has also 
written numerous introductions to biog. and 
other works, and is the author of more than 
100 pamphlets. Among these are "Funeral 
Sermon on Dr. Joseph Lathrop," 1 82 1 ; "Hist. 
Discourse at West Springfield," 1 824 ; " Fourth- 
of-July Discourse at Northampton," 1827 ; 
"A Sermon at Albany in behalf of the Polish 
Exiles," 1834; "Oration Commemorative of 
Lafayette, at Albany," 1834; "Phi Beta 
Kappa Address" at Yale, 1843; "Address 
Before the Philomathesiau Society of Middle- 
bury Coll.," 1844; "Hist. Discourse on the 
Second Presb. Church of Albany," 1846; "Dis- 
courses on Dr. Chalmers and Silas Wright," 
1847; "Ambrose Spencer," 1848; and on 
" Samuel Miller of Princeton," 1850. He has 
one of the largest collections of autographs in 
America. — Duyckinck. 

Spring, Gardiner, D.D. (Ham. 1819), 
LL.D. (Laf. Coll. 1853), author and clergyman, 
b. Newburyport, Ms., Feb. 24, 1785.. Y.C. 
1805. Son of Rev. Samuel. He studied law 
with Judge Daggett at New Haven; taught 
school 15 months in Bermuda; was adm. to 
the bar in December, 1808, and commenced 



practice ; but was induced soon after to study 
theology. After studying at Andover, he was 
licensed toward the end of 1809, and Aug. 10, 
ISIO, was called to the Brick Church in N.Y. 
City, where he has since remained, unmoved 
by invitations to preside at Hamilton and Dart- 
mouth Colleges, maintaining for over half a 
century a position as one of the most popular 
preacliers and esteemed divines of tlie city. 
His works include "The Attiaotiim of the 
Cross," 1845; " Tlie Mercv - Slmi," 1849: 
" First Things," 1851 ; " Tlie'Ulorv ol' Christ," 
1852; "The Power of the Pul|)it," 1848; 
" Short Sermons for the People ; " " The 
Obligations of the World to the Bible," 1844; 
" Mi.scellanies," including" Essays on the Dis- 
tinguishing Traits of Christian Character," 
1813; "The Church in the Wilderness;" 
" Memoirs of the Late Hannah L. Murray," 
1849 ; " Memoirs of Rev. S. J. Mills," 1820 ; 
" Fragments from the Study of a Pastor," 
1838 ; " The Bible not of Man," 1847 ; " Dis- 
courses to Seamen," 1847 ; " Contrast between 
Good and Bad Men," 2 vols. 1855; "Brick- 
Church Memorial," 1861; "Pulpit Ministra- 
tions," 2 vols. 8vo, 1864; and "Personal 
Reminiscences," 2 vols. 8vo, 1866. His works 
are pub. 10 vols. 8vo, 1855. — Dua/lciiick. 

Spring, Marshall, M.D., physician, b. 
Watertown, Ms., Feb. 19, 1742 ; d. 'there Jan. 
11,1818. H.U. 1762. He studied under his 
maternal uncle. Dr. Josiah Converse, and, after 
a short residence at St. Eustatia, settled in 
Watertown, where he soon acquired a large 
practice. Though differing in political sen- 
timent from his neighbors, he was early on the 
ground at Lexington, skilfully atten^ling the 
wounded. In 1789 he was a member of 
the State conv. which adopted the U.S. Con- 
stitution, which he opposed, never having be- 
lieved in the capacity of the people for self- 
govt. ; several years a Democ. member of the 
exec, council. He was remarkable for wit and 
repartee. — Tliucher. 

Spring, Samuel, D.D. (Wms. Coll. 1806), 
cleriryman, b. Nonhbridge, Ms., Feb. 27, 1746; 
d. Newburyport, Mar. 4, 1819. N.J. Coll. 
1771. Having been licensed to preach, he in 
1775 became a chaplain in the army, and ac- 
comp. Arnold's exped. to Canada. At the 
close of 1776 he left the army, and (Aug. 6, 
1777) was ord. pastor of a church in Newbury- 
port, where he continued till his death. He 
was a man of great influence, and weight of 
character ; was active as a leader of the Hop- 
kinsian party, and also in the organization of 
the A. B. C. F. M. ; he also aided in founding 
the Ms. Missionary Society in 1799, of which 
he was pres. Besides some controversial works, 
he pub. some 25 miscellaneous discourses. By 
his wife, dau. of Dr. Hopkins of Hadley, he 
had two sons, ministers in N.Y. and Hartford. 

Sproat, Col. Ebexezee, Revol. officer, b. 
Middleborough,Ms.,1752; d. Marietta, 0.,Feb. 
1805. Entering the army acapt.early in 1775, 
he was successively major and lieut.-col., and 
finally lieut.-col. comg. 2d Ms. Regt. He was 
in Glover's brigade at Trenton, Princeton, and 
Monmouth, and app. insp. of brigade by 
Steuben. After the war, he was a surveyor in 
Providence, R.I., where he m. a dau. of Com. 



858 



>XA 



Whipple. He began a survey of Ohio lands 
in 1786 ; led the party of emigrants who set- 
tled Marietta in 1788 ; and was 14 years sheriff, 
and col. of militia. He was tall and command- 
ing in person, and was bv the Indians called 
" the Big Buckeye." — Uildrelli. 

Spurzheim, John Gaspard, M.D., 
phrenologist, b. Longwich, Prussia, 31 Dec. 
1776; d. Boston, 10 Nov. 1832. Educated at 
the U. of Treves. In 1799 he studied medicine 
at Vienna ; assisted Gall, the originator of the 
science of phrenology, 
anatomy of the brain, 

Paris, lecturing and teaching until 1813. Society's Collections on the remains at Stone- 
Spurzheim then visited Great Britain, where henge, examined during a visit to Europe 



and Monuments," 2 vols. 1852; "Notes on 
Central America," &c., 1854; " Waikua, or 
Adventures on the Mosquito Shore," 1855; 
" Question Anglo -Ainericaine" &c., Paris, 1856 ; 
"The States of Central America," 1857; 
" Monograph of Authors who have written on 
the Aboriginal Languages of Central Amer.," 
1861; and "Tropical Fibres, and their Eco- 
nomic Extraction." He has received the med- 
al of the Geog. Society of France, and is a 
member of various scientific and literary socie- 
investigating the ties. He has also pub. " The Serpent Sym- 
accomp. him to bol," 185J ; a paper in the Ethnological 



for many years he taught and explained his 
theories in various cities. Arriving in N.Y. in 
Aug. 1832, he proceeded to Boston, where he 
was enthusiastically received, and drew to his 
lectures large and intelligent audiences, but 
soon sunk under his labors, and was buried at 
Mount Auburn. He assisted Gall in prepar- 
ing his great work on the " Anatomy and 
Physiology of the Nervous System in General, 
and of the Brain in Particular; " and was the 
author of " Physiognomy in Connection with 
Phrenology," 1833; "Observations on In- 
sanity," " Phrenology or Doctrine of the Mind," 
" Sketch of the Natural Laws of Man," and 



Honduras and San Salvador, Geo- 
grai.liiral, Hi-ioriral, ana Staii-tiral," 2 vols.; 
aiiil ■' llaiitiiiu a l'a~^," (uiiipii-iii 4 ailventures, 
ul.-rrva:iiiii-, and iiii|a'<-.-ii .ii~ aiiiia_' a year of 
tu-uvc i'X|.lurati.ins in tlir Statc-^ ^jT Nicaragua, 
Honduras, and San Salvador, with numerous 
illustrations. He has also been an industrious 
contrib. to the periodical, newspaper, and 
scientific literature of the day, on Central- 
America politics and antiquities, and ethnology 
of the aborigines. Editor of Frank Leslie's pub- 
lications. U.S. coniniiss. to Peru 1863-4. First 
pres. Anthropological Institute of N.Y. 1871. 
Stahel, Oe\. Julius, b. Hungary 1825. 



Anatomy of the Brain," 1830-2; " View of Entering the military sen'ice of Austria, 



the Elera. Principles of Education," 12mo, 



1832 

Squier, Ephbaim George, archaeologist, 
b. Bethlehem, N.Y., June 17, 1821. A.M. of 
N. J. Coll. 1848. Son of a Meth. (Sinister of 
N.Y., and grandson of a Revol. soldier, who d. 
1842, a. 97. In his youth he worked on a 
farm in summer, and taught school in winter. 
He next pub. a village newspaper; studied 
civil engineering; and in 1841-2 contributed 
to, and virtually edited, the N. Y. State Me- 
chanic at Albany; pub. also a vol. on the 
Chinese in 1843 ; m 1843-5 he edited the 
Hartford Dailij Journal, and was efficient in 
organising the Whig party of Ct. ; in 1845-8 
he edited the Scioto Gazette at Chillicothe ; and .^i^,.^^, . 

was clerk of the legisl. in 1847-8. In conjuuc- painter of Boston, b. Eng. ab. 1820. C 
tion with Dr. Davis of Ohio, he commenced a the U.S. in early childhood, and while engaged 
systematic investigation of the aboriginal in mechanical occupations at Newport, R.I., 
monuments of the Mpi. Valley, the results of received instructions in painting from Jane 
which he embodied in a Memoir in the first Stuart and AUston, and soon attained high 
vol. of Smithsonian " Contribs. to Knowledge." rank as a painter of miniature portraits. Those 
At the request of Albert Gallatin, he prepared of Allston, Webster, and Everett, are memo- 
" " Memoir on the Ancient Monuments of the rable. His cabinet coast^scenes and genre 



from the ranks to be 1st lieut. ; but es- 
poused the Hifngarian cause, and served thi-ough 
the war on the staffs of Gorgey and Guyon. 
When Austria triumphed, he emigrated to Ger- 
many, thence to Eng., and finally to N. Y. 
City, where he became a journalist, and in 
1859 established the N.Y. Illustrated News, 
which he conducted a year. In May, 1861, 
he became lieut.-col. 8th N. Y. Vols. (Col. 
Blenker), and com. the regt. in the battle of 
Bull Run. He was soon after made its col. ; 
had charge of a brigade in Blenker's division ; 
and became brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 12,1861. In 
Dec. 1862 he com. a div. in Sigel's Uth army 
corps; maj.-gcn. March 14, 1863. 

Staigg, Richard M., miniature and genre 



West," pub. in the Trans, of the Ethnological 
Society. Under the auspices of the N.Y. 
Hist. Society, he pub. in 1849 "Aboriginal 
Monuments of the State of N.Y. from Original 
Surveys and Explorations." App. in 1848 
charge d'affaires to the republics of Central 
America, he negotiated treaties with Nicaragua, 
Honduras, and San Salvador. In 1853 he 



pieces are highly valued ; among them are 
" Cat's - Cradle," " The Crossing - Sweeper," 
" News from the War," " Knitting," " The 
Love-Letter," and " The Sailor's Grave." — 
Tuckerman. 

Stanard, Robert, jurist ; d. Richmond, 
Va., May 13, 1846, a. 66. He was a disting. 
member of the State Const. Conv. of 1829-30; 
again visited Central America to investigate represented Richmond for several sessions in 
the Une of an inter-oceanic railway, the result the house of delegates ; and stood at the head 
of which is pub. in his Report of the Honduras of the bar of that city when he was elevated 
Inter-Oceanic Railway Co., of which he was sec. to the bench of the Court of Appeals. 
In a second visit to Europe he secured the co-"^ Stanberry, Henrt, lawyer, b. New York, 
operation of French and English capitalists, Feb. 20, 1803. Wash. Coll., Pa., 1819. He 
and special guaranties for the road from those went to Ohio in 1814; adm. to the Ohio bar 
govts. His explorations and observations are in 1824; atty.-gen. of Ohio 1846; U.S. atty.- 
found in his " Nicaragua, its People, Scenery, gen. July, 1866, to March, 1868. Defended 



1^ :& 



AJU ■ 



|v»^u, 2. 



859 



STA. 



President Johnson during the impeachment 

Standish, Miles, an early New-Eng. sol- 
dier, b. Lancashire, Eng., ab. 1584; d. Dux- 
bury, Ms., Oct. .3, 1656. He had served in the 
Netherlands. Came to Plymouth with the first 
company in 1 620 ; and was chosen capt. by the 
Pilgrims, though not of their church. He was 
small in stature, but of a very hot and angry 
temper ; possessed great courage, energy, and 
determination ; and rendered important services 
to the early settlers. ^ Sent in 1623 to Wey- 
mouth to protect the inhabitants from a con- 
spiracy of the Indians, he seized their chief, 
Pecksuot, snatched his knife from his nock, and 
killed him with it. Tliis and similar exploits 
filled the savages with a wholesome terror of 
hira, and gave security to the colonists. In 
1625 he went to Eng. as agent for the Colony, 
and returned with supplies in 1626. He then 
settled in Duxbury, where he was a magistrate 
for the rest of his life. — See his Will in Gen- 
eal. Reg., v. 335. 
Stanford, Johx. D.D., Baptist clergyman 

list, b. Wandsworth, Eng., Oct. 

■few Vork, Jan. U, 1834. He 
studied medicine ; then engaged in teaching at 
Hammersmith, near London ; and, after join- 
ing the Baptist Church, came in 1786 to the 
U.S. ; spent some months at Norfolk, Va., 



1789-1813; and in 1791 commenced a course 
of Sunday-evening lectures. A Baptist church 
having been formed, through his exertions, in 
1794, he officiated as its pastor until ab. 1800; 
in 1811 he became chaplain of the almshouse ; 
and ultimately the prisons, hospitals, and 
charitable asylums of tlie city became his field 
of labor. He also taught classes of theol. stu- 
dents. Besides a " History of the First Bap- 
tist Church of Providence," he wrote a number 
of tracts, addresses, and discourses; a coll. of 
essays entitled " The Aged Christian's Com- 
panion," 1 829 ; "Domestic Chaplain," 1806; 
" Description of New- York City," 1814. — See 
Memoir hi/ C. G. Soinmers. 

Stanford, Leland, a prominent citizen 
of Cal., -b. near Albany, N.Y., 9 Mar. 1824. 
His ancestors settled as farmers in the Mohawk 
Valley ab. 1720. He had a com. -school educa- 
tion. Was adm. to the bar in 1 849 ; practised in 
Port Washington, Mich., in 1849-52; became a 
merchant in Sacramento ; was a deleg. to the 
Chicago conv. in 1860; gov. of Cal. 1862-4; 
and, as pres. of the Central Pacific Railroad Co., 
was foremost in pushing forward that great 
national enterprise. He is largely interested 
in railrond and nianuf. enterprises in California. 

Staniford, Thomas, col. U. S. A., b. Vt. 
1789 ; d. Cambridge, Md., Feb. 3, 1855. App. 
ensign 11th Inf. Oct. 12, 1812; adj. 1819; capt. 
March, 1820 ; maj. 4th Inf. Dec. 1, 1839 ; hrev. 
lieut.-col. for gallant conduct in battles of Palo 
Alto and R. de la Palma, May 9, 1846 ; lieut.- 
col. 8th Inf. June 29, 1846; brev. col. for gal- 
lant and meritorious conduct in battles of 
Monterev, Mexico, Sept. 23, 1846; col. 3d Inf. 
Feb. -23,' \8o-2. — Gardiner. 

Stanley, Anthost Domond, mathema- 



tician, b. East Hartford, Ct., April 2, 1810; d. 
there March 16, 1853. Y.C. 1830. He was 
tutor there in 1832-6, and prof in 1836-53. 
Author of a " Treatise on Spherical Trigonome- 
try," " Tables of Logarithms," and a revised 
of Day's "Algebra." 



3y, David S., brev. maj.-gcn. U.S.A., 
b. Cedar Valley, Wayne Co., O., 1 June, 1828. 
West Point, 1852. Entering the 2d Dragoons, 
ho became (27 Mar. 1855) 1st lieut. 1st Cav. ; 
distinguished at defeat of Comanche Indians in 
the VVichita Mountains, 25 Feb. 1859; capt. 
4th Cav. 16 Mar. 1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 28 
Sept. 1861 ; maj. -gen. 29 Nov. 1862 ; maj. 
5th Cav. 1 Dec. 1863; col. 22d Inf. 28 July, 
1866. When the Rebellion broke out, he suc- 
cessfully brought off all the govt, property from 
Forts Smith, Washita, Arbuckle, and Cobb ; 
did good service in Mo., especially at Dug 
Springs and Wilson's Creek ; and was after- 
ward some time disabled by a fall from his 
horse. Joining Gen. Pope at New Madrid, he 
com. the 2d div. Array of the Mpi. at the battle 
of Farmington ; May 28, 1862, he repulsed an 
attack by Cleburne on the left wing ; was in 
the pursuit of the Confeds. to Booneville in 
the battles of luka and Corinth ; chief of cav., 
Army "of the Cumberland, Nov. 1 862 ; displayed 
great ability and skill at the battle of Stone 
River ; was engaged in the advance on Tulla- 
homa ; the exped. to Huntsville, Ala. ; the pas- 
sage of the Tenn. River in Sept. 1863 ; com. 
1st div. 4th corps in Nov. 1863 ; in the Atlanta 
campaign under Sherman ; com. the 4th corps 
from July, 1864, to the close of tlie war. His 
timely arrival on the battle-field of Franklin 
averted disaster; but he was wounded and dis- 
abled. He was brev. lieut.-col. 31 Dec. 1862 
for Stone River; col. 15 May, 1864, for Re- 
saca, Ga. ; brig.-gen. and maj. -gen. 13 Mar. 
1865 for Ruff's Station, Ga., and Franklin, 
Tennessee. 

Stanley, Edward, lawyer and statesman, 
b. Newbern, N.C. Eldest son of Hon. John, 
lawyer and M.C. (1801-3 and 1803-11), d. 3 
Aug. 1 833. Edward was a Whig M.C. in 1 836- 
42 and 1 849-53 ; represented Beaufort in the 
legisl. of N.C. in 1844, '46, and '48 ; speaker in 
1848, and atty.-gen. of the State in 1847. He 
was one of the ablest of the Whig members 
of Congress ; voted for the compromise meas- 
ures of 1850, but was not thought in the 
South to be sufficiently devoted to the defence 
and preservation of slavery. In 1853 he went 
to San Francisco, where he practised law ; in 
1857 he was the Repub. candidate for gov., re- 
ceiving 21,040 votes to 53,122 forWeller, Dem- 
ocrat. After the capture of Newbern (March 
14, 1862) and the occupation of other points in 
N.C, he was app. military gov. of the State, 
which place he filled some months, then re- 
signed, and returned to California. 

Stanley, Fabius, commo. U.S.N., son of 
John, lawyer and M.C, b. Newborn, N.C, 
Dec. 15,1815. Midshipm. Dec.20, 1831 ; lieut. 
Sept. 8, 1841 ; com. May 19, 1861; capt. July 
25, 1866 ; commo. June, 1870. Attached to 
sloop "Dale," Pacific squad., during Mexican 
war, and present at the capture of Guayamas, 
and many engagements on the Pacific coast ; 
com. the " Wyandotte " in 1860, and prevented 



srcA. 



tlie attack of Fort Taylor, Key West, by the 
Cunfeds. ; com. steamer "Narragatiset," PaciKc 
squad., 1862-3; steamer " Statu of Georgia," 
S. Atl. squad., 1864-5. In 1865 ordered to 
com. Fort Johnson, also an exped. up the 
Santee, and that of Bull's Bay against Cliarles- 
ton ; com. " Tuscarora," S. Pacific squad., 
18G6-7. — Hamersly. 

Stanley, J- M., portrait-painter, b. Canan- 
daigua, N.I., 1814; removed to Michigan in 
1834. Began his profession in Detroit in 1835, 
and has practised it in various places, travel- 
ling extensively among the Indians, taking the 
likenesses of the principal chiefs. In 1851-63 
he resided in Washington, D.C. His extensive 
collection of Indian portraits and miscellaneous 
pictures were for many years a chief attraction 
of the Smithsonian Inst., where they were in 
Jan. 1865 unfortunately destroyed by fire. 
Now (1871) resides in Detroit. 

Stansbury, Maj. How.^kd, b. N.Y. City, 

Feb. 8, 1806 ; d. Madison, Wis., April 17, 1863. 
App. 1st lieut. topog. eugrs. July 7, 1838 ; capt. 
July, 1840 ; maj. Sept. 23, 1861. Prior to his 
entry into the eng. corps, he was engaged in 
various surveys of Western rivers, and in 1835 
had charge of a number of public works in In- 
diana. In 1841 he was engaged on a survey 
of the lakes ; in 1842-5 he was in charge of the 
survey of the harbor of Portsraoutli, N.H., — 
a work which, for minute accuracy of detail, is 
unsurpassed in this country; in 1847 he was 
charged with the construction of an iron light- 
house on Carysfort Reef, Florida, the largest 
lighthouse on our coast; in 1849-51 he was 
engaged in the Great Salt-Lake exped., his 
report of which gave him a wide reputation ; 
in 1852-3 he was engaged upon the lake har- 
bors ; in 1856 he was assigned to the charge 
of the military roads in Minnesota ; at the time 
of his death, he was mustering and disbursing 
officer at Madison. 

Stansbury, Gen. Tobias E., b. 1756; d. 
Baltimore Co., Md., Oct. 25, 1849. From the 
opening events of the Eevol. war, down to with- 
in a foiv years of his death, he participated 
actively in national and state affairs ; was i-e- 
peatedly a member of the legisl., and presided 
as speaker of the house of delegates ; brig.- 
gcn. of Md. militia 1813-14; com. a brigade in 
battle of Bladensburg and in defence of Balti- 
more 

Stanton, Daniel, Quaker preacher, b. 
PhiUi. 170S; d. there June 28, 1770. He be- 
gan to preach in 1728 ; travelled in N.E.and the 
W. Indies ; went to Europe in 1748; and visit- 
ed the Southern Colonies in 1760. He bore 
testimony aj^ainst slavery, and against the 
vices of the city, especially horse- racing, drunk- 
enness, and stage-plays ; and was a very zealous, 
faithful preacher. — See Journal of his Life, 
Travels, and Gospel Labors, Phila. 8vo, 1772. 

Stanton, Edwin McMasters, LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1867), lawver and statesman, b. Steu- 
benville, 0., Dec. 19, 1814; d. Washington, 
D.C, Dec. 24, 1869. Kenyon Coll. 1833. His 
parents were of Quaker origin, i^nd came from 
Culpeper Co., Va. He became a bookseller's 
clerk at Columbus, 0.; studied law; and in 
1836 was adm. to rhe Columbus bar. He be- 
gan practice at Cadiz, O. ; became prosec. atty. 



of the Co. in 1837; but soon removed to Steu- 
benville, where he had extensive practice. In 
1839-42 he was reporter of the decisions of the 
Supreme Court. In 1848 he removed to Pitts- 
burg, became the leader of the bar, and was 
often employed in the Supreme Court at Wash- 
ington. His argument in the case of the 
Wheeling Suspension Bridge is among the most 
noted of his efforts during this period. In 1857 
he removed to Washington; and in 1858 was 
employed by Atty .-Gen. Black to go to Cali- 
fornia to plead the cause of the U.S. in some 
very important cases. Dec. 14, 1860, he suc- 
ceeded Mr. Black as atty. -gen., and did his 
country great service by resisting, as tar as pos- 
sible, the efforts of the secession leaders, then 
actively engaged in prepaiiug the civil war 
that soon after broke out. He went out of 
oflSce with Mr. Buchanan's administration, 
March 4, 1861 ; succeeded Gen. Cameron as 
see. of war, J.m ll. isr..'; suspended Aug. 12, 
1867, by Pit- .lulni, ,ii ; ] -instated by the sen- 
ate, Jan. 14, I ■ ■- ; i< i_ih,l Mav, 18'68; app. 
judge U.S. .^ii|.Mii.- I ourt, Dec. 20, 1869. 
His labors as war secretary during the Great 
Rebellion were overwhelming : he slept for 
months at the office, working till two or three 
o'clock in the morning, and rising bclore the 
sun. His assistant secretaries, men of energy 
and ability, broke down one after another; but 
he bore the brum of the burden with inflexible 
courage and persevurance, and unequalled 
ability. His opposition to the policy of the 
pres. made him obnoxious to Mr. Johnson, 
who sought to deprive him of his ofHce; but it 
was retained by Mr. Stanton until the failure 
of the impeachment trial, upon which he re- 
signed. His health had been sliaticred by his 
arduous labors; and he died bet'ure his commis- 
sion to the Supreme-Court bench had been 
made out. He pub. Reports, Sup. Ct. of 
Ohio, 1841-4, 3 vols. 8vo ; also Reports as 
Secretary of War, 1862-8. 

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, reformer, b. 
Johnstown,N.Y., Nov. 12,1816. Dau. of Judge 
Daniel Cady. She was educated at the Johns- 
town Acad., and Mrs. Willard's Seminary at 
Troy. In 1840 she m. Henry B. Stanton, an 
aniLilavery orator, and accomp. him to Lon- 
don, where he was a delegate to the World's 
Autislavery Convention. Here she made the 
acquaintance of Lucretia Mott, with whom, 
upon the question of woman's rights, she found 
herself in sympathy. On their return, Mr. 
Stanton practised law in Boston until 1845, 
when they removed to Seneca Falls, N.Y. 
The first woman's - rights convention was 
called by her at Seneca Falls, July 19-20, 
1 848 ; and it made the first public demand for 
woman's suffrage. Since that period she has 
labored incessantly with pen and voice, travel- 
ling over the country, endeavoring to effect this 
great object. In 1868, she, with Parker Pills- 
bury and Susan B. AJithony, began to pub. 
the Revolution in advocacy of the new ideas. 
(See Eminent Women of the Age.) Her hus- 
band, Henry Brewster, b. Griswold, Ct., 
1810, studied at Lane Sem., O. Author of 
" Reforms and Reformers," 1 849 ; addresses, &c. 
Stanton, Hbxry, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Vt. ab. 1796; d. Fort Hamilton, N.Y., Aug. 



861 



sx^ 



1, 1856. App. lieut. of light art. June 29, 
1813; assist, dcp. qmr.-gen. July, 1813; mili- 
tary sec. to Gen. Izard 1314 ; dop. qnir. (rank 
of major) May 13, 1820; acting adj.-gen. of 
the armjr under Gen. Jesup in Florida 183G- 
37 ; assist, qmr.-gcn. (rank of col.) July 7, 
1;838; brev.brig.-gen. " for meritorious conduct 
in the Mexican war," Jan. 1, 1S47. — Gardner. 

Stanton, Richaed H., M. C. fiom Ky. 
1849-55, b. Alexandria, Va., 1SI2. Aiitliur 
of" Code of Ky.," 8vo, 1859 ; " 1! v. Statutes 
of Ky.,"2 vols. 8vo, 1S60; "Treatise Ibr 
Justices," 1861; "Manual for Exeeutors," 
1862. Edited the Mai/sville Monitor and 
Mysville Express. — Allibone. 

Stanwix, John, lieut.-gcn., lost at sea in 
Dec. 1765 while crossing fiom Dublin to Holy- 
head in " The Eagle " packet. Nephew and 
heir to Brig.-Gen. Stanwix, who served with 
reputation in the wars of Queen Anne. En- 



army ] 



1706; 



1 old captain of 



grenadiers in 1739 ; made maj. of : 
1741; licut.-col. in 1745; app. equerry to 
Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1749; in 1750 
was advanced to the govt, of Carlisle, which 
city he then represented in parliament ; and in 
1 754 became dcp. qmr.-gen. of the forces. Jan. 
1, 1756, he became col. com. of the first batt. of 
the 60ih, or Boy. Americans ; was put in com. 
of the Southern dist. on his arrival in Amcr., 
and had his headquarters at Carlisle, Pa., dur- 
ing 1757, and was app. brig.-gen. Dec. 27. On 
being relieved by Forbes in 1758, Brig. Stan- 
wix proceeded to Albany, whence he was 
ordered to the Oneida carrying-place to secure 
that important position by the erection of a 
work, which, in his honor, was called "Fort 
Stanwix." He retumed to Pa. in 1759; be- 
came maj.-gen. .June 19; repaired the old fort 
at Pittsburg, and surmounted the works with 
cannon ; and by his prudent conduct secured 
the good will of the Indians. He resigned his 
com. to Monckton, M.iy 4, 1760 ; became lieut.- 
gen. Jan. 19, 1761 ; and on his return to Eng. 
was app. lieut.-gov. of the Isle of Wight ; be- 
came col. of the 8th Foot, and M.P. for Ap- 
pleby. 

Staples, William Read, LL.D. (B.U. 
1862), jurist and historian, b. Providence, R.I., 
Oct. 10, 1798; d. there Oct. 19, 1868. Brown 
U. 1817. Adm. to the bar in 181 9; assoc. judge 
Sup. Court, R.I., 1835-54; chief justice of that 
court 1854-6; see. and treas. R.I. Soe. for 
the Emourageraent of Domestic Industry 
fi-om 1856 until his death, and a contrib. of 
Biographies to its Transactions. One of the 
founders of the R.I. Hist. Society, many years 
its libraiian and sec, and a vice-pres. at his 
death. He edited the 2d vol. Colls. R.I. Hist. 
Society, and in the 5th vol. pub. " Annals of 
Providence." He also pub. " Documentary 
Hist, of the Destruction of the Gaspe'," 1845; 
" Proceedings of the First General Assembly 
for the Incorp. of Providence Plantations, &c., 
in 1647," 8vo, 1847; and "R. I. Book of 
Form,?," 12mo, 1859. He left unfinished a 
"History of the State Convention of 1790," 
since pub. ; " History of the Criminal Law of 
E.I.;" "R.I. in the Cont. Congress 1765- 
90," pub. 8vo, 1870; edited with notes Gorton's 
"Simplicitie's Defence," 1835. 



Stark, Caleu, d. Dunbarton, N.H., Feb. 
1, 1S64, a. 59. H.U. 1823. Son of Caleb, 
mij. Revol. army, who served fi-om Bunker's 
Hill to Yorktowu, and who in 1828 removed 
to 0. (b. 3 Dec. 1759; d. 26 Aug. 1838.) Ho. 

Sractised law in Cincinnati, 0., and Concord, 
■.H. Author of " Reminiscences of the 
French War," &c., 8vo, 1S31 ; "A History of 
Dimbarton, N.H.," 1860; and a Life of his 
Grandfather, Gen. John Stark, 8vo, 1860. 

Stark, John, maj.-gen., b. Londondcrrv, 
X.U., Aug. 28, 1728; d. Manchester, N.H., 
May 8, 1822. Removing with his father to 
Derryficld, now Manchester, about 1736, he 
was employed in hunting and husbandry until 
April 28, 1752, when, being on a hunting ex- 
ped., he was taken prisoner by the St. Francis 
Indians. After six weeks' captivity, he was 
ransomed for 103 doll " ' 



He becan 

popular with the Indians by his frequent exhl- 
Iiiti'ii- >T .niii:im' and independence, and was 
al : '■ '' ' il"'. App. in 1755 a lieut. 

in K '.ly of Rangers, he served in 

tliar .11;. I iiir lii ..Aiiig campaign, and in Jan. 
1757, while returning from an exped., the corps 
was attacked by the French and Indians near 
Ticonderoga. A sanguinary battle ensued, in 
which his superior officers were killed or 
wounded ; and upon him devolved the conduct 
of the retreat, which he effected with great skill 
and prudence. He was soon afterwards app. 
acapt. of rangers, and in 1758 participated in 
the attack on Ticonderoga under Gen. Aber- 
crombie. In the following spring he joined 
the army of Amherst, and was present at the 
reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
A member of the com. of safety at the com- 
mencement of the Revol., on the news of Lex- 
ington battle he repaired at once to Cam- 
bridge, and was immediately chosen col. of the 
N.H. troops. At Bunker's Hill his men were 
stationed at the left of the line, behind a rail 
fence, and repeatedly repulsed the enemy with 
great loss, but, when the redoubt was carried, 
were compelled to retire. At the close of the 
northern campaign, in Dec. 1776, he joined 
Gen. Washington at Newton, com. the van- 
guard at Trenton, and was very active at the 
battle of Princeton ; having been overlooked 
in the promotions, he resigned his commission 
in Apr. 1777, and returned to his farm. On 
the advance of Burgoyne, the council of N.H. 
commissioned Stark to raise a force, and guard 
the frontier. Aug. 16, 1777, he attacked Col. 
Bauui in his intrenchment on the Wallooms- 
chaick, near Bennington, and defeated him. 
Scarcely was this action over, when a detach- 
ment underCol. Breyman, sent to succor Baum, 
arrived, which he also defeated with great loss. 
Congress passed a vote of thanks to him for 
this brilliant service, and made him a brig.-gen. 
Oct. 4, 1777, notwithstanding it had just before 
passed a vote of censure for his disobedience 
of the order of Gen. Lincoln to march to the 
west of the Hudson, — which step, if taken, 
would have left Burgoyne's rear unmolested. 
In Sept. he jomed Gates, and contributed to 
the successful issue of the campaign ; early in 
1778 he com. the northern dept. at Albany ; in 
Oct. joined Gen. Gates in R.I. ; in May, 1780, 
he joined the army in Morristown, and was 



8TA. 



862 



STE 



present at the battle of Springfield ; in the 
spring of 1781 he was again ordered to the 
com. of the northern dept. In 1818 Congress 
voted him a pension of 60 dollars a month. 
A Memoir of his Life, by his grandson, was pub. 
in 1860; also by E. Everett in Sparks's 
" Amer. Biographv." 

» Staughton, William, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1801), Pres. of Col. Coll., D.C., 1822-7, b. 
Coventrv, Eng., Jan. 4, 1770; d. Washing- 
ton, D.C., Dec. 12, 1829. A vol. of his poeti- 
cal effusions, pub. at the age of 17, indicated 
his talent, and induced his friends to educate 
him for the ministry at Bristol Acad. He 
commenced preaching in 1793 ; came to 
Charleston, S.C., in the autumn of that year, 
preaching successively in Georgetown, S.C, 
N.Y. City, Bordentown and Burlington, N.J., 
where he taught and preached for several years. 
He became connected with the First Baptist 
Church in Phila. in 1805, and thenceforth his 
popularity probably e.-iceeded that of any of 
his brethren in the U.S. In addition to his la- 
bors as a minister, he directed the theol. studies 
of young men preparing for the ministry. 
Chosen pres. of the Baptist Coll. and Theol. 
Inst, at Georgetown, Ky., but died on his way 
thither. His contributions in prose and verse 
to religious periodicals were numerous, and he 
pub. 5 or 6 sermons and orations. His Me- 
moirs, by Lynd, were pub. 12mo, Bost. 1834. 

Stearns, Asahel, LL.D. (H. U. 1825), 

prof of Uuv in H.U. 1817-29, b. Lunenburg, 
Ms., June 17, 1774; d. Cambridge, Feb. 5, 
1839. H.U. 1797. He practised law at Chelms- 
ford many years; was M.C. in 1815-17; was 
a member of the American Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences ; and was several years county atty. 
for Middlesex. In 1824 he pub. a volume of 
Real Actions, and was subsequently one of the 
commissioners for revising the statutes of Ms., 
which was his last labor. 

Stearns, Charles, D.D. (H.U. 1810), b. 
Leominster, Ms., 1752; d. Lincoln, Ms., July 
26, 1826. H.U. 1773. Ord. 1781. He pub. 
" The Ladies' Philosophy of Love," a poem, 
1797; Dramatic Dialogues, 1798; "Principles 
of Religion and Morality," 1798; and 5 single 
sermons. — Spraijue. 

Stearns, George Luther, patriot and 
reformer, b. Medford, Ms., 8 Jan. 1809; d. 
New York, Apr. 9, 18G7. Brother of Asahel. 
Luther, his father, was a teacher of high repu- 
tation. He prospered in the ship-chandlery 
business, and subsequently in the manuf. of 
sheet and pipe lead ; doing business in Boston, 
and residing in Medford. Identifying him- 
self early with the antislavery cause, he be- 
came a Free-soiler in 1848; aided John Brown 
in Kansas, and stood by him unflinchingly 
until his death. Soon after the breaking-out 
of the Rebellion, Mr. Stearns advocated the 
enlistment of black men in the national cause, 
having previously labored assiduously in the 
emancipation movement. The 54th and 55th 
Ms. Regts., and the 5th Cav., were largely re- 
cruited through his instrumentality. In Pa., 
Md., and Tenn., being commissioned as major, 
through the recommendation of Sec. Stanton, 
he was of great service to the national cause 
by enlisting blacks in the volunteer army. He 



was the founder of the Commomoeatth and liliiht 
Wai/, newspapers for the dissemination of his 
ideas. 

Stearns, John, M.D. (1812), b. Wilbra- 
ham, Ms., 1770; d. N.Y. Citv, Mar. 18, 1848. 
Y.C. 1789. First pres. N.Y." Acad, of Medi- 
cine, 1846, and one of the founders of the 
Tract Society. Ho practised at Waterford, 
Albany, Saratoga, and finallv in N.Y. City; 
State senator in 1812; and pres. NY. Med. 
Society. He pub. a number of addresses. — 
See notice in Dr. Francis's Old New York. 

Stearns, Samcel, M.D., LL.D., astrono- 
mer, b. Ms. Author of ".Tour from London 
to Paris," 8vo, 1790; " American Oracle," 8vo, 
1791; "American Herbal, or Materia Medi- 
ca," the first work of the kind in America. He 
began it in 1772; travelled in 9 American 
States, and in GreatBritain and France, — over 
23,000 miles by land and sea. Edited Phila. 
Mm/. 1789. Dec. 20, 1782. Dr. S. made the 
calculations for the first nautical almanac pub. 
in America. 

Stearns, Samuel Horatio, minister of 
the Old South, Boston, from April 16, 1834, 
to his death, Paris, July 15, 1837; b. Bedford, 
Sept. 12, 1801. H.U. 1823. Son of Rev. 
Samuel of Bedford. A vol. of his discourses, 
with Memoir by his bro. W. A. Stearns, was 
pub. 1838. 

Stearns, William Ahgustds, D.D. 
(H.U. 1853), LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 1862), son of 
Rev. Samuel, b. Bedford, Ms., 17 Mar. 1805. 
H.U. 1827. Pastor Cong. Church, Cam- 
bridgeport, Ms. Pres. of Amh. Coll. sines 
1854. Author of a work on Infant Church- 
Membership ; " Life of Rev. S. H. S'tearns," 
12mo, 1839; Discourses and Addresses, 8vo, 
1855 ; and sermons and discourses. 

Stedingk, Curt BoGiSLAusr Louis 
Christopher, Count von, field-marshal of 
Sweden, b. at his fatllfer's castle of Pinnau, in 
Pomerania, Oct. 26, 1746 ; d. Stockholm, 1836. 
U. of Upsal, 1768. An ensign, at the age of 
13 he accomp. his father in the war between 
Sweden and Prussia, and was present at the 
siege of Stralsund. Entering the French ser- 
vice in the Royal Rcgt. of Swedes, he rose to 
the rank of lieut.-col. At Versailles, where he 
remained on duty, he lived in intimate friend- 
ship with Count Fersen, another Swedish 
volunteer in the cause of Ame riea. Stedingk, 
commanding a brigade of inf., sailed in D'Es- 
taing's fleet in 1778. In his operations against 
the W. I. islands, Stedingk won high honor, 
especially in the attack upon Grenada ; in the 
a-^sault upon Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779, the rash- 
ness and impracticability of which he confi- 
dently predicted to D'Estaing, he led one of 
the two principal assaults, and, after planting 
the American flag on the last intrenchment, 
was compelled to retreat with the loss of nearly 
half his brigade of 900 men, and was himself 
wounded. After his return to France, the king 
made him col. of the Regt. of Alsace, and 
knight of the Protestant branch of the Order 
of St. Louis ; while the king of Sweden, in 
tokrn of his galLant behavior in America, made 
him a col. of dragoons and a knight of the Or- 
der of the Sword. He also received from Wash- 
ington the badge of Cincinnatus. Stedingk 



STE 



863 



left France in 1787; was a principal actor in 
the war which for a short period subsisted be- 
tween Sweden and Russia ; and was rewarded 
for his services with the embassy to St. Peters- 
burg in 1790, which he long retained. In 1814 
he repaired to Paris in com. of the Swedish 
army, and ambassador of the Swedish king to 
sign the treaty of peace. 

Stedman, Charles, author of "The His- 
tory of the American War," 2 vols. 4to, Lond. 
1794; d. London, 26 June, 1812. He served 
as a commissary under Howe, Clinton, and 
Cornwallis in the Amer. Rcvol. war, and at the 
time of his death was dep. compt. of the stamp- 
office. Lowndes says stedman's " History " 
was written by Wm. Thomson, LL.D. 

Stedman, Edmund Clarence, poet, b. 
Hartford, Ct., 1 Oct. 1833. Son of Edmund 
B., a merchant of H., by Elizabeth C. Dodge, 
now Mrs. Kinney, poet, and wife of Wm. B., 
editor Newark (N.J.) Adoertiser. One of his 
ancestors on his mother's side was Ri:v. Aa- 
ron Cleveland; bishop A. C. Coxe being her 
cousin. His lather died when he was 2 years 
old, and he was educated under the caro of a 
relative, entering Y.C. in 1849. He did not 
graduate, but in 1 870 received the hon. degree 
of A.M. He began journalism in his 20th 
year ; ed. the Winsted Herald, Litchfield Co., 
Ct. ; removed to N.Y. City (where he is now a 
memljer of the stock exchange) ; became con- 
nected with the Tribune, becoming generally 
known by his satirical poem contrib. to that 
journal, "The Diamond Wedding" (1859) ; 
and in 1861-3 was war-corresp. in Va. for the 
N.Y. World. Besides contribs. to the ^rfan^ic, 
Scrilmer's, the Galaxi/, &.C., he has pub. " Po- 
ems," 1860; "Battle of Bull Run," 1861; 
"Alice of Monmouth, an Idyl of the Great 
War, with Other Poems," 1864; "The Blame- 
less Prince," &c., 1869. Now (1871) engaged 
upon a translation of the Greek Sicilian poets. 

Stedman, Gen. Griffin A., b. Hartford, 
Ct. ; killed near Petersburg, Va., Aus. 6, 1864. 
Trin. Coll. Maj. Uth Ct. ; liout.-col. at An- 
tictani, and wounded ; com. the regt. at Fred- 
ericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, 
and com. a brigade in the campaign of 18G4. 
He was fatally wounded in one of the skirmishes 
before Petersburg. 

Stedman, John Gabriel, b. Scotland, 
1745; buried at St. Mary's Church, Bcckley, 
Devonshire, 1797. Author of "Narrative of 
Exped. against the Revolted Negroes of Suri- 
nam, 1772-7," London, 2 vols. 4to, 1796. 

Steedman, Charles, rear-adm. U.S.N., 
b. Ch.arleston, S.C, Sept. 24, 1 8 1 1 . Midsliipm. 
Apr. 1, 1828; licut. Feb. 25, 1841 ; com. Sept. 
14, 1855; capt. Sept. 13, 1862; comnio. July 
25, 1866; rear-adm. 18 June, 1871. He com. 
a gun in naval battery at bombard, of Vera 
Cruz; com. brig " Dolphin," Paraguay exped., 
1859-60; com. "The Bienville" at battle of 
Port Royal, S.C, Nov. 7, 1861; with " The 
Paul Jones," and other gunboats under his 
com., engaged Fort McAllister in Aug. 1862; 
Sept. 17, 1862, silenced the batteries of St. 
John's Bluff, St. John's River, Fla. ; Sept. 30 
co-operated with Gen. Brannon in capture of 
same batteries; com. sloop-of-war "Ticondero- 
ga " in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and in 



European squad. 1856-7; commanding navy- 
yard, Boston, 1870-1. — Ihimersli/. 

Steedman, Gen. James Bai!rett, b. Nor- 
thumberland Co., Pa., July 30, 1818. In 
1837 he went to Ohio as a contractor in the 
construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal ; 
in 1843 he was sent by the Democrats to the 
Ohio legisl. ; in 1849 he organized a company 
to cross the plains to California, gold-hunting; 
returning in 1850, he became in 1851 a mem- 
ber of the board of public works of Ohio. Dur- 
ing Mr. Buchanan's administration, he was 
printer to Congress. In 1861 he was col. 4th 
Ohio Vols. ; was ordered to Western Va. ; took 

f)art in the battle at Philippi, and subsequent- 
y joined Gen. Buell in Ky. ; app. brig.-gen. 
of vols. Jiily 17, 1862 ; disting. at Pcrryville; 
in July, 1863, com. the 1st div. reserve corps, 
Army of the Cumberland; and, for disting. ser- 
vices at Chickamauga, was made mnj.-gen. 24 
Apr. 1864. He took an active part in Sher- 
man's Atlanta campaign; relieved the little 
garrison at Daltou, and defeated Wheeler's 
cavalry in June, 1864; joined Gen. Thomas 
when Sherman marched to the sea ; and was 
disting. in the battle of Nashville. Resigned 
July 19, 1866. Internal rev. collector at New 
Orleans under Pres. Johnson. — Eeid's Ohio in 
the War. 

Steele, Rev. Ashbel, b. Waterbury, Ct., 
31 Jan. 1796. Presb. pastor in Washington, 
DC. Author of " Chief of the Pilgrims, or 
Life of Brewster," 8vo, 1857; " Geneal. of the 
Brewster Family." Contrib. to Spirit of Mis- 
siojis, Phila. Recorder, and Nat. Intelligencer. — 
Steele F am. Geneal. 

Steele, Gen. Frederic, b. Delhi, N.Y., 
1821 ; d. San Mateo, Columbia Terr., Jan. 12, 
1868. West Point, 1843. Entering the 2d 
Inf., he served during the Mexican war. For 
gallantry at Contreras and Chapultepec he was 
biev. 1st lieut. and capt. ; capt. 2d Inf. 5 Feb. 
1855. He served in Mo. at the beginning of 
the civil war; was made major Uth Inf. May 
14, 1861 ; and for his conduct at the battle of 
Wilson's Creek (Aug. 10, 1861) was made brig.- 
gen. of vols. Jan. 29, 1862; in Dec. 18G2 he 
com. at Helena, Ark., capturing Little Rock 
Sept. 10, 1863 ; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. He 
com. a division in the 15th army corps under 
Sherman, and took part in the battles of Chick- 
asaw Bayou, capture of Fort Hindman, and 
siege of Vicksburg, where he com. the 5th 
division of Grant's army; and com. the dept. 
of Ark. until the end of the war. He com. a 
column at the capture of Mobile 12 Apr. 1865. 
In 1865 he was transferred to Texas, and placed 
in com. on the Rio Grande. Lieiit.-col. 3d 
Inf. 26 Aug. 1863; col. 20th inf. July 28, 
1866; brev. col. for Vicksburg ; brig.-gen. 13 
Mar. 1865 for Little Rock, and maj.-gen. for 
services in the Rebellion. 

Steele, John, Revol. officer, b. Augusta 
Co., Va., ab. 1755; d. ab. 1805. He was an 
officer at the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., 10 
Oct. 1774, and at the battle of Germantown 
was shot through the body. Many years one 
of the Va. executive council ; commiss. to treat 
with the Cherokces under John Adams's ad- 
ministration ; and sec. of Mpi. Terr. 1798-1801. 
Steele, Gen. John, Revol. officer, b. Lan- 



STE 



864 



cnster, Pa., 1753; d. 27 Feb. 1827. Capt. 
through the war; wounded at Brandywine, 
and present at Yorktown ; afterward State 
senator ; a commissioner to setdo the Wyoming 
troubles ; and loni; collector of the port of 
Phila. ; com. Washington's Life Guard in 
1780; gen. of Pa. militia. 

Steele, ("iEN. Johs, b. Salisbury, N.C., 
Nov. 1, 1764; d. there Aug. 14, 1815. His 
mother Elizabeth was disting. among the 
patriotic " women of the Revol." John was a 
successful planter; from 1787 was frequently 
a mcnibcr of the h. of commons ; member of 
iho convention to adopt the Federal Constitu- 
tion in 17S8 ; M.C. 1790-3 ; was often sjieaker 
of the h. of commons ; was in 1806 a commiss. 
to adjust the boundaries between N. and S. 
Carolina; was a gen. of militia, and first compt. 
of the treasurv until 1802. 

Steele, John H., gov. N.H. 1844-6; b. 
N.C. 1 792 ; d. Peterborough, N.H., July .3, 1 865. 

Steen, Alexander E., brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
of St. Louis, Mu. ; killed at Prairie Grove, 
Ark., 7 Dec. 1862. Lieut. 12th U.S. luf 6 
Mar. 1847; brev. for Contreras and Churu- 
busco ; disting. and wounded in the conflict 
with the Apaches 27 June, 1857. 

Steers, George, naval constructor, b. 
Washington, D.C., 1821; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 
25 Sept. 1 856. Among many of his bean tiful ly- 
modelled vessels, the most celebrated were 
the yacht " America," and the steamships 
" Adriatic " and " Niagara." 

Steinwehr, Gen. Adolph Wilhelm 
Friedrich, baron von, b. Blankenberg, duchy 
of Brunswick, Sept. 25, 1822. His father was 
a major, his grandfather a lieut.-gen., in the 
Prussian service. He was educated at the 
Military Acad, of Brunswick; became alieut. 
in 1841 ; resigned in 1847, and came to the 
U.S. to offer his services to the govt, in the 
Mexican war; but, failing to obtain a commiss. 
in the regular army, returned to Germany after 
marrying in .Mobile. In 1854 he came again 
to ilie U.S., and bought a farm near Walling- 
ford, Ct. He raised the 29th N.Y. Regt., which 
he com. in the first battle of Bull Run. Made 
1. vols. Oct. 12, 1861, and app. to the 
ide of Blenker's division. When Sigel 



with Confed. rams. May 10, 18G2 ; besides some 
minor affairs from Aug. 1861 to May, 1862, 
and wounded May 10 ; com. steam-sloop " Ca- 
nandaigua," European squad., 1866-7. — Ham- 
ersi;/. 

Stephen, Gen. Ad.am; d. Va. Nov. 1791. 
He had been a meritorious Va. officer in the 
colonial wars; was a capt. in the Ohio e.xpcd. 
of 1754; served with distinction under Brad- 
dock ; afterwards com. Fort Cumberland with 
the rank of licnt.-eol. ; and, on his return from 
an exped. to S.C. against the Creek Indians, 
he was placed at the head of the troops for tlie 
defence of the Va. frontier, and was made a 
brig.-gen. When the Revol. commenced, Col. 
Stephen was app. to one of the Va. regts. ; 
was made a brig.-gen. in the Cont. service, Sept. 
4, 1776, and a maj.-gen. Feb. 19, 1777; .and 
behaved well at the Brandywine. Yieliling 
to a bad habit, he fell into disgrace at German- 
town ; was found guilty of being intoxicated, 
and was dismissed from the army 1778. 

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 
statesman, b. Taliaferro Co., Ga., Feb. 11, 
1812. ^Franklin Coll. 1832. Left an orphan, 
he was indebted to his friends for the means of 
education. Adm. to practise law in 1S34, and 
soon acquired extensive practice at Crawfonls- 
ville. After rep,aying his friends, his first earn- 
ings were devoted to redeeming from the hands 
of strangers the home of his childhood, upon 
which he still resides. In 1836-41 he was a 
member of the State legisl. ; in 1839 he was a 
delegate to the Charleston commercial conven- 
elected to the State 
ing 



senate; and was M.C. in 1843-.'J9, 
many 



and 



2d 1 



:d com. of the corjjs after the organiza- 
tion of the Army of Va., Steinwehr was pro- 
moted to com. the 2d division, llth corps, and 
particiijatcd in the camjiaign on the Rapidan 
and Rappahannock in August and in Dec; 
in the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, 
and the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1, 1863. 

Stellwagen, Henrt S., capt. U. S. N., 

b. Pa.; d. Cape Island, N. J., July 16, 1866. 
Midshipm. Apr. 1,1828; lieut. Jnly 2, 1840; 
com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. Aug. '29, 1862; 
com. steamer " Connecticut," 1862; " Merci- 
dita," 1863. 

Stembel, Roger N., comrao. U. S. N., b. 
Middletown, Mil., Dec. 27, 1810. Midshipm. 
Mar. 27, 1832; lieiit. Oct. 26, 1843 ; com. July 
1, 1861; capt. July 2.^, 1 S66 ; commo. 1870; 
com. N. Pacific .vjuad. 1871 ; attached to coast- 
survey 1844-7 ; to Mpi. flotilla; and in action 
at Lucas's Bend, Sept. 9, 1861 ; Belmont, Nov. 
7, 1861 ; Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862; Island No. 
10, Mar. 16 to Apr. 7, 1862 ; near Fort Pillow 



speeches; chairman of the ecin . ; I- 1 :^. 
He favored the annexation 01 I 
porter of Mr. Clay for the iiir-;. I-!" . m i-ii; 
opposed the Clayton Compromise m 1S4S; 
took a leading part in effecting the compromises 
of 1850; and was an active supporter of the 
Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854. After the 
breaking-up of the Whig party, he joined 
the Democrats, and w.as a prominent supporter 
of Buchanan's administration. He advocated 
the election of Douglas to the presidency in 
1860, and in numerous pnblic addresses de- 
nounced those who advocated a dissolution of 
the Union, and in the State convention vigor- 
ously opposed the secession of Georgia. He 
was elected provisional vice-pres. of the Con- 
federate States 9 Feb. 1861, aiid permanent 
vice-pres. in Nov. In a speech at Richmond, 
Va., Apr. 22, 1861, he justified the secession 
movement, and pronounced slavery the corner- 
stone of the new govt. He was for some time 
a prisoner of state in Fort Warren, but was 
released II Oct. 1865. He has pub. " History 
of the War between the States," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1868 ; " Constitution.!] View of the Late War," 
2 vols. 8vo; Letters and Speeches, 8vo, 1867, 
ed. by Henry Cleveland. 

Stephens, Mrs. Ann Sophia (Winter- \,. 

botham), authoress, h. Derby, Ct., 1813., She d- -^^'^ 
m. in 1832, and removed to PortlandrMe., 
wherein 1835 she commenced and continued ',' ' ' 
for some time the Por(to)irf .l/a^ojinc. In 1836 . 
she edited " The Portland Sketch-Book." She H' , 
in 1837 removed to N.Y. City, where she has 



STE 



865 



STE 



since resided, and actively contributed to the 
magazines. " Mary Devwent," a tale, won her 
a prize of S400, and gave her popularity as a 
magazine-writer. Her most elaborate work is 
the novel of "Fashion and Famine" (1854), 
a story of ihe contrasts of city life. It is of 
the intense school, but contains excellent de- 
scriptions and delineations of character. She 
has also pub. " The Heiress of Greenhurst," 
" The Old Homestead," and two books on 
needlework, and has also written much in verse. 
She edited the Lmlies' Com/ianion 4 years, and 
in 1842 w:i~ i m . .;,:.:■ i ' ''fhains Mayazine, to 
whicii slir ... ,_ , iibntor; also editor 

of the / / I III 1856 she started 

the ///i(,<//w'./ A' .1/ ' /. An edition of her 
works in 14 vols, was pub! 1869-70. 

Stephens, Mrs. Harriet M.irios, 
authoress, d. East Hampden, Me., 1858, a. 35. 
She appeared upon the stage under the name 
of Miss Kosalie Somers until 1851, and was 
afterward well known by the contributions of 
her pen under the signatures of " Marion 
Ward " and " H. M. S." She wrote " Hagar 
the Martyr," and a variety of tales, sketches, 
and poems, collected and pub. with the title 
of " Home-Scenes and Home-Sounds." 

Stephens, John Lloyd, an eminent trav- 
eller, b. Shrewsbury, N. J., Nov. 28, 1805; d. 
N.Y. Oct. 12, 1852. Col. Coll. 1822. He 
studied at the Litchfield Law School, and prac- 
tised in N.Y. City for about 8 years. Taking 
an active interest in politics, he joined the 
Democ. party, and became a favorite speaker 
at Tammany HaU. In 1834-6 he visited Eu- 
rope and Egypt ; and in 1837 pub. " Incidents 
of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the 
Holy Land;" which was followed in 1838 by 
" Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Rus- 
sia, and Poland." Mr. Stephens was in 1839 
app. sjiecial ambassador to Central America ; 
on his return in 1841 he pub. "Incidents of 
Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yu- 
catan." In 1842 he again visited Yucatan, 
and pub. in 1843 another work, entitled " Inci- 
dents of Travel in Yucatan." All his books 
were exceedingly popular ; and his travels in 
Central America and Yucatan have been pro- 
nounced to be the richest contribution ever 
made by any one man on the subject of Ameri- 
can anti(iuities. He was a director of the 
" Ocean Steam Navigation Co.," which estab- 
lished the first American line of trans-Atlan- 
tic steamships, and went to Euro])e as the repre- 
sentative of the company on the trial-trip of its 
first vessel, " The Washington." The latter 
part of his life was devoted to the construction 
of the Panama Railroad, of which he was pres- 
ident. Delegate to the State Const. Conv. of 
N.Y. in 1846. 

Stephens, Willlim, gov. of Ga., son of 
Sir Wm. S., lieut.-gov. of the Isle of Wight, b. 
there Jan. 28, 1671 ; d. Ga. Aug. 1753. King's 
Coll., Camb. Studied law at the Middle Tem- 
ple, and in 1696 was M. P. forNeivport. In 
1 7 1 2 he was a commissioner of the victualling ; 
he afterward came to Charleston, S.C; became 
acquainted with Oglethorpe, at whose recom- 
mendation he was, in Aug. 1737, app. sec. of 
the tntstces in Ga., and in Nov. amved in Sa- 
vannah. In 1741 he was made pres. of the 



county of Savannah ; and was in 1 743-50 
pres. of the Colony. His journal 1737-41 was 
printed in 3 vols. 8vo. " The Castle-Builders, 
or the History of William Stephens," a very 
rare work, was written by his son. 

Steptoe, Edward Jesner, lieut.-col., b. 
Va. 1816; d. near Lvnchburg, Va., 1 Apr. 1865. 
West Point (lieut. 3d Art.), July, 1837. Dis- 
tiug. under Col. Worth in Florida war 1838- 
42 ; assist, instructor of inf. tactics. Military 
Acad., 1842-3; capt. 3 M.trch, 1847; com. 
light battcrv in Quitman's division in the val- 
ley of M-'.i-.; I,i,.>. .,,- ■■h.r :::il!:|.riT iu 

battle ui I . ,(,,:.,, \ ' ' I ■, I - r '.:vv. 

lieut. -fiil ■■...,:.■. I ' , i,.iil- 

tepec," >'-y\ l.;. i - i .' ':i ■ ■■■'!'' M n. Ii ,■!, 
1855 ; com. and ,':• , , _ ,■,.,' ■ , i In- 

dians at the Casca-i .\\ , ■ : , I ': \i,r. 

27 and 28, 1856 ; h . . ^ : ■ , I ,;rd 

Nov. I, 1861. A\<\< .: iV (,1 llih \\ :r I :.4, 

butdeclined. — C'h//"'™. 

Sterrett, Andrew, capt. U.S.N. ; d. 
Lima, 9 Jan. 1807. App. lieut. U.S.N. 25 Mar. 
1798 ; dist. in action between " Jhe Constella- 
tion " and " LTnsurgente," 9 Feb. 1799 ; and 
1st lieut. iu the action with "La Vengeance," 
another French frigate. While in com. of 
" The Enterprise," he captured " L'Ami de la 
Patrie." Resigned 29 June, 1805. 

Steuben, Frederick William Augus- 
tus, baron, maj.-gen. Revol. army, b. Magde- 
burg, Prussia, 15 Nov. 1730; d. Steubenville, 
N.Y., 28 Nov. 1794. Educated at Neissc and 
Breslau. At 14 he was a volunteer under his 
father, an officer of Frederick the Great, at the 
siege of Prague ; disting. at Prague and Ross- 
bach in 1757; made adj.-gen. in 1758, and 
wounded at Kunnersdorf ; made prisoner in 
1761, and sent to St. Petersburg, but w.as soon 
released; in 1762 app. adj.-gen. on the king's 
Stat)" ; was one of the young officers under the 
special instruction of Frederick, and after the 
siege of Schneidnitz, in which he took part, re- 
ceived from the king a valuable lay benefice. 
After the seven-years' war, he retired from the 
army, and travelled with the prince of Hohen- 
zollern Heckingen, who in 1764 app. him grand 
marshal and gen. of his guard, and made him 
a knight of the order of " Fidelity." Leaving 
these offices, and an income of $3,000 a year, 
at the suggestion of Count St. Germain he of- 
fered, his services to the Americans, and an-ived 
at Portsmouth, N.H., in Nov. 1777. Joining 
the army at Valley Forge, he was app. insp.- 
gcn. (.rank of maj.-gen.) 29 Mar. 1778; was a 
vol. in the battle of Monmouth in June ; per- 
formed important services ; prepared a manual 
of instruction, for the army, which was ap- 
proved, by Congress in 1779'; and introduccil 
the most thorough disciph'ne, a change of 
which the army stood greatly in need, and 
which contributed largely to its ultimate suc- 
cess. In 1780 he com. 'in Va., and finally in 
the trenches at Yorktown. He frequently 
shared his last dollar with the suffering sol- 
diers, as he often did his clothing and camp- 
eciuipments also. At the dose of the war, 
the btate of N. J. g.avc him a small farm ; the 
legist, of N.Y. gave him 16,000 acres of wild 
land in Oneida Co. ; .ind the gort. granted him 
an annuity of S2,500. He erected a log- 



STE 



house at Stcubenville ; gave a tenth part of his 
land to his aides — North, Popham, and Walk- 
er — and his servants, and parcelled out the 
rest to 20 or 30 tenants. A man of great kind- 
ness and generosity, always cheerful, of ready 
wit, aiul higlily-polished manners. His Life by 
F. Kapp was pnlj. N.Y., 1860; and by F. 
Bowcn, Sparks's " Amcr. BioLiraphy." 

Steuben, Bakon Von, b. Prussia; killed 
at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. He was a 
Prussian oiUcer ; came to the U.S., and joined 
the 52 N.Y. Vols.; and was a brave and elK- 
cient officer. 

Stevens, Aaron F., M.C. 1867-9, b.Der- 
ry, N.H., 9 Aug. 1819. Educated at Pinker- 
ton Acad. Came to the b,ar in 1 845, and set- 
tled in Nashua; member State Icgisl. 1849 ct 
scfj. ; State solicitor 5 years. Major 1st N.H. 
Vols. 1861; col. 1862; served through the war ; 
wounded at Fort Harrison, Va., in 1864; and 
brev. brigadier-general. 

Stevens, Abel, LL.D., Meth. clergyman, 
b. Phila. Jan. 19, 1815. He studied at the 
Wesl. U., Middletown, Ct. Settled as pastor 
in Boston in 1834; in 1837 travelled in Eu- 
rope; until 1840 was stationed in Providence ; 
removed to Boston in 1840, editing 2i'o«'s Her- 
ald; wont to New York in 1852, and edited the 
National Mag.; and in 1856 edited the Chris- 
tian Advocate and Journal. Dr. S. has pub. 
" Memorials of the Introduction of Methodism 
into the U. S. ; " " Progress of Methodism in 
the Eastern States;" "Church Polity; " "The 
Preaching required by the Times ; " " Sketches 
and Incidents, a Budget from the Saddle-Bags 
of an Itinerant;" "The Great Kelbrm;" 
" History of the Religious Movement of the 
Eighteenth Century, called Methodism ; " " His- 
tory of the Methodist Church in America," 4 
vols. 1864-7; "Centenary of Amer. Method- 
ism," &c., 1866; "Women of Methodism," 
&c., 1866. 

Stevens, Alexander IIodgdon, M.D. 
(U. of Pa. 1811), LL.D. (N.Y. State U.),prof. 
of surgery, son of Gen. Ebcnezer of the Revol. 
army, b. N.Y. 1789 ; d. N.Y'. City, March 30, 
1869. Y.C. 1 807. His mother, a sister of Col. 
Ledyard, was aunt to the famous traveller, 
John, He studied in Lond. and Paris in 1812, 
and then began practice in N.Y. City. Fellow 
ofthe Coll.ofPhys. and Surgeons 1813; prof, 
of surgery in Queen's (now Rutgers) Coll. 
1814-lfi; app. visiting surgeon N.Y. Hospital 
in 1817; prof, of surgery Coll. of Phys. and 
Surgs. 1826-37,. of clinical surgery 1838-9; 
again prof, of surgery 1840-4 ; pres. of the coll. 
1843-55 ; and emeijtus prof, of clinical surgery 
from 1S44. Prca. of the State Med. Soc, and 
in 1848 of the Araer. Med. Assoc. He pub. 
"Inflammation;" 1811; "Fungus of the Eye," 
1818; "Clinical Lecture. on Injuries," 1837; 
on "Lithotomy," 1838; "Medical Education," 
1849. Edited Cooper's " First Lines of Sur- 



gery, 



822, 2 ' 



. 8vo.' 



■ Ohit. Record Y.C. 



Stevens, Gen. Ebenezeu, Revol. officer, 
b. Boston, 1752 ; d. 2 Sept. 1823. He was oao 
of the famous " Tea Party" of Boston in Dec, 
1773; .soon afterward removed to R.I. ; com- 
missioned a Geut. 8 May, 1775; raised two 
companies of art. and one' of artificers for the 
expcd. against Quebec.; apj- niaj. 9 Nov. 1776 ; 



com. the art. at Ticonderoga and at the battle 
of Stillwater; app. lieut.-col. 30 April, 1778, 
and soon after assigned to Col. Lamb's regt. ; 
was with Lafayette in Va., aud at Yorktown 
was in alternate com. of the art. with Lamb 
and Carrington. After the war, he was many 
years a leading merchant in New York. Be- 
came a raaj.-gen. of militia, and during the 
war of 1812 served in defence of N. Y. City. 
Samuel his son, a disting. member of the N.Y. 
bar, d. N.Y. 24 Nov. 1844, a 60. 

Stevens, Edward, brig.-gen. Revol. ar- 
my , b. Culpeper Co., Va., 1 745 ; d. at his seat 
there Aug. 17, 1820. At the commencement 
ofthe war, he com. with distinction a battalion 
of riflemen at the battle of Great Bridge, near 
Norfolk, Va. ; he was soon ,iftcr made col. of 
the 10th Va. Regt., with which li..- j.iin, ,1 Wash- 
ington ; and at the liattle of Bran.lvwiiie (Sept. 
II, 1777), by his gallant exertions .^aved a part 
of the army from capture, checki-d the enemy, 
and secured the retreat; he also disting. himself 
at Germantoivn, and, being made a l^rig.-gen. 
of Va. militia, fought at Camden, also at Guil- 
ford Court House, where his skilful disposi- 
tions were extremely serviceable to the army, 
and where, though severely wounded in the 
thigh, he brought off his troops in good order. 
Gen. Greene be'Stowed on him marked com- 
mendation. At Yorktown he performed im- 
portant duties ; and all through the war pos- 
sessed a large share of the respect and confi- 
dence of Washington. Member of the State 
senate from the foundation of thi State const, 
until 1790. — Rorjers. 

Stevens, George M., brig.-gen. C.S.A., 
b. Md.; killed near Atlanta, Ga., 20 July, 1864. 

Stevens, Henry, bibliographer, son of 
Henry (1791-1867, first pres. of the Vt. Hist. 
Soc), b. Stevensville, Vt., Aug. 24, 1819. Y.C. 
1843. Since 1845 he has resided in London, 
engaged in collecting rare and valuable books, 
adding to the collection of Amcr. books in the 
British Museum, and enriching Amer. libraries. 
He has pub, " Historical Nuggets ; " " Rare 
Books relating to America," 2 vols. 1862; 
" Catalogue of Amer. Books in the Brit. Mu- 
seum," 8vo, 1859; "HisL and Geographical 
Notes on the Earliest Discoveries in America," 
1869; and many cataloguesof private libraries. 
lie has also made indc.xes^of historical papers 
for several of the States, compiled from the 
records in the English Stsite-papcr office.— 
Allibone. 

Stevens, Gen. Isaac Ingalxs, b, Ando- 
ver, Ms., 25 Mar. 1818; killed in. battlcofChan- 
tilly, Va., 6 Sept. 18G2. Wcst.Point, 1 839 (first 
in liis class). Entering the engrs., he was made 
1st lieut. 1840; adj. :i,n 1847-8; attached to 
Scott's staff in Mexico, and brev. capt. and 
maj. for Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapul- 
tepec ; and was severely wounded in the attack 
of the San Cosme Gate of the capital, and pro- 
nounced by his general the most promising ~.t,i- 
cer of his age. Attached to the coast-survey at 
Washington. On the accession of Pierce, his 
personal friend, to the presidency, he resigned, 
and was made gov. of Washington Terr., and 
placed in charge of the survey of the route for 
the North Pacific R.R., a narrative of which he 
pub. He deterinjned the feasibility of the route 



867 



for a railroad, established the practicability of 
navigating the Upper Mo. and Columbia Riv- 
ers by steam, and negotiated several treaties 
with the Indians. He also suppressed an In- 
dian war, and resigned in Aug. 1857. He was 
wounded in a rencounter with Chief Justice Lan- 
der, and his action was disapproved by the govt. 
M.C. for Wash. Terr. 1857-61 ; member Nat. 
Democ. conventions at Charleston and Balti- 
more ; supported the nomination of Brecken- 
ridge for the presidency ; aud was chairman of 
the Breck. exec, committee, but, when secession 
became imminent, strongly advised the pres. 
to dismiss secretaries Floyd and Thompson. 
Made col. 79th N.Y. Highlanders, 30 July, 
1861; brig.-gen. vols. 28 Sept. 1861 ; maj.-gen. 
4 July, 1862. He com. under Sherman in the 
Port-Royal exped. ; attacked, and with the aid 
of gunboats carried, the Confed. batteries on 
the Coosaw in Jan. 1862; com. the principal 
column in the unsuccessful attack on Seces- 
sionville, S.C, 16 June,1862; was subsequently 
attached to Gen. Pope's command ; had charge 
of a division in the series of battles fought by 
that general in Va. ; fought gallantly at the 
second Bull-run battle ; and foil while bearing 
aloft the colors of one of his rcgts., cheering it 
on. lie pub. in 1851 " Campaigns of the Rio 
Grande and Mexico, with Remarks on the 
Recent Work of Major Ripley." 

Stevens, John, inventor, b. New York, 
1749; d. Hoboken, N.J., 18-38. In 1787 he 
became interested in steamboats from seeing 
that of John Fitch, and experimented for near 
30 years. In 17S9 he petitioned the N.Y. 
legisl. for a grant of the exclusive navigation 
of the waters of that State, without success. 
In 1804 he built a propeller, a small open boat 
worked by steam, with such success, that he 
built the steamboat " Phoenix," completed soon 
after " The Clermont " was finished by Ful- 
ton. The latter having the exclusive right for 
Hudson River, Mr. S. placed his boats on the 
Delaware and Connecticut. In 1812 he pub. 
a remarkable pamphlet, urging the govt, to 
make experiments in railways ti-avcrsed by 
Bteam-carriagcs ; and if feasible, proposed the 
construction of such a railway fiom Albany 
to Lake Erie. 

Stevens, Capt. Phineas, b. Sudbury, 
Ms.; d. Charlcstown, N.H., 1756. His father 
moved to Rutland, N.H., whence, at the age of 
16, he was carried prisoner to Canada. In 
1746 he volunteered in an exped. against Can- 
ada ; was afterwards ordered to the frontiers ; 
and at "Number 4 "made a gallant defence 
against the French and Indians in March, 1747. 
For his bravery on this occasion he was pre- 
sented with a valuable sword by Commodore 
Knowles, and continued in com. of the fort 
until 1750. Sent to Canada by Gov. Shirley 
in 1749, he left a journal of his visit printed in 
N.H. Hist. Colls., V. 199. — O'CW/ar/Ln. 

Stevens, Robekt Livingston, inventor, 
b. Hoboken, N.J., 1788; d. there 20 Apr. 
1856. Son of John the inventor. The son 
at the age of 20 built a steamboat with con- 
cave water-lines, the first application of the 
wave-line to ship-building ; adopted a new 
method of bracing and fastening steamboats ; 
in 1818 discovered the utility of employing 



skeleton wrought-iron for the heavy cast-iron 
walking-beam; in 1824 applied artificial blast 
to the boiler-furnace, and in 1 827 the hog-frame 
to boats to prevent them from bending at the 
centre. He also invented the T-rail. ' About 
1816 he commenced steam ferriage between 
N.Y. City and the Jersey shore. A projector 
of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, and 
many years pres. of the company. About 1815 
invented an improved bomb for the naval ser- 
vice ; commissioned by govt, in 1 842 to build 
an immense steam-battery for the defence of 
N.Y. harbor, left unfinished at the time of his 
death. 

Stevens, Thaddeus, political leader, b. 
Peacham, Vt., Apr. 4, 1793; d. Washington, 
D.C., Aug. 11,1868. Dartm. Coll. 1814. His 
parents were poor. He was sickly and lame ; 
but his mother toiled with all her strength to 
secure for him an education. He was ambi- 
tious, and turned his scanty opportunities to 
such good account, that he succeeded in quali- 
fying himself for college. Immediately after 
leaving Dartmouth, he moved to York, Pa., 
where he taught school. Studied law ; was 
adm. to the bar in 1816; and was for many 
veara an eminent practitioner in Gettysburg. 
In 1828 he entered the political arena," taking 
sides with the Adams party, and becoming an 
active Whig. He was several years in the 
legisl. between 1833 and '41 ; in 1837 he was 
a member of the State Const. Conv., taking 
an active part in all important debates, but, 
being hostile to slavery, refiised to sign the 
constitution because it restricted sufl'rage on 
account of color. After the adoption of the 
constitution, he was a leading spirit in one of 
the two legislatures in session at the same time ; 
but they finally coalesced without violence. 
Canal commiss. in 1838. In 1342 he removed 
to Lancaster, took a front rank at the bar, and 
was devoted to his profession until 1848, when 
he was elected to Congress, and ardently op- 
posed the repeal of the Mo. Compromise, the 
fugitive-slave law, and the Kansas-Nebraska 
bill. He was again in Congress from 1859 to 
his death, and was a recognized leader. Dur- 
ing 3 sessions he was chairman of the impor- 
tant com. of ways and means, and was chair- 
man of the com. on reconstruction of the 39th 
and 40th Congresses. He was also chairman 
of the board of managers in the impeachment 
of President Johnson ; member of the Balti- 
more convention in 1864. Thoroughly radical 
in Ids views, hating slavery with all the intensi- 
ty of his nature, believing it just, right, and ex- 
pedient not only to emancipate, but to arm, the 
negro, and make him a soldier, and, after the 
war, to make him a citizen and give him 
the ballot, he led oft' in all measures tor eifect- 
ing these ends. The Emancipation Proclamar 
tion was urged upon the Pres. by him on all 
grounds of right, justice, and expediency; the 
14th Amendment to the Constitution was ini- 
tiated and pressed by him. He advocated and 
carried, during the war, acts of confiscation, and 
proposed the most rigid and stern measures 
against the instigators and promoters of the 
Rebellion to the last day of his lil'e. 



STE 



Stevens, Capt. Thomas Holdup, U.S.N., 
b. Charleston, S.C, 1793; d. Washington, 
D.C., Jan. 22, 1841. While an inmate and 
pupil of the orjAan asylum in Chai-kston, 
Gcu. Stevens of that city bucame interested in 
him, procured him a midsbiimian's warrant in 
IS08,andinlsl5 he added by legisl. enactment 
the name of Stevens to tliat of Holdup. Lieut. 
July 24, 1813; master com. Mar. 3, 1825; 
capt. Jan. 27, 1836. In 1812 ho volunteered 
for lake service. In Dec. he accorap. a party 
who stormed a battery at Black Rock in the 
night, in which ho received a canister-shot 
through the right hand, impairing its use for 
life. In Apr. 1813 he took charge of fitting, 
and ri;;ging the squadron at Erie. In the ac- 
tion of Sept. 10 ho com. the sloop " Trippc," 
fought bravely against the rear of the enemy's 
line, and, in the pursuit which followed, aid' d 
in conquering and bringing back two of the 
enemy's vessels. In the summer of 1814 ha 
was 1st lieut. of " The Niagara," and subse- 
quently com. dill'erent vessels. He was chiv- 
alrous, generous, and heroic, and possessed 
considerable lit rary talent. 

Stevens, Tuomas H., capt. U.S.N., b. 
Ct., May 27, 1819. Son of «he preceding. 
Midfihipn,. Dec. 14, l.v.'.G; lieut. May 10, 1849; 



com..Ii! 



tanza in bar 
capture of C" 
steamer " Sun 
ironclad "Pat; 
Wagner (Aug 
and batteries (Ar 



1806. Com. 

Port Royal, 
Its in Florida 
nner " Marar 
^I '. 7. 1862; 
com. 



i I .■1(;_'; :r llM M! Mi, I, Fort 

.-G;3), with Fort Jloultrie 
U and Sept. 7 and 8); 
com. boat-assault on Fort Sumter, night of 
Sept. 8, 18G3; com. "Oneida" in operations 
before Mobile ; and in battle of Mobile Bay, and 
capture of Confed. fleet (Aug. 5, 1864') and 
capture of Fort Morgan, com. monitor " Win- 
nebago." The gallantly, coolness, and conchict 
of this officer have won for him the highest en- 
comiums. — Vomers/,/. 

Stevens, Gen. Walter H., b. New York 



ab. 1827 ; d. Ibervill^v 


Ln.. Dec. 1867. West 


Point, 1848. 1 n. -in 


1 njineers, he be- 


came 1st lieut. 1 


:n:l was dism. 2 


May, 1861; ua i 


: Oen. Bragg as 
1. ui li:iu.-gen. ; andsur- 


eng.officer,hadi;iLi.ii.: 


rendered at Appomatt 


jx C. 11. Apr. 9, 1865. 



Chief engr. of the railroad from A''ei-a Cniz to 
Mexico for some time before his death. 

Stevens, William Bacox, D.D., M.D. 
(Oartm. Coll. 1S38), LL.D., consec. bishop of 
Pa., Jan. 2, 1S62, b. Bath, Me., 1815. Ord. 
deacon and priest Prot.-Ep. Church 1 844 ; and 
prof belles-lettres and moral philos. U. of Ga. ; 
rector of St. Andrew's, Phila., 1843-62; prof. 
of liturgies in Epis. Divinity School, Phila., 
1862. He has pub. " Discourse before the Ga. 
Hist. Society," Feb. 12, 1841; "History of 
Georgia to 1797," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847-59 ; " Para- 
bles of the N. Test.," 1855 ; " Consolation ; " 
" Home Ser\-ice ; " " The Lord's Day ; " " The 
Past and Present of St. Andrew's," 1858 ; 
and sermons. He edited the " Ga. Hist. Colls.," 
vols. i. and ii., and pub. many tracts and papers 
in periodicals. — All Hone. 



Stevenson, Andrew, statesman, b. Cul- 
peper Co., Va., 1784; d. Blenheim, Albemarle 
Co., Va., June 25, 1857. Prominent at the 
bar. In 1 804 he became a member of the Va. 
Icgisl., and afterwards speaker; M.C. in 1821- 
34, and in 1827-34 was speaker; minister to 
Eng. in 1836-41 ; he devoted himself, on his re- 
turn, chiefly to agricultural pursuits and to the 
interests of the Va. University, of which institu- 
tion he was a rector at the time of his death. 

Stevenson, John W., statesman, son of 
Andrew, b. Richmond, Va., ab. 1819. U. of 
Va. He settled at Covington, Ky., in 1841 ; 
practised law with success ; in the Ky. legisl. 
in 1845-7 ; a leader in the State Const. Conv. 
in 1 849 ; member of the Democ. Nat. Conv. of 
1848, '52, and '56; M.C. 1857-61; acting gov. 
of Ky. 1867-8; gov. 1868-72; one of the com- 
missioners to revise the code of Kentucky. 

Stevenson, Gen. Thomas G., b. Boston, 
1836 ; killed near Spottsylvania, Va., May 10, 
1864. Son of Hon. J. Thomas. Early evinced 
a taste for military life, and was major 4th 
batt. Ms. Inf. when the Rebellion began. Ho 
had a high reputation as a driU-master, and 
trained a large number of young men since 
honoi-ably disting. in the field. He raised the 
24th Regt., participating as its col. in the 
capture of Roanoke Island and Newbem ; suc- 
cessfully defended Washington, N.C., against 
superior forces of the enemy ; led a brigade in 
the movements on Kinston ; brig.-gen. Dec. 
27,1 862 ; and in the following summer aided 
in the reduction of Morris Island and in the 
assaidt on Fort Wagner. He was in com. of 
the 1st div. 9th corps when he fell. 

Stewart, Alexander, a British gen. ; d. 
Feb. 1793. App. capt. 37th Foot 29 June, 
1761 ; maj, Aug. 1771 ; lieut.-col. 3d (Bufis) 
7 July, 1775 ; col. 16 May, 1782 ; maj.-gen. 23 
Apr. 1790. In Jlay, 1781, he succeeded to the 
com. of the British forces in S.C, and Sept. 8, 
1781, fought at Eutaw, against Greene, the last 
battle of the Amer. Revol., which resulted in 
his retreat to Charleston. 

Stewart, Aj kxander T., a leading mer- 
chant of New York, of Scotch-Irish parentage, 
b. rie;irr.elf;i>t. Inland, ab. 1803. Educated at 
Tii'i t> ill. iiii. Came to N.Y. City in 
I'-- rl for a brief period ; then 

c.-;iil .: i .1 .;il dry-goods store on Broad- 
way, VA I- lo li^aected his large marble Struc- 
ture (ou Chambers St. and Broadway), and has 
acquired great wealth by industry, enterprise, 
and sagacity. Nominated sec. of the U.S. 
treasury by Pres. Grant in Mar. 1869, but 
found ineligible by the U.S. senate. In 1847, 
during the Irish famine, Mr. Stewart chartered 
a ship, which ho filled with provisions, and sent 
as fi e'i't to Iv'i-m.l. A strenuous upholder 
oft' 1 ' 1 1 '' p :: the Rebellion, and strong- 
ly i , ill' Repub. party. He was 
(ill 'I ; ' ,\: , .. n ]ircsentatives at the Paris 

Stewart, Charles, rear-admiral U.S.N., 
b. of Irish parents, Phila., July 18, 1778; d. 
Bordentown, N. J., Nov. 7, 1869. At the age 
of 13 ho entered the merchant-service, in which 
he rose from the situation of cabin-boy to the 
com. of an Indiaman. March 9, 1798, he 
;ioncd a lieut. in the navy; in 



SXE 



869 



STI 



July, 1800, was app. to the com. of the schoon- 
er " Experiment," and cruised in the West 
Indies, where ho rendered efficient service; 
Sept. 1 he captured the French scliooner " Deux 
Amis" (of 8 guns), and soon after " The Di- 
ana" (of 14 guns), besides recapturing a num- 
ber of American vessels which had been taken 
by French privateers. In lSO:i. as tirst officer, 
he joined the frigate " ( mi,:, ;, m .n, wliich 
had been ordered to the M i ,, , lilmk- 

ade Tripoli ; and on his IT I um-'s 

in tlli> \.-- I h- " i- > 'i: . i I,, llir .'Xlu'd. 

sent t.. ' i .. !1iil;Hlrl|,hia" 

(Feb.l-, t ■■: ■ : ^ , . ': M, ih. I.icck- 
adcaiul ~i>jr .,; 'I i ijnli I ,, l,i ■r\ i, <■, in ilio 
bombardiiu'iit of Aug. :■. I -' <i li i . > i ■ ,1 i li- 
thanks of Com. Prehli' in i., i i ii ,|, 
Promoted to be master i-iM ^i :, i > I h 1. 
was placed in com. of ih i, ! 

which joined the squadiMM I !i, i:, ,r, ; 
subsequently took com. Hi i' ' in, 

tion;" Apr. 22, 1806, Im \', i : , , , 
was employed in superiiit. nil ,; t':,, i,,ii Mm- 
tion of gunboats at New Yurk ; 'n\ Die-. 1S12 
Capt. Stewart was again app. to " The Con- 
stellation," and proceeded to Hampton Roads, 
where ho assisted in defending Norfolk and 
Craney Island from the attacks of the enemy ; 
in Dec. 1813 he sailed in com. of frigate 
"Constitution," in which, in Feb. 1815, he 
fell in with the British ships .of war, " The 
Cyane " of .34, and " The Levant " of 21 guns, 
aiid capturcid them after a sharp conflict of 40 
minutes. "The levant" was subsequently 
retaken by a British squadron ; but " The 
Constitution " escaped with her other prize to 
St. Jago. On his return to America he was 
received with the hiichest honors. The legisl. 



fle;ct. Ua h.„ Kuira l.uaK, h, v. .u iu,.l by a 
court-martial, but was honorably acquitted. 
Member of the board of navj- commiss. 1 8.30- 
3, and in 1837 succeeded Barron in com. of 
the nary-yard at Phila. In 1857 he was placed 
on the reserved list on account of his advanced 
ase; but iii Maich, 1859, he was replaced on 
the active list by special legislation ; July 16, 
1862, lie ^vn- iii-i'<'n a roar-adm. on the retired 
list. I! r " I I iniiiortant service in the 
organ i, I n : n ,, and submitted to the 

dept. 11 ' , , n. I jicrs on the subject. A 

Memoir ..I .SKrt ,ai u.i, pub. Phila., 8vo, 1836. 

Stewart, Col. Charles, Revol. officer; d. 
N.J. 24 July, 1800. He was an active and 
influential soldier and patriot. Member of the 
first N.J. conv. that issued a dccl. of rights 
against the aggressions of the crown ; member 
of its first Prov. Congress ; col. of its first regt. 
of minnte-men ; col. -of its 2d regt. of the line ; 
and from 1776 to the close of the war was 
commis.-gen. of issues. 

Stewart, Charles James, D. D. (Oxf. 
1817), Prot.-Ep. bishop of Quebec from Jan. 1, 
1826, to his d. Lond., July 13. 1837, b. April 
13,1775. Sonof theEavlof Gallowav. M.A. 
of Oxford U. 1799. Rector ol Orton. near 
Peterborough, 8 years ; app. to the mission of 



St. Armand, in the Eastern Townships, C.E. ; 
ia 1819 app. visltin;; missionary to the diocese 
of Quebec. Author of " Short View of Eastern 
Townships in L.C.," 8vo, 1817. — See Life bj 
ll(V. J. N. Norton, 1859. 

Stewart, Charles Samuel, D.D. (U. of 
N.Y. 1863), clergvman, b. Flemington, N. J., 
1795; d. Cooperstown, N.Y., 14 Dec. 1870. 
N.J. Coll. 1815. Grandson of Col. Charles, 
and son of Samuel Robert, counsellor-at-law. 
He studied law at Litchfield ; then studied at 
Princeton Theol. Seal. ; and was onl. an evan- 
gelist and missionary id ilm ,SiiiiihMrli Islands 
in 1822. An account <■■ In- i i i m r in the 
Sandwich Islands in Im : > \',.i- | nSi. Ky him 

In l,S-J8. Ketarnin- ii ■■ in I ~i?r,, Im traVelled 

iin.j pi, I. ||,,,| r-("iin\, ', 111 the Northern 
:- : , , n I ,■,,!,- i,i missions. App. 

II I - - n ~ I -js, the result of 

'i I , I, I ■ ' i-it to the South 

,"■ - , I 1 - n II ji ,,i- 1 :;| . He also pub. 
: : . Ill, I I , i: n I ■ - , I -:,e,; and 2 vols. 
\ I ,, I I ' ,,ii_n I n 1 1, 1. Scotland, and 
1 I ! n I i ■ ' 1 1, li -I ill.' chaplaincy of 
thr III II N \v York, where ho edited 

tlm .\ 1/ ,. in 1836-7. His wife, 

Han i; 1,1 lirtiiny) (b. Stamford, Ct., 

Jnnn Ji 17'is; 111. .Tnne' 3, 1822), embarked 
for the Sandwich Islands with her husband and 
other missionaries, Nov. 19, 1822, d. Sept. 
1830. His son Charles S. graduated at 
West Point (first in class) 1846, and is now a 
lleut.-col. in the corps of engrs. 

Stewart, Major Johs, Revol. officer, b. 
Ireland ; killed by a fall from his horse near 
Charleston, S.C. Bro.-in-law of Gen. Wayne, 
and for his gallantry in the storming of Stony 
Point was awarded a gold medal by Congress. 
He com. a corps of light inf, and 31 Aug., 
1778, had a severe engagement at Indian Field 
with Col. Emmenck's' command of Tories and 
Indians. A John Stewart was com. lieut.-col. 
IstMd. Regt. 10 Feb. 1781. 

Stewart, or Stuart, Gen. Philip, Revol. 
officer, b. Va. 1760; d. WashlnL'ton, D.C., 14 
Aug. 1830. He was an officer of Baylor's 
Dragoons, and was disting. in Col. Washing- 
ton's cavalry at Eutaw, where he led the for- 
lorn-hope, and fell covered with wounds. M.C. 
from Md. 1811-19. 

Stewart, Robert M., gov. Mo. 1857-61, 
b. Truxton, Cortland Co., N. Y., 12 March, 
1815; d. St. Joseph, Mo., 21 Sept. 1871. 
When a boy, he emig. to Ivy., and in 1838 to 
Mo., settling in Buchanan" Co. He was 10 
years a member of the State senate, and a mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv. of 1845. Enter- 
ing the Union army in 1861, ill-health pre- 
vented him from remaining in the service. An 
efficient promoter of railroads. 

Stewart, Gen. Walter, Revol. officer, b. 
Ireland. Aide-de-camp to Gen. Gates, and 
col. 13th Regt. (Pa.) in 1777, and honorably 
disting. him.seif in the service. He was one of 
the handsomest men of his day, and m., 11 
April, 1781, Deborah, dan. of Blair McClen- 
achan. He enjoyed the esteem and friendship 
of Washington, and, after the war, resided in 
Philadelphia. 

Stiles, Ezra, D.D. (Edinb. 1765), LL.D. 
(N.J. Coll. 1784), clergyman and scholar, b. 



870 



North Haven, Ct., Dec. 15, 1727; d. New 
H;iven, May 12, 1795. Y.C. 1746 ; tutor 1749- 
55. His grandfather was brought an infant to 
N.E. in 1634. His father Isaac was minister 
of North Haven. Ezra was licensed, and 
preached his first sermon in June, 1749. Dr. 
Franklin having sent an electrical apparatus to 
Yale, Mr. Stiles, with one of his fellow-tutors, 
entered zealously upon this now field of science, 
and performed the first electrical experiments 
ever made in Now England. In Apr. 1750 he 
preached to the Stockbridge Indians. Ill- 
health and religious doubts caused him to begin 
the study of law in 1752. He was adm. to the 
bar in 1753, and practised at N. Haven 2 years. 
In Feb. 1755 he pronounced a Latin oration 
in honor of Dr. Franklin on occasion of his 
visiting New Haven, and was on intimate 
terms with him till his death; in April, 1755, 
he was invited to preach at Newport, and soon 
after became settled there permanently, having 
conquered his theological doubts; in 1777, 
while a resident of Portsmouth, whither he re- 
moved on the Briiish occupation of Newport, 
he was a second time invited to the pres. of 
Yale Coll., which he accepted, and entered 
upon June 23, 1778, filling this post till his 
death. After the death of Prof. Daggett in 
1780, he discharged the duties of prof, of divin- 
ity, besides giving each week one or two disser- 
tations on philos. or astronomical subjects. Dr. 
Stiles was an indefatigable student, acquired 
many Oriental languages, corresp. with the 
Jesuits on the geography of California, with 
Greek bishops on the physical formation of Pal- 
estine and the adjacent countries, and addressed 
scientific and philological queries to travellers 
from remote regions. Dr. Stiles was, un- 
doubtedly, one of thepurestand best-gifted men 
of his age. One of his daughters m. Rev. 
Abiel Holmes, bv whom his Life was written 
and pub. in 1798'. His Life by Prof. Kingsley 
is in the second series of Sparks's Collection. 
His chief literary productions are his " History 
of Three of the Judges of King Charles I.," 
1794 ; " Account of the Settlement of Bristol," 
1785; a funeral oration on Gov. Law, 17.')1; 
and on his re-election to his oflice of president, 
1778, in Latin. He wrote many addresses and 
sermons. One of the latter is an able plea for 
the uuion of various N. England denomina- 
tions. Siiles's Diary and bound manuscripts, 
preserved at Yale, fill 45 vols., and include 
numerous important details of the Revol., of 
which he was an early and constant promoter. 
"A Family Tablet," Boston, 12mo, 1796, con- 
tains poems by the Stiles family. 13 are by 
Miss Ruth Stiles ("Louisa"), who m. Rev. 
Caleb Gannett ; 3, signed " Eugenio," are by 
Dr. Ezra Stiles, jun., who d. N.C. Aug. 22, 
1784; 8aieby Mary (" Myra") ; and 1 6 are by 
her husband. Rev. Abiel Holmes (" Myron"). 
Stiles, HiiNRT Reed, M.D. (U. of N.Y. 
1855), hist, writer, b. N.Y. City 10 Mar. 1832. 
Practised med. in Galena, 111.; now (1871) in 
Brooklyn, N.Y. Has pub. " History of Ancient 
Windsor, Ct.," 8vo, 1859 ; also a supplement 
to the same, 8vo, 18G3 ; " Stiles's Genealogy," 
1863; "History of Brooklyn, N.Y.," 3 vols. 
8vo, 1869-70; "Bundling, its Origin," &c., 
12mo, 1869: "Autobiog. of Thos. Douglas," 



12mo, 1S56. Ho has edited " The Wallabout 
Prison-Ship," " Revol. Adventurcsof Eb.Fox," 
" Andrew Sherburne's Memoirs," and " Prison- 
ship Narrative," and has edited as well as con- 
trib. to the N.Y. Hist. Magazine. 

Stiles, William H., politician and author, 
b. Savannah, Ga. ; d. there Dec. 20, 1865. He 
became a lawyer in Savannah in 1831 ; was 
solicitor-gen. of the eastern dist. of Ga. in 
1833-6 ; M. C. 1843-5 ; and was duirg^ 
d'affaires to Austria 1845-9. Served as a 
col. in the Confcd. army. Author of "A His- 
tory of Austria in 1848-9." 

Still^, Alfred, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1836), b. 
Phila. 1813. U. of Pa. 1832. Studied also in 
Europe. Res. physician Phila. Hospital 1836, 
Pa. Hospital 1839—41 ; lecturer on pathology 
and prac. of med. to Phila. Assoc, for Med. 
Instruction 1844-50; physician to St. Joseph's 
Hosp. 1849 ; prof, of theory and prac. of med. 
in Pa. Med. Coll. 1854-9, and in U. of Pa. 
since June 20, 1864. He has pub. " Medical 
Instruction in the U.S.," 8vo, 1845; "Ele- 
ments of Pathology," 1848 ; " Report on Med. 
Literature," 1850 ; " Unitv of Medicine," 
1856; "Humboldt's Life and Char.," 1859; 
" Therapeuties," 2 vols. 8vo, 3d ed., 1868; 
" War as an Element of Civilization," 1862 ; 
" Epidemic Meningitis," 1867. Contrib. to 
med. and surg. journals. — Allibone. 

Still^, Charles Janewat, LL.D., b. 
Phila. 1819. Y.C. 1839. Prof, of Eng. lit., 
U. of Pa., May 1, 1866, and provost of the 
same, Sept. 1868. Author of " How a Free 
People conduct a Long War," 1 862 ; " North- 
em Interest and Southern Independence," 
1863; "Hist. Development of Amcr. Civiliza- 
tion," an address at Y.C, July 29, 1863 ; " Hist. 
U.S. Sanitary Com.," 8vo, 1866; "Memoir of 
Rev. Wm. Smith, D.D.," 1869. — Allibone. 

Stilld, MoRETOs, M.D., physician and 
author, b. Phila. Oct. 27, 1822 ; d. Saratoga, 
N.Y., Aug. 20, 1855. U. of Pa. 1844. His 
ancestor Olof Person Stille' came with the 
first Swedish colony to the banks of the Del. 
in 1638. He began his medical studit'S with 
his bro. Alfred, and, after spendin<^ 3 years in 
Europe, settled in practice in Phila. in 1847. 
Resident phys. Pa. Hospital 1848-9; revisited 
Europe in 1850-2; and in Mar. 1855 was app. 
lecturer in the Phila. Assoc, for Med. Instnic- 
tion. Besides many contributions to med. 
journals, ho was joint author mth Mr. Whar- 
ton of a valuable treatise on med. jurispru- 
dence. — Gross's Med. Biorj. 

Stillman, Samuel, D.D. (B.U. 1788), 
Baptist clergyman, b. Phila. Feb. 27, 1737; 
d. Boston, March 12, 1807. In 1748 his par- 
ents removed to Charleston, S.C. ; and he re- 
ceived his education at an acad. in that city. 
He preached his first sermon, Feb. 17, 1758; 
was ord. Charleston, Feb. 26, 1759 ; settled at 
James Island, but soon returned to Phila., 
where he m. Hannah, dan. of Evan Morgan. 
Ill-health occasioned his removal to Borden- 
town, N. J., in 1 760, whence, 2 years aftenvards, 
ho came to Boston. After being one year an 
assist, at the Second Baptist Church, he was 
installed minister of the First, Jan. 9, 1765, 
where he continued till his death from a para- 
lytic shock. Mr. Stillman soon became one 



871 



sxo 



of the most popular pulpit-orators of his day, 
and contributed powerMly to the cause of 
liberty by his patriotic discourses. He was a 
delegate to the U.S. Const. Conv. in I7S8, and 
was a decided Whig, and a Federalist of the 
Washington school. He was active in the 
interests of Brown U., and his name appears 
in the act of incorporation 1 764. A Memoir by 
his son-in-law Thomas Gray, D.D., is prefixed 
to a vol. of occasional sermons pub. in 1803. 
Among his pub. discourses are, " On the Re- 
peal of the Stamp Act," 1766; "Four Dis- 
courses," 1769; "Ancient and Hon. Art. Ser- 
mon," June 4, 1770 ; " Election Sermon," May 
26, 1779; "Masonic Dis. at Charlestown," 
June 24, 1785 ; " Oration," July 4, 1789, Bos- 
ton ; " On the Death of Mary Stillman," his 
mother, 1768; "Hon. Samuel Ward," bef Con- 
gress, Mar. 26, 1776; "Nicholas Brown of 
Prov.," May 31, 1791 ; " Washington," 1800; 
"Rev. H. Smith," Haverhill, Jan. 31, 1805.— 
Geneal. Reg., ix. 78. 

Stirling, Lord. — See Alex.vnder, Wm. 

Stirling, Sir Thom.\s, of Ardoch, a Brit- 
ish gen.; d. 9 May, 1808. He obtained his 
captaincy in July, 1757, in the 42d, or Royal 
Highland Regt., which accomp. Abcrcrombie 
in 1758, and Amherst in 1759, in their respec- 
tive expeds. on Lakes George and Champlain ; 
was afterwards detailed to assist at the siege of 
Niagara, and accomp. Amhei-st from Oswego 
to Montreal in 1760; in 1765 Capt. Stirling 
was stationed at Fort Chartres in II]., and 
returned to Phila. in June, 1766, after a march 
of more than 3,000 miles, with his entire de- 
tachment of 100 men in perfect health, and 
without accident; app. a ni.ajor in 1770, and 
lieut.-col. 42d in Sept. 1771. He com. this regt. 
thronghout the Amer. Revol. ; was in the 
engagement on Staten Island, and in the battle 
of Brooklyn Heights in 1776; at the storming 
of Fort Washington, the capture of Red 
Bank, and in the battle of Brandywine ; 
woimded at the battle of Springfield, June 7, 
1780. He became a col. in the army in 1779, 
and was brigadier under Clinton in the exped. 
against Charleston, S.C., in 1780. He suc- 
ceeded Licut.-Gcn. Frazer as col. of the 71st 
Highlanders in Feb. 1782; and in Nov. follow- 
ing became maj.-gen. ; in 1796 he was app. 
lieut.-gen., and created a baronet; and became 
a gen. Jan. 1, 1801. He was an olBcer of su- 
perior merit. 

Stith, Rev. William, pres. of Wm. and 
Mary Coll. 1752-5, b. Va. 16S9 ; d. Williams- 
burg, Va., 27 Sept. 1755. Son of Capt. John 
and Mary Randolph, and was a bro.-in-law of 
Peyton Randolph. Studied theol., and ord. in 
Eng. in 1731 ; master of the grammar-school 
of Wm. and M. Coll. 1731, chaplain h. of 
burgesses 173S, and rector of Henrico parish 
1752-5. Author of " History of Va. ii-om the 
First Settlement to the Dissol. of the Lond. 
Co.," written in 1745, pub. Williamsburg 1747. 

Stobo, M.1J. Robert, b. Glasgow 1727; 
d. ab. 1770. The son of a merchant. Came to 
Va. ab. 1742 ; was app. a capt. in 1754 ; was 
with Washington at Fort Necessity when it 
surrendered in July of that year, and was a 
hostage for the fulfilment of the articles of ca- 
pitulation. While at Fort Du Quesne, he drew 



up a plan of the works, and sent it to the com- 
manding officer at Wills's Creek. His cor- 
respondence fell into the hands of the French 
on the defeat of Gen. Braddock, and he was 
imprisoned at Quebec, whence, on a third at- 
tempt (in 1753), he succeeded in escaping, and 
joined the British army at Louisburg. He 
accomp. it to Quebec, and was useful by his 
knowledge of localities. He returned to Va., 
whence in 1760 he sailed for Eng. ; was made 
ca])t. 15th Foot, June 5, 1761 ; served in the 
W. Indies in 1762 ; returned to Eng. in 1767 ; 
and left the army in 1770. —5ec Memoir by IS. 
B. C, Pittsburg, 1854, 18mo. 

Stockton, Richard, signer of the Decl. 
of ludep., b. Princeton, N. J.,Oct. 1, 1730; d. 
near there Fob. a-*, 1781. N.J. Coll. 1748. 
He studied law with David n^.lon of Newark ; 
was adm. to t\\v liar in 1754, ami soon became 
disting. Visiting Eng. in 1766, ho rendered 
valuable services to N. J. Coll. ; and on his re- 
turn, in 1767, was escorted to his residence by 
the people, by whom he was much beloved. 
In 1768 he was made a member of the exec, 
council of N.J. ; in 1774 he was app. a judge 
of the Sup. Court of N. J. ; and was chosen a 
deleg. to Congress in 1776, in time to partici- 
pate in the debate on the proposition for inde- 
pendence : though at first doubtful of its poli- 
cy, he cordially supported it. He was re-elected 
to Congress, where he was an active and influ- 
ential member. Soon after his return from a 
mission to the northern army under Schuyler, 
he was captured by a party of royalists, Nov. 
30, 1776, who threw him into prison at New 
York, and treated him with great severity. 
Congress interposing, he was exchanged ; but 
he fell a sacrifice to the ill-usage he had re- 
ceived. The enemy destroyed his library, and 
devastated his lands. He was unrivalled at 
the bar, and refused to engage in any cause 
which he knew to be unjust, and stood forth in 
defence of the helpless and injured. 

Stockton, Richard, LL.D., lawyer and 
statesman, son of the preceding, b. Princeton, 
N.J., April 17, 1764; d. March 7, 1828. N. J. 
Coll. 1779. In 1796 he was chosen to the U.S. 
Senate, and in 1813 to the house of represen- 
tatives ; in 1825 he was a commissioner from 
N. J. to negotiate the settlement of ail impor- 
tant territorial controversy with N. Y., and 
penned the proposed agreement appended to 
this report. jEIe was a profound lawyer, and an 
uncommonly eloquent advocate, and, during 
more than a quarter of a century, was at the 
he.ad of the bar of New Jersey. 

Stockton, Robert Field, commodore 
U.S.N., b. Princeton, N. J., 1796; d. there 
Oct. 7, 1866. A.M. of N. J. Coll. 1820. Son 
of the preceding. He left N. J. Coll. in his 
1 5th year ; entered the navy as midshipm. Sept. 
1, 1811 ; received honorable notice for gallant- 
ry in several battles ; was made lieut. Dec. 9, 
1814 ; com. May 27, 1830; capt. Dec. 8, 1838 ; 
resigned May 28, 1850. In 1815, while 1st 
lieut. of " The Spitfire," he disting. himself by 
boarding with a boat's crew an Algerine war- 
vessel. Ordered in 1821 to the coast of Africa, 
he obtained by treaty from the native chiefs the 
tract constituting the present republic of Li- 
beria. He also captured many slavers, and a 



872 



STO 



Portuguese privateer, " The Marianna Flora " 
of 22 guns. On his return, he was successful 
in lireaki?ij; up the nests of many W. India pi- 
rates. In 1826-38 he took an active part in 
politics in t'iivor r,f Ccn ,I,Hk-'>Ti. nml also in 

aiding intcni:il i rM\ , i.|, i.* ii, !.i SihTl'. In 

1838 hewa- i!,. " in the 

Mediterraiirai; li . ":. ■ . i-t to ad- 



1844, (Juiu. Sti.cktoM was .■.ciiuu.-ly injured. 
Sent to the Tacitic in Oct. 1845, he witli 1,500 
men, including 600 sailors, in about 6 months 
conquered the whole of California, and estab- 
lished the authority of the U.S. there. Form- 
ing a provis. govt., he returned to the cast in 
June, 1847. The difficulty between him and 
Gen. Kearney in relation to the supreme com. 
thrvi> v.-'.- -Ill'- rjupntly made the subject of a 
cniiii I ; ,ii ' IS -riiator in 1851-3, he stren- 
uoii : I : r\ ntion in favor of Hun- 

par\, in: |; ti- -i i Ik- passage of a law for the 
aboliiioii ul liiiy-iiig in the navy. His life and 
speeches were pub. 8vo, New York. 

Stockton, THO-M.VS, gov. of Del. 1844-6; 
d. Newcastle, Del., March 2, 1846. Capt. 3d 
Art. Sept. 10, 1812 ; major 42d Inf. Apr. 15, 
1814; resigned Jidy 6, 1825. 

Stockton, Thomas Hewlixgs, D.D., 



Mcth. clergvman, b. Mt. Hollv, N. J., Juu 
1808; d. Phila. Oct. 9, 1868. He i 



for 



the press at 16, and studied medicine in Phila.; 
but in May, 1 829, began preaching ; in 1 830 was 
stationed at Baltimore; and was chaplain to 
Congress in 1833, '35, and '37. At Baltimore 
he compiled the hymn-booli of the Meth.-Prot. 
Church, and edited the Methodist-Piolestant ; 
but, unwilling to submit to restrictions in its 
discussions of slavery 1'- ili r..ilM)iMi' r,>:.f , 
he resigned, and wen r i ■ riii i, 'i. 'i 
pastor and a publir 1 ' ! i- i~ : 
then removed to Cinciiiiii: I ; I ^ I'l 4;;: [i -: 
dcncy of Miami U.: in 185ii-6 was assoc. pas- 
tor of St. John's Church, Baltimore ; and for 
3i years was temporary pastor of an assoc. Ref 
Prcsh. Church. In 1S.^6-GS he was pastor of 
thr r-,nnli ,,f tl) ■ \. M T. -•:, It, and per- 
form. ' ..<-'i i^' ' .■' I :'-' II' li I'l ahigh 

rr|M, .,,.■.,,. ,^ . : : ..lIi abili- 

ty !!„■ ' . '■ ■: 11.. ■.' ;.P.I /. . / .-..s. He 
was in tlie \:\n in all tnrnis of social jirogress, 
and a pioneer in the antislavery party. He op- 
posed sectarianism, and by voice and pen 
helped to promote Christian brotherhood and 
union. iMemoirs of Stockton have been pub. 
bv Rev. Alex. Clark and by Rev. John G. 
Wilson. He was again chaplain to the U.S. 
house of representatives "in 1859-61, and in 
1862 of the U.S. senate. Dr. Stockton pub. 



1844; "The Bible Alliance," 18.' 
mens for the People," 1854 ; " The 
1857 ; " Stand up fof Jesus," 1858 ; " Poems, 
with Autobiographic and Other Notes," 1862 ; 
" The Peerless Magniticence of the Word of 
God," 1862 ; and " The Meditation of Christ." 
Stoddard, Anos, soldier and author, b. 



Woodbury, Ct., Oct. 26, 1762; d. May 11, 
1813. Grandson of Rev. Anthony. He was 
a soldier from 1779 to the close of the war of 
indep. ; then clerk of the Supreme Court in 
Boston ; was a lawyer in Hallowell, Me., in 
1792-8; was app. capt. of art. June 1, 1798; 
gov. of Mo. "Terr. 1804-5; major June 30, 
1807 ; dep. quarterm. July 16, 1812 ; disting. 
and dangerously wounded by a shell in the 
siege of Fort Meigs, and died of tetanus. 
Author of " Sketches of Louisiana," 12mo, 
1810; and the " Political Crisis," Lond. His 
papers are in the archives of the Western 
Reserve Hist. Soc., Cleveland, Ohio. 

Stoddard, Axthont, b. Northampton, 
Aug. 9. 1678, minister of Woodburv, Ct.,from 
May 27, 1702, to his d. Sept. 6, 1760. H.U. 
1697. He was clerk of probate 40 years; 
was the lawyer and physician of his people, 
and one of the largest farmers in the town. A 
genealogy of the descendants of Antliony of 
Boston, by Charies and Elijah W. Stoddard, 
was pub. N.Y., 8vo, 1865. 

Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. 
HiiiLThani, Ms., July, 1825. His father, a sea- 
cajiMin. was In-t on a voyage to Sweden in the 
caih \.iiii!i '.f ilio son, who, for several years, 
w..rk'".liiian inai foundry in New York, in whi.h 
city he has resided since 1835, holding for some 
years a post in the custom-house. His health 
failing, he became in 1848 a contrib. to the 
magazines and newspapers. In 1852 he m. 
Elizabeth Drew (Barstow), a poetess, b. Mat- 
tapoisctt, Ms., 1823, author of 3 novels, — 
"Morgesons," 1862; "Two Men," 1865; 
"Temple House," 1867. He pub. in 1849 a 
collection of poems entitled " Footprints." A 
collection of his niaturer poems was pub. in 
Boston in 1852. He has written " Adventures 



"Lite, Travels, and Books of AUxaiidcr von 
Humboldt," 1859; "Abraham Lincoln," au 
Horatian ode, 1865 ; " Madrigals," mostly from 
the old Eng. poets, 1 865 ; " Book of the East," 
1871; edited the "Late Eng. Poets," Deo. 
1865. 

Stoddard, Solojiox, clergyman, b. Bos- 
ton, Oct. 4, 1643 ; d. Northampton, Ms., Feb. 
11,1729. H.U. 1662. He was a fellow, and 
in 1667-74 first librarian, of H.U. During 
this time, his health being poor, he went to 
Barbadoes as chaplain to Gov. Serle, and for 
near 2 years prearhrd to .li-cuters. Called 
in 1669 to the chunh at X.niliaiiii.ion, he was 
ord. there Sept. II, H.:.'. ami rrni.iiiiml there 
till bis death. In Feb. i::J7, .loiiaihau Kdwards, 
his grandson, was elected as bis culleau'ue ; in 
1700 he pub. "The Doctrine of Instituted 
Churches," in answer to I. Mather's "Order 
of the Gospel," which occasioned an exciting 
loaiKiN . ! -, . « hirh was renewed in 1708-9. Ho 
). :i: I ,1 llaiieoussermons, " AGuide to 

(I i:i ! iimI "The Safety of appearing 

ill til. Ill, Ml .lialgment in the Righteousness 
of Christ,"" rei.rintVd atEdinb. in 1792; " The 
Trial of Assurance," 1696. He was a man 
of learning, and a very successful preacher. 



STO 



Ilis son Col. John li. Boston, June 19, 1748, 
a. 67. H.U. 1701. He was many years inem- 
lier of the council of Ms., chief "justice of 
C.C.P., ami col. of militia. — See Ills Jour, of 
Exped. to Canada, 1713-14, in Geneal. Reg., 
Jan. 1851. 

Stoddert, Benjamin, sec. U. S. N. 21 
May, 1798-26 Jan. 1802; b. Md. 1751 ; il. Bla- 
densburg, Md., 17 Dec. 1813. A capt. at the 
battle of Brandywine ; afterward a raaj. in the 
Revol. arrajf. Many years extensively engaged 



le pursuits in Georgetown, D.C. 

Stoever, Maktin Luther, Ph.D. (Ham. 
1866), LL.D., b. Gcrmantown, Pa., 17 Feb. 
1820; d. Gettysburg, Pa., 22 July, 1870. U. 
of Pa. 1833. App. in 1839 tutor of Pa. Coll., 
he was connected with it as tutor, principal of 
prep, dept., or prof, of Latin, until his death. 
Author of " Self Culture," an address, Sept. 
14, 1841, Gettysburg; "Life of H. M. Muh- 
lenberg, D.D.," 1S56; "Memorial of P. F. 
Mayer, D.D.," 1859; "Brief Sketch of the 
Lutheran Church in the U.S.," 1860. Editor 
Literary Record 1847-8; and co-editor, and 
from 1862-70 sole editor, of the Evangelical Re- 
view ; contrib. to periodicals. 

Stokes, Anthony ; d. Lond. 27 Mar. 1 799, 

a. 63. Barrister at law of the Inner Temple, 
Lond.; from 1768 chief justice, and from 
1772 councillor, of Ga., and until its evacuation 
by the British forces in 1782. Pub. Lond., 
1 783, " View of the Constitution of the British 
Colonies in N.A.," &c. A loyalist at the 
opening of the Kevol., he was made a prisoner, 
but was soon afterward exchanged, and returned 
to Eng. — Europ. Mag., Aug. 1783. 

Stokes, MONTFORD, gov. of N.C. 1830-2, 

b. N.C. 1760; d. Ark. 1842. Served in the 
Revol. army ; several years clerk of the Superior 
Court, and afterwards of the Senate ; U.S. 
senator 1816-23 ; State senator 1826 ; mem- 
ber of the House 1829-30; Indian agent in 
Ark. from 1831 until bis death. His bro. Col. 
John, a Revol. officer, afterward U.S. dist. 
jud-e of N.C, d. Fayetteville, N.C, Oct. 1790. 

Stone, Andrew Leete, D.D. (Amh. 
Coll. 186!), b. O.Kford, Ct., Nov. 25, 1815. 
Y.C. 1837. Son of Dr. Noah Stone, a phy- 
sician. Three years a prof, in the N.Y. Insti- 
tution for the Instruction of the Deaf and 
Dumb ; at the same time pursuing the study 
of theologv. He then connected himself with 
the Amer."S.S. Union atPhila. ; in Sept. 1844 
was ord. pastor of the South Church, Middle- 
town, Ct. ; in Jan. 1849 was called to the 
pastorate of the Park-street Church, Boston ; 
and in 1865 was settled in San Francisco, Cal. 
He is a very popular preacher, and is deeply 
interested in the great reforms of the day. 
Author of " Service the End of Living," 1858 ; 
" Ashton's Mothers," 1859 ; " Discourse on the 
Death of Abraham Lincoln," 1865; addresses, 
sermons, &c. 
A ^ ■ ! Stone, Gen. Charles P., b. Greenfield, 

Jli^Jlj:'. 'jtjs,^ 1826. West Point, 1845. Assist, prof. 
/ . of ethics. West Point, Aug. 1845-Jan. 1846 ; 

. . iy, lili%re.\: 1st lieut. for gallantry at Molino del Key 
/Sept. 8, and capt. for Cliapultepec Sept. 13, 
/ 1847 ; became 1st lieut. 26 Feb. 1853 ; and 
resigned Nov. 17, 1856. Banker in San Fran- 
cisco 1856-7 ; chief, conir. under the Mex. govt. 



for survey and explor, of |)ublic lands in Sonora 
andL.Cal. 1857-fiO. Jan. 2, 1861, he wasapp. 
by Gen. Scott to organize and com. the militia 
of the Dist. of Col. ; May 14, 1861, he was 
made col. 14th Inf. ; May 28 he was attached 
to the staff of Gen. McDowell ; was soon after 
assigned to com. a brigade under Gen. Patter- 
son ; and was made brig. -gen. vols. May 17, 
1861. The troops engaged in the battle of 
Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, belonged to his division, 
and acted under his orders ; and, reports un- 
favorable to his loyalty having been circulated, 
he was arrested Feb. 9, 1862, and ffonfined in 
Fort Lafayette. In Aug. 1862 he was released, 
and ordered to Washington. May 9, 1 863, he 
was ordered to report for duty to Gen. Banks 
in Ln. ; was engnsed in the siege and capture 
of Port Ihulsun ;" was chief of staff to Gen. 
Banks, Jiilv. IsCi-April, 1864; engaged at 
Bayou Tirhr, Sabine Cross-Roads, and Pleas- 
ant Hill; an I ."in n 1 riL';ide in 5lh corps, 
Army of Put'ii': ' • I' !• r^hurg, Aug. 21, 

to his resiuii I i ! ; ■ , i |s(;4; in 1870 he 

entered the ^ i lu , ;i.. live of Egypt as 

brig. -gen. and i IikI ul ^t.cU. 

Stone, David, judiie and senator, h. Bertie 
Co., N.C, Feb. 17,1770; d. Raleigh, Oct. 7, 
1818. N.J. Coll. 1788. He studied law ; rose 
to a high position at the bar ; vi'as 4 years in 
the State Icgisl. ; judge of the Supreme Court 
in 1795-8; M.C 1799-1801; U.S. senator 
1801-7; gov. of N.C. in 1808-10; and again 
U.S. senator in 1813-14. 

Stone, David Ma vine, editor, and one of 
the proprietors, of the jV. Y. Jonr. of Commerce 
since 1849, b. Oxford, Ct., 23 Dec."l8I7. Son 
of Dr. Noah Stone. At first engaged in 
mechanical pursuits, he afterwards employed 
himself in mercantile affairs, and was long a 
contrib. to various periodicals. 

Stone, Edwin Martin, 13 years Cong, 
pastor at Beverly, Ms., and since 1847 in the 
ministry at large. Providence, R.fc ; b. Fra- 
mingham, Ms., 29 Apr. 1805. Ho pub: " Biog. 
of Elhanan Winchester," -1836 ; " Uvmns for 
Sab. Schools," 1837; " History of 'Beverly, 
Ms.," 1843; "Life of John Howland," 1857; 
" History of the Providence Association," 
18G0; " The Architect and Monetarian," 1869; 
" Hist. Sketches of the Services of R.I. Regts.," 
&c. (1861-5), pub. in the "Register of R.L 
Vols.," 1866 ; "Hymns and Tunes for Vestry 
and Conf. Meetings'," 6th ed. 1844 ; " Invasion 
of Canada in 1775, including the Journal of 
Capt. S. Thayer, with Notes and Appendix," 
1867. Contrib. of hist., edue., theol., and other 
articles to periodicals, and successively editor 
of the Boston Times (1827), Indep. Messenger 
( 1 832-3), and Salem Observer. His son Edwin 
Winchester, b. Beverly, Ms,, 30 Sept. 1835, 
served in the 1st R.I. Art. in the Rebellion ; 
was a war corresp. of the Prov. Journal, and 
pub. "Rhode Island in the Rebellion," 1864, 
2d ed. 12mo, 1865. 

Stone, John Augustus, actor and 
dramatist, b. Concord, JIs., 1801 ; d. Pliila. 
June 1, 1834, having drowned himself in 
the Schuylkill in a fit of derangement. He 
made his dSut in Boston as Old Norval in 
the play of " Douglas ; " acted in N.Y. City in 
1826, and in Phila. at intervals afterwards. He 



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produced " Mctamora," for which Mr. Forrest 
paid him S500, and " The Ancient Briton," 
for which he received from the same source 
$1,000, tlie " Banker of Ruuen," "La Roque 
the Rej^icide," the "Demoniac," " Tancrcd," 
and other pieces. — Duyckinck. 

Stone, John Haskins, gov. of Md. 1794- 
7; d. Annapolis, Oct. 5, 1804. While young, 
and at an early period of the Revol. war, he 
was the first capt. in Smalhvood's regt. ; was 
made col. in Dec. 1776; and resigned Aug. 1, 
1779. He disting. himself at the battles of 
Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, and 
Germantown, in the last of which he received 
a wound which disabled him from further ser- 
vice. In 1781 he became a clerk in the office 
of R. R. Livingston, sec. of foreign affairs ; 
was sulisequently a member of the exec, coun- 
vcil of Maryland. 

'^ StOue,' John Seelt, D.D., Epis. divine, 
b. W. btockbridge, Ms., 1795. Un. Coll. 182.3. 
Rector of Christ Ch., Brooklyn, and of St. 
Paul's Ch., Boston, 1832-41; some years lec- 
turer in the Phila. Div. School, and since July, 
1867, dean of the Theol. Sem., Cambridge, 
Ms. Author of " The Mysteries Opened," 
1844 ; lectures on the Christian Sabb.ath, 1867; 
"The Church Universal," 1846, enlarged to 
"The Living Temple," 1866; "The Con- 
trast," &c., 1853 ; " Life of James Milnor, 
D.D.," 8vo, 1848; "Life of Bishop Griswold," 
8vo, 1844. 

Stone, LncT, reformer, b. West Brook- 
field, Ms., 1818. She grad. at Oberlin Coll., 
where licr oratorical talent decided her voca- 
tion. On her return to N. Eng., she became 
an agent of the Am. Antislavery Society, lec- 
turing alternately for the slave and woman. In 
1855 she was married to Henry B. Blackwell, 
retaining lier own name. " She was the first 
speaker who really stirred the nation's heart on 
the subject of woman's wronj 
prominent in all the early i 
she was sec. of the woman's-rights organiza- 
tion for many years. She left her retirement 
in the spring of 1867, and travelled through 
Kansas, speaking to large audiences, and in the 
following winter lectured on suffrage for wo- 
man in Ct., Ms., N.J., and N.Y. She has an 
intellectual face, and a soft, clear, and musical 
voice. 

Stone, S.vJinEL, minister, b. Hertford, 
Eng. ; d. Hartford, Ct., July 20, 1663. Eman- 
uel Coll., Cambridge, 1623-7. He came 
to America to escape persecution, with Mr. 
Cotton and Mr. Hooker, in 1 633 ; was an as- 
sist, to the liitter, Oct. 11, 1633-47; removed 
with him to Ilanford in 1636 ; and was his suc- 
cessor in the ministry for 16 years. Eminent 
as a controversialist, and celebrated for wit and 
good humor. The latter part of his life was 
imbittered by theol. disputes, which led to a 
divided church. He left in MS. a body of 
flivinity much esteemed by theol. students, 
and a confutation of the Antinomians. 

Stone, Thomas, a signer of the Decl. of 
Indep., b. Pointon Manor, Charles Co., Md., 
1743; d. Port Tobacco, Md., Oct. 5, 1787. 
Descended from William Stone, gov. of the 
state during Cromwell's protectorate. He re- 
ceived his academic education under the care 



She 



of a Scotch tutor; afterwards studied law in 
Annapolis under Thos. Johnson, and eng.igcd 
in practice at Fredorickton, Md., at the age of 
21; and in 1771 removed to Charles Co. Mem- 
ber of Congress 1775-9 (foremost among the 
champions of his country's rights and honor 
at that trying period), and again in 1783-4, 
and pres. pro tern. He strongly favored the 
establishment of independence; served on sev- 
eral committees, including that charged to pre- 
pare a plan of confederation ; and was app. a 
deleg. from Md. to the conv. of 1787 which 
formed the Const, of the U.S. : but domestic 
circumstances compelled him to decline. Re- 
peatedly a member of the Md. senate during 
the intervals of his congressional service. 

Stone, William Leete, author and edi- 
tor, b. Esopus, N.Y., Apr. 20, 1792 ; d. Sara- 
toga Springs, Aug. 15, 1844. Son of Rev. 
Wm. Stone. Removed to Cooperstown 1809, 
where he assisted his father in the care of a 
farm, but at the age of 17 became a printer in 
a newspaper-office. In 1813 ho became editor 
of the Herkimer American, and subsequently 
edited a polit. newspaper at Hudson, then at 
Albany, afterwards at Hartford, and from 1821 
until his death was one of the proprs. and edi- 
tor of the iV. Y. Cunmercial Admrtiser. Col. 
Stone also edited while at Hudson the ioun- 
jer, a lit. periodical disting. for its pleasantry 
and wit; in 1834 he pub. two vols, of " Tales 
and Sketches ; " in 1832 " Letters on Mason- 
ry and Anti-Masonry ; " " Mathias and his 
Impostures," 1835 ; in 1836 " Ups and Downs 
in the Life of n Gentleman," a satire on the 
follies of the day; Memoirs of Brandt, 1838, 
and of Red Jacket, 1841; "Life of Uncas:" 
"History of Wyoming," 1840; "Border 
Wars of the Araer. Revol.," 2 vols. 1834 ; 
" Maria Monk," &c., 1836 ; Letters on Animal 
Magnetism, 1837. He had completed the col- 
lection and arrangement of the materials for 
an extended memoir of Sir Wm. Johnson at 
the time of his death, since completed and pub. 
by his son. For some years he had been supt. of 
common schools in N.Y. City, and did much 
for the cause of education. His son William 
Leete, Jun. (b. N.Y. City, 1835; Brown U. 
1857), has published "Guide to Saratoga 
Springs," 1866; " History of N.Y. Citv," 8vo, 
1868; "Life of Sir Wm. Johnson," '2 vols. 
8vo, 1865. Is engaged on a " History of the Six 
Nations," and has eontrib. to the magazines. 
Ed. of Gen. Reidsel's Memoirs, from the Ger- 
man of Von Eelking, 2 vols. 8vo, 1868. 

Stone, William Murray, D.D. (U. of 
Pa. 1831), Pr.-Ep. bishop of Md. (consec. 21 
Oct. 1830), b. Somerset Co., Md., 1779; d. 
near Salisbury, Md., Feb. 26, 1838. He was 
educated at Washington Acad., on the Eastern 
Shore; ord. deacon 1802, and ministered for 
many years in his native parish with fidelity 
and success. Bishop Stone was remarkable 
for the meekness, humility, and simplicity 
of his character. He pub. a charge, 1 831 ; pas- 
toral letter, 1835 ; and a sermon, 1835. 

Stoneman, George, brcv. major-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Busti, Chautauqua Co., N.Y., Aug. 
8, 1822. West Point, 1846. Entering the 1st 
Dragoons, he acted as quartermaster to the 
Mormon battalion at Santa Fe, and sent with 



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it to Cal. in 1847 ; capt. 3 Mar. 1855 ; in 1861, 
being in com. of Fort Brown, Te.\as, he re- 
fusfid to obey the order of his superior, Gen. 
Twiggs, for the surrender of the govt, property 
to the seccs.sionists, chartered a steamer, evacu- 
ated the fort, and arrived at N.Y. March 15; 
May 9 he was made maj. 4th Cav., and served 
in Western Va. as insp.-gen. until Aug. 13, 
when he became bri^.-gen. vols., chief of cav., 
and highly elHcient m organizing that arm of 
the service. After the evacuation of Yorktown 
by the Confeds., his com. of cav. and flying art. 
pursued and overtook them, and thus brought 
on the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862. 
After the second battle of Bull Kun, he took 
com. of the division of Kearny ; succeeded 
Heintzelman as com. of the 3d army corps, 
which he led at Fredericksburg 13 Dec. 1862; 
maj.-gcn. Nov. 29, 1862; com. cav. corps in 
raid towards Richmond, Apr. 13-May 2, 1863; 
and com. 23d corps, Jan.-Apr. 1864. On the 
rc-organization of the armies operating against 
Richmond by Gen. Grant, Gen. Stoncman was 
app. to com the c.ivalry corps in the dept. of 
the Ohio ; was engaged in the operations of 
the Atlanta campaign to July 31, 1864, when 
he was captured at Clinton, Ga., while on a 
raid to Andersonville ; com. raid to South- 
west Va. in Dec. 1864; com. dist.of E. Tenn. 
Feb.-Mar. 1865; com. exped. to Asheville, 
N.C., Mar.-Apr. 1865, and engaged at Wythc- 
ville, captui-e of Salisbury, N.C., and Ashe- 
ville. Brcv. brig.-gcn. and maj.-gen. U.S.A. 
13 Mar. 1865 for capture of Charlotte, N.C., 
and services during the Rebellion ; lieut.-col. 
3d Cav. Mar. 30, 1864 ; col. 2Ist Inf. July 28, 
1866; retired 1871.— C»//«»i. 

Storer, David Humphkets, M.D. (H.TJ. 
1825), naturalist, b. Portland, Me., 1804. Bowd. 
Coll. 1822. Author of "Genera, Species, &e., 
of Recent Shells," 1837 ; " Ichthyology, &c., of 
Ms.," 1839; "Fishes of N. A.," 1846; "Fishes 
of Ms.," 1853. Contrib. to scient. journals. 

Storer, Francis Hn.MPHKEY8, prof, of 
chemistry in Ms. Institute of Technology, b. 
Boston 1832. H.TJ. Scient. School, 1855. Au- 
thor of "Alloys of Copper and Zinc," 1859; 
"Manuf. of ParattJne Oils," 1860; "Solubili- 
ties of Chemical Substance," 1864; with C. 
W. Elliot, "Manual of Inorganic Chemistry," 
1S6S; and a "Manual of Qualitative Chem. 
Analysis." 

Storer, George W., rear-adra. U.S.N., b. 
Portsmouth, N.II., 1789; d. there 8 Jan. 1864. 
Nephew of Col. Toliias Lear. Midshipm. 16 
Jan. 1809; lieut. 24 July, 1813; com. 24 Apr. 
1828; capt. 9 Feb. 1837; rcar-adm. (retired 
list) 16 July, 1862. Com. the squad, off Bra- 
zil 1848; com. sloojj-of-war "Boston," in Medit. 
squad., 1831 ; com. frigate "Potomac," coast 
of Brazil, 1838-43; governor naval asylum 
1855-8. 

Storer, Horatio Robinson-, M.D. (H.U. 
1853), prof, of obstetrics and med. jurisp. in 
Bcrksliire Med. Coll., Ms., b. Boston 1830. 
H.U. 1850. Author (with F. F. Heard) of 
" Criminal Abortion in America ; " " Why 
Not? a Book for Every Woman," 1866; "Is 
it 11 a Book for Every Man ; " " Decrease in 
the Rate of Increase of Population in Europe 
and America," 1867; " Nurses and Nursing," 



1868; co-editor of the Journal of the Gijneco- 
Uxjical Soc. of Boston, 1 869 ; and contrib. to 
scientific journals. — Allihonc 

Storrs, Charles Backus, first pres. of 
the West. Res. Coll., , b. Longmeadow, Ms., 
15 May, 1794; d. Braintree, Ms., Sept. 15, 
1833. N.J. Coll.; And. Theol. Sem. 1820. 
Son of Rev. Richard S. Ord. 3 Jan. 1821, 
and preached at Ravenna, O., from 1822 to 
Mar. 1828, when he was chosen prof, of Clirist. 
theol. in the W. Res. Coll., and in 1831 pres. 
— Spraffue, 

Storrs, Henrt Randolph, lawyer, b. 
Middlctown, Ct., 1787; d. New Haven, July 
29, 1837." Y.C. 1804. Adm. to the bar in 
1807; practised first at Champion, Jefi' Co., 
N.Y., and afterward at Whitestown and Utica, 
N.Y.; M.C. in 1819-21, 1823-31 ; and subse- 
quently removed to N.Y. City, where he soon 
rose to high distinction in his profession. He 
was 5 years first judge of Oneida County. 

Storrs, Richard Salter, D.D. (Wms. 
Coll. 1835), son of Richard S. (minister of 
Longmeadow, Ct., froin 1785 to his d. Oct. 3/ 
1819, a. 54), b. Feb. 1787. Wms. Coll. 1807. 
Pastor 1 st Cong. Church, Braintree, Ms., since 
1811. He pub. "Memoir of Rev. Samuel 
Green, 12mo, Bost., and some 20 single ser- 
mons. Edited Boston Recorder; co-editor of 
the Congregationalist ; and contrib. to the Pan- 
oplist. Home Month/j/, &c. 

Storrs, Richard Salter, Jun., D.D. 
(Un. Coll. 1853), clergyman, b. Braintrei', Ms., 
Aug. 21, 1821. Amh. Coll. 1839 ; And. Theol. 
Sem. 1845. His father and grandfather of the 
same name were disting. clergymen. 22 Oct. 
1845 he was ord. pastor of the Harvard Cong. 
Church, Brooklino, Ms., and in 1846 of the 
Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, N.Y., which 
position ho still retains. He was assoc. editor 
of the Independent at its commencement in 1 848. 
He has pub., besides sermons, orations, and ad- 
dresses, " Graham Lectures on the Wisdom, 
Power, and Goodness of God," 1856; "Lite 
and Letters of Rev. Daniel Temple," 12nio, 
1855; and an elaborate report on the revision 
of the English version of the Bible, undertaken 
by the Bible Society some years since ; and ar- 
ticles in Bibliotheca Sacra and New-Engkmder. 
For specimens of his writings, see " The Amer. 
Pulpit," 1856, 401-20 ; "Pulpit Eloquence of 
the 19th Centary," 1857, 485-500. 

Storrs, William Lucius, LL.D. (W. Res. 
Coll. 1846), jurist, bro. of H. R., b. Middle- 
town, Ct., Mar. 25, 1795; d. Hartford, June 25, 
1861. Y.C. 1814. He studied at Whit(?:;to^vn, 
N.Y., and was adm. to the bar in 1817. He 
soon after went to Middletown, where he prac- 
tised until 1840. He was a member of the 
State Assembly 1 827-9 and 1 834, and was speak- 
er in 1834; M.C. in 1829-33 and 1839-10; 
app. assoc. judge of the Supreme Court of Err- 
ors in Ct. in June, 1840, and chief justice in 
1856. In 1846-7 he was prof, of law in Yale 
College. 

Story, Isaac, poet, b. Marblchea<l, Aug. 
25, 1774; d. there July 19, 1803. H.U. 1793. 
Son of Rev. Isaac Story, and grandson of 
Rev. Simon Bradstreet. His father, minister 
of Marblehead (1771-1800; N.J. Coll. 1768), 
d. there Oct. 1816, a. 67. He practised law at 



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Castine, where ho also edited the . Toiimul, and at 
Rutland, Worctster, Co., Ms. Of his writings 
fur p riudicals, some were pub. in the Farm- 
er's JIuseuiii. Ho wrote a vol. under the 
signatm-'j of " The Traveller," much of which 
appeared in the Columbian Centinel. A vol. 
entitled "The Parnassian Shop, by Peter 
Quince," Boston, 1801, was in imitation of 
Peter Pindar. In 1792 he pub. at Marblehead 
" An Epistle from Yarico to Inkle," in verse ; 
"Consolatory Odes," 12rao, 1799. In 1800 
he. delivered a eulogy on Washington at Ster- 
ling, Ms., where he then resid,;d; and in 1801 
he delivered a Fourth-July oration at Worces- 
ter, which was published. Judge Joseph Story 
was a kinsman. 

Story, Joseph, LL.D., jurist, b. Marble- 
head, Ms., Sept. 18,1779 ; d. Cambridge, Sept. 
10, 1845. H.U. 1798. His father Dr. Elislia 
was a surgeon in the Hevol. army. At the 
university, Joseph was distiiig. for his poetical 
talent. He studied law with Samuel Sewall, 
and afterward with Samuel Putnam ; was adm. 
to the bar in July, 1801, and began practice at 
Salem. In 1804 he pub. a vol. of poems con- 
taining "The Power of Solitude." Li 1805- 
8 he was a member of the legisl., and a leader 
on the repub. side; M.C. in 1808-9, separating 
himself from the administration on the ques- 
tion of continuing the embargo, which he 
strenuously opposed; speaker of the Ms. 
house ill 1811; and from Nov. 18, 1811, to his 



death, was assoc. judge of the U.S. supreme 
Court, a position for wliich he was eminently 



. judge 
for whicl 
qualified, and in which he not only won great 
fame as a judge, but achieved both a European 
and American reputation as a jurist. In the 
State Const. Conv. of 1820, Judge Story was a 
very useful member. Dane professor of law in 
H.U. from 1829 until his death. In his in- 
stitutional views he was of tlie school of Wash- 
ington and Marshall. His juridical works 
evince extraordinary learning, luminous expo- 
sitions, and profound views of the science of 
law. They include a commentary on the Con- 
stitution, "Conflict of Laws," treatises on the 
law of bailments, agency, bills of exchange and 
promissory-notes, partnership, and commenta- 
ries on equityjurisprudence and equity pleadings. 
Judge Story possessed great colloquial powers. 
His "Miscellaneous Writings " were pub. in 
Svo, 18-34 ; a Life, by his son William Story, 
was pub. 2 vols. 8vo, 1851. He received the 
degree of LL.D. from Harvard, Brown, and 
Dartm. Colleges. His commentaries and his 
written judgments in his circuit make 27 vols., 
and his judgments in the Supreme Court form 
an important part of 34 volumes more. 

Story, William Wetmore, son of the 
jjreceding, poet and artist, b. Salem, Feb. 19, 
1819. H.U. 1838. He studied law under 
his father's auspices ; was a frequent contrib. in 
prose and verse to the Boston Miscelluni/ ; and 
has pub. " Reports of Cases in the U.S. Cir- 
cuit Court for the First Circuit," 2 vols., 1842- 
5 ; and " A Treatise on the Law of Contracts 
not under Seal," 1844; "A Treatise on the 
Law of Sales of Personal Property," 1847; 
•■ The American Question," 1862 ; " Roba di 
Roma," 1862; "Proportions of the Human 
Figure," 1866; "Graffiti d'ltalia," 1869; and 



a poem cntit'.ed " The Roman Lawyer in Jeru- 
salem," 1870. In 1844 he delivered the Phi 
Beta Kappa poem at H.U., " Xature and Art." 
He pub. a volume of poems in 1847 and in 
18.56, and "Life and Letters of Joseph Story," 
1851. He has resided since 1848 in Italy, and 
is disting. as a sculptor. Among his admired 
works is " Cleopatra and the Sibyl," " Delilah," 
a statue of his father, and a bust of J. R. Low- 
ell. He has modelled a " Shepherd-Boy," 
" Little Red Riding-Hood," statues of Sappho 
and of George Peabody, and busts of Josiah 
Quincy and Theodore Parker, and other works. 
He is also an accomplished musician. 

StOUghton, CoL. ISKAEL, an early settler 
of Dorchester ; d. Lincoln, Eng., 1645. Adm. 
freeman, Nov. 1633 ; member of the first Gen. 
Court, convened May, 16-34, and again in 1635, 
'36, and '37 ; disabled from holding office for 3 
years for publishing a pamphlet denying to the 
gov. and assistants some of the ))Owers they 
claimed, but restored in 1636. In May, 1637, 
he had com. of the Ms. troops sent against the 
Peqtiots; capt. of the Art. Co. 1642; a com- 
miss. to administer the govt, of N-H. in 1641 ; 
assist, in 1637-42, and again in 1644. He was 
in Eng. in 1642, and, returning in 1644, served 
as lieut.-col. of Rainsborough's regt. until his 
d. He was a large land-owner of Dorchester, 
and gave 300 acres of land to Harv. College. 

StOUghton, William, statesman, b. 30 
Sept. 1631 ; d. Dorchester, July 7, 1701. 
• H.U. 1650. Son of the preceding. He stud- 
ied theology, went to Eng., and was a 
fellow of New Coll., Oxford, but was ejected 
at the Restoration. Returning to N.E. in 1662, 
he acquired a high repntation as a preacher, 
his sermon at the annual election in 1 663 be- 
ing pronounced one of the best ever heard on 
the occasion- Declining all invitations to a 
settlement as pastor, he was an assist, from 
1671 until the dissolution of the govt, in 1686; 
from 1676 to 1679 he was in Eng. as agent 
for the Colony. Elected assist, and gov. May 
12, 1686, he refused to serve, inasmuch as 
Dudley was left out in complaisance to him. 
He was chief justice from July 26 to Dec. 20, 
1686, and a justice, and a member of Andros's 
council until Apr. 1689, when he was one of 
the " Council of Safety " which wrested the govt. 
from that officer; from May, 1692, until his 
death, he was lieut.-gov. of Sis., and chief jus- 
tice of the Superior Court frum 1) ■■ .'_, 1' 'j. 
until just before his death. K ■ i ; i ii i- 
fortnnately connected with tii )- 

secntion, he being the chiet jii-: i > il-i' - i . i il 
tribunal on that occasion. He wa> a i^riieroiis 
and liberal benefactor of H. Coll., and left a 
tract of land for the support there of students, 
natives of Dorchester, and another tract lor 
the benefit of schools. 

StOUghton, Gen. William L., lawyer, 
and M.C. 1869-71, b. N.Y., 20 Mar. 1827. 
Settled in the practice of law in Sturges, Mich., 
in 1851 ;"prosec.attv. 1856-60 ; app. U.S. dist. 
atty. 1861. Col. 11th Mich. Regt. 1862, and 
disting. at Stone River, Dec. 31-Jan. 2, 1863; 
afterwards com. a brigade at Chickamauga, 
Mission. Ridge, and at Atlanta, where he lost 
a leg ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S. vols. ; atty.-gen. 
of Mich. 1866-8. 



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Stow, Bahon-, D.D., Baptist clergyman, 
b. Croydon, N.H., June 16, 1801; d. Boston, 
Dee. 27, 1869. Col. Coll., D.C., 1825. After 
editing the Cohimlilan Star, a religious news- 
paper, for 2 years, at Washington, he was ord., 
Oct. 24, 1827, over the church in Portsmouth, 
N.H. ; in 1832 became pastor of the Baldwin- 
place Church ; and from 1848 to 1867 of the 
Rowe-street Church, Boston. He was many 
years prominent in the Baptist Missionary 
Union ; pres. of the trustees of the Newton 
Theol. Institution. Besides sermons, he pub. 
" Daily Manna for Christian Pilgrims," 1848; 
" Christian Brotherhood ; " " The Psalmist," 
1849 ; " First Things," 1859 ; " History of the 
Danish Missions on the Coast of Coromandel ; " 
" Memoir of Harriet Dow ; " " History of the 
English Baptist Mission to India ; " Discourse 
at the 100th Anniv. Baldw. PI. Ch., 27 July, 
1843; also many articles in reviews and peri- 
odicals. 

Stowe, Calvin Ellis, D.D., clergyman, 
b. Natick, Ms., April 26, 1802. Bowd. Coll. 
1824. And. Theol. Sem. 1826. He was for 
two years an assist, to Prof Stuart, and at the 
same time assist, editor of the Boston Recorder. 
In 1830 he became prof, of languages in Dartm. 
Coll. ; and was prof, of biblical lit. in Lane 
Sem., Cincinnati, 1833-50. He lectured and 
wrote effectively on the school system of Ohio. 
On his return from Europe in 1837 he pub. his 
report on " Elementary Education in Europe." 
He subsequently pub. reports on the " Educa- 
tion of Immigrants," " The Course of In- 
struction in the Primary Schools of Prussia," 
and on " Elementary Instruction in Prussia." 
In 1850 he became divinity prof, at Bowd. Coll., 
and in 1852-64 was prof, of sacred lit. in 
And. Theol. Sem. He pub. " History of the 
Hebrew Commonwealth, from the German of 
Jahn," 182S; "Criticism and Interpretation 
of the Bible," 1835 ; "Origin and History of 
the Books of the Bible," 1867. He m. Harriet, 
dau. of Lyman Eeecher, in 1832. 

Stowe, H.iERiET Elizabeth Beecher, 
author, dau. of Itev. Dr. Lyman Beecher, b. 
Litchfield, Ct , June 15, 1812. One of a fami- 
ly of 12, which, out of 10 survivors, has given 
to literature 8 authors of more or less repute. 
Mrs. Stowe had the advantage of intellectual 
companion ship and strict moral training 
from inthncy. From her 15th year she 
was associ-.itcd with her elder sister Catharine 
at a siKcuisful female sem. she had estab- 
lished at Hartford in 1822. In her 21st year 
she TD. Rev. Calvin E. Stowe. During a long 
residence in Cincinnati, she became interested 
iu the question of slavery. She pub. in 1 849 a 
collection of moral tales, " The Mayflower, or 
Sketches of the Desccm 



:he Pi 



rk, '■ Ui 



I '!«-'= 



at Wa~l,ih ! • :i:.- ■. . - ■ :■•. :'••-- 
ton: 1S52. It has I,..', ir., ;!-,,:. .ri; > ' • , r- 
cut languages, and has bi-cn draraatizid iu '20 
different forms, and acted in every capital in 
Europe, and in most of those of the U.S. She 
subsequently pub. "A Key to Uncle Tom's 
Cabin." She soon afterward, in com])any with 
" her husband, and Rev. Charles Beecher her 
bro., visited Great Britain, where she was favor- 



ably rrrciv.^l, Afr.T her return she pub. "Sun- 
ny .Mmhn - M i 1 t-n Lands; " and in 1860 
"Th. i iiig," originally pub. in 

the .1/ .'■ Ml" has also pub. "Dred, 

a Talc u! i;;l i): hh; Siv;unp," 1856; "Ao-nes 
of Sorrento," 1862; "The Pearl of Orr's Is- 
land," " The May-Flower, and Miscellaneous 
Writings," 1855 ; " House and Home Papers," 
1864; "The Chimney- Corner," a series of 
essays in the Atlantic ilonthly, 1 865-6 ; " Little 
Foxes," 1865; "Queer Little People," 1867; 
" Oldtown Folks," 1869; "Men of Our 
Times," i«r,<s- "Trnp Story of Ladv Byron's 
Life,"' i'l ! 1/ ,'A',/, Sept. 1869; "Lady 

Byrnii \. IS70; "Pink and White 

Tyranii, , , -7 1 My Wife and I," 1872. In 

Dec. I -i.b ,-U.: IjLi.iuio co-editor with D. G. 
Mitchell of " Hearth and Home," a magazine. 
Mr. and Mrs. Stowe now reside in Hartford. 

Straehan, John, D.D., LL.D., Iji-hop of 
Toronto, b. Aberdeen, Apr. 12, 1778; d. 
Toronto, Nov. 1 , 1 867. U. of Aberdeen, 1 796. 
He studied theology at St. Andrew's ; taught a 
village school in 1 797 ; and in Aug. 1 799 
came to Canada, and taught school at Kings- 
ton till ord. deacon. May 2, 1803 ; priest, June 
3, 1804 ; and app. to the mission of Corawal), 
where he taught a grammar-school. In 1812 
he was app. rector of York; in 1818 exec, 
councillor; archdeacon of York in 1825; and 
in 1839 bishop of Toronto. From the year 
1818, he took an active part in politics ; and a 
bitter strife arose between his party on the one 
side, and that of W. L. Mackenzie on the 
other, out of which the rebellion in Upper Can- 
ada of 1837-8 arose. He pub. 70 essavs in the 
A7«7SV.„ ^•.■.^•^- ;,l l<=n imW tV n.inn. ,,f 
"Rerl;..- ^ , ' . '- • l,,r!,- 

er jjaiiii.' !•■; II'. ■! ii. ... -•• l,;,,U. 

from till i . "I >'. .\ mi;: V. .. ,;:, I ,,, ,,: 1 1_|). 
from the U. ot AI.eiueeii, iii i.i.;. .Vinun'j 
the many benefits he conferred ujion 1'oronto 
was the establishment of Trinity College. 

Strachey, William, first sec. to the 
Colony of Va., where he resided 1610-12 ; was 
shipwrecked on the Bermudas 1609. He jnib. 
for the Colony in Va. " Lawes, Divine, Morall, 
and Martial!," 4to, 1612; "History of Trav- 
aille into Va.," &c., pub. by the Hakhiyt Soc, 
and the second book in Mass. Hist. Colls., 4tli 
ser. i. 

Strader, Capt. Jacob, a pioneer in the 
steamboats and railroads of the West, b. N. J. 
1795; d. Cincinnati, Aug. 28, 1860. 

Strain, Lieut. Isaac G., U.S.N., explorer, 
b. Koxbury, Franklin Co., Pa., 1821 ; d. 
Aspinwall, May 15, 1857. In 1845, while a 
midshipman, he led a small party to explore 
the interior of Brazil ; in 1 848 he explored the 
peninsula of Cal. ; in 1 849 he crossed from 
Valparaiso to Buenos Ayrcs, and wrote a nar- 
rative entitled " The Cordillera and Pampa ; " 
" Sketches of a Joumey in Chili and the Ar- 
gentine Provinces," in 1849. Ho was in 1850 
attached to the Mexican Boundar)' Commiss., 
and later more known as the leader of the ex- 
ped. across the Isthmus of Darien. An inter- 
esting accoimt of this joumey was prepared 
from his materials by J. T. Headley, and pub. 
in /luri>a-'s Mu(j. 1855. In 1856, in the steam- 
er " Arctic," he ascertained by soundings the 



STR 



878 



STR 



practicability of laying an ocean tcleg. cable 
between America and England. 

Strange, Robert, LL.D. (Rutg. 1S40), 
jurist and senator, b. Va. Sept. 20, 1796; d. 
Feb. 25, 1854. Hamp. Sid. Coll. He studied 
law ; was with some intermissions a member 
of the N.C. house of delegates from 1821 to 
1826; judge of the Supenor Court 1825-36; 
and U.S. senator in 1836H10. He resumed 
his profession, and subsequently became solicit- 
or of the 5th jud. circuit of the State. Author 
of" Eonegusici, or the Cherokee Chief," a novel. 

Stratton, Ch.\eles C, b. N.J. 1796; d. 
Gloucester Co., N. J., March 30, 1859. Rutg. 
Coll. 1814. Many years in the State Icgisl. ; 
M.C. 1837-9 and 1841-3; member Const. 
Conv. 1844 ; and gov. of N. J. 1844-8. 

Stratton, Charles S.— See Tom Thumb. 

Street, Alfred Billings, poet, b. Puugh- 
keepsie, N.Y., Dee. 18, 1811.,^ Descended from 
Rev. Nicholas, pastor of the first church in 
New Haven. His father Randall S., an emi- 
nent lawyer, d. Monticello, N.Y., in 1841. Al- 
fred was educated at the Duchess-Co. Acad. ; 
studied law in the office of his father; practised 
a few years in Monticello; and since 1839 has 
resided in Albany, where he has been for some 
years State librarian. He commenced his lite- 
rary career at an early age as a poetical writer 
for the magazines. His first vol., " The Burn- 
ing of Schenectady, and Other Poems," was pub. 
1842; a 2d coll., "Drawings and Tintings," 
1 844. His longest publication is " Frontenac, a 
Tale of the Iroquois in 1696," Lond. 1849. 
Besides his numerous pieces in periodicals, he 
has delivered three very able poems before the 
students of Geneva and Union Colleges, from 
the latter of which he received in 1841 the hon. 
degree of A.M. An edition of his poems was 
pub. in N.Y. in 1847, and another in 2 vols. 
1866. In 1859 he pub. two prose vols., " The 
Council of Revision," a history of the courts 
of N.Y., with biog. sketches of its governors 
and judges, from 1777 to 1821 ; " Woods and 
Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket," a tour 
in the great wilderness of Northern N. York ; 
in 1864 " Forest-Pictures in the Adirondacks; " 
" The Indian Pass," 1 869. Some of his poems 
have been translated into German. 

Street, Augcstus Rdssell, philanthro- 
pist, li. N. Haven, Nov. 5, 1791 ; d. there June 
12, 1866. Y^C. 1812. He studied law, but 
ill-health prevented his pursuing the profes- 
sion. Inheriting a large fortune, he gave free- 
ly to benevolent objects. His Alma Mater 
received nearly $300,000 : he founded the 
Street professorship of modern languages ; 
erected the building for the Yale School of 
Fine Arts, providing for its partial endow- 
ment ; and also left a handsome legacy for ulti- 
mately founding the Titus Street professorship 
in the Yale Theol. Sem. He was an invalid 
the greater part of his life. In 1843-8 he trav- 
elled abroad. A dau. m. Admiral Foote, and 
d. 1863.— y.C. Ohil. Record. 

Stribling, Cornelius K., rear-admiral 
U.S.N., b. S.C. Midshipm. June 18, 1812 ; 
lieut. Apr. 1, 1818 ; com. Jan. 24, 1840 ; capt. 
Aug. 1, 18.53; commo. July 16, 1862; rear- 
adm. (ret. list.) July 25, 1866. He was in 
" The Macedonian " when the Algerine vessels 



were captured in 1815; com. in April, 1823, 
two barges on the coast of Cuba, and captured 
the pirate schooner " Pilot;" commanded ship 
"Ohio," Pacific squadron, 1848-50; supt. 
Naval Acad. 1850-3; commanded E.I. squad. 
1859-61 ; com. Phila. navy-yard 1863-4; com. 
Eastern Gulf block, squadron 1864-5; mem- 
ber light-house board 1867-71. — Hamersli/. 

Strieker, Gen. John, b. Md. ; d. Balti- 
more, June 23, 1825. A patriot of the Revol. ; 
he was also brig.-gen. commanding 3d brigade 
Md. militia in defence of Bait, in 1814, and 
disting. in battle of North Point. Pres. of the 
Bank of Baltimore at his death. 

Strickland, Lieut.-Col. Samuel, CM., 
bro. of Agnes Strickland, b. Eng. 1809; emig. 
to Canada 1825 ; d. Lakefield, U.C, 1867. Au- 
thor of " 27 Y'ears in Canada West," London, 
2 vols. 1853. 

Strickland, William, architect, b. Phila. 
1787 ; d. Nashville, Tenn., 7 Apr. 1854. He 
studied under Latrobe; established his reputa- 
tion by planning the Chestnut-street Masonic 
Hall ; and for many years was employed on the 
public buildings of Phila., among them the 
U.S. Bank, the Merchants' E.\change, the U.S. 
Mint., and the U. S. Naval Asylum. His last 
great work was the capitol, Nashville, Tenn., 
begun in 1845, completed in 1857. In 1825 
he examined the canal and railway systems of 
England, and on bis return superintended the 
building of the railroad between Newcastle and 
Frenchtown, Md. Member Roy. Soc. of Civil 
Engrs. and of Amer. Philos. Soc. — Thomas. 

Strickland, William P., D.D., clergy- 
man and author, b. Pittsburg, Pa., Aug. 17, 
1809. Educated at the Ohio II. Entered the 
itinerant ministry of the M.E. Church, O., in 
1832 ; was for some years agent and sec. of the 
Amer. Bible Society. Removing to N. Y'ork 
in 1856, he has since been connected with the 
Meth. Book Concern, and assoc. ed. Christ. Ad- 
vocate and ./our. In 1862 he was chaplain of 
the 48th N.Y. Regt. at Port Royal, S.C. He 
has pub. " History of the American Bible So- 
ciety," 1849; "'History of Methodist Mis- 
sions," 1850; "Genius and Mission of Meth- 
odism," 1851 ; " Christianity Demonstrated," 
1852; "Memoir of Rev. James B. Finley," 
1853; "A Treatise on Biblical Literature," 
1853; "The Light of the Temple," a Masonic- 
work, 1854 ; " The Astrologer of Chaldaea," 
1856; "Pioneers of the West," 1856; "Life 
and Times of Francis Asbury," 1858; "Life 
of Jacob Gruber," 1859; and "Old Macki- 
naw," 1860. He has edited the Literari/ Casket, 
the Western Amer. Review, and has contributed 
to several magazines, and to Appleton's "New 
Cyclopedia." 

Stringer, Samuel, physician. b. Md. 1734; 
d. Albany, July 11, 1817. He studied medi- 
cine in Phila. under Dr. Bond; was in 1755 
app. by Gov. Shirley to the med. dept. of the 
army ; and was in the cimpaign of 1758 at Ti- 
condcroga. After the war he settled and m. 
in Albany. In 1775-7 he was director-gen. of 
hospitals in the northern dept., and aceomp. 
the troops in the invasion of Canada. Resum- 
ing practice at Albany, he was until his death 
one of the first physicians and surgeons in 
that vicinity.— r^acAcr. 



879 



Stringham, James S., M. D. (Edinb. 
1799), physician, b. New York 1775; d. St. 
Croix. 23 June, 1817. Col. Coll. 1793. He 
abandoned the study of theology for that of 
medicine, which he first pursued under Drs. 
Bard and liosack of New York. He was 
prof, of chemistry in Col. Coll. in 1802-13; 
in 1813-17 he was prof, of med. jurisp. in the 
Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, and mjiy be 
regarded as the founder of that science (upon 
which he was the first to lecture) in this country. 
Beside his inaugural, " Dc ALsorhentmin Si/s- 
tematc," he contrib. essays and papers to the 
medical journals. Dr. S. was one of the most 
efficient of the early promoters of science in 
this country. He was a physician of the N.Y. 
Hospital, and was a member of the Roy. Med. 
Soc. of Edinburgh, and fdlow of the N.Y. 
Literary, Pliilos., and Historical Societies. — 
Thaclier. 

Stringham, Silas Horton, rear-adm. 
U.S.N., b. Middletown, N.Y., Nov. 7, 1798. 
Midshipman, Nov. 15, 1809; lieut. Dec. 9, 
1814; he served in "The President," Com. 
Uodgers, till 1815, witnessing the affairs with 
"The Little Belt" and "The Belvidcre." 
Transferred in 1 SI 5 to the brig "Spark," one 
of Decatur's squadron, he took part in the Al- 
gerine war. In 1819 he was lieut. in "The 
Cyane," which conveyed the first settlers to Li- 
beria ; placed in com. of a boat to search for 
slavers, he captured 4, and was sent home with 
his prizes. Made 1st lieut. in 1821, he was 
ordered to " The Hornet," on the W.I. station, 
and aided in the captm-e of a notorious pirate- 
ship and slaver. Master com. March 3, 1831 ; 
capt. Sept. 8, 1841; in 1842 ordered to the 
razee " Independence ; " and in 1846 took com. 
of " The Ohio," and took part in the bom- 
bardment of Vera Cruz ; he then com. the 
Brazil squadron ; in 1851 the Gosport navy- 
yard; in 1852-5 the Mediterranean squadion, 
his flagship being " The Cumberland ; " in 
March," 1861, he was app. flag-officer of the At- 
lantic block, squad., and ordered to " The 
Minnesota " as his flagship. With Gen. B. F. 
Butler, he com. the joint naval and military 
cxped. which captured Forts Hatteras and 
Clark, Aug. 27 and 28. Sept. 28 he was re- 
lieved from com. at his own request ; July 16, 
1862, he was made a rear-adm. on the retired 
list; now <1871) port-adm. New York. 

Strong, Caleb, LL.D. (H.U. 1801), gov. 
of Ms., h. Northampton, Ms., Jan. 9, 1745 ; d. 
there Nov. 7, 1819. H.U. 1764. He studied 
law, but did not establish himself in practice 
till 1772. He took a decided part in the cause 
of liberty; was in 1775 app. one of the com. 
of safety; in 1776-80 was an active member of 
the legisl. ; councillor 1780; in 1779 assisted 
in forming the State const ; in 1787 that of 
the U.S., and exerted lumsclf in the State Con- 
vention to procure its ratification. App. in 
1781 to a seat on the supreme bench, he de- 
clined the oflice; in 1789-97 he w;xs a U.S. 
senator; and gov. of Ms. in 1800-7 and 1812- 
16, — the difficult period of the last war with 
England. As a Federalist, he opposed the war ; 
and his conduct was severely cetisured by his 
political opponents. When requisition was 
made upon him for troops, ho, in common with 



the whole Federal party of N. Eng., denied the 
right of the Pres. upon constitutional grounds. 
Though Gov. Strong so positively declined 
answering calls which he considered unconstitu- 
tional, he was ready to adopt every measure 
which the safety of state demanded ; and, as it 
was amply defended, no evil resulted from the 
diftercnce bet^veen the State and National au- 
thorities. — See his Lift- by Alden Bradford, 8vo, 
1820; Strong Famili/ hy'B. \V. Dwirjlil, 2 vols. 
8vo, 1871. 

Strong, Gex. Geokge C, b. Stockbridge, 
Vt., 1832; d. July 30, 1863, from wounds re- 
ceived in the assault on Fort Wagner, Charles- 
ton harbor. West Point, 1857. Losing his 
father, he was adopted in the family of his 
uncle, A. L. Strong of Easthampton, Ms. At 
West Point he held the post of 1st capt. of 
cadets 3 years. Placed on the staff of Mc- 
Dowell at Bull Run, he was highly compli- 
mented for efficiency at that battle ; he next 
scn-ed on McClellan's staff, but was detailed as 
ordnance-officer by Gen. Butler to the dept. of 
the Gulf. He disting. himself at Biloxi, and 
in the hazardous adventure up the Tangipahoa 
River. Brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; capt. 
ordnance 3 Mar. 1863. He was a brave and 
skilful officer, and led the assaiUting column at 
Fort Wagner 18 July, 1863, with veteran 
courage and judgment. Author of " Cadet 
Life at West Point," 1862. — Culliim. 

Strong, James, D.D. (Wesl. U. 1856), 
theol. writer, b. N.Y. Cit3', Aug. 14, 1822. 
Wesl. U. 1S44. From 1858 to Dec. 1861 he 
was prof of biblical lit., and acting pres. of 
Troy U., N.Y. ; prof of exeg. theol. in Drew 
Theol. Sera., Madison, N. J., since 1868. He 
pub. a " Harmony and Exposition of the Gos- 
pels," 1854 ; and, on a similar plan, a " Greek 
Harmony of the Gospels," 1854; " Manuals of 
Greek and Hebrew Grammar ; " " Outlines of 
Theology;" "Appeal to Sunday-school Ef- 
forts ; " articles in the Meth. Quarterli/ Review 
and Christum Advocate and Journal. With 
Rev. Dr. MeClintock, he prepared the " CyclopiE- 
dia of Biblical, Theol., and Eccles. Literature." 

Strong, James H., commo. U.S.N., b. 
Canandaigua, N.Y., Apr. 26, 1814. Son of 
Judge Elisha B. Midshipm. Feb. 2, 1829; 
lieut. Sept. 1841 ; com. Apr. 24, 1861; capt. 
Aug. 5, 1865; commo. Mar. 1870; com. 
steamer "Mohawk," 1861; steamer "Flag," 
1862; and steam-sloop "Monongahela," 1863-5. 
In Nov. 1863 he conveyed a division of Gen. 
Banks's army to Brazos, and aided in capture 
of battery at Arkansas Pass. At the battle of 
Mobile Bay, " The Monong.ahela " attacked the 
rebel ram " Tennessee," and forced her to sur- 
render. 

Strong, Nathan, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 1801), 
scholar and theologian, b. Coventry, Ct., 5 
Oct. 1748; d. Hartford, Dec. 25, 1816. Y.C. 
17G9; tutor 1772-3. Son of Rev. Nathan. 
Ord. pastor of the First Church in Hartford, 
Jan. 5, 1774. In the Revol. war he was a 
patriot, and a chaplain in the army ; in talents, 
learning, and usefulness he held th^ first rank 
among his associates in the ministry. He pub. 
2 vols, of sermons, 1798-1800; and "The 
Doctrine of Eternal Misery Consistent with 
the Inf. Bencv. of God," a vol. in vindication 



of the doctrine of future punishincnt, 1<! 
He was also editor of the Evnmj. ila;,.;_pr. 
cipal founder of the mi.^sionary see. of Ct. 



1798. He possessed groat shi-ewdness and wit 
as well as strong common sense. 

Strong, Neiiemiah, prof, of mathematics 
at Y.C. 1770-81; b. Northampton 24 Feb. 
1730; d. Bridgeport, Ct., 12 Aug. 1807 VC. 
1755 tutor there 1757-60. Minister of Sims- 
bury, now Granby, 21 Jan. 1761-8. He pub. 
"Astronomy Improved "1784. 

Strong, Simeon, LL.D. (H.U. 1805), jur- 
ist, b. Northampton, 6 Mar. 1736; d. Amherst 
Dec 14, 1805 Y.C. 1756. He was sev^l 
years a preacher; but, his health not permitnng 
his continuance in that employment, he studied 
law ; was adm. to the bar m 1761, and became 
eminent in the profession. Represeatanve 1 , 67- 
9 ; senator 1793 ; and in 1801-5 was a judge 
of the Ms. Sup. Court.— See PanojA,st Jor 

^ ^Strong, ' Theodokb, LL.D. ^(E»tg. Coll. 
1835), mathematician, b. S. Hadley, Ms 26 
July, 1790; d. N. Brunswick, N.J., Feb. 1, 
1869 Y.C. 1812. Son of Rev. Joseph (,\ .C. 
1784). On quitting Yale, he was tutor in Ham 
Coll N.Y., 1812-16, and in 1816-27 prof, of 
mathematics and nat. philos changing in 
1827 the scene of his labors to Kutg Coll., 
New Brunswick, where he continued until 
1862. In 1 859 he pub. liis " Treatise on Alge- 
bra"— a work original in its method and m 
many of its conclusions. He sticceeded m 
solving by a direet method the Irreducible Case 
of Cubic Equations left by Cardan, wluc'h had 
baffled the best mathematicians of Europe; 
and he also discovered a method of extracting 
b^ a direct process, for the fi-t^Ume,_^any root 



contrib. to periodicals. A coramiss. to nego- 
tiate with the Si.x Nations for their removal to 
the West. „ „ ,. . . , 

Stuart, ALEXA^•DER, H. H., politician, b. 
Staunton, Va., Apr. 2, 1807. Wm. and M. 
Coll. 1825. U. of Va. 1828. Adm. to the 
bar at Staunton in 1828 ; member ot the young 
men's convention in Washington in 1832; of 
the Va. house of delegates in 1836-9; M.C. 
1841-3- sec. of the interior 1850-3; Statesen- 
ator 1857-61. He was active in the canvasses 
preceding the election of Hanison and lull- 
more, and advocated the election of Henry 
Clay, his personal fi-iend, in 1 844. In 1 844 he 
delivered the annual address before the Amer. 
Institute in New York. _ u- f tt « -NT 

Stuart, CuAELES B., eng. m chief U.S.N., 
b. 1814. Author of "Naval Dry Docks of the 
US "1851; "Naval and Mail Steamers of 
the U S. " 1853; "Railroads of the U.S. and 
Canada," 1855; "Water-Works of the U.S.," 
1855. . . , 

Stuart, Gilbert Chakles, portrait-paint- 
er b. Narra<'anset, R.I., 1754; d. Boston, July 
9 'l828. He was first taught by a Scottish 
painter named Alexander, by whom, at about 
18 years of age, he was taken to Edinburgh. 
1 He soon returned, and painted at Newport, 
Boston, and New York ; but, the war making 
' his prospects hopeless, he went to London, 
where he was aided by Benjamin West with 
money and instruction. Stuart painted a full- 
len-'ih portrait of his benefactor, now m the 
Brilish National Gallery. Ab. 1781 he began 
practice in Lond., and soon rose to great cmi- 



r a aireet; process, lui mc u..,^ . — .-, — ., ■--- 
of any integral number. At the time of his 
death he had prepared for the press a vol. on 
the Differential and Integral Calculus. He 
pub. many mathematical papers m Silhimn s 
7ournal. An orig. member of the Nat. Acad, 
of Arts and Sciences. . 

Strong, TiTDS, D.D., Pr.-Epis. clergyman, 
b Bri-htoL, Ms., Jan. 26, 1787 ; d. June 11, 
1855. "Leaving the trade of a pnnter, hecn- 
o-an-ed early in politics. Becoming a decided 
dmrehman. ho was ord. deacon in 1814, pne^st 
in 1826, and labored in Greenheld, Ms., to the 
close of his life. His " Candid Exammation of 
the Pr.-Epis. Church " is one of the n-.ost etti- 
cicnt productions of its class. He also pub. the 
" Scholar's Guide," besides prepanng several 
elementarv books for common schoo s, and 
frequently" contributing to the periodical press. 
Stroud. Geobge McDowell, b. Strouds- 
bu^ P^. Oct. 12, 1795. N.J. Coll 1817. 
Many years an eminent judge of the District 
Court of Phila. Has pub.. " Sketch of he 
Laws relative to Slavery in Several of the 
States," 1827 and 1856; some pamphlets and 
articles in the Law Re.?., &c. — Mihot,e. 

Stryker, James, b. Richmond Co., N.^ ., 
1792; d. Sharon, Ct., 3 June, 1864. Col. 
Coll. 1809. Licensed to p-acfase law 1813; 
capt. in the war of 1812-15; judge in the 
courts in Buffalo, N.Y., 1830-40 ; ongmator 
and editor of Striihcr's Amcr. lietjistrr and 
Maqa-Jm, 6 vols. 8vo, 1849-55. He was at 
one time edi'or of the Buffalo RepuUtcan, and 



ience. Subsequently he resided successiv 
in Dublin and Paris, and painted a jjortrait ol 
Louis XVI. Returning to Amer. in 1793, be 
painted at Phila. the well-known headot Wash- 
ington, the original of which is now in posses- 
sion of the Bos'on Athenajum. Alter residing 
in Washington, he tool; up bis permanent abode 
inl806inT3oston. His last work was apor- 
trait of John Quincv Adams, lie pamted 
many of the dialing, men of the Revol. and of 
the cariy period of the Union. He ranks among 
the first Amer. portrait-ijainters, and was a 
man of fine social qualities. His daughters, 
Mrs. Stebbins and Miss J.anc Stuart, long pur- 
sued their father's profession m Boston. 

Stuart, Isaac Williaji, scholar, b. New 
Haven, 1:09; d. Hartford, Ct., Oct. 2, 1861. 
Y C. 1828. Son of Rev. Moses. He taught 
a while in the Hopkins grammar-school, Hart- 
ford. A taste for the study of hieroglyphics 
and Oriental lit. led to his pul>. in 1830 a trans- 
lation, with notes, of Greppo's "Essay on the 
Hieroglyphic System of diampo'l.on Elect- 
ed prof, of Greek andLatmin the Coll. ot b.C., 
he resided in Columbia some years. Returning 
to Hariiford, he was for many years proprietor 
of the Wyllis Estate, on which stood the Char- 
ter Oak. He wrote a " Life of Nathan Hale, 
1856; "Hartford in the Olden Time," 1853; 
and an elaborate Life of Jonathan Tmmbnll, 
■1857; and edited, with Notes, the "CEdipus 
Tvrannus "of Sophocles, pub. 1 837. He was 
three times a member of the Ct. senate, and 
was an orator of unusual excellence. — UbU. 
Record Yak, 1862. ^ „ , .„ • i r. 

Stuart, Gen. James E. B., b. Patrick Co., 



'^tfi/Cil^. ^ /v 









■I 



^ 



STU 



881 



Va., 1832; killed near Richmond, Va.,May 11, 
1864. West Point, 1854. Ist licut. 1st Cav. 
Dec. 20, 1855 ; disting. himself in a fight with 
the Choyennes, June 29, 1857, when he was se- 
verely wounded; became capt. 22 Apr. 1861 ; 
and resigned May 14, 1861. App. col. of a 
regt. of Va. cav. ; com. all the Confed. cav. at 
Bull Run ; disting. himself at Lewinaville, Va., 
Sejjt. 13, 1861; made brig.-gen. Sept. 1861; 
maj.-gen. in 1862 ; conducted a brilliant incnr- 
sion within Gen. McClcllan's lines on the Pa- 
munkey, June 13, 1862, destroying much prop- 
erty, and causing very great alarm ; suqirised 
Gen. Pope's headquarters at Catlett's Station, 
near the Rappahannoi-k, Aug. 22 ; and, with 
1,800 cavalry and 4 guns, passed from south 
of the Potomac, Oct. 9, crossing lietween Wil- 
liamsport and Hancock on the right wing of 
Gen. McClellan's army, traversed ild., and, Oct. 
1 0, entered Chambcrsburg, which was surren- 
dered without resistance, took a great quantity 
of spoil, and destroyed a vast amount of valua- 
ble property, and, retreating, crossed the Poto- 
mac on McClellan's left ; thus making a circuit 
of his army without loss. lie was justly re- 
garded as a cavalry-officer of great merit. He 
m. a dau. of Gen. Philfp St. George Cooke. 
At Beverly Ford, Va., and in Md. and Pa. dur- 
ing the Gettysburg campaign, he was invaria- 
bly worsted "by the Federal cavalry. He did 
good service in protecting Lee's army on its 
retreat from Gettysburg. He was mortally 
wounded in an encounter with Sheridan's cav- 
alry at Yellow Tavern, and died a day or two 
afterwards. 

Stuart, JoHS, D.D., founder of the Eng- 
lish Church in Upper Canada, b. Harrisburg, 
Pa., Feb. 24, 1740; d. Kingston, U.C, Aug. 
15, 1811. His father Andrew was arigidPres- 
byterian. Young Stuart having made a voyage 
to Eng., where he was ord. priest, returned to 
Phila. ab. 1770, and for 7 years officiated as a 
missionary among the Indians of the Mohawk 
Valley. For them he made a translation of the 
New Testament into the Mohawk language. 
Refusing allegiance to the revolted Colonies, 
he fled to Canada in 1781 ; was soon after 
chaplain in a prov. regt. ; and as a missionary 
travelled through the upper province, where he 
labored with energy and success; in 1786 he 
settled at Kingston, and for some time previ- 
ous to his death was chaplain to the legislative 
council. His son Sir James, LL.D., an emi- 
nent Canadian jurist, chief justice of Lower 
Canada, b. Fort Hunter, N.Y., JIar. 2, 1780, 
d. Quebec, July 14, 1853. Created a baronet 
in 1840, called to the bar in 1801, solicitor-gen. 
1805-9, atty.-gen. 1822-32, chief justice of 
L.C. 1838-53. AsDREW, his second son, also 
a disting. jurist, and solicitor-gen. of L. Cana- 
da, b. Kingston, 1786, d. Quebec, Feb. 21, 1840. 
Un. Coll. To the Quebec Historical Society's 
" Trnns. " he contrib. " Notes on the Saguenay 
Country," a paper on the "Ancient Etrus- 
cans," and "Detached Thoughts upon the 
History of Civilization." — Monjan. 

Stuart, Sir John-, a British gen., h. Ga. 
1761; d.C!ifton,En5., I April,1815. Johnhis 
father came to Ga. with Oglethorpe, became lu- 
dinn agent and one of the council, m. Miss Fen- 
wick, dau. of a wealthy citizen of Charleston, 



S.C, was a loya': 


■■, :!lrl 


■1 ;■! rn-. His son 


was educated at \'- 




: - ninl; entered 


the3dFootGu:.r-l 




.. -; s^wdimder 


Comwallis; an.M- 




r i; V wounded at 


the battle of Guil 


:tonl. . 


lie attained distinc- 



tion in the wars gromng out of the French 
rcvok, and, while com. the British troops in 
Sicily, gained 4 July, 1 806, the splendid victo- 
ry of Maiila over the French Gen. Rcgnicr. 
For this service he received the Order of the 
B.ath, a gold medal, the thanks of pi'.rliamenf, 
and the freedom of the city of London. IIo 
was subsequently lieut.-gov. of Grenada, and 
d. a licut.-gi n. and com.-in-chief of the West- 
ern District. 

Stuart, Rev. Moses, D.D., theologian and 
philologist, b. Wilton, Ct., 26 J.Iarch, 1780; d. 
Andover, Ms., 4 Jan. 1852. Y.C. 1799 ; tutor 
1 802-4. Adm. to the bar in Danbmy, Ct., Nov. 
1802; studied theology ; ord. pastor of the 1 st 
Church, N. Haven, 5 Mar. 180G ; and wa^ ])rof 
of sacred lit. in And. Thcol. Sein. 2S March, 
1810-43. He was an excellent pulph-orator, 
possessing a sonorous voice and a commanding 
and impassioned manner, and a teacher of dis- 
ting. usefulness and success. He pub. a " He- 
brew Grammar" in 1813, and another in 1831 ; 
commentaries on the Hclircws, Romans, Reve- 
lation, and the books of Daniel, of Ecclesias- 
tes, and of Proverbs ; a vol. of "Miscellanies," 
1846; "Conscience and the Constitutimi," a 
defence of the policy of Daniel Webster, ls50; 
"Hebrew Crestomathy," 1829_; "Letters to 
Dr. Channing on Rc'li^ious Libert v," 1830; 
"The Mode of Christian Baptism," 1 8.33 ; 
" Grammar of the New-Tcstanv-nt Dialect," 
1834; "Hints on the Prophecies," 1842; 
" Scriptural View of the Wine Question," 
1848; and a large number of contribs. to the 
periodical press. 

Stuber, Dk. Hen-ry, b. Phila. ah. 1770; 
d. there ab. 1792. Of German origin. He was 
a pupil of Dr. Kunze in Greek, Latin, and 
German, when that divine was connected with 
the U. of Pa. He studied medicine, obtained 
a situation in one of the public offices of the 
U.S. govt., and was engaged in the study of 
law when he died, still very young. IIo wrote 
for the journals of the day ; and to the early 
editions of Franklin's Autobiography added a 
continuation, giving an historical account of 
his discoveries in electricity. — J. W. Francis, 
in SparL-s's Franklin. 

Sturges, JosATHAN, LL.D. (Y.C. 1806), 
jurist, b. Fairfield, Aug. 23, 1740; d. there 
Oct. 4, 1819. Y.C. 1759. He became a law- 
yer. In 1774 was a delegate to Congress; 
M.C. in 1789-92 ; judge of the Supreme Court 
of Ct. in 1792-1805. 

Sturgis, Samcel Davis, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Shippenshurg, Pa., 1822. West 
Point, 1846. Entering the 2d Dragoons, he 
served in the Mexican war, and was made 
prisoner while on a reconnoissance before the 
battle of Biiena Vista, but was .soon e.xchangcd. 
He subsequently served in Cal., New Mexico, 
and the Territories, and for his energy and 
skill against the Indians was made capt. 3 
Mar. 1855. He com. at Fort Smith, Ark., 
until 1861. All his officers resigned, ami joined 
the Southern Confederacy; and he evacuated 



STXT 



the fort on his own responsibility, thus saving 
his com. and tlie govt, property. May 3 lio 
was app. major 4th Cav., and served in Mo. 
under Uen. Lyon, whom he succeeded in com. 
after his death, at tlie battle of Wilson's Creek ; 
Aiii;. 10, 1861, lie was made brig.-gen. vols., 
a^signid to the array in Tenn., and afterward 
com. the dept. of Kansas ; in 1862 he was called 
to Washington, and assigned to the com. of 
tlie luriilications around the city. At the bat- 
tles of South Mountain, Antietara, and Fred- 
ericksburg, he com. the 2d division 9th army 
corps. Engaged at the battle of Fredericks- 
bnrg 13 Dec. 1862 ; in operations in Ky. Apr.- 
July, 18G3 ; chief of cavalry, dept. of the Ohio, 
July, 1863, to Apr. 1 364, capturing Gen. 
Vance aud his onnminnd 13 Jan. 1864; en- 
gaged at Bolivar, r.^ni , M May, 1864; and 
exped. against i.'ii I'.mT.r, and in the combat 
near Guntowii, .Mpi-, In ./unf, 1864; lieut.-col. 
6th Cav. Oct. 27, 1»63; col. 7th Cav. 6 May, 
1SG9; brev. col. for Fredericksburg; brig, and 
maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. — CuUum. 

Stuyvesant, Petek, the last Dutch gov. 
of N.Y., b. Holland, 1602 ; d. N.Y. City, Aug. 
1682. He served in the war in the W. Indies; 
becamedirectorof the colony of Curaf'oa ; and, 
having lost a leg in an unsuccessful attack on 
the Portuguese island of St. Martin, returned 
to Holland in 1644. Gov.of N.Y. 1647-64. He 
exerted himself vigorously to repress the en- 
croach iiKaits of the Swedes and English, and in 
IG.'i") •.'■••'.. ,! ^ .'. Ii,h fort Casirair, afterwards 
call 1 I I : , 111 Delaware Bay. An ex- 

pLil. . 1 rulonel, Nichols, compelled 

him i<> . a: i:a,,i: ■ l'7 Aug. 1664; and the New 
Nethniamls hri'aiiie an Eng. possession. He 
returned to Holland to report to his superior, 
and subsequently resided on his farm in N.Y. 
He had two sons by his wife Judith Bayard. 
He conciliated the Indians, and made honorable 
treaties respecting boundaries with the people 
of Ct., and was dignified, honest, and true, 
but aristocratic and arbitrary. Irving has 
immortulized him in the hum'orous pages of 
" Knickerbocker." 

Sucr^ (soo'-kra), GE>f. Antonio Jose 
DE, iKxt to Bolivar, the greatest benefactor of 
S. America, h. Cumana, Venezuela, 1793; as- 
sassinated while on his wav to Pasto, New 
Granada, in 1830, by order o'f the traitor Gen. 
Obando. Was educated at Caraccas. Entered 
the arniv in 1811, and com. the patriots at the 
battle of Pichincha (May 24, 1822), b^ whictfe 
was secured the indep. of Colombia; in June, 
1 823, he was elected com. in chief of the patriot 
forces in Peru; Dec. 9, 1824, gained the battle 
of Ayucueho, the most brilliant ever fought in 
S. America, and which secured the independ- 
ence of Peru. He afterwards liberated Bo- 
livia, and was in J826 app. by the Congress of 
that republic pres. for life, the revol. in Peru 
in 1827, which overthrew the govt, of Bolivar, 
exerted an unfavorable influence in Bolivia; and 
an insurrection took place, in which Sucre was 
attacked and dangerously wounded. On his 
recovery in Aug. 1828 he resigned, and re- 
turned to Colombia, and was at once made 
com. of the Colombian Army of the South, 
and political chief of the southern dept. of the 
Colombian republic ; in this capacity he led 



his troops in a series of military operations 
which terminated in the defeat and ca])ituUition 
of the Peruvians, under Gen. Lamar, at Tar- 



qui, Feb. 26, 1829. He was the first 



pres. 



the Cont. Congress of Bogota in 1830, and was 
delegated by that body as one of the commiss. 
to propose friendly terms with Venezuela. 
When this mission had proved unsuccessful, 
and the Congress had closed its labors, he was 
proceeding to the southern departments to 
appease certain disturbances which had arisen 
under Gen. Flores, when he met his untimely 
fate. 

Sullivan, James, LL. D. (H. U. 1780), 
statesman and jurist, b. Berwick, Me., Apr. 22, 
1744; d, Boston, Dec. 10, 1808, Bro. of Gen. 
Juhn. John I is father, a man of liberal educa- 
tion, came from Ireland in 1723, and d. July, 
1793, a. 104. JauK's was intended for a niiii- 
tary liic; bul the fracture of alimb caused him 
to study 1,1 V mil. r lii> lau., and he pi'aetised 
some yen . ' 1: : : 1. receiving in 1770 
theapp. cili. -,i!i. I r York Co. He took 
an early an i .. ;i\. pni m the Revol. move- 
ment ; was a nieinlicr ot the Prov. Congress 
of Ms. (of which Maine then formed a part) 
in 1775, and with two*others executed ably a 
diflScult mission to Ticonderoga. Early in 
1776 he was app. ajudgeof the Superior Court, 
which post he resigned in Feb. 1782 ; in 1779- 
80 he was a member of the State Const. Conv. ; 
in 1784-5 he was a delegate to Congress, and 
he was repeatedly chosen a re|)iesentative of 
Boston (whither he had removed) in the legisl. ; 
in 1784 he was a commiss. to settle the con- 
troversy between JIs. and N. Y. respecting 
their claims to Western lands; in 1787 he 
was of the exec, council, and judge of pro- 
bate for Suffolk Co.; atty.-gen. 1790-June, 
1807, when he was elected gov. by the Repub- 
lican party, and re-elected in 1808. He was 
one of the commiss. app. by Washington for 
settling the boundaries between the U.S. and 
the British Provinces; he was the jirojector 
of the Middlesex Caii ;l, - ii-i ipi, d under the 
superintendence ol 111 i ! : I. ; a member 
ot the Amcr. Acail. i - ii mcs from 

its institution ; a jiiihii.al i i 1. r and many 

years pres. of the iMs, Hist. .Society. He pub. 
"Observations on the Govt, of the U.S.," 
1791 ; "A Dissertation on the Stability of the 
States ; " " The Path to Riches, or IJisserta- 
Historv of Maine," 1795; 
)f the" Causes, &c., of the 
1798; "Curresp. with Col. 
Historv of Lan.l-Titles in 
tation'on the Const. Lib- 
801 ; " A Historv of the 
ntheMs. Hist. "Culls,;" 
The Altar of Baal Torn Down," 8vo, 
1795. His Life, with selections from bis writ- 
ings, by his grandson Thos. C. Amory, was pub. 
2 vols. 8vo, 1859. 

Sullivan, John, LL.D. (H.U. 1780). maj.- 
gen. Revol. army, b. Berwick, Me., Feb. 17, 
1740; d. Durham, N.II., Jan. 23, 1795. He 
practised law with success in Durham, and 
from 1772 held the commission of major. In 
1774 he was a member of the first Gen. Con- 
gress, and in Dec. led, with John Langdon, a 
force against Fort William and Mary, near 



tion on Banks ; " 
" Impartial Reviev 
French Revol.," 8vi 
Pickering," J 808; 
Ms.," 1801; "Diss 
crty of the Press," 
Penobscot Indians,' 
and 



Portsmouth, and took 100 barrels of frunpowder 
(afterward used at Bunker's Hill), 15 cannon, 
small-arms, and stores; June 22, 1775, he was 
app. by Congress a brig.-gen., and com. on 
Winter Hill at the siege of Boston ; after the 
evacuation he was sent with re-en forceraents to 
the northern army in Canada, of which ho 
took com. June 2, 1776; planned the unsuc- 
cessful attack upon the British at Trois 
Rivieres, and, in efFecting his retreat from the 
Province, displayed skill and resolution. Con- 
gress having app. Gates to that dcpt., Sullivan 
joined the army under Washington. Made a 
maj.-gen. Aug. 10, 1776, he acted under Put- 
nam on Lon;: Island, and on the disastrous 
day of Aug. 27, 1776, was taken prisoner, but 
was soon exchanged for Gen. Prescott, and 
was with Washington in the autumn at West- 
chester. After Lee's capture, Sullivan took 
com. of his division, led the right at Trenton, 
did good sen'ice at Princeton, and during the 
rest of the season protected the lines at Morris- 
town ; Aug. 22, 1777, he made a descent on 
Staten Island, which came near being success- 
ful. He com. the right wing at Brandywine, 
and was fully exonerated by Washington and 
Lafayette from the charge of being responsible 
for that defeat. He defeated and drove the 
British left at Germantown ; but mistakes on 
the Amer. left, occasioned by the fog, changed a 
victory into a repulse. In Aug. 1778 he com. 
in Rhode Island; but deprived of the expected 
co-operation of D'Estaing's fleet, upon which 
success depended, Sullivan was obliged to raise 
the siege. At Butt's Hill, on the 29th, he 
repulsed the enemy, and withdrew from the 
island wiih slight loss. In 1779 he com. an 
exped. against the Indians of the Six Nations, 
laid waste their settlements, and, Aug. 29, in- 
flicted a severe defeat on the Indians under 
Brant, and Tories under Sir John Johnson, at 
Newtown, in Western N. Y. Owing to his 
shattered health, he then resigned, and received 
a vote of thanks from Congress. In the au- 
tumn of 17S0 he again took his seat in Con- 
gress, and was chairman of the com. which 
aided in suppressing the mutiny of the Pa. 
troops in 1781. Resuming practice in N.H., 
he was atty.-gen. in 1782-6, and was in 1786- 
9 president of the State ; member of the State 
Const. Conv. of 1784 ; St.ate conncillor 1785 ; 
a commissioner to settle the " New-Hampshire 
grant " trouble with Vt. In 1786 he saved the 
State from anarchy by his intrepidity and good 
management, and in 1788 secured the adojition 
of the Federal Constitution. From 1789 till 
his death he was U.S. judge of N.H. His 
Life, by O. W. B. Peabody, is in Sparks's 
"Amer. Biog. ;" and another, by Thomas C. 
Amory, was pub. 1868. His youngest son, 
George (b. 29 Aug. 1771, d. 14 June, 18.38, 
H.U. 1790), was an eminent lawver. M. C. 
1811-13 ; atty.gen. of N.H. IS06-7' and 1816- 
36. He published orations, addresses, and 
pamphlets. 

Sullivan, John Langdox, M.D. (Y.C. 
1837), engineer and inventor, son of Gov. 
James, b. Saco, Me., Apr. 9, 1777 ; d. Boston, 
Feb. 9, 1865. H.U. 1807. After engaging in 
mercantile business, he travcllid in Europe, 
studying the construction of canals in France 



andEng.; andin 1804 wasapp.agentandengr. 
of the Middlesex Canal, between Boston and 
Concord, N.H., and for the improvement of the 
Merrimack. He invented a steam tow-boat, for 
which he received a p.itent in 1814 in prefer- 
ence to Fulton, his priority of discovery being 
fully shown. In 1824 he was app. by Pres. 
Mom-oe associate civil engr. of the board of 
int. improvements ; which post he resigned in 
1825, after reporting the practicability of a 
canal across the Alleghanies. In 1837 he en- 
gaged in the practice of medicine at New 
Haven ; afterward adopted the homoeopathic 
system, and made some important inventions 
and discoveries both in medicine and surgery. 
In 1847 ho removed to New York. 

Sullivan, William, LL.D. (H.U. 1826), 
lawyer and scholar, b. Saco, Me., 30 Nov. 
1774; d. Boston 3 Sept. 1839. H.U. 1792. 
Son of Gen. James. He acquired a lucrative 
practice at the Suffolk bar ; was frequently a 
member of the legisl. and council of Ms. be- 
tween 1804 and 1830; a delegate to the State 
Const. Conv. of 1820; brig.-gen. of militia; 
and was a member of the Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences, of the Ms. Hist. Soe., and of the Amer. 
Philos. Soc. He was an elegant belles-lettres 
scholar, and a persuasive orator. He pub., he- 
sides addresses, " Familiar Letters on the 
Public Men of the Revol.," 1834, in vin- 
dication of the Federal party ; " Sea-Life," 
1837 ; " Political Class-Book," 1830 ; " Moral 
Class-Book," 1833; "Hist. Class-Book;" 
" Historical Causes and Effects," 1837. To an 
enlarged edition of " The Public Men of the 
Rcvol.," Phila. 1847, his Life was prefixed by 
his son, John Tdrner Saroeant, b. Bos- 
ton, 1813, d. there 30 Dec. 1848. He was 
educated in Germany; practised Law in Phila. 
and St. Louis ; and was the author of many 
well-known songs and translations from the 
German. His social and convivial qualities 
were extraordinary. 

Sully, Alfred, brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Pa. ab. 1820. West Point, 1841. Entering 
the 2d Inf., he served in Florida war 1841-2 ; at 
the siege of Vera Cruz, Mex.,Mar. 1847 ; capt. 
2d Inf. 23 Feb. 1862; col. 1st Minn. Vols. 22 
Feb. 1862 ; maj. 8th Inf. 15 Mar. 1862 ; brig.- 
gen. vols. 26 Sept. 1862 ; lieut.-col. 3d Inf. 28 
July, 1866; assigned to 19th Inf. 15 Dec. 1870. 
He com. a brigade in the Peninsular campaign ; 
and was brev. lieut.-col. 1 June, 1862, for Fair 
Oaks; col. 1 July, 1862, for Malvern Hill; 
was engaged at South Mountain, Antictam, 
Fredericksburg, and Chaneellorsville ; com. a 
brigade in Dakotah in 186.3-6; and 13 Mar. 
1865 was brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant 
and merit, services in campaign against the In- 
dians in the North-west, and at the baiilc of 
White-stone Hill, Dak. Terr., 3 Sept. 1863.— 
Culhm. 

Sully, Thomas, painter, b. Hornrastic, 
Lincolnshire, Eng., June, 1783. He came to 
the U.S. with his parents, who were players, in 
1792, and began to paint in 1798 at Charleston, 
S.C. He established himself as a port.-painter 
in Richmond, Va., in 180.3, and a few years 
after in N.Y., where he had a lucrative practice. 
In 1809 he went to Phila.. where he has since 
resided , specially excel ling in delineating female 



884 



sum: 



loveliness. Among his large works are full- 
lengths of George Frederic Cooke as " Richard 
the Third," Dr. Renjamin Rusli, Commodore 
Decatur, Jefferson, and Lafayette. His well- 
known picture of " Washington crossing the 
Delaware" is in possession of the Boston Mu- 
seum. During a visit to Eng. in 1837-8, he 
painted a full-length of Queen Victoria, es- 
teemed a very faitliful likeness. His portraits 
of Cooke, Mrs. Wood the singer, and Fanny 
Kemble, are among the most successful of his 
efforts. 

Summerfield, John, an eloquent preach- 
er, b. Prestoa, Kiig. Jan. 31, 1798; d. N.Y. 
June 13, 1825. A..\I. of N.J. Coll. 1822. He 
was educated at a Moraviim school ; was des- 
tined liy his lather for the Mcth. ministry, and 
exhibited great precocity of intellect, but, fall- 
ing into bad habits, was at one time in prison 
in Liverpool. His father removed to Dublin 
in 1813, where, at the age of 19, the son joined 
the Wesleyan soriety. Becoming a preacher 
in the Irish conf. in 1819, he in 1821 came with 
his father to Amer., and was received as a 
preacher in the N.Y. conf. In 1822 he visited 
Phila., Baltimore, and Washington : hut his 
constitution, naturally feeble, gave way ; and, to 
restore his health, he sailed in December for 
France. After visiting Eng., he returned to 
N.Y. in April, 1824, with little improvement 
of health, but continued to travel, and to preach 
with great success, and aided in founding the 
Amir. 'rr;irt Sorirtv. His "Sermons, and 
Ski'trlic^ 1,1 s 1 PI HIS," were pub. in N.Y., one 
vol. Sii,, ami a Hii^L^iaphv, by John Holland, 
8vo, >\Y. ls-:i. 

Summers, Thomas Osmond, D.D., 
clergyman, b. near Corfo Castle, Dorsetshire, 
Eng.; Oct U, 1812. He came to the U.S. in 
his 18th year. Became a Meth. in 1832; 
began to preach in 1834 ; adm. to the Baltimore 
conf. in 1835 ; and app. on tlie Augusta cir- 
cuit, Va., where he had to travel 250 miles, 
and preach 30 sermons, a month. In Dec. 
1840 he was one of the 9 preachers who con- 
stituted the first Texas conf. ; in 1 844 he was 
a member of that of Ala. ; sec. of the conv. 
at Louisville, Kv., at whidi Clie M.E. Church 
south was uiu I'li I 111 1 111 1846 was app. 
assist, editor 1 • 'nixtian Adonnate, 

and chairman 1 ' • ■ i i ,,iimpile the new 
hvmn-book ; in 1 • i 1|. -a a . rlretcdby thoGcn. 
Conf. its editor of books and tracts, of the 6''/h- 
daji-sdmol I7s(ior, and in 1858 also of its Quar- 
tmi/ Ri'view. He has been see. of every general 
conlcrcnce. Beside numerous tracts and 
painplilcts, he has written "A Treatise on 
Bapii-ni," "A Treatise on Holiness," "The 
Sunday-School Teacher," " Seasons, Months, 
and Days," " Talks Pleasant and Profitable," 
" The cJolden Cciiscr," " Scripture Catechism," 
2 vol^., aad a " Refutation of Thomas Paine's 
Theological Writini;s." 

Sumner, Ch.vrles, LL.D. (H.XJ. 1859), 
orator and statesman, b. Boston, Jan. 6, 1811. 
H.U. 18.10; Camb. Law School, 1834. Job, 
his grandfather, major Revol. armv. d. 16 Sept. 
1789. Charles Pinckney. his father (b. Milton, 
Ms., 20 Jan. 1776, d. Boston 2 Apr. 1839, 
H.U. 1796), high sheriff of Suffolk Co. 182.5-39, 
pub. " Eulogy on Washington," 1800; " The 



Compass," a poem, del. at H.U. Sept. 179.5 ; 
and delivered addresses and poems on various 
occasions. Charles began practice at Boston, 
1834, and was app. reporter of the Circuit 
Court; lectured to the Camb, Law Srhool in 
1835-7, 1843; travelled in Kiiro|„- in l^:::-10, 
1857-S, and in 1851 succeed.-il D mill \\i !,-t r 
as U.S. senator. After the ilrlnn-y ofhis 
famous speech, "The Crime against Kansas," 
May 19-20, 1856, he was assaulted, while in 
his seat, by Preston S. Brooks, M.C. from S. 
Carolina, and so severely injured as to be un- 
able to resume bis public duties for 3 or 4 years. 
He took an active ]iart as a public speaker in 
opposition to the anntxatiou of Texas, in sup- 
port of Van Burcn for the presidency in 1S48, 
and was identified with the peace and anti- 
slavery movements of the day. In the senate 
ho opposed the fugitive-slave act in a speech, in 
whiih he declared, " Freedom is national, and 
sUu-rvv seriiiiiial " III the ilrliates on the 
rr|i.;.I of il- Mi--i.ii)i C.iini.riiini-.^an.i on the 
(■..im-t in K 111-,,-, li,' t...ik a l,'ai|)n- part. On 

was on " The IJarbarisin ot si,,\ i , ," ,1 t, 

1860. He etu-ly proposed em,: , ,■ 

speediest method of ending III' I, n-l 

from Mar. 4, 1861, to 187ii. \v,i- ,1, ,ii i,,,iii ,.f 
the senate com. on foreign atliurs. In 1,'^31 he 
became chief editor of the Amer. Jurist ; edited 
"Dunlapon Admiralty," 1836 ; 3 vols.of Cir- 
cuit-Ct. Reports, 1829-39; with J. C. Per- 
kins, edited Vesey's " Chaiinn T?'i„,iiv" M 
vols. 8vo; wrote for GaVi.jnn \< a 

defence of our N.E. boun 1 , ,, ,1 

.•-uggested to Mr. Wheaton a w , , k mi i',, !,aw 
of Nations, Among his orations, speeches, 
are '■ llie rriie Orandeur of Nations," 1845; 
■■ The .'^.■liiilar, the Jurist, the Artist, the 
l'l,ilaiuhro| i-t," 1846; "Fame and Glorv," 
1847; " White Slavery in thi' I'll i, ill 1 Sill'.," 
1847; "Law of Human I'l i ; 

" Finger-Point from Plynioir i: I ;; 

" Landmark of Freedom," 1 ^,'4 : '11,- .Vnn- 
slavery Enterprise," 1855; "Position and 
Duties of the Merchant," 1855 ; " Our Foreign 
Relations," 1863 ; " The Case of the Florida," 
1864; "The Provisions of the Decl. of In- 
dep. ; " " Eulogy on Abraham Lincoln," 1865 ; 
" The National Seouritv and the National 
Faith," 1865; "Our Claims on England," 
Apr. 13, 1869. A coll. of his speeches was 
pub. 2 vols. 18.50; recent speeches and ad- 
dresses, 1856 ; his complete works, with a 
Memoir by Dr. Charles A. Phelps, are now in 
press (Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1870-2). 

Sumner, Edwin Vose, maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Boston, Ms., J.in. 1796 : d. Syracuse, N.Y., 
Mar. 21, 1863. Son of Seth. His youth was 
passed at Jlilton : and his early education was 
reri ill 1 :,( ih ::. ,1,1. thcrc. At 15 he entered 
a 11, I : ■ 'li-hmcnt at Montreal, and in 

1-1 i, 111-11, I I ii same career with Stephen 
llijjiii 1 I. I II , 111 Boston. App. in March, 
IMo, J I ii lit _il Inf., he served in the Black- 
Ilimk »ai ; l-t lieut. July, 1823; capt. 2d 
Di.iyoons, Marrh, 1833 ; served manyyearson 
the Indian I'loiuier; maj. 2d Dragoons, June 
30, 1846; in April, 1847, led the famous cavalry 
charge at Cerro Gordo ; wounded, and brevet- 
tcd lieut.-col. ; disting. at Contreras and Churu- 



sum: 



885 



sum: 



bnsco ; and at Molino del Rcy com. the entire 
cavalry, holding in check 5,000 Mexican lan- 
cers; for his gallantry brev. col.; disting. in 
Col. Harney's affair at Medelin, Mex., Mar. 2.5, 
1847; lieut. -col. 1st Drags. July 13, 1848; col. 
Mar. 3, 18.i5 ; milit. gov. of N. Mexico 1851-3, 
when selected for special duty in Europe. In 
July, 1857, he led a successful exjied. against 
lhe"Cheyennes, whom he defeated at Solomon's 
Fork of the Kansas River. In March, 1861, 
he superseded Gen. A. S. Johnston iu the com. 
of the Pacific dept. ; became brig.-gen. Mar. 
16, ISGl ; maj.-gcn. U.S. Vols. July 11, 1862 ; 
brev. maj.--un. U.S.A. May 21, 1862. He 
com. the Ist corps in the Army of the Potomac ; 
com. tlie left wing at the siege of Yorktown ; 
and was in all the battles of the Peninsula, 
and twice wounded. At Fair Oaks he ren- 
dered most important service, and earned his 
promotion. Assigned to com. the 2d corps on 
the re-organization of the army, he was wounded 
at Antictam ; and at Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. 
ofti 
eft two sons, Edwin 
n., and Samuel S., both capts. of 
U.S.A. 

George, M.D., physician, and 
prof, of boianv at Trin. Coll., Hartford, b. Pom- 
fret, Ct., Dec" 19, 1793; d. Hartford, B'eb. 20, 
1855. Y.C. 1813. lie studied med. at New 
Haven and at Phila. ; established himself in 
Hartford in 1819, and for several years deliv- 
ered lectures on botany to young ladies. In 1820 
he pub. a compendium of Physiological and 
Systematic Botany. 

Sumner, George, son of C. P., and bro. 
of Charles, b. Boston, Feb. :., 1^17 ; .1. tlirro 
Oct. 6, 1863. He studied ai ll<M,il»m ,m<[ 

Berlin, and travelled mam vr:N> m I. ]ii. 

Asia, and Africa, acquainiing liini^' II « nh m- 
ternat. law, the codes politic, instituliuus 
and philanthropic organizations, of each coun- 
try. To his labors, in conjunction with those 
of Dr. S. G. Howe, we owe the establishment 
here of schools for idiots. He was often con- 
sulted by foreign govts, upon questions of polit. 
economy; and such men as Humboldt and De 
Tocqueville paid tribute to his learning and 
accuracy. Between Nov. 1 and Mar. 15, 1860, 
he delivered 102 lectures in the U.S. He ])ub. 
Memoirs of the Pilgrims at Levden, " Ms. Hist. 
Colls.," 3d scr. vol. ix. : " The Pa. System of 
Prison Discipline," 1847; "Progress of Re- 
form in France," 1853; oration bcf. the city 
authorities of Boston, July 4,1859. Author 
also of many articles in American and foreign 
periodicals. — Altibone. 

Sumner, Incre.ise, LL.D., judge, and 
gov. of Ms. 1797-9, b. Roxbury, Nov. 27, 
1746; d. June 7, 1799. H.U. 1767. His an- 
cestor William, of Oxfordshire, Eng., settled 
in Dorchester, Ms., ab. 1635, and held various 
public offices. Increase his father, a prosper- 
ous farmer, d. Nov. 28, 1774. The son taught 
school at Roxbury two years, studied law in 
the office of Samuel Qnincy, was adm. to tlie 
bar in 1770, and commenced practice in Rox- 
burv. Representative in 1776-80 ; a senator in 
1780-2 ; and in Aug. 1782-97 was an assoc. 
judge of the Sup. Jud. Court ; member of the 
State Const. Conv. 1779, and in 1789 of that 



assembled for the adoption of the Federal Con- 
stitution. He m. Elizabeth, dau. of William 
Hyslop. — Gineal. Ilg., viii. 105. 

Sumner, Gen. Jethro, b. Va. ; d. War- 
ren Co., N.C. Wm. his father emig. from 
England ab. 1690, and settled near Sufiblk, 
Va. Jethro was in 1760 app. paymaster in the 
prov. arniv of that State, and corn, of Fort 
Cumberland. Bv the Prov. Coimre^s which 
met at llalilax, Apr. 4, 1776, he was app. col. 
ofihe.'idK.'m., withwIiMli Ik- juiiicd ilie army 
ofWashin^'t.in at the ii.irrh ; .Ian. 9, 1 779, he 
wasapp. a bri;:',-^ n iiiii:''"iii !\ii , ami in 
1780 was enga;;i li :■ near 

Camden. He \'. - ^ i N.C. 

until he joined ( .iviik' npiin iii>' Huh I iiiis of 
Santee. He was at the liattle ot laitaw ; and, 
after the abduction of Governor Burke, he was 
sent by Greene into N.C. to overawe the Tories 
and encourage the Whigs. After the war, 
Gen. Sumner m. a wealthy widow at Newbern. 
He was buried near old Shocco Chapel, and 
Bute Old Court House. His dau. m. Hon. 
Thus. Blount of Edgecombe. — Wheeler's N. V. 

Sumner, Gen. William Hyslop, b. 
Dorchester, Ms., 4 Julv, 1780; d. Jamaica 
Plain, Ms., 24 Oct. 186"l. H.U. 1799. Son 
of Gov. Increase. He studied and practised 
law in Boston; was a member of the Ms. 
legisl. in 1808-19, and adj.-gen. in 1818-34. 
Active in the improvement and settlement of 
East Boston. He pub. " Memoir of Gov. Inc. 
Sumner," and "Reminiscences," 1S54; and a 
" History of East Boston," 8vo, 1858. — See 
Geneul. 'Re;/., 1862. 

Sumter, Thomas, maj.-gen., b. Va. 1734; 
il. at hi^ iv;,alenee, SouthMount., nearCamdeii, 
S.t' , .liiiir 1, 1832. He was a vol. ill the old 
I r. iM h \> ai- ; was present at Bnuldock's defeat, 
and caily in life removed to the upper part of 
S.C'. He took part in the warfare against the 
Cherokees, and at its close aceomp. "Oconos- 
totah," or the "Emperor," to Eng. on a visit, 
returning home in 1763. He was prominent 
in the early ante-Revol. movements at Charles- 
ton ; in March, 1776, was app. lieut.-eul. 2d' 
Uegt. of riflemen, and stationed in the interior 
of the State to overawe Indians and loyal- 
ists. On the fall of Charleston in May, 1780, 
Sumter, then a col., took refuge in the swamps 
of the Santee, and, on the burning and rava- 
ging of liis estate; retired to N.C., where he 
soon raised a larger force than he could arm ; 
July 12, 1780, he attacked a British detach- 
ment on the Catawba, totally routed and dis- 
persed the whole force, killed" Capt. Huck, who 
com. the British, and Col. Ferguson, who com. 
the Tories. This success brought liim re-en- 
foreements, and with 600 men he made a spi- 
rited attack on the post at Rocky Mount, 
Aug. 1, but, having no artillery, was repulsed. 
In July he had been made a brig.-gen. in the 
State militia. Aug. 6 he attacked the post at 
Hanging Hock, where he annihilated the 
Prince of Wales's regt., and put to flight a huge 
body of N.C. Tories; on the 16th Aug. he 
captured a valuable convoy on the road from 
Charleston to Camden, but on the 18th was over- 
taken, surprised, and completely routed by 
Tarleton at Fishing Creek ; in 3 days, how- 
ever, he was again at the head of a respectable 



force. He shifted his position frequently in 
tlievicinity of Broad, Ennoree, and Tigerrivers, 
maintaining a continual skirmishing with the 
enemy, beating up their quarters, cutting off 
their supplies, and harassing them by incessant 
incursions and alarms. Nov. 12, ho was at- 
tacked at Broad River by a British corps, 
whom he defeated, taking prisoner their com., 
Maj. Wemys. Nov. 20, he was attacked at 
Blaikstocks by Tarleton, whom he lepulsed 
alter a severe and obstinate action. Sumter, 
however, received a severe wound in the slioul- 
der, which for S'evcral niuntlis interrupted his 
gallant career. Jan. 13, 1781, he received the 
thanks of Congress for Iiis eminent services. 
Cornwallis, writing to Tarleton alter this affair, 
says, " 1 shall be very glad to hear that Sum- 
ter is in a condition to give us no further trou- 
ble. Ho certainly has been our greatest 
plague in this country." Recovering from his 
wound early in Feb. 1781, he crossed the Con- 
paree, and destroyed the magazines at Fort 
Granby ; two days after, ho defeated an escort 
of the enemy, and captured the wagons and 
stores they were conveying to Camden. At- 
tacked on the Broad River by Maj. Fraser 
with a large force, he repulsed him with loss. 
In March, 1781, he raised 3 regts., and co-op- 
erated with Marion until the end of the war, 
striking many successful blows. May 10, 1781, 
he captured the British post at Orangeburg; 
he soon after captured the posts at Dorchester 
and Monk's Corner. He was a distinguished 
member of the conv. to adopt the Federal 
Const., which he approved. He was minister 
to Brazil in 1809-11; M.C. in 1789-93 and 
1797-1802; and U.S. senator in 1801-10. His 
son Col. T110.M.A.S d. near Statesburg, B.C., 
June 15, lS40,a. 71. 

Sunderland, Rev. L.\ Rov, b. Exeter, 
R.I., 1804; 'became a Meth. pieacher at Wal- 
polc, Ms., 1823. He has lectured and pub. on 
the subjects of temperance, slavery, Mormon- 
ism, magnetism, patlietism. sijiiitiiiili^ra, and 
the method of healiiii; v, ,:l,. ,• mmI,, Ed- 
ited the Watchman, X 1 1 ; Mil- Mag- 
net, 1842-3; the i'/.i. il , i; - i m, 18.'JU- 
2; and has contrib. tu^j.,'- IIliiuU, Christ. 
Advocate, Meth. Quart. ILv., UmI. Investiijator, 
Spiritual Telegraph, N.Y., smi Uerald of Prog- 
ress. — Allibone. 

Susini (Hinckley) Isabella, vocalist; 
d. New York, July 6, 1862. Dau. of a physi- 
cian of Albany. She early manifested a taste for 
music ; and, her voice being an excellent sopra- 
no, great care was spent upon her vocal educa- 
tion. At 17 she went to Italy; studied there 
2 years under the Jjest masters ; then appeared 
in Italian opera in several European capitals, 
and on her return, in several American cities, 
being everywhere favorably received. In 1861 
she in. Sig. Susini, the well-known basso. 

Suteliff, Robert, a Friend, in mercantile 
business at Sheffield, removed with his family 
to the vicinity of Phila. in 1811, and d. in that 
year of a fever contracted while assisting in ex- 
tingni^liing a fire. Author of " Travels in 
Some Farts of X.A. in 1SQ4-6," Phila. 1812. — 
Allihone. 

Sutherland, Joel B., b. 1791 ; d. Phila. 
Nov. 15, 1801. U. of Pa. 1812. He served in 



tlie war of 1812; was afterward in the Pa. 
legisl. ; M.C. 1827-37, and chairman of the 
com. on commerce 1835-7 ; and a judge of the 
Phila. C. C. Pleas. Author of "Manual of 
Legislative Practice," 1830; "Congressional 
Manual," 1839. 

SutlifTe, Albert, poet, b. Meriden, Ct., 
ah. 1830. Pub. a vol. of poems, Boston, 1859. 
He contrib. to the National Era, Genius of the 
West, Cinein., 1854. Taught a private school 
in Ky. ; and since 1855 has resided in Minne- 
sota. — See Fuels and Poetri) of the West. 

Suydam, James A., landscape-painter, 
b. New York; d. N. Conway, N.U., Sept. 15, 
1865. He was of an old N.Y. family ; possessed 
a competency, and devoted much' of his time 
and income to the encouragement of art and 
the aid of struggling merit. His " Long-Island 
Shore" is a characteristic landscape. — Tucker- 

Swain, David Lowry, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1841), statesman and educator, b. ne.ir Ashe- 
ville, N.C., Jan. 4, 1 801 ; d. Chapel Hill, N.C., 
Sept. 3, 1868. U. of N.C. His father was b. 
Roxbury, Ms. He was adm. to the N.C. bar in 
1823; soon entered on a lucrative practice; 
in 1824 was elected to represent Buncombe Co. 
in the house of commons ; in 1831 was app. a 
judge of the Sup. Court ; in 1 832-5 was gov. 
of the State; and from that time until his 
death was pres. of the U. of N.C. He pub. 
" British Invasion of N.C. in 1776," 8vo, 1853; 
and contrib. manv valuable papers on the His- 
tory ofN.C.to the Uniuersili/ Mag. — SeeN.E. 
Hist. Geneal. Reg., xxiv. 349. 

Swain, Col. James B., engr. in chief 
State of N.Y., b. N.Y. City 1820. Has pub. 
" Life and Speeches of Henty Clav," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1842; " Military Hist, of N.Y. 1861-5," 
3 vols. 8vo; Editor Hudson-River Chronicle 
1843-9 ; co-editor .V. Y. Trllmne 1849-51 ; 
Vaibi Times 1851-7; editor Albany Statesman 
1856-61. — J/Wwie. 

Swan, Maj. Caleb, paymaster Rcvol. 
army, and paymaster-gen. U.S.A. 1792-1 SOS; 
d. Washington, D.C., Nov. 20, 1809. He jnib. 
" Some Account, &c., of the N. Western Lakes 
of America," 1798. Caleb, schoolmaster, 
trader, and commiss. in the Revol. army (son 
of Col. Joshua of Methnen, Ajir. 12, 1718), d. 
Jan. 17, 1793. Caleb, lieut. in Hale's regt. 
at capture of Louisburg, 1745. 

Swan, Col. James, merchant, politician, 
soldier, and author before the age of 22, b. 
Fifeshire, Scotland, 1754; d. Paris, 18 Mar. 
1831. Ho came very young to Boston; was 
a clerk in a store; pub. in 1772 "A Dissua- 
sion to Great Britain and the Colonies from 
the Slave-Trade to Africa ; " was one of the 
"Boston Tea-Party" in Dec. 1773; was sec. 
of the patriotic assemblies of the time ; ac- 
comp. Gen. Warren as his aide to Bunker's 
Hill, and was wounded at his side; next acted 
as treasurer and receiver-gen. ; became a capt. 
in Craft's regt. of art. in 1776, and took part 
in the exped. which drove the British fleet out 
of Boston harbor; was sec. to the Ms. Board 
of War ; member of the legisl. in 1778 ; and 
afterwards adj.-gen. of Ms. Deeply in debt, he 
went to Paris in 1787 ; became known there by 
his work on the Commerce of the U.S. with 



887 



STVI 



a fortune; came to the U.S. in 1795, and dis- 
played great charity and munificence. Re- 
turning to Europe in 1798, he was engaged in 
commercial affairs of great magnitude. Un the 
claim of a German with whom he had dealt, 
Swan was imprisoned in St. Pelagie, in Paris, 
in 1815, and remained there until Jul}', 1830; 
keeping up all the wliile an indefatigable 
litigation in the French courts. He was a 
man of large enterprise and benevolence, man- 
ly in pcr.son, and dignified in manner. His 
6ther works are "On the Fisheries," 1784; 
"Fisheries of Ms.," 1786; "National Arith- 
metic," 1786; &c. 

Swan, Joseph R., of Columbus, O., b. 
WesternviUe, N.Y., 1802. Has pub. " Trea- 
tise on Justices," 8th ed., 186a ; " Statutes of 
Ohio," 2 vols. 8vo, 1860; "Manual for Ex- 
ecutors and Administrators," 1843 ; " Practice 
and Pleadings," 2 vols. 8vo, 1860; " Com- 
mentaries on Pleadings," &c., 1860; "Supple- 
ment to the Hev. Statutes of Ohio," 1869. — 
— Allibone. 

Swan, Timothy, of SufBeld, Ct., compos- 
er; d. Northficld, July 23, 1842, a. 82. Author 
of " China," " Poland," and other pieces of 
sacred music ; also " New-England Harmony," 
1801. 

Swan, William Draper, many years 
principal of the Mayhew Grammar School, 
Boston, afterward a bookseller and prominent 
politician in that citv, b. Dorchester 17 Nov. 
1809 ; d. there 2 Nov. 1864. Member of the 
Ms. senate 1862. Author of a valuable series 
of Readers, and in connection with his bro. 
Robert, and Daniel Leach, of a series of Arith- 
metics; also "The Critic Criticised, andWorces- 
ter Vindicated," 8vo, ISCO. 

Swartwout, Gen. Robert ; d. New York, 
July 19, 1848. Son of a Revol. soldier. Col. 
N.Y. militia; served in N.Y. harbor, Aug.- 
Nov. 1812 ; quarterm.-gen. (rank of brig.-gen.) 
21 Mar. 1813; and com. 4th brigade in cam- 
paign of 1813 on the St. Lawrence, and suc- 
ceeded to the com. on the fall of Gen. Coving- 



3, Gen. John Wager, b. Colum- 
bus, 0.,"l835. Y.C. 1856. Son of Judge Noah 
H. Swayne. He practised law at Columbus. 
Was made maj. 43d O. Inf., which he accomp. 
to the field, in Feb. 1862 ; fought at luka and 
Corinth ; was made col. ; served in all the 
marches and battles of the Atlanta campaign ; 
lost a leg at Sfllkahatchie ; was made brig, 
and maj. gen. (20 June, 1865); and was after- 
ward assist, eommiss. of refugees, freedmen, 
an<l al>andoned lands ; col. 45th Inf. 28 July, 
1866; and retired 1 July, 1870. 

Swayne, Noah Hatnes, LL.D. (Dartm. 
1863), app. a justice U.S. Sup. Court 4 Jan. 
1862; b. Culpeper Co., Va., 27 Dec. 1804. 
While an apothecary's clerk in Alexandria, he 
acquired some education ; began the study of 
law at Warrenton, and, on his admission to the 
bar in 1824, settled at Coehoeton, O. Mcmlier 
of the legisl. 1829; U. S. dist.-atty. 1830-9; 
chosen judge of C.C.P. in 1834, but declined 
the office; again in the legisl. in 1836, and took 
a leading part in organizing asylums and insti- 
tutions for the blind, the lunatic, and the deaf 



and dumb His district comprises Ohio, Michi- 
gan, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 

Sweat, Mrs. Margaret Jane Mdssey, 
b. Portland, Me., 18l'3. Has pub. "Ethel's 
Love-Life," 1859; "Highways of Travel," 
1859. She has been a contrib. to the N. A. Re- 
view. — Allibone. 

Sweeny, Gen. Thomas W., b. Ireland, 
1818. Came to the U.S. in childhood; was 
2d lieut. of N.Y. Vols, in Mexican war ; lost an 
arm at Churubusco ; capt. 2d U.S. Inf. Jan. 
1861 ; col. of vols. Mav, 1861 ; brig.-gen. 29 
Nov. 1862; maj. 6th U.S. Inf. Oct. 20, 1863. 
He disting. himself at Wilson's Creek, Mo., 
and was severely wounded ; col. 52il 111. Vols. 
Jan. 1862; engaged at Fort Donclson, Shiloh, 
siege of Corinth, battles of Iiika and Corinth 
(wounded) ; com. division in Atlanta campaign, 
and engaged at Snake -tree Gap, Resaca, 
Dallas, Kcnesaw Mountain, and the battle of 
Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Received a silver med- 
al from the city of N.Y. for services in Mex. 
war, and a second from the city of Brooklyn 
for services in the civil war. Retired brig.-gen. 
U.S.A. 11 May, \870 — Henri/. 

Sweet, Dr. Charles, a surgeon of emi- 
nent skill in the treatment of fractured, di^lo. 
catcd, and diseased bones ; b. Lebanon, Ct., 
Dec. 11, 1811. Resides there. Son of Dr. 
Benoni, also an eminent surgeon, who d. al 
Lebanon, Aug. 1840, a. 80. 

Sweetser, Charles Humphreys, b. 
Athol, 25 Aug. 1841 ; d. Pilatka, Fla., Jan. 1, 
1871. Amh. Coll. 1862. Author of " Songs 
of Amherst," I860; " Hist, of Amh. Coll.," 
1860; "Tourist's Guide to the North-west," 
1867. He founded the Round Table; was con- 
nected with the N.Y. Evening Gazette; in 1867 
began the Evenimi Mail, and in 1869 the Cilij, 
both in New York. 

Swett, John Appleton, M.D., ph3-sician, 
b. Boston, Dec. 3, 1803; d. I^w York 18 
Sept. 1854. H.U. 1828. He practised medi- 
cine for a time in New Yoriv ; spent 18 months 
in Europe, in 1835-6, attending the medical 
schools of Paris. He was in 1842 elected one 
of the phj'sicians of the N.Y. Hospital, and in 
1852 pub. his " Treatise on the Diseases of the 
Chest." In 1853 he was app. pr^f. of the 
theory and practice of medicine in the N.Y. 
U. About 1840 he was associated with Dr. 
Watson as editor of the N. Y. Jour, of Medicine. 

Swett, Col. Samuel, soldier and military 
writer, b. Newburyporl, Ms., June 9, 1782 ; d. 
Boston, Oct. 28, 1866. H.U. 1800. A lawyer; 
afterward a merchant. Served on the staff of 
Gen. Izard, on the northern frontier, in the war 
of 1812, with rank of major. Rep. in Ms. legis- 
lature. He pub. an Account of the Bunker's- 
hill Battle, 1826; Sketches of Disting. Men 
of Newburyport ; " Who was the Commander 
at Bunker Hill?"&c., 1850. 

Swift, Col. Heman, a Revol. officer, b. 
Sandwich, Ms., 1733; d. Cornwall, Ct., Nov. 
14, 1814. His father Jabc-z settled in Kent 
soon after his birth. Heman at an carlv age 
was a lieut. of provincials in the French war, 
serving on the northern frontier, and scrvel 
throughout the Revol. as a col. in the Cont. 
line. He afterward resided in Cornwall, held 
various civil offices under the State govt., and 



SYJM 



for 1 2 years in succession was a member of tlie 
council. Judge of Litchfield Co. Court. 
Swift, Gen. Joseph Gardner, LL.D. 

(Keny. Coll. 184.3), b. Nantucket, Dec. 31, 1783 ; 
d. Gcnevii, N.Y., Jiilv ii:i, ISC.^. Son of Dr. 
Foster Swift, Mir'jr,,ii'l' S aiiiiv. Knst grad. 
West I'.Hii, jlKHi, ,„...) (),f I'j, I Ml- capt. 
Oct. IMI,,; ,,i:i|- 1-M,. j:;, IM.S ; ;,i,|.: lo Gen. 
Piuelvney 1^1-; Ueiu. eul. July G, IS12; col. 
and principal eng. July 31, 1812; chief eng. in 
planning the defences of N.Y. harbor 1812-13, 
and of the array in the campaign of 1813 on 
the St. Lawrence ; brev. brig.-gen. for merito- 
rious services, Feb. 19, 1814; supt. of Military 
Acad. Nov. 1816 to Jan. 1817; resigned Nov. 
1818, with a numlier of other officers of the 
corps, on the app. of the French gen. Bernnrd to 
the charge of investigating and moditying the 
coiist-delcnces. U.S. surveyor of the port of 
N.Y. 1818-27; civil eng. U.S. service; supt. 
of harbor improvements on the Lakes 182y-45. 
In the winter of 1830-1 he constructed the 
railroad from N. Orleans to Lake Pontchar- 
train over an unfathomable swamp ; in 1839 
he was chief eng. of the Harlem Railroad, N.Y. ; 
in 1841 he was sent by Pres. Harrison on an 
embassy of peace to the govs, of Canada, New 
Brunswick, and N. Scotia; in 1851-2, with his 
son McRay Swift, he mnde the tnnr of Kurope, 
recording his observations in a ,|i;nv, in which 
is acomplete history of \V(--iriiiMi ArnJ. His 
bro. JouN, brig.-gen. N.V. luilitm, uas killed 
July 12, 1814, in a suceesslul e.-iped. he com- 
manded, after cutting off a |iicket of the enemy, 
near Fort George, Upper Canada. 

Swift, Samuel, LL.D. (Midd.Coll. 1860), 
son of Rev. Job, b. Amenia, N.Y., 3 Aug. 1782. 
D.C. 1800. Tutor in Midd. Coll. 1800-2 ; sec. 
of State of Vt.; judge of probate, Addison Co., 
1819-41 ; judge of County Court 18.')5-7. He 
pub. Hist, of Middlebury, Vt., 1859, and of 
Adilistjn, Vt., 1859 ; two addresses; and in 
1812-13 edited a political paper. 

Swift, Zephaniah, LL.D. (Y.C. 1817), ju- 
rist, b. Wareham, Ms., Feb. 1759 ; d. Warren, 
O., Sept. 27, 1823. Y.C. 1778. He practised 
law at Windham extensively, and with high 
reputation; was M.C. 1793-6 ; in 1800 accomp. 
Mr. Kll^wcnih to Fiance as sec; in 1801 was 
a|)p. a ]r.A-,- (.1 till Sup. Court ; and in 1806- 
19 wa^riii, I ju-ti.v. He was a member of the 
Hartford r.aiv.ntion; was afterwards a mem- 
ber of the .State legisl., and was one of a com. 
to revise the statute laws of the State. He 
pub. a Digest of the Laws of Ct. in 2 vols., 
an oration on Domestic Slavery, a System of 
the Laws of Ct., a Digest of the Laws of 
Evidence, and a treatise on Bills of Exchange. 

Swinton, William, b. Edinburgh, Apr. 
23, 1833. Came in 1843 to Amer., and studied 
atAmh.Coll. Prof, of laiejiiuL;. ^ at ll.lu'eworth 
Female Seni., GreenboriMijli. N (' , l>..;; prof. 
Mt. Wash. Coll. Inst., XV. ( l:^, Iv.t; A.M. 
of Amh. Coll. 1866; now pn.l. ,,l hrllr^-lettres, 
U. of Cal. Author of " Rambles among 
Words," 1859 ; " The Times' Review of M'Clel- 
lan," 1864 ; " Campaigns of the Army of the 
Potomac," 1866; "The 12 Decisive Battles 
of the War," 1867 ; " Hist, of the N.Y. 7th 
Regt. during the Rebellion," 1870. Mr. S. 
was corresp. of the N. Y. Times, and present 



at many battles. He has contrib. to Putnam's 
and the Allaiillr mags., and is engaged on a 
Historv of the War of Secession in the U.S. 

Swisshelm, JIrs. Jane G. C, b. Wilkins- 
buig, I'a., isii;. Editor Piltslmrff Sat. Visitor, 
1845-56 ; Si. 0\,u,l I'isilur and St. Cloud Dem- 
ocriil, 1858, </ .sr(/. ('..iitiiljuted to magazines 
and journals. — . I// *o»c. 

Swords, Gen. Tuomas, b. N.Y. ab. 1809. 
West Point, 1829. Grandson of Capt. Thos., 
a British officer who d. in N.Y. City 1780. 
His father was well known in N.Y. City as the 
senior member of the well-known Episcopal 
book-house, T. & J. Swords. Entering the 
4 th Inf., he became 1st licut. dragoons, 4 Mar. 
1833; capt. 3 Mar. 1837; capt. and assist, 
qinr. 7 July, 1838; maj. 21 Apr. 1846 ; lieut.- 
eol. and dep. qmr.-gen. 1 Aug. 1856 ; col. and 
assist, qmr.-gen. 3 Aug. 1861 ; chief quartm. 
Army of the West, 1846-7, and engaged at 
San Pasqual, Cal., 6 Dec. 1846, and at Vera 
Cruz ; brev. lieut.-col. 30 May, 1848, for merit, 
services in the enemy's country; chief quartm. 
dept. of the Cumberland and of the Ohio, 
1861-5, and engaged in the battle of Chicka- 
maiiga, Ga., Sept. 19-20, 1863; brev. brig, 
and maj. gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 ; ret. 22 
Feb. 1869. — C«/;«m. 

Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett 
Thomp.son, baron, gov. of Brit. N.A. from Oct. 
16, 1839, to his d. at Kingston, Sept. 19, 1841 ; 
b. 1799. A merchant until 1830 ; M.P. 1826 ; 
pres. of the board of trade 1834 and in 1835-9. 
Made Baron Sydenham, Aug. 10, 1840. He 
successfully promoted the union of Canada, 
consummated during his administration. 

Sykes, George, brev. maj.-gcn. U.S.A., 
b. Md. ab. 1823. West Point, 1842. He en- 
tered the 3d Inf.; became 1st lieut. 21 Sept. 
1846; brev. capt. for Cerro Gordo, April 18, 
1847; a.'-sist. commissary of sulLsisteiiee with 
Twiggs's div. of the Array of Mexico ; capt. 
30 Sejit. 1855; niaior 14th"lnf. May 14, ISGl ; 
lient.-e-ol. 5th Inf. bet. 16, 1863; eol. 20th Inf. 
Jan. 12, 1868; brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 28, 1861 ; 
maj.-gen. 29 Nov. 1862. He com. a division 
in the 5th corps of the Army of the Potomac 
under Fitz John Porter and Butterficld, and. 
took part in most of the battles fought by that 
army; in June, 1863, he took com. of the 5th 
corps, with which he fought at Gettysburg 
and in the Rapidau campaign ; brev. col. for 
Gaines's Mill, 27 June, 1862; brig.-gen. 13 
Mar. 1865 I'm <;.'tis -hum, "nd maj.-gcn. for 
services in th^' Ufhrllion. — t'ltllnm. 

Sykes, .Ia.mls, ."MD., b. near Dover, Del., 
March 27, 1761 ; d. Oct. 18, 1822. James his 
father held several important ofliccs in the 
State before and during the Revol., and was a 
delegate to Congress in 1777-8. The son stud- 
ied at Wilm. Coll., and, under the care of Dr. 
Clayton, gained a knowledge of medicine, 
which he increased by attendance on the nied. 
lectures at Pliila. After 4 years' practice at 
Caiiibriil-c. Mil., he returned to Dover, where 
lir ar.piiivil 1, iinwn as a surgeon. Often a 
1111 ml., r I.I 111- State senate, in which body he 
jarsiih (1 ih ar l.j years, and was acting gov. of 
the State in 1801-2. In 1814-20 he resided in 
New-York City. 
Symmes, John Cleves, jurist, b. Long 



889 



rcAji, 



Island, 21 July, 1742; d. Cincinnati, Ohio, 26 
Fob. 1814. Member Old Congress 1785-6; 
jud^e of the Sup. Court of N. J. ; chief justice; 
!ind in 1788 was app. judge of the North-west 
Terr. Founder of the settlements in the Miami 
country. He m. a dau. of Gov. Wm. Livings- 
ton. Their dau. became the wife of Pres. Har- 
rison. His nephew John Cleves (author of 
the theory that the earth is hollow, habitable 
within, open at the poles for the admission of 
light, and containing within it 6 or 7 concen- 
tric iollow spheres, also open at the poles), b. 
N.J. ab. 1780, d. Hamilton, 0., 19 May, 1829. 
Grandson of Rev. Timothy, a Presb. minister, 
who d. Ipswich, Ms., 6 Apr. 1756, a. 41. En- 
tering the anny as an ensign 1st Inf. 26 Mar. 
1802, he was a capt. in the war of 1812, and 
disting. at the battle of Niagara Falls and at 
the sortie from Fort Erie. Subsequently he 
resided at Newport, Ky. ; devoted himself to 
philos. researches ; promulgated his theory in 
1818; wrote and lectured in its behalf; and 
petitioned Congress to fit out an exped. to test 
It. It was received, however, with general ridi- 
cule ; and Symmes d. in great pecuniary em- 
barrassment. His book was pub. 12mo, Cin- 
cinnati, 1826. 

Symmes, Thomas, second minister of 
Bradford, Ms., from 1 708 to his d. Oct. 6, 1 725 ; 
b. Feb. 1, 1678. H.H. 1698. Minister of Box- 
ford from Dec. 30, 1702, until 1708, when he 
succeeded Zachariah his father at Bradford. 
He possessed a strong mind and considerable 
learning. Besides occasional sermons, he pub. 
" Hist. Memoirs of the Fight of Piggwackit, 
May 9, 1725," with a sermon on Lovewell's 
death. Tliis was repub., with notes by N. 
Bouton, in 1861. A Memoir, pub. by J. 
Brown, has annexed his advice to his children 
and to the church, 8vo, 1726. 

Symonds, William Law, writer, b. Port- 
land, Me., 1833; d. New York, Jan. 18, 1862. 
Bowd. Coll. 1854. After studying at the 
Camb. Divinity School, he went to New York 
as one of the editors of the " New Anier. Cy- 
clop,," upon which he was engaged up to his 
last illness, excepting in 1860-1, while preach- 
ing at Chicopee, Ms. Besides his historical 
and philos. contribs. to the " Cyclopsedia," he 
contrib. articles to the Atlantic Monthly and 
other periodicals. 

Tach^, Sir Etienne Paschal, M.D., 
Canadian statesman, b. St. Thomas, C. E., 
1795 ; d. there 1865. He was an ollicer of mili- 
tia in the war of 1812 ; practised medicine un- 
til 1841, when he entered the Assembly ; was 
dep. adj.-gen. 1847-8; commissioner of public 
works 1848-9; and Apr. 21, 1S56, was made 
speaker of the legisl. council, which he resigued 
Nov. 1857. He was knighted by the queen in 
Nov. 1858, and in 1860 made co'l. and aide-dc^ 
camp to the queen. Author of " Du Deix-loppe- 
ment fie la Force Phtjsiqite chez rFIonime" 1829; 
"Reflexions sur I 'Organisation des Volontiiires," 
&c., ms. — Morgan. 

Taeon, Gen., many years gov.-gen. of 
Cuba ; d. Madrid, Sept. 1855, a. 80. 

Taggart, Charles Manson, b. Montreal, 
L.C., 1821; d. Charleston, S.C, 1853. Meadv. 
Theol. Sem. 1849. Contrib to South. Lit. Mes- 
senger. A vol. of his sermons, with Memoir 



bv .John H. Ilevwood, was pub. 12mo, Boston 
1856. — .l///7.0Hf. 

Taggart, Cvnthia, author of a small vol. 
of poems (3d ed. N.Y. 1848), b. R.I. 1802 ; d. 
there 1849. She was many years an invalid, 
and wrote most of her pieces while on a sick- 
bed. — .See Notice in the R. I. Cottager hy Rev. 
Jatne.s C. Richmond. 

Taggart, Samuel, minister of Colcraine, 
Ms., 1777-1818, b. LondondciTy, N.H., March 
24, 1754 ; d. Apr. 25, 1825. Dartm. Coll. 1774. 
M. C. 1803-17. Author of "Evidences of 
Christianity," 1811 ; "An Account of British 
Impressments from our Marine ; " " Scriptural 
Viud. of the Doct. of the Final Perseverance," 
&c., 8vo, 1801 ; and many sermons, orations, 
and addresses. 

TaUer, Col. William, Ueut.-gov. of Ms. 
1711 ; d. Dorchester, Ms., Mar. 8, 1732, a. 56. 
He came from Eng. as lieut.-gov. in 1 7 1 1 ; was 
capt. A. and H. Art. Co. 1712; was in Eng. 
in 1721 ; and was, with Spencer Phipps, a corn- 
miss, to treat with the Six Nations at Albany. 
He com. one of the regts. raised to take Port 
Royal. Marrjring a relative of Gov. Stough- 
ton, he came into possession of his estate in 
Dorchester. 

Tait, Charles, judge and senator, li. Lou- 
isa Co., Va., 1769 ; d. Wilcox Co., Ala., Oct. 
7, 1835. He removed at an early age to Ga. ; 
was several years a judge of the Superior Court ; 
U.S. senator in 1809-19; and ably supported 
the administrations of Madison and Monroe ; 
judge of the Dist. Court of Alabama 1819-26. 

Tait, John B., artist, b. Cincinnati 1834. 
Grad. Bethany Coll., Va., where he edited the 
Sti/lus, a magazine. Author of "Dolce far 
N'iente," 12mo, 1859; a vol. of poems; and 
"Life, Legend, and Landscape," 12mo, 1860. 
— AUibone. 

Talbot, Mathew, statesman, b. Va. 1767; 
d. Wilkes Co., Ga., Sept. 17, 1; 27. He settled 
in Wilkes Co. in 1785, and afterward moved 
to Oglethorpe. Often in the Icgisl. ; w.is a del- 
egate to the Const. Conv. of Ga. ; was State 
senator in 1808; pres. of the senate 1818-23; 
and acting governor in 1819. 

Talbot, Silas, capt. U.S.N., b. R.I about 
1750; d. N.York, June 30, 1813. Atthebegin- 
ning of the war he was capt. in a R.I. regt. ; was 
at the siege of Boston ; in 1 776 accomp. the ar- 
my to N.Y., and received from Congress the 
commiss. of major for skilful operations against 
the British shipping in the harbor. In the mem- 
orable defence of Fort Mifflin, Nov. 1777, he 
received a severe wound in the thigh, and anoth- 
er in the wrist, but continued to fight till the 
works were evacuated ; and in 1778 gave impor- 
tant aid to Gen. Sullivan by transporting the 
Araer. forces from the mainland to the upper 
end of the Island of R.I. His capture in Oct. 

1778 of the British floating-battery "Pigot," of 
22 guns, anchored in one of the channels com- 
manding the approach to Newport, was one of 
the most brilliant exploits of the war, and won 
for him the commission of lieut.-col. In Mar. 

1779 he armed his prize, "The Pigot," and 
with the sloop " Argo" (10 guns) cruised ofi^ 
N.E. He soon captured "The Lively" (12 
gims), and two letters-of-marque ; also " The 
King George," and afterward " The Dragon," 



TAL 



890 



T^L 



afUr a battle of 4 hours. For this latter ser- 
vice he was commissioned a capt. in the navy 
Sept. 17, 1779. After cruising successfully for 
some time in " The Argo," and afterward in a 
private ship, he was captured in 1 780 by a Brit- 
ish fleet, and confined in the Jersey prison- 
ship ; was afterward removed to Eng. ; and in 
Dec. 1781 was exchanged. After the war, he 
purchased the forfeited estate of Sir Wm. John- 
son, near the Mohawk ; was several years in 
the Assembly from Montgomery Co. ; and was 
an M.C. in 1793-4. On the re-organization of 
the navy in 1 794, he was again employed, and 
■ tended the construction of the frigate 



supcr.i..^i...^v i,...^ >,„ — — — o- 

" Constitution " (" Old Ironsides "), which ._ 
1 799 was his flag-ship during a cruise in the 
■\V. Indies. Resigning in Sept. 1801, he passed 
the nsidue of his life in N.Y. City. — Sec Life 
of S:/us Talbot by II. T. Tuckerman, N.Y. 1850, 
and Hist. Sketch of the Life of, N.Y. 1803, 12mo. 
TalCOtt, MaJ. John, b. Eng. ; d. 23 July, 
1688. Son of John, who came to Cambridge 
in 1632, and to Hartford in 1636. A rep. until 
1654, and an assist, and trcas. of the Colony 
until his d. 1659. The son was made ensign 
1650 ; rcpres. 1660 ; capt. 1661 ; trcas., and an 
assist, coiumiss. at the Cong, of the N.E. Cols. 
1660-71, '73, and '76 ; disting. in the Indian 
war of 1676 ; resigned the office of treasurer on 
receiving his app. to com. the forces of the Col. ; 
and, coliccting ab. 450 whites and friendly In- 
dians, scoured the country as far as the falls 
above Dcerflcld, inflicted severe blows upon the 
hostile tribes, and saved Hadley from the at- 
tack of 700 Indians. He also did good service 
in the Narraganset country, and fought a suc- 
cessful battle at the Houssatonnuc, killing the 
sachem of Quabaug. His son Joseph, gov. 
Ct. 1725-41, b. Hartlbrd, Nov. 16, 1669, d. Oct. 
11, 1741. 

Taliaferro (ToUiver), Col. Benjamin, 
statesman, b. Va. ab. 1751 ; d. Wilkes Co., 
( ia., Sept. 3, 1 821 . He served with distinction 
in Morgan's rifle corps at Saratoga, Mon- 
mouth, and at the siege of Savannah, where he 
displayed great bravery and coolness. He was 
taken at Charleston in 1780, where he acted as 
a volunteer aide to Lincoln. Removing to Ga. 
in 1784, he was M.C. 1799-1802; judge Sup. 
Court, State senator, pres. of that body, and a 
member Ga. Const. Convention of 1798. 

Tallmadge, Col. Benjamin, Revol. offi- 
cer, b. Setauket, L.I., 25 Feb. 1754; d. Litch- 
field, Ct., 7 Mar. 1835. Y.C. 1773. Son of 
Rev. Benjamin, who d. 5 Feb. 1786. He had 
charge of a high school at Wethersfield, but 20 
June, 1776, became a lieut. and soon afterward 
adj. of a Ct. regt., and rose to the rank of col. 
Sept. 5, 1779, he crossed the Sound to Lloyd's 
Neck, L.I., and surprised and captured 500 
Tory marauders, without losing a man ; in 
May, 1780, he planned and conducted the ex- 
pedition which resulted in the taking of Fort 
George, at Oyster Bay, and the destruction of 
British stores on L.I. He was in several of the 
principal battles of the war, had the custody of 
Major Andre' until his execution, and was long 
one of Washington's military family, and most 
esteemed secret corresp. After the war he was 
a successful merchant, and M.C. in 1801-17. 
In 1784 he m. the dau. of Gen. Wm. Floyd of 



Mastic. His Memoirs were pub. by his son, 
F. A. Tallmadge, 8vo, N.Y., 1859. His son, 
Col. William S., an officer of the war of 1812, 
d. Moscow, N.Y., Sept. 1822, a. 57. 

Tallmadge, Frederick AnonsTUS, law- 
yer and politician, b. Litchfield, Ct., Aug. 29, 
1792; d. there Sept. 17, 1869. Y.C. 1811. 
Son of the preceding. Studied at the Litclif. 
Law School ; was adm. to the bar of Litchfield 
Co. ; in 1814 commenced practice in N. Y. 
City, and became one of its most successful 
advocates and counsellors. An alderman in 
1834, and a common-councilman in 1836; then 
State senator ; and was subsequently elected its 
presiding officer, being at the same time ex 
officio a judge of the Supreme Court of Errors. 
After 4 years' service in that body, he was in 
1841-6 recorder of the city; M.C. in 1846-8; 
again recorder in 1848-51; and in 1857 was 
app. gen. supt. of the metropolitan police, and 
W.1S clerk of the Court of Appeals in 1862-5. 
The Astor-place Riot, which occurred in May, 
1849, was effectually put down by his decision 
and energy. 

TaUmadge, James, LL.D. (U. of N.Y.), 
statesman, b. Stamford, N.Y., Jan. 28, 1778; 
d. New York, Sept. 29, 1853. Brown U. 1798. 
Son of Col. James, who led a company of vols, 
at the capture of Burgoyne (b. Sharon, Ct., 
Sept. 5, 1744; d. Poughkeepsie, Dec. 21, 1821). 
He practised law for several years successfully, 
but devoted much of his time to agriculture. 
He was some time private sec. to Gov. George 
Clinton, and, during the war of 1812, at one 
time com. a portion of the force detailed for 
the defence of the city of NY. M.C. in 1817- 
19, he soon showed himself a sound and ready 
debater; ably defended Gen. Jackson's course 
in the Seminole war; and introduced, as an 
amendment to the bill authorizing the people 
of Mo. to form a State organi/aiiiin. i | i,. d-i- 
tion to restrict slavery to the r ', he 
Mpi. Prominent in the St.ite ( . : i .-f 
1821 and 1846; member of ih' '-t.iie 1 _i.|. in 
1 824, and lieut.-gov. in 1826-7. \'isiting ICnrope 
in 1835, Mr. Tallmadge was influential in in- 
troducing into Russia a knowledge of Ameri- 
can machinery and mechanics, particularly in 
the dept. of cotton-manuf. He was for 19 years 
pres. of the Amer. Institute. All his speeches 
and acts were directed to the great end of en- 
couraging domestic production. One of the 
founders of the U. of N.Y. He pub. a number 
of addresses and speeches. 

Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., politician, b. 
Chatliam, N.Y., Feb. 8, 1795 ; d. Battle Creek, 
Mich., Nov. 2, 1864. Un. Coll. 1815. Adm. 
to the bar 1818 ; member N.Y. Assembly 1328; 
of the State senate 1830-3 ; U. S. senator 
1833-44 ; and Terr. gov. of Wis. 1844-5. He 
pub. some speeches, and contrib. an Introd. 
and Appendix to Linton's " Healing of the 
Nations," 8vo, 1855. 

Talmage, Rev. Samuel Kennedy, D.D. 
(N.J. Coll. 1845), Presb. clergyman and au- 
thor, b. Somerville, N.J., 1798; d. Midway, 
Ga., 2 Oct. 1865. N.J. Coll. 1820. Tutor at 
N.J. Coll. 1822-5 ; prof of anc. lang. Ogleth. 
U. 1838-41, and pres. 1841-65. Contrib. to 
Southern Presb. Review, &c. 
Talmage, Rev. T. De Witt, Presb. 



891 



TA.F 



clergyman, b. ncarBouml Brook, N. J., 7 Jan. 
1832. U. of N.Y. 18.).-3; New Bruns. Theol. 
Sera. 1856. Old. at Belleville, N.Y., where he 
remained 3 years ; pastor of the Second Ref. 
Cliureh, Phila., 1859-69; and since Apr. 1869 
of the Central Presb. Church, Brooklyn, N.Y. 
His preaching soon filled the church to over- 
flowing, and a new edifice was erected, which 
holds 3,000 people. Also a successful lec- 
turer, and contrib. to the N.Y. Independent and 
other periodicals. 

Tallman, Peleg, an enterprising; mer- 
chant of Baih, Me., b. Tiverton, U.I., July 24, 
1764 ; d. Bath, jMarch 8, 1841. In 1778, when 
only 14 years of age, he entered the privateer- 
service against Great Britain ; lost an arm in 
the engagement between " The Trumbull " 
and " Watt" in 1780; and was a prisoner in 
Eng. and Ireland in 1781-3. Subsequently mas- 
ter of a vessel, he finally became a merchant, 
and acquired by his enterprise and persever- 
ance an ample fortune. M.C. from Ms. 1811- 
13 ; State senator 1821-2. 

Taney (taw'-ne), Roger Brooke, jurist, 
I). Calvert Co., Md., 17 Mar. 1777; d. Wash- 
ington, 12 Oct. 1864. Dick. Coll. 1795. De- 
scended from a family of English Catholics 
who settled in Md. ah. the middle of the 17th 
century. Adm. to the bar in 1799; member 
of the house of delegates in 1800; of the State 
senate in 1816 ; app. in 1827 atty.-gen. of Md. 
by a gov. and council opposed to him in poli- 
tics, and, after 22 years' residence at Frederick- 
ton, removed to Baltimore ab. 1822. He enjoyed 
an extensive practice in the State and Federal 
courts, and was originally a Federalist, but 
became a partisan of Gen. Jackson, who app. 
him U.S. atty.-gen. in 1831. Nominated in 
Sept. 1833 sec. of the treasury, he was rejected 
by the senate, as was also the case with his 
nomination as a justice of the U.S. Sup. Court 
in 1835. In Mar. 1836 he was. app. chief justice 
of the U.S. Sup. Court, in place of John Mar- 
shall, deceased ; in 1 857 he held, in the cele- 
brated " Dred Scott " case, that, for more than 
a century before the Declaration of Independ- 
ence, " the negroes had been regarded as beings 
of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to 
associate with the white race either in social 
or political relations, and so far inferior, that 
they had no rights which the white man was 
bound to respect; and that the negro might 
justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for 
his benefit." He also affirmed that the Mo. 
Compromise was unconstitutional, and that 
the suit must be dismissed lor want of juris- 
diction. He possessed considerable legal learn- 
ing, and his decisions were generally sound. — 
See Van Santvoord's Lives of the Chief Justices, 
8vo, 1854. 

Taunebill, Wilkins, journalist and au- 
thor, b. Pittsburg, Pa., 4 Mar. 1787 ; d. Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 2 June, 1858. Sonof Gen. John, 
a Revol. ofiicer. He was early connected with 
the Nashville press ; was co-editor of the [Vhig, 
and many years editor of the Ha-aUl, — the first 
Henry Clay organ in Tenn. He subsequently 
edited the Oilhopolitim, a new literary and in- 
dependent paper, and from July, 1848, to 
June, 1849, the Portfolio, a journal of Free- 
masonry. In liis later years he was blind. 



Author of" Freemason's Manual ; " ■' Sketches 
of the History of Literature," 8vo, 1827; 
" Sketches of the Hist, of Roman Literature," 
12mo, 1846. — 4///6one; Uuyckinck. 

Tanner, Henry S., geographer, b. N.Y. 
1786; d. N.Y. City 1858. In Phila., where he 
lived many years, and until 1850, he pub. maps, 
and contributed statist, and gcog. articles to 
periodicals. He pub. " New Amer. Atlas," 
fol. 1817, '23, &c. ; "General Atlas," 1828-44, 
4to, since pub. by S. A. Mitchell ; " Memoir 
on the Recent Surveys," &c., 12mo, 1829; 
" View of the Valley of the Mpi.," 12mo, 
1832; "Amer. Traveller," 12mo, 18.'!6; "Cen- 
tral Traveller," N.Y., 1840; "New Picture of 
Pliila.," 12mo, 1840; "Canals and Railroad!* 
of the U.S.," N.Y., 8vo, 1840. Member of the 
geographical societies of Paris and London. — 
AUibone. 

Tanner, John, captured by the Indians at 
the age of 6 years, remained w'ith them volun- 
tarily 30 years. The Narrative of Tanner, 
U. S. Interpreter, &c., was prepared for the 
press by Edwin James, M.D., N.Y., 1 830. He 
d. 1847. His son James was a Unit, missionarv. 

Tappan, Arthur, inerclTant and philan- 
thropist, b. Northampton, Ms., Mav 22, 1786; 
d. N. Haven, July 23, 1865. His "father Ben- 
jamin, a Revol. patriot and mcnlKint, died 
Northampton, Jan. 29, isii, a ^'i Arthur 
had a common-school cdihaiion ; iv i, l.mg en- 
gaged with his bro. Louis in tiro ini|iiii ling of 
dry goods in Boston; failed in 1S42, and was 
afterward interested in the mercantile agency 
first established by his bro. He established 
the JouT. of Commerce in N.Y. ; was one of 
the chief founders of the Tract Society; start- 
ed the Lane Sern. at Cincinnati; founded au 
indispensable professorship in the Auburn 
Theol. Sem., and aided in founding another at 
Kenyon Coll. ; established a scholarship at 
Andovcr; and creeled Tappan Hall at Ober- 
lin. His private charities were innumerable. 
An original abolitionist, he establislied in 1833 
the Emancipator, in N.Y., at his own expense, 
and called the meeting which formed the N.Y. 
City Aiuislavery Society, of which he was 
chosen pres. Dec. 4, 1833, he was app. pies, 
of the Amer. Antislavery Soc. He aided in 
sustaining the Liberator, and redeemed Mr. 
Garrison from the Baltimore jail. He was a 
man of rare integrity, and fidelity to principle. 
— .See his Life by his brother Lewis. 

Tappan, Benjamin, jurist, brother of Ar- 
thur, b. Northampton, Ms., May 25, 1773 ; d. 
Steubenville, O., April 12, 1857. He was 
taught the business of copper-plale engraving 
and printing ; devoted some attention to por- 
trait-painting; and subsequently adopted the 
profession of law. In 1799 he emig. to Ohio, 
and in 1803 was elected to the legisl. ; served in 
the warnf 1812 as aide to Gen. Wadsworth ; was 
for 7 years pres. judge of the fifth Ohio circ. ; 
in 1833 was ajip. by Pres. Jackson U.S. judge 
for the Ohio dist. ; and was a U.S. senator in 
1839-45. He was an active leader in the 
Democ. party until the Free-soil movement 
originated, when he joined its ranks. Emi- 
nent for drollery and wit. A vol. of Reports, 
C.C.P. 1816-19, was pub. by him 1831. 

Tappan, David, D.D. (H.U. 1794), clcr- 



892 



gjman, b, Manchester, Ms., Apr. 21, 1752; d. 
Aug. 27, 18U3. H.U. 1771. He was son of 
Benjamin, minister of Manchester (1720-90; 
H.U. 1742), who was son of Saml. of Newbury, 
and grandson of Dr. Peter. After studying 
divinity, he began preaching. Was ord. minis- 
ter of the 3d Church in Newbury in Apr. 1774; 
and from Dec. 26, 1792, until his death, was 
Mollis prof, of divinity in H.U. Many of his 
discourses and addresses have been pub. A 
vol. of sermons on important subjects, and an- 
other of lectures on Jewish Antiquities, were 
pub. 8vo, Boston, 1807. Mary his widow d. 
Sept. 1831, a. 72. Father of Benjamin, 
D.D. (Bowd. 1845), minister of Augusta, 16 
Oct. 1811, to his d. 23 Dec. 1863, b. Newbury, 
7 Nov. 1788; H.U. 1805. 

Tappan, Henry Philip, D.D., LL.D., 
scliolar and autlior, b. Rhinebeck, N.Y., about 
1806. Un. Coll. 1825. He studied 2 years at 
the Auburn Theol. Sem. ; was one year assist, 
pastor of the Ref. Dutch Church, Schenectady ; 
and in 1828-3rwas pastor of a Cong. Church 
at Pittsfield, Ms. Prof, of in tell, and moral 
philos. in the U. of N.Y. in 1832-8; and was 
inaug. first chartcellor of the U.of Michigan in 
Dec. 1852, retiring in 1863. The subject of 
university education had long employed his 
attention, and he studied its practical workings 
in Eng. and Prussia during a foreign tour, re- 
corded in " A Step from the New World to the 
Old." Author of a treatise on the Will ; a 
work on the " Elements of Logic ; " " Illustri- 
ous Personages of the 19th Century ; " " Trea- 
tise on University Education," 1851 ; and a 
large number of addresses and orations. In 
1859 he was elected corresp. member of the 
French Imperial Institute, and pres. of the 
Amer. Assoc, for the Advancement of Educa- 
tion. — Hee Amer. Jour, of Education, October, 
1863. 

Tappan, William Bingham, poet, b. 
Beverly, Ms.. Oct. 29, 1794; d. W. Needham, 
Ms., June 18, 1849. His father Samuel, a 
teacher, died when William was 12 years old. 
With but 6 months' schooling, he was a suc- 
cessful teacher in Phila. for 6 years. Remov- 
ing to Boston, he engaged zealously in Sun- 
day schools, and was gen. agent of the S.S. 
Union. He was also engaged in the same 
cause in Cincinnati and Phila. He was li- 
censed to preach in 1840. He pub. " New- 
England and Other Poems," 1819, in Phila.; 
a larger coll. in 1822 and in 1834; an addition- 
al vol. in 1836 ; and a comjilete edition in 1848 
in 4 vols. ; " Poetry of the Heart," 1845 ; " Sa- 
cred and Miscellaneous Poems," 1846; "Po- 
etry of Life," 1848; " The Sunday School and 
Other Poems," 1848; "Late and Early Poems," 
1849; "Memoirs of Capt. James Wilson," 
Phila. 18ino; "Poems and Lyrics," 12mo, 
1842 ; " Poet's Tribute," 12mo, ISiO. — Duijc- 

Tarbell, John Adasis, M.D. (Bowd. Coll. 
1836), b. Boston, 1811 ; d. there 21 Jan. 1864. 
H.U. 1832. He studied medicine in Paris in 
1 833-5 ; practised in Boston ; became a ho- 
moeopathist in 1843; became assoc. editor of 
its Quarterly Review in 1852 ; also of Dr. Epp's 
" Domestic Homceopathist ; " and pub. in 1849 
the " Pocket Homceopathist," and " Sources 



of Health," 1850 ; " Art of Conversing," 1846; 
"Homoeopathy Simplified," &c., 1856. 

Tarleton, Sir Banastee, a British gen., 
b. Liverpool, Eng., 21 Aug. 1754; d. 23 Jan. 
1833. He began to study law, but, on the 
breaking-out of the Amer. war, purchased a 
cornetcy of dragoons, and in Dec. 1776 com. 
the advanced guard of the patrol which cap- 
tured Gen. Lee in N.J. He served with Howe 
and Clinton in the campaigns of 1777-8, and, 
after the evacuation of Phila., raised and com., 
with the rank of lieut.-col., a cavalry corps 
called the British Legion. This corps accomp. 
the army to the siege of Charleston, and was 
constantly in service in the south until the 
surrender at Yorktown, rendering important 
service to Lord Cornwallis. 14 April, 1780, 
Tarleton surprised and defeated Gen. Isaac 
Huger near Monk's Corner ; 29 May, 1 780, 
he surprised Col. Butbrd at Waxhaw Creek, 
massacred the entire force, refusing to give 
quarter; and Tarleton's quarter became a syn- 
onyme for cruelty. Aug. 16 he was at the 
battle of Camden; Aug. 17 he attacked and 
defeated Sumter at Fishing Creek ; 20 Nov. 
he was defeated by Sumter at Blackstocks, on 
the Tyger River; 17 Jan. 1781, at the head 
of 1,100 men, he attacked an inferior Amer. 
force near the Cowpens, under Gen. Morgan, 
and was signally defeated, and wounded in the 
hand; 15 Mar. he was at the battle of Guil- 
ford Court House ; in June he was despatched 
to Charlottesville, Va., to capture Gov. Jeffer- 
son and the members of the legisl., but was 
too late. Present at the battle of Eutaw, and 
at the capture of Yorktown in Oct. 1781. On 
his return to Eng. he was made a col. ; was 
elected to parliament in 1790, and acted with 
the liberal and reform party ; was made a bar- 
onet in 1818, and attained the rank of a full 
gen. Tarleton was brave but sanguinary, be- 
low middle size, stout, strong, and heavily 
built. He pub. " History of the Campaigns 
of 1780-1," &c.,4to, London, 1787. 

Tate, George, admiral Russian navy, b. 
Lond.Junel4,1745; d. Feb. 17,1821. George 
his father (b. Eu;j. 1700) was a seaman in the 
first frigate built in Russia by Peter the Great. 
He came to Falmouth, Me., with his fiwhcr, in 
1757 ; was brought up to the sea; entered the 
Russian navy as lieut. in July, 1770; rendered 
disting. services, particularly at Ismaid, in Dec. 
1790, where he was severely wounded; also in 
the war with Sweden ; and attained the rank 



ish fleet, July 6, 1788; near Hoghland in 
1789 ; near Oland, on the roadstead at Rcval, 
May 2, 1790; and June 22 in the Gulf of Wi- 
borg. Vice-admiral in 1798. 

Tatham, Col. William, engineer and 
polit. economist, b. Hutton, Cumberland Co., 
Eng., 1752; d. Richmond, Va., 22 Feb. 1819. 
His father was rector of Appleby. In Ajir. 
1769 he came to Amer., and entered a mercan- 
tile establishment on James River, Va. Serv- 
ing as adj. of militia against the Indians, he 
studied their character, and drew up a biog. 
account of the celebrated warriors, Atakul- 
lakuUa, Oconistoto, Cornstalk, &c. He served 
in the Va. cavalry under Gen. Nelson, and was 



893 



TAJY- 



a vol. in the party that stormed the redoubt at 
Yorktown, U Oct. 1781. In 1780 he compiled 
with Col. John Todd of Ky. the first regular 
account of the Western country. He studied 
law ; was adm. to the bar in 1784; established 
in 1786, with a ilr Willis, the settlement of 
Lumbarton, N.C. ; was a member of the N.C. 
legiil. in 1787; visited his native place in 1789, 
and again in 1796; and in 1801 became supt. 
of the London docks. Returning in 1805, he 
was in 1817 a milit. storekeeper in the U.S. 
service. This remarkable man, author, soldier, 
advocate, engineer, and geographer, with all 
these resources, yet became poor, and, as old 
age approached, found he had made no provis- 
ion for its infirmiiies and wants. After freely 
participating in the festivities of Washington's 
birthday, he throw himself before a cannon at 
the in.stant of its discharge, and was blown to 
atoms. He pub. a "Memorial on the Ci\'il 
and Milit. Govt, of the Tennessee Colony ; " 
"An Analysis of the State of Virginia," Phila. 
1790-1; "Case of Kamfer against Haskins," 
Phila. 1794 ; "Plan for insulating the Metrop- 
olis by means of a Navigable Canal," Lond.; 
"Remarks on Inland Canals," Lond. 1798; 
"Political Economy of Inland Xa\-igation," 
&c., Lond. 1799; "Two Tracts relating to 
the Canal between JJorfolk and N.C. ; " "Com- 
munications on the Agric. and Commerce of 
the U.S.," Lond. 1800; "Hist, and Practical 
Essay on the Culture and Commerce of To- 
bacco," Lond. 1800, &c. — Sce ileiitolr of Tat- 
ham, and his Chronicles of the Amer. Indians, in 
vol. iv. Annua! Bioj. and Ohil., Lond., 1820. 

Tattnall, Gen-. Josiah, U.S. senator from 
Ga. 1796-9; gov.1801-2; b. Bonaventura, near 
Savannah, 1762; d. Nassau, New Prov., June 
6, 1803. Son of Col. Josiah. He was sent to 
school at Nassati, but returned to Ga. unknown 
to his parents. His boyhood was full of ad- 
ventures, and at the age of 18 he joined the 
army of Gen. Wayne at Ebonozer. In 1793 he 
was app. col., and in 1800 a brig.-gen., partici- 
pating extensively in the military afiairs of the 
State, and sening occasionally in the legisl. 
He also served in 1 796 at Louisville in the Gen. 
Assembly that r.scinded the Yazoo act of 1795. 

Tattnall, Josiah, capt. in the Confed. 
navy, b. near Savannah, Ga., Nov. 1796; d. 14 
June, 1871. Son of the preceding. Midship. 
Jan. 1, 1812 ; licut. Apr. 1, 1818; com. Feb. 25, 
1838; and capt. in 1850. He first served in 
" The Constellation," and was in the atlair at 
Craney Island in June, 1813. He served with 
Perry on the coast of Africa, and with Porter 
in his cxped. against the W. Indian pirates. 
He participated as com. of " The Spitfire " in 
the attacks on Tampi.:o, Panuco, and Vera 
Cruz, in 1847. In 1856-9 he was flag-ofiicer 
of the E. I. squadron. Resigned his commis- 
sion, obtained a com., and improvised a fleet 
with which he made an attempt to resist the 



destroyed, and afterward com. the mosquito 
fleet at Savannah, Ga. 

Tayler, John, lieut.-gov. of N.Y. 1813-22, 
b. N. Y. 4 July, 1742; d. Albany, 19 Mar. 
1829. He became a merchant at Albany in 
1773; superintended the comniiss. dept. in the 



exped. to Canada in 1775 ; was aftenvai J a 
member of the Frov. Congress, and for ncai-ly 
40 rears a member of the N.Y. legisl. 

Taylor, Alfred, commo. U.S.N., b. Va., 
May 23, 1810. Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1825 ; lieut. 
Feb. 9, 1837; com. Sept. 14, 1855 ; capt. July 
16, 1862; commo. Sept. 27, 1866; app. light- 
house insp. 12 Feb. 1869; attached to frigate 
" Cumberland " during the Mexican war; com. 
sloop " Saratoga," 1861 ; com. flagship " Sus- 
quehanna," Brazil squadron, 1866. — Ltamersh/. 

Taylor, (James) Bavard, traveller and 
author, b. Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa., 
Jan. 11, 1825. At 17 he became a printer's 
apprentice in Westchester, and employed his 
leisure in study, and writing verses, which in 
1844 he coll. in a vol. entitled "Ximena." 
He made a pedestrian tour in Europe in 1 844-6, 
of which he pub. an account in 1846, entitled 
" Views Afoot." He next pub. a newspaper at 
Phoenixville, Pa. He went to N. York at the 
close of 1847 ; wrote for the Literary World 
and the Tribune, publishing in 1848 his 
"Rhymes of Travel ; " in 1849 he became 
proprietor of a share in the latter journal, with 
which he has since been connected. " El 
Dorado, or Adventures in the Path of Empire," 
depicts his visit to California in 1849. His 
"Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs" ap- 
peared in 1851, in which year he made a long 
tour in the East, including a journey of 4,000 
miles in the interior of Africa. In Oct. 1852 
he went from Eng. through Spain to Bombay. 
Soon after his arrival in Cliina, he was attached 
to the Amer. legation, and remained in Shang- 
hae two months; he then accompanied Com. 
Perry's squadron to Japan. He reached N.Y. 
Dec. 20, 1853, having accomplished 50,000 
miles of travel. His letters describing the 
journey were all the while pub. in the Tribune, 
and since in a series of volumes. He made ii 
fourth tour in 1856-8, and in 1862-3 was sec. 
of legation to Russia. He has also pub. " Bal- 
lads and Other Poems," 1848; "Poems of 
the Orient," 1854 ; " Poems of Home and 
Travel," 1855; "At Home and Abroad," 
1856-62 ; " Hannah Thurston," a novel, 1863 ; 
"Fortunes of John Godfrey," 1864; " Storv 
of Kennett," 1866; "The Poet's Journal,'' 
1862 ; " Picture of St. John," 1866 ; " Colora- 
do, a Summer Trip," 1867; "Frithiof's Saga," 
1867; "Byways of Europe," 1869; "The 
Ballad of Abraham Lincoln," 1869 ; a new 
translation of "Faust," 1870; and he has 
edited a " Cyclopedia of Modern Travel," 
1 856. His poem, " The American Legend," 
was originally delivered before the Phi Beta 
Kappa Society of H.U. in 1850. Contrib. to 
many magazines, periodicals, and journals. 

Taylor, Besjamis Cook,.D.D., b. Phila. 
1801. N.J. Coll. 1819; R.D. Theol. Sem., 
N. Brunswick, 1822. Author of "Annals of 
Bergen, N. J.," 12ino, 1857 ; " Sermon on the 
200thAnniv.Ref.D. Church of Bergen, N. J.," 
12mo, 1S61. Contrib. to Christ. Inkil. — Al- 
libone. 

Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, author, 
and inanv years editorof the Chicago Eve. Jour., 
h. Lowville, N.Y., 1822;.^rad. of Madison U., 
N.Y., of which his father, Stephen W., was 
] res. Author of " Attractions of Language," 



TAY 



894 



I2mo, 1845 ; "January and June," 12mo, 1853, 
new ed. 1868 ; also of fugitive poems, papers 
on army life, articles in the Knickerbocker, &c. 
. He resides at Wheaton, 111. — See Poets and 
Poetn/ of the West. 

Taylor, Christopher, Quaker scholar 
and preacher, b. near Skipton, Yorkshire, P>ng. ; 
d. Phila. 1686. Originally a Puritan preacher. 
He became a proselyte of George Fox; was 
eminent as a minister among the Friends ; and 
suffered persecution and imprisonment. He 
also taught a classical school in several places, 
and emig. from that at Edmonton in Middlesex, 
in 1682, to Pa. On his arrival he was made a 
representative in the Assembly ; was a member 
of the first prov. council, and continued in that 
oflSce till his death. He also held the place of 
register-gen., and was one of the justices of 
Chester Court. He was one of the best schol- 
ars among the early settlers. In 1679 he pub. 
" Compendium Triura Linguarum." — Smith's 
Del. Co. 

Taylor, Edward T. ("Father Taylor"), 
many years preacher at the Seaman's Bethel, 
Boston, b. Richmond, Va., 25 Dec. 1794; d. 
Boston, 5 Apr. 1871. A sailor in his youth, 
and ord. a Meth. preacher in 1819. Ills dis- 
courses, filled with quaint nautical phrases, 
made him famous, and attracted many stran- 
gers. Chaplain to the U.S. frigate sent to Ire- 
land during the famine there, and delivered 
public addresses at Cork and Glasgow. A dau. 
m. Hon. Thomas Russell, collector of the port 
of Boston. 

Taylor, Fitch Waterman, Epis. clergy- 
man and author, b. Middle Haddara, Ct., Aug. 
4,180.3; d. Brooklvn, N.Y., July 24, 1865. 
y.C. 1828. He went to N.Y. in 1820 with a 
mercantile life in view, but studied for the 
ministry, and obtained a parish in Md. From 
1841 to' his death he was a chaplain in the 
navy. He pub. "The Flag-Ship," giving an 
account of his voyage round the world in " The 
Columbia," 2 v6ls. 1840, and "The Broad 
Penncnu, or History of the Naval War with 
Mexico." 1848. 

Taylor, George, a signer of the Dccl. of 
Indcp., b. Ireland 1716; d. Easton, Feb. 23, 
1781. He arrived in the U.S. penniless in 1736, 
but, having received a good education, ro4e from 
the condition of a laborer in the iron foundry 
of Mr. Savage, at Durham, Pa. (who paid the 
expenses of his voyage over), to the station of 
his clerk, and subsequently ni. his widow. 
After acquiring a handsome fortune, he estab- 
lished iron-works on the Lehigh, Northumber- 
land Co. In 1764 he was elected to the Col. 
Asseiiil]ly,' where he soon became prominent ; 
member of the Prov. Assembly 5 consecutive 
years, and in 1770 was madejudge of the county 
court, and col. of militia; in Oct. 1775 he was 
again elccteil to the Prov. Assembly, and was 
active in promoting Revol. measures. The 
action of some of the members of the Cont. 
Congress in refusing their assent to the Decl. 
of Indep. ltd to the election of new members, 
July 20, 1776, of whom he was one. He sub- 
sequently negotiated a treaty with several of 
the Indian tribes on behalf of the U.S., and 
March, 1777, retired from Congress, and re- 
moved to Delaware. 



Taylor, George, lawyer and M.C. 1857-9, 
b. Wheeling, Va., Oct. 19, 1820. Received a 
liberal education ; studied medicine, and sub- 
sequently the law ; was adm. to the bar in 
1840; practised in Ind. ; removed to Ala. in 
1844, and in 1848 removed to New York. He 
pub. in 1851 "Indications of the Creator," a 
vol. of collected addresses and lectures, and 
has also written much in behalf of popular 
education. — Lanman. 

Taylor, Gen. George W., b. Clinton, 
N. J., 1808; d. Alexandria, Va., Sept. 1, 1862, 
of wounds received at the second battle of Bull 
Run. At 19 he entered the navy as a midship- 
man, but after 3 years' service settled as alarraer 
in N. J. In the Mexican war he was a lieut. 
and afterward a capt. in the 10th Inf. After 
the war, he resided 3 years in Cal. ; then en- 
gaged in mining and manuf. in N. J., and in 
June, 1861, was made col. 3d N.J. Regt., 
which, under Gen. Runyon, formcil a part of 
the reserve at Bull Run. Attached to the 
Army of the Potomac when it went to the 
Peninsula, Col. Taylor took charge of the 1st 
brigade of N.J. Vols. May 9, 1862, he was 
made brig.-gen. He took a manful part in the 
severe fighting before Richmond, and also in 
the battles under Gen. Pope near Manassas. 

Taylor, Jacob, surv.-gen. of Pa., and a 
schoolmaster and physician; d. 1736. Author 
of " Pennsylvania," a poem, pub. in 1728 ; and 
wrote poetry for almanacs which he prepared 
for publication. — See Titan's Almanac, 1730. 

Taylor, Gen. James, b. Midway, Va., 
Apr. 19, 1769; d. Newport, Ky., Nov. 7,1848. 
His ancestor James emig. to E. Va. in 1692. 
His father was the cousin of Pres. Zaehary. 
He emig. to Ky. in 1792, and served with dis- 
tinction during the war of 1812 as quarterm.- 
gen. of the N.W. army under Gen. Hull. He 
was one of the largest landed proprietors in 
the West. 

Taylor, Col. John, U.S. senator 1792-4, 
1803, and 1822-4, b. Orange Co., Va. ; d. Caro- 
line Co., Va., Aug. 20, 1824. Wm. and M. 
Coll. 1770. Mover of the celebrated resolutions 
of 1 798-9 in the h. of del. of Va. He did much 
towards advancing the science of agriculture in 
his native State, and was ever forward in pro- 
moting objects conducive to the piililic good. 
He pub. "Constniction Construed," 8vo, 



of agric. essays, 12mo, 1818; "Tyranny Un- 
masked," 8vo, 1822; "New Views of the Con- 
stitution of the U.S.," Svo, 1823. 

Taylor, John, Baptist preacher, b. Fau- 
quier Co., Va., 1752; d. Franklin Co., Kv., 
1835. Author of "History of Ten Baptist 
Churches," &c., 12mo, 1S26 or 1827; and 
of a pamphlet, " Thoughts on Missions." — 
Sprarjnc. 

Taylor, John, statesman of S.C, b. 1770; 
d. 1832. N.J. Coll. 1790. He studied law, 
and was adm. to the bar in 1793, but turned 
his attention clJefly to planting. He was some 
years in the State legisl. ; M.C. 1807-9 and 
1817-21 ; U.S. senator 1810-16 ; gov. 1826-8 ; 
tnisteeof the S.C. Coll. in 1806; State senator 
in 1810 and '22. He was also at one time re- 
ceiver of public moneys in Mpi. Territory. 



895 



TA.Y 



Taylor, John Louis, jurist, b. London, 
Mar. 1, 1769; d. Jan. 29, 1829. Brought to 
this country at the age of 12 by his brother. He 
Studied law, and settled in Fayetterille, N.C. 
lie was otlen a member of the State legisl. ; 
filled for a short time the office of atty.-gen. ; 
was in 1798 elected a judge of the Superior 
Court of Law and Equity, and was in 1810 
app. chief justice. A vol. of his reports, 1799- 
1S02, was. pub. Newbern, 8vo, 1 802 ; another, 
1816-18, at Raleigh, 1818; "Charge to the 
Grand Jury of Edgecombe Sup. Court, 1317," 
Svo, 1817. 

Taylor, John Neilson, legal writer, b. 
N.J. 1S05. N.J. Coll. 1824. Lawyer in N.Y. 
City since 1825. Author of "Treatise on 
Landlord and Tenant," Svo, 1844 and 1869; 
" L.iw of Executors and Administrators," 
12mo, 1S5I. 

Taylor, John W., lawyer and M.C., b. 
Saratoga Co., N.Y., 1784; d. Clrveland, O., 
Sept. 18, 1854. Uu. Coll. 1803. He studied law 
in Albany; was in 1811 elected to the State 
legisl. ; M.C. 1813-33 ; speaker, Nov. 13, 1820- 
Mar. 3, 1821 (during the passage of the Mo. 
Compromise, against which he made an elo- 
quent speech), and again in 1S25-7 ; and State 
senator 1841-3. In Sept. 1843 he removed to 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

Taylor, Joseph Penuel, commiss.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Ky.; d. Washington, D.C., June 
29,1864. Bro. of Pres. Taylor. App. lieut. 
of inf. May 20, 1813 ; capt. July, 1825; com- 
missary (rank of major), July 7, 1838; assist. 
com.-gen. Nov. 30, 1841 ; brev. col. for services 
in the Mexican war in May, 1848 ; commiss.- 
gen. Sept. 29, 1861 ; brig.-gen. and commiss.- 
gen. U.S.A. Feb. 9, 1863. 

Taylor, Nathaniel William, D.D., 
Dwight prof, of didactic tbcol. in Y.C., b. New 
MUford, June 23, 1786; d. New Haven, Ct., 
Mar. 10, 1858. Y.C. 1807. Grandson of Rev. 
Nathanijl. He studied thcol., and from April 
8, 1812, to Nov. 1823, when he was app. to his 
professorship, he was pastor of the Fii-st Cong. 
Church in New Haven, during which time ho 
acquired the reputation of being one of the 
ablest and soundest divines in N. Eng. His 
talent for theological discussion was shown in 
a series of articles upon the Unitarian contro- 
versy in the Monthli/ Christian Spectator. In 
theology, Dr. Taylor was in the main a disci- 
ple of Edwards and Dwight, adopting the Cal- 
vinistic theory as modified by the Edwardsos. 
4 vols, of his works have been pub. 1858-60. 
— See AUibone, and Memorial ofN. W. Taylor, 
D.D., Svo, New Haven, 1858. 

Taylor, Olivee Alden, minister and au- 
thor, b. Yarmouth, Ms., 18 Aug. ISOl ; d. 
Manchester, Ms., Dec. 18, 1851. Un. Coll. 
1825; And. Theol. Scm. 1829. Minister of 
Manchester, Ms., from 1839 till his death. In 
1836 he taught sacred literature in the Andover 
Sem. He pub. articles in the BiMical Reposi- 
torij and many other journals ; " Brief Views 
of the Saviour," 1835; "The Music of the He- 
brews," a tran.slation; "Memoirs ofReinhard," 
1832; "Memoir of Andrew Loo," 1844; also 
some poetical pieces ; Rcinhard's " Plan of the 
Founder of Christianitv," 1831; "Catalogue 
of the Lilirary of And. Theol. Sem.," 1838. A 



number of his poetical pieces were pub. from 
1820 to 1828. Kis Memoir, by his brother Rev. 
T. A. Taylor, was pub. in 1853. 

Taylor, Richard, capt. in the Va. n.avy 
of the Revol., b. Va. 1747; d. Oldham Co., 
Ky., 1825. Pension of S300 Sept. 3, 1816, lor 
wound received while commanding flotilla in 
the Chesapeake. 

Taylor, Gen. Richard, son of Pre.^idcnt 
Zachary Taylor, b. Florida. Chosen col. 9th 
La. Vols, in 1861, he com. that regt. at the bat- 
tle of Bull Run ; made brig.-gen. 21 Oct. 1861 ; 
served under Stonewall Jackson in Va., and 
was promoted to maj.-gen. ; in 1863-4 served 
with Gen. E. Kirby Smith in the Trans-Mpi. 
dept., and defeated Gen. Banks in his Red-river 
exped. at Sal line Cross-Roads, and was in turn 
defeated at Pleasant Hill; Sept. 10, 1864, he 
assumed the com. of the dept. of E. Louisiana 
at Mobile; and May 4, 1865, surrendered to 
Gen. Canby. He resides in La. One of his 
sisters married Jefferson Davis. 

Taylor, Richard Cowling, scholar and 
geologist, b. Hinton, Suffolk, Eng., Jan. 18, 
1789 ; d. Phila. Nov. 26, 1851. He became dis- 
ting. as an antiquary and geologist, and pub. 
a numberof worli on those subjects. In July, 
1830, he emig. to Phila. Among his pubs, in 
that city were treatises on the Geology and 
Nat. Hist, of the North-east E.xtreraity of the 
Alleghany Mts., and a Supplement to a Nat. 
Hist, of Birds of the Alleghany Range. He 
made surveys of different coal-tields ; and his 
most important work was that pub. in 1848, 
entitled the " Statistics of Coal," an octavo 
vol. of 754 pages. He pub. in Eng., in 1 821 , an 
" Index Monastims," in the aucicnt kingdom 
of Anglia ; also a very complete " General In- 
dex to Dugdale's Monasticon Anulitaniiiii " 
(fbl. 1830), "Geology of East Anglia," 1827, 
Svo. 

Taylor, Gen. Robert Barnard, b. Va. 
24 March, 1774; d. Norfolk, Va., 13 Apr. 
18.34. Wm. and Mary Coll. 1793. Brig.-gen. 
Va. militia; com. in defence of Norfolk 1813- 
14; brig.-gen. U.S.A. 19 July, 1813. He was 
an eminent la^wer ; member of the Va. Assem- 
bly 1798-9; oftheConst. Con V. 1829-30; and 
was judge of the Gen. Court of Va. 1831-4. 

Taylor, Sa.mdel H.\rvet, LL.D. (B.U. 
1851), classical scholar, b. Londondcnv, N.H., 
Oct. 3, 1807; d. Andover 29 Jaii. 1S71. 
Dartm. Coll. 1832; And. Sem. 18:!7. Tutor 
at Dartm. 1836-7; prinrii-il ..i r!,;,,,. ~ .\nd. 
Acad, from Sept. IS'JT i- ■ ur of 

the editors of the " i^V - from 

1852. Has pub. " Method ul ria;,i.:.il Study," 
1861, and some Latin and Greek tchuul-books. 
He was without a superior as a classical in- 
structor, and made Phillips Acad, the most 
celebrated preparatory school in the country. 

Taylor, Stephen William, LL.D. ( 1 851 ), 
educator, b. Adams, Ms., Oct. 23, 1791 ; d. 
Hamilton, N.Y., Jan. 7, 1856. Ham. Coll. 
1817. He taught 14 years the Black-river 
Acad, at Lownlle, Lewis Co. ; was 3 years 
teacher of a family school ; in 1834 took charge 
of the preparatory dept. of the Hamilton Insti- 
tution, now Madison U., where, from 1838 to 
1 845, he was prof, of math, and nat. philos. ; 
then aided in establishing the university at 



TAY 



896 



'■ Tuyb.r's In- 
., 1817. Has 
"The Lute or 
ral Anthems," 
) : " The Con- 



Lewisburg, of which he was 5 years prcs. ; 
and from 1801 to his death was pres. of Madi- 
son U., wliieh he brought fi-om a depressed to 
a higlily-fiourishiug condition. He left an 
hist, sliotch of tliis university, some inaugural 
and baccalaureate addresses, and a series of es- 
says on the theory of education, pub. in the 
Christian Chronicle, Phila. 

Taylor, Thomas House, D.D., rector 
of Grace Church, New York, from 1834 to his 
d. 9 Sept. 1867, b. Georgetown, S.C, 18 Oct. 
1799. Received his education in S.C; was 
an elegant preacher, and held high ranli as a 
writer and deliater amiui- tlir i:|.i>,oi,;il clergy. 
Author of Sermons, l.'<4i,-r,r, -vo, NY. I ^u'9. 

Taylor, Vin.iii, ( 
new musical nntarioji i 
dex Staff," b. r.n.klian 
pub. " Sacreil Miiii-tr. I, 
Musical Inst™i.tur." l^r 
1850; "The Golden Ly 
cordia," 1851; "The Chune," 1854; "The 
Celestina," 1856 : " The Song Festival," 1858 ; 
"The Enchanter," 1861; "The Concertina," 
1864 ; " The Praise-Offering," 1868.— ^///to;ie. 

Taylor, Gen. Walleb, d. Lunenburg, 
Va., 26 Aug. 1826. Maj. and aide to Gen. 
Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe 7 Nov. 
1811 ; U.S. senator from Ind. 1816-25 ; and a 
man of much literary culture. 

Taylor, William Rogers, rear-adm. 
U.S.N., b. Newport, R.I., Apr. 1, 1811. Son 
of Capt. W. V. Midshipm. Apr. 1, 1828; 
lieut. Feb. 10, 1840; com. Sept. 14, 18.55; 
capt. July 16, 1862; commo. July 25, 1866; 
rear-adm.' Jan 1871. Attached to the sloop 
" St. Mary's " during Mexican war ; engaged 
at Tampico Bar, Juno 8 and 15,1 846 ; at the 
siege of Vera Cruz, com. a gun in the naval 
battery ; com. steam-sloop " Housatonie," S. 
Atl. block, squad., 1862-3. Senior officer off 
Charleston when attacked by Confed. rams 
" Choeura " and " Palmetto ; " present as 
fleet-capt. with Adm. Dahlgren during all the 
operations against Morris Island in July, 1863; 
was in the battle with Forts Wagner and Sum- 
ter, July 10, and agnin July 19, 1863; com 
steam-sloop "Juniata," N. Atl. block, squad., 
1864-5, aud in both attacks on Fort Fisher. — 
HamfrsI;/. 

Taylor, William Vioneeon, capt. 
TJ.SN., b. Newport, R.L, 1781; d. 11 Feb. 
18:.s. Hi- ,„,,. rii.M,Mir..-i,.r,Dr.N.F.Vigne- 
roii. i' il i I \ ; ' ■ i : iivjo. and d. 1764. 
Hv^. ! :- lii 111 i; became a capt. 

in 111' 111 ,1 ii - r.i. : -am- ipii. sailing-master 
US.N. 28 Apr. 1813; Jieut. 9 Dec. 1814; 
master com. 3 Mar. 1831 ; capt. 8 Sept. 1841. 
He did good service in equipping Com. Perry's 
fleet on Lake Erie, and was conspicuous in the 
victory, navigating " The Lawi-ence," Perr\-'s 
flag-ship, into and during the fight. His last 
service was in com. of " The Ohio " (74) on a 
ci-uise to the Pacific in 1847. Father of Adm. 
Wm. R. Taylor, U.S.N., and of Capt. O. H. 
P. Taylor. U.S.A., who was killed by Indians 
in Wash. Terr., 17 May, 1858, a. 30. 

Taylor, ZACHARV,"l2lh pres. of the U.S., 
b. Orange Co., Va., Sept. 24, 1784 ; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., July 9, 1850. His father Rich- 
ard was col. 9th Va. Regt. in the Revolution; 



was disting. in the Indian wars ; was one of 
the framers of the Const, of Ky., where he had 
settled in 1785 ; and d. Louisville, Ky., Jan. 19, 
1829, a. 83. Zachary was scantily educated, 
and until his 24th year was engaged in the la- 
bors of his father's plantation. May 3, 1808, 
he was made 1st lieut. 7 th Inf. ; capt. Nov. 1810. 
For his gallantry in repelling an Indian attack 
on Fort Harrison, a stockade on the Wabash 
River (Sept. 5, 1812), he received thebrev.rank 
of major, — the first instance in the service of 
this species of promotion. He took part in the 
successful exped. of Gen. Hopkins against the 
Indians, and in 1814, with the rank of major, 
com. an exped. against the British and Indians 
on Rock River. App. maj. 3d Inf. May, 1816 ; 
lieut. -col. Apr. 20, 1819 ; col. 1st Inf. Apr. 
1832 ; brev. brig.-gen. June, 1838 ; brev. maj.- 
gen. May 28, 1846 ; maj.-gen. June 29, 1846. 
In 1832 he was engaged in the Black Hawk 
war ; in 1836 he was ordered to Florida ; Dec. 
25, 1837, he defeated the Seminoles at Okecho- 
bee in a decisive battle ; and in April, 1838, was 
made eom.-in-chief in Florida. App. in 1840 
to the com. of the army in the South-west, he 
purchased an estate at Baton Rouge, to which 
he removed his family. On the annexation of 
Texas in 1845, he was ordered to the frontier; 
marched to the Rio Grande in March, 1846; 
gained the battles of Palo Alto (May 8) and 
Resaca de la Palma (May 9) ; took posses- 
sion of Matamoras, May 18; captured Monte- 
rey, Sept. 24 ; and Feb. 21, 1847, defeated the 
Mexicans under Santa Ana at Buena Vista, 
notwithstanding their immense superiority in 
numbers. By this decisive victory, the reputa- 
tion of Gen. Taylor, already great, was im- 
mensely enhanced. He was remarkable for 
his care of his men, and for his readiness to 
expose himself to danger. He received the 
thanks of Congress ami a gold medal for his 
victories in Mexico, and from his soldiers the 
sobriquet of " Old Rough and Ready." Nomi- 
nated to tliu prcs. at the Whig Conv. at Phila. 
June 1, 1848, he received in the following Nov. 
163 electoral votes against 127 for his oj.ponent 
Cass. Inaug. March 5, 184'.), Iiis administra- 
tion is memorable as the period in which the 
antagonism between the free and slave States 
reached a crisis that seriously threatened the 
Union, — a crisis avoided by a compromise. He 
succumbed to an attack of bilious fever a few 
months after his inaug. ; and the executive 
power devolved on Viec-Pres. Fillmore. Plain- 
ness and simplicity were the characteristics of 
his manners and appearance. His son Richard 
became a Confed. gen. A dau. m. Jeft'erson 
Davis. 

Tazewell, Henrt, statesman and jurist, 
b. Brunswick Co., Va., 1753; d. Phila. Jan. 
24,1799. His ancestor Wm. came from Som- 
ersetshire in 1715, and engaged in the practice 
of law. He lost his father (Littleton) in early 
life. Became a student of Wm. and Mary Coll., 
and studied law with his uncle John Tazewell 
(clerk of the State eonv. of June, 1776, who d. 
at Williamsburg 1781), and was adm. to the 
bar. In 1775 he was a member of the h. of 
burgesses, and in the conv. of June, 1776, was 
placed on the com. which reported the decl. of 
rights and the Constitution. In the h. of 



897 



TEL 



delegates, to which he was regularly returned 
until elevated to the bench, he displajed great 
talents. At the bar he long enjoyed a large 
and lucrative practice, but in 1785 was elected 
to a seat on the bench, and consequently be- 
came a member of the first Court of Appeals. 
He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 
1793 ; and from 1794 to his death he was in the 
U.S. senate, over which he pres. in 1795. He 
bore in that body a disting. part in the discus- 
sions on the Brit"i>h treaty, and performed with 
unqualified applause the office of a leader in 
tlie Rcpub. party. He was a friend of religious 
freedom, and as a State politician approved the 
abolition of primogeniture and entails, and the 
separation of the Church from the State. He 
was remarkably prepossessing in his personal 
appearance. — Grigsly. 

Tazewell, Littleton Walker, gov. of 
Va. in 1834-6 ; b. Williamsburg, Va., 17 Dec. 
1 774 ; d. Norfolk, Va., May 6, 1860. Wm. and 
Mary Coll. 1791. Son of the preceding. He 
studied law under John Wickham of Richmond, 
and began practice at Williamsburg in 1796. 
He was in the State legisl. in 1798. He moved 
to Norfolk in 1801, and acquired a large and 
lucrative practice ; M.C. 1800-1; U.S. senator 
1824-33. In 1820 he was one of the commiss. 
under the Fla. treaty ; in the senate he was a 
strong sympathizer with the nullification 
movements, and a zealous advocate of all 
Southern political measures ; in 1829 he de- 
clined the mission to London. Author of a 
" Review of the Negotiations between the U.S. 
and Great Britain respecting the Commerce 
of the Two Countries," &c., Lond. 8vo, 1829 ; 
contrib. under the signature Seniix to the Nor- 
folk Herald in 1827. — .See Discourse on his 
Life by [high D. Grigsbi/, LCD., 8vo, 1860. 

Tecunisell, chief of the Sliawnees, b. near 
Springfield, O., ab. 1770; killed in the battle 
of the Thames, C.W., Oct. 5, 1813. He first 
appears in a fight with Ky. troops on the 
Mad River when he was ab". 20, and was said 
to have run atthefirst fire ; yet, in the war end- 
ing at the treaty of Greenvifle in 1795, he was 
noted as one of the boldest and most active of 
the Indian warriors. Ab. 1804 he projected 
with his bro. Elskwatawa, the "Prophet," the 
union of all the Western Indians for the ex- 
tirpation of the whites. He visited all the 
tribes on the W. bank of the Mpi., on Lakes 
Superior, Huron, and Michigan ; the Prophet 
assuming to be commiss. to the Indians from 
the Great Spirit, and preaching against the 
influence of the white men. They had in 1811 
gathered at Tippecanoe, on the Wabash, a force 
of several hundred warriors, which Gov. Harri- 
son, in the battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 181 1 , 
completely defeated. Tecumseh's plan was 
not yet matured, and this battle ruined it. He 
next sought the alliance of the English, and, 
with the rank of brig.-gen.,com. all the Indians 
who co-operated with the English in the cam- 
paigns of 1812-13 ; was present in every impor- 
tant engagement previous to that of the Thames ; 
and was conspicuous in the skirmishes preced- 
ing Hull's surrender at Detroit. In the bat- 
tle on the Thames, near the Moravian towns, 
he com. the right wing, the only part of the 
forces engaged. The Indians were driven back ; 
67 



but Tccumsch rushed forward where the fire 
was hottest, and fell The statement that he 
was killed by Col. R. M. Johnson is not now 
credited. A Life of Tecumseh, and his bro. the 
Prophet, was written by Benjamin Drake of 
Cincinnati in 1841. 

TefEt, Benjamik Franklin, D.D. (of 
Wesl. U. of Ohio, 1846), LL.D. (of Madison 
U. of N. Y. 1852), clergyman, b. Flovd, 
Oneida Co., N.Y., Aug. 20, 181.3. Wesl. "U. 
1835. After leaving college, he devoted 4 years 
to legal, metaphysical, and historical studies. 
He was in 1839-^41 pastor of a M. E. church 
at Bangor, Me.; in 1841 pres. of a classical 
sem. at Providence, R.I. ; and after one year's 
residence in Boston he was for 3 years prof, of 
Greek and Hebrew in the Indiana Asbury U. ; 
in 1846 he became general editor of the books 
and magazines of the Meth. book concern at 
Cincinnati ; and in 1851-4 was pres. of Genesee 
Coll., N.Y. ; pastor at Bangor, Me., 1858-61 ; 
U.S. consul and acting minister at Stockholm, 
1862; commiss. of emigration for Me. to the 
north of Europe, 1864; since 1866 pastor M. 
E. Church, Portland, Me. He has pub. " The 
Shoulder-Knot, or Sketches of the Threefold 
Life of Man," 1850 ; " Hungarv and Kossuth," 
1851; "Methodism Successful'," 1859; " Web- 
ster and his Masterpieces," 2 vols. 1854; ora- 
tion on "Life and Character of Webster," 1852; 
"The Northern Harp," a poem, 1838; "Pris- 
on-Life," and an Analysis of Butler's Analogy. 

TeflPt, Thomas Alexander, architect and 
monetarian, b. Richmond, R. I., 3 Aug. 1 826 ; 
d. Florence, Italy, 12 Dec. 1859. B.U. 1851. 
After studying architecture in I^vidence, and 
furnishing designs for many private and public 
edifices, he in 1 856 visited Europe to perfect 
himself in the art, and to diffuse his ideas of a 
unified currency for all nations, upon which 
subject he read a paper before the Brit. Insti- 
tute of Social Science. The principal features 
of his plan were after his d. incorporated into 
a plan agreed upon by an international conf. 
at Paris, at which 19 nations were represented, 
in 1867. Ho pub. "Our Deficiency in Art 
Education," Prov. 1852; "Universal Curren- 
cy," &c.. Loud, and Edinb. 1858; papers on 
architecture in the N. Y. Crwjon, and Letters 
from Europe in the N. Y. T/mcs 1857-8. — 
Memoir hj E. M. Stone, Prov., 1869. 

Telfair, Edward, gov. of Ga. 1786 and 
1790-3, b. Scotland 1735; d. Savannah 17 
Sept. 1 807. Educated at Kirkcudbright gram- 
mar-school. He came to Amer. at 2.3 as agent 
of a mere, house, and resided some time in Va. 
He removed to Halifax, N.C., and in 1766 to 
Savannah, where he was a merchant. An ac- 
tive promoter of the Revol., he served on many 
of the committees of the time, and was one of 
the party that broke open the magazine at 
Savannah, and removed the powder ; delegate 
to the Old Congress in 1778 and 1780-3 ; and 
in 1783 was one of the commiss. to make a 
treaty with the Cherokees. Thomas, his son 
(N.J. Coll. 1805; M.C. 1813-17), d. Savan- 
nah, Apr. 1818. 

Tellier , Vekt Ret. Remigi tjs Joseph, su- 

feriorof the Jesuits in N.Y., Canada, and of the 
ndians of the Lakes, b. Soissons, France, 1 796 ; 
d. St. Mary's Coll., Montreal, 7 Jan. 1866. 



898 



TEN- 



He entered the society 11 Oct. 1818; w;is rec- 
tor of Chamberry Coll., and in 1842 was sent 
to Canada. lie olficiatcd 2 years at La Prai- 
rie; founded the Church of St. Patrick, Mon- 
treal ; was 3 years stationed in U.C. ; was 
prefect of studies, and pres. of St. Francis 
Xavier Coll., and afterward at St. John's Coll., 



Temple, Daniel, missionary to Malta, b. 
Heading, Ms., 1790; d. there Aug. 9, 1851. 
Dartm. 1817; And. Sera. 1820. He was a 
shoemaker until 21. lia^g been an agent 
for the Araer. Board of Missions a year, he was 
ord.i]i 1-21 ; wentto-Maltain 1822; i:i 1833-44 
was at Smyrna; was afterward an agent of 
the board, preaching in various places ; and was 
settled in Phelps, N.Y., in 1847-9, He took a 
printing-press to the East, and pub. books in 
the modem Greek, Italian, and Armenian lan- 
guages ; wrote many Scripture histories ; and 
edited a magazine m Greek. His Life and 
Letters by his son. Rev. D. H. Temple, with 
introd. by R. S. Storrs, D.D., was pub., Bost. 
1855, 12mo. 

Temple, Sir Johv, 8th bart., b. Boston, 
1731 ; d. New York, Nov. 17, 1793. He suc- 
ceeded Sir Richard (commiss. of the royal navy 
in 17GI, afterward commiss. of the revenue at 
NewYork), whod. Nov. 15, 1786, without issue. 
Sir John m. a dau. of Gov. Bowdoin, and was 
agent and consul-gen. of Great Britain to the 
V.&. — Bttham; AlJen. 

Temple, William, gov. Delaware 1845, 
b. Q. Anne Co., Md., Feb. 28, 1815 ; d. Smyrna, 
Del, 28 May, 1863. A merchant at Smyrna. 
A member and speaker of the legisl. in 1S44; 
mcrabej: of the State senate 1 845-54 ; and mem- 
ber elect of the SSth Congress when he died. 

Ten Broeck, Gek. ABKAHAii,b. Albany, 
May 13, 1734; d. there Jan. 19, 1810. Bis 
father Dirck was many years recorder, and tlien 
mayor, of Albany. lie began business as a 
merchant in 1753, and m. Elizabeth, dau. of 
Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer; member Col. 
Assembly 17G1-75, and of the I'rov. Congress 
and conv. which organized a State govt, in 
1777, and pres. of tiie conv.; June 25, 1778- 
1781, brig.-gen. of Albany militia; com. a 
brigade at the battle of Bemis Heights, Oct. 
1777; State senator 1.7SO-3 ; mayor of Albany 
1779-83, and first judge Albany "County 1781- 
94. — Ilonrjh's Northern Invasion. 

Ten Eick, Abraham S., capt. U.S.N., b. 
N.Y. 1787; d. 28 Mar. 1844; midshipm. U 
Sept. 1811 ; lieut, 27 Apr. 1816; com. 9 Feb. 
1837; capt. 10 Dee. 1843; in the action be- 
tween the frigates "U. States" and "Maee- 
doni.an," 25 Oct. 1812. 

Tennent, Gilbert, an eminent preacher, 
b. Armagh, Ireland, Feb. 5, 1703 ; d. 23 July, 
1764. Son of William, a Presb minister, who 
came to this country in 1718, and settled near 
Phila., where he opened an acad. for the edu- 
cation of students in divinity, and d. ab. 1743. 
The son assisted in the direction of this estab- 
lishment, and, after having studied medicine as 
well as theology, w.is in 1726 ord. pastor of a 
cong. at New Bruns\vick. In 1740 and '41 he 
travelled through N. Eng. at the request of 
WhiteSeld, and preached "in many places m(h 



great success. He was one of the most con- 
spicuous ministers of his day, ardent in hii 
zeal, forcible in his reasoning, and bold and 
passionate in his addresses to the conscience 
and the heart. He affected eccentricity in his 
preaching, entering the pulpit on his New-Eng- 
land tour in an overcoat bound wich a leathern 
girdle, and with long hair. Notwithstanding 
his zeal and success as a missionary, a party 
was formed against him, and he was accused 
of immorality. To a hostile pamphlet, called 
;' The Examiner," he replied with the " Exam 
iner Examined." This controvi^rsy occasioned 
the convocation of a synod in 1741 ; but no 
decision on the points in dispute took place. 
Tennent, wiih a view to conciliation, pub. a 
remarkable work under the title of" The Peace 
of Jerusalem." In 1743 he founded a Presb. 
church at Phila., and subsequently travelled 
through some of the States as a missionary. 
In 1753 he went to Eng. to solicit benefoc- 
tions to the college of Princeton. Among his 
other pubs, are an account of a revival of re- 
ligion in 1744, and on the success of the exped. 
against Louiiburg ; discourses on several sub- 
JL'Cts, 12rao, 1745; "On the Lawfulness of 
Defensive War," 1 747 ; " On the Consistency 
of Defensive War with True Chiisti.anity ;" 
" Defensive War Defended ; " and " Sermons on 
Important Subjects," 8vo, 1758; xxiii. Ser- 
mons, Phila., 8vo, 1744. 

Tennent, William, clergyman, bro. of 
the preceding, b. Antrim Co., Ireland, J.an. 3, 
1705; d. Freehold, N. J., Mar. 8, 1777. N. J. 
Coll. 1753. He came to America with his 
father's family in 1718, and studied theology 
under his bro. at N. Brunswick. He had 
nearly completed the course when his health 
failed, and he fell into a catalepsy, or trance, 
and for several days appeared as if dead, his 
body being cold and stiff. His physician, who 
was also his particular friend, perceiving some 
slight symptoms of vitality, refused to consent 
to his bunal ; and, although his friends were 
satisfied he was dead, his funeral was postponed 
3 days, and subsequently for several hours, 
efforts for his resuscitation being finally suc- 
cessful. His recovery was slow and painful ; 
all pre\-ious knowledge was forgotten ; and he 
had to be taught reading, writing, and all 
things, as a newborn child. At length he felt 
a sudden shock in his head, and by degrees his 
recollection was restored. He told his friends, 
that, at the time of his apparent death, he found 
himself in heaven in the presence of an inde- 
sciibable glory, and of an innumerable host of 
happy worshippers, and heard songs of praise 
which were unutterable. When about to join 
the throng, a heavenly messenger said to him, 
" You must return to the earth." At the 
shock of this news he opened his eyes, and, 
finding himself in the world, fainted. For 3 
years, he said, the recollection of what he had 
seen and heard was so intense as to make 
earthly things seem worthless. Oct. 25, 1733, 
he was ord. at Freehold, Monmouth Co., N. J., 
as successor of his bro. John, and continued pas- 
tor 44 years. He pub. a few occasional ser- 
mons. A Memoir, giving a very full account 
of his trance, was prepared and pub. by Judge 
EEas Boudinot, N.Y., 18mo, 1847. 



, John S., LL.D., an able lawj'cr, 
chief justice of Me. 1S5G-63, b. N.H. 1789 ; d. 
Nonidgenock, Me., 23 Aug. 1869. Bowd. 
Coll. 1816. 

Tenney, Samcel, M.D., physician and 
physicist, b. Byfield, Ms., Nov. 27, 1748; d. 
Exeter, Feb. 6,"l816. H.U. 1772. After teach- 
ing school one year at Andover, he studied 
medicine with Dr. Kittredge; went in 1775 to 
commence practice at Exeter, but, joining the 
army on the day of the battle of Bunker's Hill, 
continued in sen-ice as a surgeon during the 
war. After serving one year in the Ms. line, he 
entered that of R.L ; was present at Saratoga 
and Yorktown ; and was a. volunteer at Rod 
Bank, where he dressed the wounds of Donop, 
the Hessian commander. After the war, he m. 
and settled at Exeter, but did not resume prac- 
tice. In 1788 he was a member of the State 
Const. Conv. ; judge of probate for Rocking- 
ham Co. in 1793-1800; and M.C. in lSOO-7. 
Member of the Acad, of Arts and Sciences, to 
whose Memoirs he contrib. an account of the 
celebrated Saratoga mineral-waters and his 
" Theory of Prismatic Colors." For the Ms. 
Hist. Society he furnished an account of Exe- 
ter, and a notice of the "dark day," May 19, 
1780, and for the Ms. Agric. See. a much-ap- 
proved treatise on orcharding. He pub. many 
political essays in the newspapers, and particu- 
larly in 1788 in favor of the Federal Constitu- 
tion. In 1811 he pub. in the N.Y. Med. Re- 
posilori/ "An Explanation of Certain Curious 
Phenomena in the Heating of Water." Tabi- 
THA his wife, dan. of Samuel Oilman, m. in 
1788 (b. Exeter, N.H., 1762; d. there 2 May, 
1837), was the author of " Adventures of Dor- 
casina Sheldon, or Female Quixotism " (2d 
cd. Newburyport, 12mo, 1808), and " The New 
Pleasing Instructor." 

Tenney, William Jewett, editor, b. 
Newport, K.I., 1811. Y. C. 1832. He com- 
pleted and indexed Benton's Abridgment of 
the Debates of Congress ; has edited Apple- 
ton's Annual Cyclop. ; was co-editor N. Y. 
Jour, of Commerce, 1841, and N.Y. Evening 
Post, i842-3 and 1847-8, Minimi Maqmine, 
N.Y., 1853-60, 8 vols. 8vo ; conttib. to Hunt's 
Merclds. Mug. Author of the " Milit. and 
Na\al History of the Rebellion," 8vo, 1S65; 
" Gr.immatical Analysis," 1866. — AHilione. 

Terhune, Mary Virginia (" Marion 
Harlaxd "), novelist, b. Va. Her father, Sam. 
P. Hawes of Dorchester, is a merchant of 
Richmond, and a descendant of the Puritans: 
her mother is a dosccinlMnt of the earliest set- 
tlors of Va. At 14 -I:. Ivi'Mi, i.i .onti-ib. to a 
wooklvcitvjouriL.I \ : . , . :..trh written 
at IG, entitled '■ -M... ._ : _ii Prudential 
Motives," was cuijicJ Hum (/ .. , .~ Ladij's Book 
into an English paper, thence transferred to 
a Parisian journal, retranslateil for another 
English periodical, and finally copied 3n Amer- 
ica, and extensively circulated as an English 
story. In 1854 she pub. " Alone," a highly-suc- 
cessful novel, under the asssumod name of 
Marion Harland ; the " Hidden Path " followed 
in 1856; "Moss Side "in 1857; "Husbands 
and Homes," " Nemesis," " Sunnybank," 
1806; "Christmas Holly," 1867; "Ruby's 
Husband," 1868; "Common Sense in the 



Household," a book of domestic receipts, 1871 
In 1856 she m. Rev. E. P. Terhune, pastor of 
a Va. church, who in 1859 became pastor of 
the Dutch Ref. Church in Newark, New Jer- 
sey. 

Ternant, Chevalier Jean de, a French 
officer, who served in the Amer. Uovol. array; 
d. Conches, Normandy, 1816. In Apr. 1778 
he was app. one of Steuben's sub-inspectors 
(rank major); Sept. 25, 1778, he was made 
lieut.-col. ami inspector of the troops in S.C. 
and Ga. ; was taken prisoner at Charleston in 
1780; was afterwards exchanged, and, having 
temporarily filled the place of Col. Armand, 
resumed his duties in the south. He was a 
col. during the wars of the French rcvol. ; and 
was ambassador to the U.S. in 1790-3. Ter- 
nant was a man of decided ability and remark- 
able accomplishments. — See Kupp's Life of 
Steuben. 

Ternaux (iCi'-no') Compans, Henri, 

nephew of Baron Guillaume Louis; d. Dec. 
18G4. Has pub. 2 series of 10 vols, each of 
" Voipqes, Rglalions,et Me'moires," from inodited 
Spainsh MSS., relating to the discovery and 
conquest of America, — a work of inestimaljle 
value (Paris, 1836-40); " Bibliolltetjuc Anie'ri- 
mine, 1493-1700" (8vo, Paris, 1837); ami 
various other works. 

Ternay, Charles Lewis d'Aksac de, a 
French admiral ; d. Newport, R.I., Deo. 15, 
1780, a. 58. He was descended from an 
ancient and noble family of Bretagne, and en- 
tered the service in 1738. He invaded New- 
foundland in 1762 in com. of a squadron; l.indcd 
at St. John's June 2, reduced the place, and 
captured several vessels; resigned in 1772, and 
till 1779 was gov. of Bourbon and the adjacent 
isles. In 1780 he was ordered with a fleet to 
the U.S., carrying Rochambeau's army, and 
arrived at Newport, July 10, 1780, but died 
shortly afterward. 

Terrell, Dr. William, M. C. from Ga. 
1817-21 ; d. Sparta, Ga., July 4, 1855. He 
was frequently a member of the State legisl. ; 
took great interest in the promotion of agricul- 
tural science; and in 18.53 gave S20,000 for the 
establishment of an agric. professorship in the 
U. of Georgia. 

Terrill, Gen. William R., b. Va. 1832; 
killed at the battle of Perryville, Kv., Oct. 8, 
1862. West Point, 1853. 2d lieut. 4ih Art. 
4 Nov. 1853 ; was in the Florida war 1855-7 ; 
1st lieut. 31 Mar. 1856 ; capt. 5th Art. 14 May, 
1861. He then raised a regt. of vols., was .fent 
to Ivy., com. a battery in Gen. MoCook's divis- 
ion, was assigned to com. a brigade in Gon. 
Bucll's army, and was chief of art. 2d division, 
and, for his' bravery and ability at the battle 
of Shiloh, was made brig.-gen of vols. Sept. 9, 
1862. 

Terry, Alfred Howe, brig.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Hanlord, Ct., Nov. 10, 1827. Educated at 
Y.C., from which he received an hon. dcg. in 
1SG5; studied law; was adm. to the bar in 
1848; was clerk of the N. Haven Co. Courts 
from June, 18.54, to June, 1860. He had com. 
the N. Haven Co. (2d Regt.) since 1854, and in 
Apr. 1861 led it to the field, serving at Bull 
Run, retiring in good order when the day was 
lost, bringing up the rear in the retreat, and 



TER 



900 



saving a large amount of govt, property. He 
then raised the 7th Ct. Rogt., wliicli was at- 
tached to tlie exped. under Gen. T. W. Sher- 
man ; Nov. 7 it occiipieil the captured fort on 
Hilton Heail; was emjiloycd in tlir inv.-tinnit. 
of Fort Pulaski, and on its c:iptinv w:i« |il,i- . -i 
in charge of it. During the mmiiiii' r oi \^i:2 
he had com. of the jiosts and firt^ tm ilic At- 
lantic coasts of Florida. Made hrig.-gen. Mar. 
24, 1862, and led a brigade in the battle of 
Pocotaligo; com. div. 10th corps, and engaged 
in the operations in Charleston harbor; also in 
Army of the James, and engaged at Drnry's 
Bluff, Bermnda Hundred, Deep Bottom, siege 
of Petersburg, actions of Newmarket and Wil- 
liamsburg Roads ; com. 10th corps Mav to Dec. 
1864; Jan. 15, 1865, at the head of the l>t .liv. 
24th corps, aided by the fleet of Coin. I'.ut r, 
he carried by assault Fort Fisher, endiiiu' ' "u- 
fed. supremacy in Cape-Fear River; niaj. -^m. 
of vols, and brig.-gcn. U.S.A. Jan. 15, 1865 ; 
com. corps, and engaged in the capture of Wil- 
mington, N.Cand action of North-east Cieek, 
N.C. ; brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and 
meritorious conduct at capture of Wilmington, 
North Carolina. 

Terry, Willi.\m U., brig.-gen. Confed. 
armv, li. Va. ; killed in the assanlt on Fort 
Stednian, near Petersburg, March 25, 1865. 
He was educated at the Lexington Military 
Acad. ; com. 24th Va. Regt., and wounded at 
Gettysburg ; afterward com. a brigade. 

Tertre, John Baptist, a French mission- 
ary, b. Calais; d. Paris, 1687. After serving 
his country in the military and naval service, 
he became a Dominican friar, and, after a 
zealous prosecution of missionary labor in 
America, returned to Europe in 1658. Author 
of "A General History of the Antilles belong- 
ing to the French," 4 vols. 4to, 1667-71. 

Tesehemacher, J. E., geologist and nat- 
uralist ; d. 18.53. Anthor of " Concise Appli- 
cation of the Principles of Structural Botany 
to Horticulture," Boston, 1840; "Essay on 
Guano," 1S45; "Chemic.il Field Lectures," 
from the German, 12mo, Cambridge, 1852. 

Thacher, George, judge, b. Yarmouth, 
Ms., Apr. 12, 1754 ; d. Biddcford, Me., Apr. 6, 
1824. H.U. 1776. II.' >tiHli.d law, and in 
1782 established him- 11 in pi^.ti. ,■ in Bidde- 
ford. A delegate to tlir (11,1 ( V.ni^nssin 1787- 
8; M.C. 1789-1801 ; dist. judgu in Me. 1792- 
1800; judge of the Sup. Court ISOO-Jau. 1824 ; 
also a member of the conv. which framed the 
const, of Me. in 1819. He was a man of su- 
perior abilities, and was famous for his wit. 

Thacher, Jajies, M.D., physician and 
author, b. Barnstable, Ms., 14 Feb. 1754; d. 
Plymouth, Ms., 24 May, 1844. He studied un- 
der Dr. Abncr Hersey ; joined the Revol. army 
at Cambridge in 1775 as a surgeon's mate under 
Dr. John WaiTen ; was promoted to surgeon, 
and served through the war, being present at 
many of the principal battles. He kept a diary 
of the war, pub. in 1824 as a "Military Jour- 
nal of the Revolution," — a work of great his- 
torical value. In Mar. 1783 he settled in prac- 
tice at Plymouth. Author of " Amer. New 
Dispensatory," 1810; "Hydrophobia," 1812 ; 
" Modern Practice of Physic," 1817 ; "Amer. 



Orchardist," I 



' Amer. Med. Biog.," 



2 vols. 8vo, 1828; "Management of Bees," 
1821, 12mo; " Demonologv, Ghosts," &c., 
1831; and "History of Plymouth," l.«32. 
He also coutrib. many valuable p.ipers to peri- 
odicals. He received the hon. deg. of A.M. 
from H.U. 1808, and of M.D. in 1810 Mem- 
ber Ms. Med. Soc. and of the Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences. 

Thacher, Oxenbridge, an eminent law- 
yer and patriot; d. July 8, 1765, a. 45. H.U. 
1738. Grandson of Rev.Peterof Milton,and son 
of Oxenbridge of Milton, who d. 1772,a92. His 
delicate health eorapcUed him to exchange the 
pulpit for the bar, where, as also in political 
life, his talents made him conspicuous. A rep- 
resentative from Boston when the first of the 
iin]j(.pul.ir measures of the British govt, to 
nii-r a revenue in the Colonics was passed, he 
Ma ^ tlirir firm opponent. His jiamphlet, " The 
Snitiinents of British Amcricnns " (1764), lev- 
elli-d against the Navigation Ait, was very jiop- 
ular, and well adapted to the tinns. llC also 
pub. " Considerations upon reducing the Value 
of the Gold Coins within the Province," 17C0, 

— Elht. 

Thacher, Peter, first minister of Milton 
from Sept. 2, 1681, to his d. Dec. 23, 1727, b. 
Salem, July 18, 1651. H.U. 1671. Son of 
Rev. Thos. He preached to the neighboring 
Indians in their own lauguagc, and, luing a 
physician, exprnded much of his salary in the 
purchase of medicines fjr tin; sick and iiuligent. 
He published " Unbelief Detected and Con- 
demned," 1708; and some occasional sermons. 

— Spraryue, 

Thacher, Peter, minister of Attleborough 
from Nov. 30, 1748, to his d. Sept. 13, 1785, 
b. Middleborough, Jan. 25, 1716. H.U. 1737. 
Son of Peter, minister of Middleborough (1709- 
44). A vol. of his sermons was pub. alter his 
death. 

Thacher, Peter, D.D. (Edinb. 1791), 
minister in Boston, b. Milton, Mar. 21, 1752, 
d. Savannah, Ga., Dec. 16, 1802. H.U. 1769. 
Son of Oxenbridge (nntr). Sept. 19, 1770, ho 
was ord. minister of Maiden. During his resi- 
dence there, he took an active part in the prc- 
Revol. measures ; wrote, at the request of the 
Ms. com. of safety, a " Narrative of the B.attle 
of Bunker's Hill," pub. in the " Journ.als" of 
the Prov. Congress, of which he was a mem- 
ber; draughted the spirited resolves and in- 
structions recorded on the Maiden records of 
1775 ; was a delegate to the State Const. Cunv. 
of 1780, and strenuously contended against 
establishing the olDcc of gov., and finally to the 
title of " His Excellency." Often a chaplain 
of the State legisl. Installed over the Brattle- 
st. Church, Boston, Jan. 12, 1785, and retained 
the pastorate till his death. He was an ex- 
cellent preacher, possessed in a singular degree 
the gift of prayer, and was not less remarkable 
for his colloquial powers. Whitcfield called 
him "the young Elijah." He was a mcmb' r 
of the Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, and 
of many N.E. literary and charitable institu- 
tions. March 5, 1776, he pronounced the an- 
nual oration commemorating the "Massacre," 
at Watcrtown, against " Standing Armies." 
He pub. 22 distinct works, among which were 
" Observations on the State of the Clergy in 



XHA. 



901 



THA 



preceding. 
Boston, an 



New England," 17S3; and " Memoii-s of Dr. 
Boylston," 17S9. 

Thaoher, Peter Oxenbridoe, lawyer 
and jurist, b. Maiden, Doc. 22, 1776; d. Bos- 
Feb. 22, 1843. II.U. 1796. Son of the 
He studied and practised law in 
, and in 1823-43 was judge of its Mu- 
nicipal Court. The criminal cases of Judge 
Thachcr, edited by Woodman in 1845, is a 
standard text-book. Member Amer. Acad, of 
Arts and Sciences. 

Thaeher, Samuel Cooper, Cong, clergy- 
man, b. Dec. 4, 1785; d. of consumption at 
Moulins, France, Jan. 2, 1818. H.U. 1804. 
Son of the Rev. Peter, D.D. After visiting 
Europe with Rev. Mr. Buckminstcr in 1806, 
he was librarian of H.U. in 1808-11 ; and was 
ord. as successor of Dr. Kirkland, in the New 
South Church, Boston, May 15, 1811. Mr. 
Thaeher was a fine scholar ; and his contribs. 
to the jieriodical literature of the day were noted 
for purity of style, and elegance of diction. As 
a preacher he was fervent and impressive. A 
vol. of his sermons, ivith a Memoir, was pub. 
by his successor. Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, 
8vo, 1824. 

Thaeher, Tiiomas, first minister of the 
OUl South Church, Boston, from Feb. 16, 
1670, to his d. Oct. 15, 1678; b. Eng. May 1, 
1620. He emig. to Boston in 1635. Studied 
under Chauncey; was ord. minister of Wey- 
mouth, June 2, 1644; moved to Boston in 
1664. He prepared a " Hebrew Lexicon," and 
was a good physician and a popular preacher. 
He pub. "A Brief Rule, &c., in the Sniall-Pox 
and Measles," 1677, 2d edition, 1702. 

Thatcher, Benjamin Bussey, author, b. 
Warren, Me., Oct. 8, 1809 ; d. Boston, July 
14,1840. Bowd. Coll. 1826. His father Sam- 
uel was a, disting. lawyer, and M.C. in 1802-5. 
The son studied law, and practised in Boston. 
He was a constant contrib. to the leading peri- 
odicals of the dav. Pub. " Indian Biography," 
1832; " Indian "Traits," 1833; a "Memoir of 
PhillisWhcatley;" "Traits of the Boston Tea- 
Party," 1835; "Tales of the Amer. Revol.," 
1846; "MemoirofS. Oscrood Wright," 16mo, 
1834; "Tales of the Indians," 18mo, 1831. 
Edited the " Boston Book," 12nio, 1837. His 
poems are nnmeious, and mostly of a medita- 
tive and descriptive character. 

Thatcher, Henry Knox, rear-admiral 
U.S.N., b. Thouiaston, Me., 26 May, 1806. 
His grandfather was Gen. Henry Knox. Mid- 
shipm. March 4, 1823; lieut. Feb. 28, 1833; 
com. Sept. 14, 1855; capt. 1861 ; commo. July 
3, 1862; rear-admiral, July 25, 1866; retired 
26 May, 1868. Com. frigate " Constellation," 
Medit. squadron, 1862-3; com. steam-frigate 
" Colorado," N. Atl. block, squad., 1864-5, and 
in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 1 864 
and Jan. 1865; afterward com. West Gulf 
squad., and co-operated with Gen. Canby in 
the nduetion of Mobile; and May 10, 1865, 
he received the sun-cnder of the Coufcd. naval 
force in those waters. 

Thaxter, Adam Wallace, journalist and 
poet, l>. Boston, 16 Jan. 1 8.32 ; d there 8 June, 
1864. H.U. 1852. CamI). Law School, 1854. 
Dramatic and literary critic of the Bimloii Even- 
ing Gazette for 7 years, and author of some acting 



lil.iys, including "The Regicide," a tragedy; 
a poem bet'oie the " Lulma " of II.U., Cain- 
bridge, 1850; " The Grotto Nymph," 1859. 

Thayer, Elihu, D.I). (Dartm. 1807), 
minister of Kin;;ston, K.H., tniin Dee. 18, 
1776, to his d. A]:r .1, isij, I, li,;,intree, Ms., 
March 29, 1747. N .1. C.ll, I7(,'j. He was a 
good scholar, iiml liiinl Tuiim vdimg men for 
college. A vol. ot liis seniiuiis'was pub. 1813. 

Thayer, John Milton, U. S. senator 
from Nebraska 1867-71, b. Bellingham, Ms., 
24jan. 1820. Brown U. 1841. Studied and 
practised law ; settled in Nebraska in 1854: \n-- 
came brig.-gen. of militia, and memijer ol rlie 
Terr, legisl. ; col. of vols. 1861 ; brig ren. 13 
Mar. 1863 for services at t'ort Donelsoii and 
Shiloh ; disting. at Vicksburg and Cliiekasaw 
Bayou, and promo, maj.-gen. of volunteers. 

Thayer, Nathaniel, D.D. (H.U. 1817), 
a Unitarian clergyman, b. Hampton, N.H., 
July 11, 1769; d. Roehester, NY,, .lune 23, 
1840. H.U. 1789. He eoniniriirr>l I,,, minis- 
try at Wilkesbarrc, Pa., ulni. In m in:tined 
nearly a year; and, on liis irnuii k. ,\ K. in 
1793, he was settled at Laneasier, .Ms,, wliere 
he resided during the remainder ol liis lile. 23 
of his occas. discourses have been pub. His son 
Nathl. has been a munificent patron of H.U. 

Thayer, M.w. Simeon, Revol. officer, b. 
Mendon, Ms., Apr. 30, 1737; d. Cumberland, 
R. I., Oct. 14, 1800. In his youth he was an 
apprentice in R.I. ; in 1 756 served with the 
R.I. troops in the French war; in 1757 in tho 
Ms. line under Col. Frye, and under Rogers 
the ranger; in Aug. 1757 was taken prisoner 
at Fort William Henry; in May, 1775, was 
app. capt. by the Gen. Assembly of R.I. ; ac- 
comp. Arnold's exjied. to QucIjcc, and was 
taken prisoner; was exchanged July 1, 1777; 
was app. maj. Jan. 1, 1777 ; was prominent 
in the defence of Heil Bank and the brilliant 
victory tliere, and in the subsequent heroic de- 
fence of Fort Mitflin, for which he received a 
sword from the R.I. Assembly in July; was 
severely wounded in the battle of Monmouth 
in 1778; in 1780 was in Col. Aiigell's regt. in 
N.J. ; and Jan. 1, 1781, retired from the ser- 
vice. His Journal of the Invasion of Canada 
in 1775, with notes and appendix by E. M. 
Stone, appeared in 1867. 

Thayer, Sylvanus, LL.D. (St. John's 
Coll. 1830), brev. brig.-gen. U.S.A., b. Brain- 
tree, Ms., 19 June, 1785. Dartm. Coll. 1807. 
West Point, 1808. A.M. of Ken. Coll. 1846; 
H.U. 1857; member Amer. Philos. Soc. 1838. 
Entering the U.S. engrs., he became chief engr. 
of Gen. Dearborn's army in 1812, and of 
Hampton's divis. 1813, and also his aide-de- 
camp; capt. of engrs. Oct. 1813; chief engr. 
in defence of Norfolk, Va., 1814 ; brigade maj. 
to Gen. Porter, Jan. 1814-May, 1815; brev. 
maj. for services at Norfolk 20 Feb. 1815; 
brev. lieut.-col. 3 Mar. 1823; sent with Col. 
McRae by the govt, to France and Belgium in 
1815 to examine the fortifications in thosj 
countries; superint. West-Point Acad. 1817- 
33; maj. 24 May, 1828; lieut.-col. 7 July, 
1838; col. 3 Mar. 1863; brev. brig.-gen. .•)! 
May, 1863; resigned 1 June, 1863. Construct- 
ing engr. of the defences of Boston harbor 
1833-57; and temporary chief of the engineer 



902 



THO 



corps in 1857-9. Author of " Papers on Prac- 
ticiil Engineering," &c., 8vo, 1844. 

Thayer, William Makupeace, D.D., 
b. Fiairlilin, Ms., 1820. Brown U. 184.3. Pas- 
tor of Cung. CluMTh, AshlanJ, Ms., 1849-68, 
now (1871) rusi,lus in Franklin, Ms. Author 
of a niunln'r of religious and juvenile hooks, 
among tlii-ni a series of ]>opul.ir biographies 
an.l '•Youth's Hist, of the Rebellion," 4 vols., 
IS04-G. Kilitor of the Home Month/i/, and the 
Mullic's Assislanl : contrib. to the' Coiyirga- 
tiomi/ist and to the Puntait Recorder. — A/h- 

Theller, Dr. Edward Alexander, jour- 
nalist ; d. Uonitas, Cal, 1859. For his active 
participation in the Canadian rebellion in 18.37, 
he was arrested, tried, convicted, and sen- 
tenced to death, but escaped from jail, came to 
tlie U.S., was a resident of N.York in 1841-2, 
where he published " Canada in 1837-8," 2 
vols. 1841. He went to California in 185.3, 
and was editor of the Public Ledijer, and after- 
ward of the Aiii\is. He was at one time supt. 
of the public schools in San Francisco. — llist. 
M,„,.,\[\. 237. 

Thorn, James, a self-taught Ayrshire 
sculptor; d. N.Y. Citv, Apr. 17, 1850, a. 51. 
The cckbiated group of Tam O'Shanter first 
raised Thorn into notice, and, from the con- 
dition of an obscure, uneducated stone-cutter, 
secured for him fame and employment in Lon- 
don. Mr. Thom came to America ab. 1837 
iu i>ursuit of a person who had been previously 
sent over bv tlic proprietors to exliibit his Tam 
O'Shanter' and Old Mortality, but who, wo 
believe, made no returns, or report of his pro- 
ceedings. He succeeded in recovering a por- 
tion of the money for wliich it appeared these 
admirable works had been sold, and transmit- 
ted it to the projjrietors, who had been his 
benefactors, determining to remain in Newark 
to pursue his profession. In exploiing the 
country in that vicinity for stone adapted to his 
purposes, he brought into notice a fine free- 
stone quarry at Little Falls, which has since 
furnished the stone for the court house in New- 
ark, Trinity Church, New York, and many 
other public buildings. 

Thomas, Benjamin F., LL.D. (B.U. 
1853), jurist, grandson of Isaiah, b. Boston, 
12 Feb. 1813, removed to Worcester 1819. 
Brown U. 1830. Adm. to the bar 1833 ; mem- 
ber Ms. legisl. 1842; judge of probate, Wore. 
Co., 1844-8; judge Ms. Sup. Court 185.3-9; 
resumed practice iu Boston; M.C. 1861-3. 
Author of " Law of Towns and Town-Offi- 
cers," 1845; "Suggestions upon the Personal- 
liberty Law," 1861. 

Thomas, Gen. Charles, b. Pa. ab. 1800. 
Lieut, of ordnance Aug. 13, 1819; assist, com- 
niiss. Jan. 1824; assist, quarterin. May, 1826 ; 
capt. Apr. 1833; quarterin. (rank of major) 
July 7, 1838; brev. lieut.-col. for meritorious 
services in Mexico, May 30, 1848; dep. quar- 
term.-gen. (rank lieut.-col.) May 23, 1850; 
assist. quarteim.-gen. (rank col.) Aug. 1, 1856 ; 
brev. major-gen, March 13, 1S65, for faithful, 
merit., and dist. services during tlie war; ret. 
July 29, 18G6. — Gardner. 
I Thomas, David, pomologist and agricul- 
turist, b. Montgomery Co., Pa., 1776 ; d. 



Cayuga Co., N.Y'., 1859. Of Quaker parent- 
age. Removed in 1805 to near Aurora, Cayuga 
Co., N.Y. Pub. in 1817 "Tiavels in the 
West," which led to his app. of chief eng. Erie 
Canal, west of Iloehester; and was subsequent- 
ly a principal eng. of the Welland Canal, Cana- 
da. Eminent as a florist and pomologist; his 
contributions to the Genesee Farmer hd to great 
practical improvements, and more enlightened 
views of agiicullure. — Thomas. 

Thomas, IChe.nezeb Smith, journalist, 
b. West Cambridge, Ms., 1775; d. Cincin. 22 
Oct. 1845 A relative of Isaiah, in whose 
office at Worcester he learned the printer's art. 
Establi.-IiL.I himself as a bookseller in Charles- 
town, S.C, in 1793, and edited the City Gazette 
in 1810-16; removed to Baltimore i'n 1816; 
was a member of the legisl. in 181S-19; and 
from 1829 to his death was a resident of Cin- 
cinnati, where he edited the Dailij Adnrlisir in 
1829-35, and the Evening Post in 1835-9. Ik- 
pub. " Reminiscences of the Last 65 Y'ears," 2 
vols. 1840. Fred. Wm. and Lewis F. are his 
sons. 

Thomas, Francis, statesman, b. Freder- 
ick Co., iMd., Feb. 3, 1799. St. John's Coll. 
Adm. to the bar in 1820; member of the house 
of delegates in 1822-27 and '29, when he was 
chosen speaker; M.C. 1831-41 and 1861-9; 
gov. of Md. 1841-4 ; pres. of the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal 1839; member of the State 
Const. Conv. of 1850. He was-one of the first 
men in Md. to warn the people of the approiteh- 
ing Rebellion, and raised a brigade of 3,000 
vols., but declined a military app. ; delegate to 
the Phila. Loyalist Conv. of 1866. 

Thomas, Frederick William, author 
and journalist, b. Providence, 25 Oct. 1803; d. 
Washington, D.C., 30 Sept. 1866. Sou of E. 
S. Thomas. Adm. to the Baltimore bar in 
1828. Removed to Cincinnati in 1830, and 
assisted his father in editing the ^rfwf7-(isf?-, con- 
tributing to it the song, " "i'is said that Absence 
conquers Love," and " The Emigrants," a 
poem, pub. in 1833. Associate editor of the 
Democ. Intelligencer in 1 834 ; of the Dailij Ecen- 
imj Post in 1835; resided iu Washington in 
1841-50 ; wa- for a short time a minister in the 
M.E.Ciinreli in ( ■in.iniKiti ; afterward prof, of 
rhetoric and IJi.-, I.i. m tlie Ala. U. ; resumed 
the practice <■( I.ih at (.ambridge, Md., in 1858 ; 
and in ISCO look charge of the lit. dept. of the 
Richmond IJuijiiirer. He was a successful lec- 
turer, especially on " Eloquence," " Early 
Struggles of Eminent Men," &c. Author of 
"Clinton Bradshaw," a novel, 1835; "East 
and West," 1836; "Howard Pincknev," 
1840 ; " The Beeehen Troe, and Other Poem's," 
1844; "John Randolphof Roanoke, and Other 
Sketches of Character," 1853. 

Thomas, Gabriel, autJior of "A Hist, 
and Geog. Account of Pa. and Western N. J.," 
London, 12mo, 1697. He was a Quaker, and 
resided in this country in 1682-97. 

Thomas, Sir George, ban., gov. of Pa. 
1738-47; d. London, Jan. 11, 1775. He was 
previously a wealthy planter of Antigua, and a 
memlicrof the council of that island. In 1732- 
G6 he was gov. of the Leeward and Caribbee 
Islands. Created a baronet in 1766. 

Thomas, Gen. George Henry, b. South- 



THO 



903 



nmpton Co., Va., 31 July, 1816 ; d. San 
Francisco, Cal., 28 March, I'STO. West Point, 
1840. His father was of Welsh, and his 
mother of Frcnch-Hugucnot descent. Enter- 
ing' the 3d Art., he was brev. 6 Nov. 1841 for 
gallantry and good conduct in the Florida 
war; 1st licut. 30 April, 1844; earned the 
brevets of capt. and major for gallantry at 
Monterey anil Buena Vista 23 Sept. 1846 
and 23 Feb. 1847; again served against the 
Seminole Indians in 1849-.50 ; instr. ofart. and 
cav. at West Point 18.T1-4; capt. 3d Art. 24 
Dec IS.'JS ; maj. 2il Cav. 12 May, 1855 ; served 
in Texas in 1856-60, in Red -river and Kiowa 
expediiions, and wounded 26 Aug. 1860 near 
Clear Fork of Brazos Uiver ; lieut.-eol. 25 Apr. 
1861; col. 3 May, 1861; 5th Cav. 3 Aug. 
1861 ; com. brigade in action at Falling Waters 
2 July, at Martinshurg, and at Bunker Hill, 
Va. ; brig.-gen. vols. 1" Aug. 1861; com. 
division of Army of Ohio, Nov. 1861 to 19 
Mar. 1862, and com. at Mill Spring, Ky., de- 
feating Zollikdffer 19 Jan. 1862 ; com. the 
right wing, Army of Tenn., at Corinth, Mpi. ; 
second in com. of Army of the Ohio at battle 
of Perryville 8 Oct. 1862; com. 14th corps, 
Army of the Cumberland, Nov. 1862 to Oct. 
1863, and engaged at Stone River and at 
Chickamauga, where he checked the enemy's 
advance, standing firm when the rest of the 
army had been routed, 21 Sept. 1853 ; com. 
the bept. and Army of the Cumberland 19 Oct. 
1863 ; lirig.-gen. U.S.A. 27 Oct. 1863 ; in bat- 
tles of Mission. Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Resa- 
ca, Cassville, Dallas, Kenesaw, siege of At- 
lanta, assault on Jonesborongh and capture of 
Atlanta 2 Sept. 1864 ; defended Tenn. against 
Gen. Hood; won the battle of Franklin 30 
Nov., and completely routed the Confed. army 
at Nashville 15-16 Dec. 1864, and was made 
maj.-gcn. U.S.A. from 15 Dee. Mar. 3, 1SC5, 
he received the thanks of Congress for this 
eminent service, and from the legisl. of Tenn., 
2 Nov. 1865, a vote of thanks and a gold medal. 
Gen. Thomas was remarkable for simplicity of 
character, modesty, stability, and discretion. 
In Feb. 1868, Pres. Johnson liaving offered 
him the brev. of lieut.-gen., he declined the 
compliment, saying he had done nothing since 
the war to merit such promotion. 

Thomas, Isaiah, LL.D. (Alleg. Coll.), 
journalist and author, b. Boston, Jan. 19, 1749; 
d. Worcester, Ms., April 4, 1831. Moses his 
father died while he was yet a child. After 
an apprenticeship of 11 years to a printer, he 
at the age of 18 commenced business at New- 
buryport. In 1770 he transferred his estab.ish- 
ment to Boston, and on 17 July, 1771, issued 
the first niinilier of the its. Spi/, in which 
appeared many bold and spirited appeals 
on the subjeoi of the oppressive acts of par- 
liament towards the Colonies. In 1771 Gov. 
Hutchinson sought to arraign Mr. Thomas to 
answer for an article which appeared in his 
paper ; and theatty.-gen. endeavored to procure 
an indictment against him, but in vain. A few 
days after the battle of Le-xington, in which he 
participated, he moved his printing-office to 
Worcester, where he continued to pub. his 
paper, with which he was connected till 1801 ; 
in 1801-19 it was pub. by Isaiah Thomas, jun. 



In IT 



Boston under 



established branches of his publishing business 
in several parts of the U.S. They pub. the 
Ms. Muijmine 1789-96 in 8 vols. In 1775 he 
commenced " The New-Eng. Almanac," con- 
tinued with several titles 42 years. During 
many years, most of the Bibles and K-hool- 
books throughout the continent emanated from 
his establishment at Worcester. In 1812 Mr. 
Thomas founded the Antiquarian Society of 
Worcester, of which he was pres. and a most 
liberal patron. He furnished its library with 
7,000 or 8,000 books, besides tracts, and one of 
the most valuable series of newspapers in the 
country; erected a building for them on his own 
ground, and bequeathed the land and hall, with 
a provision equal to S24,00O for its mainte- 
nance. Author of a valuable "History of 
Printing," 1810, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Thomas, J.\me8, gov. of Md. 1833-6; d. 
St. Mary's Co., Md., Dec. 25, 1845, a. 61. Ha 
was a man of great worth, and held many 
public trusts. 

Thomas, Gen. John, b. Marshficld, Ms., 
1725; d. Chamblee, June 2, 1776. He prac- 
tised medicine in his native town and in Kings- 
ton, Ms., and became an eminent practitioner. 
In 1746 he was surgeon to a regt. sent to 
Annapolis Royal, and in 1747 was on the 
medical siaftol Shirley's regt., — a post which 
he exchanged soon after for that of a lieut. 
He became in 1759 a col. of provincials; was 
employed for a time in Nova Scotia; in 1760 
com. a regt. under Amherst at Crown Point; 
and with Col. Ilaviland, in August, 1760, co- 
operated in the capture of Montreal. He 
early enrolled himself among the " Sons of 
Liberty ; " was a delegate to the Prov. Congress ; 
app. provincial brig.-gen. Feb. 9, and cont. 
brig.-gen. June 22, 1775; maj.-gcn. March 6, 
1776. During the siege of Boston, be com. a 
brigade on the Roxbury side nearest the British 
linos. On the evening of Mar. 4, 1776, with 
3,000 men and intrenching tools, he took pos- 
session of Dorchester Heights, and, before dawn, 
formidable works had been thrown up. This 
strategic movement caused the British to evac- 
uate the town Mar. 17. He was shortly after 
intrusted with the command ir 
the army before Quebec, Ma 
his effective force less than 1,000 men, 300 of 
whom refused to do duty (the small-pox ra- 
ging among the troops, and the enemy receiving 
re-enforcements), determined to raise the siege, 
and retreat. Before reaching Chamblee on the 
River Sorel, he was attacked by small-pox, and 
died of that disease. 

Thomas, John J., son of David, b. Cay- 
uga Co., N.Y., 1810. Author of "Amer. 
Fruit-Culturist," 1849; "Farm-Implements," 
&c., 1854 ; Ulust Am. Re'/, of Rural Affairs, 
1859-70; "Farm-Implements and Farm 
Machinery," &c., 1869. Assist, edit. Genesee 
Fanner 1834-9, Alban,:/ Cultivator 1841-53. 
and of the Country Gentleman since 1852. — 
Allihone. 

Thomas, Joseph, M.D. of Phila., edited, 
with Thomas Baldwin, " Pronouncing Gazet- 
tecr,"8vo, 1845 ; "U.S. Gazetteer," 8vo, 1854; 
" Ucog. Diet, of the World," 1855. Author 



904 



of "Travels in Palestine and E;,'ypt," 1S53 ; 
"Medical Dictionary," 8vo, 1865; " Lippiu- 
cott's Biog. Dictionary," 2 vols. imp. 8vo, 
1870-1. The feature of the pronunciation 
of names has been introduced by him in his 
dictionaries with success. He was some time 
prof, of Latin and Greek in Haverford Coll., 
and has contrib. to various journals, also some 
of the vocabularies in Webster's Dictionary. 

Th.Oin.aS, J. R., musician and composer, 
b. Newport, S. Wales, 1830. First appeared 
with the Seguin troupe, about 1852, as the 
count in the " Bohemian Girl." He then began 
the career of composer and concert-singer. His 
best known songs are, " The Cottage by the 



in 1776, and was in the battle of Harlem 
Heights and at White Plains. In the autumn 
of tliat year the enemy burnt his house, took 
his aged and patriotic lather a prisoner to N.Y., 
and confined him in the prevost, where he 
died through their inhuman treatment. Gen. 
Thomas was an active partisan officer till the 
peace, except during a brief term of captivity ; 
and was afterwards frequently a member of the 
legislature. — Rogers. 

Thompson, Abraham G. ; d. New York, 
Nov. 1851. He bequeathed $347,000 to vari- 
ous charitable i 



He has also written church-music, a selection 
of which was pub. 8vo, 1863. 

Thomas, Gen. Loeeszo, b. Newcastle, 
Del., 26 Oct. 1804. West Point, 1823. App. 
capt. 23 Sept. 1836, and served in the Florida 
war in 1836-7 and 1839-40 ; assist, adj.-gen. 
(rank of major) July, 1838 ; brev. lieut.-col. for 
Monterey 23 Sept. 1846 ; raaj. 4th Inf. 1 Jan. 
1848; assist, adj.-gen. (rank lieut.-col.) 18 
July, 1852; adj.-gen. (rank of brig. -gen.) 7 
May, 1861 ; brev. maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865 ; re- 
signed Feb. 2, 1869. In 1863 he occupied 
himself successfully in organizing colored troops 
in the West, and superintending the establish- 
ment of the free-labor system on abandoned 
plantations. 21 Feb. 1868, Pres. Johnson app. 
him sec. of war ad interim in place of E. M. 
Stanton, who, however, refused to give up the 
oflBce. 

Thomas, Gex. Philemon, b. N.C. 1764 ; 
d. Baton Rouge, La., Nov. 18, 1847. He was 
engaged in many skirmishes during the Revol. 
war. Resided some years in Ky., and was a 
member of its legisl. ; afterwards removed to 
La.; artd in 1810-11 headed the insurrection 
which threw off the yoke of Spain from W. 
Fla. Maj.-gen. of La. militia in U.S. service, 
Dec. 1814-Apr. 1815 ; M.C. from La. 1831-5. 

Thomas, Philip Fkancis, statesman, b. 
Talbot Co., Md., Sept. 12, 1810. Adm. to the 
bar in 1831 ; member of the State Const. Conv. 
in 1836 ; of the State legisl. in 1838 and 1843-5 ; 
M.C. 1839-41 ; judge of the land-office court 
of the Eastern Shore of Md. ; gov. 1848-51 ; 
commiss. of the U.S. patent-office in I860; and 
in Dec. 1860 succeeded Howell Cobb as sec. of 
the treasury, resigning 11 Jan. 1861. 

Thomas, Robert Baily, of West 
Boylston, Ms., d. 19 May, 1846, a. 80; pre- 
pared for the press annually (1793-1846) the 
" Old Farmer's Almanac," which was exceed- 
ingly popular, reaching a sale of 225,000 copies 
in 1863. 

Thomas, Theodobe Gaillakd, M.D., 
■b. Chark-bton, S.C, 1831. Chariest. Med. 
Coll. 18.'J2. Since then, prof, of obstetrics, &c., 
in the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons. Author 
of "Essay upon Prolapse of Funis," 1858; 
"Diseases of Women," 1868, 2d ed. 1869; 
" History of 9 Cases of Ovariotomy," 8vo, 
IS69. — Allibone. 

Thomas, Gev. Thomas, Revol. officer; 
d. at his seat in Harrison, Westchester Co., 
N.Y., May 29, 1824, a. 79. He com. a regt. 



Thompson, Col. Alexander Ramsay, 
b. N.Y. City 1792 ; kiUed 25 Dec. 1837. Son 
of Maj. Alexander, capt. of art. Revol. army 
(b. N. J.; d. West Point, L.I., 28 Sept. 1809). 
West Point, 1812. Capt. 1 May, 1814; brev. 
maj. 1 May, 1824 ; maj. 6th Inf. 4 Apr. 1832 ; 
lieut.-col. 6 Sept. 1837; disting. and killed at 
the battle of Okeechobee. 

Thompson, Augustus Charles, D.D. 
(Amh. Coll. 1860), clergyman, b. Goshen, Ct., 
April 30, 1812. Y. C. 1841. He entered Y.C. 
in 1832 ; but ill-health prevented his completing 
the course. In 1838 he finished his studies at 
the theol. sem. at East-Windsor Hill, Ct. ; 
afterward spent a year at the University of 
Berlin ; and since July, 1842, has been pastor 
of the Eliot Cong. Church, Roxbury, Ms. In 
1 855-6 he was with Rev. Dr. Anderson a dep. 
to the missions in India. He has pub. " Songs 
in the Night," 1845; "The Lambs Fed;" 
"The Young Martyrs;" "Last Hours, or 



Waters," 1854 ; " The Better Land, or Believ- 
er's Journey and Future Home," 1855 ; " The 
Yoke in Youth, a Memorial of H. M. Hill," 
1851 ; " Gathered Lilies, or Little Children 
in Heaven," 1858; "Feeding the Lambs," 
1859; "Eliot Sabb.-school Memorial," 1859; 
"Morning Hours in Patmos," 1860; "The 
Mercy-Seat ; " " Seeds and Sheaves ; " " Ly- 
ra Celestis," 1863; "Christus Consolator)" 
1869. 

Thompson, Sir Benjamin. — See Rum- 
ford. 

Thompson, Cephas G., artist, b. Mid- 
dleborough, Ms. Son of a portrait-painter, 
from whom he, with his bro. Jerome, acquired 
facility in the art. At 1 8 he painted portraits 
at Plymouth, afterwards in Providence, R.I. ; 
had a studio in New York in 1837-47 ; resided 
in Italy in 1 852-60 ; and has since practised his 
art in New York, having m. a sister of Mrs. 
Anna Mowatt Ritchie. Besides many por- 
traits and copies from the old masters, he has 
painted " Angel of Truth," " Guardian Angels 
of Infancy," " Liberation of St. Peter," " Brig- 
and's Daughter," " Mother's Prayer," and 
" Chastity. — Tuckerman. 

Thompson, Charles C. B., capt. U.S.N., 
b. Va. ; d. Sept. 2, 1832. Midshipm. 22 Dec. 
1802; lieut. 15 Feb. 1809; com. 27 Apr. 1816; 
cant. 3 Mar. 1825. 

Thompson, Daniel Pierce, novelist, b. 
Charlestown, Ms., Oct. 1, 1795 ; d. Montpelier, 
Vt., June 6, 1868. Midd. Coll. 1820. _ His 
grandfothcr Daniel, of Wobum, a cousin of 
Count Rumford, fell in the battle of Lexington. 



THO 



905 



THO 



His father, beiii^ unsuccessful in business in 
Charlestown, eniig. to Berlin, Vt. Daniel was 
brought up to farm-labors, with but scanty ed- 
ucation, but, by making good use of his limited 
resources, qualified himself for school-keeping 
in the winter of 1815-16. After graduating, he 
became private tutor in a family in Va., and 
was adm. to the bar of that State. Returning 
home, he opened a law-office in Montpelier in 
1 824 ; was made register of probate ; was in 
1830-3 clerk of the legisl. ; and was app. com- 
piler of a vol. of the statute laws ; judge of 
probate of the Co. 1837-40; clerk of the Co. 



(1843-5) and Supreme Court; and in 1853 
college in contributing to periodicals ; 



sec. of State. 



literary career 



began at 
i ; but in 



1 835 he wrote for the N. E. Galaxij a prize tale, 
"May Martin, or the Money-Diggers." He 
pub. in 1840 "The Green-iMountain Boys;" 
m 1847 " Locke Amsden, or the Schoolmas- 
ter," involving much of his own autobiogra- 
phy; in 1850 "The Rangers, or the Tory's 
t)aughter," a counterpart to the " Green-Moun- 
tain Boys," and, like that work, illustrative of 
Kevol. history of Vt. ; " Lucy Hosmor," 1 848 ; 
" Gaut Gurlcy, or the Trapper of Lake Umba- 
gog," 1857; "The Doomed Cliief," 1860; 
" Hist, of Montpelier," 8vo, 1860; " Laws of 
Vermont," 1824-34," 8vo, 1835 ; " Adventures 
of Timothy Peacock," 1835. — Dnijckinck. 

Thompson, Egbert, capt. U.S.N., b. 
New York, June 10, 1822. Midsbipra. Mar. 13, 
1837; lieut. Sept. 27, 1850; com. July 16, 
1 862 ; capt. July 26, '67 . Attached to Wilkes's 
expl. exped. 1838-42. He participated in all 
the operations of the home squadron in the 
Mexiian \\.ii ; r.,ai tlir ironclad "Pittsburg" 
in til- I 1 D.iiielson, on Island No. 

10, aa i : ; ' ay ; attack on batteries 

oppo>i[ ■ N \v ;,l I Iral ; and in the action with 
ConiL'd. rams aliove Fort Pillow. Com. steam- 
er " Com. McDonough," S.A.B. squad., 1864- 
5 ; steam-sloop " Dacotah," S. Pacif. squad., 
1866-7. — Hamersh/. 

Thompson, George W., lawyer, b. Ohio, 
1806. Jetf. Coll. 1826. U.S. dist.-atty. West 
Va. 1849; M.C. from Wheeling dist. 1851-2, 
and left Congress for the bench. Author of 
" The Living Forces of the Universe," &c., 
12mo, 1866; "Address on Com. Schools," 
1841 ; " Right of Virginia to the N. W. Terri- 
tory ; " " Life of Hon. Linn Boyd ; " and con- 
trib. to Boston Quar. Review, 1839-12. — Alli- 
hone. 

u J J ' Thompson, Jacob, politician, b. Caswell 

'''•y'^*^ Co., N.C, 15 May, 1810. U. of N. C. 1831. 
//j Adm. to the bar in 1834. Heremovcdin 1835 to 

• f'"^'^*- the Chickasaw country, Mpi., and applied him- 

I Li'S' self to its improvement so successfully as to be 

'' made its rep. in Cong, in 1839-51. Some years 

chairman of the com. on la a: i la ii , ami a 
zealous defender of Mis- i- ; i aioc. 

party when the cry or ■ , i i "as 
ringing throughout the Ian ! II i,.- .1 the 
compromises of 1850, as nut coruailiug uiiough 
to the South. Sec. of the interior Mar. 1 857- 
.7 Jan. 1861 ; resigning on the ground that the 
"attempt to re-cnfprce Fort Sumter violated a 
distinct understanding entered into with the 
cabinet. In Dec. 1860 he was app. by the 
Mpi. legisl. a commiss. on behalf of that State 



to urge upon N.C. the adoption of an ordinance 
of secession. Gov. of Mpi. 1862-4. During 
the Rebellion he was aide to Gen. Beauregard, 
and insp.-gen. for the dept. of Mississippi. 

Thompson, John, political writer ; d. Pe- 
tersburg, Va., 1789, a. 22. Author of articles 
in the Petersburg Gazette, signed " Casca " and 
" Gracchus," hostile to Adams's administration. 
His Life was written by George Hay. His let- 
ters signed " Curtius," addressed to Chief Jus- 
tice Marshall in 1798, were pub. 12mo, 1804. 

Thompson, Johx R., author, b. Rich- 
mond, Va., Oct. 23, 1823. U. ofVa. He stud- 
ied law in the office of James A. Seddon, and 
in the law school of the university ; was in 
1845 adm. to the bar ; and in 1847 became ed- 
itor of the Southern Lit. .1/^ s.sm.;. , at I!!, hmond, 
filling that post for niaiivM ar-. 1'.. -iilcs his 
contributions to this aail oiln i lii rary jour- 
nals, he has dflivtavd iiuna i'..n. aiidrosses at 
coIlr-r -, ;ni>I ., \, r:i! Ircturos. His pen was ac- 
tiv. i; I Jebellion, during which he 

es'iii, 1 mI. and contributed to the 

/»'/' 1 aa I 1/ . ., illirald, also to Blachvood 
and otlaa" inau'-a/.nK.'S. — (irlswold ; Duifckincfc. 

Thompson, Joseph Parrish, D.D. (H.U. 
1856), LL.D. (U. of N.Y. 1868), clergyman, 
b. Phila.- Aug. 7, 1819. Y.C. 1838. He stud- 
ied theology at Andover and New Haven ; was 
ord. pastor of the Chapel-st. Cong. Church, 
N. Haven, in Nov. 1840 ; and since Apr. 1845 
has had charge of the Broadway Tabernacle 
Church, N.Y. He was one of the originators 
of and a contrib. to the New-Enijlanarr, and 
of the Independent newspaper. In 1852-4 he 
visited Europ,-. and the East. The fnuts of 
bison M' 1 -iMl- I.aw-a|i,i.aP.I P, ^V,' N.A. 

i;,.: :. I, : 1 „f the 

Ala 1 i, . ■ i a - a <<, iety," 

Snii li'- " 1 li^aoaai > ca I'.i4)al (.Mi^raphy 
and Antiquitias," and liitto's " Cyclopaidia of 
Biblical Lit." Besides sermons, addresses, and 
pamphlets, Dr. Thompson has pub. " Memoir 
of Timo. Dwight," 1844; "Lectures to Young 
Men," 1846; "Hints to Employers," 1847; 
"Memoir of David Hale," 1850; "Foster on 
Missions, mth a Preliminary Essay," 1850; 
"Stray Meditations," 1852; "The Believer's 
Refuge," 1857; "Egypt, Past and Present," 
1856; "Memoir of Rev. David T. Stoddard," 
1858 ; " The Christian Graces," 1859 ; " Love 
and Penalty," 1 860 ; "The Sergeant's Memo- 
rial," 1863; " Christianity and Emancipation," 
1863; "The Holy Comforter," 1866; "Man 
in Genesis and Geology," 1869; "Theology 
of Christ," 1870. 

Thompson, Launt, sculptor, b. Queen's 
Co., Ireland, 18.33. Came to the U.S. at 14, 
and in the office of Dr. Armsby studied draw- 
ing. For 9 years he worked in Palmer's studio, 
and went in Nov. 1858 to New York, where he 
found ample emplovment. Among his best 
worli;^ are a bust of Edwin Booth as llamlet ; a 
bass-relief of " Elaine ; " a colossal bust of Bry- 
an t ; a medallion Ukeness of Gen. Dix ; " Morn- 
ing Glory," a bass-relief; a design for a statue 
of Gen. Sedgwick ; and of a colossal statue 
of Napoleon. — Tuckerman. 

Thompson, Smith, LL.D. (Y.C. 1824; 
H.U. 18.35), jurist, b. Amenia, N. Y., 1767 ; d. 
Poughkeepsie, Dec. 1 8, 1 843. N.J. Coll. 1788. 



THO 



906 



THO 



Studied law with Chancellor Kent, and became 
dist.-atty. in the middle dist. of N.Y. in ISOl ; 
judge of the Supremo Court 1802-14; cliief 
justice 1814-18; sec. of the navy 1818-23; 
associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court 
from 1 823 until his death. 

Thompson, Waddt, lawyer andM.C.b. 
Picltcnsville, S.C., Sept. 8, 1793; d. Tallahas- 
see, Fla., Nov. 23, 1863. S.C. Coll. 1814. 
Adm. to the bar in Dec. 1819, and attained a 
high rank in tlie profession. Served in the le- 
gisl.of S.C. 182G-30; was at one time solicitor 
for the western circuit ; was brig.-gcn. of mi.i- 
tia ; M.C. 1 835-4 1 , serving in 1 840 as chairm.in 
of the com. on military all'airs; and in 1842 
was app. minister to Mexico, where he nego- 
tiated two important treaties, and procured the 
release of more than 200 Texan ]>nsoncrs. lie 
had been a eotton-plautcr in Fla., I>ut resided at 
his homestead near Greenville, S.C, where his 
father, Judge Waddy, d. 9 Feb. 1845. Author 
of "Recollections of Mexico," 8vo, 1846. 

Thompson, William, brig.-gen. Revol. 
army, b. Ireland ; d. at his seat near Carlisle, 
Pa., Sept. 4, 1781. He was a capt. of horse in 
the Pa. service in the French war (1759-60). 
lie afterwards lived at Pittsburg, where ho was 
joint purchaser of the buildings of old Fort 
Pitt. In June, 1775, Capt. Thompson was app. 
col. of the regt. of riflemen wliich marched to 
the camp at Cambridire; and, Nov. 10, liad a 
skirmish with the British at Lechinero Point. 
He was made brig.-gen. March 1, 1776; suc- 
ceeded Lee in command at New York, Mar. 19 ; 
and iu April was ordered to Canada to re-en- 
force Gen. Sullivan, by whose orders he at- 
tacked the enemy at Three Rivers, June 6, 
where, by a scries of unfortunate accidents, he 
and several other officers were taken prisoners. 
He returaed to Phila. in Aug. on parole, but 
was not exchanged for more than two years. — 
Phila. Pacha, Sept. 15, 1781. 

Thompson, Zadock, naturalist, b. Bridge- 
water, Vt., May 23, 1796 ; d. Burlington, Vt., 
Jan. 19, 1856. U.ofVt. 1823. Tutor in 1825, 
and in 1851 prof, of chemistry and nat. history, 
in that institution. In 1833 he removed to 
Hatley, C.E., where, and in Sherbrooke, he was 
a teacher ; pub. a " Geography of Canada," and 
studied theology. Ord. deacon in the Prot.-Ep. 
Church, May 27, 1835 ; returned to Burlington 
in 1837, and taught in the Vt. Epis. Institute; 
State geologist 1845-8. He collected andpre- 
Bci-ved over 3,000 specimens of the productions 
of Vt. State naturalist from 1 853 to his d. He 
began authorship with an almanac for 1819; 
subsequentlymadeastronomical calculations for 
the Vt. Registers, and for 34 years made similar 
calculations tor Walton's Eeijister. Hepub. "Ga- 
zetteer of Vt.," 1824; an "Arithmetic," 1825; 
edited the Iris and Burlington Lit. Gazette, 1 828 ; 
Green-Mountain Repositori/, 1832 ; and in 1843 
pub. his great work, the " Natural, Civil, and 
Statistical History of Vt.," pub. with an Ap- 
pendix in 1 853 ; " Geography and Geologv of 
Vt.," 12mo, 1848 ; "Journal of a Trip to Lon- 
don, Paris, and the Great Exhibition of 1851." 
In June, 1 850, he delivered the annual address 
before the Boston Society of Nat. Hist., on the 
" (Jcoloiiv of Vermont.*' 

Thomson, Charles, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 



1822), see. of Congress during the Rcvol. war, 
b. Maghera, Derry, Ireland, 29 Nov. 1729; d. 
Lower Marion, Montg. Co., Pa., 16 Aug. 1824. 
In 1741 be with his 3 sisters landed at New- 
castle, Del., with no other dependence than 
their industry. Educated by Dr. Allison, he 
became a teacher at the Friends' Acad, at New- 
castle. Removing to Phila., he obtained the 
advice and friendship of Dr. Franklin. In 
1753 ho was one of the agents to treat with the 
Indians at Oswego. The Delawares adopted 
him, and conferred on him an Indian name 
which means "one who speaks truth." Sole 
sec. of Congress from 1774 to 1789, his sen-ices 
were most efficient. John Adams in hia Diary 
describes him as " the Sara Adams of Phila., 
tlie Ufe of the cause of liberty." He was a 
good classical scliolar. Author of a " Harmo- 
ny of the Four Gospels," a translation of the 
did and New Testaments, and an " Inquiry 
into the Cause of the Alienation of the Dela- 
ware and Shawnee Indians," &.C., 1759. He 
m. Hannah Harrison, aunt of Pies. Harrison. 

Thomson, CiiAr.LES West, Prot.-Epis. 
cler-yraan, b. Phila. 1798. Author of " The 
Limner," 12mo, 1822; "Phantom Barge and 
Other Poems," 1822; " Ellinor and Other 
Poems," 1826; "The Sylph and Other Po- 
ems," 1828; "Love of Home and Other Po- 
ems," 1845 ; contrib. to Doughty's Cabinet of 
Natural History, " Atlantic Souvenir," " The 
Gift," " The Token," and other annuals, Gra- 
ham's Mag., and other periodicals. — Allil'One. 

Thomison, Edward, D.D. (Ash. U. 1846), 
LL.D. (Weslcyan U. 1855), bishop M. E. 
Church, b. Portsea, Eng., Oct. 1810; died 
Wheeling, Va., 22 Mar. 1870. He came to 
America in 1819; studied medicine at Phila. 
and Cincinnati, and began practice in 1829. 
In 1833 he entered the ministry of the M. E. 
Church, and was stationed successively at Nor- 
walk, Sandusky, Cincinnati, Wooster, and 
Detroit ; in 1837-44 he was pros, of the Nor- 
walk Sem., then became prof, of mental and 
moral philos. in the U. of Mich-, and edited 
the Ladies' Repos. until chosen pres. of the 
Ohio Wesl. U. in 1846. At the gen. conf. in 
1860 he was elected editor of the Christian 
Adoocate, N.Y. Elected bishop 1864, and 
made soon after a voyage round the world. 
Author of " Moral and Relig. Essays," " Biog. 
and Incidental Sketches," " Educational Es- 
says," 1856, and "Letters from Europe." 

Thomson, Samuel, M.D., botanist, and 
originator of the Thomsonian System of Medi- 
cal Treatment, b. Alstead, N.H'., 9 Feb. 1769; 
d. Boston, 1843. Author of " Materia Mediea 
and Family Phvsieian ; " "New Guide to 
Health," 1849; "'Life and Medical Discover- 
ies," Boston, 1822 and 1832. Many years a 
resident of Boston. 

Thomson, Col. William, Revol. officer, 
1). fti. 1727 ; d. Sweet Springs, Va., Nov. 22, 
1796. A relative of Charles, see. of Cong. 
His parents, who were Irish, removing to St. 
Matthew's Parish, S.C, young Thomson grew 
up a frontiersman, and excelled as a marks- 
man. In March, 1771, he com. a regt. under' 
Tryon against the Regulators. Sheriff of 
Orangeburg in 1772; member of the Prov. 
legisl. ; of the first State conv. ; and in June, 



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1775, was made col. 3d S.C. Rejrt., aH practised 
marksmen. In the winter of 1775-6 he aided 
in breaking up the camp of the Tory Cunning- 
ham ; June 28, 1776, he defeated the British 
attack on the east end of Sullivan's Island, for 
which disting. service he received the thanks 
of Gov. Rutledge and of Congress ; he parti- 
cipated in the attack on Savannah in 1779 ; be- 
came a prisoner soon after the capture of 
Charleston, and after his exchange did good 
service under Gen. Greene. After the war he 
resumed his pursuits as an indigo-planter, was 
again sheriff of Orangeburg, and a member 
of the Slate Const. Convention. 

Thomson, William I\I., D.D. (Miami 
U. IS28), lor 25 years a missionary in Syria 
and Palcsiine. Author of " The Land and 
the Book," 2 vols. 8vo, 1859 ; and the " Land 
of Fioinioc," 8vo, 1865. Contrib. to DM. Sa- 
cra, and to Amer. Bill. Repos. — Allilone. 

Thorburn, Gu.4.nt, seedsman and author, 
b. near Dalkeith, Scotland, Feb. 18, 1773; d. 
N. Haven, Jan. 21, 1863. Beginning life as a 
nailmaker, he in 1792 became involved in some 
political movements which led him to emi- 
grate. He came to America in June, 1794, 
settled in New York, and, experiencing a check- 
ered fortune, furnished Johu Gait with some 
of the incidents of " Laurie Todd." He pub- 
lished his Autobiography at Boston in 1S34; 
"Men and Manners in Great Britain," 1834; 
"Laurie Todd's Hints to Merchants, Married 
Men, and Bachelors ; " " Laurie Todd's Notes 
on Virginia;" "Fifty Years' Reminiscences of 
New York, or Flowers from the Garden of 
Laurie Todd," 1845. Contrib. to the Kiiick- 
erbocher Mag., N.Y. Mirror, and more than 20 
papers. He was a seedsman in New York 
many years. Married his third wife when he 
was 80 years of age; and, during the epidemic 
in 1798, he and his wife staid in the city, de- 
voting themselves to the sick and dying. His 
counsel and his purse were ever at the service 
of those suffering from want. 

Thoreau, Henkt David, naturalist and 
scholar, b. Boston, 12 July, 1817; d. Concord, 
Ms., 6 May, 18G2. H.U. 1837. His ancestor 
came from the Island of Guernsey. His father 
was a manuf. of lead-pencils. At college he 
had for a companion and fellow-student O. A. 
Brownson. He taught school in Concord; 
was for three years an inmate of the family of 
Ralph Waldo Emerson, supporting himself by 
pencil-making, carpentering, surveying, and 
painting, making nearly every year a pedes- 
trian excursion to the woods and mountams of 
Me., N. H., and other places. He was well 
versed in classical and Oriental literature ; was 
eccentric in his dress, manners, and mode of 
life ; and, it is said, never went to church, never 
voted, and never paid a tax to the State. In 
1845 he built a small frame-house on the shore 
of Walden Pond, near Concord, where he lived 
two years a hermit, in studious retirement. 
An account of this is given in " AValdcn, or 
Lifein the Woods," 1854. He was intimate with 
Hawthorne and with Emerson, who says of 
him, " Thoreau dedicated his genius with such 
entire love to the fields, hills, and waters of his 
native town, that he made them known and in- 
teresting to all. ... He grew to be revered and 



admired by his townsmen, who had at first 
known him only as an oddity. . . . Whilst he 
used in his writings a certain petulance of re- 
mark in reference to churches and cluirchmen, 
he was a person of rare, tender, and ab.solute 
religion, — a person incapable of any profana- 
tion." He was never married. Author of 
" A Week on the Concord and Merrimack 
Rivers," 1849; "Excursions," 18G3; "Maine 
Woods ; " " Cape Cod ; " " A Yankee in Cana- 
da;" "Letters to Various Persons," 1865. A 
contrib. to the Dial and the Alhmtic MonMi/. — 
See All. Mo„l!,h;, Aug. 1862; Diycklnck ; N.A. 
Pteriru; Oct. ISGJ. 

Thornborough, Sik Edward, a Brit, 
ailmiral; d. Apr. .3, 1834, a. 78. I^irst lieul. of 
" The Falcon," sloop, one of the vessels that 
covered the attack made in 1775 on Bunker's 
Hill. He « as subsequently wounded in an un- 
successful attempt to bring out a schooner 
from Cape-Ann harbor; and in 1780 assisted 
at the taking of " La Nymphe " by the " Flora," 
frigate; was made a commander for his con- 
duct on this occasion ; in 1781 was made post- 
capt. ; and in 1782, in the " Blonde," frigate, 
he was wrecked while endeavoring to take a 
captured ship to Halifax. During the war 
with France he disting. himself on various occa- 
sions, particularly in the action with M. Bone- 
part, for which he received the thanks of par- 
liament. Rose to the rank of admiral of the 
white. 

Thomdike, George Qdinct, ffeme and 
landscape artist, b. Boston. H.U. 1847. Stud- 
ied art m Paris, and resides in Newport, R. I. 
Among his productions arc views of " The 
Dumplings" and "Lily Pond "at Newport, 
" Swans in Central Park," and " Wayside 
Inn." — Tuckerman. 

Thomdike, Israel, an eminentmerchant, 



tion; was commissioned by Ms. capt. of the 
privateer " Warren," 30 Oct. 1776, and rruised 
with success. Engaging after the peace in 
commerce with the E. Indies and China, his 
voyages, planned with judgment, and econom- 
ica'lly executed, brought him great wealth. 
Delegate to the conv. that adopted the U.S. 
Constitution, and several years a member of 
the legisl., where he exerted great influence. 
Removed to Boston in 1810. In 1818 he 
bought the valuable library of Prof. Ebeling of 
Hamburg, which he gave to Harvard U. It 
consisted of 4,000 volumes, and was especially 
rich in Amer. history and antiquities. Late 
in life he was engaged in successful manufac- 
turing operations. 

Thornton, James B., lawyer, charr/g d'af- 
faires to Peru, b. Merrimack, N.H. ; d. Callao, 
Jan. 25, 1838, a. 37. Grandson of Matthew 
the signer. Speaker State legisl. 1829-30. 
Author of "Digest of the Conveyancing, 
Testamentaiy, and Registry Laws of the U.S.," 
12mo, Phila., 18<r7. 

Thornton, John Wingate, historical 
writer, and member Suffolk bar, b. Saco, Me., 
Aug. 12, 1818. Camb. Law School, 1840. 
A descendant of Rev. Thomas (minister of 
Yarmouth, Ms., 1663-98, who d. Boston. 15 
Feb. 1700, a. near 93, after a life of great use- 



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fulness). A founder of the N.E. Hist. Geneal. 
Soc, a vice-president of the Amer. Statistic 
Assoc, and of the Prince Publication Soc. He 
has pub. Lives of Isaac Heath, John Bowles, 
and Rev. John Eliot, jun., 1850; " Landing at 
Cape Ann," 8vo, 1854 ; " Ancient Pcmaciuid," 
1857; "FirstEecords of Anglu- American Col- 
onization ; " " Review of Oliver's Puritan Com- 
monwealth," 1857; "Colonial Schemes of 
Popham and Gorges," 1863; and " Pulpit of 
the Amer. Revolution," 1860. Nov. 21, 1870, 
he delivered an address before the N.E. Hist. 
Gen. Soc. on the 250th anniv. of the signing 
of the compact in the cabin of " The May- 
flower." Contrib. to Hist. Mag. and other 
periodicals. 

Thornton, Matthew, Col., a signer of 
the Decl. of Indep., b. Ireland, 1714; d. New- 
bur}-port, Ms., June 24, 1803. He came to 
America at an early age ; lived a few years at 
Wiscasset; thence removed to Worcester, Ms., 
where he received an academic education ; and 
afterwards settled as a physician at London- 
derry, N.II., whence he removed to the banks 
of the Mii-riinark al-out 1780. He accomp. 
Peppcreir^ ixp.il. ,i_;iinst Lonisburg in 1745 
as a sni_. Mil; \\;i> a < ul. of militia; and in 
1775 iirci.kil iivir the conv. which assumed 
the govt, in the name of the people of the 
Colony. He was for a short time a delegate to 
Congress, taking his seat Nov. 4, 1776; and 
was a signer of, though not present to vote for, 
the Declaration. He held the office of chief 
justice of the Co. of Hillsborough, and after- 
wards that of judge of the Supreme Court of 
the State until 1782; was subsequently a mem- 
ber of the house and of the senate, and in 
1783 of the council. He possessed an exceed- 
ingly tenacious memory, and uncommon pow- 
ers of mind. 

Thornton, Sir AVilliam, an Eng. gen. ; 
d. Stanhope Lodge, near Hanwell, Eng., Apr. 
6, 1840. Ensign 89th Foot, March 21, 1796; 
obtained a majority in 1806, and in Aug. 1807 
was app. railit. sec. and first aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Craig, gov. of Canada. Returning to Eng. in 
1811, he was in 1813 app. to the com. of the 
85th Rcgt., with which he served in the en- 
gagements consequent upon the passage of the 
Rivers Bidassoa, Nivelle, Nive, and Adour, and 
received a medal for the battle of the Nive. In 
May, 1814, he com. the light brigade and ad- 
vance of Gen. Ross's exped. in the first opera- 
tions in the Chesapeake ; and at the battle of 
Bladensburg, in which he was severely wounded 
and made prisoner ; but, being exchanged for 
Com. Barney, he proceeded in Oct. following 
with the army destined against New Orleans. 
He com. the advance of the army on the land- 
ing of the troops, and in the severe conflict 
which afterwards took place. He was engaged 
in all the subsequent affairs which took place 
in that service until the general attack on the 
American lines, Jan. 8, 1815, when he com, a 
detached corps on the right bank of the Mpi. 
with a co-operating flotiUa of the na^'y, and 
was severely wounded ; lieut.-gen. 1 838. 

Thornwell, James Henlet, D.D., cler- 
gyman and scholar, b. Marlborough Dist., 
S.C, 1811 ; d. Charlotte, N.C., Aug. 1, 1862. 
S.C. Coll. Dec. 1829. He began to study law, 



but soon became minister of Waxhaw (Presb.) 
Church. In 1836-8 he was prof of logic and 
belles-lettres in S. C. Coll. ; pastor of the 
church at Columbia, S.C, 1838. In 1840 he 
was made prof, of the evidences of Christian- 
ity, and chaplain on the resignation of Mr. El- 
liot, but in May, 1832, exchanged this position 
for the charge of Glebe-street Church, Charles- 
ton ; and in Dec. 1852-6 was pres. of the 
S.C. College. He had the charge of the Presb. 
Theol. Scm. in Columbia until his death. 
Besides sermons, he pub. " Arguments of Ro- 
manists discussed ami i^ i'li:-^! in i;< lation to 
the Apocryphal Bookv , : ' ; imcut," 

N.Y. 1845; "DiscouvM-. i I , i.-, ; and 

several articles in the .^ - /■ . / ,- l:.r,,,r. He 
wrote with zeal and ability in ailvoeaey of seces- 
sion and slavery. His works have been coll. 
and pub. by John B. Adgcr, D.D., 2 vols. 8vo, 
1871. — Duijckinck. 

Thorpe, Thomas Bangs, author and 
painter, b. Westfield, Ms., March 1, 1815. His d. 
father Thomas, a clergyman of literary genius, 
d. in N.Y. City at the eariy age of 26. The 
son passed 3 years at the Middletown Wesl. XJ. ; 
but, his health failing him, he became a resident 
of La. in 1836-53. In 1862-3 he was city sur- 
veyor of N. Orleans under Gen. Butler. In 

soon liriainr kiiiiwii a- lia' autliMv c ,f a series 

of Wr~Iirll tali'y. ail. ■] ,tillu lil.' Il.llilr .if '■ Tom 

Owen, tl.r ISre-llunl.r," a iirw .■..llretion of 
which, entitled " The liive of the Bee-Hunter," 
was pub. in N.Y. 1853. For many years he 
edited a paper in N. Orleans in the interest of 
Henry Clay. He distiug. himself by his zeal 
in raising vol-, la i!.. .M i.an war, and was 
bearer of de- 1 a i ' i Taylor after the 

taking of Ma:. . I: ] ul.. "in 1846 " Our 

Army on the I.'h' (iinal- , r..llowed by "Our 
Army at Monterey ; " " Mysteries of the Back- 
wood's," 1846; " Linda Weiss, an Autobiog- 
rai)liy," 8vo, 1854; "A Voice to America, 
the Model Republic," Svo, 1855. He was an 
active and eftcctive speaker in the political cam- 
paign which resulted in the election of Gen. 
Taylor to the presidency. To Harper's Mag. 
he has contrib. descriptive articles on Southern 
life and products, and " The Case of Lady 
Macbeth Jlcdically Considered." In 1860 he 
exhibited his largo picture, " Niagara as It Is ; " 
and has since divided his time equally between 
literature and art. 

Throop, Enos T., gov. of N.Y. 1831-3, 
b. Johnstown, N.Y., Aug. 21, 1784. Ac'quired, 
while performing the duties of an attorney's 
clerk, a classical as well as legal education, and 
settled in Auburn; was M.C. in 1815-16; 
elected circuit judge in 1823; in 1829 was 
lieut.-gov. ; and in 1838 was app. charge d'af- 
faires to the Two Sicilies. 

Thruston, John Buckner, judge, b. Va. 
1763; d. Washington, D.C., Aug. 30, 1845. 
Son of Charles Mtnn (b. Gloucester Co., 
Va., 1738; d. 21 Apr. 1812; Wm. and Mary 
Coll. 1754), a disting. Revol. officer, subse- 
quently pres. judge of Frederick Co. Court, who 
in 1809 emig. to Ky. The fine abilities and 
liberal attainments of Judge Thruston brought 
him early into public life. App. U.S. judge 
in the Terr, of Orleans in 1805; U.S. senator 



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1805-Jan. 1810, when he was app. associate 
juilge of the U.S. Circuit Court, which post he 
helil till his death. 

Thumb, Mr. and Mrs. Tom (Charles S. 
Str.viton). He was b. Bridgeport, Ct., Jan. 
1 832. First introduced to the public by P. T. 
Barnura at the N.Y. Museum, Dec. 8, 1842. 
Visited Europe in Feb. 1844 ; m. Lavinia War- 
ren, Feb. 10, 186.3. Slie was b. Middleborough, 
Ms., Oct. 31, 1842. The pair visited Europe 
iu 1865. 

Thurston, Asa, Cong, clergyman, and mis- 
sionarv to the Sandwich Islands ; b. Fitchburg, 
Ms., Oct. 12, 1787; d. Honolulu, March 11, 
1868. Y.C. 1816; And. Tlieol. Sem. 1819. 
Until the age of 22, he was a scythe-maker, and 
was a very athletic man. Ord. a missionary 
in 1819, he sailed with his wife, reached the 
Sandwich Islands March 30, 1820, and for 
more than 40 years resided at Kailua, Hawaii. 
He was the instructor of two of the kinj;s, and 
the translator of a large portion of the Bible. — 
Y. a Ohit. Record. 

Tichenor, Isaac, LL.D. statesman, b. 
Newark, N.J., Feb. 8, 17.")4; d. Bennington, 
Vt., Dec. 11, 1838. N.J. Coll. 1775. While 
studying law at Schenectady, N.Y., early in 
1777, he was app. assist, commiss.-gen., and 
stationed at Bennington, where he practised 
law, and became prominent in public affairs. 
A representative in 1781-4; agent of the State 
to Congress in 1782 ; member of the State 
council 1787-92 ; judge of the Supreme Court 
1791-4; chief justice 1795-6; member of the 
council of censors in 1792 and 1813 ; commiss. 
for adjusting the controversy with N.Y. 1791 ; 
U.S. senator 1796-7; gov. 1797-1807 and 
1808-9 ; and again U.S. senator 1815-21. 

Ticknor, Caleb B., M.D., physician of N. 
Y., b. Salisbury, Ct., 1805 ; d. N.Y.City, 19 Sept. 
1840. He was one of 3 bros., physicians. Edu- 
cated at the Berkshire Institute. He adopted 
homcEopathy, and was a skilful physician. He 
wrote much for the medical journals, and pub. 
" Philosophy of Living," a popular work, and 
a treatise on Medical Philosophy, 12mo, 1838. 
Luther, his bro., also a physician, b. Jericho, 
Vt., 1791, d. Salisbury, Ct., 1846. He was a 
selfmade man, of great energy and perseverance, 
and was pres. of the Ct. Medical Society. 

Ticknor, George, LL.D. (H. U. 1850), 
scholar and author, b. Boston, Aug. 1, 1791 ; 
d. there 26 Jan. 1871. D.irtm. Coll. 1807. 
After a diligent study of the classics, he turned 
his attention to law, and was adm. to the bar 
in 1813; in 1815 he went to Europe, passed 
two years at Giittingen in philological studies, 
and two years more in various capitals, making 
the acquaintance of Southey and Walter Scott ; 
chosen in 1817 to the new professorship of 
modern literature at H.U., he returned home 
in 1820, and for 15 years occupied this irapi)r- 
tant position. Resigning in 1835, he visited 
Europe again with his family, and made exten- 
sive collections of Spanish literature, the His- 
tory of which, commenced upon his return in 
1840, was pub. in 3 vols, in 1849. It at once 
took its position as a standard contribution to 
the history of literature. Beside the research 
displayed in this great work, his labors as a 
translator are acknowledged to be exact and fe- 



licitous. It has been translate! i'l'i t!io S;i:ir;i^h 
and German. One of the fcuin i ■ . i r, j^K- 
ton Public Library, and in l-" i iio 

board of trustees. His otli.i |,,, ,, .u,, 

"The Remains of Nathaniel A;,|„.i,jii ii.,ici<, " 
a Life of Lafayette, in the A. ^1. H^view of 
1855; "Life of Wm. H. Prescott," 1863; and 
contribs. to the MoiMu Anlhologij and the ^V. A. 
Review. Member of the Amer. Academy, 
Amcr. Philos. Soc, Ms. Hist. Soc., London 
Antiq. Soc, and corresp. sec. of the Royal 
Hist. Acad, of Spain. 

Ticknor, George, lawyer and journalist, 
b. liobton, Apr. 14, 1822 ; d. Keene, N.H., Dec. 
25, 1806. Dartm. Coll. 1847. He began to 
practise law at Lebanon in 18.50, and at Clare- 
mont in 1851 ; solicitor for Sullivan Co. 1855- 
9 ; and was afterward editor and a proprietor 
of the N.H. Sentinel at Keene. He pub. " Ga- 
zetteer and Biog. Sketches of N.H." 

Ticknor, William D., publisher, b. Leb- 
anon, N.H., 1810; d. Phila. April 10, 1864. 
Began book-business in Boston in 1 832 ; w.as the 
founder and head of the well-known house of 
Ticknor and Fields. Was the publisher of the 
works of Longfellow, Holmes, Saxe, Whittier, 
Lowell, and other leading authors, English and 
American, and of the Atlantic Monthli/. a maga- 
zine of high merit and extensive circulation. 

Tidball, John C, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., 
b. Ohio Co., Va. West Point, 1848. Entering 
the 3d Art., he accomp. Whipple in his explo- 
rations for a I'acific-railroad route in 1853-4; 
capt. 2d Art. May 14, 1861, and participated 
in the battles in Va. ; com. an art. brigade at 
Gettysburg; col. 4th N.Y. Art. 28 Aug. 186.3, 
which he led in the battles of the Wilderness ; 
brev. brig.-gen. Aug. 1, 1864, and com. the 
art. brigade of the 9lh corps; and, for gallant 
and meritorious services at Forts Steadman and 
Sedgwick, was made brev. maj.-gen. Apr. 2, 
1865. He had previously earned the brevets 
of maj. U.S.A. for Gaines's Mill 27 June, 1862; 
lieut.-col. 17 Sept. 1862 for Antietam ; col. 13 
Mar. 1865 for Fort Steadman; and brig.-gen. 
for gallant and merit, services during the Re- 
bellion ; maj. 2d Art. 5 Feb. 1867. — Culhtm. 
Tiffany, Osmond, of Springfield, Ms.; b. 
Bait., Md., 1823. Author of the " Canton 
Chinese," &c., 1849; "Life of Gen. Otho H. 
Williams," 8vo, 1851; "Brandon, a Tale of 
the Amer. Colonies; " contrib. to Appleton's 
Cvclon., and to reviews and mags. — Allibone. 
"Tiffin, Edward, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1789), 
the first gov. of Ohio under the constitution 
of 1802 (1803-7), b. Carlisle, Eng., June 19, 
1766 ; d. Chillicothe, Ohio, Aug. 9, 1829. He 
emig. to the U.S. in 1786, and settled in Charles- 
town, Va. In 1789 he m. Mary, sister of Gov. 
Thomas Worrhington. Removed to Chilli- 
cothe, 0., in 1798. Speaker of Terr, legisl. in 
1799; pres. of Ohio Const. Conv. in 1802; 
U.S. senator 1807-9; in 1812 app. by Pres. 
Madison commissioner of the gen. land-office ; 
resigned in 1815, when app. surveyor-gen. of 
the North-west, which position he held until a 
short time before his death. — A. T. Gomlmnn. Xu'****' 

Tilden, Samuel J., hiwver and Dcmoc. / 

politician, b. New Lebanon, 'Col. Co., N.Y., ^ A'l -TiJ. 
1814., His father was a farmer, whose ances- / / 

torssettledat Scituate, Ms.,in 1636. Hcstud- 



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ied at Y. C. and in N. Y. City ; was a dcIcRato 
to tlie Assembly in 1846; in the Const. Convs. 
of 1846 and of 1867; and since 18G1 lias been 
chairman of the Democ. State Conv. He has 
been many years prominent in N.Y. politics, 
and was the trusted adviser of Dean Richmond. 
He has opened and spoken before many politi- 
cal meetings of his party, has been engaged in 
many important trials, and has been exten- 
sively concerned in railroad enterprises, espe- 
cially in the West. 

Tilghman, Edward, an eminent lawyer 
of Phila., b. Wye, on the Eastern Shore of Md., 
Dec. II, 17.50; d. Nov. 1, 1815. He sttidied 
in the best schools of Phila., and in the Middle 
Temple, London, in 1772-4. He was long a 
successful practitioner at the Phila. b;ir ; and, 
on the death of Chief Justice Shippen, the office 
was tendered to him, but he declined it, and 
recommended for the app. his kinsman William 
Tilghman. 

Tilghman, Gen. Lloyd, b. Md. 1816; 
killed in the battle of Baker's Creek, Mpi., 
May 16, 1863. West Point, 18.36. 2d licut. 
1st Dragoons until Sept. 1836; he then re- 
signed, and was a railroad engr. until 1841. 
During the Mexican war he was aide to Col. 
Twiggs at Palo Alto and Rcsaca de la Palma ; 
com. a body of vols, in Oct. 1846; superin- 
tended the defences of Matamoras in Jan. 
1847; com. a light-artillery companv in Col. 
Hughes's regt. May, 1847-July 24, "1848; be- 
came principal assist, engineer on the western 
division of the Panama Railroad in 1849 ; after- 
ward settled in Ky., and, when the civil war 
began, was app. by the State authorities, who 
then proposed to remain neutral, to com. the 
eastern division of the State militia, with the 
rank of col. He became a gen. in the Confed. 
army ; com. at Fort Henry, and was included 
in its surrender to Flag-Officer Foote, Feb. 6, 
1862. He was confined in Fort Warren, in 
Boston harbor, but was exchanged in July, 
and afterward attached to the army under Gen. 
Bragg, and ordered to Vicksburg. 

Tilghman, Col. Tench, b. Baltimore, 
1744 ; d. there April 18, 1786. Son of James, 
and liro. of Judge Wm. Tilghman. Before 
the Revol. he was a merchant. Was confiden- 
tial sec. and aide-de-camp to Washington (app. 
Aug. 1776) during the Revol. ; app. lieut.- 
col. Apr. 1777. He bore to Congress the news 
of the surrender of Cornwallis, who, Oct. 29, 
1781, voted him their plaudit of his merit and 
abilities. Washington said of him in 1781, 
" He has been in every action in which the 
main army was concerned, and has been a 
faithful assistant to me for nearly 5 years, a 
great part of which time he refused to receive 
pay." 

Tilghman, William, LL.D. (H U. 1814), 
jurist, b. Talbot Co., Md., Aug. 12, 1756; d. 
Phila. April 30, 1827. James, his father, was 
sec. of the proprietary land-office, and member 
of the council. After the removal of the family 
to Phila., Wm. studied law under Benj. Chew 
in 1772; was adm. to the Md. bar in 1783, and 
in 1793 began practice in Phila. ; app. chief 
judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, Mar. 3, 1801 
(the law establishing thisoffice was repealed the 
next year, when he resumed practice) ; was in 



July. 1803, app. president of the C.C.P. in the 
first dist. ; and in Feb., 1 806, chief justice of the 
State Sup. Court. In 1788, and several suc- 
cessive years, he was a member of the Md. 
legisl. He was elected president of the Philos. 
Society in 1824. He prepared in 1809, by 
direction of the legisl., a report of the English 
statutes in force within the State. Pub. in 1818 
a eulogium on Dr. Wistar, and in 1820 an 
address before the Phila. Soc. for promoting 
Agriculture. — See Life bi/ J. Colder, 8vo, 
1829. 

Tillary, James, M.D., phvsician, b. Scot- 
land ; d. N.Y. 1818, a. ab. 67." After receiving 
a good classical and medical education, the lat- 
ter at Edinburgh, he became a surgeon in the 
British army, with which he came to New York 
at an early ])eriod of the Revol. war. For 
more than 40 years he practised medicine and 
surgery in that city, di^|llaying high profes- 
sional merit. Many years pres. of the N. Y. 
Med. Society. During the pestilence of 1795 
and '98 he devoted himself to his suffering fel- 
low-citizens, by whom he was afterward re- 
warded with the office of resident physician. — 
T/iarhcr. 

Tilley, Chev. Le Gakdecr de, a French 
naval officer, of a Canadian familv, of which 
M. de St. Pierre (on the Ohio in 1753) was of 
the other branch, — the Le Gardeur de Repen- 
tigny. He in 1781 com. the squadron which 
pursued Arnold in Chesapeake Bay, and took 
" The Romulus " (44) and several transports. 
In 1789 he was a commodore, and com. the 8th 
squadron at Rochefort. 

Tilley, Samuel Leonard, Canadi.an 
statesman, b. Queen's Co., N,B., 8 May, 1818. 
Educated at the grammar-school. Entered the 
Assembly from St. John's in 1851 ; member 
of the govt, and prov. see. of New Brunswick 
Nov. 1854-May, 1855; re-app. in July, 1857, 
and was leader of the govt. Mar. 1861-Mar. 
1865 ; member of the govt, and prov. sec. since 
Apr. 1866 ; delegate to Canada upon the ques- 
tions of inter-colonial trade and railways 1861- 
3, and in 1864 on the question of union ; also 
to the imperial govt, on the same subjects in 
1861-2 and in 1866-7; minister of customs in 
the Dominion govt, since 1867. — Men of the 
Time. 

Tillinghast, Francis, judge, h. B. I. 
1743; d. E. Greenwich, R.L, 26 Aug. 1821. 
An active patriot of the Revol. ; was some 
time member of the Assembly ; M.C. 1797-9 
and 1801-3; some years judge of the Supreme 
Court. 

Tillinghast, Joseph Leonard, lawyer 
and scholar, b. Taunton, Ms., 1791 ; d. Provi- 
dence, R.I., Dec. 30, 1844. Brown U. 1819. 
He removed to R.I. in his boyhood ; studied 
law, and devoted himself to its practice in 
Providence with marked success ; and to him is 
due the improved judiciary and free-school sys- 
tem of the State. Many years a representative 
to the State Assembly, during a great part of 
the time filling with great ability the post of 
speaker; and was M.C. in 1837-43. He pub. 
"Oration on Gen. Greene," 1813; "Eulogy 
on Adams and Jefferson," 1826 ; "Address on 
Domestic Industry," 1827; speeches in Con- 
gress, &o. 



TIXi 



911 



TOT) 



Tillinghast, Pardov, minister of Provi- 
dence, H.I., trom 1645 to his d. Jan. 29, 1718, b. 
Beaeliy Head, Eng., 1622. He built, at his own 
expense, a meeting-house at the north end of 
the town in 1700. In 1689 he pub. a tract 
on Baptism, which was replied to by George 
Keith the Quaker. Nicholas his grandson, 
judge and lieut.-gov. of II. I. {b. Prov. 25 
Mav, 1726, d. Taunton, 26 Feb. 1797), was a 
lov.alist. 

Tilton, James, M.D. (Phila. Coll. 1771), 
an eminent phvsician, b. Kent Co., Del., June 
1,1745; d. n.'nr WiiminL'f.n, Del., May 14, 
1822. After an ■■ ■ ' :m ' hi.-ation at Not- 
tingham undir 1' 1 studied at the 

Phila. Medical .s> . _ ;iii- with its first 

class. He pratu^cd in iJ.nn, Del., till 1776, 
when he relinquished a lucrative practice to 
become a surgeon in a Del. regt., with which 
he served at Long Island and VVhite Plains. 
Early in 1777 he was made hospital-surgeon, 
and held that post throughout the war. In 
the hard winter of 1779-80 he improved the hos- 
pital huts by having earthen instead of wooden 
flooring. When the army was disbanded, ho 
resumed practice in Dover ; was a delegate to 
the Cont. Congress in 1783-5; was repeatedly 
a member of the State legisl. ; was commiss. 
of loans 1785-1801 ; and iu 1812 was app. 
physician and surgeon -gen. U. S. A. The 
climate of Dover compelled his removal to the 
hills of New Castle, where he soon obtained 
full practice, and secured the confidence of the 
people. After practising several years in Wil- 
mington, he purchased and improved a small 
farm in the vicinity, to which ho removed. In 
July and Aug. 1813 he examined the hospitals 
of the northern frontier, into which he soon in- 
troduced salutary changes, according to the 
principles of his work on " Military Hospitals." 
Many years prcs. of the Med. Society of Del. 
Beside the above-named work he pub. papers 
on the Curculio, on Peach-Trees, and the 
Diseases and Insects to which they are sub- 
ject; "Answers to Queries on the State of 
Husbandry in Delaware." — Thachrr. 

Tilton, Theodore, author, b. N.Y. City, 
2 0ct. 18:!5. Y. C. From 1856 to 1871 he was 
connected with the Independent, of which he 
was some years editor. He h.as pub. the 
Amer. Board and Amer. Slavery, 18mo, 1860 ; 
Memorial of Mrs. Browning, prefixed to 
her last poems, 1862; "The Fly," 1865; 
" Golden-haired Gertrude," 1S65 ; " The Two 
Hungrv Kittens," 1865; " The King's Rin-," 
1866; '"The True Church," 1867; "The 
Sexton's Tale and Other Poems," 1867. He 
has also pub. many tracts and speeches chiefly 
in opposition to slavery ; contrib. to " Lyrics 
of Loyalty " and to " Eminent Women of the 
Age," and is preparing for publication a col- 
lection of his essays and sketches. — AUibone. 

Timon, John, D.D., H.C. bishop of Buf- 
falo (conscc. 17 Oct. 1847) ; d. there 16 Apr. 
1867; b. Pa. 1795. Educated at Baltimore, 
and at the "Barrens," Mo. He was many 
years a missionary in the West, and became vicar 
apostolic of Texas ; he was greatly beloved, 
and. during the Rebellion, was devoted to the 
national cause. 

Tingey, Thomas, commo. U.S.N., b. Eng. 



1730; d. Washington, D.C.. 23 Feb. 1829. 
App. capt. U.8.N. 3 Sept. 1798; com. "The 
Ganges" (24) in 1799 ; captured many French 
armed vessels. He had been 50 years in the 
U.S. naval service, and 28 years in command 
of the Washington navy-yard. 

Titcomb, Jonathan, Revol. patriot, b. 
Newbury, Ms., 1728 ; d. 1817. Member of tho 
com. of 'safety and the Prov. Congress 1774-5 ; 
col. of a reg't. in the R. I. exped. in 1778; 
member of the State Conv. 1780; brig.-gen. 
of militia; naval officer of Newbury port 1789- 
1812. 

Titcomb, Col. Moses, of Newbury ; 
killed at the battle of Lake George, Sept. 8, 
1755. He was a major in Hale's Essex regt. 
at the capture of Louisburg in 1745, and ren- 
dered great service there. 

Tocqueville (tok'-vil), Alexis Chakles 
Henui Ci.erel de, LL.D., a French pub- 
licist, b. Paris, July 29, 1805; d. Cannes, Apr. 
15, 1859. Great-grandson of Male,'>herbes. 
Adm. to the bar of Paris, he was in 1826 made 
a judge in Versailles, and in 1830 was pro- 
moted. In 1831 he was, with Gustave do 
Beaumont, sent on a mission to the U.S. to 
examine the penitentiary system ; and a full 
report of their observations was pub. in 1832, 
entitled " Du Si/sleme Penitentiaire mix iSlals- 
Unis," translated into English by Francis 
Lieber, 1833. De Tocqueville made himself 
thoroughly acquainted with the political .and 
social institutions of the country, and pub. in 
2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1835, " De' la Democratie 
anx ^tats-Uiiis;" and was rewarded in 1836 
with a prize by the French Institute, and in 
1837 by his nomination to the Acad, of Moral 
and Political Science, and in 1841 totheFrench 
Acad. It was translated by Henry Reeve, with 
a preface and notes by J. C. Spencer, 8vo, 1838, 
and abridged by the latter, under the title of 
" American Institutions and their Influence," 
N.Y. 1856. Elected in 1839 to the chamber 
of deputies, he sat with the most moderate 
members of the opposition; was in 1840 iho 
reporter of a com. upon slavery, and advocated 
the establishment in Franco of the American 
penitentiary system. He foretold the revol. 
of 1848, and' in the constituent assembly 
strongly opposed socialism and ultra-demo- 
cratic measures. He was app. by Gen. Ca- 
vaignac to represent France in the diplomatic 
conferences at Brussels upon Italian affairs. 
June 3, 1849, he bcc.-ime minister of foreign 
affairs, and strongly supported the French 
exped. to Rome ; but, dis.satisfied with the 
policy of Louis Bonaparte, resigned his office 
before the end of tho year, and s.at with the 
opposition. Dec. 2, 1851, he was one of tho 
deputies who protested against the coup d'eiai, 
and was incarcerated, hut was released in a few 
davs. Withdrawing from public life, he in 
1856 pnb. " L'Ancien Rg/ime et la RimhUion." 
In 1859 his "CEnvres el Correspondiince lngdil£t" 
was pub. with a biog. notice by his friend G. 
de Beaumont. — Appleton. 

Tod, David, statesman, b. Youngstown, 
O., Feb. 21, 1805; d. there Nov. 1.3, 1868. 
Son of Judge George Tod ; received from him 
a careful and thorough training, and in 1827 
was adm. to the bar, practising at Warren 15 



912 



years. In 18.3S he defeated his Whig competi- 
tor for the State senate ; in 1840 he took the 
stump lor Van Burcn ; in 1844 he was nomi- 
nated t;ov., and was beaten by a few votes ; 
minister to Brazil 1847-52 ; a delesjate to the 
Charleston Convention in 1860, he warmly 
supported Mr. Doui;las, and was first vice-pres. 
of that body ; when the southern wing of the 
Democ. party withdrew at Baltimore, Mr. Tod 
became presiding officer. He warmly advo- 
cated the peace measures before and after the 
Pence Congress at Washington. Elected gov. 
of 0. in 1862 by an overwhelming majority, 
he gave to the govt, a firm, unflinching support 
during his term of two years. 

Tod, George, lawyer and jurist, b. Saf- 
field, Ct., 11 Dec. 1773 ; d. Warren Co., 0., 11 
Apr. 1841. Y.C. 1795. In 1800 he settled 
in Georgetown, 0. State senator in 1804-5; 
judge of the Sup. Court 1806-9; pres. judge 
3d judici.ildist. 1815-34; and was subsequently 
prosec.-atty. for Warren Co. Lieut.-col. in the 
war of 1812, and disting. in defence of Fort 
Meigs in May, 1813. Father of Gov. Tod. 

Todd, Col. Charles Scott, b. near 
Danville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1791 ; d. Baton Uouge, 
La., 17 Jlay, 1871. Wm. and Mary Coll. 
1809. Son "of Judge Thomas. App. ensign 
Ky. Vols. ; brig, quartm. and judge-advoeate 
of Winchester's division 1812 ; capt. 28th Inf. 
Mav, 1813 ; aide to Gen. Harrison in battle of 
the" Thames ; assist, insp.-gen. Nov. 1, 1813 ; 
insp.-gun. (rank of col.) Mar. 2, 1815; see. of 
state of Ky. 1817 ; member of the legisl. 1817- 
18; coiilidential agent to Colombia in 1820-1 ; 
cnvoy-extr. and minister-plenipo. to Russia 
1841-5. Author of "Sketches of Civil and 
Military Services of W. H.Harrison," 1840. 
Edited the Cincinnati Republican in 1840. 

Todd, Eli, M.D., b. New Haven, July 22, 
1769; d. Hartford, Ct., Nov. 17, 1833. Y.C. 
1 787. He established himself in 1 790 at Farm- 
ington, Ct., in his profession ; in 1819 removed 
to Hartford, where he had an extensive practice, 
and took the lead in founding the Retreat for 
the Insane, of which he was the physician 
from its foundation, Apr. 1, 1824, till his death. 
Pres. of the Ct. Med. Society, and of the Hop- 
kins Med. Association. 

Todd, Col. John, b. Pa. ; killed at the 
battle of Blue Licks, Ky., Aug. 19, 1782. 
Educated in Va. by his uncle, Rev. John ; set- 
tled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va. ; emig. to 
Ky. in 1775, and in 1776 located land near 
Lexington. He accomp. Col. G. R. Clarke's 
exped. against Kaskaskia and Vineennes, and 
succeeded Clarke in the com. of Kaskaskia. 
The Va. legisl. in 1777 app. him col. com. of 
the country which was erected into the county 
of Illinois. Col. of a frontier regt. in 1778; 
delegate to the Va. legisl. in 1 780. — Collins. 

Todd, John, D. D. (Wins. Coll. 1845), 
clergvman and author, b. Rutland, Vt., Oct. 
9, 1800. Y.C. 1822; Andover Som. 1823; 
and ord. minister of the Cong, church at Gro- 
lon, Jan. 3, 18#. In 1833 he was settled over 
the Edwards Church, Northampton ; in 1836 
over the First Cong. Church in Phila. ; and 
from Feb. 1842 to Sept. 1870 was pastor of 
the First Cong. Church, Pittsficld, Ms. He 
was a founder of the Mt. Holyoke Female 



Sera. Author of "Lectures to Children," 2 
vols.; "Student's Manual;" " The Sabbath- 
school Teacher," 1836; "The Lost Sister 
of Wyoming." 1841; "Bible Companion;" 
"Great Cities, their Moral Influence," 1841 ; 
" The Young Man," 1843 ; " Simple Sketches," 
2 vols. 1843 ; " The Daughterat School," 1854; 
"Summer Gleanings," 1852; "Truth made 
Simple," 1839 ; " Stories on the Shorter Cate- 
chism," 2 vols. 1850; "The Angels of the 
Iceberg," 1859; "Index Rerum," 1835; 
"Sunset Land," 1869; "Future Punish- 
ment," 1863; "Mountain Gems," 1864; 
" The Water-Dove, and Other Gems," 1868 ; 
"Sketches and Incidents," 1866; "Polished 
Diamonds," 1866; "Hints and Thoughts for 
Christians," 1867; "Serpents in the Dove's 
Nest," 1867; "Woman's Ri<;hts," 1867; 
"Mountain-Flowers," 1869; sermons, orations, 
&c. ; contril). to Sarlain's and tiriiliam's Maga- 
zines and other periodicals. 

Todd, Thom.vs, jurist, b. King a.id 
Queen's Co., Va., Jan. 23, 1765; d. Feb. 7, 
1826. ' Left an orphan at 11. He received a 
good Englisli education ; was a soldier of the 
Revol. ; emig. to Ky. in 17S6, and began to 
practise law at Danville. Clerk of the Dist. 
Court of Ky. until 1799; clerk of the Court 
of Appeals 1799-Dec. 1801 ; judge of that 
court 1801-6; chief justice of Ky. 1806-7; 
assoe. judge TJ.S. Sup. Court, March 3, 1807, 
to his death. Father of Col. C. S. Todd. — 
Collins. 

Toler, Richard H., 23 years editor T^yncA- 
hirq I'irginian ; d. Richmond, Va., 1848, a. 49. 

Torn ("Blind Tom"), an extraordinary 
musical prodigy, b. a slave in Columbus, Ga., 
ab. 1838. Blind from birth, and possessing 
little intelligence, he yet can repeat accm-ately 
upon the piano the most difficult mnsic after 
once hearing it. The greatest musicians of the 
age have put his genius to the severest tests, and 
he has always triumphed. Brought north by 
his master in 1860, he first appeared in New 
York at Hope Chapel, Jan. 15, 1861, and has 
since travelled over America and Europe. 

Tomes, Robert, M.D. (U. of Edinb.), 
author, b. New-York Citv, 1816. Wash. Coll. 
1837. He studied physic at Phila., at Edin- 
burgh, and in the Paris hospitals ; engaged in 
practice at N. York ; and made several voyages 
as surgeon in the employ of the Pacific Mail 
Steamship Co. He pub. " Panama " in 1855 ; 
"Lives of Richard Coeur de Lion and Oliver 
Cromwell," 1855-6; "The Bourbon Prince," 
1853; "The Champagne Country," 1867; 
assisted in preparing " Commodore Perry's 
Naval Exped. to Japan," 1855, and the Ameri- 
can matter in Applcton's " Cycloptedia of Bi- 
ography," 1856. He has pub. in serial form 
" Battles of America by Sea and Land," and 
" The War with the South, a History of the 
Great American Rebellion ;" and has contrib. 
articles for the Literary World, Evening Post, 
Harper's Weekly, and Harper's Mag. — Dui/c- 
kinrk. 

Tomlinson, Gideon, LL.D., lawyer and 
statesman of Ct., b. Stratford, Dec. 31, 1780; 
d. Fairfield, Oct. 8, 1854. Y.C. 1802. Gide- 
on his grandfather, an officer at the capture of 
Ticondoroga, d. Stratford, Ct., 1766, a. 34. 



TOM 



He practised law in Fairfield ; was M.C. in 
1S18-27; gov. IS27-31 ; U.S. .senator 1831-7. 
Tomo-ohi-chi, Mico or Chief of the Ya- 
macraws, and a warm friend of tlie Kii.'lish 
settlers of Geor'jia; d. m.u s,,v ,,,iii,,li .."oct. 
1739. He accomp. Gen, i ' ■ I'n'- 

Iand in 1734, and was im 1 ill' 

— See Uist. Sketch o/ y.- , ,, ',: ' c r 
Jones, Albany, 18G6. "" 

Tompkins, Daniel D., Vice-President 
of the U.S., b. Suarsdale, Westcliester Co., 
JN.I., June 21, 1774; d. Staten Island, Juno 
11, 1825. Col. Coll. 179.5. His father Jona- 
than G. was a I inner and a patriot of the Kevol., 
durin),' the whole of which he was a member of 
thelegisl. The son was in 179C adm. to the 
bar of N.Y. City. His talents soon brou-hi 
him into notice. In 1801 he was a member 
of the State Const. Conv.; also served in the 
legisl. ; M.C. in 1804-5; 
the Supreme Court in 1804; was gov. of the 
State in 1807-17, and vice-prcs. of the U.S. 
in 1817-25; he was a chancellor of the Uni- 
versity ; in 1821 a delegate to the State Const, 
tonv., and was afterwards app. its. pres. In 
poUtics.he belonged to the JcHfersoiiian school, 
and lent an efficient support to the national 
govt, during the war of 1812, in which he 
com. the 3d military dist. ; and by his exertions 
troops, and sending them 



10, 1 ,05 ; b. Apr. 20, 1GG5. H. U. 1C84 He 
taught school some years at Newbury. His 
gravestone is thus inscribed : — 



intry. 



" Here in a tyrant's hand doth captive 1 
A rare synopsis of divinity." 
His last sermons. Heaven the Best Co 
were pnb. in 1712. 

Tonya, Patrick, a British gen., gov. of 
EastiTlorida 1775-83; d Lond. 30 Dec. 1804 
a._ 79^ App. a capt. in the Cth Dragoons, May 
15, 1751, with which he served in Germany 
m 1758; in 1761 was lieut.-col. of the 104th, 
and attained the rank of gen. Jan. 1, 1798 

Toombs. KODEET, politician, b. Washing- ^ . ^^ 
ton, Wilkes Co., Ga., July 2, 1810. Un. CoU. 
1828. Ho read law at the U. of Va., and prac- 
tised It until his election to Congress in 1845 ; 
he was a capt. of vols, under Gea. Scott in the 
„„„ :„.i e .'-^'■'^'^■'warof 1836; was a member of the lower 
app. judge of branch of the State legisl. in 1837-45, with 
as a-nv nt ,!,„ the exception of the year 1841 ; M.C. 1S45-33; 
entered the senate during the 33d Con-n-css ' 
was re-elected in 1839, and expelled Mar. 14^ 
18GI._Ia Congress he served on important 
committees ; was a prominent member of the 
extreme Southern party, and, after the election 
of Pros. Lincoln, was a leader in the secession 
of Ga. He strongly advocated secession in a 
speech at Milledgeville, Nov. 15, 1860, and in 



the field, he contributed largely to the national bcrof 



U.S. senate, Jan. 7, 



pur])ose passed, taking eflFect July 4, 1827 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the govern- 
orship in 1820, and was an aspirant for the 
presidency ; but, owing partly to the careless 
manner in which he kept his accounts during 
the war, he was accused of being a defaulter, 
and in his latter d.iys he was the victim of 
melancholy, and habits of intemperance. 

Tompkins, Daniel D., col. U.S.A., b. 
N.1.1799; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 26 1863 



Hei 

success im.:™.,.;„i™ - .- .1 1 ■, T tlie Confed. Congress which met at Mont- 

23 18 7 he recoml^^ /%? '° "'«^'S;^'• J?"- fomery Feb. 4 ; was p1-ovis. sec. of State from 
avervin NewVork f '«»' abolition Feb. 21 to Sept. 1861 ; and was a brig.-gen. 

laveiy in New lork^ and an act for that in the Confcd. army. Up to 1850 he beton-ed 
to the Whig party. ° 

Torbert, Ge.v. Alfred T. A., b. Del. 
West Point, 1 855. Entering the 5th Inf., he 
served in Florida in 1 83G-7 ; Utah cxped. 1 C J7- 
60; capt. 25 Sept. 1861 ; col. 1st N. J. Vols. 
16 Sept. 1861 ; engaged in the Peninsular cam- 
paign ; com^brigade of 6th corps in battles of 



lanassas. South Mountain (where he was 
wounded), and at Aiitiitam ; bri-.-gen. vols. 29 

wcstPoi,i^i82o:";i^i;h^;f;i;;rp;;;e^g: S'u^ilT^'^'^' '' ■ ''^''Si:"^'"" 

Capt 31 Dee. 18.35; disting. in engagement Armv of P Ums. of ca^ 

'■'■th Indians at San Velasco ; and brev. maj. 



ArmyofPotom.ir. \\ ,i ,;(; andin nu- 

merous action.^, 11,. i,M,i,, ll:,v.,ss Shop, Cold 
Harbor, Trevillian Mation, and Darbytown ; 
cliiefof cavalry in the Shenandoah campaign, 
and in the battles there in Aug.-Oct 1 864 ; 
brev. lieut.-col. U.S.A. 28 May, 1864, forkattle 
of Hawes's Shop; col. 19 Sept. 1864 for Win- 
chester; brig.-gen. and maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 
1865 for Cedar Creek, and for gallant and 
meritorious service during the Rebcliion. Re- 
signed 31 Oct. 1866. Consul-gen. to Havana 
1871. — Cullum. 

master and physician and y. renowned pJeTof ^S^!^^:^-^:i^ ^^^^^ 

i^cwjingland. accordinp' to his tnmbitrmo- h v,- ^,f ivr„,-;„.- .:.i„.i ...t .• t ,■ „ 

;, uuiy 14. Ib42 : a. Anni 9 171i nil,] .^„l, „f o„,-;ii„ :., .^. e j _^ .i_ . ■ . • ' "' 

is buried 



for gallantry in Florida war, Sept. U, 1836"; 
miarterm. (rank maj.) 22 July, 1842; brev. 
lieut.-col. for meritorious conduct in Mex. war 
May 30, 1848; dep. quartermastcr-gen.' (rank 
Iieut.-col.) 16 Sept. 1851 ; assist, quartermaster- 
gen, (rank of col.) Dee. 22, 1856. 

Tompkins, George, jurist; d. near Jef- 
ferson City, Mo., April 7, 1846, a. 66. He was 
.Tn eariy settler of Mo. Judge of the Sup. 
Court 1 828-40 ; chief justice 1 840-6. 

Tompson, Benjamin, "learned school- 
id pb 

T?..;„, -'^?''/'ffT.'''"»'i''j'M°™''^"'n«; b. ry of Mexico, entitled "Monarchia 

Bramtree, July 14 1642; d. April 9, 1714, and pub. at Seville in 1615, and at Mad HI in 1723. 

R.. w er, '^■"''y- ?; ^- It^-- ^°" "f Torrey, Charles Turner, a Cuiig. min- 

^e n,S' i ^™'""<=<=' ^^'; W''^ ">•''«'<='• Of i^ter, b. Scituate, Ms., 1 813 ; d. Baltimore, .May 

wherhe w« .".'^ in Boston from 1667 to 1670, 9 1846. Y. C. 1833. He m. a dau. of Re>^ 

mfthor J ri ^'''°''?''=?; He was the Jacob Ide, D.D. ; and was settled first at 

WhhiJ-- of T ^'^?y °" ''"=, Kev. Samuel Princeton, and then at Salem, but soon reUn- 

Whiting of Lynn, m Mather's " Magnalia. " " 
His chief poem is entitled " New En^and' 
-" ■Dmickhrh 



Crisis 

Tompson, Edward, minister of Marsh- 
field, Ms., from Oct. 14, 1G96, to his d. March 



qnishcd his eligible professional position to la- 
bor for the subversion of African slavery. De- 
tected in the attempt to aid some slaves" to es- 
cajw from Md.. he was tried, convicted, and 
sentenced to a long imprisonment in the State 



TOR 



TOXT 



prison, where he died of consumption. Author 
of " Home, or the Pilgrim's Kaith Revived," 
and " Memoir of Wm. R. Saxton," 1838. 

Torrey, John, M.D., (Coll. of Phys. 
and Surg. 1818), LL.D., botanist and chemist, 
b. N.Y. City 1798. He was at one time pros, 
of the N.Y. Lyceum of Nat. Hist., to the " An- 
nals " of which he largely contributed. He 
pub. in 1817 a catalogue of the plants growing 
within 30 miles of N.Y. ; in 1824 the tirst vol. 
of the "Flora of the Northern U.S. ;" and in 
1826 his" Compendium" of the same. Inl838, 
with his former pupil. Dr. Asa Gray, he com- 
menced the more extended " Flora of N. Amer- 
ica," which he carried as far as the close of the 
great order Composltw. He has also prepared the 
botanical part of the Reports of the Nat. Hist. 
Soc. of the State of N.Y. (2 vols. 184.3-4), and 
in connection with Dr. Gray has examined and 
described in the govt, cxploring-expeds. a l.irge 
portion of the new plants, shrulis, and trees col- 
lected by those expeditions. He has also been 
actively occupied in chemical and mincralogi- 
cal investigations. In 1824 he was prof, of 
chemistry in the West-Point Milit. Acad ; prof, 
of botany and chemistry in the Coll. of Phys. 
and Surg., N.Y., 1827-55, when he was made 
emeritus prof. ; from 1828 to 1854 he was prof, 
of ch'-'mistry at N.J. Coll. ; and since IS.j'i has 
been as.sayor in the U.S. assay-office, N.Y. In 
18C0 he presented to Columbia Coll., N.Y., hi* 
valuable herbarium. — Appleton. 

Torrey, Joseph, D.D. (H.U. 1850), Cong, 
clergyman, and scholar, b. Rowley, Ms., Feb. 
2, 1797; d. Burlington, Vt., Nov. 26, 1867. 
Daitm. Coll. 1816; And. Thcol. Scm. 1819. 
Ord. and settled as pastor at Royalton, Vt., 
1819-27; prof, of Greek and Latin in the U. 
of Vt. 1827-42; prof, of intcU, and moral phi- 
los. from 1 842 until his decease ; and pres. of 
the U. from 1363 until compelled by ill-health 
to resign in 1865. Ho edited Dr. Jas. March's 
unpub. papers, accompanying them with an 
interesting Memoir ; and also edited ably, and 
with great care, Neandor's " Church History." 
He edited Dr. Worthington Smith's sermons, 
and prefixed a Memoir. 

Torrey, Capt. Willi.^ji, of 'Weymouth, 
one of the first military officers and authors of 
the Ms. Colony; was a justice of the peace, a 
freeman in 1642, several years a representative, 
usually clerk of the deputies, and capt. of the 
train-baud, — as high a rank as then existed. 
He was a good penman, " skilled in Latin," 
and wrote a book on the millennium, entitled 
" A Discourse concerning Futurities to Come, 
written by a Very Old Man in Continual Ex- 
pectation of his Translation into Another Life 
and World," a 4to of about 60 pages, 2d ed., 
with a preface by Prince, 8vo, 1757. — Eliot. 

Totten, George Muirsox, engineer, b. 
N. Haven, Ct., May 23, 1809. Partridge's 
Milit. Acad. 1826. He became a civil cngr. at 
18, and until 1844 was employed on railroads 
and canals in Ms., Ct., Pa., N. J., Va., and 
N.C. He was next engaged for 5 years on the 
surrey and construction of the Canal del Dir/iie 
in N. Granada; and in 1849 was app. engr.-in- 
chief of the Panama Railroad, which in 1 855 
he successfully completed. He has since been 
engaged in enginecrmg in the U.S. 



Totten, Joseph Gilbert, brev. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. New Haven, Ct., Aug. 23, 1788; d. 
Washington, D.C., Apr. 22, 1 S64. West Point 
(lieut. of engineers), 1805. Capt. 31 July, 
1812 ; chief cngr. of the array in the campaigns 
of 1812-13 on the Niagara ; disting. in capture 
of Fort George, 27 May, 1813 ; brev. maj. for 
meritorious service, June 6, 1813; chief cngr. 
of Gens. Izard and Macomb's div. in 1814 at 
Lake Charaplain ; brev. liiut.-col. for gallant 
conduct at the battle of Plattsburg, Sept. II, 
1814; maj. Nov. 12, 1818; lieut.-col. May 24, 
1S28; col. and chief engr. Dec. 7, 1838 ; chief 
cngr. of the army of Gen. Scott in the siege of 
Vera Cruz ; commiss. at capitulation of Vera 
Cruz, Mex., March 25, 1847 ; brev. brig.-gen. 
for gallantry at the siege of Vera Cruz, 29 
Mar. 1847. A regent of the Smithsonian In- 
stitution 1846-64. Brig.-gen. and cliiof of 
en-rs. U.S.A. 3 Mar. 1803; brev. maj.--en.21 
April, 18G4. The fortifications of NLW],ort, 
R.I. , and other defensive work i built by him, 
arc enduring monuments to his memory. Au- 
thor of "Report on the Subject of National 
Defences," Washington, 1851; and translator 
of " Vicat on Mortars." — Cullum. 

Toucey, Isaac, LL.D., politician and law- 
yer, b. Newtown, Ct., Nov. 5, 1796; d. Hart- 
lord, July 30, 1869. Descended from Rev. 
Thos., first Cong, minister of Newtown (Y.C. 
1707). He received a common-school educa- 
tion ; adopted the profession of law ; was adm. 
to the Hartford bar in 1818, and was State- 
ntty. for his native county in 1822-35; M.C. 
1835-9; State-atty. 1842-4; gov. of Ct. in 
1S46-7; in 1848-9 U.S. atty.-gen.; State sena- 
tor in 1851; member of the Assembly in 1S52; 
U.S. senator 1852-7; and from 1857 to 1861 
sec. of the nary. He wielded a powrrfiil influ- 
ence by his coolness, deliberation, and judicial 
cast of mind. "In justice to his luimory it 
must be said, that the charges made again t 
him, that, while sec. of the navy under Mr. Bu- 
chanan, ho deliberately sent away our vesseis to 
distant seas to prevent their use in suppressing 
secession at its commencement, and that h.i 
favored and aided secession, have very sli-ht 
foundation in truth. He avowed that he oi> 
posed secession in the cabinet as wholly inad- 
missible under the Constitution; though his 
personal feelings were known to be with the 
South, and in opposition to the war." 

Toulmin, Harry, jurist and author, b. 
Taunton, Eng., 1767; d. Washington Co., 
Ala., Nov. 11, 1823. Son of the eminent Dr. 
Joshua Toulmin. Was a dissenting minister 
for several years at Chorobert, Lancashire; 
came to Norfolk, Va., in 1793 ; pres. of Tran- 
sylv. U. 1 794-6 ; sec. of state of Ky . 1 796-1 804 ; 
app. judge of U.S. Dist. Court of Mpi. 1804. 
Compiled " Digest of Territorial Laws of Ala." 
in 1823. Assisted in framing the constitution 
of Ala. in her conv., and served in her legisl. 
Author of "Description of Kentucky," 8vo, 
1792; "Magistrate's Assistant," 8vo; "Sup- 
posed Welsh Indians," Nic. Jour., 1S09 ; " Col- 
lection of the Acts of Kentucky," 1802 ; with 
James Blair, " Review of the Crim. L.aw of 
Ky.," 8vo, 1804. 

Touro, JuDAH, philanthropist, of Jewish 
descent, b. Newport, R. I., June 16, 1775; d. 



TOTJ 



915 



N. Orleans, Jan. 18, 1S54. His father, Rev. 
Isaac, came from Holland, and in 1762 became 
priest of the synagogue at Newport. In 1798 
Judah sailed as supercargo to the Mediterra- 
nean for his uncle. During the voyage, the 
ship in which he sailed came oil" victorious in a 
desperate conflict with a French privateer. Af- 
ter residing some time in Boston, he in 1802 
removed to New Orleans, where he became a 
merchant, and acquired a fortune, wliich he be- 
queathed principally to the public institutions 
of that city. In 1815 he served as a soldier at 
the battle of New Orleans, and was wounded 
in the hip by a cannon-ball, from the clTccts of 
which he never entirely recovered. Though 
of the Jewish faith, he contributed liberal sums 
to many Christian enterprises, among which 
may be mentioned the donation of a valuable 
building-lot to the cong. of Rev. Mr. Clapp for 
the Fii-st Cong. Church of N.O. He gave 
SIO.OOO towards the Bunker-hill Monument. 

Toussaint L'Ouverture (too-san loo- 

vgr'tur'), FuAxgois Dominique, a Haytien 
gen., b. near Cape St. Francois, 1743; d. in 
the dungeon of St. Joux, France, Apr. 27, 
1803, of starvation. His parents were negro 
slaves. By intelligence and faithfulness he 
was raised to important posts on his master's 
estate, and was able to acquire some mental 
cultivation. In 1791, when the mulattoes ap- 
pealed to the negroes for help against the tyr- 
anny of the colonial govt., Toussaint incurred 
the hostility of his race by remaining quiet and 
faithful. He joined the negro army subse- 
quently in a medical capacity ; was soon made 
brig.-gen. ; disting. himself by the capture of 
the entire armyof Brandicourt, the gen. of 
the whites, also taking Doudon, an important 
post; July 27, 1795, he took Marmelade, an- 
other important post, defeated the French col. 
Desfourneaux, and seized Emery and Gonaives. 
Toussaint soon after declared for France, being 
already com. in chief of the black forces, formed 
a junction with Laveaux, received the ca- 
pituliition of the entire English force at St. 
Mare, and drove the Spanish from the W. por- 
tion of the island. In 1796 he was app. com.- 
in-chief of St. Domingo by Santhonax, the 
French commiss., and succeeded in restoring 
order and industry to the island; in 1799 he 
completely quelled the mulatto insurrection of 
Rigaud ; Nov. 26, 1800, he assumed the govt, 
under the French Directory alone; and in Jan. 
1801 the whole island became subject to his 
sway. He labored successfully to restore in- 
dustry, to remove prejudice, and to establish 
good order. A constitution was drawn up; he 
was named prcs. for life ; and free trade was 
established. These measures gave so much 
offence to Bonaparte, who had not been con- 
sulted previously, that he at once resolved to 
use a disaffected portion of his then unem- 
ployed army to subjugate and re-enslave the 
blacks. Gen. Leclerc was sent in Nov. 1801 
with 30,000 men ; drove them, after a sangui- 
nary conflict, from the seaports into the moun- 
tain fastnesses, and finally, by promises and 
cajolery, won over Christophe, Dessalines, and 
the other generals. The destruction of Tous- 
saint having been determined upon, he was 
invited to an interview at Gonaives with Gen. 



Brunet ; was seized by an armed force, and taken 
to France; reached Paris Aug. 17, 180i; was 
confined in the Temple, and without a trial 
was transferred to the dungeons of the Castle 
of Joux, in the dpt. of Doubs. Deprived of all 
society, subjected to intense cold, with insufiS- 
cient clothing and food, the heroic old man 
appealed repeatedly, but in vain, for a trial. 
Finding that his appeals for a trial produced 
no response, he commenced his defence, which 
was transmitted to Bonaparte. His Memoirs 
have been pub. by Saint-Re'my, Paris, 1850; 
by J. R. Beard, London, 1853; and by J. Red- 
path, 1863 ; and he was made the subject of a 
lecture by Wendell Phillips, 1863. 

Toussard, Col. Louis, b. France, 1749; 
d. N. Orleans ab. 1820. Originally an artillery- 
officer in the regt. of La Fere. In Mar. 1777 
he arrived in America with other oflScers recom- 
mended by Silas Deane; in June received a 
lieutenant's commiss. ; was afterward aide to 
Lafayette; lost an arm at Rhode Island in 
the fall of 1778; and soon after received from 
Congress the brev. of lieut.-col. and a pension 
for life. He afterward served the Frencli 
govt, in tlie \V. Indies. He returned to the 
U.S. in 1794; was app. major in Feb. 1795; 
lieut.-col. 2d Art. in 1800; disb. Jan. 1802. 
Afterward French consul at N. Orleans (1812- 
15). Author of " Artillerist's Companion," 2 
vols. 8vo, Phila., 1809. 

Tower, Zealous Bates, brev. maj.-gon. 
U.S.A., b. Boston ab. 1819. West Point, 1841 
(first in his class). Received his early cdm-atlun 
at the Boston High School. App. 2d licnt. of 
engrs. ; assist, prof, of eng. Aug. 31, 1S42, to 
Apr. 4, 1843; brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry at 
Cerro Gerdo, April 18 ; capt. for gallantry at 
Contrcras and Cliurubusco, Aug. 20 ; and ma- 
jor for gallantry at Chapultepee, Sept. 8, 1847 ; 
made Ut lieut. Apr. 24, 1847 ; capt. 1 July, 
1855; major, Aug. 6, 1861 ; lieut.-col. Nov. 4, 
1865; brig.-gen. vols. Nov. 23, 1861; chief 
engr. of defences of Fort Pickens, Fla., Feb. 
1861 to May, 1862; and in the Northern Va. 
campaign, July-Aug. 1862 ; was in the battles 
of Cedar Mountain, Rappahannock Station, 
and Thoroughfare Gap. He com. a brigade in 
the second battle of Bull Run, and was wound- 
ed ; was chief engr. of the defences of Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 28 Sept. 1864 to July, 1865: en- 
gaged in repulse of Hond, and battle of Nash- 
ville, 15 and 16 Dec. 1864. Member of the 
board of cngrs. since 18 May, 1867; brev. lieut.- 
col. 23 Nov. 1861 for the defence of Fort 
Pickens, Fla.; col. for Cedar Mountain 9 Aug. 
1862; brig, and m.ij. gen. U.S.A., 13 Mar. 
1865, for battle of Groveton, Va., and for gal- 
lant and merit, services during the Rebellion. 
He puh. in 1843 " Illustrations of the Croton 
Aqueduct," 4to, plates. — Ciillum. 

Town, Itiiiel, architect, b. Thompson, 
Ct., 1784; d. N. Haven, Ct., 13 June, 1844. 
Author of Descript. of his Improvement in 
Construction of Bridges, 8vo, 1821, 4to, N.Y., 
1839; and Schoolhouse Architecture. He also 
pub. Adm. Sir George Collier's Journal in the 
"Rainhow," 1776-9, N.Y., 1835. 
Towne, Salem, LL.D., teacher, and com- 

Kiler of school-books, b. Belehertown, Ms., 
larch 5, 1 779 ; d. Greencastle, Ind., Feb. 24, 



016 



XO'V^^ 



1864. Son of Gen. Salem, a Revol. officer 
(I). O.xford, 2 Nov. 1746; d. Cliarlion, Ms., 
23 July, 1825), a resident of Aurora, N.Y. ; 40 
years a teacher in N.Y. He was at one time a 
nieinberof the N.y. senate. Author of " Specu- 
lative Masonry," 1818; " Analysis of Deriva- 
tive Words," 18-36; also a series of Readers 
and Spellers. 

Towns, George W. B., statesman, b. 
Wilkes Co., Ga., Mav 4, ISOl ; d. Macon, Ga., 
July lo, 1854. Of a Va. family. His father 
>vas distini;. at the battles of Cowpcns and 
Eutaw. Commencinp; life as a merchant, be 
was adm. to the bar of Ala. in 1824, and for a 
time edited a political paper. In 1826 he set- 
tled iji Talbot Co., Ga. ; served several years in 
both branches of the State legisl. ; was M.C. 
in 1S3.-.-9 and in 1845-7 ; and was gov. of Ga. 
in 1847-51. — Miller, Bench and Bar of Ga. 

Townsend, Edward Davis, adj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Ms. 1815. West Point, 1S37. Son 
of Maj. D. S., and grandson of Dr. David 
(1755-1829), surgeon Revol. army. He served 
in the Florida war; was made assist, adj.-gen. 
(rank capt.) 8 Aug. 1846; maj. 15 Jnly, 1852; 
col. 3 Aug. 1861; adj.-gen. (rank brig.-gen.) 
22 Feb. 1869; brev maj.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. 

Townsend, Eliza, poetess, b. Boston, 
I7S9; d. there Jan. 12, 1854. She contrib. 
anonymously to the Monthly Anthologi/, Unita- 
rian Miscellany, Portfolio, and other periodi- 
cals, religions and moral pieces ; among thera 
verses on " The Incomprehensibility of God; " 
"An Occasional Ode, ^vritten in June, 1809, 
in which she comments with severity on the 
career of Napoleon; "Lines to Robert Sou- 
thcy," written iu 1812; and "The Rain- 
bow," pub. in the Gen. Repository and Review. 
In 1S56, her sister. Mart P. Towxsend (d. 
1861), privately printed a collection of her 
poems. — Duyckinck. 

Townsend, John K., naturalist, b. Phila. 
1803; d. 1861. Author of "Narrative of a 
Journey across the Rocky Mountains, and 
a Visit to the Sandwich Islands, Chili, &c., 
1833-7," 8vo, 1839; "Sporting Excursions in 
the Rocky Mountains," &c., 2 vols. 8vo, 1840; 
" Ornithology of the U.S., No. 1," 1839. Con- 
trib. to Jour, of Acad, of Nat. Sci. of Phila. — 
Alli'ione. 

Townsend, Col. Penn, b. Boston, Dec. 
20, 1651 ; d. there Aug. 21, 1727. Son of 
William, who was in Boston 1636. Was a 
winc-merehant ; a leading man in town-allairs 
many years ; a representative, 1 686-9S ; after- 
ward speaker of the house ; one of the coimcil, 
1721 ; and chief judge of the Suftblk Superior 
Court. He was often capt. of the A. and H. 
Art. Co., and col. of the Boston Regt. 1703. 
lie was one of the agents to superintend the 
military forces destined a<^ainst Port Royal in 
1707, and was a patron of learning. 

Townsend, Robert, capt. U.S.N., b. Al- 
bany, 1819; d. China, Aug. 15, 1866. Un. 
Coll. 1835. Entering the navy, he took part 
in the capture of Vera Cniz in 1847 ; was act- 
ing lieut. at the capture of N. Orleans ; com. 
the iron-elad " Essex " at the siege of Port 
Hudson ; and was a division-com. nnder Admi- 
ral Porter in the Red-river campaign. 

Townsend, Virginia Fbances, b. N. 



Haven, Ct. Author of "Living and Lov- 
ing; " " While it was Morning," 1859 ; " Buds 
from Christmas-Boughs," 1859; "BvandBv;" 
" Amy Dean," 1 862 ; " Well in the Rock," "&c., 
1863; "Temptation and Triumph," 1863; 
" Battle-Fields of our Fathers," 1864 ; " Janet 
Strong," 1865; "D.inyl Gap," 1866; "The 
Hollands," 1869; "Joanna Dariing," 1871. 
Editor of Arthur's Home May., and contrib. to 
periodicals. — Allibone. 

Townshend, Charles, an English states- 
man, b. Aug. 29, 1725 ; d. Sept. 4, 1767. Sec- 
ond son of Charles, the third viscount. In 
1747 he entered parliament, and acquired a 
bright reputation as an orator ; in June, 1 749, 
he was app. a commiss. of trade and planta- 
tions ; in 1 756 a member of the privy council ; 
in Mar. 1761 sec. at war; in Feb. 1763 first 
lord of trade and plantations; in June, 1765, 
paymaster-gen. and chancellor of the exche- 
quer; and a lord of the treasury in Aug. 1766. 
" He had voted, and in the year 1765 had been 
an advocate, for the Stamp Act. He therefore 
attended at the private meeting in which reso- 
lutions leading to its repeal were settled ; and 
he would have spoken for that measure too, if 
illness had not prevented him. The very next 
session, as the fashion of this world passeth 
away, the repeal began to be in as bad odor as 
the Stamp Act had been before. To conform to 
the temper which began to prevail, and to prevail 
mostly among those most m power, he declared 
that revenue must be had out of America." 
June 2, 1767, he introduced into the house of 
commons the celebrated resolutions imposing 
duties upon paper, tea, and other articles im- 
ported into the American Colonies, which event- 
ually led to their revolt and independence. 
Says Macaulay, " lie was a man of splendid 
talents, of lax principles, and of boundless 
vanity and pri«umption." 

Townshend, George, marquis, an Eng. 
field-marshal, b. Feb. 28, 1724; d. Sept. 14, 
1807. Eldest son of the third viscount, whom 
he succeeded in May, 1767. He served at the 
battles of Dcttingen, Fontenoy, Culloden, and 
Laffeldt; and, in the exped. to Canada under 
Wolfe, com. a division. After the first battle 
of the Plains of Abraham, and the death of 
Wolfe, he took com. of the army, and five 
days after received the capitulation of De 
Ramsay. He then returned to Eng. ; was 
M.P. in 1754-64; rose to the highest rank 
in the army; bec.tme a privy councillor; was 
lord lieut. of Ireland in 1767-72; and was 
created m.irquis Oct. 6, 1787. 

Towson, Ges. Nathan, b. near Balti- 
more, Jan. 22, 1784; d. Washington, D.C., 
July 20, 1 854. Previous to the war of 1 8 1 2 he 
com. a company of vol. art., and was adj. of 
the 7th Md. Regt. In Mar. 1812 he was app. 
a capt. in the 2d U.S. Art., and Oct. 9, aided 
by Lieut. Elliot of the navy, captured the 
British brig " Caledonia," under the guns of 
Fort Eric. He was engaged in the b-tttle of 
Queenstown, in the capture of Fort George, 
the affair at Stony Creek, and on the 17th of 
July, 1813, he was wounded in repelling an 
attack of the British on the outworks of Fort 
George, U.C. During the campaign of 1814, 
Towson com. a battery in one of the divisions 



TRA 



TRA 



of Gen. Brown's army. Being attached to the 
brigade of Scott, he participated in the capture 
of Fort Erie, July 4 ; was detailed with liis 
hattory to bring on the battle of Chippewa. 
In this conflict Towson bore a conspicuous 
part, and contributed greatly to the success of 
the day. In the obstinately-contested battle 
of Niagara, July 25 (the hardest Iburfit and 
most sanguinary of the war), Capt. Towsou 
was in the front rank from first to last. Aug. 
15 he performed a most important part, and in 
the defence of Fort Erie elicited from Gen. 
Ripley the highest encomiums on his skill and 
valor. In May, 1SI6, he received brevets of 
major and licut.-col. for his achievements ; was 
in 1819 app. paymaster-gen. ; in 1 834 received 
the brev. of brig.-gen., and in Mar. 1849 that 
of maj.-gen., for meritorious services per- 
formed during the Mexican war. In 1816 he 
m. Sophia, dan. of Caleb Bingham of Boston. 

Tracy, Alexander de Proutille, Mar- 
quis de, was viceroy of New France in 1763. 
He was a lieut.-gen. iu the French army, and 
had served on the Continent with distinction. 
Before arriving in Canada, he had retaken 
Cayenne from the Dutch, and brought several 
islands of the contiguous archipelago under 
French domination. He was one of the most 
able and popular of the French officials ever 
sent to Canada. During his brief sway of 1 8 
montlis, he established a military aristocracy, 
fortified the country against the encroachments 
of the Iroquois, and concluded a peace with 
them of 18 years' duration, which was of groat 
benefit to the country, long harassed with their 
sanguinary inroads. 

Tracy, Rev. Ebenezer Carter, b. Hart- 
ford, Ct., 10 June, 1796 ; d. Windsor, Vt., 15 
Mav, 1862. Dartm. Coll. 1819; And. Sem. 
1822. Tutor at D.C. 1823-5. EditoriaUy con- 
nected with the xV. Y. Jour, of Commerce, Jour, 
of Uamanitii, and Boston Recorder. Edited the 
Vt. Vliroiiicle 1826-8 and 1834-62. Author of 
" Life of Jeremiah Evarts," Svo, 1845. 

Tracy, Joseph, D.D. (Vt. U. 1859), au- 
thor, b. Hartford, Vt., Nov. 3, 1794. Dartm. 
Coll. 1814. Pastor of the Cong, churclics at 
Thetford and West Fairlee, Vt., from June 26, 
1821, to 1829. Edited the Chronicle at Wind- 
sor, Vt., 5 years, and the Boston Recorder I 
year; and afterward sec. of the Colonization 
Society at Boston. Resides at Beverly, Ms. 
He pub. " Three Last Things ; " " History of 
the Amcr. Board ; " " The Great Awakening," 
1842 ; " Memorial of the Colon. Soc. Centen.," 
15 Jan. 1867. 

Tracy, Gen. R. D., b. N.C. ; killed at the 
battle of Port Gibson, May 1, 1863. He was 
col. of a N.C. regt. until promoted in 1862 to 
brig.-gen. C.S.A. 

Tracy, Uriah, b. Franklin, Ct., Feb. 2, 
11755; d. Washington, D.C, July 19, 1807. 
'Y.C. 1778. Adm. to the bar 1781; practised 
law successfully in Litchfield, Ct., many yeara ; 
meml>er Ct. legisl. in 1788-93; M.C. in 1793- 
6; U.S. senator in 1796-1807, and pres. pro 
tern, in 1800. He was also a major-gen. of 
militia. 

Traill, Catherine Parr (Strickland), 
Canadian authoress, b. ab. 1803 ; sister of Ag- 
nes Strickland; ni. Lieut. Traill in 1832. At 



1 6 she wrote a series of popular juvenile books, 
and after her marriage emig. to Canada. She 
has pub. " Backwoods of Canada," " Canadian 
Crusoes," " Kainblings in the Canadian For^ 
est," "Female Emigrant's Guide," "Forest- 
Trees and Wild-Flowers of West Canada," 
"Lady Mary and her Nurse," 1856. — Morgan. 

Train, Charles R., lawyer, b. Framing- 
ham, Ms., 18 Oct. 1817. Brown U. 1837. Com- 
pleted his legal studies at Cambridge. Adm. to 
the bar in 1841 ; member Ms. legisl. 1847 ; 
U.S. district-atty. for Northern Ms. 1848-51 ; 
member State Const. Conv. 1853; couuciiloi' 
1857-8; M.C. 1859-63; vol. aide on the stall' 
of Gen. Gordon, and present at Autirtam ; 
again member Ms. legisl. 1871. Practises law 
in Boston. With F. F. Heard, author of "Pre- 
cedents of Indictments," 8vo, 1855. 

Train, George Francis, b. Boston, 1830; 
was a merchant there and in Australia. In 
1 860-1 he devoted himself to the introduction 
of street-railways in London, but, not succeed- 
ing, returned to the U.S. in 1862, and be- 
came noted as a public speaker on the issues 
of the day. Among his publications are "An 
American Merchant in Europe, Asia, and Aus^ 
tralia," 1857 ; " Young America in Wall St.," 
1858; " Spread-Ea^leism," 1859; "ObseiTa^ 
tions on Streef-Railways," Liverpool, 1860; 
&c. Many of his speeches have been published. 
— AUibone. 

Trail, RnsSELL Thacher, M.D., physi- 
cian, b. Vernon, Ct., Aug. 5, 1812. Brought 
up on a farm. Ill-health led him to study medi- 
cine, which he practised for some time. Re- 
moving in 1840 to New York, he studied the 
systems of homoeopathists, hydropathists, &c., 
and abandoned the use of drugs under all cii^ 
cumstances, as contrary to the laws of nature. 
Since 1 843 he has presided over a water-cure 
establishment in N.Y., and in 1853 established 
in connection with it a medical school for pupils 
of both sexes, chartered in 1857 as the New- 
York Ilygcio-Therapeutic College, and in 
which he is prof, of theory and practice. He 
has edited various journals advocating tem- 
perance and hydropathy ; is the author of a 
" Prize Essay on Temperance; " " Hydropathic 
Encycloptedia," 1852; "Hydropathic Cook- 
Book," 1854; "Uterine Diseases and Dis- 
1855; "Home Treatment for 



Sexual Abuses ; " " The Alcoholic Controver- 
sy;" "The Complete Gymnasium," 1857; 
" Prize Essay on Tobacco ; " " Diseases of the 
Throat and Lungs;" "Pathology of the Re- 
productive Organs ; " " Diphtheria ; " " The 
Scientific Basis of Vegetarianism ; " " Watcr- 
Curc for the Million ; " " Nervous Debility ; " 
" Lectures on Drug-Medicines ; " " Lectures on 
Diseases of Females ; " " Principles of llygeio- 
Therapy;" "Sexual Physiology," 1866; 
"Hand-Book of Hygienic Practice," 1865. — 
Appleton. 

Trantham, Mrs. Betsey, b. Germanv; 
d. Mnrcy Co., I'enn., Jan. 10, 1834, at ibe great 
ago of "154. She emig. to Amcr. when the 
first setllement was made in N.C. in 1710. At 
the age of 120 her evesight became aliuost ex- 
tinct, but (luring the' last 20 years of her life it 
was as peilect as ever. At the time of her 
death she had entirely lost the sense of taste. 



918 



TRE 



At the age of 65 she boi-e her only child, who 
was living in 1835. 

Trask, William Blake, antiquary, b. 
Dorchester, Ms., Nov. 25, 1812. Descended 
from Capt. William Trask, who settled in 
Salem prior to 1628, and who com. a company 
in the Pequot wars. In early life he worked 
at the trade of a cabinet-maker. Inheriting 
from his maternal grandfather, John Pierce, 
father of Rev. John of Brookline, a taste for 
historical and antiquarian pursuits, he assisted 
S. G. Drake in collecting materials for the notes 
to his History of Boston ; aided Gen. Sumner 
in the preparation of his History of East 
Boston ; was one of the authors of the His- 
tory of Dorchester; one of the editors of and 
contributors to the N.E. Hist. Geneal. liegister ; 
and has assisted many persons in the prepara- 
tion of their genealogies. Member of the N.E. 
Hist. Geneal. Soc. since 1851 ; and its histori- 
ographer 1862-7. 

Travis, Col. William B., the hero of 
the Alamo, b. Conecah Co., Ala, 1811 ; killed 
at the Alamo, Mar. 1, 18.36. He was in 1830 
adm. to practice at the Monroe Co. bar, Ala., 
but, at the commencement of the Texan strug- 
gle for independence, drew his sword in that 
cause, and tell bravely lighting a vastly superior 
force of Mexicans. 
^ / Treadwell, Daniel, A. A. S., inventor, b. 

-f</i 1,U,ii]X Ipswich, Ms., 1791.^ His first invention, when 
quite young, was for making wood screws. In 

1818 he produced a new printing-press, and in 

1819 went to Eng., where he conceived the 
idea of a power-press, which was completed the 
year after his return, and widely used. In 1822 
he with Dr. John Ware established and con- 
ducted the Boston Jour, of Philos. and the Arts ; 
in 1826 he introduced the system of turn-outs 
for the railroads of the U.S.; in 1829 he com- 
pleted the fiist successful machine for spinning 
hemp-cordage. His circular hackle, or lapper, 
has been generally adopted wherever hemp is 
spun for coarse cloth. In 1 834—15 he was Rum- 
ford prof, of technology in H.U. Devoting 
himself to improvements in cannon, he in four 
years perfected his method of making them of 
wrought iron and steel, and rct'eived contracts 
from govt. He described a new method, by 
which the cost of his gun was greatly lessened, 
in a Memoir before the Amer. Acad, in 1835, 
secured his invention by patent, and pub. an 
account of it in 1856. — 'ApjMon. 

TreadweU, John, LL.D. (Y.C. 1800), 

gov. of Ct. 1809-11, b. Farmington, Ct., Nov. 
23, 1745 ; d. Aug. 19, 1823. Y.C. 1767. He 
studied law, — though, being an only son, and 
heir to a competent estate, not with the inten- 
tion of practising, — and settled in his native 
town. In 1776 he was a representative in the 
legisl., to which station he was, with one excep- 
tion, annuallychosen until 1785, when he became 
a member of the council, from which position 
he was in 1798 elevated to that of lieut.-gov. ; 
member Old Congress 1785-6. He had been, 
previously to 1809, 20 years judge of probate 
and of the Supreme Court of Errors ; 3 years 
judge of the county court. He was active in 
establishing and managing the school-fund of 
the State ; and rendered great' service to the 
cansc of religion both in a private and public 



capacity, and was pres. of the A.B.CF.M. 
from its organization until his death. In ad- 
dition to his legal acquirements, he was well 
versed in literature, science, and theology, to 
the latter of which he contrib. some unpub. 
essays. 

Treadwell, John Goodhue, M.D., phy- 
sician and scholar, b. Salem, Ms., Aug. 1, 1805 ; 
d. there Aug. 6, 1856. H.U. 1825. His father, 
John Dexter, M.D. (H.U. 1788), A.A.S., and 
a disting. physician, d. Salem, Ms., June 6, 
1833, a. 6.5, leaving him a fortune. He estab- 
lished himself as a physician in Salem in 1830. 
Besides his medical and scholarly acquire- 
ments, he had a taste for agriculture and garden- 
ing, in which he made careful and satisfactory 
experiments. His farm in Topsfield he be- 
queathed to the Essex-Co. Agric. Society for 
the purpose of experimental agriculture. He 
bequeathed to H.U., for the foundation of a 
professorship of physiology and anatomy, his 
librarv, and an estate estimated at from $75,- 
GOn to $100,000. 

Treadwell, Seymour B., politician, b. 
Bridgeport, Ct., June, 1795 ; d. Jackson, Mich., 
9 June, 1867. In 1838 ho pub. "American 
Liberties, and Amer. Slavery, Illustrated ; " 
took charge of an antislavery paper in Mich, 
in 1839 ; and was twice elected commiss. of the 
land-oiBce by the Free-soil party. 

Treat, Col. Robert, gov. of Ct. 1686- 
1701, b. Eng. 1622; d. Milford, Ct., July 12, 
1710. With his bro. Richard, became to N.E. 
with Sir Richard Saltonstall, and was among 
the first settlers of Wethersfield. He was soon 
chosen one of the 5 judges ; was a magistrate 
in 1661-5; major of the Ct. troops 1670. In 
Phillip's war, at the attack of Springfield by 
the Indians in 1675, he marched to its relief, 
and drove them from the town ; in theirassault 
upon Hadley, he put them to flight, and in 
Dec. performed a disting. part in the destruc- 
tion of the Indians at Fort Narraganset. In 
1676 he was elected deputy-governor. 

Treat, Samuel, first minister of Eastham, 
Ms., from 1672 to his d. Mar. 18, 1717; b. 
Milford, Ct. 1648. H.U. 1669. Son of Gov. 
Robert. He devoted himself successfully to the 
conversion of the Indians in his vicinity, and 
pub. the confession of faith in the Nauset In- 
dian language; election sermon, 1713. 

Tredwell, Thomas, b. Smithtown, L.I., 
1742; d. Plattsburg, N. Y., Jan. 30, 1832. 
N.J. Coll. 1764. Member of the Prov. Con- 
gress of N.Y. in 1 774-5 ; of the Const. Convs. 
of 1776-7, and that of 1788, for the adoption 
of the Federal Constitution ; of the Assembly 
in 1777-83; of the State senate 1786-9 and 
again in 1803-7 ; first judge of tiie Court of 
Probate 1778-87; surrogate of'Suftblk Co. 
1787-91 ; M.C. 1791-5. One of the original 
proprietors of Plattsburg, N.Y., to which place 
he removed near the close of the last century ; 
represented Clinton and Essex Counties in the 
State Const. Conv. of 1801 ; and surrogate of 
Clinton Co. in 1807-31. 

Trelawney, Gen. Harrt ; d. Eng. 1800. 

Com. the battalion of Guards in Gen. Howe's 
army at the battle of White Plains. 

Trenehard, Edward, capt. U.S.N., b. 
N.J. 1784; d. Brooklyn, L.I., Nov. 3, 1824. 



THE 



919 



Miilshipra. April 30, 1800; lieut. Feb. 18, 
1807; com. July 24, 1813; capt. March 5, 
1817. 

Trenchard, Stephen D.,commo. U.S.N., 
b. New York, Oct. 23, 1817. Midshipm. Oct. 
23, 1834; lieut. Feb. 27, 1847 ; com. July 16, 
1862; capt. July 25, 1866 ; commo. 1871. At- 
tached to coast survey 1845-9 and 1854-7; 
com. steamer " Uhode Island," supply. vessel 
to block, squad., 1861-5; in both attacks on 
Fort Fisher, Dec. 1864 and Jan. 18G5; com. 
steam-sloop " Lancaster," flag-ship S. Atlantic 
squad., 1869. — Hamerslij. 

Trescott, William Henry, of Beaufort, 
S.C, b. Charleston, S.C, 1822. Sec. of lega- 
tion to Eng. in 1852-3; under-sec. of state at 
Washington, D. C, 1857-60. Author of 
" Diplomacy of the Amer. Revolution;" " A 
Few Thoughts on the Foreign Relations of the 
U.S.," 12mo, 1849 ; " Administration of Wash- 
ington and Adams," 1857 ; " American View 
of the Eastern Question," 1854; Address be- 
fore the S.C. Hist. Society, 1859. 

Trevett, Capt. John, a Revol. patriot ; d. 
Newport, R.I., Nov. 1823, a. 76. In Nov. 1775 
he entered as a midshipman on board " The Co- 
lumbus," Capt. Whipple, and was soon pro- 
moted to a lieut., in which capacity he served 
under Com. Hopkins, and in 1776 was attached 
to " The Andrea Doria," Capt. Biddle. He 
com. the marines in " The Providence," Capt. 
Hacker, and was active in the capture of New 
Providence. He joined the frigate " Trum- 
bull " in 1780, losing his right eye in an en- 
gagement; then cruised in " The Deane," in 
one of whose prizes he was taken, and carried 
to St. Jobn's,and remained there two vears. 

Trevett, Capt. Samuel K., a Revol. offi- 
cer, b. Murhlehead, Ms., 1751 ; d. there Jan. 
19, 1832. He disting. himiielf by coolness and 
gallantry at the battle of Bunker's Hill, where 
he com. a company of artillery, and again in 
the R.I. exped. in Aug. 1778. In 1812 Capt. 
T. was captured by a British vessel as he was 
returning from Sweden, where he had resided 
four years, engaged in trade. From July, 1814, 
till his death, he com. the U.S. revenue-cutter 
at Boston. His son Samuel Russell, M.D., 
surgeon U.S.N., b. Marblehead 20 Aug. 1783, 
d. Norfolk, Va., 4 Nov. 1822. H.U. 1804. He 
began practice at Boston, but was app. to the 
navy ; served in the frigate " U.S." when she 
captured " The Macedonian ; " was in " The 
President" when captured by the British fleet 
in 1815; and disting. himself by his heroic 
conduct on the burning steamboat " Phoenix " 
on Lake Champlain in Sept. 1819. 

Trigg, Col. Stephen, b. Va. ; killed at 
the battle of the Blue Licks, Ky., Aug. 19, 
1782. He came to Ky. in the fall of 1779 as a 
member of the court of land-commissioners ; 
settled at tiie mouth of Dick's River, and soon 
became noted for his activity against the In- 
dians. 

Trigg, Maj. William, an early cmig. to 
Kv. ; d. there Dec. 11, 1837. Maj. 28th U.S. 
Inf March 11, 1813 ; acting aide to Brig.-Gen. 
Hopkins in the battle of the Thames ; resigned 
Apr. 27, 1814. He tilled ably many important 
otiiccs. 

Trimble, Allen, lawyer and politician, 



b. Augusta Co., Va., Nov. 24, 1783 ; d. Hills- 
borough, O., Feb. 2, 1870. His father Capt. 
James eniig. in 1784 to Lexington, Ky., and d. 
there in Oct. 1804. Allen then settled in High- 
land Co., O., where he was clerk of the courts, 
and recorder, in 1809-16 ; com. a mounted 
regt. under Harrison in 1812-13 ; State repre- 
sentative in 1816; State senator in 1817-26, 
and speaker in 1819-26; acting gov. of 0. 
1821-2; gov. 1826-30; and pres. of the first 
State Board of Agric. 1846-8. While gov. he 
urged the extension and improvement of the 
common-school system, the encouragement of 
manufacturing-companies, and the ameliora- 
tion of the penitentiary system. — A. T. Guod- 

Trimble, Gen. Isaac R., b. Va. ab. 1800. 
West Point, 1822. He entered the 1st Art., 
but resigned May 31, 1832, and became a civil 
engr., and was employed in 1832-49 upon vari- 
ous railroads. A resident of Baltimore, he 
took part in the secession movements there; 
but, on its occupation by the national forces, 
withdrew to the South, and was made a brig.- 
geu., afterward a maj.-gen., and wounded at 
Gettysburg, losing his left foot. 

Trimble, Robert, jurist, b. Berkeley Co., 
Va., 1777 ; d. Aug. 25, 1828. When he was 3 
years old, his father moved to Ky. With little 
education, he improved his scanty opportuni- 
ties; taught school; studied law with George 
Nicholas; was adra. to practice in ISO'J; set- 
tled at Paris, and was chosen to the legisl. from 
Bourbon Co. He ever after declined political 
preferment, and devoted himself to his profes- 
sion. Made judge of the Court of Appeals in 
1808; in 1810 chief justice of the State ; dist.- 
atty. 1813; judge of the Ky. dist. 1816-26; 
judge U.S. Supreme Court 1826-8. His bro. 
John (h. Clark Co., Ky., 1783, d. Harrison 
Co. 17 June, 1852) was a circuit judge, and 
subsequently a judge of the Court of Appeals. 

Trimble, William A., soldier and senator, 
b. Woodford, Ky., 4 Apr. 1786; d. Washing- 
ton, D.C., 13 Dec. 1821. Son of Capt. James. 
Educated at Transylv. U. Studied law with 
his relative Judge Robert Trimble, and after- 
ward at Litchfield, Ct., and settled in practice at 
Highland, O., in 181 1. Adj. in the regt. of his 
bro. Col. Allen Trimble in 1812; major of O. 
Vols. 7 May, 1812; maj. 26th Inf. Mar. 1813; 
brev. lieut.-col. for gallantry at Fort-Erie sortie, 
Sept. 17, 1814, in which he was severely wound- 
ed; lieut.-col. 1st Inf 30 Nov. 1814-1 March, 
1819 ; U.S. senator fromO. 1819-21 ; commis- 
sioner with Gen. Cass in 1821 to treat with 
the North-western Indians at Green Hay. 

Trippe, John, a gallant officer of the U.S. 
navy; d. at sea, off Havana, 9 July, 1810, in 
com". U.S. brig " Vixen." He entered the ser- 
vice as sailing-master 6 May, 1803, and was 
made lieut. 9 Jan. 1807. Served under Preble 
in attacks on Tripoli, July-Sept. 1804. 

Trist. Nicholas P., of Louisiana, b. Va. 
Educated at West Point, and acting assistant 
prof, of French 1819-20; chief clerk of the 
State dept. 1845 ; U.S. commiss. during the 
war with Mexico, and made the treaty of 
Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, Jan. 1848; late U.S. 
consul to Havana. The intimate liiind of 
Pres. Jackson. Married a grand-daughicr of 



920 



Thomas Jefferson Translator from the French 
of a Treatise on Milch Cows. 

TroUope, Fran-ces, author, h. Stapleton, 
near BriMol, Eng., 1790; d. Florence, Italv, 
Oct 6, 186.3. She was the dan. of Wm. Mil- 
ton, an English curate ; mar. Tliumas Anthony 
Trollope in 1809, and, after visiiiii^' the U.S., 
hegan her career of authorsliip witli " The Do- 
mestic Manners of the Americans." A great 
outcry was raised here hy this publication, and 
unmerited obloquy long rested upon her name. 
Her views and impressions were further em- 
bodied in her novel, " The Refugees in Amer- 
ica." In 1836 appeared " The Adventures of 
Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw," a novel repre- 
senting the condition of the colorcti races of 
the Southern States. She afterward resided 
in Florence, writing novels, and books of travel. 
Her son Anthoxy, a well-known novelist, has 
written a book of American travels, entitled 
" North America." Another son, Thomas 
Adolphus, is also a well-known novelist. 

Trollope, Sir Hesrt, a British admiral, 
b. Norwich, Eng. ; d. Freshford, near Bath, 
Nov. 2, 18.39, a. 83. Entering the navy in 
1770, he was present at the battles of Lexing- 
ton and Bunker's Hill; was afterwards at the 
siege of Boston ; was employed by Lord Dnn- 
more in Virginia ; and assisted at the taking of 
Rhode Mand. In 1777 he was app. 3d lieut. 
of " The Bristol" (50 guns), and assisted at the 
attack of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, and 
afterwards of Phila. and Mud Island. He was 
made a post-capt. in 1781 ; was knighted for 
his participation in the victory of Camper- 
down ; was made full admiral in 1812 ; was a 
K.C.B. and a G.C.B. 

Troost, Gerard, M.D., naturalist, b. Bois 
le Uuc, Holland, March 15, 1776; d. Nash- 
ville, Tenn., Aug. 14, 1850. He was educated 
at Amsterdam and Leyden, studied medicine, 
chemistry, and other bi'anches of science, and 
acquired distinction as a crystallographer. He 
practised medicine a short time at Amsterdam 
and the Hague; then served in the army, first 
as a private soldier, and afterward as an officer 
of the first rank in the medical dept. In 1807 
he was sent by Louis Bonaparte, then king of 
Holland, to Paris, to pursue his favorite studies 
in natural science. He then translated into 
the Dutch Humboldt's "Aspects of Nature." 
The Dutch govt, in 1809 sent him on a scien- 
tific mission to the E. Indies ; but he was taken 
by a French privateer, and conveyed to Dun- 
kirk. After residing about a year at Paris, he 
embarked for America, where he arrived in 
1810. He first settled in Phila. ; was one of 
the founders and first pres. (1812-17) of the 
Acad, of Natural History ; and estab. in 1814 
at Cape Sable, in Md., the first alum-factory 
in the U.S. In 1821 he was app. prof, of min- 
eralogy in the Phila. Museum; in 1825 re- 
moved' to New Harmony with Owen, McClure, 
and others ; and in 1827 was app. prof, of 
chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in the U. 
of Nashville; which post he filled during the 
rest of his life. He was for 18 years preced- 
ing his death State geologist, and pub. Reports 
on the geology of Tenn., and Memoirs in the 
" Trans." of the societies of Paris and Phila. His 
mineral and geological cabinets, as well as his 



other scientific collections, are s^iid to have 
been the largest in the U.S. A discourse by 
Pres. Lindsley on his life and character has 
been published. 

Trott, Nicholas, LL.D., jurist and schol- 
ar, b. Eng. 1663 ; d. Charleston, S. C, 1740. 
After having been gov. of the Bahamas, he be- 
came a resident of S.C. ; was elected speaker 
of the House of Assembly in 1700; was a 
councillor in 1703; and at a later period he be- 
came a judge. He was deeply versed in the 
Latin, Greek, and Hebrew lauguages, as well 
as in the principles of jurisprudence, and dur- 
ing nearly 40 years was among the most influ- 
ential men in the province. He revised and 
pub. the laws of S.C. before 1734, 2 vols, fol., 
1736; aUo pnb. " Clavis Lingua: Sanetoe," 
1719; "Laws relating to the Church and tho 
Clergy in America," Lond., 1721. 

Trotter, Gen. George, b. Va. 1779 ; d. 
Lexington, Ky., 13 Oct. 1815. Son of Lieut.- 



Campbell with the Indians 18 Dec. 1812 ; lieut.- 
col. com. Ky. Vols. 1813 ; brig.-gen. at battle 
of the Thaiies 5 Oct. 1813. 

Troubat, Francis J.,ofthePhila. bar; d. 
Rainey, near Paris, France, 1868, a. 66. Au- 
thor of "Law of Limited Partnership in the 
U.S.," 8vo, 1853 ; and, with Wm. H. Haley, 
"Practice and Proceedings in the Sup. Ct. of 
Pa. 1825-9," 2 vols. Svo. Edited Eng. Exch. 
Reports, 6 vols. 1835; " Chitty on Contracts," 
183A, &c. — AlUhone. 

Troup, George MoIstosh, statesman, b. 
on the Tombigbee River, Ala., Sept. 8, 1780 ; 
d. Lawrence Co., Ga., May 3, 1856. N.J. Coll. 
1797. Studied law; member of the Ga. legisl. 
in 1800-3 ; M.C. in 1807-15; U.S. senator in 
1816-18, 1829-34; and gov. of the State in 
1823-7. He was an advocate of State-rights, 
and the champion of State sovereignty, an im- 
passioned speaker, and a man of great integri- 
ty. — See Life by E. J. Harden, Svo, Savan- 
nah, 1859. 

Troup, CoL. Robert, LL.D., a Revol. offi- 
cer, b. N.Y. 1757 ; d. New York, Jan. 21, 1832. 
Col. Coll. 1774. He studied law in the office 
of John Jay ; joined the army at Long Island 
as a lieut. early in 1776 ; was shortly after app. 
aide to Gen. Woodhull; and was taken prison- 
er at the battle on Long Island, Aug. 27, and 
confined some time in the Jersey prison-ship, 
and afterward in the Provost Prison in New 
York, but in the spring of 1777 was exchanged, 
and joined the army in N. J. He joined Gen. 
Gates as aide at Saratoga in Aug., and was 
present at the battle of Stillwater and at the 
surrenderor Burgoyne, Oct. 17,1777. In Feb. 
1778 he was app. by Congress sec. of tho 
board of war, of which Gun. Gates was pres., 
and on its dissolution in 1779 went to N.J., 
and completed his law-studies with Judge Pat- 
terson. After the peace, Col. Troup was judge 
of the U.S. Dist. Court of N.Y., and held that 
office several years, and was member of tho 
State legisl. He pub. in 1822 a letter on tho 
lake-canal policy of N.Y. ; " Vindication of 
the Claim of Elkanah Watson," 1821; and 
" Remarks on Trinity-Church Bill," 1813. He 
was the warm personal and political friend of 



921 



Hamilton. Resided many years at Geneva as 
principal afient of the fircat I'ulieney estate. 

Trousdale, William, soldier and states- 
man, b. Tenn. App. col. Tcnn. mounted vols. 
in Florida war, June 14, 1836 ; col. Uth Inf. 
March 3, 1847 ; brcv. bri^.-gcn. for gallant 
and merit, conduct in battle of Chapultepec, 
Aug. 1848, in which he was twice severely 
wounded; gov. of Tcnn. 1849-51; envoy-ex. 
and min.-plenipo. to Brazil 1853. 

Trowbridge, Edmuxd, jurist, b. Newton, 
Ms., 1709; d. Cambridge, April 2, 1 793. H.U. 
1728. He bore for some time the name of 
Goffc, after an uncle. He became a distinj;. 
lawyer; was in 1749 app. atty.-gen. ; and in 
1767 was promoted to the bench of the Su- 
preme Court, in which capacity he presided 
with uprightness and ability at the trial of the 
British soldiers arraigned for murder, March 5, 
1770. In 1766 he was left out of the council 
by the popular party. Although attached to 
the royal govt., he did not approve of all its 
measures; and in 1772, alarmed at the revol. 
appearances, he resigned his office. Reputed to 
be the most ])rofound lawyer in New England 
prior to the Revolution. 

Trowbridge, John Townsend, novelist 
and poet, b. Ugden, N. Y., 18 Sept. 1827. 
Brought up on his father's farm ; but his fond- 
ness for books determined his future career. 
At 19 he went to N. Y. City, wrote for the 
press, and at 20 came to Boston, where he be- 
came known as a writer of popular tales over 
the signature of " Paul Crevton." He ed. the 
Yankee Nation in 1850; now (1871) edits Our 
Younij Folks; and has pub. "Father Bright- 
hopes," 1853 ; "'Neighbor Jackwood " (written 
while in Europe in 1855), soon followed by his 
dramatic version of the same ; " The Old'Bat- 
tle-Ground," 1 859 ;"Cudjo'sCave,"a war novel, 
1863; and "The South," the result of travels 
in the Southern States, 1866. "The Vaga- 
bonds," a highly-successful poem, contrib. by 
him to ihs Ailantic MonMii \a 1863, was pub. 
in book-form in 1864, with illustrations by 
Dariey, and again in 1869 in "The Vagabonds 
and Other Poems." For Our Young Folks 
he has written "Lawrence's Adventures," re- 
published in 1870. His latest work, " Coupon 
Bonds," is a coll. of graphic and entcnaining 
magazine stories. Contributor to the Atlantic 
Monlhli/ of many stories, sketches of travel, 
pocmsi &c. Resides at Arlington, near Boston. 

Truett, George, gov. Del. 1808-11; d. 
Camden, Del.. 8 Oct. 1818, a. 62. 

Trumbull, Benjamin, D.D.(Y.C. 1796), 
divine and historian, b. Hebron, Ct., 19 Dec. 
1735 ; d. North Haven, Ct., 2Fcb. 1820. Y.C. 
1759. Pastor of North Haven from 1760 to 
his d. He was assisted in his education by Dr. 
Whcelock, founder of Dartmouth Coll., who 
preached the sermon at his ordination. He 
served in the Revol. war both as a chaplain 
and a vol. soldier. Afkr tlie war, he pub. a 
pamphlet sustai)iiii- :' ■ ' iii iif Ct. to the 
Susquehanna I'm Influenced the 

decision of Cuii::i 'i ! > ^r. Author 

of a History ot i i 1- ^ 1:1, and to the 
close of the Indian Wars, 2 vuls. Svo, 1797 
and 1818; " History of the U.S. to 17G5," vol. 
i. 1819; " Twelve Discourses," 1790. 



Trumbull, James Hammond, LL.D. 
(Y.C. 1871), philological and hist, writer, b. 
Stonington, Ct., 20 Dec. 1821. Sou of Gur- 
don and Sarah A. (Swan), Entered Y.C. in 
1838 , prevented, by loss of health, from prose- 
cuting the study of a profession. A resident 
of Hartford since 1847. App. State librarian 
in 1854; assistant sec. of state 1858-61 ; sec. 
1861-5; many years a member Ct. Hist. Soe., 
its corresp.-sec. '1849-63, and pres. since 1863 ; 
member also of many other hist, societies ; and 
for some years lias been librarian of the Watkin- 
son Free Library. In 1842-3 he aided Rev. J. 
H. Linsley in compiling catalogues of the mam- 
malia, reptiles, fishes, and sliells of Ct. {Amer. 
Jour, of Science). In 1850-9 he ed. and pub. 
3 vols, of the " Ct. Colony Records " (1636-89). 
About 1858 he began to study Amer. aborigi- 
nal languages, and was active in founding the 
Amer. Philolog. Assoc, in 1869. In 1855 he 
m. Sarah A. Robinson. Editor of Lechford's 
" Plain Dealing," with introd. and notes, 1867 ; 
Roger Williams's " Key into the Language of 
America," with introd. and notes (in vol. i. 
Narr. Club's pubs., Prov. 1866) ; " The Defence 
of Stonington against a Brit. Squad, in 1814," 
1864; "Origin of McFingal," 1868; of a part 
of the first and all of the second vol. Colls. 
Ct. Hist. Soc. ; and contrib. of more than 50 
articles t« pirimliials, and the i'riM. nf societies 
upon Iiicli ui nanirs uud iipim Iii-t. siilijects. 

Trumbull, John, LL.D. (Y.C 181S), 
poet, b. Wc.>tbur\-, jince Watcrtown, Ct., Apr. 
24, 1750; d. Detroit, Mich., May 10, 1831. 
Y.C. 1767. Son of John, minister of Water- 
town, a good classical scholar, who d. Dee. 13, 
1787, a. 72. Possessing an extraordinary pre- 
cocity, he was at the age of 7 adm. to college ; 
though his extreme youth, and his subsequent 
ill-health, prevented his residing there until 1763. 
With Timothy Dwight, in 1769 he wrote a 
series of essays in the manner of the S]iectator 
for a gazette printed in Boston, and subsequent- 
ly similar essays for the New-Haven papers. 
From Sept. 1771 to Nov. 1773, when he was 
adm. to the bar of Ct., he was a tutor in Y.C, 
during which time he pub. " The Progress of 
Dulness," — a poem designed to expose the 
absurd method of education which then pre- 
vailed. Entering the office of John Adams in 
Boston in 1773, he found himself in the centre 
of American polities. Warmly espousing the 
popular side, he employed his leisure in writing 
political essays for the public gazettes ; and, just 
before leaving Boston, he anonymously pub. 
his " Elegy on the Times." Commencing a 
successful practice at New Haven in Nov. 
1774, he wrote during the next year the first 
part of " McFingal," which was pub. in Phila. 
in Nov. 1776 he m. Sarah, dau. of Col. Lev- 
crett Hubbard of N. Haven ; in May follow- 
ing he returned to his native place, whence ho 
removed to Hartford in June, 1781. Having 
comjiletcd the poem of " McFingal," it was 
pub. at Hartford before the close of 1782. It 
IS a burlesque epic in Hudibrastie verse, direct- 
ed against the enemies of American liberty. 
His " Poetical Works " appeared at Hartford 
in 2 vols. 1820, and has passed through many 
editions, — the latest in 1864, with notes by B. 
J. Lossing. After the peace, Trumbull, in 



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conjunction witli Col. Humphreys, Rnrlow, and 
Dr. Lemuel Hopkins, wrote a series of essays 
entitled "American Antiquities," extensively 
printed by the papers throughout the Union, 
«nd designed to cheek, by tlic boldness of its 
satire, the spirit of anarchy and disorganization 
then prevalent. These essays consisted of suj)- 
pressed extracts from a poem which they styled 
"The Anarchiad." State-atty. for Hartford, 
Ct., in 1789-95; was an active and influential 
member of the legisl. in 1792; in May, 1800, 
was again a member of the legisl. ; and in 
1801-19 was a judge of the Superior Court; 
in 1808 he received from the legisl. the addi- 
tional app. of judge of the Court of Errors. 
He was several years treas. of Y.C., and in 
1825 removed to Detroit, Mich., spending the 
rest of his days with his dau., the wife of Gov. 
Woodbridge. 

TrumbuU, Col. John, painter, b. Leba- 
non, Ct., 6 June, 1756 ; d. N.Y. City 10 Nov. 
1843. H.U. 1773. Son of Rev. Jonathan. 
Joining the 1st Ct. Eegt. as adjutant, an accu- 
rate sketch of the works around Boston attract- 
ed the notice of Washington, who, in Aug. 
1775, app. him second aide-de-camp. He was 
soon app. major of brigade; in June, 1776, re- 
ceived from Gen. Gates the app. of adj.-gen., 
with rank of col. ; dep. adj.-gen. northern de- 
partment, 12 Sept. 1776; but retired from the 
army 22 Feb. 1777, Congress having refused to 
date his commission from the time of his app. 
by Gates. He then resided in London as the 
pupil of West the painter, but, upon Andre's 
execution, was, in retaliation, thrown into pris- 
on, where he remained 8 months. He painted 
the "Battle of Bunker's Hill" in 1786, the 
" Death of Montgomery " soon after, and in 
1783 the "Sortie of the Garrison of Gibral- 
tar," now in the Boston Athenseum. In 1789- 
93 he was in the U.S., painting the portraits 
for his historical pictures, — the " Declaration 
of Independence, " Surrender at Saratoga," 
" Surrender of Comwallis," and the " Resig- 
nation of Washington at Annapolis," which 
now adorn the rotunda of the capitol at 
Washington. In 1794 he was sec. to Jay's 
mission in Great Britain, and in 1796 a com- 
miss. to carr}' into execution the 7th article of 
the treaty. Returning to New York in 1804, 
he again visited London in 1808, but, finding 



every thing American there unpopular, aga 
came to N.Y. ; was pres. of the Acad, of Fii 
Arts in 1816-25. His picture of Washingto 



painted in 1792, presented by the Cincinnati to 
Vale Coll., was regarded by the artist as the 
finest portrait of Washington in existence. It 
represents him on the evening before the battle 
of Princeton, meditating his retreat. The 
Trumbull Gallery at Yale Coll. contains 57 
pictures by him, presented to that institution 
in consideration of an annuity of $1 ,000 to be 
paid him during his life; the profits of their 
exhibition after his d. to be applied towards the 
education of needj' students. This is the lar- 
gest and most important collection of the 
works of any Amcr. painter. Besides the 
above-named are " Battle of Trenton," " Sur- 
render of the Hessians at Trenton," "Death 
of Mercer," " The Woman taken in Adul- 
tery," " Suffer Little Children to come unto 



Me," copies of the old masters, &c. — See 
Trumlmll's AutMa]., N.Y., 8vo, 1841. 

Trumbull, Jonathan, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1779, Edinb. 1785), gov. of Ct. 1769-83, b. 
Lebanon, Ct., 10 June, 1710 ; d. 17 Aug. 1785. 
H.U. 1727. Descended from John of Rowley, 
Ms., 1640-3. Alter preaching a few years, he 
studied law, in which profession he attained 
eminence ; became a member of the Assembly 
at 23; and by his business-talents gained the 
public esteem. Cho.scn lieut.-guv. iu 1766, he 
became by virtue of his office chief justice of 
the Superior Court. Boldly rel'u^ing in 1768 
to take the oath enjoined on royal officers, he 
was chosen gov. in 1769, and was the only 
colonial gov. who esjioused the cause of the 
people. He was considered the Whig leader 
in N.E. while the Adamses and Hancock were 
iu Congress, and during the whole contest was 
relied on by Washington as one of his main 
pillars of support. The phrase sometimes 
used by him, " Let us see what Brother Jona- 
than says," is supposed to have originated the 
humorous term frequently applied to the U.S. 
— See. Life of Tnaiilmll hi/ Isaac Stuart. 

Trumbull, Jo.nathan, gov. ofCt. 1793- 
1809, son ol the preceding, b. Lebanon, Ct., 
Mar. 26, 1740; d. Aug. 7, 1809. H.U. 17.59. 
An active and influential member of the State 
legisl. during several sessions before and at the 
commencement of the Revol., and speaker of 
the house. In 1775-8 was paymaster to the 
northern dept. of the army; in 1780 was app. 
sec. and first aide to Washington, whose friend- 
sliip and confidence he enjoyed, and in whose 
family he remained until the close of the war. 
M.C. in 1789-95 ; speaker 1791-5 ; U.S. sena- 
tor in 1795-6; lieut.-gov. of Ct. 1796-8. 

Trumbull, Col. Joseph, commiss.-gen. 
Revol. army, July 19, 1775-Aug. 2, 1777, b. 
11 Mar. 1737; d. 23 July, 1778. H.U. 1756. 
Son of Gov. Jonathan (1769-83). Member 
Old Congress in 1774-5, and a commissioner 
for the board of war 27 Nov. 1777 to 18 Apr. 
1778, when he resigned in ill-health. A com. 
of Congress having made a highly eulogistic 
report on his services, 31 Mar. 1779, that body 
voted to his heirs a commission on the sums 
received and issued and the purchases made 
by him. 

Trumbull, Joseph, LL.D. (Y.C. 1849), 
statesman, b. Lebanon, Ct., Dec. 7, 1732; d. 
Hartford, Aug. 4, 18G1. Y.C. 1801. Grandson 
of Gov. Jonathan (1769-83). Adm. to the bar 
in Windham in 1803; he settled in Hartford 
in 1804; retired from practice in 1828, and 
became pres. of the Hartlbrd Bank. He repre- 
sented Hartford in the legisl. in 1832, '48, and 
'51 ; was M.C. in 1834 for an unexpired term, 
and in 1839-43 ; and gov. in 1849-50. He was 
a great friend of internal improvements, and 
was pres. of a railroad company. 

Trumbull, Lyman, jurist 'and senator, b. 
Colchester, Ct., 12 Oct. 1813; of the same 
family as the preceding. Educated at Colches- 
ter Acad.; taught a dist. school; and at 20 took 
charge of an acad. at Greenville, Ga., where he 
studied law ; and was adm. to the bar in 1837, 
and settled in Belleville, 111. Memlwr of the 
III. legisl. in 1840; sec. of state in 1841-2; 
justice of the Supreme Court of III. 1848-53 ; 



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923 



M.C. in 1854; chosen to tlic U.S. senate by 
the 111. Icgisl. in 185.i; re-elected in 1860 and 
1866 ; since 1861 chairman of the senate judi- 
ciary com. He owed his election to the senate, 
over Gen. Shields, to his opposition to the re- 
peal of the Missouri Compromise. Removed 
to Chica^'o in 1863. 

Truxton, Thomas, commodore U.S.N., 
b. Lon- Island, Feb. 17,1755; d. Phila. May 5, 
1822. He commenced a seafaring life at the 
age of 12 ; was impressed, and sen-ed a short 
time on board a man-of-war. Early in 1776 
he was lieut. of the private armed ship " Con- 
gress," and brought one of her prizes to New 
13ed((ird ; in June, 1777, he com. "The Inde- 
pendence," fitted out by himself and Isaac 
Sears; and otF the Azores captured 3 valuable 
prizes. He afterwards made numerous prizes 
in " The Mars; " and in " The St. James" (of 20 
guns), in a severe engagement, disabled a Brit- 
ish ship of 32 guns, returning with a most 
valuable cargo from France. After the war 
he was extensively engaged in the E. India 
trade at Phila. till made capt. (June 4, 1794), 
and intrusted with the com. of the frigate 
" Constellation." While cruising in the W. 
Indies, he fell in with the French frigate 
" LTnsurgente," Feb. 9, 1799, and captured 
her, though of superior force, in consideration 
of which he received a service of plate from 
the merchants of Lloyd's coffee-house ; Feb. 1, 
1800, he obtained a victory over "The Ven- 
geance " (of 34 guns and 500 men) ; though, in 
consequence of one of his masts falling, she 
afterwards escaped. For this action Congress 
gave him a- gold medal. In 1801 he was trans- 
ferred to " The President " (44), and was commo- 
dore on the Guadaloupe station ; at one time 
he had a squadron of 10 sail under his com- 
mand. Being app. in 1802 to com. the exped. 
against Tripoli, but denied the assistance of a 
cjipt. to coin, his flag-ship, he declined the ser- 
vice, for which Jefferson dismissed him. High 
sheriff of Phila. 1816-19. He pub. Remarks, 
&c., relating to Latitude and Longitude, and 
Variation of the Compass, fol., 1794. 

Tryon, Capt. Moses, of the Rcvol. navy, 
afterward com. of the U.S. sloop of war " Con- 
necticut; d. Wethersfield, Ct., Jan. 1818, a. 

Tryon, William, LL.D. (King's Coll. 
1774), a colonial gov., b. Ireland; d. Lond. 
27 Feb. 1 788. He was an officer of talent in 
the British army, and througli his marriage 
with Miss Wake, a relative of the Earl of Hills- 
borough, colonial sec, received the app. of lieut.- 
gov. of N.C. He anived there 27 Oct. 1764 ; 
on the death of Gov. Dobbs, 20 July, 1765, 
succeeded him, and administered the govt, 
until advanced to that of N.Y. 3 July, 1771. 
In 1771 an outbreak by discontented individu- 
als, called "Regulators," was suppressed by 
him, and the prisoners were treated with great 
cruelty. Made col. 25 May, 1772; maj.-gen. 
29 Aug. 1777. He led in person the preda- 
tory exped. against Danbury, Ct., which he 
destroyed in Apr. 1777 ; and in July, 1 779, in a 
similar exped., reduced to ruin the villages of 
Fairfield and Norwalk, staining his reputation 
by conduct unworthy a soldier and a man. 
Resigning the govt, of N.Y. 21 Mar. 1780, he 



returned to Eng., became a lieut.-gen. 20 Nov. 
1782, and col. 29th Foot 15 Aug. 1783. 

Tuck, Joseph Henhv, inventor, b. Dor- 
chester, Ms., 12 March, 1812. Grandson of 
John ( minister of Epsom, N.H., and a chaplain 
Revol. army ; d.Peekskill, N.Y., 7 Feb. 1777, a. 
36 ; H.U. 17.58). Agrad. of the Boston High 
School ; learned the trade of watchmaking, 
and afterward, while employed in a candle- 
raannf., began the career in which he attained 
eminence with theinvention of the endless wick. 
Establishing himself in London as a civil eng. 
in 1837, from that time until his return to the 
U.S. in 1865 he was constantly oecupieil in 
inventingand introducing improved mai hiiierv, 
&c. Among the 55 patents taken by him in 
different countries are those for a candle ma- 
chine, wrought-iron and bitumen gas and 
water pipes, a ventilating machine, a dredging 
machine, a rotary engine, a new system of 
breakwater for harbors, and his steam-engine 
packing, — the most profitable of his inven- 
tions. He established, after great labor in 
overcoming prejudice, &c., the company to 
lay the first submarine electric-cable in 1848-9 
between Dover and Calais, but was robbed of 
his interests in it by those whom he had in- 
terested in and assisted in planning that great 
undertaking. His plans and improvements 
for excavating the Suez Canal were taken by 
the contractors; but illness compelled him to 
abandon further connection with the under- 
taking. These arduous labors impaired his 
health, and compelled his retirement from 
active life for several years. Since 1869 he has 
been occupied in extensive real-estate opera- 
tions and public improvements in Brooklyn, 
New York. 

Tucker, George, jurist, b. Bermuda, 
1775; d. Charlottesville, Va., 10 Apr. 1861. 
Wm. and Mary Coll. 1797. A relative of 
St. George Tucker. Practised law. Member 
Va. legisl. ; M.C. in 1819-25, occupying a high 
position as a debater and constitutional law- 
yer ; and in 1825-45 was prof, of moral philos. 
and polit. economy in the U. of Va. He sub- 
sequently, while in retirement, prepared several 
useful works ; among them a " Life of Jeffer- 
son," 2 vols. 1837; "Progress of the U.S.," 
8vo, 1855 ; a " Political History of the U.S.," 
4 vols. 8vo, 1858; " Letters on the Conspira- 
cy of the Slaves in Va.," 8vo, 1800; "Letters 
on the Roanoke Navigation," 8vo, 1811; 
"Recollections of Ellen R. Tucker," 12mo, 
1819 ; " Essays on Taste, Morals, and Nation- 
al Policy," 8vo, 1822 ; " Valley of the Shenan- 
doah," 2 vols. 12mo, 1824; "Voyage to the 
Moon by Joseph Atterley," 1 827 ; " Principles 
of Rent, Wages, and 'Profits," 8vo, 1837; 
" Literature of the U.S.," 8vo, 1 837 ; " Theory 
of Money and Banks," 1839; "Essays, Moral 
and Philos.," 1860; many contribs. to maga- 
zines and journals. — Allibone. 

Tucker, Rev. Hexry Holcombe, D.D., 
a prominent divine of the Baptist church, pres. 
of the Mercer U. of Atlanta, Ga., b. Warren 
Co., Ga., 10 Mav, 1819. Author of " Pictures 



rial Office," ord. sermon, Tuskegce, Ala., 1853. 
Tucker, Hexet St. Geobge, LL.D. 



TXTC 



924 



TTJC 



(Wm. and Mary Coll. 1S:17), juri-t, b. 5 Jan. 
1781; d. Winclicstrr, Va., l's An,-. 1848. 
Son of St. Geoi-fjc; Tuck. r. l;,c, ivc'd an ex- 
cellunt education ; dovutrd liiiu^rit' to tlie law, 
in which he attained emineiue; was prof, of 
law in the U. of Va. ; M.C. 1815-19 ; chancel- 
lor 4th judicial dist., and pres. of the Va. 
Court of Appeals ; pres. Va. Hist, and Philos. 
Soc. Author of " Lectures on Constitutional 
Law," 1 843 ; " Commentaries on the Law of 
Va.," 2 vols. 18.36 ; Introd. Lecture at the 
Opening of the Law School in the U. of Va., 
and Lectures on Natural Law ami rinMru- 
ment, 12mo, 1824. His son, \<\mi- Hi m i i:, 
some years a prof, in the .1(1 Ml ' i- I., 
Phila., was educated at the I'nixn -iii< > ,.i Ta. 
and of Va., and in Paris. Prof, of tiie jiraetiec 
of med. in the Med. Coll. of Va., and author 
of some medical works. 

Tucker, Josiah, D.D., an English divine 
and polit. writer, b. Langham, Wales, 1711; 
d. Gloucester, Eng., 4 Nov. 1790. Educated at 
St. John's Coll., Oxford. He took orders ; was 
many years rector of St. Stephen's, Bristol ; 
became a prebend there in 1755; and fi-om 
1758 was dean of Gloucester. He wrote much 
npon religion and polit. economy, and produced 
several tracts on the dispute between Great 
Britain and the Anier. Colonics, recommend- 
ing at an early period of the contest their sepa- 
ration from the British empire, and the recog- 
nition of their independence. Dean Tucker 
was an able reasoncr, well versed in polit. econ- 
omy, and was almost the only Englishman of 
his time who took a clear-headed view of the 
great question at issue between the Colonies 
and the mother-country. 

Tucker, Luther, a pioneer of agricultural 
journalism, b. Brandon, Vt., 1802. A printer. 
He in 1825 established the Rochester Daili/ Ad- 
vertise>; the first daily paper west of Albany. 
In Jan. 1831 he began to issue the Geneiiee 
Farmer, aftenvard consolidated with the Alhani/ 
Cultivator; and in 1852 began the Countri/ Gen- 
tleman. — Thomas. 

Tucker, Nathaniel Bevehlet, lawyer 
and novelist, son of St. George Tucker, b. 
Matoax, Va., Sept. 6, 1784; d. Winchester, 
Va., Aug. 26, 1851. Wm. and M. Coll. ISOI. 
He studied law; settled in Charlotte Co. in 
1 803, and in 1 81 5 in Mo., where he was a judge 
in 1815-30. From 1834 till his death, he was 
prof, of law in Wm. and Mary Coll. lie pub. 
a work on " Pleading," lectures on the U.S. 
Constitution, entitled "The Science of Govern- 
ment," and 2 novels, "George Balcombe" and 
" Gertrude ; " but his most remarkable produc- 
tion was an unfinished novel called " The Par- 
tisan Leader," first printed in 1837, and re- 
printed in 1S61. He was a contributor to the 
Southern Review, and had begun a Life of John 
Randolph, his half-brother. He was a State- 
rights man, and had many of the traits of 
Randolph. A son of the same name, a violent 
secessionist, who fled to Canada after the assas- 
sination of Pres. Lincoln, pub. the Sentinel, 
newspaper, in Washington m 1854, and was 
consul at Liverpool in 1856-60. 

Tucker, St. George, LL.D. (Wm. and 
M. Coll. 1790), jurist and poet, b. Port Roval, 
B-rmuda, 29 June, 1752; d. Edgewood, Nel- 



son Co., Va., X.iv. 1827. Wm. and M. Cull. 
1772. llr -tu.li.aiaw.lait t,.,.k anii.at th.^he- 
ginniu- nf ihr \[■^..l., aial plaiiur,! and aid. d 
personally i)i Ih.' eapliuv of a lar;;e /iiJioimt of 
stores in a lortitieation at Bermuda. At York- 
town, where he com. a regt., he was severely 
wounded in a charge of inf. ; a bayonet thrust 
through his knee-pan giving him a stiff knee 
for life. In 1778 he m. Francos Bland, the 
mother of John Randolph. After the war, he 
was a member of the Va. Icgisl. ; was one of 
the com. to revi.^c and digest the laws of Va. ; 
alM, a iir.,f. in Wm. an.l M. Coll.; and one of 



787 the 



juclgi' in til.;' [State eoun.- n. nil .'.iiy.:;r ; was 
judge of the Court of A|.|i ,i,, in i n; II ; 
app. judge of the U.!S. Di-i. (uimi in l.-l.'i; 
and was called "the Ameiiean Ulaek'l.jne." 
He possessed great literary taste, keen wit, 
and great amiahility. Of liis poetical works, 
some of which were satires under the title of 
"Peter Pindar," one vol. was collected and ])iib. 
His poem on Liberty was e. I.lnat. .1 in the 
army; and his stanzas, b.ijiini in;: "lia\s of 
my youth," have been mm li a.linir..'. He 

pub. an essay on the que^ti " ll.jw lar the 

Common Law of England is the Cummon Law 
of the U.S. ; " a treatise on Slavery, 1 796 ; 
"Letter on the Alien and Sedition Laws," 
1799 ; and an annotated edition of Blackstone 
in 1803. 

Tucker, Samuel, a brave, able, and suc- 
cessful naval officer of the Revol., b. Marble- 
head, Ms., 1 Nov. 1747; d. Bremen, Me., 10 
Mar. 1833. Son of a shipmaster. He was ap- 
prenticed at 1 1 on board " The Royal George," 
and before the Revol. was a capt. sailing from 
Boston to London. Commiss. a capt. in the 
Revol. navy 15 Mar. 1777, he took com. in Nov. 
of the frigate "Boston," in which, in Feb. 1 778, 
he took out John Adams, minister to France. 
He took many prizes in 1779 ; aided in the de- 
fence of Charleston, S.C. ; and was a prisoner 
from its capture in May, 17fO, till June, 1781, 
when ho took com. of " The Thom," and made 
many prizes. At the close of the war he re- 
ceived the thanks of Congress for his services. 
In 1792 he settled in Bristol, Me. In the war 
of 1812 he captured by a ruse a Brilisli vessel 
which had greatly annoyed the shipping of 
Bristol and vicinity. He was several times a 
member of the legisl. of Ms. and of Me. — See 
Life of Tucker by John II. Sheppard, 8vo, 1 868. 

Tlicker, Sarah, for 37 years a minister of 
the Society of Friends, b. Portsmouth, R.I., 
1779; d. 1840. Author of Memoirs of her 
Life and Religious Experience, by herself, 
12mo, \Si8. — Atlihone. 

Tucker, Thomas Tudor, statesman of 
S.C, brother of St. George ; d. Washington, 
B.C., May 2, 1828, a. S3. Son of Henry of 
Port Royal, Bermuda. He was a patriot of 
the Revol. ; a delegate to the Cont. Congress 
in 1787 and '88; M.C. in 1789-93; and U.S. 
treas. 1794 to his d. Author of an Oration at 
Charleston, S.C, before the S.C. Soc. of the 
Cincinnati, 4to, 1795. 

Tucker, Tilguman M., gov. of Mpi. 1 841- 
3,b.N.C.; d.Ala. 31 Apr.1859; M.C. 1843-5. 



TXJC 



Tuckerman, Edward, prof, of botany 
in Amii. Coll., b. Boston, 1817. Union Coll. 
1837; II. U. 18-17. Author of several works on 
Araeric.in Lichens; editor of " New England's 
Earilics," by Josselyn, 1860; contrib. of 54 pa- 
pcr3 under the title of " Ailversum " and " No- 
titia Litcraria" to the A^. Y. Churchman, and 
of papers to Tarioua scientific journals. — AUi- 

Tuckerman, Henkt Theodore, poet, 
essayist, and critic, b. Boston, April 20, 1813; d. 
New- York City, 1 7 Dec. 1871. Nephew of Rev. 
Joseph. Studied in the schools of Boston, and 
sought improved health in a visit to Europe in 
1 833-4. Resuming his studies, he again visited 
Europe in 1837-8, and in 1845 removed from 
Boston to N. York. In 1850 he received from 
H.U. the honorary degree of Master of Arts. 
He has published " The Italian Sketch-Book," 
1835; "Isabel, or Sicily, a Pilgrimage," 1839; 
"A Month in England," 1853; "Thoughts on 
the Pons," the first of his collections from the 
magaziiiLS, 1846; "Artist-Life, or Sketches of 
A;neri(nu Painters;" "A Memorial of Hora- 
tio llrr, nough," prefixed to his writings, 1853; 
two soriis of papers entitled " Charactcriatiea 
of Litcr;iture illustrated by the Genius of Dis- 
tin-uishrd Men," 1849-51 ; "Sketch of Amer- 
ican Literature," appended to Shaw's text- 
book on English liter.ature; a series of "Men- 
tal Portraits, or Studies of Character ; " " Life 
of Com. Silas Talbot," 1850; "The Optimist, 
a collection of Essays," 1850; "Leaves from 
the Diary of a Dreamer," 1 853 ; "■ Poems," 
1851, the chief of which is " The Spirit of Poet- 
ry," an elaborate essay, in heroic verse, of 700 
lines; "Biographical Essays," 1857; "Ram- 
bles and Reviews," 1841 ; "America and her 
Commentators, with a Critical Sketch of Trav- 
el in the U.S.," 1864 ; " Book of the Artists," 
1867 ; a "Memoir of Dr. J. W. Francis," pre- 
fixed to "Old New York;" "The Criterion," 
1866; "Maga Papers about Paris," 1867; 
"Essay on Washington, with a paper on the 
Portraits of W.," 4to, 1859; "A Sheaf of 
Verse," contrib. to the N. Y. Sanitary Fair, 
1864; "Life of J. P. Kennedy," 1871. He 
contrib. frequently to the N. A. Review, Christ. 
Examiner, Democratic Review, Graham's Maga- 
zine, Southern Lit. Messenger, Putnam's MontUij, 
the Atlantic MontUy, and other periodicals. 

Tuckorman, Joseph, D.D. (H.U. 1824), 
a Uuitarinn clergyman and philanthropist, b. 
Boston, Jan. 18, 1778; d. Havana, April 20, 
1840. JI.U.1798. Ord. pastor ofthe church in 
Chelsea, Ms., Nov. 4, 1801, where he continued 
ti:i Nov. 4, 1826. Ho organized the Benevolent 
Fraternity of Churches for the support of a city 



was disting. for his untiring zeal, and for the 
success of hb labors among the poor. In 1812 
he was instrumental in organizing the first 
charitable society established in the U.S. for 
the religious and moral improvement of sea- 
men. He wrote, and the society pub., in fur- 
therance of that object, eleven tracts. In 1830 
he wrote an essay " On the Wages paid to Fe- 
males," which gained a prize ottered in Phila. 
On his return from Europe, where he had pro- 
moted the organization of similar institutions, 



he |.ub. " riinciples and Rcsidts of the Minis- 
try :ii l,:,r , ■ 1-nio, IS3S. In 1811 he pub. 

'■■ I !' I- < on Mi.scell. Subjects.^' — 

'^ ' , '/"-y Carpenter, Svo, London, 

Tuckerman, Samuel Pakkmas, mus. 
doc., b. Boston, 1819. Alter 5 years of musical 
study in Eng., he received his degree from the 
archbishop of Canterbury. Among his works 
are, " The Episcopal Harp," " Cathedral 
Chnnts," a collect, of psalm and hymn tunes, 
anthems, chants, &c., including the whole of 
the music used in Trinity Church, New York, 
and three complete morning-services. Co- 
author of " The National Lyre." — Alllhone. 

Tudor, CoL. William, judge, b. Boston, 
Mar. 28, 1750; d. July 8, 1819. H.U. 1769. 
Son of Dea. John. Studied law with John 
Ad.ims. Adm. to Suffolk bar, July 27, 1772 ; 
was an eminent counsellor ; a col. in the army, 
and judge-adv.-gen. in 1775-8 ; attached to the 
staff of the com.-in-chief. He was a member 
ofthe house and senate of Ms., and in 1809-10 
sec. of state. Col. Tudor was vice-jn-es. of the 
Cincinnati of Ms. in 1816, and was one of the 
founders of the Ms. Hist. Soc, in whose Col- 
lections appears an extended Memoir. He 
delivered an elegant and spirited oration on 
the Boston Massacre, Mar. 5, 1779 ; an address 
to the Cincinnati of Ms. ; and a discourse to 
the Ms. Char. Fire Soc. 1798. 

Tudor, William, scholar and diplomatist, 
b. Boston, Jan. 28, 1779 ; d. Rio Janeiro, Mar. 
9, 1830. H.U. 1796. Son of the preceding. 
Returning to his native country from a visit to 
Europe, with an ardent desire for the improve- 
ment of his fellow-citizens in arts and literature, 



since ranked high in American literature. He 
had previously aided in founding the Anthology 
Club, publishing his European letters in their 
magazine, the Monthly Anthdogy, begun Nov. 
1803, continued until 1811, and supported by 
the best pens of the time in Boston. When a 
member of the Ms. legisl., he proposed muny 
plans in aid of his favorite object, several of 
which have since been accomplished. In Nov. 
1805 he founded the icetratfic with tropical 
climes, as the agent of his bro. Frederic, which 
has grown to be an important branch of com- 
merce ; and was afterward engaged in other 
commercial transactions in Europe, requiring 
ability and address. Mr. Tudor was the origina- 
tor of the present Bunker's-hill Monument, and 
one of the founders of the Boston Athenajum in 
1807. In 1823 he was app. consul at Lima, and 
in 1827 was app. charge d'affaires at the court 
of Brazil, where he negotiated a treaty, — liis 
last public service. Besides his coniribs. to 
several periodicals, and his critiques in the N. 
A. Review, he pub. " Letters on the Eastern 
States," 1820; "Miscellanies," 1821; "Life 
of James Otis," 1823; " Gcbcl Teir," 1828. 
In 1809 he delivered the Fourth-of-July oration 
at Boston; and in 1810 he prepared the Phi 
BetM Kappa aiUlrcss for Harvard. 

Tufts, Cotton, M.D., phvsician, b. Med- 
fmd, Ms,, May 30, 1734; d. Weymouth, Ms., 
Dec. 8, 1815. H.U.1749. Son of Dr. Simon, 
who was grandson of Peter, who emig. in 



TTJF 



026 



TUR 



1654, and d. Maiden, Ms., 1 700, a. 82. He fixed 
his residence at Weymouth, where he was 
highly esteemed as a physician ; was one of the 
original members of the Ms. Medical Society, 
and pres. 1787-95 ; and one of the founders of 
the Acad, of Arts and Sciences. In 1765 Dr. 
Tufts wrote the spirited and patriotic instruc- 
tions to the representatives of Weymouth 
against the Stamp Act. He was a State rep- 
resentative and counsellor ; was for many 
years a disting. member of the State senate, 
and supported in the convention the adop- 
tion of the U.S. Constitution. He m. Lucy, 
dau. of Col. John Quincy, and sister of Mrs. 
Smith, the mother of Mrs. John Adams. — 
Thncher. 

Tufts, John, ministerof the Second Church, 
Newbury, Ms., 30 June, 1714-38, b. Medford, 
5 May, 1689; d. Ang. 1750. H.U. 1708. A 
descendant of Peter of Maiden. He pub. 
ordin. discourse of B. Bradstreet, 1 729 ; " Hum- 
ble Call to Archippus ;" sermon , 1 729 ; " Introd . 
to the Singing of Psalm-Tunes," 1714 (the first 
book of the kind pub. in N. Eng.), with a col- 
lect, of tunes in three parts, 8th ed. 1731. 

Tully, John, " New-England astrologer," 
compiler of almanacs at Middletown, Ct., from 
1681 to his d. 1701; b. England. 

Tully, William, M.D., physician, b. Say- 
brook, Ct., Nov. 18, 1785 ; d. Springfield, Ms., 
Feb. 28, 1859. Y.C. 1806. He studied at 
Phila., and in 1808 settled in practice at Mil- 
ford, Ct. Ab. 1815 he removed to Upper Mid- 
dletown, now Cromwell, Ct., where he became 
intimate %vith and adopted the method of treat- 
ment of Dr. Thomas Minor, and about 1820 
established himself at Middletown. In 1820 he 
pub. with Dr. Minor " Minor and Tully on 
Fever." In 1824 he removed to East Hartford, 
Ct. He became eminent as a medical practi- 
tioner and teacher ; was many years pres. of the 
Medical School at Castleton, Vt., and was prof, 
there of the theory and practice of medicine. 
He was also prof, of materia mcdica and thera- 
peutics in the medical institution of Y.C. 1829- 
42; in 1851 he removed to Springfield, Ms. 
His latter years were passed in poverty. His 
scholarship was varied and excellent. He pub. 
several learned papers in the medical and 
other journals, besides the first vol. of an ex- 
tended treatise on the materia medica, 4 vols., 
1857-60. 

Tupper, Gen. Benjamin, Revel, officer, 
b. Stougbion, Ms., 1738 ; d. Marietta, 0., June, 
1792. He was a soldier in the French war 
(1756-63), and afterward taught school at 
Easton. He was a major at Boston soon after 
the battle of Lexington, and disting. himself 
in a boat exped. at Castle Island. Boston 
harbor ; lieut.-col. of Ward's regt. Nov. 4, 
1775. Made col. of the Uth Ms. Regt. early 
in 1776, he, in Aug. of that year, com. the gun- 
boats and galleys in the North River ; in the 
following campaign he served under Gates ; 
was at the battle of Monmouth in 1778; and 
before the end of the war received the brev. 
of lirig.-gen. ; with Gen. Rufus Putnam he 
originated the Ohio Land Company. He was 
app. surveyor of Ohio lands in 1785 ; disting. 
himself in suppressing Shays's insurrection ; 
settled in 0. in 1787, and became judge in 1788. 



His son Edward W., brig-gen. of 0. Vols., 
serving under Harrison in 1812, d. Gallipolis, 
0., 1823. 

Turell, Ebenezer, minister of Medford, 
Ms., from Nov. 25, 1724, to his d. Dec. 8, 1778 ; 
b. Boston, Feb. 5, 1702. H.U. 1721. Hewas 
an eminent pre.tcher, and a patriotic citizen. 
He pub. a Life of Dr. Colman, his fiither-in- 
law, 8vo, 1749 ; " Dialogue about the Times," 
1742 ; and some sermons. A tract of his on 
Witchcraft is in Ms. Hist. Collections. 



of Rev. Benjamin Colman. She early displayed 
precocious mental power, and wrote poetry at 
11. Aug. 11. 1726, she married Kev. Kbenezer 
Turell of Medford. She afterward wrote 
eulogies on Sir Richard Blackmore's works, 
and on " The Incomparable Mr. Waller ; " " An 
Invitation into the Country, in Imitation of 
Horace ; " and some prose pieces. Her poems 
were col. and pub. by her hnsband in 1735. — 
Diiiichnck. 

Turgeon, Pierke Flavian, R.C. arch- 
bishop of Quebec, consec. June 11, 1851 ; b. 
Quebec, Nov. 12, 1787 ; d. there 25 Aug. 1867. 
Ord. priest Apr. 29, 1810; sec. of Bishop 
Plesser 1808-20; many years a teacher in the 
sem. of Quebec ; consec. bishop and coadj. 
May 11,1834 ; and administrator of the diocese 
from Nov. 1 849 to 1 855, when he resigned from 
ill-health. — Moryan. 

Turnbull, Lieut.-Col. George ; d. 
Bloomingdale, N. J., Oct. 1810, after 60 years' 
service in the British army ; lieut.-col. 3d Amer. 
Regt. (Loyal N.Y. Vols.) ; capt. at the storm- 
ing of Fort Montgomery, Oct. 1777; disting. at 
the siege of Savannah in 1779. 30 July, 1780, 
he repulsed 3 attacks by Sumter on his'post at 
Rocky Mount. 

Turnbull, Robert, D.D. (Mad. U. 1851 ), 
Baptist divine, b. Whiteburn, Linlithgowshire, 
Scotland, Sept. 10, 1809. U. of Glasgow. He 
attended the lectures of Chalmers and Wilson 
at Edinburgh ; studied theology under Drs. 
Dick and Mitchell; became a Baptist; preached 
a short time in Scotland and Eng.; ami in 1833 
settled in Daubury, Ct. App. in 1835 a home 
missionary to Michigan ; he became pastor of 
the Baptist church in Detroit ; in 1837 he took 
charge of the South Baptist Church, Hartford, 
Ct. ; in 1839 of the Boylston-strect Baptist 
Church, Boston; and since 1845 of the first 
Baptist Church, Hartford. He has pub. " The 
Theatre," 1840; "Olympia Morata," 1842; 
Vinet's " Vital Christianity," with an intro- 
duction and notes, 1846 ; " The Genius of 
Scotland," 1847 ; " The Genius of Italy," 1849 ; 
" Theophany, or the Manifestation oi God in 
Christ," 1851; Vinet's "Miscellanies," 18.52; 
" Pulpit Orators of France and Switzerland," 
1853 ; " Christ in History," 1856 ; and " Life- 
Pictures, or Sketches from a Pastor's Note- 
Book," 1857. He has edited Sir Wm. Hamil- 
ton's " Discussions on Philosophy," with a 
hist, introd. ; and was for some years senior 
editor of the Christian Review. — Appleton. 

Turnbull, Robert James, political wri- 
ter, b. N. Smyrna, Fla., Jan. 1775 ; d. Charies- 
ton, S.C, June 15, 1833. His mother was a 
Greek lady of Smyrna in Asia Minor. The 



TTJR 



father, an English physician, in connection with 
Lord Hillsborough, obtained grants from the 
English govt., ab. the year 1772, for settling a 
Greek colony in Florida, where he founded 
New Smyrna. Adhering to the popular side, 
Dr. T. forfeited his grants from govt., and 
removed to Charleston, S.C. The son was 
educated in England; studied law in Charles- 
ton and Phila. ; was adm. to the bar, and prac- 
tised in Charleston until 1810, when he retired 
to his large plantation. His treatise on the 
penitentiary system (Load. 1797) drew atten- 
tion both in America and Eng. ; his articles 
forthe Charleston Mercuri/ in 1827, subsequently 
collected and pub. under title of " The Crisis," 
became the text-book of the nullification party. 
In his treatise on " The Tribunal of Dernier 
Resort," pub. 1830, he arg-uedthat "each State 
has the unquestionable right to judge of the 
infractions of the Constitution, and to interpose 
its sovereign powers to arrest their progress, 
and to protect its citizens." In 1831 he was 
prominent in the "Free-trade Convention" 
which assembled at Columbia, S.C, and was 
the author of the report of that body ; in a 
similar convention at Charleston, Feb. 1832, 
he was also conspicuous. July 4, 1832, he de- 
livered an oration before an assemblage of the 
nullification party, which is said to have had a 
great effect upon the ne.Kt election ; in Nov. 
1832 he was a delegate to the S.C. nullification 
convention, and penned its address to the peo- 
ple. A lofty monument in Charleston, erected 
by the nullification party, commemorates his 
services to their cause. — Apple/on. 

Turner, Dasiel, commodore U.S.N., b. 
Newport, K.Iy 1792 ; d. Phila. Feb. 4, 18.W. 
Midshipm. Jan. 1, 1808; lieut. March 12, 1813; 
master com. March 3, 1825 ; capt. March 3, 
1835. During the battle of Lake Erie he com. 
" The Caledonia," and materially aided the gal- 
lant Perry in gaining that decisive victory. 
In testimony of this service, the State of N.Y. 
presented him with a sword of honor. In the 
autumn of 1814, while commanding one of the 
vessels co-operating with Col. Croghan, he was 
captured, and taken to Montreal. He was 
rigid in discipline, brave, and generous to a 
fault. 

Turner, Edward, politician and jurist, 
b. Fairfox Co., Va., 1778; d. Natchez, Mpi., 
May 23, 1860. He removed to Mpi. in 1802 ; 
was app. register of land-office, west of Pearl 
River, in 1803; mayor of Natchez 1814-21 ; 
was selected by the legisl. to make a digest of 
the laws of the Territory (pub. Natchez, 8vo, 
1816) ; was several years in the legisi., and 
speaker of the house ; was member of the 
conv. which framed the State constitution ; 
and was successively atty.-gen., judge of the 
Superior and Supreme Courts, chancellor of 
the State, and judge of the High Court of 
Errors and Appeals. 

Turner, George, judge, b. Eng. 1750 ; d. 
Phila. 16 Mar. 1843. He joined the array at the 
breaking-out of the war ; was a capt. in the 
service; commanded in S.C; and disting. him- 
self in several severe engagements, especially 
in the affair of the " Slaughter Pens." He 
was the personal friend of Washington, who 
commissioned him judge of the N.W. Terr. 12 



Sept. 1 739. In 1833 he removed to Philadel- 
phia. 

Turner, James, statesman, b. Southamp- 
ton Co., Va., 1766 ; d. Bloomsbury, N.C., Jan. 
15, 1824. His education was thatof the comm. 
schools of the country. He served as a private 
soldier in the Revol. Member of the N.C 
legisl. in 1800; in 1802-5 wasgov.of the State; 
and was U.S. senator 1803-16. 

Turner, Philip, a celebrated surgeon, b. 
Norwich, Ct., 1740; d. York Island in the spring 
of 1815. Left an orphan at the age of 12, ho 
was taken into the family of Dr. Elisha Tracy, 
who taught him medicine, and whose dan. lio 
subsequently married. In 1759 he was app. 
assist, surgeon to a prov. regt. under Gen. 
Amherst at Ticonderoga ; at the peace of 1763 
he settled in Norwich, where at the breaking- 
out of the Revol. war, he was unrivalled as a 
surgeon; in 1775 he was the first surgeon of 
the Ct. troops before Boston. He went with 
the army to N. York in 1776, and attended it 
at the battles of Long Island and White Plains ; 
in 1777 Dr. Turner was app. surg.-gen. of the 
Eastern dept., which station he filled with great 
ability till near the close of the war. He then 
resumed his private practice, but removed in 
1800 to N.Y. City ; was shortly after app. a sur- 
geon to the staff of the U.S. army, and stationed 
on York Island. A geneal. of the family has 
been prep, by Dr. T. L. Turner of Boston. 

Turner,'SAMOEL Hurleeart, D.D., bib- 
lical scholar, and clergyman, b. Phila. Jan. 23, 
1790; d. New York, Dec. 21,1861. U. ofPa. 
1807. Son of Rev. Joseph. Ord. deacon in 
the Epis. Church in 1811 ; settled in a parish 
in Chestertown, Md., 1812 ; returned to Phila. 
in 1817; app. prof of historic theol. in the 
Gen. Theol. Sem. at N.Y. Oct. 7, 1818, where 
he was prof of biblical learning in 1821-31 ; 
and afterward prof, of Hebrew in Col. Coll. 
In 1827 he prepared with Bishop Whittinghnra 
a translation of Jahn's " Introduction to the 
Old Testament," and in 1834 Planck's " Intro- 
duction to Sacred Criticism and Interpretation." 
He also pub. " Biographical Notices of Jewish 
Rabbis," 1847; "Spiritual Things compared 
with Spiritual," 1848; " Essay on our Lord's 
Discourse at Capernaum, in John vi.," 1851 ; 
"Thoughts on Scriptural Prophecy," 1852; 
" Commentaries on the New-Testament Epis- 
tles," 1852-3; "Companion to the Book of 
Genesis ; " " Claims of the Hebrew Language 
and Literature," 8vo, 1831; " Parallel Refer- 
ences of the New Test.," 1848 ; " Teachings of 
the Master," 1858. His Autobiog. was pub. 
in N.Y. in IS63. — All Ibone; DuydcincL 

Turner, Thomas, rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Va. 21 Apr. 1808. Midshipm. Apr. 21, 1825; 
lieut. Dee. 22, 1835; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
capt. July 16, 1862; commo. Dec. 13, 1863; 
rear-adm. May 27, 1868 ; retired 21 Apr. 1870. 
He was actively engaged in the Mexican war, 
and was present at Tuspan, Apr. 7, 1847; com. 
the sloop of war " Saratoga," and captured 
two Spanish steamers in the harbor of Auton 
Leyardo, Mexico, Mar. 6, 1860; com. frigate 
" New Ironsides " in the attack on the forts in 
Charleston harbor, Apr. 7, 1863, handling his 
ship with judgment and ability ; com. South 
Pacific squadron 1869-70. 



TtJR 



928 



Turner, William Waddem, philologist, 
b. London, 1810; d. VVasliington, D.C., Nov. 
29, 1859. He came to this country in 1818, 
and settled in New York as a journeyman 
printer. He acquired lan^'uages with great fa- 
cility, and learned Hebrew, Sanscrit, and oth- 
er Oriental languages, also those of modern 
Europe. Prof, of Oriental lit. in the Union 
Theol. Sem. at Schenectady, N.Y., in 1842-52. 
From 1852 till his death he was librarian at the 
patent-office, Washington, and recording sec. 



of the National Instil 



With Dr. Nordhei- 



Haven to print it, and worked upon 
it as a compositor by day, and prepared the 
manuscript at night. He translated the first 
vol. of Mackcldey's Compendium of Modern 
Civil Law (aided by Dr. Kaufmann), Von 
Raumer's U.S., and the article on Fine Arts in 
the " Iconographie Encyclopaedia." He as- 
sisted in the preparation of the Latin-English 
Lexicon of Freund. The Dakotah Grammar 
and Dictiiiiinry, and also the Yoruba Grammar 
and Dictiociar'y, both pub. by the Smithsonian 
Institution, are substantially his works. 

Turreau, Lodis Marie, baron, a French 
gen., b. 1756 ; d. 15 Dec. 1816. Entering the 
army young, he fought as a subaltern in the 
army of Rochambeau for Amer. independence, 
and gained the rank of capt. He served as a gen. 
of division in La Vendee, Italy, and Swit- 
zerland ; was in 180-1 made baron; and was 
min.-plenipo. to the U.S. in 1804-11. He did 
not succeed in his efforts to draw our govt, into 
the adoption of a French policy, and after his 
return pub. in 1814 "Apergu sur la Situation 
Politique des lltats-UnIs," a very bitter critique 
of the Federal govt., which, he says in the pref- 
ace, " the author has studied 8 years without 
being able to comprehend it." He also pub. 
Memoirs of the War of La Vende'e. 

Tusten, Col. Benjamin, physician, com. 
the troops who, immediately after the destruc- 
tion of Minisink by the Indians (July 20, 1779), 
pursued the savages, but who were ambushed, 
and defeated with the loss of 44 of their num- 
ber. Dr. Tnsten was one of the victims, be- 
ing tomahawked while attending to the wound- 
ed. 

Tuthill, A. G. D., painter, a pupil of Bcnj. 
West; d. Montpelier, Vt., June 12, 184.3, a. 
67. 

Tuthill, Frank, M.D., journalist, b. Suf- 
folk Co., L.L, 1822; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., 27 
Aug. 1865. Amh. Coll. 1840. After practis- 
ing medicine 7 years, he was until 1859 a writer 
for the N.Y. times, and afterwards an editor 
and prop, of the San Francisco Bulletin. Mem- 
ber N.Y. legisl. 1851 and 1859. He left Cali- 
fornia in 1864, and had just completed a His- 
tory of California when he died. 

Tuthill, Louisa Caroline (Hcgoins), 
authoress, b. N. Haven ab. 1800. In 1817, at 
an early age, she m. Cornelius Tuthill of N. 
Haven,' eiiitor for two years of xhs Microscope, 
a periodical, and who died in 1825, a. 29. Af- 
ter his death she contrib. anonymously to 
magazines. In 1827 she pub. "James Soniers, 
the Pilgrim's Son;" in 1829 "Mary's Visit 
to Boston; "" Calisthenics," 18-31. She pub. 
" The Young Ladies' Reader," 1839; " Young 



Ladies' Home; " a series of talcs for the young, 
1844-50 ; a new series for the young, 1852-i ; 
" Mv Witc," a novel, 1846 ; " The Historv of 
Architecture," 1848 ; " Queer Bonnets," 1852. 
In 1849 she prepared " The Nursery-Book," a 
vol. of counsel to mothers. She is at present 
a resident of Princeton, N.J. 

Tuthill, William H., b. N.Y. Citv Dec. 
5, 1808. A <l,sc-,.iulant of John, one of ti.o, fir^t 
settlers of .Si.-id-H 1 I., I i hv ..t ilh- un-iii;.! 
proprietor,.., 1, , ■!,:., ,, : ;,:,„. 

ti.scd law il]. , : 1. , ^, ,:..l 

afterwards a K, ]iiiLi:.._.iii i."j.;:jji.iii , « .u: j;ui_^i; 
of the 8th judieial (list, tur two terms; and is 
now a banker at Tipton. Judge T. is an hon- 
orary member of several historical and literary 
societies, and has pub. a review of the Dred 
Scott decision, an address at the Tuthill 
family- gathering at Southold in 1867, and 
contrib. to the Annals of Iowa. 

Tuttle, Charles Weslet, astronomer, 
member Suffolk bar (adm. 1856), b. Newficld, 
Me., 1 Nov. 1829. Assist, observer H. Coll. 
Observatory, 1 850-4 ; discovered a telescopic 
comet 8 Mar. 185.3 ; studied in the Camb. Law 
School ill 1854-5; jniii.-d ,viiii Sidney Cool- 
idge in 1855 in U.S. i v].. .1. to .]. t.-nnine the 
longitude between Grini.. i. li ami Cambridge. 
Has contrib. hist, articles tu the Utmul. Regis- 
ter, and scientific papers to Ast. Jour. ; see 
also Annals Harv. Obs. Is now engaged upon 
a Life of Capt. John Mason of N.H, His l,ro. 
Horace Parnell, now a paym. U.S.N, (b. 17 
Mar. 1837), was an assist, at the U. Coll. Ob- 
servatory 1857-62, and discovered two planets 
and a number of comets. For his discoveries 
he was in 1859 awarded the Lalande prize by 
the French Acad, of Sciences. 

TwaitS, William, comedian, b. Birming- 
ham, Eng., 25 Apr. 1781 ; d. N.Y. City 22 
Aug. 1814. He fiist app. at the Chestnut-st., 
Phila., 23 Nov. 1803, and was a good low co- 
median. Manager of the Richmond Theatre 
when destroyed by fire. He m. Mrs. Villiers, 
formerly Eliza We'stray, b. Bath, Eng., 1787, d. 
13 Dec. 1813. 

Twiggs, Gen. David Emanuel, b. Rich- 
mond Co., Ga., 1790; d. Augusta, Ga., Sept. 
15, 1862. Son of Gen. John Twiggs, a Revol. 
officer of Richmond Co., Ga., who d. Mar. 1816, 
a. 86. App. capt. 8th luf Mar. 12, 1812 ; maj. 
2Sth Inf. Sept. 21, 1814, and served throughout 
the war with Eng. ; maj. 1st Inf. Mav 14, 1825 ; 
lieut.-col. 4th Inf. July 15, 1831 ; col. 2d Dra- 
goons, June 8, 1836 ; com. a brigade. May, 1846, 
and com. right wing, and disting. in battles 
of Palo Alto and R. de la Palma; brig.-gen. 
June 30, 1846; brev. maj. -gen. for gallantry 
at Monterey, Mexico, May, 1848, receiving 
also a sword by resolution of Congress ; com. 
a division through Scott's campaign in Mexi- 
co. Military and civil gov. of Vera Cruz, 
Mexico, 1848; dismissed the service March 1, 
1861, having in Feb. surrendered his troops 
and munitions of war to the authorities of 
Texas, which had then seceded. He soon re- 
ceived an important command in the Confed. 
army ; was for a short time in com. of New 
Orleans, but resigned toward the close of the 
year. His bro. Levi, maj. U.S.A., disting. in 
the wars of 1812, the Seminole and Mexican 



929 



TYL 



wars, killed at Cliapultepec 13 Sept. 1847, b. 
21 May, 1793. 

Tyler, Bennkt, D.D. (Midd. Coll. 1823), 
theoloirian, b. Middlehury, Ct., July 6, 1783; 
d. S. Windsor, Ct,, May 14, 1858. Y.C. 1804. 
He was the son of a farmer. Was paslor of the 
Cong, church in South Britain, Ct , in 1808- 
22, and pres. of Dartm. Coll. in 1822-8, when 
he became ])astor of the Second Church. Port- 
hind, Me., resigning; 22 Apr. 1834, He was 
the priniipal opponent of Dr. N. W. Taylor 
in the controversy on the New Divinity, and 
held essentially to the views of Edwards, Bel- 
lamy, Smalley, and Dwight. One result of 
this controversy was the formation of a pastor- 
al union in Sept. 1833 by those of Dr. Tyler's 
opinions ; and they founded a theol. sern. at 
East Windsor, Ct.,"of which he was pres. till 
his death. His principal works are " History of 
the New-Haven Thcologv," 1837; "Memoir 
of Rev. Asahel Nettleion," 1844 ; " A Review 
of Day on the Will," 183"; "Nettlcton's Re- 
mains," 1845 ; " Treati-ie on the Sufferings of 
Christ," 1845, " The New-Eng. Revivals," 
1846; and two series of Letters to Dr. H. 
Bushnell on Christian Nurture, 1847-8. He 
also pub. sermons and controversial pamphlets. 
There is a Memoir of him by his son-in-law Na- 
huin Gale, D.D., prefixed to a vol. of his lec- 
tures, 8vo, 1859. 

Tyler, Gex. Ciiakles Humphrey, b. Va. 
182G ; killed in battle at West Point, Ga., Apr. 
17,1865. West Point, 1848. Entered the 2d 
Dragoons, and was a capt. at the brcaking-out 
of the war, but was dismissed for deserting his 
post, 6 June, 1861, and became a brig.-gen. 
Confed. armv. 

Tyler, Gex. Daniel, b. Brooklyn, Ct., 
Feb. 22, 1799. West Point, 1819. Son of 
Capt. Daniel, an art. officer of the Revol. En- 
tering the light art., he served till June, 1821, 
when he was transferred to the 1st Art. ; 1st 
lieut. 6 M.iy, 1824 ; visited France to study the 
improvements in art. 1828-30; translated "from 
the French, ' Manoeuvres of Artillery," 1828 ; 
and in May, 1834, he resigned. Becoming a 
civil engr.,' he was pres. of various railroads 
until the civil war began, when he became col. 
1st Ct. Vols. ; soon after brig.-gen. 3-months' 
troops; and at Blackburn's Ford and Bull Run 
com. a division, being next in rank to Gen. 
McDowell ; Mar. 13, 1862, he was app. brig.- 
gen., and ordered to the West. He com. a 
division of the Army of the Mpi. during the 
campaign which closed with the evacuation of 
Corinth ; he was afterward employed in guard- 
ing the Upper Potomac, and engaged at Mar- 
tinsburg, Va., 14 June, 1863; and com. at 
Harper's Ferry when the Confed. army invaded 
Pa.; resigned' 6 April, 1864. Residence Red 
Bank, N.J. 

Tyler, .Tonw, gov. of Va., b. near Williams- 
burg, 1743; d. at his seat in Charles County, 
Jan. 6, 1813. His father, who.se name he bore, 
was marshal for the colony. The son studied 
law under R. C. Nicholas; became a warm 
friend of Jefferson, and an early advocate of 
independence. In 1774 he removed to Charles 
City. He was one of the Revol. leaders of 
Va. ; many years a member of the house of 
dclcates; and in 1781 succeeded Benjamin 



Harrison as speaker. He was gov. in 1808- 
11, and was subsequently judge of the U. S. 
dist. court. Father of Pres. John Tvler. 

Tyler, John, 10th pres. of the' U. S., b. 
Charles-City Co., Va., March 29, 1790; d. 
Richmond, Va., Jan. 17, 1862. Wm. and 
Mary Coll. 1806. Son of the preceding. Mary 
his mother was the only child of Robert Armis- 
tead, whose ancestors emigrated to Va. from 
Hesse-Darmstadt. He studied law; at 19 was 
adm. to the bar, and soon entered upon a large 
practice. He was a member of the State legisl. 
in 1811-16, and a supporter of Jefferson and 
Madison ; M.C. in 1816-21 ; again a member 
of the State legisl. in 1823-5; gov. of Va. 
1825-7; U.S. senator 1827-36, resigning on 
account of a difference with Pres. Jackson. 
Chosen vice-pres. by the Whig party in 1840, 
the death of President Harrison, April 4, 1841, 
raised him to the chief magistracy. In 1861 he 
was a delegate to the Peace Conv., and presided 
over that body. He subsequently renounced 
his allegiance'to the U.S., and at the time of 
his death was a member of the Confed. Con- 
gress at Richmond. In Congress he voted to 
censure Gen. Jackson's conduct during the 
Seminole war; opposed all internal improve- 
ments by the General Govt., and the U.S. Bank, 
which he declared unconstitutional. He held 
in all points to the State-rights or strict-con- 
struction doctrine of the Democ. parly. He 
also opposed a protective tariff, and on the Mo. 
question all restriction on slavery. In the 
U.S. .senate he avowed bis sympathy with the 
nullification movement in S.C. in 18.32, and in 
consequence withdrew his support from Jack- 
son, but voted for Clay's Compromise Bill. 
By his veto of the U.S. Bank measure he lost 
the confidence of the party that placed him in 
power, and foreshadowed his desertion of it. 
The principal measures of bis administration 
were the annexation of Texas, March 1, 1845, 
an act establishing a uniform system of bank- 
ruptcy, and the protective tariff of 1842. His 
Life and Speeches were pub. 8vo, N.Y., 1844. 

Tyler, Joseph, actor, b. England, 1749; 
d. N. York, Jan. 25, 1823. He was a contem- 
porary of Garrick, Barry, and Mossop as early 
as 1775, and was a disting. operatic performer 
in the provincial theatres in Eng. In 1793 he 
arrived in the U.S., and joined the company 
then performing in the Old Theatre in John 
Street, N.Y., and continued a favorite for many 
years. 

Tyler, Moses Coit, prof, of Eng. lit. in 
the U. of Michigan, b. Griswold, Cl., 1835. 
Y.C. 1857; And. Theol. Sem. 1860. Pastor 
at Poughkeepsie 1860-2. Author of " The 
Brawnville Papers," 1869, a vol. of essays on 
physical culture. A frequent lecturer and con- 
trib. to the N.Y. Independent and other papers 
and periodicals. 

Tyler, Robert O., brev. maj.gen. U.S.A., 
b. N.Y. ab. 1831. West Point, 1853. Enter- 
ing the 3d Art., he was made 1st lieut. 1 Sept. 
1856 ; served against the Indians of Wash. 
Terr, in 1858 ; made capt. and assist.-qnarterm. 
17 May, 1861; col. 4th Ct. Vols. 29 Aug. 
1861 ; brig.-gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; lieut.-col. 
and dep. quarterm.-gen. 29 July, 1866. He 
served through the Peninsular campaign, Apr.- 



930 



Aug. 1862 ; com. the art. of the centre grand 
div. at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 
and brev. major U.S.A. for the latter 13 Dec. 
1862 ; lirev. lieut.-col. 2 July, 186.3, for Gettys- 
burg ; corn, divis. of heavy art. of 2d corps'in 
the Richmond cauipai^'n, and brev. col. 17 
May, 1864, for Spottsylvania ; brev. maj.-gen. 
vols. 1 Aug. 1864 for Cold Harbor, where he 
was severely wounded ; brev. brig, and major 
gen. U.S.A. 1.3 Mar. 1 86.i. — C«//um. 

Tyler, Uoyall, wit, poet, and jurist, b. 
Boston, Julv 18, 1757; d. Brattleborough, 
\^t., Aug. 16', 1826. H.U. 1776. His immig. 
anccstcir and great-grandfather Thomas came 
from Biiclleigh, Devonshire, Eng., and married 
Miriam, dau. of Pilgrim Simpkins of Boston. 
He studied law in the office of John Adams, 
and was for a short time aide to Gen. Lincoln, 
serving in the same station in the Shays Ue- 
bellion in 1786. Settled as a lawyer iii Guil- 
ford, Vt., in 1790, with success; in 1800, and 
for six years, was chief justice of the Supreme 
Court, of which he had been six years judge. 
In 1809 he pub. "Reports of Cases in the 
Sup. Court of Vt.," 2 vols. He was a success- 
ful dramatist, and in 1786 produced in New 
York " The Contrast," a comedy, in which the 
Yankee dialect and story-telling, since so 
familiar, were first employed. This was the 
first American play ever acted on a regular 
stage by an established company of comedians. 
He also produced •' May-Day, or New York in 
an Uproar," 1787 ; " The Georgia Spec, or Land 
in the Moon," 1797 ; and " The Algerinc Cap- 
tive," a fictitious memoir, 2 vols. 1799. He 
gained great reputation by his contributions to 
the Farmer's tl eeklji Museum, pub. at Walpole, 
N.H., assi.sting Dennie,,its editor, with his con- 
tributions " from the shop of Messrs. Colon 
and Spondee," an amusing milanr/e of light 
verse and entertaining social and political 
squibs. To the Portfolio he contributed "An 
Author's Evenings," 1801, &c., coll. in a vol. 
in 1801, entitled "The Spirit of the Farmer's 
Museum and Lay Preacher's Gazette." He also 
wrote for the iV'. E. Galuiij, Pdyanthos, and 
other joui nals. In 1 799 he composed a Fourth- 
or-.July ode for the celebration at Windsor, Vt., 
and a convivial song for the same occasion. 
Ho was frequently called on for these services, 
and for occasional prologues at charitable and 
other theatrical benefits. His son Rev. Ed- 
WAiiD RovALL, a Cong, clergyman, and ed. of 
the Nnw-Enqlander, newspaper, d. New Haven, 
Ct., 28 Sept. ISiS.—Dui/ckiiieh. 

Tyler, Samuel, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 1859), 
lawyer and author, b. Prince George's Co., Md., 
Oct. 22, 1809. Md. Coll. 1827. His father, 
Grafton, was a tobacco-planter and farmer. 
The son was educated at the sem. of Dr. Car- 
nahan, at Georgetown ; then studied law at 
Frederick Citj-, Md. ; was adm. to its bar in 
1831 ; and has since resided there, indulging 
also in literary avocations. He pub. a " Dis- 
course of the B.iconian Philosophy," 1844; 
"Burns as a Poet and as a Man," 1848; for 
the Princeton Renic.ui, articles on " Balfour's 
Inquiry," July, 1836; " The Baconian Philos- 
ophy," July, 1840; " Lenhart the Mathemati- 
cian," July, 1841 ; "Psychology," Apr. 1843; 
" Influence of the Baconian Philosophy," July, 



1843; "Agricultural Chemistry," Oct. 1844; 
" Connection between Philosophy and Revela- 
tion," July, 1845 ; " Bush on the Soul," July, 
1846; Humboldt's "Cosmos," July, 1852; 
" Progress of Philosophy in the Past and in the 
Future," 1859. He introduced the subject of 
law-reform to the Md. convention in 1850, and 
was by that body app. a commiss. to simplify 
the pleadings and practice in all the State 
courts. — Dnyclclnck. 

Tyler, William, D.D., E.C. bishop of 
Hartford; consec. Mar. 17, 1844; d. June 18, 
1849. 

Tyler, William Setmoub, D.D., clergy- 
man and linguist, b. Harford, Pa., Sept. 2, 
1810. Amh. Coll. 1830. 7th in descent from 
Job, an early settler and proprietor of Andover, 
Ms. In IS'il he tauulit the classics in Amh. 
Acad. After studying at And. Theol. Sem., 



: was 1 



L-nscd 



by the 3d presbytery 



of N.Y. City in 1830; but, being chosen prof, of 
Latin and Greek at Amh. Coll., was not ord. 
till 22 years later. In 1847 the professorship 
of ancient languages was divided. Prof Tyler 
retaining that of the Greek. He pub. " the 
Gennania and Agricola of Tacitus," 1847; 
"The Histories of Tacitus," 1848; "Plato's 
Apology and Crito," 1859; " Prir.e Essay on 
Prayer for Colleges," 1854; a "Life of' Dr. 
Henry Lobdell," 1859; and "Theology of the 
Greek Poets," 1867. He has also contrib. to 
numerous thcol. periodicals. 

Tyng, Dddlet Atkixs, LL.D., a disting. 
lawyer, b. Newburyport, Sept. 3, 1760; d. 
Aug. 1, 1829. H.U. 1781. Son of Dudley 
Atkins, and a descendant of Gov. Dudley. 
Changed his name on inheriting the large es- 
tates of James Tyng of Tyngsboroiigh. Was 
U.S. collector of. Newburyport, and afterward 
reporter Mass. Sup. Court until his death. Ed- 
ited " Reports Sup. Jud. Court of Ms.," Sept. 
1804-Mar. 1822, 17 vols. 8vo. A Notice of 
Tyng by John Lowell is in " Ms. Hist. Colls.," 
3d ser., vol. ii. 

Tyng, Dudley Atkixs, D.D., Epis. cler- 
gyman, b. Prince George's Co., Md., 1825 ; d. 
BrookKeld, near Phila., April 19, 1858. U. of 
Pa. 1843. Son of Rev. Stephen H. of New 
York. Received his theol. education at the 
Alexandria Sem. ; ord. 1846; preached at Co- , 
lumbus, O. ; then had charge of the Epis. 
church at Charlestown, Va. ; and was trans- 
ferred thence to Cincinnati ; in 1 854 he was 
called to the Church of the Epiphany, Phila. 
A year or two before his death, his career al> 
traded public attention from his rejection by 
his congregation in Phila. in consequence of 



the stand taken by him in the pulpit m opposi- 
tion to slavery. He was also known as a lec- 
turer upon religious and secular subjects 



therof " Vital Truth and Deadly Error," 1852 ; 
"Children of the Kingdom," 1854; "Our 
Country's Troubles," 1856. — 5fe A Father's 
Memorial, ly S. H. Tijixq, D.D., 1858. 

Tyng, Edward, a brave naval commander 
of Ms.-; d. Boston, Sept. 8, 1755, a. 72. Grand- 
son of Gen. Edward, and son of Edward, a 
councillor, who was app. gov. of Annapolis, and 
being taken on the passage, and carried to 
France, d. there. Jle was commissioned by 
Gov. Belcher, April 16, 1 740, eapt. of the south 



TYN- 



931 



and north batteries and fortifications 
ton; succeeding Capt. Southai 
of the snow •' Prince of Orange," he took the 
first privateer on this coast, June 24, 1744; 
com. " The Massachusetts" frigate in the exped. 
against Cape Breton in 1 745 ; and was made 
commodore of the provincial fleet. He captured 
the " Vigilante," a French man-of-war of 64 
guns. Admiral Warren offered Tyng the com- 
mand of this valuable prize, with the rank of 
post-capt. ; he declined on account of his ad- 
vanced age, but recommended Rouse, his sec- 
ond in command, who received that honor. 

Tyng, Stephen Uigoinsox, U.D. (Jeff. 
Coll. 18.S2; H.U. 1851), a popular preacher, b. 
. ^ . Newburyport, Ms., Mar. 1, 1800. H.U. 1817. 

trvvr^ft^ Son of Hon. Dudley Atkins TyngS He first en- 
^^7 giiged in mercantile pursuits, but soon studied 
' £Lli/^ theology ; ord. deacon in 1821, and took charge 
■ / of St. George's Church, Georgetown, D.C. ; 
j^ in 1823 he removed to Queen Anne Parish, Md. ; 

*• in May, 1829, he became rector of St. Paul's, 

Phila., which be resigned in May, 1833, on an 
invitation to the Church of the Epiphany. 
Since bis removal to New York in 1845, be has 
been rector of St. George's Church. An ear- 
rest advocate of the temperance and other 
social movements of the liay. He is remark- 
able for readiness as an extempore speaker, and 
for fervid eloquence. Author of " Lectures 
on the Law and the Gospel," 1848; "The 
Israel of God ; " " Christ is All ; " " Christian 
Titles ; " " Recollections in Europe," drawn 
from personal observations during a brief tour ; 
" Sermons preached in the Church of the 
Epiphany," 1839; "Family Commentary on 
the Four Gospels," 1 849 ; "Bible Companion ; " 
" The History of Ruth the Moabitess," 1855 ; 
" Esther, the Queen of Persia ; " " The Child 
of Prayer," a memorial of his son Rev. Dudley 
A. Tyng; " Forty Years' Experience in Sun- 
day Schools," &c., 1860; "The Spencers," 
1870; " Memoir of Rev. G. T. Bedell," 12mo, 
1836. He is an editor of the /^ro(es(a«( C/mrch- 
man of New York. 

Tyng, Rev. Stephen H., Jun., son of the 
preceding, b. Phila. 28 June, 1839. Wms. 
Coll. .1858. Ord. deacon 8 May, 1861, and 
assist, to his father at St. George's Church, 
New York, one year; priest 11 Sept. 1863; 
rector of the Church of the Mediator, Lex. 
Ave., N.Y'. City, and subsequently organized 
the Church of the Holy Trinity, 42d St. ; con- 
sec, in 1865 ; chaplain N.Y. 12tii ]{egt. in 1864 ; 
tried in 1867 by an eccl. tribunal for preaching 
to a Meth. church in New Jersey. 

Tyson, Jon Roberts, LL.D., politician 
and man of letters, b. Phila. 12 Feb. 1804 ; d. 
Woodlawn Hall, Pa., June 27, 18.58. He was 
educated a lawyer ; served in the State Icgisl. ; 
in the city council of Phila. ; and was an in- 
fluential il.C. in 1805-7. He was a man of 
literary and artistic tastes ; and it was due to 
him that the archives of Pa. were pub. He m. 
a dau. of the eminent merchant, Thos. P. Cope. 
He delivered various addresses, and pub. letters 
and addresses upon the commerce of Phila. 
He pub. "Pennsylvania Prior to 1743," 8vo, 
1843 ; " Essay on the Penal L-aws of Pa.," 8vo, 
1827; "Memoir of T. C.James, M.D.," 1836 ; 
"Lottery System of the U.S.," 1833; "Dis- 



course on the 200th Anniv. of the Biilh of 
William Penn," 1844; "On the Col. Hist, of 
the Eastern and some of the Southern States," 
1842. 

Tytler, James, author, h. Fern, Scotland, 
1747; drowned at Salem, Ms., in Jan. 1804. 
He received a surgical and chemical edu 



the editors of the " Encyclopedia Britannica ; " 
author of a " Treatise on the Plague and 
Yellow Fever," 1799; "Answer to Paiue's Age 
of Reason ; " " Essays on Natural and IJe- 
vcaled Religion," 1772 ; " Letter to John Bar- 
clay on the Doctrine of Assurance ; " " System 
ofGeography,"I788; " History of Edinburgh;" 
" Geographical, Hist., and Commercial Gram- 
mar," 2 vols. 8vo ; poetical transl. of Virgil's 
" Eclogues ; " " System of Surgery," 3 vols. ; 
and of some anonymous works and popular 
songs ; and was a contrib. to many leading 
magazines of the day. 

UUoa (ool-loa),' DON Antonio de, a 
Spanish mathematician, b. Seville. Jan. 12, 
1716; d. in the Isle of Leon, near Cadiz, July 
5, 1795. He was brought up in the royal 
marines, in which be obtained the rank of lieut.- 
gen. Disting. as an engineer, and man of 
science, he was in 1735 joined in a commission 
with Don George Juan and others to measure 
a degree of the meridian in Peru. He remained 
nearly ten years in S. Amer., and on his return 
(in 1745) was captured, and carried into an Eng- 
lish port. He pub. on his return to Spain his 
voyage to S. Amer., which was soon translated 
into German, French, and English ; but the 
latter pub. in 1758, 2 vols. 8vo, is miserably 
garbled and inaccurate.- He became the chief 
promoter of the royal woollen manufactories ; 
re-organized the colleges of histoiy and sur- 
gery ; superintended and completed the basins 
at JFerrol and Carthagena. In 1766 he was 
made gov. of La. Arriving in March, he (bund 
the inhabitants unwilling to submit to Spanish 
domination; and they broke out into open riot, 
which compelled him to leave the colony. In 
1772 he pub. " Entretenimientos Phi/sico-historicas 
sohre la America Merid.," &c. 4to. Having 
become a lieut.-gen. in the naval service, he re- 
ceived the command of a squadron intended to 
join an exped. against Fla. Absorbed in his 
astronomical investigations, Ulloa forgot to 
open his sealed orders, and, after cruising two 
months without success, returned ; was court- 
martialled in 1780, and never again employed. 
This eminent Spaniard also contrib. several 
scientific papers to the Royal Society. 

Ulloa, Francisco de, Spanish discoverer 
of California; assassinated at Xalisco, soon 
after returning from his voyage, " by a soldier 
who bore malice against him." He was the 
lieut. of Cortez in his explorations of the w. 
coast of Amer., and was in 1535 left by him 
in charge of the colonv at Santa Cruz. He 
com. the exped. (July, i.539-May, 1540) which 
explored Cal., giving to the Gulf of C. the 
name of Mar de Cortes. He ascertained that 
the peninsula of Cal. was united to the main- 
land, and sailed northward, examining its 
western side as far as 30 N. lat. The narr. of 
this voyage by Preciado, one of the oflicers, is 



932 



■CTPH 



in Ramusio, iii. 283, and in English in Birncy, 
i. 193. 

Uncas, sachem of the Mohcgan tribe in 
Ct. ; (i. in 1683, at a great age. Originally 
a Pequot war chief. He revolteJ in 1634 from 
Ko>sucns, the Pequot sachem ; became friendly 
to tlic English settlers; and was made chief 
of the Mohegans. In May, 1637, he joined 
Mason's exped. against the Peqnots, and was 
rewarded with some of tlieir lands; in 1633 
he went to Boston, where he made a treaty to 
which he adhered ; he also treated with the 
Ct. colonists in Sept. 1638, and in 1640 con- 
veyed to tlicm all his land, excepting Mohcgan. 
In' 1643 he joined the English in a war, which 
ended in the deatli of the powerful Narrnganset 
sachem Miantonomoh. In 1648 the Mohawks, 
Pocontocks, and other tribes, made war against 
Uncas, but with small result. Besieged in his 
stronghold on the Cunnecticnt, in 1657, by the 
Narraganset chief Pessacus, he was relieved, 
when near starvation, hy Ensign Leffingwell, 
to whom it is said Uncas deeded the land upon 
which Norwich now stands, though he after- 
ward sold it to a comi>any. A council of com- 
missioners of the United Colonies, held at 
Boston in 1654, heard many complaints of the 
rapacity and injustice of Uncas, and ordered 
that " he be duly reproved, and seriously in- 
formed that the English cannot protect him in 
any unlawful, much less treacherous and out- 
rageous courses." He was characterized in 1674 
as " an old and wicked, wilful man, a drunkard, 
and otherwise very vicious, who hath always 
been an opposer and underminer of praying to 
God." He was always the ally of the English, 
though too old to be of much service in Philip's 
war in 1675, when all other Indian tribes united 
against them. 

Underhill, Capt. John, b. Warwick- 
shire, Eng. : d. at Oyster Bay, L.I., ab. 1672. 
He had been a soldier in the Netherlands and 
at Cadiz. Came to N.E. in 1630 with Win- 
throp; was a representative from Boston; and 
was sent by his friend Sir H. Vane in com. of 
the Colony troops, who with Capt. Mason, 
in 1637, destroyed the Indian forts at Mystic, 
and broke the warlike spirit of the Pcquots. 
Banished in Boston for his religious opinions, 
he went to Eng., and pub. " News from 
America," a hist, of the Pequod war, 4to, 
1638. In 1641 he was gov. of Exeter and 
Dover; afterwards lived at Stamford, Ct, ; and 
in 1646 removed to Flushing. He was a dele- 
gate to the court at New Haven in 1643, and 
assistant justice there, and in the war between 
the Dutch and Indians (1643-6) had a principal 
command; in 1665 he was a delegate from 
Oyster Bay to the As.sembly at Hempstead, and 
was app. under-sheriff of the North Riding of 
Yorkshire ; in 1667 the Matinenoe Indians 
gave him 150 acres of land, now in possession 
of a descendant bearing his name. 

Underwood, Gen. Adin Ballou, b. 

Milford, Ms., 19 May, 1828. B.U. 1849. His 
ancestors Joseph and Thomas came to Hing- 
ham before 1637, and settled in Watertown. 
His father Orison was a brig.-gcn. of militia. 
His mother was Hannah Bond Cheney. Adm. 
(o the Wore. Co. bar in 1853; removed to 
Boston in 1855; capt. 2d Ms. Inf. Apr. 1861 ; 



lient.-col. and col. 3.3d Ms. Inf Sept. 1S62; in 
the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, 
and Gettysburg ; served under Hooker at Look- 
out Mountain, and dangerously wounded, and 
disabled from further hcld-duty ; l>rig.-gen. 6 
Nov. 1863 ; brev. maj.-gen. 1 Sept. 1865 ; since 
surveyor of customs, Boston. 

Underwood, Joseph Rogers, judge, 
and U.S. senator 1847-53, b. Goochland Co., 
Va, Oct. 24, 1791. U. of Lex., Ky., 1811. In 
1803 he was adopted by his maternal uncle in 
B;irrcn Co., Ky. ; educated at various schools 
in that State, and then read law with R. 
Wicliffe. At Dudley's defeat in 1813 he 
was a lieut. of vols., and was badly wounded 
and taken prisoner, but was lodged in a hos- 
pitable cabin near Cleveland until suiBcicntly 
recovered to return home. In the fall of 1813 
he settled at Glasgow, Ky. ; practised law there 
ten years, during which time he was trustee of 
the town, and county atty., and was member 
of the legisl. in 1816-19 ;' in 1823 he removed 
with bis family to Bowling Green ; and was a 
member of the Assembly in 1825-6 ; judge of 
the Court of Appeals 1 828-35 ; M.C. 1835-43. 
In 1846 he was again elected to the Ky. legisl., 
and was speaker of the house ; delegate to the 
Chicago conv. of 1864. — Lamnan. 

Updike, WiLKiss, lawyer and author, b. 
Kingston, R.I., Jan. 8, 1784'; d. there Jan. 14, 
1867. He served many years in the legisl.; 
pub. in 1842 " Memoirs of the R.I. Bar," and, 
in 1847, "History of the Episc. Church in 
Narraganset." 

Upfold, George, D.U. (Col. Coll. 1831), 
M.D. (Coll. Phys. and Surg. 1816), LL.U. 
Union Coll. 1814. Pr.-Epi>. bishop of Ind. ; 
consec.Dec. 16, 1849 ; b. nearGuilford, Snrrev, 
Eng., 1796; cniig. to the U.S. 1802 ; ord. 1818; 
rector of St. Luke's, N.Y. Citv, 1819-27 ; of 
St. Thomas's, 1827-30; of Trinitv, Pittsburg, 
18.30-49. Author of "The Last Hundred 
Years," 1845; "Manual of Private Devotions," 
1863 ; also occasional sermons, addresses, &c. 

Upham, Charles Wentworth, clergy- 
man and author, b. St. John, N.B., May 4, 
1802. ^H.U. 1^21. Son of Judge Joshua, acL-Ti**^' 15^^' 
loyalist of the Rcvol. (b. Brookfield, Ms., 14 / 
Nov. 1741; d. Lond. 1808; H.U. 1763), judge 
of the Sup. Court, and member of the council of 
N.Brunswick 1784-1807; he practised law in 
Boston and N.Y. City, and was at one time aide 
to Gen. Carleton. The son, originally a mer- 
chant's clerk, afterward taught school in various 
places. Dec. 8, 1824, ord. coll. of Rev. John 
Prince over the First Church, Salem, Ms.; 
and Dec. 8, 1844, relinquished the ministry on 
account of loss of voice. He has at diftcrcnt 
times edited the Christian Review (Unitarian) ; 
ed.the Christian Register in 1845-6; was mayor 
of Salem in 1852; in 1840, '49, '59, and 
'60, in the State legisl. ; in 1857 and '58, pres. 
of the State senate; M.C. 1853-5, and of the 
State Const. Conr. 1853. Author of " Letters 
on the Logos," 1828; "Lectures on Witch- 
craft," 1831 ; "Life of Sir H. Vane," 1835; 
" Life of J. C. Fremont," 1856; "Prophecy as 
an Evidence of Christianity," 1835; and "Sar 
lem Witchcraft," 2 vols. 8vo, 1 867. A frequent 
contrib. to leading reviews and other periodi- 
cals ; wrote Memoirs for " The National For- 



933 



TTRQ 



trait Gallery ; ' ' and is author of several orations, 
pamphlets, &c. 

Upham, Nathaniel Gookiv, LL.D. 
(Dartm. 1862), jurist, bro. of T. C. Upliara, 
b. Rochester, N.ll., 1801; d. Concord, N.II., 
Dec. II, 1869. Dartm. Coll. 1820. Son of 
Hon. Nathaniel, a prominent politician of N.H. 
(b. Deerfield, N.ll., 9 June, 1774; d. Roches- 
ter, N.H., 10 July, 1829; educated at PhilUps 
Exeter Acad.; M.C. 1817-23). He began to 
practise law at Bristol, N.H., but removed to 
Concord in 1829. A judge of the N.H. Su- 
premo Conrt in 1833-43 ; connected with the 
Concord Railroad in 1843-63 ; many years a 
pillar of the Democ. party in N.H.; and made 
by his warm friend President Pierce, in 1853, a 
commiss. to London to adjust claims pending 
between citizens of the two countries. He leil 
the Democ. party early in 1861, and gave an 
unqualified support to the govt.; in 1865-G 
member N.II. legislature. 

Upham, Rev. Tho.mas Cogswell, D.D. 
(Wesl. U. 1843), author, b. Deerfield, N.H., 
Jan. 30, 1799. Dartm. Coll. 1318; And. Sem. 
1821. Son of lion. Nathaniel. In 1821 he 
was Prof. Stuart's assist, as teacher of Hebrew 
at And. Theol. Sem., and translated Jahn's 
"Biblical ArchtEology." In 1823-4 he was col- 
league pastor of the Cong, church in Roches- 
ter, N.H. ; prof, mental philosophy and ethics, 
and also instructor in Hebrew, at Bowd. Coll., 
from Feb. 1825 to July, 1 867. Resides Kcnne- 
bnnkport, Me. Author of " Elements of Jlcn- 
tal Philos.," 1839; "Treatise on tlie Will," 
1850; " Outlines of Imperfect and Disordered 
Mental Action," t843 ; "Principles of Interior 
or Hidden Lifc." In 1855 ho pub. 2 vols, en- 
titled "Life and Religious Experiences and 
Opinions of Madame de la Mothe Guyon, 
and Fe'nelon, Archbishop of Cambray ; " "l!a- 
tio Disciplirue," 1829_; "Treatise on Divine 
Union," 1851; "Religious Maxims," 1S54; 
"Manual of Peace," 1836; "American Cot- 
tage Life," 1852; "Letters from Europe, 
Egypt, and Palestine," 1 857 ; an Essav on a 
Congress of Nations, 1840; "The Life of 
Faith," 1856; "Life of Catharine Adorna," 
1856 ; " A Method of Prayer," 1859. 

Upham, Col. Timothy, b. Deerfield, 
N.II., 1783 ; d. Charlcstown, Ms., Nov. 2, 1S55. 
Son of Rev. Timothy, Cong, pastor of Deer- 
field from Dec. 9, 1772, to his d. 21 Feb. 181 1 
(b. Maiden, Ms., 20 Dec. 1748; H.U. 1763). 
He pub. some occas. sermons. His son com- 
menced mercantile life in Portsmouth, N.ll., 
'in 1807; March 12, 1812, he was app. major 
11th U.S. Inf. ; was soon after placed in com. 
of the forts and harbor of Portsmouth ; joined 
the army at Plattsburg in Sept. ; was promoted 
(12 Mar. 1813) to lieut.-col. in the famous 21st 
Rcgt., Col. Miller; and at the sortie from Fort 
Erie he com. the reserve ; collector of Ports- 
mouth 1816-29; maj.-gen. of the State miUiia; 
and was navy agent 1841-5. 

Upshur, Aeel Pabker, jurist and states- 
man, b. Northampton Co., Va., June 17, 1790; 
killed Feb. 28, 1844, by the bursting of a gun 
on board the U.S. steamer "Princeton," in the 
Potomac. N.J. Coll. 1807. He studied law 
in the office of William Wirt, in Richmond, 
and practised his profession there from 1810 to 



1 824. After representing his n.ativo Co. in the 
State legisl., in 1826 he was app. a judge in 
the Gen. Court of Va. ; in 1829 was a memlicr 
of the State Const. Conv. ; again sat on the 
bench of the Gen. Court until 1841, when he 
became sec. of the navy, and in 1843 ses. of 
State. A contrib. to the pjriodieal press, and 
author of " An Inquiry into the Nature and 
Character of our Federal Govt.," and also a 
number of essays, reviews, addresses, &c. 

Upton, Emory, brev. maj.-gen. U.S.A., b. . 

N.Y. West Point, 1861. 1st lieut. 5th Art. .^;. v^ 5*^.?-, 
14 May, 1861 ; col. 121st N.Y. Vols. 23 Oct. o^^A. ■ 
1862; brig.-gen. vols. 12 May, 1864; capt. 5th 
Art. 22 Feb. 1865 ; lieut.-col. 25th Inf. 28 July, 
1866; assigned to 1st Art. 15 Dee. 1S70; aide 
to Gen. Tyler, and wounded at Bull Run 21 
July ; com. battery, and in the battles of the 
Peninsular campaign ; engaged at South 
Mountain,, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- 
cellorsville, and Gettysburg ; com. brigade ia 
6th corps, and brev. maj. 8 Nov. 1863 for 
Rappahannock Station, Va. ; engaged in bat- 
tles of the Wilderness ; brev. lieut.-col. 10 May, 
1864, for Spottsylvania, where he was wound- 
ed ; in battle of Cold Harbor, siege of Peters- 
burg, Shenandoah campaign ; wounded, and 
brev. col. 19 Sept. 1864 for'b.ittle of Winches- 
ter; com. 4th cav. division in Gen. WiIson'« 
operations in Ala. and Ga. Mar.-M.ay, 1 865 ; 
and brov. brig, and niaj. gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 
1865 for the capture of Selma, Ala., and for 
merit, sci-vices during the Rebellion. Author 
of " Infantry Tactics" for the U.S. army and 
militia, adopted 1 Aug. 1867. — CuHum. 

Uring, Capt. Nathaniel, author of " Re- 
lation of the late Intended Settlement of St. 
Lucia and St. Vincent," 8vo, 1725. Ills 
Voyages and Travels, 1726 and 1749, contain 
a curious account of his visit to New England 
in 1709. 

Urquiza (oor-kee'-sa), Jdste Jose de, 
Argentine statesman, b. in the State of Entre 
Rios, 1800; assassinated May 14, 1870. He 
was of mixed Spanish and Indian blood. Dur- 
ing the war in La Plata, he attached himself to 
the party of Rosas, and became gen. of divis- 
ion ; in 1840 ho com. the army sent against 
Uruguay; and completely detoated Ribera, 
Mar. 28, 1S45, in the battle of India Muerto, 
receiving in reward the governorship of Entre 
Rios. When, in 1851, Rosas pretended to lay 
down the supreme power, Urquiza took him 
at his word, and a war was the consequence. 
Allying himself with Brazil, Paraguay, and 
Urugnay, he collected an army of 30,000 men ; 
crossed the Parana in Jan. 1852 ; routed Rosas 
at Santos Lugares, Feb. 3 ; and hy a, coup d'etat 
made himself provis. dictator of the Ai-gentine 
Repub. He called a new congress at Santj, 
Fe' in Aug. to settle the troubles of the coun- 
try. A revol. springing up in Buenos Ayres, 
he besieged the city of that name, but was 
finally forced to retire. In March, 1854, he 
was elected for 6 years pres. of the 13 other 
States composing the union, and employed his 
power in an enlightened manner, re-establish- 
mg commerce and navigation, and declaring 
the Parana, the Paraguay, and the Plata fn-e 
to foreign powers. The war against Buenos 
Ayres was continued. In 1859 he arbitrated 



TTSH 



934 



between the TJ.S. and Paraguay on occasion 
of the La Plata naval exped. After retiring 
from the dictatorship, he was again app. gen.- 
iu-ciiicf, and once more attempted the reduc- 
tion of Buenos Ayres, but was defeated by 
Gon. Mitre, and became in 1862 gov. of Entre 
Uios. 

Usher, John, lieut.-gov. of N.H. 1692-7 
and 1702, b. Boston, Apr. 27, 1643; d. Med- 
ford. Ma., Sept. 1, 1726. Sou of llezekiah, of 
Cambridge 1639, of Boston 1746. He was a 
bookseller and stationer in Boston ; a col., coun- 
sellor, and treasurer of Ms. : and rendered im- 



Allcn, whose claims in N.H. ho supported. 

Usher, John P., lawyer, b. New York. 
Removed early in life to Indiana; practised 
law ; became a member of the legisl. ; was a 
Bhort time atty.-gen. of the State ; first assist, 
see. of the interior 1862; sec. from Jan. 1863 
till the spring of 18G5. Has since been atty. 
for the Uuion Pacific Railroad Co., eastern 
division. 

Vaill, Joseph, Cong, minister of Had- 
lyme, Ct., from Feb. 0, 1780, to his d. at Kil- 
lingworth, Ct., Nov. 21, 1838; b. Litchfield, 
Ct., July 3, 1750. Dartm. Coll. 1778. He 
)*ili. in 1 796 " Noah's Flood," a poem of about 
550 lines. His Memoirs, by llev. Isaac Par- 
sons, were pub. in a vol. of 236 pages. 

Valdivia de (da viil-dec'-vca), Don Pe- 
dro, one of the Spimish conquerors of Peru in 
1532, b. ab. 1510; d. 1559. About 1540, un- • 
der the orders of Pizarro, he invaded Chili 
with a small force, founded Santiago, and 
gained victories over the natives. Returning 
to Peru about 1547, he fought under Garca 
against Gonzalez Pizarro. Ho was captured 
by tlie Araucanians, who put him to death. 

Valentine, David Thomas, historian, b. 
E. Chester, N.Y., Sept. 15, 1801 ; d. N.Y. City, 
Feb. 25, 1869. He received an academical edu- 
cation at White Plains ; became clerk of the 
Marine Court in 1 821 ; and in 1 837-63 was clerk 
of the common council of New York. From 
1842 to 1868 ho pub., yearly, "Manual of the 
Common Council," making 25 vols, of instruc- 
tive and entertaining matter pertaining to t]je 
city of New York. Ho also pub. a " History 
of New York," 8vo, 1853. 

Vallandigham (va-lan'-de-gam), Clem- 
EMT C, politician, b. New Lisbon, 0., 1822; 
d. Lebanon, O., 17 June, 1871, by the acciden- 
tal discharge of a pistol. Of Huguenot an- 
cestry. He received a good education ; spent a 
year at Jeif. Coll., O. ; was 2 years principal of 
an aead. at Snow Hill, Md. ; adm. to the Ohio 
bar ia 1842; member of the State legisl. in 
1 845-6 ; editor of the Dayton Inquirer 1847-9 ; 
■ member of the Cincinnati conv. in 1856; M.C. 
1857-63; delejate to the Chicago conv. of 
1864. Banished in 1863 for his hostility to tho 
govt., and went to Canada. In 1863 he was 
Demoe. candidate for gov. of Ohio, and was 
defeated. 

Van Aarsdale, Elias, LL.D., an emi- 
nent lawver, 33 years pres. of the State Bank ; 
d. Newark, N.J., 19 March, 1846, a. 75. 

Van Berckel, Peter I., minister from 
Holland ; d. Newark, N. J., 17 Dec. 1800, a. 76. 



Van Brunt, Gershom J., commo. F.S.N., 
b. N.J. 1800; d. Dedham, Ms., Dec. 17, 1863. 
He entered the navy, Nov. 3, 1818; app. licut. 
Mar. 3, 1827; com. May 29, 1846; capt. Sept. 
14, 1855; commo. July 16, 1862. He com. 
" The Minnesota ; " took an active part iu the 
reduction of the Hatteras forts, and in tho 
blockading service at Hampton Roads. 

Van Buren, Johx, lawyer and politician, 
b. Hudson, N.Y., Feb. 18, ISIO; d. on the pas- 
sage between Liverpool and N. York, Oct. 13, 
1866. Y.C. 1828. Second son of Pres. Van 
Buren. Studied law with B. F. Butler of Al- 
bany, and adm. to the bar in 1830. He at- 
tended his father at the court of St. James in 
1831 ; in 1845-6 was atty.-gen. of New York; 
and in 1 848 acted with the Free-Soil party, ably 
advocating the exclusion of slavery from tho 
Federal Territories. During the later years of 
his life, however, he acted with the Democ. par- 
ty. In May, 1866, he left N. York, and made 
an extensive European tour. He wns an elo- 
quent speaker, an able lawyer, and possessed 
fine .social qualities. 

Van Buren, Martin, 8th president of tho 
U.S., b. Kinderhook, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1782; d. 
there July 24, 1 862. His father was a farmer, 
and he was educated at the village academy. 
Adm. to the bar in 1 803, he became surrogate 
of Columbia Co. in 1 803 ; a member of the sen- 
ate in 1812 ; an earnest advocate of the war of 
1812-15; att)r.-gen. of the State in 1815; again 
in the senate in 1816 ; and became the ruling 
spirit of the coterie of Democrats who controlled 
the State for over 20 years. He was removed 
from the office of atty.-gen. in 181 9 ; wiis a mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv. in 1821; U.S. sen- 
ator 1821-8 ; chosen gov. of N. York in 1823 ; 
from Mar. 1829 to Apr. 7, 1831, sec. of state to 
Pres. Jackson ; app. minister to Eng. in 1831, 
but rejected by thesenate; vice-prcs. in 1833- 
7; and chosen pres. in 1837, but in 1841 wis 
defeated by Gen. Harrison, who had 234 elec- 
toral votes, while Van Buren received but 60. 
In 1844 his renomiuation by his party was 
rejected on account of his opposition to the aft- 
nexation of Texas ; in 1 848 he was the candi- 
date of the antislavery party. With the excep- 
tion of a European tour in 1S53-5, he afterward 
remained in private life. On the outbreak of 
the civil war, Mr. Van Buren declared himself 
decidedly and w.armly in favor of maintaining 
the republic in its integrity. Iu 1820 ho op- 
posed the admission of Mo. as a slave State. 
In the Const. Conv. he advocated an extension 
of the electoral franchises, hut opposed univer- 
sal suffrage, and also the election of justices of 
the peace. As gov., he proposed the safety- 
fund banking system. At the period of his 
accession to the presidency the country was in- 
volved in a crisis of unprecedented severity, 
and 2 months later the banks suspended specie 
payment. To meet this state of things, an ex- 
traordinary session of Congress was convened 
in Sept., to which he proposed various measures 
of relief. The principal measures of his admin- 
istration were the establishment of the indcp. 
treasury, and the pre-emption law, giving set- 
tlers on public lands the right to buy them in 
preference to other peraons. Notwithstandina 
Ml'. Van Buren was the subject of much parti 



935 



san denunciation, all parties have bomo testi- 
mony to his admirable personal qualities. He 
m. a Miss Hoes ab. 1804, and had several sons. 
Author of an "Inquiry into the Origin and 
Course of Political Parties in the U.S.," edited 
by his sons, 8vo, IS67. — See his Life l,y W. 
Holland, 1836; D. Croclcctt, 1836; jl/. Dawson, 
1840; W. L. Mackenzie, Butler, and Uoj/l, 2 
vols. 8vo, 1846. 

Vance, Joseph, gov. of Ohio 1836-8, b. 
Washington Co., Pa., Mar. 21, 1786; d. near 
Urbaua, 0., Aug. 24, 1852. His father, Joseph 
Colville, served through the Revol. in Morgan's 
ritiu regt. ; afterwards settled in Ky. ; and in 
1 805 was one of the first two settlers of Urba- 
na, O. Joseph followed mercantile pursuits 
with success; was a member of the Oliio legisl. 
in 1812-16; M.C. 1821-35, and again 1843-7, 
serving as chairman of the com. on claims ; 
State senator 1839-41 ; and rose to the rank 
of maj.-gen. of mililia. Gov. V. was an en- 
thusiastic farmer and stock-raiser. Delegate 
to the Whig Nat. Conv. at Phila. in 1848, and 
to the State Const. Conv. of 1820. — .1. T. 
Goodman. 

Vance, ZEBntON B., gov. of N.C. 1861-5 
(under the Confederacy), b. Buncombe Co., 
N.C, Mav 13, 1830. He spent a year at the 
U. of N.'C. ; was adm. to the bar in 1853; 
member of the legisl. 1854-8; M.C. 1858-61; 
chosen U.S. senator in 1870. 

Van Cleve, Gen. Hokatio Phillips, b. 
Princeton, N. J., Nov. 23, 1809. West Point, 
1831. He studied at N. J. Coll. ; and was a 2d 
lieut. 5th Inf., resigning in 1836. Removing 
to Mich., ho employed himself in agriculture 
and civil engineering. He was a farmer in 
Minnesota in 1856-61 ; and July 22, 1861, was 
made col. of the 2d Minn. Vols. He com. this 
regt. at the battle of Mill Spring, Jan. 1 9, 1 862 ; 
for his conduct on this' occasion was made a 
brig.-gen. March 21, 1862; com. a brigade in 
Crittenden's division, before Corinth, through 
Northern Ala. ; and at Louisville took com. of 
the division on riliinnl- n', irnniotion (Oct. I, 
1862); joining i; ; i I ' , lie took part 

in the battle ot " '.: v. here he was 

wounded, having ini :'■; -ii :iii-. sen-ice; en- 
gaged at Ringgold, Ga., anil Gordon's jNIills 1 1- 
13 Sept. 1863 ; in battle of Chickamauga 19-20 
Sept. 18G3 ; and in com. of Murfreesborough, 
Tcnn., 1863-5 ; adj.-gen. State of Minn, since 
Jan. 1866. — t'»//HHi. 

Van Cortlandt, Gen. Philip, a patriot 
of the Revol., b. New York, Sept. 1, 1749 ; d. 
Nov. 5, 1831. Son of Pierre. He became a 
land-surveyor at the age of 19; but, when the 
Revol. broke out, he joined the patriot army as 
a lieut.-col. In 1776 he was app. col. 2d N.Y. 
Regt. ; served at the battle of Stillwater, also 
against the frontier Indians in 1778; in 1780 
com. a regt. of militia under Lafayette, and for 
his gallant conduct at Yorktown v.as promoted 
to brig.-gen. Member of the N.Y. Assembly 
1 788-90 ; of the State Conv. which adopted the 
U. S. Constitution in 1788; senator 1791-4; 
and M.C. 1793-1809. Gen. Van Cortlandt ac- 
comp. Lafayette in his tour through the U.S. 
in 1824. His dan. Gertrude m. Admiral Sir 
Edward Duller, and d. 3 Oct. 1849. 

Van Cortlandt, Piebre, lieut.-gov. of 



N.Y. 1777-95; d. Cortland, N.Y,, 1 May, 1814, 
a. 94. Bro. of the preceding. Member 1st 
Prov. Congress, also of the com. which framed 
the constitution of N.Y. The Van Cortlandt 
family, originally noble in Holland, was estab- 
lished in America by Rt, Hon, Oliver Stephen, 
who in 1629 accomp, the Dutch gov. to N.Y, 
as secretary. 

Vancouver, Geokge, navigator and ex- 
plorer of the north-west coast of America ; b. 
ab. 1757 ; d. May 10, 1798. Entering the navy 
in 1771, he accomp. Cook in his two last voy- 
ages, and in the latter part of 1780 was app. 
a lieut, ; in 1790 he was made master and com, 
of " The Discovery," in which ship he was sent 
out to ascertain if there existed in North Amer- 
ica, between the 30th and 60th degrees of n. 
lat., an interior sea or any canals of communi- 
cation between the known gnlf's of the Atlantic 
and the great sea. He sailed from Eng. Apr. 
1, 1791 ; and, after an examination of the 
Sandwich Islands, crossed in March, 1792, to 
the American coast, where he received the sur- 
render of Nootka from the Spaniards, and 
spent the summers of 1792, '93, and '94 in sur- 
veying the coast as far N. as Cook's Inlet, win- 
tering in the Sandwich Islands. He consid- 
ered his explorations to have settled the ques- 
tion of a north-west passage in the negative. 
Vancouver's Island was named by him. On 
his return, he surveyed most of the W. coast 
of S. America from the Island of Chiloe, visit- 
ing the chief Sj mi-Ii =-f:.m n' , lie was 
made a post. M- •. i:m ' ' i:i Lond. 

inNov. 1795 i:i :: ! i :lilVom 

theefi'ectsof 111, i">;i:'^, iiiii .I-im,,., Iiiniself 
to the arrangenicTit ot his numiistrijits lor pub- 
lication until within a short time of his death. 
His Voyages, edited by his bro., was printed 
at the expense of govt. (4to, Lond, 1798), and 
was shortly after translated into French, Ger- 
man, and Swedish, 

Vandenhoff, Geokge, actor and reader, 
son of John M., a celeb, actor, b, Eng. ab. 
1820. Made his d^but Oct. 14, 1839, at Cov- 
ent Garden, London, as Leon, in " Rule a 
Wife, and Have a Wife." Left the Eng. stage 
Aug. 1, 1842, as Hamlet; app. at the Park 
Theatre, N.Y., Sept. 21, 1842, as Hamlet ; took 
'farewell of the stage in Nov. 1856 ; was adm. 
to the bar in Nov. 1858; and has latterly given 
public readings. Author of a " Plain System 
of Elocution ; " " Leaves from an Actor's "Notc- 
Book," &c,, 1860 ; " Dramatic Reminiscences," 
&c., 1859; " Clerical Assistant, an Elocution- 
ary Guide," 1862 ; "A Lady's Reader," 1862, 

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, a wealthy and 
enterprising citizen of N,Y,, b. Statcn Island, 
N.Y., May 1794. Originally poor, he began 
business as master of a small sail-boat ; became 
eapt. of a steamboat in 1817 ; built many steam- 
boats and steamships of improved construction, )k,^ 
and in 1851 established a line from N. Y. to ^> 
California by way of Nicaragua. In 1862 he 
gavr to tip r S 1 (i\ t. his new steamer " The 
Vaii<: ■ : 'i cost $800,000, and for 

will' !: I _ r.l a resolution of thanks. 

Hi/ II"". ii I, I'l- . Ill f control of the N.Y. Cen- 
tral and the lliirlem Railroads. " His enter- 
prise, genius, and success are known and felt 
the world over." 



-VAN 



jyn, JoH 
ton, Ulster Co., N.Y., Oct. 1776; d 
Sept. 1852. Evincing aptitude for painting, 
he went at 16 to N.Y. City, where lie received 
instruction from Gilbert Stuart; went to Paris 
in 1796 tlirough the aid of Aaron Burr, stud- 
ied there 5 years, and again resided in Europe 
in 180.3-1.5. His picture of " Marius seated 
amid the Ruins of Carthage " won the gold 
medal at the Louvre in 1808, and a high com- 
pliment from Napoleon. While in Italy, he 
made many copies of the old masters, especially 
Ariadne, the Danae and the Antiope of 
Correggio, and a female figure from the trans- 
figuration of Raphael. After his second return 
to America, he painted portraits of Madison, 
Monroe, Clinton, Calhoun, and many other 
disting. men. He introduced panoramic exhi- 
bitions into the U.S., but was pecuniarily un- 
successful. In 1832 he was commissioned to 
paint a full-length of Washington for the hall 
of the house of representatives; and in 1839 
painted the "Landing of Columbus" for the 
rotunda of the capitol. Another of his pictures 
was " The Murder of Miss McCrea." His last 
was a full-length of Pres. Taylor. 

Van Derveer, Gen. Ferdinand, b. But- 
ler Co., O., i-eb. 27, 1823. Farmers Coll., 0. 
Rose from a private to capt. 1st Ohio Regt. in 
the Mexican war, and at Monterey headed one 
of the assaulting columns. He afterwards 
practised law, and was sheriff of Butler Co. 
Col. 35th O. Regt. 1861-2; succeeded to the 
com. of McCook's brigade in Sept. 1862, and 
led it until made brig.-gcn. in the fall of 1864, 
and assigned to the 4th corps. He was in the 
battle of Mill Spring, and was highly disting. 
at Chickamaiiga and Mission. Ridge. — Reid's 
Ohio i,i the War. 

Van de Velde, James Oliver, D.D., 
R.C. bishop of Natcliez, b. Belgium, 1792; d. 
Natchez, Mpi., Nov. 13, 1855. Uniting him- 
self early with the Jesuits, he was sent when 
quite young to America. For some years he 
was pres. of the R.C. Coll. of St. Louis ; was 
conscc. bishop of Chicago in 1848; and was 
transferred to Natchez, July 29, 1833. 

Van Dorn, Gen. Earl, b. Mpi. 1821 ; d. 
Spring Hill, Tenn., May 8, 1863. West Point, 
1842. Aide-de-camp to Gen. P. F. Smith 
1847-9; brev. capt. and major for gallantry 
at Cerro Gordo and at Contreras and Churu- 
busco ; disting. at Chapultepec ; wounded at 
the capture of Mexico City, Sept. 13, 1847; 
capt. 2d Cav. 3 Mar. 1853; disting. in several 
conflicts with the Comanches in Texas, in one 
of which, 1 Oct. 1838, he was 4 times wounded 
(twice dangerously); major 2d Cav. 28 June, 
1860. Long known in the army as zealously 
devoted to the interests of the slaveholding 
States, he was among the first to resign his 
commission (Jan. 31, 1861) ; became a col. in 
the Confcd. service ; took com. of a body of 
Texas vols. ; April 20 captured the valuable 
steamer " Star of the West " at Indianola ; 
Apr. 24, at the head of 800 men at Salaria, he 
received the surrender of Maj. C. C. Sibley 
and 7 companies of U.S. inf. ; and May 9, of 
LIcut.-Col. Reeve, and 6 companies 8ih Inf. 
Made brig.-gen., and soon after maj.-gen., he 
took com. of the Trans-Mpi. dist. Jan. 29, 1862 ; 



was defeated at the battle of Pea Ridge, Mar. 
6, 7, and 8 ; was superseded by Gen. Holmes ; 
joined the army in Mpi. ; com. and was defeat- 
ed at the battle of Corinth, Oct. 3, 4 ; and was 
superseded by Gen. Peniberton. Defeated at 
Franklin, Tenn., Apr. 10, 1863, by Gen. Gor- 
don Granger. He was shot by Dr. Peters, 
whose family he had injured. 

Van Dyke, Nicholas, pres. of Delaware, 
and member Cont. Congress 1777-82; d. St. 
George's Hundred, Del., 19 Feb. 1789, a. 50. 
His son Nicholas (M.C. 1807-U ; U.S. sena- 
tor 1817-26) d. Newcastle, Del., May, 1826. 
N.J. Coll. 1788. 

Vane, Sir Henry, statesman, b. Hadlow, 
Kent, Eng., 1C12; executed on Tower Hill, 
London, June 14, 1662. Son of Sir Henry, 
sec. of state, and treas. of the royal house- 
hold under James I. and Charles I. Educated 
at Westminster and Oxford, he became so far 
alienated from the Church of England, that he 
refused to take the oath of allegiance, and re- 
turned from a residence at Geneva a Repub. 
and a Puritan. Resolving to join the Puritan 
Colony of Ms., he reached Boston Oct. 3, 
1635 ; was enthusiastically received ; and in 
1636, at the age of 24, was chosen gov. A 
bitter religious controversy sprang up during 
his term of oflice. Vane was probably the 
first who laid down with precision the inviola- 
ble rights of conscience and the exemption of 
religion from all civil authority. He had a 
horror of all forms of bigotry, and had no sym- 
pathy with the attacks of the clergy on Mrs. 
Hutchinson. A strong opposition, under the 
lead of Winthrop, was organized against liini, 
and he was at the next election defeated. The 
people of Boston, however, immediately chose 
him their representative to the General Court. 
He sailed for England, Aug. 3, 1637; was 
elected to parliament, and was, with Sir Wm. 
Russell, made joint treasurer of the navy, and 
also knighted in 1640. In the long parliament, 
of which he was a member, he was instrument- 
al in the conviction of Strafibrd, and a zealous 
opponent of the royalists; was the prime mover 
of the Solemn League and Covenant ; was 
upon all the commissions empowered to treat 
with the king during thenar; and in 1648 led 
the minority of parliament which favored the 
rejection of the terms of settlement oft'ered by 
the king. Not approving of Cromwell's 
"purge" of the parliament, he withdrew to 
private life, imlil, In Feb. 1649, he became a 
member of the council of state, which was in- 
trusted with the exec. govt, of ihe nation. He 
had almost exclusive direction of the navy and 
the conduct of foreign wars; and was at the 
head of a com. which reported a bill for jiarlia- 
mentary reform. It was at this time that Mil- 
ton wrote in his praise one of his finest sonnets. 
The forcible dissolution of the long parliament 
in April, 1653, brought Vane and Cromwell 
into open conflict; and Vane's opposition was 
carried to such a length, that he was for a short 
time confined In Carisbrooke Castle. In the 
parliament of 1659 he was the leader of the 
Repub. party. Committed to the Tower after 
the restoration, he was one of the 20 exee])ted 
from the act of oblivion and pardon. His 
bearing at the place of execution was dignified 



VAN 



937 



and manly. He was a leader of the Independ- 
ents. His services to New England were im- 
portant. It was in great measure throuKh his 
influence that the charter for the R.I. Colony 
was procured, and Roger Williams declared 
that his name ought ever to be held in honored 
remembrance by her people. He was, s-iys 
Forster, " one of the greatest and purest men 
that ever walked the earth." His Life, by C. 
W. Upham, is in Sparks's "American Biogra- 
phy," iv. The present duke of Cleveland, in 
whose veins the blood of Charles II. also flows, 
is his lineal descendant. 

Van Ness, Cornelius Peter, LL.D. 
(U. of Vt. 1823), jurist and diplomatist, b. Vt. 
Jan. 26, 1782; d. Phila. Dec. 15, 1852. Edu- 
cated for the law, he practised with great suc- 
cess at Burlington, Vt. ; was U.S. atty. 1809- 
13; representative 1818-21; a commiss. to 
settle our national boundaries under the treaty 
of Ghent 1817-21 ; collector of the port of Bur- 
lington 1815-18; chief justice of the State 
1821-3 ; gov. 1823-6 ; minister to Spain 1829- 
39 ; collector of the port of New York 1844-5. 

Van Ness, William W., jurist, b. Clav- 
enack, N.Y., 1776 ; d. Charleston, S. C, Feb. 
27, 1823. Adm. to the bar in 1797. He prac- 
tised in his native town and in Hudson. Mem- 
ber of the Assembly in 1804-6 ; judge N.Y. 
Sup. Court 1807-22; member State Const. 
Conv. 1823. 

Van Rensselaer (van rSn'sel-ler), Cort- 
land, D.D. (U. of N.Y. 1845), a son of Stephen, 
b. Albany, May 25, 1808 ; d. Burlington, N. J., 
July 25, 1860. Y.C. 1827. Adm. to the N.Y. 
bar in 1830; studied at the Theol. Sem. in 
Princeton; was ord. in 1835, and preached in 
Va. In 1837 he became pastor of the 1st 
Presb. Church, Burlington, N. J. As agent 
for the Coll. of N. J., he raised 8100,000 for its 
endowment. He founded the Presb. Maijazine^ 
and contributed largely to its pages. A vol. 
of his Ess:iys and Discourses, Hist, and Prac- 
tical, ed. by'hisson, was pub. 8vo, Phila. 1861. 

Van Rensselaer, Col. Henry, insp.- 

gen. U.S.A., b. N. York 1810 ; d. Cincinnati, 
March 23, 1864. West Point, 1831 ; res. from 
5th Inf. Jan. 27, 1832. Son of Stephen. M.C. 
from N.Y. 1841-3. App., on the breaking-out 
of the Rebellion, chief of staff to Gen. Scott, 
with rank of brig.-gen.; and, on Scott's retire- 
ment, was made insp.-gcn., with rank of colonel. 
Van Rensselaer, Gen. Henry Kil- 
LiAS, b. near Albany, 1744; d. Grcenbush, 
N.Y., Sept. 9, 1816. He com. a N.Y. rcgt. in 
the Revol. war ; was wounded at the capture of 



force near Fort Anne. He made a brave re- 
sistance, but, learning of the abandonment of 
Ticonderoga, he withdrew. In this affair he 
was severely wounded in the thigh. 

Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, Revol. pa- 
triot, b. 1741 ; d. Albanv, Feb. 22, 1810. N.J. 
Coll. 1753. Lieut.-gov.'of N.Y. 1801-3; M.C. 
1789-91. 

Van Rensselaer, Gen. Solomon, b. 
Rensselaer Co., N.Y., Aug. 6, 1774; d. Al- 
bany, April 23, 1852. Son of Gen. Henry 
Kill'ian. He entered the service March 14, 
1792, as a cornet of cavalry, and as capt. was 



severely wounded through the lungs in the 
battle of Miami ; fought under Gen. Wayne, 
Aug. 20, 1794 ; in 1801-10 and in 1813 he 
served as adj. -gen. of N.Y. militia ; in the as- 
sault upon Queenstown Heights, Oct. 13, 1812, 
being then lieut.-col. of N.Y. Vols., he performed 
a conspicuous and gallant part, and received 
fourwounds. M.C. 1819-22; postmaster at Al- 
bany 1822-39. In 1836 he pub. a " Narrative 
of the Affair at Queenstown." 

Van Rensselaer, Stephen, LL.D. (Y. 

C. 1825), " the patroon," b. New York, Nov. 
1,1764; d. Albany, Jan. 26, 1839. H.U. 1782. 
He was the 5th in lineal descent from Kiliaen 
Van R., the original patroon, or proprietor, of 
a tract of land which in 1637 was 2ff miles in 
breadth by 48 in length, extending over the 



ip Livingston. In 1783 he m. a dau. of Gen. 
Philip Schuyler. Member of the Assembly in 
1789, of the State senate in 1790-5; lieut.-gov. 
1795-1801; member of the Const. Conv. of 
1801 , and most of the time its presiding oflaeer ; 
in 1810-11 one of the commiss. for exploring 
the route and considering the feasibility of a 
western canal; from 1816 till his death was 
one of- the canal commiss., and for 15 years 
pres. of the board. In 1801 he com. the State 
cavalry, with the rank of gen. ; was in com. 
of the N.Y. militia on the breaking-out of the 
war of 1 81 2. and assaul ted and took Queenstown, 
Canada, but was eventually defeated. He was 
again a member of the legist, in 1816; in 1819 
was elected a regent of the State U., and sub- 
sequently its chancellor; in 1820 pres. of the 
State agric. board; in 1821 a member of the 
Const. Conv.; and M.C. in 1823-9, where his 
vote caused the election of J. Q. Adams. Un- 
der his direction, and at his expense. Prof. 
Eaton made his geol. surveys of N.Y. in 1821- 
3. In Nov. 1824 he established at Troy a sci- 
entific school for the instruction of teachers, 
incorporated in 1826 as the Rensselaer Institute. 
Fully one-half of its current expenses were 
borne by him, and he continued to aid it till hia 
death. Author of "A Geol. and Agric. Sur- 
vey of the Dist. adjoining the Erie Canal," 8vo, 
1 824. — See a Discourse of the Life, Services, and 
Character of Van Rensselaer, hif Ij. D. Barnard, 
Van Santvoord, George, lawyer and 
author, b. Belleville, N. J., Dec. 8, 1819 ; killed 
at E. Albany, by being run over by a train of 
cars, March 6, 1863. Un. Coll." 1841. His 
father. Rev. Staats, was pastor of the Dutch 
Ref. Church at Belleville. He studied law at 
Kinderhook, removed to Indiana, but returned 
to K., and practised la»v from 1846 to 1852, 
when he went to Troy, N.Y. In 1852 and '56 
he was elected to the State Assembly, and in 
1859 became dist.-atty. of Rensselaer" Co. He 
pub. " Life of Algernon Sidney," 1851 ; 
" Lives of the Chief Justices of the U.S.," 8vo, 
1854 ; " Principles of Pleading in Civil Ac- 
tions under the N.Y. Code," Svo, 1852 and 
1855; "Precedents of Pleading," 1858; "Prac- 
tice in the Supreme Court of N.Y., in Equity 
Actions," 1860-2; and "The Indiana Jus- 
tice," 1845. He also wrote for the Oemoc. lie- 
view lives of leading French revolutionists, 
including Robespierre, Daiiton, and Carnat. 



■VAJ<r 



938 



v.a:r 



Van Schaack, Peter, LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1826), jurist and loyalist, b. Kinderliook, N.Y., 
Maich, 1747; tl. there Sept. 27, 1832. Col. 
Coll. 1768. He studied law; was adm. to 
practice in 1769; and in 1773 wasapp. to revise 
the statutes of N. Y. Being conscientiously 
opposed to engaging in civil war, he left this 
country at the close of 1778, arriving in Lon- 
don Jan. U, 1779; in 1785 he returned, and 
resumed his profession, devoting much of his 
time to giving instruction in the science of the 
law. In 1788 he pub. "Conductor Generalis, 
or the Duty and Authority of Justices, Sheriffs, 
Coroners, Constables, Jailers, Jurymen, and 
Overseers of the Poor," which he revised, and 
adapted to the U. S. ; " Laws of the Colony 
of N. Y. 1691-1773," 2 vols. fol. 1773. His 
Diarv, Journal, and Letters, edited by Henry 
C. Van Schaaik, were pub. in 1842. 

Van Schaick, Gen. Gozen, b. Albany, 
1737 ; d. July 4, 1789. His father was mayor 
of Albany in 1756-61. At the age of 19'he 
was app. lieut. in the exped. against Crown 
Point, in which the French and Indians were 
defeated at Sabbath-day Point; capt. May 31, 
1758. He took part in the expeds. against 
Forts Frontenac and Niagara ; major in Col. 
Johnson's N.Y. Regt. Mar. 7, 17.59 ; and Mar. 
20, 1762, lieut.-col. in the 1st N.Y. Regt. At 
the battle of Ticonderoga he received a severe 
blow on the cheek from the butt of a French 
musket, which led to a cancerous disease, of 
which lie finally died. On the hreaking-ont 
of the Revol. he was made col. 2d N.Y. Regt. ; 
Nov. 22, 1776, he was app. to the first N.Y. 
battalion ; and a few weeks later he was sent on 
nn exped. to Cherry Valley to protect the in- 
habitants against the incursions of Brandt, and 
was active and efficient during this and the 
subsequent campaign. At the battle of Mon- 
mouth he acted as brig.-gen. to Lord Stirling; 
in Apr. 1779 he was app. by Washington to 
head a select detachment, with which he de- 
stroyed the Onondaga settlements. Congress 
for this service gave him a vote of thanks. 
App. brig.-gcn. by brevet Oct. 10, 1783. He 
was a rigiil disciplinarian, his regt. being one 
of the best in the service ; and bis patriotism 
was freely shown in sacrificing his private for- 
tune to the public good. — Holgntc. 

Van Wart, Isaac, one of the captors of 
Andre', b. Greensburg, N.Y., 1746; d. Mount 
Pleasant, N.Y., May 23, 1828. 

Vargas, 'ose, iil.D., an eminent physician, 
and pres. of Venezuela, h. Venezuela 1786 ; d. 
New York, July 14, 1854. Educated at the U. 
of Caraccas and at Edinburgh. He visited 
England, France, and Spain ; practised his 
profession several years in the Island of Porto 
Rico with success, and became the most emi- 
nent surgeon in the W. Indies. Returning to 
Caraccas in his native country, he successfully 
exerted his influence with Bolivar to obtain for 
the university there a code of laws, and an en- 
dowment for its maintenance. He became 
prof of anatomy, of surgery, and also of chem- 
istry ; pub. his Lectures, which became text- 
books for the institution, of which he was 
subsequently made pres. or rector, and with 
which he was connected for upwards of 25 
years. He possessed the most valuable collec- 



tion of minerals and plants in Venezuela, the 
most extensive chemical laboratory, and ihe 
largest private library. Member of scientific 
institutions in both hemispheres. A leading 
member of the first congress of the republic, 
and was elected pres. in 1834; afterward sena- 
tor, and councillor of state. 

Variek, Col. Richard. Revol. soldier, b. 
Hackensack, N.J., March 25, 17.53; d. Jersey 
City, July 30, 1831. On the breaking-out of 
the Revol. war, he was a practising lawyer in 
N.Y. City. He entered the service as capt. in 
McDougall's regt. ; was military sec. to Gen. 
Schuyler, who then com. the northern army ; and 
was subsequently app. dep. muster-masteir-gcn., 
with the rank of lieut.-col. He remained with 
that army until after the capture of Burgoyne, 
in Oct. 1777, when he acted as insp.-gen. at 
West Point until after the discovery of Ar- 
nold's meditated treason. He then became a 
member of Washington's military family, and 
acted as rec. see. until near the close of the 
war. After the evacuation of the city by the 
British (Nov. 25, 1783), Col. Variek was app. 
recorder of the city of New York, which office 
he held till 1789, "when he took the oflSce of 
atty.-gen.of the State, and subsequently that of 
mayor, which he held until 1801; in'l786 he 
was app., with Samuel Jones, reviser of the 
State laws. The result of their labors was the 
volume which bears their name, issued in 1789. 
In 1787 he was speaker of the House of As- 
sembly. One of the founders of the American 
Bible Society, and, on the resignation of John 
Jay, was elected pres. In person he was tall 
(over six feet in height), and of imposing pres- 

Varnum, James Mitchell, brig.-gen. 
Revol. armv, and an eminent lawver, b. Dra- 
cut, Ms., 1749; d. Marietta, O., Jan. 10, 1789. 
R.I. Coll. 1769. Adm. to the bar, he settled 
at East Greenwich, where he rapidly acquired 
a lucrative practice. In 1774 he was made 
com. of the Kentish Guards, a company which 
gave to the Kevol. army Gen. Greene, Col. 
Crary, Major Whitmarsh, and some 30 other 
commissioned officers; app. col. 1st R.I. Regt. 
in Jan. 1775, he was soon after put on the 
cont. establishment; made a brig.-gen. Feb. 21, 
1777; and Nov. 1 was detached to Red Bank, 
where he com. all the American troops on the 
Jersey side of the Del. when the British took 
Phila'. It was imder his direction that Major 
Thayer made his gallant defence of Fort Mif- 
flin, for which Congress presented a sword to 
Col. Samuel Smith, who had relinquished the 
com. the day before the attack. In the follow- 
ing winter he was at Valley Forge ; and his 
Letters, quoted by Mr. Sparks, present vivid 
pictures of the sufl^rings of the army during 
that memorable period. He took part in the 
battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. In July, 
1778, he joined Sullivan in his exped. to R.I., 
serving under the immediate orders of Lafay- 
ette; but, resigning his commission in 1779, 
was soon after elected maj.-gen. of militia, 
which office he held till his death. In 1780-2 
and 1786-7 he was an active, eloquent, and in- 
fluential member of the Old Congress. App. 
a judge of the Supreme Court in the North-west 
Territory, he removed to Marietta in June, 



\. 



939 



VAXJ 



1788, and lield that ofiBco till he died. — Updike's 
R. I. Bar. 

Varnum, Gen. Joseph Bradley, soldier 
and statesman, bro. of the preceding, b Dra- 
cut, Ms., 1750; d. there Sept. 11, 1821. He 
sustained important offices in the Revol. array ; 
after which he was rep., senator, and council- 
lor of Ms.; M.C. in 1795-1811; speaker of the 
10th and Uth Congresses; and U.S. senator 
1811-17. He was a memberof theconv. which 
ratiticd the U.S. Constitution in 1787; a lead- 
ing member of other State conventions ; and 
at the time of his death was senior member of 
the senate, and the oldest maj.-gcn. in the 
State. He was an earnest advocate of the 
Federal Constitution, and a zealous supporter 
of Jefferson. 

Vassar, Mathew, founder of the Vassar 
Coll., b. Norfolk Co., Eng., Apr. 29, 1792; d. 
Poughkeepsie, June 23, 1868. His father came 
to the U.S. in 1796, settled in 1797 on a farm 
near Poughkeepsie, and earned on a brewery 
from 1801 to 1812. His son followed this 
business, and accumulated a large fortune. In 
Feb. 1861 he delivered to trustees incorporated 
for the purpose S408,0OO for the founding of 
a female college. After his death, it was found 
that the bequests he had made for its endow- 
ment, repair, and furnishing, increased the 
aggregate to over 8800,000. He did not pro- 
pose to make it a charity-school, but to offer 
the highest educational facilities to females at a 
moderate expense, and to admit as beneficiaries 
those who were unable to meet even this ex- 
pense. Its site is about one mile from Pough- 
keepsie, and contains about 200 acres. 

Vaudreuil (vO'-drul'), Philippe de Ri- 
CADD, Marquis de, gov. of Canada fiom 1703 
to his d., Quebec, Oct. 10, 1725. Son of the 
Marquis de V., who was killed at Luzara in 
1702. He entered young into the career of 
arms ; was distinguished at the siege of Valen- 
ciennes; was named in 1689 gov. of Montreal ; 
served under Frontenac in the great exped. 
against the Iroquois; in 1690 was engaged in 
the defence of Quebec against the attack of 
Admiral Phips ; three years afterward he sur- 
prised and defeated La Chaudiere Noir, the 
most teiTible and cunning of the Iroquois. 
He gave up the military for the naval service, 
and in 1702, before inheiiting his father's title, 
obtained a seigniory. De Vaudreuil gave the 
English Colonies incredible trouble by the long 
war he maintained against them by exciting 
the savages to perpetual inroads on their fron- 
tiers. After the accession of Louis XV., he 
effected numerous reforms in the Colony, the 
most important of wliich were the improve- 
ment of education and civilization. His son 
PiEBRE Francois, Marquis de Vaudreuil- 
Cavagnal, the last French gov. of Canada, and 
the best, b. Quebec, 1698, d. France, 1764. 
Entering the army, he became major in the 
marine corps. In 1733 he became gov. of 
Three Rivers, and in 1 743 of La. He succeed- 
ed to his father's title in 1748, and in 1755 was 
made gov. of New France. The jealousy, or 
rather contempt, with which Montcalm regard- 
ed him, tended to hasten the downfall of the 
French empire in America. After the sur- 
render of Jlontrcal, he returned to France, and 



was imprisoned in the Bastille on charges pre- 
ferred by the friends of Montcalm ; but a trial 
at fc chatelet tie Paris exonerated him from 
blame, and he was released, but stripped of 
nearly all his possessions. Another son, 
Pierre Franqois Rigaud, chev. de, b. Mon- 
treal, 8 Feb. 1704, was a brave soldier; cap- 
tured Fort Massachusetts ; defeated Col. Parker 
at Lake St. Sacrament ; and performed other 
important services. He was living at St. Ger- 
maine en laye in 1770. — Morgan. 

■Vaughan,BENjAMiN,LL.U (H.U. 1807), 

a man of learning and benevolence, b. in the 
Island of Jamaica, Apr. 19, 1751; d. Hallo- 
well, Me., Dec. 8, 1835. Samuel his father, 
who was a wealthy planter, removed to Lon- 
don; placed his son at the Univ. of Cam- 
bridge. After studying law at the Tem- 
ple, and medicine at the U. of Edinburgh, to 
which he devoted much of his attention during 
his subsequent life, he collected a valuable med- 
ical library, and, although he did not practice 
as a physician, exempUtied his benevolent char- 
acter by visiting his poor neighbors, and ad- 
ministering to their necessities gratuitously. 
Elected a member of parliament in 1792, he 
for several years zealously supported the Whigs. 
In 1796 he cmig. to Hallowell, Me., where he 
superintended a large farm, and employed him- 
self in the performance of acts of benevolence. 
A part of his fine library he gave to Bowdoin 
College. Author of " The Rural Socrates," 
8vo, 1800 ; and transl. of " Travels of a 
Philos.," from the French of Poin-e, 1797. 

Vaughan, Charles, bro. of Benj., b. 
Eng., 30 June, 1759; d. Hallowell, May 15, 
1839. Came to the U.S. ab. 1785. An active 
merchant, a man of great energy and enter- 
prise ; disting. for his knowledge and useful- 
ness, and particularly for his enterprise and 
successful exertions for improving the agricul- 
ture of Maine. 

Vaughan, Sir John, KB., a disting. 
British gen., b. 1738 ; d. Martinique, June 30, 
1795. Second son of the Earl of Lisbume. 
Was app. in 1746 a comet 10th Dragoons; 
served in the war in Germany and in the W. 
Indies, particularly at the taking of Martinico, 
where, as lieut.-eol., he greatly disting. himself; 
app. May 11, 1775, col. of the 40th Regt., 
which being ordered to America, he served as 
brig, and maj. gen. on the staff; and app. Jan. 
28, 1777, a maj.-gen. on the British establish- 
ment. He led the grenadiers to the attack of 
Brooklyn on Long Island ; at the landing on 
New York he was wounded in the thigh ; he 
com. at the storming of Fort Montgomery; 
and, for his intrepidity. Sir Henry Clinton, in 
his orders, gave it the name of Fort Vaughan. 
With Sir James Wallace, he sailed up the Hud- 
son in Oct. 1777 on a marauding expcd., and 
destroyed Kingston, or Esopus; Jn Slay, 1779, 
he cap'tured Stony Point and Vcrplancks on the 
Hudson; after the campaign of 1779, he re- 
turned to Eng., and was in Dee. app. com.-in- 
chief in the Leeward Islands ; Feb. 3, 1781, in 
conjunction with Rodney, he took St. Eusta- 
tius. In 1779 he was app. gov. of Fort Wil- 
liam ; was a lieut.-gen. and gov. of Berwick, 
and a representative for Benvick in parliament 
from 1774 till his death. 



V^TJ 



VKR 



Vaughan, Lieot.-Colonel William, b. 
Portsmouth, N.H., Sept. 12, 1703; d. Lend. 
Ucc.11,1746. Il.U. 1722. His father George, 
licut.-gov. of N.II. 1715-17, b. Apr. 1.3, 1676, 
d. Nov. 20, 1724. H.U. 1696. The son was 
largely concerned in fisheries, and had settled 
at Damariscotta. Conceiving the idea of the 
capture of Louisburg, he went to Boston to 
suggest an exped. against that place, and took 
part in its capture under Pepperell. At the 
head of a detachment, chiefly of N.H. troops, 
he marched in the night to the north-east part 
of the harbor, where they burned the ware- 
houses, and staved a large quantity of wine and 
brandy. The French were forced by the smoke 
to desert the grand battery, of which Vaughan 
next morning took possession, and bravely de- 
fended; and the city soon after fell. Overlooked 
in the distribution of ministerial rewards, he 
went to Eng. to assert his claims, and d. there. 

Vaughan, Sir William, LL.D. (Oxford, 
1605), poet and physician, b. Wales, 1577; d. 
ab. 1640. Ab. 1625 he took up his residence 
on land he had purchased in Newfoundland ; 
established a plantation, which he called Cam- 
briol ; and, to invite settlei-s from England, 
sent home and pub. in 1626 his " Golden 
Fleece," a quaint tract in prose and verse. In 
1640 he pub. "The Church Militant" in verse. 
"The Ncwlander's Cure," 1630, gives some 
account of his settlement at N., and other ex- 
periences. 

Vaux, KicHAED, son of Roberts, b. Phila. 
1817. Recorder of that city 1842-7; mayor 
1856-8. He has pub. remarks on the Writ 
of Habeas Corpus, 1 843 ; Reports of Cases 
while Recorder; 28 Annual Reports of the 
Insp. of the Penitentiary ; 3 Reports of Direct- 
ors of Girard Coll. ; "Hist, of the First Hose 
Co. of Phila. ; " "Biog. Notice of J. P. Wetli- 
erill," 1853; essays on penal science; be- 
sides addi-esses, lectures on social science, criti- 
cal and humorous essays, &c. — Hee Democ. 
Review, xxi. 167. 

Vaux, Roberts, philanthropist of Phila., 
b. Jan. 21, 1786; d. Jan. 7, 1836. His father, 
an eminent merchant, d. in 1790. Roberts was 
educated at Friends' Acad., being a member of 
that denomination, and early relinquished mer- 
cantile business to devote himself to active 
philanthropic labors. The subjects of educa- 
tion, amelioration of the penal code, prison dis- 
cipliiie, enlightened charities, and scientific 
investigations, constantly occupied his mind. 
14 years pres. of the board of controllers of the 
public schools of Phila. To him the peniten- 
tiary system of Pa., or the "separate system" 
of punishment for crime, owes much of its suc- 
cess. Many of the public institutions of Phila. 
are indebted to his exertions cither as origina- 
tor or advocate. His Memoirs of Lay, Bene- 
zet, and Sandiford, evince the terseness and 
purity of his style as an author. A short time 
previous to his death, he accepted the ollice of 
judge of the County Courts of Phila. — See 
All/ hone for list of puhlications. 

Veazey, Thomas W., gov. Md. 1836-8; 
member of the house of delegates and of the 
exec, council ; d. Cecil Co., Md., 30 June, 1842, 
a. 63. 

Vedder, Elihu, artist, b. N.Y. City, Feb. 



1836. After studying with Matteson, he vis- 
ited Europe, then opened a studio in N. York, 
and has for some years resided in Italy. He is 
the most individual and independent of our 
genre painters. — See his " Arab listening to the 
Sphinx," "Lair of the Sea-Serpent," and "St. 
Siniou Stylites on his Pillar." — Tmlcerman. 

Velasquez (va-liis'-keth), Diego, a Span- 
ish gen., who accomp. Columbus in his second 
voyage ; d. 1523. lie engaged in the conquest 
of St. Domingo, and founded in 1511 the city 
of Havana in Cuba. He sent out the exped. 
which discovered Yucatan and Mexico, and 
despatched Cortez to subdue the latter coun- 
try. Ab. 1 520 he sent a small army to Mexico, 
under Nai-vaez, against Cortez, w'ho defeated 
him, and took him prisoner. 

Venable, Abraham B., U. S. senator 
1803-4 ; perished in the conflagration of the 
theatre at Richmond, Va., Dec. 26, 1811, mth 



1791-9. 

Ver Bryek, Cornelius, artist, b. Yangh 
Paugh, N. J., Jan. 1, 1813; d. there May 31, 
1844. In 1835 he studied under Morse; visited 
Mobile in 1837, and Europe in 1839 ; and was 
aftenvard occupied ivith landscape and histori- 
cal pictures in New York. He visited Europe 
again in 1 843 to restore his health, but returned 
only to die. Among his pictures are the "Head 
of a Cavalier," " Charles the First in Van- 
dyke's Studio," and the study for " Stephen 
before the Council." — TucI.erman. 

Verendrye, Pierre Gauthiee de Va- 
EEXNE9, a Canadian iiir-tradcr, discoverer of 
the Rocky Mountains in 1731, b. France; d. 
Quebec, Dec. 6, 1749, just as he was about, by 
the king's desire, to resume his journey to the 
Pacific. The expense of this achievement 
(though it had been projected by M. de Beau- 
harnais) was home entirely by Verendrye, upon 
whom the king conferred the cross of St. Louis. 
He related to Kalin, the Swedish traveller, that 
he had discovered, 900 miles beyond Montreal, 
some massive pillars, each formed of a single 
block of stone, one of which was surmounted 
by a small block only a foot high and a few 
inches across, bearing on two sides graven char- 
acters of an unknown language, said by the 
Jesuits to resemble the Tartaric. This was 
sent to Paris. — ilorrfun. 

Vergennes (vdr'-zhen'), Charles Gra- 
viER, Count de, a French statesman, b. Di- 
jon, Dec. 28, 1717; d. at Versailles, Feb. 13, 
1787. Son of a pres. of the parliament of Di- 
jon. In 1740 he accomp. M. de Chan'gny, a 
relative, to Lisbon in a diplomatic capacity ; 
and in 1750 was himself app. minister at the 
court of the elector of Treves. In 1755-68 he 
was ambassador to Turkey. He was in 1771 
sent to Sweden, and had no small share in the 
rcvol. which took place there under Gustavus 
III. When Louis XVI. came to the crown, he 
recalled Vergennes, and made him minister of 
foreign affairs in July, 1774. Among the prin- 
cipal acts of his ministry were the" treaty of 
Soleure with the Swiss in 1777, that «-irh the 
United States in 1778, the treaty of Tcschen 
with the emperor Joseph II. in 1779, the treaty 
which concluded the Amcr. war in 1783, and 



941 



the treaty of commerce negotiated with Eng. 
in 1785-6. A " Hist, and Political Memoir on 
Louisiana," Svo, 1802, has been attributed to 
him. 

Vernon, Edward, an English admiral, 
h. 12 Nov. 1684; d. 29 Oct. 1757. He went to 
sea in 1702 ; captured Porto Bello, with all its 
fortilications, in 1739; made an unsuccessful 
attack on Carthagcna in 1741, and on Panama 
in 1742; and was made an admiral in 1745. 
He was many years an opposition member of 
parliament. Author of a "New History of 
Jamaica," 1740; "Expedition to Panama," 
1744, &c. 

Vernon, Jane Marchant Fisher, ac- 
tress, sister of Clara Fisher, b. Brighton, Eng., 
1796; d. New York, June 4, 1809. Made her 
d^biU at Drury L-.vne in 1817 in " Lilliput ; " at 
the Bowery, N.Y., Sept. 11, 1827, as Cicely 
Homespun, in " Heir at Law ; " was afterward 
attached to the Chatham ; was at the Park 
from 1830 to 1847; and was long connected 
with Wallack's company, making her last ap- 
pearance as Mrs. SntclilVe, in " School," April 
5, 1869. Oct. 6, 1827, she m. George Vernon, 
comedian, who d. June 13, 1830. Mrs. Vernon 
was an excellent performer of old women, was 
long a great favorite in New York, and was a 
woman of cultivated mind. 

Verplanck, Gclian- Crommelin,LL.D,, 
author, li. N.Y. City, Aug. 6, 1786; d. there 
Mar. 18, 1870. Col. Coll. 1801. After being 
adm. to the bar, he passed several years in Great 
Britain and on the Continent. On his return 
home, he became interested in politics, and in 
1804 was a candidate of the " Malcontents " in 
New York for the Assembly. In 1818 he de- 
livered the first of a series of addresses, on which 
his literary reputation is mainly founded, at 
the anniversary of the N.Y. Hist. Society, on 
"The Early European Friends of America." 
It passed through several editions. One of the 
most celebrated of his dbcourses, " The Amer. 
Scholar," was delivered at Union Coll. in 1836 ; 
in 1819 he wrote " The State Triumvirate, a 
Political Tale," a satire on the political parties 
of the day, and other works of a similar de- 
scription. In 1820 he was a prominent mem- 
ber of the N.Y. legisl., and chairman of the 
com. on education. He soon after became prof, 
of the evidences of Christianity in the Theol. 
Sem. of the Pr.-Epis. Church in N.Y., and in 
1824 pub. " Essays on the Nature and Uses of 
the Various Evidences of Revealed Religion ; " 
in 1 825 appeared his " Essay on the Doctrine 
of Contracts." Beside these works, he contrib. 
much to various magazines, and, in conjunction 
with Bryant and Sands, he pub. " The Talis- 
man," a sort of annual, 3 vols, of which ap- 
peared. M.C. 1825-33, warmly advocating the 
extension of the term of copyright from 28 to 
42 years ; and afterwards for several years was 
a member of the State senate. The N.Y. sen- 
ate at that time composed, with the judges of 
the higher courts, the Court for the Correc- 
tion of Errors, or the Court of Appeals. Mr. 
Verplanck took an active part in these judicial 
dutie.s ; and many of his opinions on important 
questions are preserved in the last 7 vols, of 
WcndeU's N.Y\ Reports. From 1846 he was 
pres. of the N.Y. board of emigrant 



and prepared nearly all its annual reports. Ho 
was also one of the govs, of the N.Y. Hospital, 
and was vice-chancellor of the State U. In 
1833 he pub. a coll. of his discourses and ad- 
dresses on various subjects, nml in 1,'^44-r. a 
handsome edition of Shu', p i:. 11. \(, li- 
the Memoir prefixed to il. . i li'.i 
friend Sands. Hisancestral Ikih i . . I, h- 
kill Landing,on the Hndson, i, a w -. 11 [.r,. : , id 
old mansion, in which the Society of the Cin- 
cinnati was founded. 

Verazzani, or Verrazano (ver-rat-siih'- 
no), Jean, a Florentine navigator, b. near the 
close of the 15th century; d. 1525. He was 
of a noblo family, and was employed by Fran^ 
cis I. to make new discoveries in N. America. 
Jan. 17, 1524, he s.tiled by way of Madeira 
with the frigate "Dauphin," which he com., 
and, after experiencing a terrible tempest, land- 
ed on the coasts of N. America, which ho 
traversed from the 34th degree of latitude as far 
as Newfoundland. His discoveries were quite 
important, since he visited more than 700 
leagues of coast ; and his letter to the king con- 
tains a curious description of the savages which 
he found there. This letter, dated 8 July, 
1524, contains the earliest original account ex- 
tant of the Atlantic coast of the U.S. From 
a voyage made in the following year ho never 
returned. In the Strozzi Library at Florence 
is prcsciwcd a cosmographic description of the 
coasts and all the countries which Verazzani 
had visited ; and it shows that he had sought a 
northern passage to the E. Indies. The rela- 
tion of his voyage is found in the coll. of Ra^ 
musio, and in "L'Histoire Gin€rale des Voya- 
ges." — See an Inquirif into the Anthenticihj of 
Vcriazimo's Disc, bi/ Backinijh. Smith, 1864. 

Very, Jones, author, b. Salem, Ms., Aug. 
28, 1813. H.U. 1836. In his youth he made 
several voyages to Europe with his father, a 
sea-captain, and was from 1836 to 1838 a tutor 
of Greek at Harvard. He pub. a vol. of 
"Essays and Poems," Boston, 1839. They 
contain a subtle essay on Shakspcare, and 
" The Painted Columbine," his best known 
poem. He was licensed as a preacher by the 
Cambridge Association in 1843. Thoi'.gh 
never ordained over a cong., he still occasion- 
ally preaches. He has been a contrib. to the 
Christian Register, Monthly Relig. Mag., and Sa- 
lem Gazette. 

Vespucci, Amerigo (ves-poot'-chco,- a- 
ma-rec'-go), an Italian navigator, fiom whom 
the name of America is derived, b. Florence, 
Mar. 9, 1451 ; d. Seville, Feb. 22, 1512. He 
was of a noble family, and in his youth stud- 
ied natural philos., astronomy, and geography. 
While commercial agent of the Medici family 
at Seville, Columbus was in that city, prepar- 
ing for a second voyage ; and Vespucci was 
smitten with the desire for nautical adventure. 
His first voyage was with Ojeda in 1499. Pa- 
ria and several hundred miles of coast were 
visited; and the exped. returned in June, 1500. 
In July he wrote to Lorenzo de Pier Francesco 
de Medic i an account of the voyage, which lay 
hid in MS. until 1745, when it was pub. by 
Baudini. In Slay, 1501, he entered the scr- 
^•ice of Emanuel, king of Portugal, and made 
a voyage to Brazil, an account of which, writ- 



■VET 



942 



VIE 



ten to the same dc Medici, was first pub. by 
Bartolozzi in 1789. In 1504 he sent to the 
same person a fuller narrative of this exped., 
pub. at Strasburg, 1505, entitled " Americus 
Vespatius de Orhe Antarctica per Eegcin Por- 
tugalluc Piidem Inventa." From this voyage 
he acquired the reputation of being the dis- 
coverer of the mainland. In May, 1503, he 
com. a caravel in a squadron that sailed for 
the discovery of Malacca, but parted company 
from the rest, and otf the coast of Brazil dis- 
covered the Bay of All Saints, ran 260 leagues 
farther S., where he landed, built a fort, took 
in a cargo of Brazil-wood, returning to Lisbon 
in June, 1504. Entering the Spanish service 
early in 1505, he was, March 22, 1508, made 
principal pilot. After his return from his 
Brazil exped. in 1504, he wrote a letter to 
Eene', Duke of Lorraine, containing an ac- 
count of 4 voyages which he says he had 
made to the New World, and gives the date of 
his first voyage as May 20, 1497-Oct. 1498. 
This statement has occasioned ranch contro- 
versy as to the first discovery of the mainland 
of America, and as to the true character of 
"Vespucci, against whom it has been charged, 
that, after the return from his first voyage to 
Brazil, he made a maritime chart, in which he 
gave his name to that part of the mainland. 
The name " Americi Terra " was applied to 
this continent as early as 1507 by Waldsee 
Miillcr, a geographer of Freiburg, in a small 
work entitled " C'osmoqraphm Introductio in- 
super Quatiior America: Vespucci Navigationes." 
Vespucci was on friendly terms with Co- 
lumbus, and does not appear to have had any 
1 of taking the honor of the discovery 



pearancc, in 1533, of the" Opuscii'um Geograp) 
icuin " of Schoner, and of the attack of Ser- 
vetus, in the Lyons edition of Ptolemy's Geog- 
rajihy, in 1535, that_^ charges were brought 
against him. — See Vespucius and his Voyages 
by Santarem, Boston, 1850; and- Life and Voy- 
ages of Americus Vespucius by C. E. Lester, 
N.Y.,'8vo, 1846. 

Vetch, Col. Samcel, gov. of Annapolis, 
N.S., 1711, b. Edinburgh; d. Lond. 30 Apr. 
1732. Son of a minister. A councillor in 
the Scotch settlement at Darien in 1698; re- 
moved to N.Y. ; traded with the Indians; was 
in 1705 a commissioner from Gov. Dudley of 
Ms. to Quebec with proposals for a treaty be- 
tween Canada and N.E. ; and was afterward 
imprisoned in Boston for trading with the 
French and Indians, enemies to the govt., and 
fined £200. He ^^sited Eng. in 1 708 ; proposed 
the seizure of Canada ; was bearer of the 
queen's instructions for the exped., which he 
laid before the gov. and council 1 7 May, 1 709 ; 
but it aborted, and Vetch retired to K.I. In 
1710 he was adj.-gen. in the exped. against 
Port Royal ; was its gov. after its capture, and 
change of name ; and shortly after went to 
Eng. — See Journal of Voi/age of Sloop " Marii," 
1701, u-i(h Introd. and Notes by E. B. O'CaUa- 
ghan, 1866. 

Vethake, Henry, LL.D. (1836), author, 
b. Essequibo, Guisma, S. America, 1792; d. 
Phila. Dec. 16, 1866. Col. Coll. 1808. Instr. 
in math, and geog. Col. Coll. 1813; prof. 



math, and nat. philos. Rutg. Coll. 1813-17; 
N. J. Coll. 1817-21 ; Dick. Coll. 1821-9 ; N.Y. 
City U. 18.32-5; pres. of Wash. Coll., Va., 
1835-6; prof math. U. of Pa. 1836-54; prov. 
and prof moral and int. philos. U. of Pa. 1854- 
9 ; prof of the liighcr math, in the Phila. Poly- 
technic Coll. 1859. In 1838 he pub a valuable 
work on Political Economy, and edited the 
supplementary volume of the " Encyclopa;dia 
Americana." He also pub. addresses on edu- 
cation, &c., andcontrib. to periodicals. 

Victor, Metta Victoria (Fuller), sis- 
ter of Mrs, Barritt, b. Erie, Pa., 2 Mar. 1831. 
Married O. J. Victor in July, 1856. At 14 she 
wrote tales and poems, and at 1 6 was known 
as the " singing sibyl " of the Home Journal. 
Author of " Last Days of Tul," 1847 ; 
"Poems," 8vo, 1S51 ; "Fresh Leaves from 
Western Woods," 1852; "Fashionable Dissi- 
pation," 1854; "The Two Mormon Wives," 
1857; "The Arctic Queen, a Poem," 1858; 
"Mrs. Slimmins's Window, and Other Papers," 
1860. Assist, ed. t7.S../oun!(i/, 1857-60; Uome 
Monthly, 1859-61 ; contrib. to Godey, Harper's 
Mag., Cosmopolitan Art Journal, &c. — See 
Poets and Poetry of the West. 

Victor, Orville James, author, b. San- 
dusky, 0., 1827. Has pub. "History of the 
Southern Rebellion," 3 vols. 8vo, "1862-8; 
" Incidents and Anecdotes of the AVar," 8vo, 
1863; "Hist, of Amer. Conspiracies, &c., 
1760-1860," 8vo, 1864; editor of Beadle's 
Dime Publications ; editor Sandusl.y Rgister, 
1852-6; Cosmopolitan Art Journal,' ISii-Gl ; 
contrib. to various periodicals. — Allibone. 

Vidal, Francisco Antonio, pres. of the 
Republic of Uruguay 1866-8; b. Montevideo, 
1827. Educated at Paris; obtained the de- 
gree of doctor of medicine ; minister of the 
interior of Uruguay 1865-6. 

Vidaurri, Gen. Santiago, a Mexican 
soldier and politician, b. New Leon, ah. 1803; 
shot in the city of Mexico, Aug. 8, 1867. 
While Alvarez was contending against Santa 
Aiia in the south-west, Vidaurri took the field 
in the north. He was a candidate for the pres- 
idency in the junta of Cuemavaca, Oct. 4, 
1855; but that body preferred Alvarez. Vi- 
daurri now took up a semi-independent posi- 
tion ; decreed the confiscation of church prop- 
erty in the north-eastern states, and disbanded 
the armed force. He refused to recognize Co- 
monfort as the successor of Pres. Alvarez (Dec. 
8, 1855); and in Feb. 1856 decreed the union 
of Coahuila and New Leon, proclaiming him- 
self their gov. and commanding gen. By a treaty 
made Nov. 18, 1856, Vidaurri acknowledged 
the govt, of Comonfort, and remained in con- 
trol of the two combined states, which au- 
thority he exercised until 1864. In the sum- 
mer of 1861 he entered into friendly relations 
with the secessionists of Texas, and on the in- 
vasion of Mexico by the allied French, Span- 
ish, and English forces, in 1861-2, he declared 
his adhesion to the national cause. After 
having been long identified with the liberals, 
he was induced to support the Emperor Maxi- 
milian, and was executed as a traitor on the 
overthrow of the latter. 

Viele, Gen. Egbert L., b. WatcrforJ, 
N.Y., June 17, 1825. West Point, 1847. Brev. 



VIC3- 



943 



2(1 licut. 2d Inf., he served through the Mexi- 
can war ; was made 1 st lieut. Oct. 1850; re- 
signed in 1 853 ; was app. state eng. of N. J., 
and entered on its geodetic survey. In 1857-8 
he was eng.-in-cluef of the Central Park, N.Y. ; 
and in 1860 of Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Aug. 
17, 1861, he was made brig.-gen. of vols. ; ac- 
comp. the expod. to Port Koyal ; com. the in- 
vesting forces at the siege of Fort Pulaski in 
the spring of 1862 ; and Jed the advance at the 
occupation of Norfolk, of which place he was 
military gov. from Aug. 1862 to his resigna- 
tion 20 Oct. 1863. Since 1863, civil eng. in 
N.Y. City. Author of a " Hand-Book for Ac- 
tive Service," 1861 ; reports on Central and 
Prospect Parks, and the topog. sun-ey of 
N. J. ; " Topog. and Hydrog. of N.Y.," 8vo, 
1 860 ; also of a number of papers on geographi- 
cal and scientific subjects. — Vul/um. 

Viger, James, a discing. Canadian archte- 
ologist, b. Montreal, May 7, 1787; d. there 
Dee. 12, 1858. He served as an officer of mili- 
tia in the war of 1812, and took part in the en- 
gagement at Sackett's Harbor, i'irst mayor of 
Montreal, and held other important trusts. 
He wrote much upon the early history of Cana- 
da : among his publications are a correction of 
the " Lisle du Cleiye du Canada ;" "Le Petit 
Hegislrp," the basis of a history of Montreal 
and its first settlers ; History of the Parishes 
of the Diocese of Montreal ; " Le Chiend'Oi; 
ou la Tradition en Defaut;" a History of the 
Lemoyne de Longueuil family. He also fur- 
nished all the documents of the " Servantes de 
Dieu en Canada," by Henry de Couray, Esq., 
and an Album which formed the plan of the 
work. This 6btained for him from the po))e 
the honor of Knight Commander of the Order 
of St. Gregory. — Uist. Mag., iii. 129. 

Villere, Jaquez, gov. of La. 1816-20 ; 
maj.-gen. of vols, under Gen. Jackson (1814- 
15) in battle of N. Orleans. His son Gen. Ga- 
briel (d. N. Orleans 6 July, 1852, a. 67) ren- 
dered im))ortant service to Jackson before the 
battle of 23 Dec. 1814. 

Vincennes, Bissot M. de, founder of 
Vincennes, Indiana, b. Canada; d. 1736. 
Nephew o( Jolliet the explorer. Entered the 
army as ensign, and was early employed in the 
West, especially among the Miamis, who were 
greatly attached to him. He was at Micliili- 
macinac in 1698. In 1704 he was sent to the 
Miami country, where he came in collision with 
Cadillac, the com. at Detroit, but rendered es- 
sential services in a difficulty with the Indians 
of that place, and his fault was overlooked. 
He remained in the Miami country on the 
Ohio and Jlpi. until 1736, when he joined the 
exited, against the Chickasaws under D'Arta- 
guette, in which he lost his lile. Vincennes 
probably resided on the spot which bears his 
name, and whence he led tlie Miamis, who de- 
serted him ; but no French post or settlement 
existed there at the time. — Uisl. Mag., iv. 
355. 

Vincent, Philip, an English minister, 
visited New Eng. in 1637-8, and published the 
" True Relation of the Battle between the 
English and the Pcquois," 1638. It is in " Ms. 
Ili.t. Colls.," 3d series, vol. 6. 

Vincent, Gen. Strong, b. Erie Co., Pa., 



June 17, 1837 ; d. July 7, 1863, of wounds re- 
ceived at Gettysburg July 2. H U. 1859. He 
was practising law at Erie when the Rebellion 
broke out. Enlisted as a private in the Wayne 
guards ; made lieut.-col. 83d Pa. Vols. Sept. 
1861; col. June 29, 1862; brig.-gen. July 2, 
1863. He com. a brigade at the battles of 
Fredericksburg, Aldie, and at Gettysburg, 
with high distinction. — Uarv. Mem. Biogs. 

Vining, Jobn, b. Dover, Del., 23 Dec. 
1758 ; d. there Feb. 1802. Deleg. to the Cont. 
Congress in 1784-6 ; M.C. from Del. 1789-92 ; 
U.S. senator 1795-8. 

Vinton, Alexander Hamilton, D.D. 
(U. of N.Y. 1843), clergyman, b.' Providence, 
R.I., Mav 2, 1807. A.M. of Br. U. 1836. He 
received 'the degree of M.D. at Y.C. in 1828. 
After practising medicine 3 years, he entered 
the sem. of the Epis. church, and was ord. in 
New York in July, 1835. He took charge of 
St. Paul's Church, Portland, from Nov. 1835 
to Apr. 1836 ; was then for 6 years rector of 
Grace Church, Providence, R.I. ; from 1842 to 
1858 of St. Paul's Church, Boston; then ac- 
cepted a call from the Church of the Holy 
Trinity, Phihi.; in May, 1861, succeeded Dr. 
Anthon in St. Mark's Church, New York ; and 
in 1870 became rector of Emanuel Ch., Bos- 
ton. He pub. a vol. of sermons, 1855, and a 
number of occas. discourses and addresses. 
His bro. John Rogers, brev. niiij U.S.A. (b. 
Prov., R.I., 16 June, 1801, killed at the siege 
of Vera Cruz, 22 March, 1847; West Point, 
181 7), served with distinction in Fla. and Mex- 
ico. 

Vinton, Francis, D.D. (Col. Coll. 1858), 
clergyman, b. Providence, R.I., Aug. 29, 1809. 
West Point, 1830. 2d lieut. 3d Art. While 
stationed at Fort Independence, Boston har- 
bor, he studied at the Camb. Law School, and 
also served for 2 or 3 years as a civil engr. on 
several N.E. railroads; admitted to the bar of 
Portsmouth, N.H., in 1834; left the army 31 
Aug. 1836 ; entered the Epis. sem. in N.Y. ; 
was ord. deacon in 1838, and priest in 1839; 
successively rector of St. Stephen's, Provi- 
dence (1840), Trinity Church, Newport (1840), 
Emanuel Church, B'rooklyn, N.Y. (1844), and 
Grace Church there (1847). He declined the 



bisi 



opric 



oflndii 



and was a promi- 



ididate for provis. bishop of N.Y. in 
1847 and '51. He was elected an assist, min- 
ister of Trinity Church, N.Y"., in 1855. Prof, 
of eccl. law and polity in the Episcopal Theol. 
Sem., New York, since 1869. Author of " Ar- 
thur Tremaine," 1830; sermons, pamphlets, 
&c., oration on the Annals of R.I., 8vo, 1863. 
Lecturer on Dante, the Gentleman, &c. 

Vinton, Gen. Francis Laurens, b. Fort 
Preble, Me., June 1, 1835. West Point, 1856. 
Son of Jl;ij. J. R. Vinton. Educated under 
the care of his uncle Rev. Francis, and entered 
the 1st Cav., hut resigned in Sept. to devote 
himself to metallurgy ; and in 1857 became a 
pupil of the Imperial School of Mines at Paris, 
where be grad. with distinction. Returning 
home from an examination of the mineral re- 
sources of Central America, at the outbreak ot 
the civil war he was app. cajit. 16ih U.S. Inf. ; 
was immediately offered the com. of a vol. rcgt. 
by the govs, of 3 States, and accepted that of 



944 



the 43d N.Y., with which he fought in Han- 
cock's brigade throagh the Peninsular cam- 
paijfn ; biig.-gen. vols. 13 Mar. 1863. He was 
wounded at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 
13, 1862, and resigned 5 May, 1863. Prof, of 
mining engineering, Col. Coll., N. York, since 
Sept. lS6i. — Ciillum. 

Vinton, John Adams, antiquarian, b. 
Boston, Feb. 5, 1801. D.C. 1828; Andover 
Theol. Sem. 1831. He was active in the min- 
istry, in Me., Vt., and Ms., in 1832-52. He 
has pub., besides discourses and contrihs. to 
various journals, " Vinton Memorial," 1858; 
"Giles Memorial," 1864; "The Sampson 
Family in America," 1864; "Deborah Samp- 
son," a reprint, 1860; and"Reminis. of Park-st. 
Church," in Hoston Recorder, 1849. — Din/clancL 

Viomenil (ve'-o'-ma'-nel'). A'ntoine 
Charles Dv Hocx, Baron de, a French gen., 
b. 1728 at Fanconcourt, Lorraine; d. Paris, 
Nov. 9, 1792. He entered the army at the age 
of 15 as lieut. ; was wounded at the siege of 
Bergen-op-zoon 1747; disting. himself in com. 
of the li^iht troops of Conde's army in the cam- 
paigns ol Hanover, and also in Corsica, where 
he earned the brev. of marech«l-de-camp, and 
of com. of St. Louis. In 1770 he assisted the 
party of the confederation in Poland against 
the Russian armies ; conducted while there 
some important operations, particularly the 
capture of the Castle of Cracow. In 1780 the 
Baron Viomenil came to America as second in 
com. under Kochamheau, and disting. himself 
at the capture of Yorktown. Made in 1781 
lieut.-gen., and, on his return to France, gov. of 
La Rochelle, receiving in 1782 the grand cross 
of St. Louis. At the period of the French revol. 
he stood by the king to the last moment, and 
was so badly wounded in defending him at the 
attack of the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792, that he 
died a few weeks later. His bro. Charles Jo- 
seph Hyacintiie Du Hodx de. Marshal of 
France, b. 1734, d. Paris, 5 Mar. 1827 ; aide 
to Chevert in the 7-years' war ; seri-ed as a 
maj.-gen. in Kochambeau's army in Amer. ; 
was gov. of Martinique in 1789-90; served 
under Conde' in 1790-6 ; was made a peer in 
1814, a marshal 3 July, 1816, and a marquis 
in 1817. 

Viscaino (ves-kii-ee'-no), Sebastian, 
Spanish navigator. Commanded an exped. 
sent from Acapulco in 1602, and explored the 
coast of Acapulco, of which he made an accu- 
rate chart. 

Vogdes, Israel, col. and brev. brig-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Pa. ab. 1816. West Point, 1837. 
Assist, prof. math, there 1837-49; 1st lieut. 
1st Art. 9 Julv, 1838, and served against the 
Seminoles in' Fla. in 1849-50 and in 1856; 
capt. 20 Aug. 1847 ; maj. 14 May, 1861 ; brig.- 
gen. vols. 29 Nov. 1862; lieut.-col. 5th Art. 
1 June, 1863 ; col. 1st Art. 1 Aug. 1863. He 
defended Fort Pickens, Feb.-Oct. 1861 ; was 
captured in rebel night-attack on Santa Rosa 
Island 9 Oct. 1861 ; com. at Folly Island, S.C, 
and took part in the attacks on Morris Island, 
and operations against Fort Sumter and 
Charleston, S.C. ; and com. defences of Nor- 
folk and Portsm., Va., 1864-5 ; brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A. 9 April, \S&5. — C>dlnm. 

Vogdes, William, LL.D., prof, mathem. 



Phila. High School 1838-62, b. Phila. 1802; 
adm. to the Phila. bar 1832. Author of " U.S. 
Arithmetic," 1845; " Elem. Treatise on Men- 
suration and Pract. Arith.," 1845. — Allibone. 

Volney, Constantine Franqois Chasse- 
bedf. Count de, a French writer, b. Craon, 
Feb. 3, 1757 ; d. Paris, April 25, 1820. Alter 
completing his education, he went to Egypt 
and Syria in 1783, of which countries he pub. 
a description, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1787. At the be- 
ginning of the revol., he became a member of 
the States-Gen. In the reign of terror he was 
imprisoned, but in 1794 became a prof in the 
new school of education. On the failure of 
this project, in 1795, Volney came to America, 
where he had a controversy with Priestley on 
the origin of Christianity, and returned in 1798. 
A republican by principle, he was always an 
ardent defender of the rights of the nation. 
Napoleon made him a senator; and, after the 
restoration of the Bourbons, he was designated 
a member of the chamber of peers, June 4, 
1814. His other works are " The Ruins, or 
Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires; " 
" The Law of Nature, or Physical Principles 
of Morality ; " " Account of Corsica ; " " Lec- 
tures on History; " " On the Climate and Soil 
of the U.S. of America," Phila. 8vo, 1804, &c. 

Voorhees, Daniel W., Democ. politician, 
b. Fountain Co., Ind., Sept. 26, 1828. Ind. 
Asbury U. 1849. He began to practise law 
in 1851 ; was U.S. dist.-atty. for Ind. in 1858- 
61 ; M.C. 1861-5 and 1869-71. 

Voorhees, Philip F., capt. U.S.N., b. 
N. J. ; d. Annapolis, Md., Feb. 26, 1862. 
Midshipm. Nov. 15, 1809; lieut. Dee. 9, 1814; 
com. Apr. 24, 1828; capt. Feb. 28, 1838. He 
was in the actions between the frigates " Unit- 
ed States " and " Macedonian," Oct. 25, 1812 ; 
and the sloops " Peacock " and " Epervier," 
Apr. 29,1814, as lieut. of "The Peacock ;" com. 
" The John Adams " in the Mediterranean in 
1831-2. 

Vose, Joseph, col. 1st Ms. Regt. Revol. 
war, b. Milton, Ms., 1738; d. there May 22, 
1816. He was col. of militia in Nov. 1774; 
May 27, 1775, he led an exped. which de- 
stroyed the light-hoose and the hay on the 
islands in Boston harbor. Lieut.-col. of Grea- 
ton's regt. Nov. 4, 1775, and accompanied it 
to Canada in 1776; joined the main army in 
N. J. in the spring of 1777; and closed his 
Revol. services in Lafayette's corps, at York- 
town. His bro. Elijah, lieut.-col. of his regt. 
(1st), b. Milton, 24 Feb. 1744, d. 19 Mar. 
1822, served through the war, in which 4 of the 
brothers were engaged. 

Vroom, Peter D., LL.D. (Col. Coll. 
1812), statesman, b. N.J. Col. Coll. 1808. 
Member N. J. legisl. 1826-9; member N.J. 
Const. Conv. 1844 ; gov. of that State 1829-32 
and 183.3-6; M.C. 1839-41; and in 1853-7 
was minister to Prussia. Delegate to the 
Peace Congress in Feb. 1861. 

Waddell, James, D.D. (Dick. Coll. 1792), 
Presb. minister, b. Newry, Ireland, July, 1739; 
d. Louisa Co., Va., Sept. 17, 1805. He was 
brought to Amer. in infancy by his parents, 
who settled on While-clay 'Creek, Pa. He 
studied under Dr. Finley at Nottingham ; was 
an assist, to Pres. Smith of Uamp.-Sid. Coll., 



■VfTAX} 



and Prcs. S. S. Smith of N. J. Coll. Meeting 
with tlie celebrated preacher Samuel Davies, 
he studied theolo.jiy ; was licensed to preach in 
1761; ord. 16 June, 1762; and settled pastor 
in Lancaster Co., Pa. In 1776 he removed to 
Augusta Co., Va., .nnd in l7Si to Hopewell, 
where he d. a tcaclier. While there, he was 
deprived of sight, but coiitiuuod to preach. 
Wirt, in "The British Spy," has given an in- 
teresting picture of the blind preacher,.. whom 
he believed to be the equal of Patrick Henry, 
though in a differentspecies of oratory. A dau. 
m. Rev. Archibald Alexander. — Sj)ratjue. 

Waddell, Moses, D.D. (Col. Coll., S.C, 
1S07), Prcs. of Franklin Coll., Ga., 1819-29i 
b. Iredell Co., N.C., July 29, 1770; d. Athens, 
Ga., July 21, 18W. Hamp.-Sid. Coll. 1791. 
He was self-educated ; was licensed to preach 
by the Hanover presbytery 12 May, 1792; 
became a disting. teacher, and, under his care, 
Fraiddin College (now the U. of Ga.) at- 
tained a high position. Author of " Memoirs 
of Caroline E. Smelt," 12mo, 1319. — Hjtraffue. 

Wade, Benjajiin Fraskli.n, senator, a 
zealous 0|)ponent of slavery, b. Springfield, 
Ms., 27 Oct. 1800. His father was a soldier 
of the Rcvol., and a poor man. With a limited 
education, he in 1821 removed to Ohio, having 
been some months employed in digging the 
Erie Canal. He taught school ; studied law ; 
and was in 1828 adm. to the A^htabula-Co. 
bar; made prosec. atty. of that county in 1835; 
State senator in 1837-9; in 1847 pres. judge 
of the 3d judicial dist. ; and in 1851-69 was 
U. S. senator. Prominent in that body as a 
leader of the antislavery Whigs, and then of the 
Republicans; he" advocated the Homestead Bill 
and the repeal of the Fugitive-slave Law ; op- 
posed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854, the 
Lecompton Constitution for Kansas in 1858, 
the purchase of Cuba, and, in Dec. 1860, the 
making any new concessions to the slave- 
power. During the Rebellion, he labored inces- 
santly for a more vigorous prosecution of the 
war; in 1861-2 was chairman of tlie joint 
com. on the conduct of the war, and was active 
in urging the passage of a confiscation bill. 
As chairman of the com. on Territories, he re- 
ported a bill in 1862 abolishing slavery in all 
the Territories. On the question of the recon- 
struction of the Southern States, after the war, 
he was decidedly radical. After the assassina- 
tion of Pres. Lincoln in Apr. 1865, he became 
pres. pro tern, of the senate, and acting vice- 
pres. of the U. S. In Mar. 1867 he was cho- 
sen pres. of the senate. One of the comiuiss. to 
visit San Domingo in Feb.-Mar. 1871, and re- 
port upon its annexation to the U.S. Now 
(1872) atty. Northern Pacific Railroad. 

Wadsworth, Alexander Scammell, 
capt. U.S.N., b. Portland, Me. ; d. Washing- 
ton, Apr. 5, 1851. Son of Gen. Pelcg. Mid- 
shipm. April 2, 1804; lieut. April 21, 1810; 
com. April 27, 1816; capt. Mar. 3, 1825; 2d 
lieut. of " The Constitution " in the action 
with "The Guerrifere," Aug. 19, 1812, and 
presented with a valuable sword by the citizens 
of Portland soon after. 

Wadsworth, Benjamin, clergvman, pres. 
of H.U., b. Milton, Ms., 1669; d. 'March 16, 
1737. H.U. 1690. Son of Captain Samuel, 



who was killed by the Indians at Sudburv, 
April 18, 1676. Minister of the First Churcii, 
Boston, as colleague with Mr. Fo.xcroft, Feb. 
8, 1696, until imlucied at H.U. July 7, 1725; 
and prcs. until his death. He devoted a tenth 
of his income to charities. He pub. " Five 
Sermons" (Boston, 18mo, 1714), a large num- 
ber of occasional sermons, and some theologi- 
cal treatises. 

Wadsworth, Gen. James, Revol. patriot, 
b. Durham, Ct,, 6 Julv, 1730; d. there 22 Sept. 
1817. YC. 1748. town-clerk of 1). 1756- 
86; col. and brig.-gen. in 1776; and in 1777 
was app. 2d maj.-gen. Ct. militia. In Mar. 1777 
he was ordered to New Haven to delLnd the 
scaeoast, and was some time a member of the 
com. of safety of Ct, He was some time jus- 
tice, and then judge of theC.C.P., New-Haven 
Co. ; member of the council I785-9U, and a 
delegate to the Cont. Congress 1783-6. 

Wadsworth, James, philanthropist, b. 
Durham, Ct., April 20, 1768; d. Gcneseo, 
N.Y., June 8, 1844. Y.C. 1787. Nephew of 
the preceding. In 1790 he became the joint 
owner with his bro. William of a large tract of 
land on the Genesee River, which advanced so 
much in value that he acquired a large fortune. 
He established the first Normal School in New 
York in 1811; procured the enactment of the 
school-library law in 1838; founded a library 
and institution for scientific lectures at Gcneseo, 
and endowed it with SIO,000. His gifts to the 
cause of education exceeded $90,000. 

Wadsworth, Gen. James Samuel, b. 
Gencseo, N.Y., Oct. 30, 1807 ; d. May 8, 1864, 
of wounds received in battle of Wilderness, 
Va.,May6. Son of the preceding. Educated 
at Harvard and Yale. He studied law at Al- 
bany, and in the office of Daniel Webster; 
was adm. to the bar in 1833, but never prac- 
tised, employing himself in the mamigement 
of his large patrimonial estates, and taking a 
deep interest in education. He took part in 
the free-soil movement of 1848 ; was a com- 
raiss. to the Peace Convention at Washington, 
Feb. 1861 ; and was one of the first to olfer bis 
services to the govt, when the civil war began. 
When communication between Phila. and 
Washington was obstructed, he chartered a 
vessel, freighted it with supplies at his own 
expense, and sailed with it to Annapolis, ar- 
riving opportunely for the necessities of the 
govt. In June he was a vol. aide on Gen. 
JleDowcll's staflf, and was commended for 
bravery and humanity in the battle of Bull 
Run ; made brig.-gen. Aug. 9, 1861 ; in Mar. 
1862 he was made inilit. ^ov. of D.C. Candi- 
date of the Rcpub. party for gov. of N.Y. in 
Nov. 1862, he was defeated by Horatio Sey- 
mour. In Dec. he was assigned a division 
under Gen. Burnside;. and, at the battles of 
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gcttys- 
bur_', com. the 1st division 1st army corps 
under Gen. Reynolds, which at the latter place 
saved the first day ; com. the corps after the fall 
of Reynolds. Early in 1864 he was sent upon 
special service to the Mpi. Valley, and made 
an extensive tour through the VVestcrn and 
S.W. States. In the campaign of 1864 he led 
the 4th division of the 5th corps. 

Wadsworth, Jeremiau, commissary- 



"W^JkD 



946 



pen. (liiiinj the frrontcr pavt of the Eevol. war, 
h. Ilaitloid 174.! ; il. there Apr. 30, 1804. He 
wa< l\\r oiiuiiiMtnr ami promoter of public im- 
pruveiii' rits In his native town ; was a delegate 
to the (,:ijnt. Congress in 1786-8, and M.C. in 

WadSWOrth, Pei.eg, maj.-gen., b. Dux- 
biirv, Ms., iVlav 6, 1748 ; d. Hiram, Me., Nov. 
18, "1829. H.U. 1769. He taught scliool at 
Plymouth, Ms., in 1769, with Alexander 
Seammell, and engaged in commerelal pursuits. 
Joining the Rcvol. army as capt. of minute- 
men at Roxbury early in the struggle, he 
became aide to Gen. Ward, and afterwards adj. - 
gen. (or Ms., and was present at the battle of 
Lnni; Island; brig.-gcn. of militia in 1777; 
second in cuni.of tlic I\Mi..lisi-otexped. in 1779, 
on whiili occaMnii hr .ii^iilaycil great courage, 
and was taken |.i i-nner. I 'a|. lured by a party 
of the enemy in Feii. 17sl, they imprisoned 
him in the fort at Castine, whence he escaped 
in June. In 1784 he established himself in 
business in Portland, Me., and was much em- 
played in survcving ; in 1792 he was elected a 
State senator, and was M.C. in 1792-1806; in 
1807 he removed to Oxford, Me., to improve a 
large tract of land granted to him by govt, for 
his services. His son Lieut. Henkt, U.S.N. , 
disting. in Tripolitan war, d. off Tripoli, Sept. 
4, 1804, a. 19, by the explosion of a tireship. 
Another son, Alexander Scammel, was a 
capL in the navy. 

Wadsworth, Gen. William, b. Durham, 
Ct. ; d. Genesee, N.Y., Feb. 1833. Bro. of 
James. He was an early settler in Western 
N.y. ; served as brig.-gen.N.Y. militia in U.S. 
service, and disting. in assault on Queenstown 
Heights, Oct. 13, 1812.— Gardner. 

Wafer, Lionel, made voyages to the South 
Sea; in 1677 embarked for Bantam; sailed 
with Linen and Cook, buccaneers ; afterward 
surgeon of Dainpier's exped. across the Isth- 
mus of Darien, and left wounded with the 
Indians in consequence of a guarrel with 
Dampier; returned to London in 1690, and 
told his story in " A New Voyage, and Descrip- 
tion of the Isthmus of America," 8vo, 1699. 
For his Voyage to Magellanica in 1685, see 
Calleniler's Voyages, ii. 673. 

Wainwright, Jonathan Mathew, D.D. 
(Un. Coll. 1823),D.C.L. (Oxf. 18.^2), Pr.-Epis. 
bishop of N.Y., b. Liverpool, Eng., of Amer. 
parents, 24 Feb. 1793; d. N.Y. City 21 Sept. 
IS.M. H.U. 1812. His mother was a dan. of 
the celebrated Dr. Mayhew of Boston. Instr. 
in elocution in II.U. 1815-17 ; rector of Christ 
Church, Hartford, Ct. ; assist, rector of Trin. 
Church, N.Y., 1819-21 ; rector of Grace Church, 
N.Y. ; of Trinity Church, Boston, 24 Nov. 
1833-Feb. 1838; and assist, rector of Trinity 
Church, N.Y., until his app. as prov. bishop 10 
Nov. 1 852. He was many years see. of the h. 
of bishops. Before he was made a bishop, he 
travelled in Egypt and the Holy Land, and pub. 
his ob.servations in those countries in 2 vols. 
His most celebrated production was his printed 
controversy with Rev. Dr. Potts in 1843. He 
aided in the formation of the U. of N.Y. ; was 
one of the first pulpit-orators of his day ; was 
a ripe scholar, and wielded great social in- 
fluence. A devoted lover of music, he pub. in 



1819 a vol. of chants ; in 1823 " Music of the 
Church," &c.; and in 1851 "The Choir anil 
Family Psalter." He also pub. " Our Saviour, 
with Prophets and Apostles," and " Sermons 



Uel 



igio 



" Women of th 
periodicals 



Education," &c., 1829; edited 



I Bible," and eontrib. 



many 



memorial vol. edited by his 
856, contains 34 of his sermons, and 
a Memoir by Bishop Doane. His son Jona- 
than M., com. U.S.N., was killed, 1 Jan. 1863, 
upon " The Harriet Lane," in tlie attack on 
Galveston, Texas. 

Waite, Gen. Carlos A., b. N.Y. 1800; 
d. Plattsburg, N.Y., May 7, 1866. App. lieut. 
of inf. Jan. 28, 1820; capt. Julv, 1836; major 
8th Inf. Feb. 16, 1847; com. his regt. in Val- 
ley of Mexico ; brev. lieut -col. for gallantry in 
battles of Contreras and Churubusco; brev. 
col. for El Molino del Rev, Aug. 1848, in which 
he was wounded ; lieut. -col. 5th Inf. Nov. 10, 
1851 ; col. 1st Inf June 3, 1860. After con- 
tinuous service in the Rebellion, he was retired 
in Feb. 1864 ; brev. brig. -gen. 13 Mar. 1865. 

Waite, Henry Matson, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1855), jurist, b. Lyme, Ct., Feb. 9, 1787; d. 
there Dec. 14, 1869. Y.C. 1809. Adm. to 
the bar in Dec. 1812, and practised in Lyme ; 
member of the State legisl. in 1815; of the 
senate in 1832-3; judge of the Superior Conrt 
and Sup. Court of Errors 1834-54, and chief 
justice from 1854 to Feb. 1857. — X E. Hist. 
Genenl. Rei/., Apr. 1870. 

Wakeiaeld, Mrs. A. C, n^" Nancv W. 
Priest; d. Winchendon, Ms., Sept. 20, 1870, a. 
33. Author of the beautiful poem, " Over the 
River," first pub. in Aug. 1857. 

Wakeman, George, journalist, b. Green- 
field Hill, Ct., 4 Feb. 1841 ; d. N. York Citv, 
Mar. 19, 1870. Removed to New York in 
1858, and wrote for the Ledr/cr. Several years 
connected with the New -York World, and a 
eontrib. to the Clalaxtj, Apple-ton's Journal, and 
other periodicals ; app. in 1868 stenographer 
to the N.Y. senate. ^ ^ 

Walbach, Gen. John De Earth, b. 
Alsace, on the Rhine, 1764; d. Baltimore, Md., 
June 10, 185". App. ensign of the Roval 
Alsace Regt. under Prince Maximilian (after- 
ward king of Bavaria), in the French service. 
Dee. 1, 1782; major, Nov. 1795. He came to 
Amer. in 1796; studied law in the office of 
Alexander Hamilton; was app. lieut. of U.S. 
cavalry, Jan. 8, 1799; capt. Jan. 1806; assist, 
adj.-gen. (rank of major) June, 1813; adj.- 
gen. (rank of col.) Aug. 6, 1813; brev. major 
for gallant conduct in battle of Chrvstler's 
Fields, Nov. 11, 1813; brev. lieut.-col. for 
meritorious services. May 1, 1815 ; major 
of art. Apr. 25, 1818 ; brev. col. May 1, 1825 ; 
brev. brig.-gen. Mav, 1850; lieut.-col. 1st Art. 
May 30, 1832 ; col.' 4th Art. Mar. 19, 1842. — 
Gardner. 

Walbridge, Gen. Hiram, a prominent 
citizen of New York, b. Ithaca, N.Y., Feb. 22, 



York, 

'2' 



adm. to the bar in 1843 ; and in 1844 was a 
brig.-gen. of Ohio militia ; in 1847 he became 
a merchant in New York; a zealous promoter 
of the commercial interests of the country, and 
of its internal improvement; a Demoe M.C 



947 



m 1853-5; and in 1869 acommiss. to examine 
and iTpoit on the Pacific Railroad. Early in 
1861 he advocated the calling-out of 600,000 
men to suppress the Rebelliun, and was ort'cred, 
and declined, a seat in Mr. Lini'.ihr.s calmiet. 
Vice-prcs. of the Nat. Cmiiiin i. i^il ( .,iiv. at 
Chicago, and subsequently pn .-,. ..mt Miuilar 
bodies in Detroit and Lciuisvillf. IK- uilvdcat- 
ed free banking, a reduction of taxation, and 
the development of the resources of the West. 
A fluent and able speaker, and a liberal and 



actor and dramatist, b. London, 1816 ; d. 
Phila. May 15, 1868. He studied his profes- 
sion in England, but entered on its practice in 
America in 184.3, and acquired popularity at 
the Old Olympic and at VVallack's. In 1866 
he removed" to Fliila. In eccentric comedy he 
had no rival on the English or American staye. 
Ilis performance of Lavater, in the coiiiic 
drama of that name, was especially good. 
Among his numerous plays are " Hiawatha, 
or Ardent Spirits and Laughing - Water ; " 
" Washington ; " " Don Giovauiu in Goth- 
am ; " '■ David Copperfield ; " " Richard HL 
to kill;" "The Customs of the Country;" 
and " SnipSnaps." Charles M., Jun., his 
son, also a comedian, b. Boston, July 1, 1840. 
Educated at Si. John's Coll., Fordham, N.Y. ; 
grad. 1858. He made his dehnl in Charleston, 
S.C., in 1858, and soon assumed the role of 
leading light comedian, which he has per- 
formed in the leading theatres of the U. S. 
May 31, 1863, he m. Isabella, dau. of John 
Nickinson, the comedian. 

Waldo, Daniel, a Cong, clergyman, b. 
Windham, Ct., Sept. 10, 1762; d. Syracuse, 
N.Y., July 30, 1864, a. 102. Y.C. 1783. He 
was a soldier in the Revol. army; was taken 
prisoner at Horseneck, and was confined in the 
Sugar-House in New York, where he endured 
sufilrings and cruelties from which he barely 
escaped with his life. He was from May 24, 
1792, till 1809, pastor of the Cong, church, 
West Suffolk, Ct. ; acting also as a missionary 
in Pa. and N.Y. In 1810-1811 he preached at 
Cambridgeport, Ms. ; after which he was a 
mis.sionary in Il.I. till 1820; then preached at 
Harvard ; was then for 12 years settled at Exe- 
ter, R.I. ; and afterward resided in N.Y. Mr. 
Waldo, at the age of 93, became chaplain to 
Congress. 

Waldo, Gex. Samuel, b. Boston, 1696; 
d. on the Penobscot, May 23, 1759. He was 
the son of Jonathan, a wealthy merchant of 
Boston, who d. in 1731; and was a brig.-gen. 
at the capture of Louisburg in 1745. He re- 
sided at Falmouth; was an accomplished, active, 
and enterprising man ; had crossed the ocean 
15 times ; and was a disting. officer. There 
were remarkable coincidences between his life 
and that of his friend Sir Wm. Pepperell. 
They lived in Me., and were rich bachelors ; 
they were councillors together ; they com- 
manded regiments, and were together at Louis- 
burg; they passed a year together in England ; 
were born the same year ; and died nearly at 
the same time. 

Waldo, Samuel, portrait - painter, b. 
Windham, Ct., 1783; d. N.Y. City, Feb. 16, 



1861. He studi.'d at Hartford ; wenl to Lon- 
don in 1806; was aided by West, Copley, and 
Fulton, and painted many likenesses at 5 
guineas each. He landed in New York in Jau. 
1809, and painted portraits there 53 years. 
Among them are those of Gen. Macomb, i\Iav- 
ors Willett, Radcliffe, and Allen, and Peter 
Remsen. — Tuckerman. 

Waldo, Samuel Putnam, author, grand- 
son of Cieu. Putnam; d. Hartford, Ci., March, 
1826, a. 46. Author of Lives of Jackson, De- 
catur ; " Uolibins's Journal ; " " Tour of Presi- 
dent Monroe, with Sketch of his Life," 12mo, 
1818; Biog. Sketches of Com. N. Biddle. 
J. Paul Jones, E. Preble, and A. Murray, 
1823. 

Waldron (or correctly Walderne), 

Maj. Kiciiard, president of N.ll., b. Aleestei, 
Warwickshire, Eng. (bapt. 6 Jan. 1615) ; killed 
by the Indians, June 28, 1689. He came ovcii- 
in 1635, and was an early settler of Dover, 
N.H., whither he went in 1645 ; was a represen- 
tative 1654-76; was 7 years speaker of the 
house; was counsellor, chief justice, and pres. 
in 1681. He was the chief military officer of 
the Colony. In the war of 1676 he seized by 
stratagem several hundred Indians, 200 of 
whom were hung, or sold into slavery. This 
act called down upon him the vengeance of the 
Indians, who, 13 years later, made him prison- 
er, and mangled him terribly. His son Rich- 
ard (b. 1650, d. 30 Nov. 1730) removed to 
Portsmouth, was counsellor of N.II. 1681, 
representative at Boston 1691-2, chief justice 
C.C.P., judge of probate, and a colonel. 

Waldseemuller, Martin, a German 
compiler, b. Fribourg ah. 1470; d. after 1522. 
He pub. an "Introduction to Cosmography, 
with the Four Voyages of Americas Vespu- 
cius," 1507, in which he advocated the appli- 
cation of the name " America " to the New 
World. 

Wales, Samuel, D.D. (Y.C. 1782; N.J. 
1784), minister of Milford 1770-82; prof, of 
divinity, Y. C, from June 12, 1782, till his 
death, Feb. 18, 1794, a. ah. 46. Y.C. 1767. 
Author of "Dangers of Our National Pros- 
peritv, Eleeiion Sermon," 1785, Hartford. 

Walke, Henry, rear-adm. U. S. N., b. 
Princess Anne Co., Va., Apr. 26, 1809. Mid- 
shipm. Feb. 1, 1827 ; liout. Dec. 9, 1839 ; com. 
Sept. 14, 1855; capt. July 16, 1862; commo. 
July25, 1866; rear-adm. (ret. list) 1871. Pres- 
ent at capture of Tabasco, Vera Cruz, and 
Tuspan, during the Mexican war, 1847-8; 
com. " The Tyler " and " Lexington " at the 
battle of Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861 ; com. " The 
Carondelet" at Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862; 
Fort Donelson, Feb. 13-16, 1862; Island No. 
10, Mar. 17, 1862; captured Confed. batteries 
opp. Point Pleasant, and spiked the guns, Apr. 
6, 1862; battle of Fort Pillow, May 11, 1862; 
of Memphis, June 6, 1862; engagement be- 
tween " The Carondelet " and Confed. ram 
"Arkansas," Yazoo River, July 15, 1862 ; com. 
the lower division of Mpi. flotilla at Helena 
and Vicksburg, 1862 ; com. ironclad " Lafay- 
ette " in 1 863 ; passage of batteries at Vicksburg, 
Apr. 16, 1863 ; battle of Grand Gulf, Apr. 29, 
1863; dispersed the forces of Dick Tiiylor at 
Simmsport, June 4, 1863; and in 1868 took 



948 



com. of naval station at Mound City, Illinois. — 

Walker, Amasa, LL.D. (Amh. Coll. 
1807), wiiter on polit. econoinv, I). Woodstock, 
Ct., May 4, 17110. DcsccndedVrom Au-ustine, 
Ireemiin of Cliaiiestuwn. IG41 ; educated in the 
com. sclioiil of N. Bi-ooklield, at wliieli place 
he now (1871) rc-ides. In 18:25-40 he w.is a 
incichant in Boston, and was many years 
connected with the its. Antislavery Society; 
in 1S48 he was a Free-soil representaiive ; in 
184'J State senator; was one of the earliest 
advocates of the establishment of the Western 
Kailroad ; has been a devoted temperance lead- 
er; and, besides cultivating a taste for litera- 
ture, has carefully studied for many years the 
science of political economv, of which he was 
in 1842-9 prof, at Oberliii Coll. He visited 
Kurope as a delegate to the first International 
Peace Convention in 1S4.3, and a-ain in 1849. 
Sec. of state lS.-,l-2; riKinlirr Const. Conv. 
183.3; M.C. fioin AK. in 1m,j-3. Lectureron 
polit. ccononiv )ii Ai.ili, ('nil. since 1861. Au- 
thor of •' SciJn.c ol W.MJtli," 5ih cd., 1869; 
speeches, addresses, orations, &c. ; and cd., with 
W. B. Calhoun and C. L. Flint, " Trans." 
Agric. Soc. of Ms. 1847-53, 7 vols. 8vo. 

Walker, Col. Bk.njamin, Revol. officer, 
b. Eng. 1753; d. Utica, N.Y., 13 Jan. 1818. 
He was brought up a merchant; became a 
capt. in the 2d N.Y. Kegt. ; was aide-de-camp 
to Steuben, and in 1781-2 to Washington; 
after the war, was sec. to the gov. of N.Y. ; 
then became a broker in N.Y. City; naval offi- 
cer of N.Y. in Washington's administration; 
M.C. 1801-3. In 1797 he became agent for the 
Earl of Bute's great estates in Western N.Y. ; 
and was identilied with the growth and prog- 
Walker, Gen. Francis Amasa, statis- 
tician, second son of Amasa and Hannah Am- 
brose Walker, b. Boston, 2 July, 1840. Amh. 
Coll. 1860. In 1843 his father removed to N. 
Brooktield. Francis began to study law with 
Devens and Hoar of Worcester; but in 1861 
was made serg.-maj. of Devens's (15ih Ms.) 
regt.; 14 Sept. 1861, assist, adj.-gen. Couch's 
brigade ; 11 Ang. 1862, adj.-gen. Couch's div.; 
and 23 Dec. 1863, became a col. on the staff 
of the 2d army corps ; brev. brig.-gen. 1 865. 
He served in the Army of the Potomac ; was 
wounded at Chancellorsville; made prisoner 
at Reams's Station ; was confined in Libby 
Pri-on, suffering so much in health as to be 
obliged to resign after being exchanged early 
in 1865. He subsequently taught for 2 years 
in the Williston Seni, ; was then for one year 
assist, ed. Spriiirjjield Republican; then took 
charge of the bureau of statistics at Wash- 
ington ; was superintendent of the census of 
1870 ; and in Nov. 1871 was app. Indian 
commissioner. 

Walker, Henderson, gov. N.C. from 
1699 to his d. April 14, 1704, a. 44. He was 
a lawyer, judge of the Supreme Court, and 
pres. of the council, and introduced impor- 
tant reforms in the judiciary. 

Walker, Sir Hoveden, kt., of Somcrs- 
ham, Kng., a British adm. ; d. broken-hearted 
in Dublin, Jan. 1726. He entered ihe navy 
young ; became a capt. in 1692 ; rear-adra. of 



thcwliitc in 1710; and for his gallantry was 
in 1711 kniulitcd by Queen Anne. He is con- 
iiccled with ourhistory by his ill-st;n red exped. 
wliirh in that year sailed lur Quelicc to wrest 
Canad.ilruni the French. The difficult navi- 
gatinn I'i iIm' Si. Lawrence, as well as a storm, 
wliii h H in kill li.ill his ships on Isle mix CEufs, 
coin|..lkil In, nliirn to England. Here 'he 
siilleied more reverses : his ship " The Edgar" 
(of 74 guns) blew up at Spiduad, and nearly 
all the crew perished, lilamnl li.r negligence 
ill this matter, and his ill lurtuiie at Quebec 
being yet recent, he was dismissed the service 
in 1715. He pub. in 1720 "A Journal or 
Full Account of the Late Exped. to Canada," 
&c. He had previously settled upon a plan- 
tation in South Caiolina. 

Walker, Ja-mes, D.D. (H.U. 1835), schol- 
ar and theologian, b. Burlington, Ms., Aug. 
16, 1794. H.U. 1814. He was settled over 
the Unitarian society of Charlestowu, April 
15, 1818-39 ; was Allord prof, of moral philos. 
at H.U. 1839-53; and pres. from Feb. 1853 
to Feb. 1860. He has delivered before the 
Lowell Institute a course of lectures on natu- 
ral religion, also a course on the philosophy 
of religion, 1860. Besides eontribs. to the 
Christian Examiner, with which he was edito- 
rially conne 



the : 



Du-ald Stewart's " riiilosi.pliv ..t liie Ariive 
and .Mural Powers;" and in I sol a vul. of 
sermons preached in the chapel of llarv. Coll. 
while a prof, there, 12iiio: "Memoir of D. 
Appleton White," 1863; •'Memoir of Josiah 
Quiney," 1867. 

Walker, James Barr, D D.. clergyman 
and author, b. Phila. July 29, 1805. He 
worked ill a manuf at Pittsburg, and for 4 
years in a printing-office. At the age of 20, he 
travelled on foot to New York ; became a clerk 
in the office of M. M. Noah; and was afterward 
principal of an academy at New Durham, N.J. 
Uetiirning to the West, he next studied law in 
Ravenna, 0., and from 1828 to 1831 studied in 
the Western Res. Coll., Hudson. He pub. and 
edited successively three religious newspapers 
at Hudson, Cincinnati, and Chicago, also en- 
gaging in the publication and sale of books. 
About 1839 he began to study theology; was 
licensed to preach by the presbytery of Chicago 
in 1841 ; and has since resided in Mansfield, 
O., where he has established a private asylum 
for orphans; has been for some time acting- 
pastor of a church in Sandusky, and is lecturer 
on " The Harmony between Science and Re- 
vealed Religion " at Oberlin College and Chi- 
cago Theol. Sem. Author of " Philosophy of 
the Plan of Salvation," pub. anonymously, 4 
editions of which have been pub. in Eng., and 
which has been translated into several Euro- 
pean languages ; " God Revealed in Creation 
and in Ciiiist," 1858; " Philosophy of Scepti- 
cism ; " " Philosophy of the Divine Operation 
in Human Redemption," London, 1862; 
" Poems," London, 1862 ; " The Living Ques- 
tions of the Age," 1869; "Doctrine of the 
Holy Spirit," 1870; and poetical pieces in 
" Poets and Poetry of the West." — Appleton. 

Walker, Robert, judge of tlic Sup. Court 
of Ct. 1760-72; d. Stratford, Ct., 1772. Y.C 



-WAX, 



949 



WAZ, 



n.jO. A descendant of Robert of Boston, 
1634, and of his son Zcchiiriah, minister of 
Stnitfonl and Woodbury in 1G7O-1700. 

Walker, Robert James, statesman and 
financier, b. Northumberland, Pa., 19 July, 
18C1 ; d. Washin'iton, D. C, 11 Nov. 18G9. 
U. of Pa. 1819. Adm. to the Pittsburg bar in 
1821. At 22 he was chairman of a Democ. 
com., and was instrumental in effecting Jack- 
son's first nomination to the presidency in 

1824. In the spring of 1826 he settled in "Nat- 
chez, Mpi. U.S. senator 1837-45, and a leader 
of the Democ. party. He supported the leail- 
ing measures of Van Bureii, especially the 
divorce of the govt, from the banks ; exercised 
great influence over Pros. Tyler, whom he in- 
duced to veto the bank bill 'framed under the 
auspices of Mr. Clay; and counselled the vigor- 
ous steps which led to the incorporation of 
Texas into the Union. He was instrumental in 
defeating Mr. Van Buren's 3d nomination, and 
secured that of Mr. Polk ; a letter of Mr. 
Walker's on the Texas question largely influ- 
encing the election of the latter. Sec. U.S. 
treasury 1845-9; gov. of Kansas Terr. Apr. 
1857-8 (a period of great difficulty), he re- 
signed, being " unwilling to aid in forcing 
slavery on Kansas by fraud and forgery." Dur- 
ing the Rebellion he materially aided the Union 
cause, being financial agent of the U. S. in 
Europe (May, 1863-Nov. 1864), effecting the 
sale of $250,000,000 of 5-20 bonds, and defeat- 
ing the second Confed. loan of 875,000,000. 
Influential in procuring the ratification of the 
Alaska Treaty, and an able and efficient advo- 
cate of the Pacific Railroad. His celebrated 
report in favor of free-trade was reprinted by 
order of the British house of commons. In 
connection with his law-partner, F. P. Stanton, 
he pub. a monthly mag. of merit, but with 
pecuniarv loss. Author of " Reports of Sup. 
Court of Mpi. 1818-32," 8vo, 1834; "Argu- 
ment on the Mpi. Slave-Question," 1841. 

Walker, SE.\ns Cook, mathematician and 
astronomer, b. Wilmington, Ms., Marth 2S, 
1805; d. Cincinnati, Jan. 30, 1853. 11. U. 

1825. He taught school near Boston and 
in Phila., whither he removed in 1S27. His 
parallactic tables, first prepared in 1 834, greatly 
reduced the time needed for computing the 
phases of an occnitatlon. In 1837 he prepared 
a plan for the organization of an observatory 
in connection with the Phila. High School, 
which was the first in America deserving the 
name, except the one at Hudson, Ohio. From 
its cqniinneiit in 1840 until 1852, he pub. in 
the " Proceedings" of the Philos. Soe. and the 
Am. Jour. o/Scifitce many observations imd in- 
vestigations made bv himself, or in conjunction 
with his half-liro. Prof. Kendall. In 1841 he 
pub. a valuable memoir on the periodical 
meteors of Aug. and Nov.; in 1845 ho was 
placed in the Washington Observatory, where, 
Feb. 2, 1847, 4 months after the discovery of 
the planet Neptune, he discovered that a star 
observed bv Lalaiide in May, 1795, must have 
been this illanet, — a fact subsequently demon- 
strated. Leaving the observatory soon alter, 
he took charge of the longitude cc)mi)Utaiions 
of the U.S. coast-survey, an oflSee in which he 
remained until his last illness. As early as 



1849, the joint labors of Walker and Bache h.id 
successfully carried out the method of tele- 
graphic longitude determinations. The intro- 
duction of the chronographic method of re- 
cording observations belongs to Walker and 
Bache. He pub. Ephemeris of the planet Nep- 
tune for 1848-52, and Researches relative to 
thatplanet, 1850. 

Walker, Timothy, jurist, b. Rumford, 
June 26, 1737; d. May 5, 1S22. H.U. 1756. 
Son of Rev. Timothy, minister of Concord 
1730-82. He studied divinity ; corn, a regt. of 
minute-men at the siege of Boston ; was one 
of the com. of safety 1776; was afterwards 
member of State Const. Conv. ; 



Sta 



represei 



C.C.P. iu N. H. 1777- 



and senator; judg 



chief justice 



Walker, Timothv, LL.D. (H.U. 1S54), 

jurist, 1). Wilmington, Ms., Dee. I, 1802; d. 
Cincinnati, 0., Jan. 15, 1856. H.U. 1826. 
Bro. of Sears Cook. He taught three years in 
the Round-hill School, Northampton; entered 
the Dane Law School in 1829; and in 1830 
went to Cincinnati, v/here he was in 1831 adm. 
to the bar, andcornincnced practice. In 1833, 
in connection with Judge Wright, he estab- 
lished a -law school in Cincinnati, which in 
1835 was united with the coll. there, he con- 
tinuing a prof, until 1844, and having for a 
time the exclusive charge of it ; in 1842 he was 
app. pres. judge of the Iliinulton C.C.P., and, 
after leaving that post, became editor of the 
Western Lmo .lour. Author of " Introduciion 
to American Law;" a treatise on geometry, 
used as a text-hook in the schools ; of a dis- 
course on the history of Ohio before the Ohio 
Hist. Soc, 1838 ; address at Miami U., 1332 ; 
"Dignity of the Law as a Profiission," 1837 ; 
orations on J. Q. Adams, 1848, and on Daniel 
Webster, 1852; also speeches, articles in the 
N. A. Review, &c. 

Walker, William, filibuster, b. Nash- 
ville, Tenn., May 8, 1824 ; executed at Trux- 
illo, Honduras, Sept. 12, 1860. He studied, 
but never practised, medicine ; afterward stud- 
ied law in Nashville ; and, removing to New 
Orleans, became an editor of the Crescent, news, 
paper. In 1850 he went to California, where 
he was one of the editors of tlr- San Francisco 
Herald, and afterward a lawyer at Marysville. 
In July, 1853, he organized an expcd. for the 
conquest of Sonora, on the failure of which ha 
surrendered liimself to the U.S. officers iu San 
Diego;- was tried at San Francisco, M.ay 15, 
1854, for violating the neutrality laws, and ac- 
quitted. June II, 1855, with 62 followers, he 
landed at Realejo, Nicaragua, and after gain- 
ing two battles took possession of Granada, 
Oct. 15, and was app. generalissimo of the 
republic. Hostilities with Costa Rica having 
broken out, he was defeated near Guanacaste, 
Mar. 20, 1 856 ; and at Rivas, Apr. 1 1 , gained an 
advantage which put a temporary stop to the 
war. June 25, he caused himself to be elected 
pres. By his arbitrary acts a powerful insur- 
rection was excited; and May 1, 1857, alter 
several battles. Walker was obliged to surren- 
der himself to Com. C. II. Davis of the U.S. 
sloop-ol-war " St. Mary's," by whom he was 
taken to the U.S. Nov. 1 1, he again landed at 



950 



Punta Arenas Nicaragua; but, Dec. 8, wa ; cora- 
pt'Ued by Com. Paulding, U.S.N., to surrender, 
and was taken as a priioner to New York, lu 
June, 1860, Walker again left New Orleans, 
landing at Truxillo June 27. In a proclama- 
tion to the people of Honduras lie inlbrmed 
them that he was making war, not on them, 
but on their govt. He was captured Sept. 3, 
brought back to Truxillo, condemnvd by a 
court-martial, and shot. Author of " The 
War in Nicaragua," 12rao, Mobile, 18C0. 

Walker, Gen. William H. T., b. Ga. 
1317; killed in the second battle at Decatur, 
Ga., July 22, 1864. West Point, 1837. Brcv. 
l5t lieut. lor gallantry in Florid.t, Dec. 25, 
1 837 ; thrice wounded in battle of Okeechobee 
on that day; capt. 7 Nov. 1845 ; brcv. mnj. for 
Contrcras and Chunibusco, Aug. 20, 1347 ; 
wi:h storming-pavty, and brcv. lieut.-col. for 
g.allantry, at Molino del Key, Sept. 8, 1847, 
and severely wounded; com. of cadets, and 
instr. inf. tactics, at West Point, 1 854-6 ; major 
10th Inf. Mar. 3, 1855 ; resigned 20 Dec. 1860, 
and made a maj -gen. Conicd. army. Noted 
for reckless courage and frequent wounds in 
battle. 

Walker, William Johxsox, M.D., phy- 
sician, b. Charlestown, Ms., Mar. 15, 1790; d. 
Newport, Apr. 2, 1865. II.U. 1810. Son of 
Maj. Timothy. He studied medicine, prac- 
tised in Charlestown, and as a skilful surgeon 
had no superior in the State. Late iu life he 
accumulated great wealth, of which he gave 
away §400,000, and at his death left a million 
and a quarter, of which he divided near a mil- 
lion among various institutions of learning. 

Walker, Capt. William M., U.S.N., b. 
1813 ; d. N.Y. 19 Nov. 1866 ; grad. U. S. Na- 
val School; passed midshipm. June, 1833; took 
part in Wilkes's exploring cxpcd. 1838-41 ; was 
sent by the navy dopt. in 1851 to France and 
Eng. to collect information upon the applica- 
tion of steam to naval architecture and equip- 
ment ; and during the Rebellion com. _ the 
steamer "De Soto," of the Gulf block, squad- 
ron. He pub. "Notes on Screw Propulsion," 
8vo, N.Y., 1861. 

Wall, Garret D., lawyer and politician, 
b. Monmouth Co., N. J., Mar. 10, 1783; d. 
Buriington, N.J., Nov. 22, 1850. Receiving 
an academical education, he studied law at 
Trenton ; was in 1804 licensed as an atty., and 
in 1807 as a counsellor at law; clerk of the 
Sup. Court 1812-17; quarterm.-gen. of the 
State 1815-37; member of the Assembly in 
1827; U.S. dist.-atty. in 1829; elected gov. 
of the State, but declined the office, the same 
year; was U.S. senator 1835-41 ; judge of 
the Court of Errors and Appeals 1848-50. 
When an attack was expected from the British 
during the war of 1812, he com. a vol. com- 
pany from Trenton, which was stationed at 
Sandy Hook. His dau. m. the Hon. Peter D. 
Vroom. His son James W., a lawyer, and 
U.S. senator 1862-3 (b. Trenton, 1820; N.J. 
Coll. 1838), is author of "Foreign Etchings," 
1855; "Essays on the Early Eng. Poets," 
&c. 

Wallace, David, politician, b. Phila. Apr. 
4, 1799; d. Indianapolis, S:pt. 4, 1859. West 
Point (lieut. of art.), 1821; resigned June 1, 



1822. His father's family removed in 1817 to 
Brookviile, Ind. The son studied law; ac- 
quired an extensive and lucrative practice in 
Franklin Co. ; was several times elected to the 
State legisl. ; member Const. Couv. ; licut.- 
gov. in 1834-7 ; gov. 1837-40; M.C. in 1841- 
3; and judge Marion Co. C.C.P. 1856-9. 

Wallace, Hok.vce Binney, scholar, b. 
Phila. Feb. 26, 1817 ; killed himself at Paris, 
in consequence of a disease of the brain, Dec. 
16,1852. N.J. Coll. 1835. He studied chem- 
istry, medicine, and finally law with his father 
John B., an eminent lawyer, and aftenvards 
with Charles Chaunccy. He edited, with notes. 
Smith's "Leading Cases in Law," White and 
Tudor's "Leading Cases in Equity," and 
" American Leading Cases." The truit of a 
European visit in 1. ''49-50 was "Art, Scenery, 
and Philosopliy in Eurupr," Phila. 1S55; also 
author of " Literary Criticisms, ami Other Pa- 
pers," 1S56; "Stanley, or tlie ReeoUccUons of 
a Man of the World," a novel, 12ino, 1S3J. 
He pub. many articles in periodicals, r.nd was 
much interested in philosophical s|x'Culation. 

Wallace, Sir James, a British admiral ; 
d. London, March 6, 1803. He became post- 
ctpt. Jan. 10, 1771 ; rear-adm. Apr. 12, 1794; 
vicc-adm. Jan. 1, 1795 ; adm. of the Blue, Jan. 
1, 1801 ; and in 1793-5 was gov. of Newfound- 
land. He commanded the British fleet at New- 
port in 1775; in Oct. 1777 he ascended the 
Hudson on a marauding exped., and destroyed 
Kingston, plundering the towns he visited, and 
wantonly destroying private property. Cap- 
tured in " The Experiment ' (50 guns) by 
D'Estaing, Sept. 24, 1779; com. "The War- 
rior" in Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 12 
Apr. 1732. 

Wallace, James, D.D., mathematician ; 
d. S.C.Jan. 15, 1851. Prof, of mathematics 
in S. C. Coll., previously iu Col. Coll., and 
Georgct. Coll., D.C. Autlior of a treatise on 
globes .ind on practical astronomy. 

Wallace, John Bradford, lawyer, b. 
Somerset Co., N. J., 17 Aug. 1773; d. Phila. 
7 Jan. 1837. N.J. Coll. 1794. Adm. to Pa. 
bar 1797. Author of "Reports 3d Cire. U.S. 
Circ. Court," 1801, 8vo ; "Remarks on the 
Law of Bailment," 1840. Edited "Abbot on 
Shipping," ab. 1802. A Memoii' by his widow 
was pub. 1848. — AlUhonc. 

Wallace, John William, reporter U.S. 
Sup. Court since 21 Mar. 1864; son of J. B.; 
b. Phila. 17 Feb. 1815. U.ofPa. 1S33. Mas- 
ter in chancery. Pa. Sup. Court. Author of 
"The Rsporters," 8vo, 1843; "Cases in the 
3d Circ. U. S. Circ. Court," 1842-53, 2 vols. 
8vo; Address, 20 May, 18G3,on the 200th birth- 
day of William Bradford, printer; "Reports 
U. S. Sup. Court," 1864, ct scij. Edited British 
Crown Cases Reserved, 6 vols. 8vo; Smith's 
" Leading Cases," and" Am er. Leading Cases." 
Pres. Hist. Soc. of Va. — AUihom. 

Wallace, Gen. Lewis, b. Fountain Co., 
Ind., 1828. Son of Gov. David. Studied law, 
and began practice in Crawfordsvillc, but, dur- 
ing the Mexican war, was a lieut. 1st Ind. Vols. 
He aftenvard resumed his profession, and served 
one term in the State senate. When the civil 
war broke out, he was app. adj.-gcn. of Ind., 
and soon after col. of a regt. of Zouaves, with 



951 



^1,,/i, 



whom he took part in the battle of Romney 
and other operations in Western Va. ; afterward 
col. 1 1 th Ind. Regt. ; brig.-gen. of vols. Sept. 
3, 18G1 ; led a division at the capture of Fort 
Donelson, where he won the grade of maj.-gen., 
dating IVoni Mar. 21, 1862 ; and was conspicu- 
ous for gallantry at Shiloh; in June, 1864, he 
com. at Mouocacy, Md., where he was defeated 
9 July by Gen. Early, and was superseded in 
the co'ni."by Gen. Ord. 

Wallace, Gen. William HakvetLamb, 
b. Urbana, U., July 8, 1821; d. Savannah, 
Tenn., April 10, 1862. He studied law at 
Springfield and Ottawa, III. ; served in the 
Me.xiean war as ])rivato, lieut., and adj., in 
Hardin's ngt. ; and in ly53 was elected state's 
atty. fur tlie 9th circuit ut 111. ; in May, 1S6I, 
he bicamecol.of the 1 nil 1 \ \\~-\ . ;>tthccap- 
ture of Fort DonclM'ii, '. ' :i con- 

spicuous ]Kirt, he cum i ' i i i i MiClcr- 
nand's divi.^ion ; was (Ali: ii _'i, I -'.Ji made 
brig. -gen. of vols. ; and was mortally wounded 
on the lirst day of the battle of Shiloh, where 
be cum. a division. He was the eldest of 5 
bros., all of whom took part in the civil war. 

Wallace, V/illiam Ross, poet, b. Lex- 
ington, Ky., 1819.^ Son of a Presb. clergy- 
man. Was educated at the Bloomington and 
South-Ilanover Colleges, Ind., and after grad. 
studied law at Lexington. At the age of 22 
he went to N.Y., where, with the exception of 
a brief visit to Europe, he has since resided, en- 
gaged in literary pursuits. In 1848 he pub. 
"Alban the Pirate; "and in 18.51 "Medita- 
tions in America, and Other Poems ; " " Loved 
and Lost," 1856; "Pleasures of the Beauti- 
ful." He has written many charming songs. 
His " Dirge of Napoleon," written before he 
was 17, gave him an enviable reputation. 
" The Battle of Tippecanoe, and Other Poems," 
was pub. in Cincinnati in 1S37 ; " The Liberty 
Bell," a poem, 1862. He is a frequent con- 
trib. to itaijKr's and the Knickerbocker Mags., 
Journal of Commerce, and the Ledger. — Poets 
ami Pofirg of the West. 

Wallaek, J.^JIES William, actor, b. Lon- 
don, Aug. 24, 1795; d. N. Y. City, Dec. 25, 
1864. His father Wm. was adisting. comedian 
and vocalist; and his mother, Elizabeth Field, 
played leading female characters with Garrick- 
for several years. He made his first appear- 
ance in London at the age of 7 ; and Sheridan 
engaged him for Drury Lane. At 22 he re- 
placed Booth in playing lago to Kean's 



Square; retired from the stage in 1862. His 
reputation was highest in dramas of a roman- 
tic and picturesque order; and he was unri- 
valled as RoUa in "Pizarro." His "Life" 
was pub. N.Y. 8vo, 18G5, by T. H. MoreU. 
His son John Lester, b. N.Y. 1819 (a popu- 
lar light comedian and eccentric actor, man- 
ager of Wallack's Theatre since his father's 
death in 1864), has written "First Impres- 
sions," 1856; "Romance of a Poor Young 



Man," adapted from Octave Feuille 



" Veteran." James 
James W., Sen., ha; 
England, and Austin 
cess. His most rein 
in "Werner" and " 

Walley, John. 

Sup. Court of Ms., 
Hoston, Jan. I" 



W., Jun., 



and the 
jphew of 
s country, 



n . jii^l^e of the 
•n.-.table,"lG44; d. 
of Rev. Thomas. 



Othello. He first appeared in America at the 
Park Theatre, N.Y., Sept. 7, 1818, 



Mac- 



beth ; after two years of remarkable success, 
he returned in 1820 to London; after two 
more visits to the U.S., he became stage-mana- 
ger of Drury Lane under EUiston, performing 
also the leatling characters ; in 1 836 he opened 
the National Theatre, N.Y., burned down in 
1839; aud during the next ten years he played 
star engagements here and in Great Britain ; 
in 1851 he established Wallack's Theatre on 
Broadway, New York, where he long enjoyed 
uninterrupted success, the establishment be- 
ing disting. by a uniform artistic excellence 
in its stock company, and a careful regard to 
the proprieties of scenery and costume. In 
1861 he built a new theatre near Union 



Com. the first exped. against the French and 
Indians in Canada, Feb. 12, 1689 ; and under 
Gov. Phipps in 1690, when he com. a regt , 
doing good service in repulsing a body of 300 
French troops on the banks of the St. Charles. 
He was one of the principal founders of the 
town and church of Bristol ; a member of the 
council, 1687 ; capt. of the A. and Hon. Art. 
Co. His journal of the exped. to Canada is giv- 
en in Hutchinson's " Hist, of Massachusetts." 

Wain, Robert, poet, b. Phila. 1794; d. 
Providence, July 4, 1825. He was liberally 
educated. Pub. in 1819 " The Hermit in Amer- 
ica on a Vi.sit to Phila. ; " in 1820 "American 
Bards, a Satire ; " and " Sisvphi Opus, or 
Touches at the Times;" and 'in 1821 "The 
Hermit in Phila." On his return from a voy- 
age to China as supercargo, he pub. a history 
of that country in quarto numbers. He also 
edited Sanderson's "Lives of the Signers" 
after the third vol., and pub. in 1824 a " Life 
of Lafayette ; " Account of the Insane Asylum 
near Frankford, Pa. He also contrib. to the 
periodicals of the day. His fiither Robert, a 
prominent merchant of Phila., and M.C. 1798- 
1801, d. Jan. 24, 1836, a. 71. Author of an 
" Answer to the Boston Anti-Protective Re- 
port of Henrv Lee," and of " Seven Letters 
to Elias Hicks." 

Walsh, Michael, instructor, b. Ireland, 
1763; d. Amesbury, 20 Aug. 1840. He came 
to America in early life ; was an usher in the 
Marblehead Acad. ; received the hon. degree 
of A.M. from H.U. in 1803. He pub. "Mer- 
cantile Arithmetic," 1801; "New System of 
Bookkeeping," 1826. Judge Joseph Story was 
one of his pupils. 

Walsh, Michael, a Democ. politician 
of N.Y., b. Youghal, Ireland, 1810; d. N.Y. 
City, March 16, 1859. A lithographer by 
trade. Member of the Assembly in 1839; in 
1840 he pub. and edited a paper called the 
Knickerlmcker, the existence of which after a 
few years was terminated by the conviction and 
imprisonment of the editor for libel. He next 
edited a paper called the .Subterranean, an 
abusive and scurrilous print, which lived two 
or three years. M.C. 1853-5; and afterward 
visited Eng. and Mexico as an agent of the 
govt. He possessed great natural talents. 
Author of speeches, poems, and other writings, 
N.Y. 8vo, 1843. 



952 









Walsh, Robert, LL.D. (Il.U. 1819), au- 
thor, b. Baltimore, 1784; d. I'aris, Fob. 7, 
1859. His father, an Irishman, was a mer- 
chant of Baltimore. He was educated at the 
K.C. Coll. at Baltimore, and the Jesuit Coll. 
nt Georgetown. Returning from a visit to 
Europe in 1808, he studied law under R. G. 
Harper; m. and began practice, but, owing in 
part to deafness, abandoned law for literature. 
In 1811 he commenced the pub. of the first 
quarterly in America, Tlie American Hcview nf 
Histoiy ami Politics, continued 2 years ; in 1813 
he pub. his " Correspondence with R. G. Har- 
per respecting Russia," and " Essay on the 
i'uture State of Europe." He also furnished 
several, biog. prefaces to an edition of the Enff- 
lish poets, then Iirino- pnh in l'lii!:i In 1 si 7- 

18 he edited th.- I ■ /.' ■' ■ ]■' i- :- 

biographyofEi.il 1 1, i i , I : ; l;. 

tory," 1818 ; " A;i .'.pj. ,.1 :,> .l.;-:,.:.! u 

^f Great, Britain ivsjacuii,;; i1r L..s,,' IlIj, — 

^an able vindication of America from the asper- 

, sions and slanders of the Edinburgh and Quar- 

terli] Revieu-s. In 1820 he established the AV 

lional Gazette, with which he was connected 

till 1836. He also edited the American Mag. 

of Foreign Literature, but resuscitated his 

,■ American Review in March, 1827, continuing 

it with great ability 10 years ; in 1836 he pub. 

2 vols, of "Didactics." About this time he 

went to Europe, where he spent the residue 

' of his life; and was in 1845-51 U.S. consul at 

Paris, corresp. with the Nat. Intelligencer and 

the Journal of Commerce. For the " Enci/clo- 

pmdia Americana," edited by Dr. F. Lieber, he 

furnished the articles ( " "' 



education ; studied architecture and mathemat- 
ics ; designed in 1831 thePhila. County Prison ; 
Girard College, perhaps the finest specimen of 
classic architecture on the continent, in 1 833 ; 
the U. S. Capitol Extension, wliich occupied 
him 14 years (1851-65); the new Treasuiy 
Building; and the Govt. Hospital for the In- 
sane. Many years prof, of architecture in the 
Franklin lu'st. Phila. Member of the Amcr. 
Philos. Soc, and of many other literary and 
scientific bodies, and one of the founders of the 
Amer. Institute of Architects. — Thomas. 

Walter, Whium r.ic kkr, poet, b. Bos- 
ton, Apr. 19. IT'i^, : I ' iiii.-tun, S.C., Apr. 
23, 1822. i;.i,, I :~, Grandson of 

Rev. Wm , ini,l ! ■ -at Cambridge, 

l.ut.li.l not ,„, , II ; ; HI 1821 avol. of 
1 , ,,i!i -;,!,, I I r , I' ■ iilvc and doscrip- 

, I , , : ) ! -iJ ■ :lir idcaof which 

;, ;, : ,, ;.i . lie then recently- 

i,ui,:..hc.r'i.,:.:,., -/.M,, ,:i,ut 

Walton, GiioKGE, signer of the Decl. of 
Indep., b. Frederick Co., Va., 1740 ; d. Augus- 
ta, Ga., Feb. 2, 1804. Son of William, and 
was early apprenticed to a carpenter, whose 
economy would not allow him a candle to read 
at night. In his zeal for knowledge, he found 
a substitute in pine-knots. Adm. to the Ga. 
bar in 1774 ; was one of the four persons who 
called a public meeting at Savannah to concert 
for the defence of the country, July 



27, 1774; was one of the com. who ju'cpared 
le king, and drew up the patri- 
adopted on that occasion ; was 



Airier. Biog. Member 
of the Philos. Society, and of the Roy. Span- 
ish Acad, of History. 

Walter, Lynde Minshall, founder and 
first editor of the Boston Transcriiit 1830-42, 
b. 6 June, 1799; d. 24 July, 1842. H.U. 1817. 
4J- S'/^'! /Grandson of Rev. William, rector of Trin. 
^. Church, Boston, 17G4-76, b. 7 Oct, 1737; d. 

y , (rector of Christ Ch., Boston) 5 Dee. 1800. 

^c.//6^'"'ll.V. 175G. Great-grandson of Rev. Nathaniel. 
— /— 7' Walter, Nehemiah, minister of Roxbury, 
/%f i ■ Ms., from 17 Oct. 1688 to his d. Sept. 17,1750, 
b. Ireland, Dec. 16C3, H.U. 1GS4. Hisfather 
broughtliiinto Alii, Ml It 11 i ,ii!, iiOG79. After 
living a while ill N i^ ' ! i rame the col- 

league of the Apii 1 : II I'lib. an essay 

on Indwelling ^-iii, iTnT.nn,! ■ v, ml sermons. 
A vol. of sermons on Isaiah, with Memoir of 
Walter's Life, was pub. 8vo. 1755. — Sprague. 

Walter, Thojias, minister of Roxbury, 
b. Dee. 7, 169G ; d. Jan. 10, 1725. H.U. 
1713. Ordained colleague with his father. Rev. 
Nehemiah, Oct. 29, 1718, and was a disting. 
scholar, a popular preacher, and a keen dispu- 
tant. Excelling in the knowledge of music, he 
pub. " Grounds and Rules of Music Explained," 
nn elementary work on vocal music, 1721, 
long in use in N.E. ; essay on " Infallibility," 
1724 ; and some sennons. 

Walter, Thomas, botanist, b. Eng. ; d. 
ab. 1800. He was liberally educated. Settled 
as a planter near Charleston, S.C, and in 1788 
pub. " Flora Cnroliuiana." 

Walter, Thojias Ustick, LL.D. (H.U. 
1857), architect, b. Phila. 4 Sept. 1804. Ph. 
1). of U. of Lewisb. 1853. He had a good 



petil 



active in promoting the Revol. at home ; and 
from Feb. 1776 to Oct. 1781 was a delegate to 
Congress. A col. of militia, he assisted in the 
defence of Savannah in Dec. 1778; was danger- 
ously wounded in the thigh, and was a prisoner 
till Sept. 1779. He was chosen gov. the next 
month, and again in 1789; app. chief justice 
of the State in 1783 ; in 1787 was a delegate to 
the conv. for framing the Federal Constitution, 
but declined taking his seat ; in 1793 was again 
a judge of the Supreme Court ; and was in 
1795-6 U. S. senator. 

Walworth, Reuees Htde, LL.D. (N.J. 
Coll. 1835), jurist, b. Bozrah, Ct., Oct. 26, 
1789 ; d. Saratoga, Nov. 21, 1867. He passed 
his earlier years on a fann in Hoosick, N.Y., 
to which his father removed in 1793, acquiring 
a scanty education by industrious application ; 
and at the age of 16 taught school. At the 
age of 1 7 he began the study of law at Troy, 
N.Y., where in 1809 he was adm. to the bar, 
and settled at Plattsburg, attaining a high 
reputation. He was master in chancery ; wa i 
adj.-gen. of N.Y. militia during the war of 
1812, participating in the operations at Platts- 
burg in Sept. 1814 ; M.C. in 1821-3 ; app. a 
circuit judge in 1823; and in April, 1828-48, 
was chancellor of the State. Chancellor Wal- 
worth's adjudications in his own court arc col- 
lected in the 14 vols, of Paige and Barbour, 
while the opinions which he pronounced in the 
Court of Errors are to be found in the 38 vols, 
of Wendell, Hill, and Denio. Justice Story 
pronounced him "the greatest equity jurist 
living." He was an early friend of the tem- 
perance cause ; a vice-pres. of the Bible Society 
and of the Tract Society ; and a man of much 



-w-AJsr 



953 



•WAJR 



benevolence. Author of " Kules and Orders 
N. Y. Ct. of Chancery," 8vo, 1829 ; " Hyde 
Genealogy," 2 vols. 8vo, 18G4. 

Wangenheim, Fkedkric Adam Jules 
DE, liotaiiist, b. in the duehy of Saxc-Gotha, 
174"; d.GHnil)inncn, Eastern Prussia, Mar. 2.i, 
1800. During the American war he served in 
the British army as capt. of Hessian chasseurs 
1778-83, and on his return he was sent to Gum- 
binnen to organize the dept. of rivers and 
forests in Eastern Prussia. While in N. Amer. 
he had studied the botany of its forests ; and he 
succeeded in transplanting into Germany tlie 
diSerent kinds of trees and shrubs piodiiecdin 
this part of the new world. He pub. " Descrip- 
tion de quelques Especes d'Arbres qui croisseiit dans 
t'Ame'rique Sr-pt.," Su:., Gottingen, l"81,in 8vo; 
" Supplement a la Science Forest iere en Allemitfjne 
applique'e a la Transplantation des Especes 
d'Arbres que produit I'Am^riqne Sept.," Gottin- 
gen, 1787, in folio; " Description de Differentes 
JCspeces de Dois qui croissent dans I'Aui^rique 
Sept.," 17SS; and some pieces in the Memoirs 
of the Natural-History Society of Berlin. 

Wansey, Henry, autlior of " A Tour in 
the U.S. in 1794," and other works; d. War- 
minster, En-., July 19, 1827, a. 75. He was 
a Wiltshire clothier. 

Wanton, Joseph, gov. of R.I. 1769-75, 
b. Newport, U.I. ; d. tliere July 19, 1780, a. 75. 
Son of William, gov. R.I. 1732-4, who d. 
Newport, M.iy 9, 1737, a. 57. He acquired 
wealth as a merchant. Having in 1773 ac- 
cepted an app. to inquire into the affair of 
the " Gaspe," he was looked upon by the 

Seople witli distrust, and regarded as a loyalist. 
OHX, gov. R I. 1734-41, was several years 
previously assist, and lieut.-gov., d. July 11, 
1741, a. 68. GiDEOx, gov. K.I. 1745-47, pre- 
viously treasurer, d. Newport, Sept. 12, 1767, 
a. 74. 

Warburton, Maj. George, some time a 
resident of Canada, subsequently M.P. for 
Harwich; d. by his own hand, 1857. Bro. of 
Eliot the author. Maj. W. has pub. " Hoche- 
laga, or England in the New World," 1846; 
" The Conquest of Canada," 2 vols. 8vo, 1849, 
&c. — Allibone. 

Ward, Aaron, lawyer and politician, b. 
Sing Sing, N.Y.. 5 Julv, 1790 ; d. Georgetown, 
D.C., 27 Eel). 1867. Educated at Mt. Pleasant 
Acad., and adm. to the Westchester-Co. bar. 
He served in the war of 1812-15, and was a 
capt. U.S.A. ; afterward maj.-gen. of militia; 
dist.-atty. of Westchester Co.; M.C. 1825-9, 
1831-7, and 1841-3. Author of "Around the 
Pyramids," &c., 12mo, 1863. 

Ward, Andrew Henshaw, author, b. 
Shrewsbury, Ms., May 26, 1784; d. Newton- 
villc, Ms., Fcb.18,1864. H.U.I808. Adm. to 
the Northampton bar in 1811, and practised in 
bis native town ; was many years a customs- 
officer at Boston ; member of the Const. Conv. 
of 1853 ; member of the N.E. Hist. Geneal. 
Society, contributing to its quarterly Reijisler. 
Author of a "History of Slirewsbur.y,""l847, 
and Genealogies of the Ward and Rice fami- 
lies. 

Ward, Artemas, first maj.-gen. Revol. 
armv, b. Shrewsbury, Nov. 27, 1727; d. 
there Oct. 27, 18U0.' H.U. 1748. At the 



age of 25 he was a justice of the peace; in 
1755 a major in Col. Abr. Williams's regt. ; 
and in 17.58 was major in the regt. com. by 
William Williams. He aecomp. the c.xpcd. 
under Gen. Abercrombie, from which he re- 
turned with the rank of lieut.-col. Succeeding 
to the com. of the 3d Regt , he also represented 
his native town in the legisl., where he took an 
active part in the contriuc-r-ir'< tlint preceded 
the Revolution betw(.i;i th- 11 !i i ^^.vs. and 
the h. of representain , m ^: 1774, ho 
was app. by theProM;: li ( mi^i , n, which 
he was a delegate, a g^iici.il uUKci , and on the 
19th of May following, cum.-iu-ohief, in which 
capacity he acted, com. the army which began 
the siege of Bo.ston, until the arrival of Wash- 
ington in July, when he was assigned to com. 
the right wing of the army stationed in Ro.x- 
bury. Congress chose him first maj.-gen. June 
17, 1775; but he resi'.;ned in April, 1776, from 
ill-health, tlioivji..nMii..v.<,,„pst of Washington, 
he contintiril ■ ! ■ >, ■ • ! the close of the 
year. Chin j , ' ' i 1'. for Worcester 

Co. in 177G ; ;ii 1 , r: ;, n.i, elected to the e.\. 
council, and, U il.ctuiiiicii, |.i cs. of that board ; 
and in 1779 was a]i|). a delegate to Congress, 
but was prevented liy ill-health from taking a 
seat in that body. He was 16 years a represen- 
tative in the legisl., and in 1785 speaker of the 
house. M.C. in 1791-5. He was a man of 
incorruptible integrity, and of fi.xed and un- 
yielding principles. His son Abtemas, LL.D. 
(II.U. 1842-5), M.C. 1813-17, chief justice 
C.C.P. 1820-39, and an eminent lawyer, b. 9 
Jan. 1762, d. Boston 7 Oct. 1847; H.U. I7S3. 
He practised law in Boston after 1809, and was 
frequently a member of the legisl. and of the 
council. 

Ward, Frederick Townshend, admiral- 
gen, in the service of the emperor of China, 
b. Salem, Ms., Nov. 1831 ; killed Oct. 7, 1862, 
during an engagement near Ningpo between 
the rebel Taepings and the European allied 
array. He was educated at the Salem High 
School, and was a lieut. in the French service 
during the Crimean war ; had seen service in 
Mexico, and under the filibuster Walker. Ho 
trained the Chinese into good soldiers, and at 
their head won many victories. 

Ward, Henrt, see. of R.I. from 1760 to 
his d. Dec. 1797 ; was, with his bro. Samuel a 
principal advocate and supporter of the Revol. 
in that State. He was a member of the Con- 
gress which met in N.Y. 1765, and a member 
of the com. of corresp. during the Revol. The 
office of sec. was held by the father and two of 
his sons for 70 years. 

Ward, James Hakman, commander 
U.S.N., son of Col. James of Hartlbrd, Ct., b. 
there 1806; killed in an attack on Matthias 
Point, Va., June 27, 1S61. Educated at the 
Norwich Milit. Acad., and at Trin. Coll., Hart- 
ford. March 4, 1823, app. midshipni.; lieut. 
Mar. 3, 1831 ; and com. Sept. 9, l;!5S. While 
serving on the coast of Africa, he compiled his 
"Manual of Naval Tactics," pub. in 1858. In 
1842-3 he delivered in Phila. a popular course 
of lectures on Gunnery. He urged the estab- 
lishment of a naval school ; was app. a prof, of 
that organized, and lectured on " Naval Ord- 
nance and Gunnery," subsequently pub. He 



■V7A.TI 



next pub. " Steam for the Million." lie was 
app. to command the Potomac flotilla, May 16, 
1861. June 1 he attacked and silonctd the bat- 
teries at Aquia Creek ; June 26 he attacked a 
battery at Matthias Point, but was struck by a 
Minic-ball, and almost instantly killed. 

Ward, JA-Miis Warner, b. Newark, N.J:, 
1318. Pub. in 1838" Yoriek and Other Poems." 
He received a Franklin Medal at the Boston 
High School. Moved to the West, where lie 
became a contrib. to periodicals, and in 185.5 
was associated with J. A. Warder in the West- 
ern ffoiiic. Rev. Author of " Memoir of Mrs. 
H. L. Ward," 12mo, 1843; of some fine pieces 
of sacred music, and of many popular minor 
]iocras. One of the best parodies on "Hiawa- 
tlia" was from his pen. His" Mosquito Son;:^" 
was lii-hly commended. In 1859 Mr. Ward 
setiledin N. Y. City. 

Ward, J. Q. A., sculptor, b. Urbana, 0., 
ab. 1832. Passed his early life on a farm ; was 
a pupil of H. K. Brown in 1850-6 ; spent two 
years in Washington, modelling busts ; and, 
after visiting Ga. and Ohio, took a studio in 
N. Y^ork in 1861, and In 1863 became an acade- 
mician. Besides a large number of busts, he 
has executed medallions, studies for bass-reliefs, 
statues, and groups. Among his works arc the 
"Frecdman," "Indian Hunter," a monument 
to commemorate the discovery of sulphuric 
ether as an anaisthetie, a bronze statue of Com. 
M. C. Pen-y, and a statue of Shakspeare for 
the N. Y. Central Fark. — Tuckennan. 

Ward, Nathaniel, clergyman and author, 
b. Haverhill, SulFolk, Eng., ab. 1578; d. Shen- 
field, Essex, Eng., ab. 1652. Cambridge U. 
1603. His father John, the "painful minis- 
ter " of Haverhill, had three sons, Samuel, Na- 
thaniel, and John, in the church, of whom, ac- 
cording to Dr. Fuller in his " Worthies," peo- 
ple used to say that all of them put together 
would not make up his abilities. Nathaniel was 
bred a lawyer ; travelled on the Continent with 
some merchants in Prussia and Denmark; de- 
voted himself to divinity ; and on his return be- 
came rector of Stondon Marey, Essex. He was 
connected with the Ms. Company in 1630; was 
brought before Bishop Laud for nonconformity 
in 1631 ; was silenced in 1633 ; and arrived in 
N.E. in 1634. Ho immediately became pastor 
of the church at Agawam, or Ipswich, Rev. 
Thomas Parker being teacher. The latter hav- 
ing removed to Newbury, John Norton became 
in 1636 the colleague of Ward, who resigned 
in Feb. 1637 from impaired health. He was 
tlie author of the "Body of Liberties," adopted 
in Dec. 1641, — the first code of laws established 
in N. Eng. He preached the 5Is. Election Ser- 
mon, June 2, 1641. In 1645 he was chosen by 
the General Court a member of a committee 
for the county of Essex to dr.aw up laws to 
be submitted to the next legislature. Ward 
returai'd to England at the close of 1646. His 
" Simple Cobler of Agg.awam," a quaint politi- 
co-religious tract, satirizing the affairs and man- 
ners of the Colony and the fashionable ladies 
of the day, but levelled mainly at the condition 
of England, was pub. at London, Jan. 30, 1647. 
In 1648 he became th> minister at Shcnfield, 
where he died. He was a ccMiratcd wit, and 
was something; of a poet, having written in 1648 



my. 



s, of 



a humorous satirical address to the London 
tradesmen turned preachers, entitled " Mereu- 
rius Anti-Mechanieus, or the Simple Cobler's 
Boy," &c. His " Simple Cobler " was re- 
printed at Boston in 1713 and 1843, and at 
Washington in 1844. Besides several tr.tcts 
attributed to him, he pub. "A Sermon before 
the House of Commons, June 30, 1647 ; " "A 
Keligious Ketreat sounded to a Eeligious Ar- 
" 1647; "The Humble Petitions, Serious 
, and Dutiful Expos 
some Freeholders of the Easterne Assi 
the High and Hon. Parliament of Eng.," 1648 ; 
and " DiseoUiminum," a reply to "Bounds and 
Bonds," 1650. His son JOH.f (b. Haverhill, 
Eng., 5 Nov. 1605, d. Haverhill, Ms., 27 Dec. 
1693, Camb.U. 1630) was minister of llavcrliiil, 
Ms., from 1645 to his death, 27 Dec. 1693.— 
See Memoir bi/ John Ward Dean, 8vo, 1868. 

Ward, SiAMCEL, statesman, b. Newport, 
E.L, May 27, 1725; d. Phiia. March 26, 1776. 
His ancestors, one of whom was an ofBcer in 
Cromwell's armv, were among the first settlers 
of K.I. Richard his father, gov. of E.I. in 
1741 and '42, was sec. in 1714-33. Samuel 
was brought up a farmer, and man of business 
for his father, acquired a competency, and set- 
t;o:l in Westerly. Member of the Gen. Assem- 
bly 1756-9, chief justice 1761, and gov. in 1762 
and 1765-7. He was one of the originators of 
E.I. Coll., now kno\vn as Brown U. lie was 
an active patriot; chairman of the Westerly 
com. of eonesp. With Stephen Hopkins, he was 
app. a delegate to the First Congress in Phila. 
in Sept. 1774 ; and was also a member of that 
body in 1 775, in which he usually presided when 
in com. of the whole, and was a member of im- 
portant committees. — Sre Life, hy Gammell, in 
Sparhs's Amer. Bioi/., vol. 19. His son Col. 
Samuel, a brave lievol. oUleer, b. 17 Nov. 
1756, d. N.Y. City, 16 Aug. 1832. Brown U. 
1771. He participated in Arnold's cxpcd. to 
Quebec, in the defence of Red Bank, and in 
the engagements in E.I., and at Springfield, 
N. .1. Afterward a merchant in New York. 

Ward, Thomas, M.D. (Rutg. Coll.), poet, 
b. Newark, N. J., June 8, 1807. Sou of Gen. 
Thomas Ward. He pub. in 1842 "Passaic," 
a group of poems touching that river. A con- 
trib. to the Knickerbod-er and N. Y. Amcriean. 
Warden, David Bailie, M.D (N.Y. 
Med. Coll.), b. Ireland, 1778 ; d. while Ameri- 
can consul at Paris, Oct. 9, l.'^45. He was clas- 
sically educated, and was disting. for his scien- 
tific attainments and varied learning. He was 
app. sec. of legation to Gen. Armstrong, min- 
ister to France, and was subsequently app. con- 
sul at Paris, in wliich station be continued 40 
years; and a member of the French Acid He 
pub. an " Account of the U.S.," 3 vols. 8vo, 
1819; the same in French, at Paris; "On 
Consular Establishments," 1813; " Bibliothcea 
Americana," 1831 ; "Bib. America Septenr.," 
Paris, 1820; "Description of the Dist. of Co- 
lumbia," 8vo, 1816; "Hist, of the Silk Bill," 



of the Negroes," 1810; "Origin, Influence, 

&e.,of Consubar Establishments," Paris, 1813. 

Warder, John a., M.D., ])rof. of ehem. in 

Ohio Med. Coll., b. Phila. 1813; removed to 



955 



-W^AR 



Ohio 1830. Author of "Hedge Manual," 
1858; "American Pomology," 1867. Edit. 
Botan. Mag. and Hortic. Rev. Contributor to 
scientific periodicals. — Allihonc. 

Ware, Ashur, LL.D. (Bowd. Coll. 1837), 
judge, b. Sherburne, Ms., Feb. 10, 1782. H.U. 
1804; was tutor there 1807-11 ; prof, of Greek 
1811-15. Attorney at law in Boston in 1816, 
and editor of the Boston Yankee. He removed 
to Portland in 1817, and from 1822 to 1866 was 
judge of the U.S. Dist. Court of Mc. He was 
first sec. of state for Mc. in 1820. In 1839 he 
pnb. " Reports of Cases U.S. District Court of 
Mo. 1822-39." Ho delivered an oration, July 
4, 1816, before the Washington Society; an- 
other, July 4, 1817, in Portland. He contrib. 
to Bouvier's "Law Dictionary" articles on 
Admiralty Jurisdiction, on the Duty of Mas- 
ters of Vessels, and Privileged Debts. 

Ware, Catharine Augusta, poet, b. 
Quincy, Ms., 1797; d. Paris 1843. Dan. of 
Dr. Rhodes, and in 1819 m. Charles A. Ware 
of the navy. Author of a vol. entitled " Power 
of the Passions, and Other Poems," London, 
1842. She wrote occasional poems for the pa- 
pers ; edited the Boiuer of Taste in Boston ; 
and went to Europe in 1839. She was a rela- 
tive of Robert Treat Paine, and at 15 wrote 
some verses on his death. — Diychinck. 

Ware, Henry, D.I). (H.U. 1806), Hollis 
professor of divinity in H.U. (1805-45), b. 
Sherburne, Ms., Apr. 1, 1764; d. Cambridge, 
July 12, 1845. H.U. 1785. His father being 
a farmer of small means, his opportunities lor 
education were limited. As his health was 
feeble, his iwo.eldest brother.'! (his father having 
died when he was 15 years old) assisted him 
to procure a collegiate education. Oct. 24, 
1787, he wasord.over the First Church in Hing- 
hara, wliere he continued till chosen prof, in 
1805. The situation was one of great respon- 
sibility, on account of the controversies re- 
specting it, which resulted in the separation of 
the Cong. Clmrch of N.E. into the two sects 
called Unitarian and Orthodox. Among the 
writers on one side were Drs. Morse, Worcester, 
and Woods, and on the other Dr. Wm. E. 
('banning, Prof. Andrews Norton, and Prof. 
Ware liiiuself, who about 1820 pub. his "Let- 
ters addressed to Trinitarians and Calvinists," 
in answer to tlie Letters of the Rev. Dr. Woods. 
The hitter replied ; and the discussion was con- 
tinued by Dr. Ware in two other publications. 
In 1842 'he pub. also one course of his aca- 
demical lectures on the Evidences, Doctrines, 
and Ethics of Christianity, 2 vols. He was a 
man of pure tastes and simple manners, with 
a refined :ind highly-cultivated intellect, and a 
generous and affectionate heart. 

Ware, Henry, Jun., D.D., clergyman, 
son of the preceding, b. Hingham, Ms., Apr. 
21, 1794; d. Fraraingham, Ms., Sept. 22, 1843. 
H.U. 1812. He sjjent two years as assist, in- 
structor at Phillips (Exeter) Acad.; and was 
ord. pastor of the Second Unitarian Church in 
Boston, Jan. 1, 1817. He became the editor 
(it tlie CInislian Discijilc, an organ of the Uni- 
tarian denomination, which afterward became 
the C'ltristian Examiner; and took an active 
part in all the public associations of his de- 
uominatiou. In 1829-42 he was prof, of pul- 



pit eloquence, and the pastoral care at H.U. ; 
and in the summer of 1830 he visited different 
parts of Europe. In 1824 he delivered a poem, 
entitled " A Vision of Liberty," before the 
Phi Beta Kappa of Cambridge. Author of 
" Poem on the Celeb, of Peace," 1815 ; " Hints 
on Extenip. Preaching," 1824 ; " Recollections 
of Jotham Anderson ; " on the " Formation of 
Christian Character," 1831 ; " Feast of the 
Tabernacle," a poem, 1837; " Life of the Sa- 
viour," 1832; "Memoir of Rev. Dr. Parker," 
1834 ; a " Selection from the Writings of Dr. 
Priestley," 1835. A selection of his writings 
was pub. by Rev. Chandler Robbins, 4 vols. 
1846; a Memoir by his bro. John Ware, M.D., 
appeared in 1846, 2 vols. His wife, Maky L. 
\Vare, a woman of great elevation of mind 
and active benevolence, d. April, 1849. 

Ware, John, M.D. (H.U. 1816), bro. of 
the preceding, physician and author, b. Hing- 
ham, Ms., Dec. 19, 1795; d. Boston, Apr. 29, 
1864. H.U. 1813. He began to practise in 
Du.xbury, Ms., and in 1817 removed to Boston. 
From 1832 to 1858 he was prof of the theory 



and practice of medicine in the medical dept. 
of H.U. ; several years pres. of the Ms. Med. 



Soc, and also a member of the Am. Acad, of 
Arts and Sciences. He pub. medical lectures 
and discourses; essays on " Croup," on " De- 
lirium Tremens," and on " Hemoptysis ; " a 
vol. on the " Philosophy of Natural History ; " 
a " Memoir of H. Ware, Jun.," 1846 ; " Hints 
to Young Men," 18.50; " Success in the Medi- 
cal Profession," &c., 1851. His wife, Mabt 
Greene, dan. of Mr. Chandler, b. Petersham, 
1818, is author of " Elements of Character," 
1854; "Thoughts in My Garden," 1862; 
"Death and Life," 1864. 

Ware, William, clergvinan and author, 
b. Hingham, Ms., Aug. 3, 17'97 ; d. Cambridge, 
Ms., Feb. 19, 1852. H.U. 1816; Caml). Tlieol. 
School, 1819. Son of Rev. Henry. He com- 
menced preaching at Northborough ; was set- 
tled successively in Bi'ooklyn, Ct., and Bur- 
lington, Vt. ; and from Dec. IS, 1821, to Oct. 19, 
1836, was minister of the First Cong. Church 
inN.Y. ; from June, 1837, to Apr. 1838, he 
was settled over the 2d Cong. Church in Wal- 
tham, Ms.; and in Dec. 1843 was settled at 
West Cambridge, but ill-health soon obliged 
him to give up preaching. He contrib. to the 
Kiiickei-boclcer ilag. " Letters from Palmyra," 
pub. in 2 vols, in 1837, better known under 
the present title of " Zenobia." A sequel to 
this work, now known as " Aurelian," appeared 
in 1838 with the title of " Probus." Remov- 
ing to Cambridge in 1839, he for several years 
edited the Christian Examiner. "Julian" was 
pub. in 2 vols, in 1841 ; "American Unitarian 
Biography," 2 vols. 8vo, 1850; Memoir of 
Nath. Bacon, in Sparks's " Amer. Biog.,"vol. 
13. In 1848 he travelled one year in Europe; 
pnb. after his return " Sketches of European 
Capitals," 1851 ; " Lectures on the Works and 
Genius of Washington Allston," 12mo, 1852; 
and was a frequent contributor to the Chris- 
tian Examiner and other Unitarian periodi- 
cals. 

Warfleld, Catharine Anne, poet, b. 
Washington, Mpi., 1817. Her father. Major 
Nath. A. Ware, was sec. of Mpi. Terr , and a 



W^VR 



956 



t ; author of " Views of the 
i'ederal Constitution." Her maternal grand- 
fatlier was Capt. Charles Percy of the British 
navv. Educated with her sister in Phila. She 
was'm. in 1833 to Eli^ha Warfield of Lexing- 
ton, Kj-., whence in 1857 they removed to a 
farm near Louisville, Ky. In 1843 was pub. 
" The Wife of Leon, and Other Poems, by Two 
Sisters of the West;" and in 1846 the sisters 
pub. a new collection, entitled " The Indian 
Chamber, and Other Poems." Her " Household 
of Bouverie," a novel, appeared in 186:!; " Ro- 
mance of the Great Seal," 1867. 

Warham, John, first minister of Wind- 
sor, Ct., from Sept. 1636 till his death, Apr. 1, 
16T0. He was an eminent minister at Exeter, 
Eng., when the church which was gathered at 
Plymouth, and about to emigrate to America, 
of which Mr. John Maverick was pastor, se- 
cured him as teacher. They arrived May 30, 
16.30, and in June began a settlement at Dor- 
chester. In 163.'> this church removed to Wind- 
sor, where Mr. W. joined them the next year, 
Mr. Maverick having died. 

Warner, Susan, novelist, b. N.Y. 1818, 
dau. of Henry W. Warner of the N. York bar, 
who resides on Constitution Island, near West 
Point. Pub. in 1 849 " The Wide, Wide World," 
a story of domestic life; " Queechy," 1852; 
"The Law and the Testimony," 1853, a theol. 
work of research and merit ; a prize essay on 
the Duties of American Women; "The ilills 
of Shatemuck," 18.)6, containing sketches of 
scenery near her residence; a vol. of " Lvrics 
from the Wide, Wide World ; " " The Golden 
Ladder," 1862; "The Old Helmet," 1863. 
She has written under the mm de plume " Eliza- 
beth Wethcrell." Her sister Anna B. War- 
ner is the author of "Dollars and Cents," a 
novel, 1853 ; " My Brother's Keeper," 2 vols. 
1855 ; and of a series of juvenile tales. " Say 
and Seal," the joint production of the sisters, 
app. in 2 vols, in 1860. 

Warner, Col. Seth, Revol. officer, b. 
Roxbury, Ct., May 17, 1743 ; d. there Dec. 26, 
1784. He was early disting. by his energy, 
sound judgment, and manly and noble bear- 
ing. In 1765, with his father Dr. Benj. War- 
ner, he removed to Bennington, in the N6w- 
Hampshire grants. During the dispute be- 
tween N.Y. and the inhabitants of the "grants," 
over whom it claimed jurisdiction, Ethan Al- 
len and Seth Warner were the leaders and 
champions of the people. They were outlawed 
by the State of N.Y. ; and a reward was offered 
for the arrest of either. As second in com. he 
participated in the capture of Ticonderoga, and 
on the following day he took the important 
post of Crown Point, with its garrison and 113 
cannon. Chosen col. July 27, 1775 ; in Sept. 
he was at the siege of St. John's under Mont- 
gomery, and defeated Gen. Carleton in the at- 
tempt for its relief. During the retreat of the 
Amerieains to Ticonderoga in May, 1776, War- 
ner rendered valuable service. When Ticon- 
deroga was evacuated on the night of July 4, 
1777, the main body of the army took the road 
through Hubbardton and Castleton. At the 
former place the rear-guard was put under the 
com. of Warner, who was attacked by Eraser, 
July 7, and, after a severely-contested tight, 



was compelled to retreat. At the battle of 
Bennington, Warner's regiment arrived at tha 
scene of action in season to repel and defeat 
the re-enfbreement of the enemy under Bray- 
man, and to share in the glory of that exploit. 
He remained in the service until 1782, when 
his constitution, though naturally strong and 
vigorous, gave way under the fatigue and hard- 
ships of the service, and he returned with his 
family to Roxbury. Seth Warner was over 
six feet in height, erect and well-proportioned. 
A Memoir by Daniel Chipman was pub. at 
Middlcbury, l'848. 

Warren, Gouverneitb Kemble, brevet 
maj.-gcn. U.S.A., b. Cold Spring, N.Y., 1830. iA 
West Point, 1850. Entering the topog. engrs., - 
he was made 1st lient. 1 July, 1856; capt. 9 / ' 
Sept. 1861; capt. engr. corps 3 Mar. 1863; 
niaj. 25 June, 1864 ; lieut.-col. 5th N.Y. Vols. 
14 May, 1861 ; col. 31 Aug. 1861 ; brig. -gen. 
26 Sept. 1862; maj.-gen. 3 May, 1863. He 
was engaged in surveys of the western Terrs, 
until 1859 ; was assist, prof, of math. 1859-61, 
at West Point; com. a brigade in Peninsular 
campaign, and brev. lieut.-col. 27 June, 1862, 
for Gaines's Mill, where he was wounded ; en- 
gaged in battles of Manassas, Anlietam, and 
Erederieksbnrg ; chief topog. engr. Army of 
Potomac from 4 Feb. 1863 ; engaged at Chan- 
cellorsville; brev. col. 4 July, 1863, for Gettys- 
burg, where he was wounded; in temporary 
com. 2d corps, Aug. 1863 to Mar. 1864; and in 
com. at the combats of Auburn and Bristoe 
Station, 14 Oct. 1863 ; com. 5th corps, March, 
1864, to Apr. 1,1865, in Richmond campaign; 
and engaged at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, 
North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, 
siege of Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, and Five 
Forks; brev. brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. 13 
Mar. 1865 for Bristoe Station, and for gallant 
and merit, services during the Rebellion. Au- 
thor of Explorations in the Dakotah Country 
in 1855; of the Country between the Missouri 
and Platte Rivers, 1857 ; in Nebraska and Da- 
kotah, 1856-7; Pacific-Railroad Reports, part 
of vol. i., alt of vol. ii. ; " Battle of Five 
Forks," 1866. — Cu//iini. 

Warren, Gen. James, Revol. patriot of 
Ms., b. Plymouth, Sept. 28, 1726; d. there 
Nov. 27, 180S. H.U. 174.1. Many years a 
merchant. In 1757 the decease of his father 
left him a handsome patrimonial estate, which 
had descended from Richard, one of the first 
settlers of Plymouth in 1620. Succeeding his 
father as high sheriff, he retained the office till 
the commencement of the war. Chosen a 
member of the Gen. Court in May, 1766, he 
disting. himself in maintaining the rights of 
the Colonies. After the death of Gen. Joseph 
Warren, he was app. pres. of the Prov. Con- 
gress; and in 1775, while thearmy was at Cam- 
bridge, was made paym.-gen., but resigned the 
office on its removal to New York. He was 
afterwards app. maj.-gen. of the militia. After 
the adoption of the constitution of Ms., he was 
several years speaker of the house of represen- 
tatives, and, refusing the offices of lieut.-gov. 
and judge of the Sup. Court, held a seat at the 
navy board. Husband of Mercy Warren the 



Warren, John, M.D., a disting. physician, 



957 



1 :iftcrapp. hospital-surgeon. In 1776 
ip. the array to N.Y. and N.J. ; served 



h. Roxbnrv, Ms., Jiilv 27, 17.-i3; d. Boston, 
Apr. 4, IsLl. H.U. 1771. His ancestors set- 
tled in Boston in 1720. After studying medi- 
cine two years with his hro. Joseph (afterwards 
Gen. Warren), he settled in Salem, where he 
soon had an extensive practice. On the day 
of the battle of Bunker's Hill, his anxiety on 
account of his bro. leii him to attempt to pass a 
sentry, who inflicted a bayonet wound, the 
scar of which he bore through life. He ad- 
: wounded in that battle, and 
was 
he accomi ^ 

and Princeton; and from 1777 
the close of the war was superintending sur- 
geon of the military hospitals in Boston. He 
was for nearly 40 years the most eminent sur- 
geon in N.E. He gave a course of dissections 
to his colleagues in 1780 ; and in 1783 became 
prof, of anatomy and surgery in the newly-es- 
tablished medical school at Cambridj;e. Pres. 
of the Ms. Med. Soc. from 1804 till his death, 
and was also pres. of the Agric. and Humane 
Societies. An instance of the energy of his 
character is found in his preparing a course of 
lectures on anatomy without books, without 
an instructor, and without a model. He deliv- 
ered several public addresses, and in 1783 be- 
gan the series of 4tli-of-July orations at Bos- 
ton, ever since continued. In 1777 he m. the 
dan. of Gov. Collins of R.I. He pub. a " Dis- 
sertation on the Mercurial Practice in Febrile 
Diseases ; " an address to the lodges of Free- 
masons, of which he was grandmaster; and 
contrib. many articles to the Journal of Medi- 
cine and Surgery, the " Memoirs " of the Amer. 
Acad., and the " Communications" of the Ms. 
Med. Society. 

Warren, John Collins, M.D.,an eminent 
surgeon and medical writer, b. Boston, 1 Aug. 
1778; d. there 4 May, 1856. H.U.1797. Son 
of the preceding. He studied medicine with 
his father, and in the hospitals of London and 
Paris; began practice at Boston in 1802, and 
soon took the lead in his profession. Assistant 
prof, of anatomy and surgery H.U. 1806-15, 
full prof. 1813-47, and emeritus prof. 1847-56. 
One of the founders of the Ms. Gen. Hospital 
in 1820, and principal surgeon in daily attend- 
ance until his death ; also a founder of the 
McLean Asylum for the Insane; pres. Ms. 
Med. Soc. 1832-6 ; pres. of the Boston Soc. of 
Nat. Hist, at the time of his death ; and a mem- 
ber of the principal scientific bodies in America 
and Europe. Chiefly instrumental in found- 
ing, and from 1828 assoc. editor of, the Boston 
Med. and Siiiy. Journul. In 1846 he was the 
first to use ether in a surgical operation ; and 
his sanction aided its general introduction. 
He devoted much of his later life to the natural 
sciences. His collection of specimens in com- 
parative anatomy, osteology, and paleontology, 
was large, and included the most perfect mas- 
todon known to exist. By his will he ordered 
that his body be given for examination to the 
officers of the Medical College, and that the 
skeleton should be deposited in its inuseum. An 
ardent friend of temperance, and many years 
pres. of the Ms. Temperance Soc. Besides 
contribs. to med. and scicnt. journals, be: puli. 
" Diseases of the Heart," 1809; " Comparative 



View of the Sensorial System," 1820; "Ac- 
count of the B.iston Med. School and Ms. Gen. 
Hospital," 1824; "Dislocation of the Hip- 
Joint," 1826; "Description of the Si.tniese 
Twins," 1S29; "Observations on Tumors," 
is;:: I.!'. i/rii.n,"1848; " Dcscript. of an 
Kj M : in," 1821 ; "Alcohol in the 

I'l.; vi., I ,■■ 1849; "The Preservation 

of 11 ::iii, 1^-1; "Fossil Sandstone Rocks 
of Ct. River," 1854 ; " Genealogy of the War- 
ren Family," 1855; "Mastodon Glganteiis," 
1 855. — See his Life, with Atilob. and Journuls, bi/ 
Edward Warren, 2 vols. 18G0. His son Jona- 
TiniJ Mason, M.D., b. Boston, 1810, d. there 
19 Aug. 1867; H.U. 1832. Author of numer- 
ous monographs on special subjects; the latest 
of them, " Surgical Observations, with Cases 
and Operations," 1867, was finely illustrated. 

Warren, Gkn. Joseph, physician and 
patriot, b. Roxbury, Ms., June 1 1, 1741 ; killed 
at Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775. H.U. 1759. 
His fiither, a respectable farmer, held several 
municipal offices in Roxbury. He studied 
medicine under Dr. Lloyd ; commenced prac- 
tice in Boston in 1762, and, by his successful 
treatment of the smallpox in 1764, attained 
high rank among his brethren. His jiolitical 
sentiments were somewhat in advance of pub- 
lic opinion ; for he held as tyranny all taxation 
which couW be imposed by the British |iarlia- 
ment upon the Colonies. In him the people 
(bund not only the firmness and decision they 
wished for in a leader, but prudence and wari- 
ness in all his plans. He met frequently with 
a considerable numberof substantial mech.anics, 
and others in the middling-classes of society, 
who were busy in politics, and was constantly 
enlightening the people by his pen. He was 
twice chosen to deliver the oration on the 5th 
of March, in commemoration of the " Massa- 
cre." The second of these was delivered Mar. 
6, 1775, in the "Old South" meeting-house, 
and in defiance of the threats of the British 
officers, that it would be at the price of the life 
of any man to spe.ak on thnt anniversary. In 
1772 he beciime a member of the com. of cor- 
resp. ; in the autumn of 1774 he was elected a 
delegate to the Ms. Congress, over which he 
presided after the departure of Hancock; and 
was also chairman of the com. of public safety, 
to whom the executive power was intrusted. 
He was thus the virtual head of tlie new com- 
monwealth. Having discovered the design of 
seizing our stores at Concord, he despatched 
messengers to Hancock and Adams at Lexing- 
ton to warn them of their danger. Hastening 
to the field of action on the next day, lie shared 
the dangers of the opening battle of the Revo- 
lution, a musket-ball taking off a lock of his 
hair close to his ear. June 14, 1775, the Prov. 
Congress of Ms. made him a major-gen. He 
had previously been unceasing in his exertions 
to maintain order and enforce discipline 
amongst the troops which had hastily assem- 
bled after the battle of Lexington. He opposed 
the project of occupying Charlestown Heights, 
on the ground of want of ammunition sufficient 
to resist the attack of the British troojis. When 
the step was determined on, he, however, re- 
solved to share in its dangers. Arriving at the 
intruuchmentson Breed's Hill just as the enemy 



958 



"V\^AS 



were preparing to advance, Col. Prcscott de- 
sired to act under his directions ; but Warren 
declined taking any other part than that of a 
volunteer. During the retreat he was one of 
the last who left the redoubt, near which he 
fell as he was slowly retiring. A granite 
shaft, 216 feet in height, marks the spot sprin- 
kled by the blood of the first Revol. martyr 
of rank. His eldest son was educated at the 
public e.iipense. His Life, by A. H. Everett, 
is in Sparks's " Araer. Biog'" Another, by 
R. Frothingham, was published 8vo, Boston, 



Mekct, authoress, b. Barnsta- 
ble, Sept. 25'(N.S.), 1728 ; d. Plymouth, Oct. 
19, 1814. A sister of the patriot James Otis, 
and ab. 1 754 became the wife of Gen. James 
Warren. She had an active as well as power- 
ful mind, and corresp. with some of the lead- 
ing statesmen of the times. She wrote several 
satirical pieces, poetical and dramatic ; a forci- 
ble poetical satire in the form of a drama, 
called the " Group ; " the " Adulator ; " two 
tragedies, of five acts each, called the " Sack of 
Rome" and the "Ladies of Castile." These 
productions, written during the war, and pub. 
m 1778, are full of patriotic feeling and heroic 
sentiment. Her Poems, dramatic and miscel- 
laneous, were pub. in 1790. In 1805 she pub. 
her History of the Revol. War, 3 vols. 8vo. 

Warren, Sib Peter, an English admiral, 
b. 1703; d. Ireland, July 29, 1752. Entering 
the navy in 1727, he rose to the rank of com- 
modore, which he held in 1745, when app. com. 
of an armament destined to attack Louisburg, 
then belonging to the French. He joined the 
fleet of transports with the land-forces under 
Gen Pepperrell from Boston, in Casco Bay, 25 
Apr. ; and, being joined by several other ships 
of war from Eng., he took'possession of Louis- 
burg on the 17th of June. He was made a 
rear-admiral, and, falling in with a French 
squadron off Cape Finisterre in 1747, com- 
pletely defeated it, capturing the greater part. 
He m. Susan, eldest dan. of Stephen De Lancey 
of N. Y., and was the owner of a valuable estate 
in the Mohawk Valley, which he placed in 
charge of his nephew Wm. (aftenvards Sir 
Wm.) Johnson. 

Warren, Mr. and Mrs. William, ac- 
tors. Mr. W. was b. Bath, Eng., May 10, 
1767; d. Washington, D.C., Oct. 19, 1832. 
Made his de'hnt at 1 7 as Young Norval ; at 
Baltimore in 1796; and at the Chestnut-st., 
Phila., Nov. 5, 1796, as Friar Lawrence in 
"Romeo and Juliet; "afterward manager of the 
Chestnut-st., where he last app. Nov. 25, 1829. 
His wife AxNE Bruxton, afterward Mrs. Mer- 
ry and Mrs. Wignell, b. Bristol, Eng., 1770. 
M. Wm. AVarren Jan. 1, 1803 ; d. Alexandria, 
June 28, 1808; made her d^but in Nov. 1785 
as Euphrasia, in " The Grecian Daughter," in 
Bristol. M. Robert Merry in 1 792 ; made her 
(Igbiit Dec. 5, 1796, at the Chestnut-st., Phila., 
as Juliet, and was one of the best actresses of 
her time. William, Jun., son of Wm., and 
one of the best comedians on the American 
stage (b. Phila. Nov. 17, 1812), first app. at the 
Arch-st., Phila., Oct. 27, 1832, as Young Nor- 
val ; at the Park, N.Y., in 1841, as Gregory 
Grizzle ; at the Strand, London, in 1845 ; and 



Aug. 23, 184", as Billy Lackaday, at the Bos- 
ton Museum, where he has ever since been a 
great favorite. 

Warriner, Rev. Fravcis, Cong, clergy- 
man and author, b. Springfield, Ms., 1803 ; d. 
Chester, Ms., 22 Apr. 1866. Amh. Coll. 1830. 
Teacher of math, and navigation on the frig- 
ate " Potomac," 1831-4, in the Indian Archi- 
pelago ; he pub. on her return " The Cruise 
of the Potomac," 12mo, 1835. He studied 
theology at N. Haven and New York ; pastor 
at Chester, Oct. 1841-8 and 1859-05, and of 
Waterford, Vt., 1848-59. 

Warrington, Lewis, com. U.S.N., b. 
Willi.amsburg, Va., 3 Nov. 1782 ; d. Washing- 
ton, D.C.. 12 Oct. 1831. Wm.and Marv Coll. 
1798. Midshipman 6 Jan. 1800; licut. 7 Feb. 
1807; master com. 24 July, 1813; capt. 22 
Nov. 1814; a navy commiss. 1827-30 and 
1840-2; chief of bureau of ordn. and hydrog. 
from Sept. 1842 to his d. He was attached 
to " The Chesapeake " at the date of her en- 
counterwith the British frigate " Leopard," 20 
June, 1807. 29 Apr. 1814, in the sloop "Pea- 
cock" (18 guns), he captured off Cape Canav- 
eral, Florida, after an action of 42 minutes, 
the British sloop of war "Eperviei-," Capt. 
Wales, of about equal force. For this achieve- 
ment Congress voted him a gold medal. 30 
June, 1815, he captured in the Strait of Sun- 
da the E. I. Go's cruiser "Nautilus;" but, 

ired, she i 

squadron 
the W. I. station. 

Washbume, Gen. C.idwallader Col- 
den, b. Livermore, Me., April 22, 1818. Son 
of Israel, and bro. of Israel, jun., and E. B. 
Washbiirne. Originally a land-surveyor. In 
1839 he went to 111.; settled as a lawyer at 
Mineral Point, Wis. ; and in 1859 removed to 
La Crosse. M.C. in 1856-62; delegate to the 
Peace Congress in 1861 ; raised a regt. of cav- 
alry in 1861, of which he became eol. ; July 16, 
1862, became brig.-gen. ; maj.-gen. Nov. 29, 
1862. In Dec. 1861 he conducted a success- 
ful exped. from Helena, Ark., into the interior 
of Mpi. In the operations around Vicksburg 
in the campaign of 1 863, he com. the two divis- 
ions of Gens.'Smith and Kimball; afterward 
served in La. under Gen. Banks. M.C. 1867- 
71 ; chosen gov. of Wis. in Nov. 1871, 

Washburne, Elihu Benjamix, minis- 
ter to France (app. 1869), b. Livermore, Me., /; <.y 
23 Sept. 1816 Bro. of Cadwallader C, and d. «^'-~'-^7'; 
Israel, jun. Served an apprenticeship in the ^ ^( it 'itl 
office of the Kmnehcc Journal ; studied law at ' 
H.U. ; and settled in practice at Galena, 111. 
Whig M.C. 1853-5 ; and subsequently, until 
1869, a prominent Republican in that body, in 
which he was chairman of the com. on com- 
merce (1857-65). He has also the merit of hav- 
ing procured Gen. Grant his app. of brig.-gen., 
and remained his fast friend during all the 
vicissitudes of his military career. The latter, 
on reaching the presidential chair, app. Wash- 
burne sec. of state (Mar. 1869) ; but he shortly 
after took the mission to France, which he now 
(1872) holds. 

Washburn, Emory, LL.D. (H.U. and 
Wms. Coll. 1854), lawver, b. Leicester, Ms., 
Feb. 14, 1800.V-Wms. Coll. 1817. He studied 



d yhxO^ 



TV AS 



959 



Inw ; was adm. to the bar 1S2I ; practised in 
Leicester 1821-8, and at Worcester 1828-56; 
member of the Gen. Court 1825-7 and 1838; 
wasjudj^e of C.C.P. in 1844-7; gov. of Ms. in 
1854-5 ; prof, in the Camli. Law School since 
1 835. Besides addresses before agric. societies, 
temperance and other associations, he has pub. 
" The Part taken by the Inhabitants of Leices- 
ter, Ms., in the Events of the Revel.," 1849 ; 
" Address at the Social Festival of the Bar of 
Worcester County, Feb. 7, 1856;" " Histori- 
cal Sketches of the Town of Leicester, Ms.," 
1860 ; " Sketches of the Judicial History of Ms., 
1630-1775," 8vo, 1840 ; " Address at the Cele- 
bration of the 200th Anniv. of the Incorpora- 
tion of Bridgewater,Ms.,June3, 1836; " " Law 
of Easements and Servitudes," 8vo, 1863 ; 
" Professional Training, a Lecture," 8vo, 1861. 
His most important work is " A Treatise on 
tlie American Law of Real Property," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1860-2, 3d ed. 3 vols. 1868. Member 
of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Antiq. 
Society of Worcester, N.E. Hist. Gcneal. Soc, 
and the Ms. Hist. Society. 

Washburn, Israel, gov. Me. 1861-3, 
b. Livermore, Me., 6 June, 1813. Bro. of C. 
C. and E. B. Washburne. He studied law ; 
was adm. to the bar in 1834 _; and has practised 
at Orono, Penobscot Co., with success. Mem- 
ber Me. legist. 1842; M.C. 1851-61; app. coll. 
of Portland 1863. 

Washburn, Peter Thacher, jurist, b. 
Lynn, Ms., 7 Sept. 1814; d. 7 Feb. 1870. 
Dartm. Coll. 1835. He studied at the Camb. 
Law School; practised at Ludlow, Vt., 1839-44, 
afterward at Wqodstock ; 8 years reporter Vt. 
Sup. Court; adj. and insp.-g'en. of Vt. 1861-6 ; 
gov. of Vt. from Oct. 1869 to his death. Author 
of Reports of Sup. Ct. of Vt., vols. 17-23, and 
of Digest; the first 15 vols. Vt. Reports, 8vo, 
1845 ; of Reports of vols. 16-22, &c., 8vo, 1852. 

Washburn, William Barrett, gov. of 

O^C^T^ U -,Ms. in 1872, b. Winchendon, Ms., 31 Jan. 1820. 

/' Y.C. 1844. A manufacturer. Member MsA 

/house 1850; senate 1854; subsequently pres. 

/ Greenfield Bank; M.C. 186.3-71. 

Washington, Bushrod, LL.D. (N.J. 

Coll. 1803), jurist, h. Westmoreland Co., Va., 
June 5, 1762; d. Phila. Nov. 26, 1829. Wm. 
and Mary Coll. 1778. He was the favorite 
nephew of the President. Studied law with 
James Wilson of Phila., and commenced prac- 
tice with great success in his native county. He 
served as a private soldier at Yorktown ; was 
a member of the Va. h. of delegates in 1 787 ; 
and the next year was a member of the con v. 
to ratify the U.S. Constitution ; afterwards re- 
moved to Alexandria, and thence to Richmond. 
Dec. 20, 1798, he was app. an assoc. justice of 
the U. S. Supreme Court ; first pres. of the 
Colonization Societv. Author of Reports Ct. 
of Appeals, Va., 1790-6, 2 vols. 8vo, 1798-9 ; 
Reports U. S. Cir. Court, 3d circ, 1803-27; 
edited by R. Peters, 4 vols. 8vo, 1826-9. 

Washington, George, first pres. U.S., 
b. Bridge's Creek, Westmoreland Co., Va., 
22 Feb. 1732; d. Mt. Vernon 14 Dec. 1799. 
Fourth son of Augustine. John his ancestor 
came to Va. ab. 1657. Educated by a private 
tutor, and became a surveyor. Adj.-gen. 1751 ; 
sent on a mission to the French com. on tiie 



Ohio by Gov. Dinwiddie 31 Oct. 1753, return- 
ing 16 Jan. 1754, after much sutfering; app. 
lieut.-col. Mar. 1754; and 28 May captured a 
French detachment near Great Meadows, kill- 
ing its com. Jumonville; surrendered his com. 
at Fort Necessity to a superior French force 4 
July, 1754; vol. aide to Gen. Br.iddock at the 
battle of the Monongahela 9 July, 1755; m. 6 
Jan. 1739 to Martha, widow of John Parke 
Custis, and dau. of John Dandridge; member 
of the h. of burgesses 1760-75 ; delegate to the 
first Congress, Sept. 1774, and to the second. 
May, 1775, by which (15 June) he was chosen 
com. -in-chief of the Amer. army on the nomi- 
nation of John Adams, and took com. at 
Cambridge 3 July. He forced the British to 
evacuate Boston (17 Mar. 1776); lost the battles 
of Brooklyn (27 Aug.), White Plains (28 Oct.) ; 
gained the victories of Trenton and Princeton 
(Dec. 26 and Jan. 3) ; was defeated at Brandy- 
wine (11 Sept. 1777) and at Germantown (4 Oct. 
1777) ; fought an indecisive battle with Sir H. 
Clinton (28 June, 1778) at Monmouth, and, in 
conjunction with the French army of Rocliam- 
beau and the fieet of De Grasse, captured the 
army of Cornwallis at Yorktown (19 Oct. 1781), 
virtually ending the war. Dec. 23, 1783, he 
resigned his com., and retired to Mt. Vernon. 
Pres. of the convention that formed the U.S. 
Constitution 1787 ; inaug. pres. of the U.S. at 
New York 30 Apr. 1789, and returned to private 
life on the exp. of his second term, 4 Mur. 1 797. 
In Sept. 1796 he pub. his Farewell Address. — 
.See Life and Corresp. bj) fs'paiLs, 12 vols. 8vo ; 
Lives bi/ Ramsai/, Marshull, Bancroft, and Irvinq ; 
concerninq pedigree, see Geneal. /tc^., xxi. 25." 

Washington, Col. William Al'gus- 
TINE, a distinguished cavalry-officer of the 
Revolution, b. Staftbrd Co., Va., 28 Feb. 1752 ; 
d. Charleston, S.C, 5 Mar. 1810. Designed for 
the church by his father Bailey Washington, a 
kinsman of Gen. W. His attainments as a 
scholar were respectable. A capt. under Mer- 
cer in the Va. lino, he disting. himself at Long 
Island, at Trenton (where he was severely 
wounded), and at Princeton. Major and then 
lieut.-col. of Baylor's dragoons, and present at 
its surprise by Gen. Grey at Tappan in 1778. 
He was active in com. of a light corps in the 
vicinity of Charleston, S.C, in 1779-80, and 
was worsted at Monk's Comer and at Laneau's 
Ferry; attached to the division of Gen. Morgan, 
he cai-ried by stratagem the fort at Rugely's 
Mill, capturing a large force ; and for his valor 
at the Cowpens, where he had a personal en- 
counter with Col. Tarleton, both being wound- 
ed, received from Congress a silver medal. He 
was active in Greene's celebrated retreat ; was 
conspi-uons at Guilford ; behaved gallantly at 
Hobkirk's Hill, and also at Eutaw, wlierc he was 
taken jiri^oner, remaining till the close of the 
war. lie then m., and settled in Charleston, 
S.C, w!i re he was a member of the legisl., 
but djcli'.ied being a candidate for gov., as he 
eoxdd not make a speech. Upon Washington's 
app. as com. of the army by Pres. Adams, he 
selected Col. W. as one of "his stall', with the 
rank of brig.-gen. Tall, strong, and active in 
person, he was taciturn and modest in deport- 
ment, and exceedingly hospitable, generous, 
and ben.;voIent. 



"Wj^X 



960 



Waterbury, David, Jun., b. Stamford, 
Ct., FcIj. 12, 1722; d. June 29, 1801. Major 
3(1 Ct. Regt. in the French and Indian war; 
raised a rc^t. early in 1775 ; July 3, 1775, was 
ord. to the North, and returned in Jan. 1776; 
app. brig.-gen. militia, June, 1776; served in 
Northern army; Sept. 2, 1776, app. second to 
Arnold in the ftoct on Lake Champlain ; and in 
the action Oct. 14 was taken prisoner. He was 
soon exchanged, but saw no active service 
aftcrwai-d. He was a farmer, and served in 
the State legislature many years. 

Waterbury, JaredBell, D.D., b. N.Y. 
City 1799. Y.C. 11-22. Autlior of "Advice 
to a Yoimg Christian," 1SJ7 ; "The Brighter 
Age," a poem, 1 830 ; " Riiiiains of Mrs. Cath- 
erine Winslow," 1851 ; "Skctchcsof (23) Elo- 
quent Preachei-s," 1864; "Southern Planters 
and the Freedmcn," 1865; "Memoir of Rev. 
John Scuddcr, D.D.," 1870, &c. — Allibone. 

Waterhouse, Benjamin, M.D., physi- 
cian and author, b. Newport, R.I., 4 March, 
1754 ; d. Cambridge, Ms., i Oct. 1846. U. of 
Lcyden. Placed in 1775 in cliarge of Dr. Foth- 
ergill, a maternal relative, he studied in Lon- 
don, I5dinburgh, and L-vd -n. Prof of the theo- 
ry and practice of nKdiciiic in II.U. 1783-1812. 
Chosen in 1784 prof, of nat. hi~t. in Brown U., 
he delivered in Providence at that time the first 
course of lectures upon that science in Ameri- 
ca. He introduced the study of mineralogy 
(then a novelty in the U.S.), obtained a valua- 
ble collection of minerals from Dr. Lettsom, 
and procured the establishment of the botanic 
gardens. For 7 years he vindicated by his 
writings Dr. Jcnncr's discovery of vaccination 
against ridicule and public prejudice. A 
prominent political friend of Jellerson, he wa3 
app. U.S. hospital-surgeon 29 June, 1813, and 
was post-surgeon in 1818-21. Author of 
"Lectures on the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine," 8vo, 178G; "Lectures on Natural 
Historv,"lS10; " The Botanist," 1811 ; "Ora- 
iiolmiiuj." atU-U. 1783; on "Vitality," 1790; 
" Prospect of exterminating the Small-Pox," 
1800 ; a work ascribing the authorship of "Ju- 
nius " to Lord Chatham, 1831 ; ".Journal of a 
Young Man of Ms.," a novel, 1816. Member 
of numerous scientific bodies in the U.S. and 
Europe. His son John Fothergill, M.D., 
physician, naturalist, and orator, b. 1 Aug. 
1791, d. Charleston. S.C, 18 May, 1817.— 
Poli/anthos, vol. ii. 

Waterman, Thomas TVhitnet, lawyer 
of N.Y. Citv, son of Thomas Glasby, lawyer 
(Y.C. 1806)", h. Binghamton, N.Y., 1821. En- 
tered Y.C. 1838; travelled in Europe 1842-4 ; 
adm. to the bar 1848. Author of "Treatise 
on Justices," 8vo, 1 849 ; " Amer. Chancery 
Digest," 3d ed., 3 vols. 8vo, 1S51 ; "Treatise 
on Justices for Wisconsin and Iowa," 8vo, 
1853; "Treatise on New Trials," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1855; "Digest of Ct. Sup. Court Reports," 
Svo, 1858; "Treatise on the Law of Set-Off," 
&c., 8vo, 1869 ; and editor of Archbold, 7th 
cd. ; Caine's N.Y. Reports, 3d cd., 1854 ; and 
Hoflfrnan's Chancery Reports, 1863. — AHihone. 

Waterston, Ret. Robert Cassie, Unit, 
clergyman, b. Kennebunk, Me., 1812. Studied 
3 years at Cambridge; was ord. 1839; labored 
5 ye.-irs as minijtcrat largo; m. Anna C, dau. 



of Josiah Quiney ; and has had charge of sev- 
eral churches. Resides in Boston. Author 
of " Thoughts on Moral and Spiritual Cul- 
ture," 12mo, 1842; "Arthur Lee and Tom 
Palmer ; " " Address on Life and Char, of T. 
Sherwin," 16 Feb., 1870, before High-school 
Assoc, Boston ; also addi-osses, discourses, po- 
ems, &c. ; compiled a hymn-book ; and contrib. 
to many reviews, magazines, &e. — AlUbone. 

Waterton, Chaules, English naturalist, 
b. ab. 1782; d. 1865. He visited S.America, 
and pub. in 1825 " ^Vand^■ri^gs in S. America, 
the North-west of the U.S., and the Antilles." 
He also pub. " Essays on Natural History." 

WatKins, Tobias, M.D., physician and 
author, b. Md. 1780; d. W.ashin'jton, D.C., 
Nov. 14, 1855. St. .John's Coll. 179S; Pliila. 
Med. Coll. 1S02. JLj commenced practice at 
Havre de Grace, Md. ; was surgeon in the ar- 
my during the warof 1812; assist, surgeon-gen. 
1818-21 ; and fourth auditor of the treasury 
1824-9. In 1809 he edited the Baltimore Med. 
and Phijsical Recorder. In 1816 he commenced 
with his brother-in-law Stephen Simpson, at 
Phila., the Portico. Ho also contrib. freely to 
tlie public press and to literary periodicals. 
Transl. Bichat's " Physiol. Researches " from 
the French, 8vo, 1809; and De Onis's "Memoir 
upon the Treaty of 1819," from the Spanish, 
Svo, 1822. 

Watmough, John G., soldier and politi 
cian, b. on the Brandywinc, Del., Dec. 6, 
1793 ; d. Phila. Nov. 29, 18G1. U. of I'a. and 
N. J. Coll. A lieut. of art. in the war of 1 812 ; 
he was wounded at Fort Erie; was aide to 
Gen. Gaines on the southern frontier in 1814- 
16; resigned in 1816; M.C. from Pa. 1831-5; 
high slieriff of Phila. city and county in 1835 ; 
and surveyor of the port in 1841. Author of 
" 8cril>blings and Sketches," Phila. Svo, 1844. 

Watson, Sir BriooK, an Ii:n2:lifh baronet 
(Dec. 5, 1803), b. nvniomli, Iji-,, Feb. 7, 
1735; d.Oct. 2, 1807. I'-nly in lilr be entered 
the se.a-service, but, whilr l.;ithiiiLr in the harbor 
of Havana in 1749, a siiark bit off his right 
leg below the knee, and he was obliged to quit 
his chosen profession. Ho then entered upon 
mercantile pursuits; in 1755 was commiss. 
with Col. Moncton at the siege of Beausejour, 
N.S. ; and in 175S at Lonisburg, having in 
charge Wolfe's division ; in 1759 he settled as 
a merchant in London, and subsequently did 
tival. Vi,ilin- Ms., N.Y., and 
jn-t IhImh; ihi' llrMil., he pro- 



iM. 



letters 



that of a spy. When Lord North's bill to cut 
off the fisheries of N. Eng. was before parliament 
in 1775, he was examined by the house of com- 
mons. In 1782 he was made commissary-gen. 
to his fi-iend Sir Guy Carleton in America ; in 
1784-93 was M.P. from London; in 1785 
sheriff of London and Middlesex ; lord-mayor 
in 1796; and, in reward of his services in 
America, parliament voted his wife an annuity 
of £500 for life. Made agent for the Colony of 
N. Brunswick in 1786; eommiss.-gen. to the 
Duke of York in 179.3-5; commiss.-gen. of 
Eng., March 1798-1806. 

"Watson, Elkanah, agriculturist, b.Plvm- 
outh, Ms., Jan. 22, 1758; d. Port Kent, N'.Y., 



961 






Dec. 5, 1842. In Sept. 177.3 he was appren- 
ticed to John Brown of Providence, a celebrated 
merchant, who in 1775 sent him with Ij tons 
of powder to Washington's army at Cambridge, 
which was destitute of this necessary article. 
In 1777 he was sent to Charleston and other 
Southern ports with over 850,000 to be invested 
in cargoes for the European markets. His 
journal of this journey, subsequently pub., is 
the best account extant of the principal towns 
and villages of the Colonies at the time of the 
Revol. In Aug. 1779 he was bearer of de- 
spatches from the Amer. govt, to Ffanklln at 
Paris, and opened a commercial house at 
Nantes. Here, after 3 years, of success, he lost 
by the financial reverses of the peiiod the 
bulk of his property. He next visited Eng. ; 
in 1784 went to Holland and Flanders, and re- 
turned to Newport in Dec. ; in 1789 he went 
to Albany, where for 18 years he was an active 

amotcr uf public enterprises. After travel- 

g some years in Europe, he pub. while in 
London an account of his pioneer trip in West- 
ern N. Y. Settled in 1807 in Pittsfield, Ms., and 
devoted himself to agriculture; founded the 
Berkshire Agric. Soc. ; returned in 1816 to Al- 
bany, and organized the first agric. soc. in N. Y. ; 
visited Michigan, examined the Lake region, 
and explored the route to Montreal, with a 
view to its improvement, and connection with 
Boston and N.Y. In 1823 he removed to Port 
Kent, on Lake Charaplain. Besides frequent 
contributions to periodicals, he pub. some pam- 
phlets and vols, on agric. and economical topics ; 
"A Tour in Holland in 1784," in 1790; "A 
History of Agricultural Societies," 1S20 ; " His- 
tory of N.Y. Canals, 1788-1819." His Auto- 
biog. and Journals were pub. in 1855 by his son 
WjNsi.ow CossouL (b. Albany, 22 Dec. 1803), 
also author of " Gen. View of Essex Co. ; " 
" Treatise on Pract. Husbandry ; " " Pioneer 
Hist, of Champlain Valley," Svo, 1863 ; and a 
"Hist, of Essex Co.," Svo, 1869. 

Watson, Henet C, b. Bait. 1831 ; d. 
1 809, while editor of the Sacramento (Cal.) 
Union. He was early connected with the Phila. 
N. American, Ece. Journal, &c. Author of 
"Camp-Fires of the Revolution," Svo, 1S51 ; 
"Nights in a Blockhouse," Svo, 1852; "Old 
Bell of Independence," 18.52; "Yankee Tea- 
Party," 18.53; "Lives of the Presidents," 
1853 ; " Heroic Women," 1853 ; " Ladies' Glee- 
Books," 1854; "Masonic Musical Manual," 
1 855 ; " Univ. Naval History ; " " Camp-Fires 
of Napoleon," 1856; "Romance of History," 
SiC. — A/lilione. 

Watson, James C, director of the Obser- 
vatory at Ann Arbor, Mich., b. of Amer. 
parents in Elgin Co., Can.ada W., 1838. U. 
of Mich. 1857. Elected prof, of astron. there 
June, 1859. Author of "Popular Treatise on 
Comets," 1860; "Theoretical Astronomy," 
&c., Svo, 1868. Contrib. to many scient. jour- 
nals. He has discovered several new planets ; 
and in 1870 the French Acad, of Sciences 
awarded him the astronomical prize for his im- 
portant discoveries. 

Watson, John, M.D. (Coll. of Phys. and 
Surgs. 1832), physician and medical writer, b. 
Londonderry, Ireland, Apr. 16, 1807. His 
family came to the U.S. ra 1810, and in 1818 



settled in New York. In 1833 he was one of 
the physicians of the N.Y. Dispensary, of which 
he was in 1839-62 an attendmg surgeon. In 
1836 he with Dr. H. D. Bulkley established 
an infirmary for cutaneous diseases, soon after 
organized as the Broome-street School of Med- 
icine, in which he held the chair of surg. pa- 
thology. He was instrumental in founding the 
N.Y. Med. and Surg. Soc, the Amer. Med. 
Assoc, and the N.Y. Acad, of Med., of which 
latter he was some years pres. He has contrib. 
to medical periodicals ; has pub. " Thermal 
Vcntihitmn nml ntli,>r Snnifarv Improvements 
Ap].H<.,l-l,. M rul,^,,. r.ni: l,,. .;•' 1851 ; "The 
Mcili< il r \' ii Times," 1850; 

"'I'll. 1.;:: ;. \,;,: ( ; i i ally Examined," 

1857, :iiid ■■ llic i'nn; I'll) ,^ician," I860.— 
Applcton. 

Watson, John Fanning, annalist, b. 
Burlington Co., N. J., Jime 13, 1779 ; d. Ger- 
mantown. Pa., Dec. 23, 1860. He entered a 
counting-house in Phila. ; left it for a clerkship 
in the war dept. in 1798 ; afterward established 
hiniself in N. Orleans, where in 1804 he was 
purveyor of subsistence to the army stationed 
there. Recalled to Phila. by the death of his 
father and a bro., he was many years a book- 
seller thqre; in 1814-47 was cashier of the 
Bank of Germantown ; and afterward treas. of 
a railroad company. He pub. "Annals of 
Philadelphia," 1830, enlarged and improved in 
1857-8; "Historic Tales of Olden Time," 
1832, concerning N.Y".; and a similar vol. on 
Phila., 1833; "Annals and Occurrences of 
N. Y. City and State in the Olden Time," 
1840. A Memoir by Dr. Benj. Dorr, read be- 
fore the Phila. Hist. Soc. in Feb. 1 801, has been 
pnb. — Ouyckinck. 

Watson, John Watson Tadwell, a 
British gen.; d. Calais, France, June, 1820. 
Entered 3d Foot Guards, Apr. 1767 ; capt. and 
lieut.-col. Nov. 1778; col. Aug. 1783; gen. 
Apr. 1808. In the spring of 1781 he with 500 
picked men undertook the destrnction of Mar- 
ion's brigade. After several skirmishes, and 
being constantly annoyed by the war^ partisan, 
whom he could not bring to a conflict except 
on his own terras, he fled to Georgetown, com- 
plaining that Marion "would not fight like 
a gentleman or a Christian." 

Watterston, George, librarian of Con- 
gress 1825-9. Author of " Memoir on the 
Tobacco - Plant," Svo, 1817; "Letters from 
Washington," 181S ; " Course of Study Prep, 
to the Bar or Senate," 1823; "Wanderer in 
Washington," 1827; "The Lawyer, or Man 
as he ought not to be," 1829 ; with N. B. 
Van Zandt, " Tabular Statist. Views of the 
Population, &c., of the U.S.," 1829 and 1833 ; 
"Gallery of Amer. Portraits," 1830; "New 
Guide to Washington," 1842 and 1848.-^1///- 
hone. 



vv ttits, John, loyalist, b. N. York, Apr. 5, 
1715 ; d Wales, Augi 1789. He m. Ann, dau. 
of Stephen De Lancey, in July, 1742; repre- 
sented N.Y. City in the Assembly for many 
years; and was amemberof the council in 1757- 
75, when he retired to Eng. His property was 
confiscated ; but the most valuable partof the 
forfeited premises was reconveyed to his sons 
Robert and John, July 1, 1784. His dau. Ann, 



who d. 1 793, ra. Capt. Kennedy, who became 
Earl of Cassilis. Their son, the 12th earl, was 
b. in America. Joiirr, 2d son, b. N.Y. 1 749, 
d. there Sept. 3, 1836. M.C. 1793-6 ; made a 
munificent donation to the Leake and Watts 
Or]jhan-I louse; m. his cousin-gcrman Jane De 
Lanccy, and left descendants, one of whom was 
Gen. Philip Kearney. 

Watts, Robert, JI.P. (C.,11. Thvs. and 
Surg. 1835), ]ihysici:ui ainl Mirur,,ii, 1,. Ford- 
ham, N.Y., 1812; d. I'aiis l-r.mrv. Sept. 8, 
1867. Col. Coll. 1831. While an uiidcr-grad- 
uate, he was app. lecturer on anatomy at the 
Vt. Medical Coll., and in 1838 was prof, of the 
same branch there and at Pittsfield, Ms. From 
1839 to his death he was prof, of anatomy in 
the Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons ; and from 
1859 was an attending physician of the Nur- 
sery and Child's Hospital ; one of the founders 
of the N.Y. Pathological Soc., and for several 
year-- i;- ii' -i-iiiu -plliucr. He pub. many able 
artii Ir ,: ! of cases in the medical 

polio i I : III , ;m,1 and edited with notes 
soni.' Ill iini I - 111 iiiiatnmv. 

Wayland,FR.iNcis,b.D.(trn. Coll. 1827), 
LL.D. (1852), scholar and clergyman, b. N.Y. 
City, Mar. 11, 1796, of English parents; d. 
Providence, Sept. 26, 1865. Un. Coll. 1813. 
After studying medicine 3 years, in 1815 he 
studied at the'Thcol. Sem., Andover; and was 
tutor at Un. Coll. in 1817-21, a part of the 
time preaching to a cong. at Bm-nt Hills ; in 
1821-6 he was pastor of the First Baptist 
>Church, Boston ; in 1 826 he was for a short 
itime prof, of mathematics and nat. philos. at 
IJn. Coll.; from Feb. 1827 to 1855 was pres. 
of Brown TI. ; and was aftei-ward, for two or 
three years, pastor of the First Bapt. Church in 
Providence. Dr. Wayland manifested eminent 
;ability in managing the allairs of B.U., largely 
increasing its reputation, and doubling the 
niunbcr of its students. He taught by lectures 
in place of the old text-books, and pub. works 
on "Moral Science," "Political Economy," 
;and "Intell. Philosophy." In 1842 he pub. 
" Thoughts upon the Collegiate System of 
the U.S:," which led to much discussion. His 
other publications are " Letters on Slavery ; " 
"Life of the Slissionary, Dr. Judson," 1853; 
^' University Sermons," 1838, subsequently pub. 
as "Salvation by Christ," 1858; "Limita- 
tions of 'Human Responsibility," 1840; "Me- 
moir of Harriet Ware," 1850; "Notes on the 
Principles and Practices of Baptists," 1856; 
"Occas. Discourses," 1855; " Sermons to the 
Churches," 1858; "Letters on the Ministry," 
1863. — See Memoir bi/ his Sons Francis and 
n. I.. Wai/land, 2 vols. 8vo, 1867. 

Wayne, Gen. Anthoxt, b. Chester Co., 
Pa., 1 Jan. 1745; d. Presque Isle, 15 Dec. 
1795. His grandfather Anthony of Yorkshire 
com. a squadron of dragoons under King Wil- 
liam at the battle of thakBoyne, and came to 
Pa. in 1 722. Isaac his fWier was an otEcer in 
Indian wars, and serv'cd in the Prov. legist. 
Anthony was educated at the Phila. Acad., 
and, through the friend.ship of Dr. Franklin, 
was app. a land-agent in Nova Scotia, where 
he resided in 1 765-6. Marrying in 1 767, be was 
until 1774afarmerandland-sun'eyor; member 
of the legisl. in 1774-5, and of various patriotic 



associations of the time. He raised a regt. in 
Sept. 1775; was made a col. 3 Jan. 1776 ; brig.- 
gen. 21 Feb. 1777. Disting. and wounded at 
Trois Rivieres, Canada. At the Brandywine, 
11 Sept. 1777, he was opposed to Knyphausen, 
and held his ground until the riulit of the Amor, 
army was turned. On the night of 20 Sept. 
he was surprised by (ien. Grey near the Paoli 
Tavern, and compelled to retreat with serious 
loss. Wayne demanded a court of inquiry, 
and was acquitted with the highest honor. At 
Gormantown, where he led the attack of the 
right wing, he signalized himself, and was 
twice slightly wounded. For his conduct at 
Monmouth (2R June, 1778), he was especially 
mentioned in Washington's olficial report. 
His most brilliant achievement, however, was 
the storming of Stony Point, a strong post 
on the Hudson, on the night of 15 July, 1779. 
In this attack he was wounded in the head. 
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold 
medal. After the mutiny of the Pa. line, 
Wayne, with the remnant of Pa. troops, joined 
Lafayette in Va. 7 June, 1781 ; at Green 
Spring, Va., 6 July, 1781, he was ordered to 
attack what was supposed to be only a rear- 
guard, but which proved to be the whole Brit- 
ish army in order of battle within less than 
100 paces. His course was at once sagacious 
and energetic. A well-executed hayonet-chargo 
stopped the enemy, and gave Wayne time to 
retreat without loss. Present at Yorktown ; 
ordered to Ga., he defeated Col. Brown, 20 
May, 1782, and a month later the renowned 
Indian chieftain Guristersigo, who was killed ; 
14 Dec. 1782 he took possession of Charleston 
on its evacuation. He served in the Pa. As- 
sembly in 1784-5, and in the conv. that ratified 
the U.S. Constitution. Apr. 3, 1792, he was 
made gen .-in-chief of the army engaged against 
the North-western Indians; 20 Aug. 1794 he 
g.ained a complete victory over them at the 
Maumoe Rapids, " Fallen Timbers," which 
was followed by the treaty of Greenville, re- 
sulting in a long peace and a considerable ac- 
cession of territory. Wayne, though by his 
bravery gaining the sobriquet of " Mad An- 
thony," was discreet and cautious, fruitful in 
expedients, quick in decision, and prompt in 
execution. "Wayne's Orderly-Book at Ti- 
cond.," with notes and app., was pub. by Mun- 
sell, 1859. — See Memoirs by H. N. Moore, Phila. 
1845, and hij John Armstrong in Sparlcs's Amer. 
Biog., vol. iv. ; the Assault on Sloni/ Point, by H. 
D. Dawson, 1863. His son Col. Isaac (M.C. 
1823-5) d. Chester Co., Pa.,-25 Oct. 1852, a. 82. 
Wayne, James Moore, LL.D. (N. J. Coll. 
1849),judge,b. Savannah, Ga.,1790; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., July 5, 1867. N. J. Coll. 1808. 
He became a lawyer and politician i was two 
years a member of the State legisl. ; mayor of 
Savannah 1823 ; was judge of the Superior 
Court 1824-9; M.C. 1829-35; took a promi- 
nent position as a debater ; and was a support- 
er of Gen. Jackson, who app. him, 9 Jan. 
1835, assoc. judge U.S. Sup. Court. His opin- 
ions upon admiralty jurisprudence are every- 
where cited as high authority. In Congress 
he sustained free trade ; opposed internal im- 
provements by Congress, except of rivers and 
harbors; opposed a recharter of the U.S. 



WEA. 



Bank ; and took an active part in the removal 
of the Indians to the West. He presided in 
two conventions for revising the constitution 
of Georgia. 

Weare, Mesheck, first pres. of N.H., b. 
Hampton, N.II., June 16, 1713; d. Jan. 14, 
1786. U.U. 1735. Son of Nathaniel. He 
was chosen speaker of the house in 1752; com- 
missioner to the Congress at Albany 1754; 
afterwards a justice of the Sup. Court; in 1777 
chief justice ; and was councillor from Rock- 
ingham, and chairman of the com. of safety. 
In 1776 he was chosen pres. of the State ; was 
annually re-elected during the war, and in 
1784 under the new constitution ; made fellow 
of the Acad. Arts and Sciences in 1782. 

Weathersford, Wiiliam, a noted chief 
of the Creek Indians; d. Monroe Co., Ala., 
1824. His father was a white trader, his moth- 
er a Seminole woman. He was a skilful hunt- 
er and warrior ; commanded his tribe in the 
war with the U.S. in 1813-14, in which they 
were overpowered, and surrendered voluntarily 
to Gen. Jackson in Apr. 1814. He afterward 
lived peaceably on his plantation at Little 
River. 

Webb, Gen. Alexander S., b. N.Y. ab. 
1834. West Point, 1835. Son of James Wat- 
son Webb. Entering the 2d Art., ho served 
agiiinst the Seminoles in Fla. in 1856; was 
assist, prof, of math, at West Point 1857-61 ; 
1st lieut. 28 Apr. 1861 ; capt. 11th Inf. 14 May, 
18G1 ; maj. 1st R.I. Vols. 14 Sept. 1861 ; lient.- 
col. stall" U.S. vol's. 20 Aug. 1862; brig.-gen. 
vols. 23 June, 1863 ; lieut.-col. 44th U.S. Inf. 
28 July, 1866. He served in defence of Fort 
Pickens, at Bull Run, and through the Penin- 
sular campaign ; was chief of statf 5th corps 
at Antietam and Chancellorsville ; brev. major 
3 July, 1863, for Gettysburg, where he com. a 
brigade in 2d corps, and was wounded ; com. 
div. 2d corps in Rapidan camp.aign, Oct. 1863 
to Apr. 1364, and brev. lieut.-col. 11 Oct. 1863 
for Bristoe's Station ; com. brigade in battles 
of the Wilderness and Spottsylvauia, and brev. 
col. for the latter 12 May, 1864, where he was 
severely wounded ; chief of staff to Gen. 
Meade 11 Jan. 1865, and brev. brig, and maj. 
gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; discharged 5 Dec. 
1870. App. pres. N.Y. City Coll. 1869. 

Webb, Col. Charles, b. Stamford, Ct., 
Feb. 13, 1724; d. ab. 1782. Member State 
legisl. in 1758, and 23 times reehosen. At- 
tained the rank of capt. in 1760, having served 
in the French war. Sent in May, 1 775, by Con- 
gress, on a tour of military investigation to Ti- 
conderoga. Col. 19th Regt. July, 1775. In 
the battles at White Plains, Oct. 28, 1776, and 
at Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776; also White- 
marsh, 5 Dee. 1777, in which his regt. suffered 
severely. 

Webb, Charles Henry, b. Rouse's Pt., 
N.Y. Author of "LiiBth Lank, or Lunacv," 
N.Y. 1867; "St. Twel'mo" (a travesty of "St. 
Elmo), 1867; "Our Friend from Victoria," 
a play; " Arrah-na-poke," a burlesque, 1865 ; 
edited " The Jumping Frog," by Mark Twain; 
founded and edited the CaUfoniian of San 
Francisco; and has contrib. to mags, and jour- 
nals. — Allibom. 

Webb, Geoboe James, prof, in the Bos- 



ton Acad, of Music, and an eminent composer 
and teacher of music. Author of "American 
Glee-Book," "Ms. Coll. of Church Music," 
" Vocal Class-Book for Schools," " Orthopho- 
ny, "&c.; " Cantica Ecclesiastica," 1859 ; also 
some musical pubs, in connection with Lowell 
Mason. 

Webb, James, jurist, b. Va. ; d. Goliad, 
Texas, Nov. 2, 1856. He studied law ; re- 
moved to Ga. ; and, after practising his profes- 
sion a few years, was made a judge of the Sup. 
Court. He held for many years the office of 
U.S. dist. judge in the Terr, of Fla., but re- 
signed, and removed to Texas in 1839. Under 
Pres. Lamar he filled successively the offices of 
atty.-gen. and sec. of state ; served one term 
in the senate; and, alter Texas became a State, 
was reporter of the decisions of the Sup. Court; 
sec. of state ; and, at the time of his death, 
judge of the I4tli judicial dist. Author of 
"Reports Sup. Ct. of Texas," 1846-8, 3 vols. 
8vo, 1848-51. 

Webb, James WaTson, journalist, son of 
Gen. S. B. Webb, b. Claverack, N.Y., Feb. 
8, 1802. 7th in descent from Richard, freeman 
of Boston 1632. He entered the army as 2d 
litut. in Aug. 1819; was first lieut. in 1823, 
and resigned in 1827. He then took charge 
of the N.Y. Courier, which in 1829 he united 
with the Enquirer under the name of the Morn- 
ing Courier and N. Y. Enquirer, becoming sole 
editor, and in 1830 sole proprietor, of the jour- 
nal.- It sustained the Whig party during its 
existence. App. in 1850 charr/i d'affaires to 
Vienna, the senate did not confirm the nomi- 
nation. In 1861 Pres. Lincoln app. him min- 
ister to Brazil. While in this position ho se- 
cured the settlement of long-standing claims 
against Brazil, and w.is instrumental, through 
his intimacy with Napoleon III., in procuring 
the withdrawal of the French from Mexico. 
Author of " Altowan, or Adventures in the 
Rocky Mountains," 2 vols. 8vo, 1846; " Slave- 
ry and its Tendencies," 8vo, 1856. 
' Webb, Joseph, grand-master of Freema- 
sons in America; d. Boston, Apr. 26, 1787, a. 
52. 

Webb, Gen. Samcel B., b. Wethers- 
fieUI, Ct., 1753; d. Claverack, N.Y., Dec. 3, 
1807. He was engaged, and wounded in the 
arm, at Bunker's Hill, and for gallantry on that 
d.ay was publicly thanked, and made aide to 
Gen. Putnam. A letter written by him to his 
step-father Silas Deane, describing that battle, 
is in the Hist. Soc. of Hartford. In June, 
1776, he was app. aide to Washington, and 
was wounded at White Plains ; he was also 
wounded at Trenton, and was engaged at Bran- 
dywine; in 1778 he took com. of the 3d Ct. 
Ilegt. In crossing to Long Island with Gen. 
Parsons's expedition in 1779, he, with most of 
the com., were captured by the British fleet. 
Released in 1782, he was promoted to the com. 
of the light inf. upon the retirement of Baron 
Steuben. 

Webb, Thomas Smith, past grand-master 
of the R.I. Grand Lodge; d. 1819. Was the 
author of some Masonic music and poetry, and 
of an excellent manual entitled " The Freema- 
son's Monitor," 1797. The best cd. is by E. 
T. Carson, 8vo, 1865. — .4//i4on€. 



964 



Webb, William II., shipbuilder, b. N.Y. 
Citv 19 June, 1816. Educated at the (jram- 
niar-scliouls of'N.Y.,and learned his art in the 
sliipvanl of his father Isaac, who d. 14 Jan. 
1840, a. 46. Since 1843 he has carried on the 
business alone, and has constructed many ves- 
sels of great speed and capacity, upon original 
plans. Among them are "The General Ad- 
miral," a steam-frigate for the Russian navy, 
two steam screw-frigates for the Italian navy, 
and the ironclad ram " Dunderberg " for the 
U. S. navy. 

Webber, Charles Wilkins, author, b. 
Russelville, Ky., May 29, 1819; killed in Nica- 
ragua in 1856, while serving with the filibus- 
ter Walker. His mother, the dau. of Gen. 
John Tannehill, a Revol. officer, m. Dr. Au- 
gustine Webber, a prominent physician of 
South Ky. Her son's early life was passed in 
the sports of the field and on the frontier of 
Texas, where his singular adventures of sever- 
al years furnished themes for his earlier books, 
" Old Hicks the Guide," " Shot in the Eve," 
and " Gold Mines of the Gila," 1849. He stud- 
ied medicine and then theology at Princeton 
Sem, but soon relied solely upon his pen. He 
went to New York at the age of 25, where he 
wrote a series of papers on " Texan Adven- 
ture " for the New World, sketches and other 
papers for the Democ. lieview; edited the Wliirj 
Iieview2 years ; contrib. to the Literary Woifd 
pajjers on Western Life and Natural History. 
He pub. in 1851-3 " The Hunter Naturalist," 
illustrated; "Spiritual Vampirism;" and 
"Tales of the Southern Border," 1853; 
" Wild Scenes and Song-Birds," 1854; " His- 
tory of Mvsterv," 12mo; "Texan Virago," 
1852; "Wild "Girl of Nebraska," 1852. — 
Duunklnck. 

Webber, Samuel, T>.T>., pres. of H.U., 
b. Byfield, Ms., Jan. 13, 1760; d. Cambridge, 
July 17, 1810. H.U. 1784. At Harv., where 
he exhibited a strong predilection for mathe- 
mathics, he studied theology; was in 1787 app. 
a tutor; succeeded Dr. Williams as prof, of 
mathematics and nat. philos. in 1789; and on 
the death of Pres. Willard was inaug. as his 
successor. May 6, 1806. In 1796 he was em- 
ployed by the govt, to ascertain the boundary 
between Can.'\da and the U.S. In 1801 he 
pub. a System of Mathematics, 2 vols. 8vo ; Eu- 
logy on President Willard, 1804. He revised 
the Introd. to Morse's Geography, 2 vols. 8vo, 
1796. Vice-pres. of the Amer. Acad., and a 
fellow of the Philos. Society. 

Webster, Daniel, LL.D. (N.J. 1818; 
D. C. 1823; H.U. 1824), statesman, lawyer, 
and orator, b. Salisbury, N.H., Jan. 18, 1782 ; 
d. Marshfield, Ms., Oct. 24, 1852. Dartm. 
Coll. 1801. His father Ebenezer, a Revo], sol- 
dier, and subsequently a judge, was b. Kings- 
ton, N.H., 1739; d. April, 1806. Daniel was 
educated at Phillips (Exeter) Academy and at 
Dartm. Coll., defraying a portion of the ex- 
pense by teaching school. In 1802 he taught 
an acad. at Fryeburg, Me.; then studied law; 
came to Boston in July, 1804 ; studied in the 
office of Christopher Gore, afterward gov. of 
Ms. ; and was adm. to the bar in the spring 
of 1805. After practising a year in Bo.scawen, 
N.H., be removed to Portsmouth, where he rose 



at once to full practice at a bar where Samuel 
Dexter, Joseph Story, and Jeremiah Mason, 
were prominent. M.C. in 1813-17, and placed 
on the com. of foreign affairs, he at once took 
rank with the foremost both for business and 
debate. In Aug. 1816 he removed to Boston. 
The famous Dartm. Coll. case, carried by ap- 
peal to Washington in 1817, placed him in the 
front rank of the American bar. Among the 
great cau.ses argued by him before the U. S. 
Sup. Court were those of Gibbons and Ogden 
(steamer monopoly case), that of Ogden and 
Saunders (State insolvent laws), the Charles- 
river Bridge Case, the Alabama Bank Case, 
the Girard Will Case, and the R.I. Charter 
Case. In the trials of Goodridge at Newbury- 
port, and the Knapps at Salem, Mr. Webster 
exhibited unsurpassed skill as a criminal law- 
yer. Member of the Ms. Const. Conv. of 1820, 
he spoke upon oaths of office, the basis of sena- 
torial representation, and the independence of 
the judiciary. Dec. 22, 1820, he delivered his 
celebrated discourse at Plymouth on the anniv. 
of the landing of the Pilgrims. Others of this 
class of efforts were that on the laying of the 
corner-stone of the Bunker- hill Monument 
(June 17, 1825), and at its completion (Junel7, 
1843), and the eulogy on Adams and Jefferson, 
July 4, 1826. He again entered Congress in Dec. 
1823; made his famous speech on the Greek 
Revol. ; and as chairman of the judiciary com. 
reported and carried through the house a com- 
plete revision of the criminal law of the U.S. 
In the 19th Congress he made a masterly 
:ch.on the proposed diplomatic Congress at 
'anama. Under the presidency nf Mr, Adams 
he was the leader of the friend^ (,| th,- [uimiiiis- 
tration, — first in the house, ami jlt.i n.n.l m the 
senate, of which he was a mcinljt-r in l8J7-i9. 
His great speech in reply to Ilavue, delivered 
in the senate Jan. 26 anil 27, 1830, on Foote's 
re.solution, has been declared, next to the Con- 
stitution itself, the most correct and complete 
exposition of the true powers and functions of 
the Federal Govt. This resolution related to 
the sun-ey of the public lands; and the debate 
turned on the newly-declared doctrine of Cal- 
houn, on the right of an individu.il State to 
nullify an act of Congress. In 1836 he received 
the electoral vote of Ms. for pres., and in 1840 
was app. by Harrison see. of state. While in 
this post, he negotiated the North-eastern 
boundary treaty in 1842, putting an end to a 
protracted and threatening dispute with Great 
Britain. In the spring of 1839 he visited Eu- 
rope; in May, 1843, he retired from Mr. Ty- 
ler's cabinet; was rechosen to the senate in 
1845, and strenuously opposed the annexation 
of Texas and the war with Mexico. In sup- 
port of the compromises of 18.50, he delivered 
his celebrated speech of March 7, which, by its 
concessions to the demands of slavery, proved 
highly distasteful to a large nnmber of his sup- 
porters, and weakened his influence at home; 
in July, 1850, on the accession of Fillmore to 
the presidency, Mr. Webster was again made 
sec. of state, which post he filled at the time of 
his death. In Dec. 1 850 the famous Hulsemann 
Letter was written. He paid much attention to 
agriculture, and resided much of the latter part 
of his life at Marshfield, Ms., or at his birth- 



speec 
Pana 



965 



TVEB 



place in N.H. In Jan. 1852 he argued the im- 
poitant India-rubber-patent cause at Trenton, 
his last great forensic effort. Early in May he 
was seriously injured by being thrown from liis 
carriage near his farm in Marshflcld, where the 
closing scenes of his life were passed. Mr. 
Webster's person was imposing, of command- 
ing height, and well-proportioned, the head of 
great size, the eye deep-seated, large, and 
lustrous, his voice powerful and sonorous, his 
action appropriate and impressive. A con- 
summate master of argument, he touched not 
less skilfully the chords of feeling. On great 
occasions, with or without preparation, he had 
no superior. He was remarkably fond of field- 
sports, particularly fishing, and was a good 
shot. The most complete edition of his col- 
lected works was that of 18.'>1, in 6 vols. 8vo. 
A Memoir by George T. Curtis, his literary ex- 
ecutor, app. in 2 vols. 18G9-70. Edward his 
second son, major of Ms. vols., d. in the city of 
Me.\ico 1847. Fletcher hisyounuest son,"col. 
1 2th Ms. V'ols. (b. Portsmouth, N.H., Julv 23, 
181.3, H.U. 1833), fell in battle near Bull Run, 
Va., Aug. 30, 1862 ; sec. of legation to China 
1843-5 ; surveyorof the port of Boston 1850-61. 

Webster, Horace, M.D. (U. of Pa. 1850), 
LL.D. (Keny. Coll. 1842; Col. Coll. 1849), 
educator, b. Vt. 1795 ; d. Geneva, N.Y., 12 July, 
1871. West P. 1818. Assist, prof, of math. 
there from 1818 until his resig. 31 Dec. 1825; 
prof, of math, and nat. philos. Geneva Coll., 
N.Y., 1825-48 ; principal of Free Acad., N.Y. 
City (now Coll. of N.Y.), since 19 July, 1848; 
and prof.of moral, intell., and polit. philos. there. 

Webster, Lieut.-Col. James, a gallant 
British soldier, b. ab. 1743; d. March, 1781, of 
a wound received at the battle of Guilford 
Mar. 14. Son of Alex. Webster, D.D., an 
eminent Edinburgh divine. Major 33d Foot, 
Feb. 1771 ; disting. in Cornwallis's army in 
the South ; active in the operations in N. J. in 
1777; at Verplanck's Point, 1778; and at Cam- 
den com. Cornwallis's right wing. 

Webster, Jonx, gov. of Ct. 1656; d. 
Hadley, 5 Apr. 1661. A principal settler of 
Hartford, he was a magistrate in 1 639-55 ; dep.- 
gov. 1655; and in 1659, with Rev. Mr. Rus- 
sell and his associates, purchased and settled 
the territory now included in the towns of 
Hadley, Hatfield, Granby, and Amherst, Ms. 

Webster, John White, prof, of chemistry 
and mineralogy Med. School in Boston con- 
nected with H.U. (1827-49), b. Boston, May 
20, 1793; hung for the murder of Dr. George 
Parkman, Aug. 30, 1850. H.U. 1811. In 1849 
Dr. Parkman called at the college to collect a 
debt of long standing from Webster, wlio, 
irritated by the language of the doctor, struck 
him a fatal blow, and endeavored to conceal 
the body. He pub. a manual of chemistry, 
and a description of the Island of St. Michael, 
1821 ; edited "Playfair's Liebig's Chemistry;" 
and was co-editor of the Boston Jour, of Philos. 
and Arts, 182.3-6. 

Webster, Gen. Joseph Dana, b. Old 
Hampton, N.H., Aug. 25, 1811. Dartm. Coll. 
1832. He became a civil engr. ; was app. 2d 
lient. topog. engrs. July 7, 1838; 1st lieut. 
July, 1849; capt. March, 1853. He served 
with distinction through the Mexican war, but 



resigned in Apr. 1854, and settled in Chicago. 
In Apr. 1861 took charge of the fortifications 
at Cairo, III., and at Paducah; in Feb. 1862 
he became col. 1st III. Art., and was present 
at the capture of I"orts Henrv and Donelson. 
At the battle of Shiloh he had charge of all 
the artillery, and received the highest commen- 
dation in Gen. Grant's official report. Chief 
of Gen. Grant's staflf until Oct. 1862, when he 
was detailed by the war dept. to make a sur- 
vey of the III. and Mich. Canal ; made brig.- 
gen. of vols. Oct. 14, 1862. Chief of staff to 
Gen. Sherman; was with Gen Thomas at 
Hood's defeat before Nashville in Dee. 1864; 
was with Sherman in his march to the sea; 
and was made brev. maj.-gen. in 1865. 

Webster, Noah, LL.D. (Y. C. 1823), 
jihilologist and publicist, b. W. Hartford, Ct., 
Oct. 16, 1758; d. N. Haven, May 28, 1843. 
Y.C. 1778. His ancestor John was one of the 
first settlers of Hartford. He served under his 
father, a capt. of militia, during the campaign 
of 1777. Adm. to the bar in 1781, but in 1782 
opened a classical school at Goshen, N.Y. In 
1783 he pub. at Hartford his " First Part of a 
Grammatical Institute of the English Lan- 
guage," followed by a 2d and 3d part in the 
next 2 years. " The American Spelling-Book " 
was pub. in 1783 ; also " Winthrop's Journal," 
which had till then remained in MS. He 
also began some political essays in the Ct. Cou- 
rant. pub. in 1785 as " Sketches of American 
Policy." The same year, he visited the South- 
ern States to procure the enactment of State 
copyright laws ; in 1786 he delivered a course 
of lectures in the principal American cities 
on the English language, pub. in 1789 under 
the title of " Dissertations on theEngli.sh Lan- 
guage ; " in 1787 he taught an acad. at Phila., 
and, after the Const. Conv. adjourned, pub. an 
"Examination of the Leading Principles of the 
Federal Constitution ; " in 1788 he pub. in 
N. York for one year, at a heavy loss, the 
Amer. Marj. Returning to Hartford in 1789, 
he practised law successfully for some years, 
but in 1793, at the request of the. tdministration, 
established for its support in New York a dai- 
ly called the Minerva, to which he soon added 
a semi-weekly called the Herald: these were 
subsequently known as the Commercial Adver- 
tiser and N. Y. Spectator. His papers, signed 
" Curtius," ably vindicated Jay's treaty. He 
removed to N. Haven in 1798, and in 1799 pub. 
" A Brief History of Epidemics and Pesti- 
lential Diseases," 2 vols. 8vo ; in 1802 he pub. 
a work on the rights of neutrals in time of« 
war, and " Hist. Notices of the Origin and 
State of Banking Institutions and Insurance 
OHiccs;"and in 1807 his "Philosophical and 
Practical Grammar of the English Language." 
He had in 1806 pub. a " Compendious Dic- 
tionary;" and in 1807 he commenced the gre.it 
labor of his life,— -a Dictionary of the English 
Language. The first edition appeared in 1828 
in 2 vols. 4to, a second in 1840 in 2 vols, 
roy. 8vo. While preparing this work, he re- 
moved to Amherst, Ms., ami was one of the 
most active founders of the Amh. College. He 
also represented the town several years in the 
State legisl. In New Haven he had been often 
a member of the legisl., a judge of one of the 



State courts, and one of the alilcrmcn of tlie 
city. He returned there in 1822, and visited 
Europe in 1828. Early in 1843 he pub. "A 
Collection of Papers on Political, Literary, and 
Moral Subjects," and an elaborate treatise on 
" The Supposed Change in tlie Temperature 
of Winter." His last literary labor was the 
revision of the Appendix to his Dictionary, 
which he completed only a few days before his 
death. Of the "Elementary Spelling-Book " 
nearly 50,000,000 copies have been sold ; and, 
during the preparation of the Dictionary, the 
entire support of his family was derived from 
its copyright. His Dictionary has been revised 
since his death by his son-in-law. Prof. Good- 
rich, and others. Dr. W.'s other works are a 
" History of the U.S.," revised in 1 838 ; " Letters 
to a Young Gentleman commencing his Edu- 
cation," 1823; "Manual of Useful Studies," 
1832; "The Prompter;" and a " History of 
Animals." — Alllbone. 

Webster, Pelatiah, political writer, b. 
Lebanon, Ct., 1725; d. Phila. Sept. 1795. 
Y.C. 1746. He studied theologv,and preached 
at Greenwich, Ms., in the winter of 1748-9; 
was afterward a raercliant in Phila. ; was an 
active Whig during the Revol., and suffered 
both in person and estate, having been confined 
in the city jail 132 days. In Oct. 1776 he 
pub. his tirst essay, urging taxation for the re- 
demption of Cont. money ; in 1779-85 he pub. 
a series of " Essays on Free Trade and Fi- 
nance; " in 1783 "A Dissertation on the Po- 
litical Union and Constitution of the 13 Unit- 
ed States of N. A. ;" in 1791 he pub. "Po- 
litical Essays on the Nature and Operation of 
Money, Public Finances," &c., 8vo, Philadel- 
phia. — Ouijckinck. 

Webster, Rev. Richard, Presb. clergy- 
man, b. Albanv, 14 July, 1811; d. Mauch 
Chunk, Pa., 19June, 18.56. Un. Coll. 1829. 
Princet. Sem. 1834. Son of Charles R. Web- 
ster, bookseller of Albany. Ord. 29 Apr. 1835 ; 
pastor of Mauch Chunk until his death. Au- 
thor of " Hist, of the Presb. Church," 8vo, 1 856. 

Wedderburne, Alexander, Baron 
Loughborough (1780) and Earl of Rosslyn 
(180l), b. Edinburgh, Feb. 13. 1733 ; d. Baylcs, 
Berkshire, Jan. 3,1805. U. of Edinburgh. He 
was called to the Scottish bar at 19 ; removed 
to London ; entered the Inner Temple in 1753 ; 
was adm. to the English bar in 1757 ; and was 
specially disting. in the great Douglas case in 
1768-9. As a member of parliament he was 
an able supporter of Grenville and Lord North ; 
became solicitor-gen. Jan. 26, 1771, and was 
conspicuous in defence of Lord Clive. In Jan. 
1774, when the petition of Massachusetts for 
the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver was laid 
before the privy council, Wedderburne defended 
them in a speech in which he made a gross and 
insulting attack upon Franklin, the agent of 
the petitioners. In 1778 he was made atty.- 
gen., and in 1780 chief justice C. C. P. ; in 
April, 1783, he assisted North in forming the 
famous coalition ministry, in which he was the 
first commiss. of the great seal. In Jan. 27, 
1793-1801, he was lord high chancellor under 
Mr. Pitt. When George III. heard that he 
was dead, he remarked, " He has not left a 
greater knave behind him in my dominions." 



Weed, Gem. Stephen H., b. N.Y. 18S4; 
killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. A 
graduate of the N.Y. Free Acad. West Point, 
1854. Served against the Western Indians 
1857-60; and, when the Rebellion broke out, 
was made a capt. of artillery. He seiTCd under 
McClellan on the Peninsula, at Manassas, at 
South Mountain, and Antietam; and was 
made brig.-gen. 6 June, 1863, for gallantry 
at Chanccllorsville, Va. At the time of his 
death, he com. the 3d brigade of regulars. 

Weed, TuuRLOW, journalist and politi- , 
cian, b. Cairo, N.Y., Nov. 15, 1797. At 10 he ^- '^■-' ' , 
was a cabin-boy upon the Hudson River; at 12 rti);/] ^^ ^ 
he entered a printing-oflii-c at Cat.-kill ; was em- ' 

ployed in several different newspa|jer-offices ; 
was a vol. on the northern frontier in the war 
of 1812; established a newspaper in his own 
name on coming of age ; edited the Anti-Ma- 
sonic Enquirer in 1 826-7 ; and was twice elect- 
ed to the Assembly. His tact as a party man- 
ager, and his sen'iecs in 1827-30 in securing 
the election of De Witt Clinton as gov., led to 
his selection as a competent person to oppose 
to the " Albany Regency," a body who had the 
management of the Democ. party in N.Y. In 
1830 he accordingly removed to Albany, and 
assumed the editorship of the Albany Evening 
Journal. Although a leader, first of the Whig, 
and afterward of ^hc Republican party, ho de- 
clined all political office. He was ])rominent 
in procuring the nominations of Harrison in 
1836 and 1840, of Gen. Taylor in 1848, and of 
Gen. Scott in 1 852. He-w.armly advocated the 
election of Fremont in 1856, and of Lincoln in 
1860, although he had advocated the nomina- 
tion of Mr. Seward. He visited Europe in 
Nov. 1861 in a semi-diplomatic capacity; re- 
turned home in June, 1862, and shortly after- 
ward withdrew from the Journal. He pub- 
lished "Letters from Europe and the West 
Indies," 8vo, 1866; Reminiscences, in the At- 
lantic Monthhj, 1870; and has contributed to 
periodicals. 

Weedon, Gen. George, Revol. officer, 
was an innkeeper and postmaster of Fredericks- 
burg, Va., and an active and zealous politi- 
cian before the war. Made lieut.-col. 3d Va. 
Regt. Feb. 13, col. 1st Regt. 12 Aug., 1776; 
and 24 Feb., 1777, brig.-gen. He was in the 
battles of Brandywine and Germantown, but, 
in consequence of some dissatisfaction about 
rank, left the sen-ice while the army was at 
Valley Forge. At Brandywine he commanded 
the brigade in Greene's division which rendered 
such valuable service by stopping the British 
pursuit, and saving the routed army. He re- 
sumed the com. oi'a brigade in 1780, and com. 
the Va. militia at Gloucester during the siege 
of Yorktown in Oct. 1781. 

Weeks, John M., b. Litchfield, Ct., 22 
Mav, 1788; d. Salisbury, Vt. (whither his 
parents removed in 1789), 1 Sept. 1853. Au- 
thor of " Manual on Bees," 1854 ; " History 
of Salisbury, Vt.," with Memoir of the au- 
thor, 1860. Inventor of the Vt. Beehive 
(18.36); a eontrib. to agric. journals ; and left 
in MS. a History of the Five Nations. 

Weems, Mason L.^an eccentric clergy- 
man and author, b. Dumfries, Va. ; d. Beau- 
fort, S.C, May 23, 1825. He studied theology 



UC^-^^ 



967 



"WKL 



in London, and was many years rector of Mt. 
Vernon parish (at the time Washington at- 
tended there), and subsequently a book-agent 
for Matthew Carey of Fhila. He travelled 
extensively over the Southern States in this 
capacity, mingling with the people at large 
assemblies and at courts, drawing crowds of 
listeners, whom he would address upon the 
merits of his works, interspersing his remarks 
with anecdotes and humorous sallies. He 
wrote and sold a pamphlet entitled " The 
Drunkard's Looking-Glass," illustrated by 
cuts. With this in hand, he entered taverns, 
and, addressing the inmates, would mimic 
the extravagances of an inebriate, and sell the 
pamphlet. He was a man of much benevolence 
and wit. Author of Lives of Marion, Frank- 
lin, Penn, and Washington, the latter of which 
passed through 30 or 40 editions. Others of his 
tracts were " Hymen's Recruiting Sergeant," 
" God's Revenge against Murder," " God's 
Revenge against Adultery." For his " Life of 
Marion," Horry, one of Marion's companions, 
furnished the facts. The romantic manner in 
which his statements were served up led to a 
corresp. between the two authors. 

Weightman, Col. RiCH.A.nD Hansox, 
b. Md. ; killed at the battle of Wilson's Creek, 
Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. Son of Gen. Weightman. 
Expelled from West Point in April, 1837, for 
cutting a brother-cadet in the face in a personal 
rencounter. With the same knife he killed the 
Santa Fe' trader, F. X. Xaubrey, in a quarrel. 
Capt. of Mo. art., and disting. under Col. 
Doniphan at the battle of Sacramento, Mcx. ; 
paymaster U.S.A. 1848-9; provis. U.S. sena- 
tor from New Mex. 1850 ; M.C. from N. Mex. 
1851-3; col. Mo. State Guard; disting. at 
Carthage 5 Julv, 1861 ; and com. a brigade at 
Wilson's Creek. 

Weir, James, b. Greenville, Ky., 1821. 
Author of " Lena Powers," a romance, 1850 ; 
"Simon Kenton," 1853; " Winter Lodge," a 
sequel, 1854 ; " Sacred and Profane Literature." 
Also prose and poetry in periodicals. — Al- 
liUme. 

Weir, ROBEKT Walter, painter, b. New 
Rochclle, N.Y., June 18, 1803. At the age of 
19 he became a painter. After a 3-years' resi- 
dence in Italy, he returned home in 1827; 
practised his art in N.Y. ; was prof, of per- 
spective in the Nat. Acad, of Design, 1830-4 ; 
and 8 May, 1834, succeeded C. R. Leslie as 
instructor in drawing at West Point, which 
post he still holds. Among his works are 
" The Embarkation of the Pilgrims," in the 
rotunda of the capitol at Washington, " Red 
Jacket," " The Antiquary introducing Lovel 
to his Womankind," " Bourbon's Last March," 
" The Landing of Hendrick Hudson,"" Colum- 
bus before the Council of Salamanca," " The 
Indian Captives," " The Presentation in the 
Temple," " The Dving Greek," " The Old 
Merchant," " Devotion," and " The Taking 
of the Veil." 

Weiss, Rev. John, b. Boston, June, 1818. 
H.U. 1837. He has been pastor of a Unit, 
church at N. Bedford, and at Watertown, Ms., 
where he now resides, without any settled 
charge. Author of "Henry of Alterdingen," 
a transl., 1842; "The Philos. and iEsthetic 



Letters of Schiller," 1845; "Smith's Memoir 
of Fichte," 1846 ; "Life and Corresp. of Thco. 
Parker," 2 vols. 8vo, 1864; "American Reli- 
gion," 1870; and occas. sermons and addresses 
Contrib. to many magazines and periodicals. 
Lecturer on various topics, including old myths. 

Weissenfels, Frederick H., baron de, 
b. Prussia; d. N. Orleans, May 14, 1806, a. 78. 
He had been an officer in the British service; 
settled- in Duchess Co., N.Y., in 17G3; app. 
lieut.-col. 3d N.Y. batt. Mar. 8, 1776; after- 
wards com. the 2d N.Y. batt. at White Plains, 
Trenton, at the surrender of Burgoyne, and in 
the battle of Monmouth. He accomp. Sul- 
livan's exped. in 1779, and fought at Newtown. 
Impoverished by the war, he filled a minor 
office in the police at the time of his death. — 
Houijlt's Northern Invasion. 

Weitzel (wit'-sel), Gen. Godfrey, b. 
Cincinnati, 0., Nov. 1, 1835. West Point (2d 
in his class), 1855. Brev. 2d lieut. ofengrs. ; 1st 
lieut. July 1, 1860; capt. Mar. 3, 1863; maj. 
Aug. 8, 1866. Attached to the staff of Gen. 
Butler in the dept. of the Gulf, he became assist, 
military com. and acting mayor of N. Orleans 
after its capture ; brig.-gen. of vols. 29 Aug. 
1862; maj.-gen. 17 Nov. 1864; Oct. 27, 1862, 
routed a large force of the enemy at Labadie- 
ville, for which he was brev. maj.'U.S.A. He 
com. the advance in Gen. Banks's operations in 
April-May, 1863 ; was at the siege and capture 
of Port Hudson ; com. division 19th corps in 
the Lafourche and West La. campaigns, July- 
Dec. 1863 ; com. 2d div. 18th corps, and chief 
engr. Array of the James, May-Sept. 1864; 
was chief engr. with Gen. Butler in the opera- 
tions near Petersburg and Richmond, Va. ; 
com. the 18th corps, and repulsed attack on 
Fort Harrison, Sept 30, 1864 ; and from Dec. 
to 4 Feb. 1865 com. the 25th colored corps; 
second in com. of first exped. to Fort Fisher. 
Engaged in the final operations around Rich- 
mond, he first entered that city, Apr. 3, 1865. 
Brevs. of col. 8 July, 1863, for Port Hudson, 
brig, and maj. gen. 13 Mar. 1865. — CuUuin. 

Welby, Amelia B. (Coppiick), poetess, b. 
St. Michaels, Md., Feb. 3, 1819 ; d. Louisville, 
Ky., May 3, 1852. She removed with her fa- 
ther to the West in 18.34, and resided at Lex- 
ington and Louisville, where she was ra. to Mr. 
George Welby in 1838. Her first poem was 
contrib. to the Louisville Journal in 1837. The 
first collection of her poems was pub. Boston, 
1845, the second in 1846, and the latest in 1860. 
"Poems bv Amelia" were pub. in 1850, illus- 
trated by R. W. Weir. 

Welch, Rev. Bartholomew Trow, 
D.D., a Baptist preacher of great eloquence, 
b. Boston, 24 Sept. 1794 ; d. Newtonville, 
N.Y., 9 Dec. 1870. He entered the ministry 
in 1824; was settled in Albany in 1828-48; 
and in 1848-54 was pastor of the Picrrepont- 
strect Church, Brooklyn, New Y'ork. 

Weld, Horatio Hastings, b. Boston, 
1811. Some years a printer, then editor of 
journals in Lowell, Boston, N.Y., and Phila. 
Has contrib. largely to the periodical press. 
Adm. to orders in the Prot.-Episc. Ch. 1845. 
Author of " Corrected Proofs," 1837 ; " Bcnj. 
Franklin, an Autoh.," 1849; "Life of Christ," 
1850; "Scripture Quotations," 1850; "Sacred 



968 



Poetical Quotations," 1851 ; " Star of Bethle- 
hem," 1852, kc. — AUihone. 

Weld, Isaac, son of Isaac of Dublin, b. 
there 1774; d. 1856. In his youth ho trav- 
elled extensively in America and Europe ; was 
56 years connected with the Royal Dublin So- 
ciety, of which he was long sec. and vico-prcs. 
Author of " Travels through North America, 
1795-7," Lond., 4to, 1799; "Illustrations of 
the Scenery of Killarney," &c., 1807. — Alli- 
bone. 

Welde, Thomas, first minister of Rox- 
bury, Ms. ; d. Eng. 23 Mar. t661. Camb. U., 
Eng., 1613-18. He was a minister in Tcrlin^, 
Essex, before coming to America. Arriving in 
Boston, June 5, 1632, in July he took the pas- 
toral care of the church in Roxbury. In 1639 
he assisted Mather and Eliot in making " The 
Tuneful New-England Version of the Psalms." 
Sent in 1641 with Hugh Peters to Eng. as an 
agent for the province, he never returned. He 
settled at Gateshead, but was ejected in 1662. 
Author of " An Answer to W. R.'s Narration 
of the Opinions and Practices of the N.E. 
Churches," 1644. He rcpub., with a preface, 
and an address to the reader, an anonymous 
work, changing its title to " A Short Story of 
the Rise, Reign, and Ruin of the Antinomians, 
Familists, and Libertines that infected the 
Churches of N.E.," 4to, 1644. His son Thom- 
as, minister of Dunstable, d. 1702, a. 50. 

Weller, John B., Democ. politician, b. 
Ohio. M.C. in 1839-45; was lieut.-col. of 



rey ; was the first U.S. commiss. to Mexico un- 
der the treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo ; and, 
having taken up his residence in Cal., was U.S. 
senator in 1851-7; gov. in 1858-60; app. min- 
ister to Mexico, Dec. 1860; delegate to the 
Chicago Convention in 1864. 

Welles, Gideon, sec. U.S.N. 1861-9, b. 
Glastenbtiry, Ct., July 1, 1802. Descended 
from Thomas, the first"treasurer, and aftenvard 
gov. of Ct. He studied at the Episc. Acad, in 
Cheshire and at the Norwich U. Studied law 
under Judges Williams and Ellsworth ; and in 
1826 became editor and a proprietor of the 
Hartford Times, a Democ. paper. He advo- 
cated the election of Jackson to the presidency ; 
was a member of the legisl. in 1827-35; was 
then app. comptroller of public accounts ; was 
postmaster of Hartford 1836-41 ; was State 
comptroller in 1842; and in 1846-9 was chief 
of one of the bureaus of the navy dent. He 
gave up the management of the Times m 1 837. 
He opposed the introduction of slavery into 
new tenitory, and became identified with the 
Repub. party on its organization in 1855, and 
was chau-man of the Ct. delegation at the Chi- 
cago Conv. in 1860. For nearly 30 years he 
was a frequent contrib. to the Globe and Union, 
Washington, Eveninq Post, N.Y., and, since 
1856, to the Hartfori Press. 

WeUing, James C, LL.D., pres. of Co- 
lumbia Coll., D.C. (inducted 6 Nov. 1871), b. 
Trenton, N. J., 14 July, 1825. N. J. Coll. 1844. 
Removing to N.Y. City in 1848, he became 
correspondent and lit. editor of the Nat. Intelli- 
gntcrr of Washington, D.C. ; was assoc. ed. in 
1855-Jan. 1865; and was its principal con- 



ductor during the civil war. In 1865 he vis- 
ited Europe for his health. Pres. of St. John's 
Coll., Annapolis, Md., Sept. 1807-70; and was 
prof, of belles-lettres in N.J. Coll. in 1870-1. 
Dr. W. has contrib. to the N. A. Review and 
other literary periodicals, and is said to be now 
engaged on the " Life and Times " of the late 
President Buchanan. 

Wells, David Ames, b. Springfield, Ms., 
June, 1828. Wms. Coll. 1847; Camb. Seient. 
School, 1851. Assist, prof. Camb. Scientific 
School 1851-2 ; engaged in practical chemis- 
try in Boston with Dr. A. A. Hayes in 1853- 
5 ; patented in 1856 several improvements in 
bleaching ; in 1857-8 was a memberof the pub- 
lishing firm of G. P. Putnam & Co. ; vi-ited 
Europe in 1862 and again in 1867 on a mission 
by the U.S. govt.; special U.S. commiss. reve- 
nue 1866-70. Co-editor " History of Williams 
Coll.," 1 847 ; editor of " Things not Generally 
Knoivn," &c. ; " Annual of Scientific Discov- 
ery," 1850-65; author of "Report on th' Soils 
of the Scioto Valley," 1851; "On Flax," 
1854; "Year-Book of Agriculture," 1856; 
"Familiar Science," 1855; "Science of Com- 
mon Things," 1857; "Elements of Nat. Phi- 
los.," 1857; "Principles of Chemistry," 1S58; 
"Principles of Geology," 1861 ; " Our Burden 
and Our Strength," 1864. Contrib. to many 
scientific periodieals. 

Wells, HoKACE, dentist, one of the claim- 
ants of the discoverv of anaesthesia, b. Hart- 
ford, Vt., Jan. 21, l'815; d. N. Y. Citv, Jan. 
24, 1848. After an academical education, he 
began the study of dentistry in Boston in 1 834, 
1)ut removed to Hartford in 1836. As early as 
1840 he experimented upon the possibility of 
preventing pain in dental operations by various 
narcotics. In 1844 he used nitrous-oxide gas 
successfully for the extraction of teeth, and in 
Dec. 1844 addressed the medical class of Dr. 
Warren in Boston on the subject. After the 
application of Drs. Jackson and Morton for 
a patent, in Sept. 1845, Dr. Wells sailed for 
Fr.ance, and succeeded in convincing the Medi- 
cal Society of Paris that he had made a valua- 
ble discovery, as is shown by resolutions adopted 
by them after a 3-days' discussion. He returned 
in the spring of 1 847, and in March pulj. a his- 
tory of his discovery. The controversy which 
ensued impaired his already enfeebled health, 
and produced mental aberration, under the influ- 
ence of which he committed suii iile. The evi- 
dence of his claim was jilaeed belore Congress 
in 1853 by Hon. Truman Smith, and was sub- 
sequently pub. under the- title of " An Exami- 
nation of the Question of Anaesthesia," N.Y. 
I860.— 5ee a/so nr*. "Morton, IF. T. G." 

Wells, Samuel, gov. 1856-7, and some 
years judge Sup. Court, of Me., b. N.II. about 
1805, d. Boston, 15 July, 1868. 

Wells, William Chakles, M.D. (U. of 
Edinl). 1780), F.R.S. (1793), naturalLt, b. 
Charleston, S.C, May, 1757 ; d. Sept. 18, 1817. 
Son of Robert, bookseller of Charleston, pub. 
of the Gazette, and a loyalist, who pub. a trav- 
esty of Virgil ; d. Lond. 1794, a. 66. After 
completing his studies abroad, he returned to 
Charleston early in 1781 , and, while there, acted 
at the same time as a printer, a bookseller, and 
a merchant. In Dec. 1782, on his anival with 



969 



; king's troops at St. Augnstine, E. Fla., he 
ted the first weekly newspaper that had ap- 
peared in that province, and also became capt. 



of loyalist vols".; in 1784 he settled in Lon'd., 
and in 178S was adni. a licentiate of the Coll. 
of Physicians ; in 1 790 he was elected physician 
to the Finsbury Dispensary ; in I79S assist, phy- 
sician to, and in 1800 one of the physicians of, 
St. Thomas's Hospital. His celebrated essa^ 
on Dew app. in Aug. 1814, and established his 
pliilos. reputation. In the same year he was 
adm. a member of the Royal Soc. of Edinb. ; 
and in 1SI6 was presented by the Royal Soc. 
of London with the gold and silver Rumford 
medals. He also pub. in 1792 an essay upon 
Single Vision with Two Eyes, and in 1780-1 
several small political pieces without his name, 
and an account of Henry Laurens, under the 
signature of " Marius," in the Public Advertiser. 
A vol. of his works, containing essays on Vis- 
ion and Dew, was pub. in London in 1816. 

Wells, William Harvey, b. Tolland, Ct., 
1812. Some time principal State Norm. School, 
Westfield, Ms. ; subseq. supt. public schools, 
Chicago. Author of " Grammar of the Eng. 
Lang.," 184G; "Elem. Eng. Grammar," 1848; 
" Graded Course of Instr.," 1862. Editor Ms. 
Teacher. Contiib. to educ. journals. — Allibone. 

Wells, William Vincent, author, b. 
Boston, Jan. 2, 1826. Educated in the Boston 
schools ; afterward in the merchant-service, and 
4 times wrecked; and went in 1849 to Califor- 
nia, where he built and com. the first steamboat 
seen there. He pub. " Walker's Expedition to 
Nicaragua," 1856; "Explorations and Adven- 
tures in Honduras," 1857 ; and "Life of Sam- 
Adams" (his ancestor), 3 vols. 8vo, 1865, 



with his letters, writings, and State papers. 
Mr. Wells has owned and edited several news- 
papers in San Francisco. Contrib. to Harper's 
illiif/. and Wcekli/; and coiTesp. from abroad 
with various journals. Late consul-gen. at 
Honduras. — Duyckincl: 

Wemyss, Feancis Codrtnev, actor and 
manager, b. London, May 13, 1797 ; d. New 
York, Jan. 5, 1 859. He app. at the Adclphi, 
London, Apr. 2, 1821 ; and made his debut at 
the Chcstnut-st., Phila., Dec. 11, 1822, as Vap- 
id in " The Dramatist." Author of " Chro- 
nology of the Amer. Stage," 12mo, 1S52; "26 
Years of the Life of an Actor and Manager," 2 
vols. 1847. He edited the "Minor Drama," 7 
vols. I2mo. 

Wendell, John L., reporter N.Y. Sup. 
Court, b. 1784 ; d. Hartford, Ct., 13 Dec. 1861. 
Author of the Law Reports of N.Y. 1828-41, 
26 vols.; "Digest Sup. Court Reports 1828- 
35," 8vo, 1836. 

Wentworth, Benning, gov. of N. H. 
(1734-67), oldest son of Lieut.-Gov. John of 
Dover, b. Portsmouth, N.H., July 24, 1696; 
d. there Oct. 14, 1770. H.U. 1715. He was 
a merchant; frequently a representative in the 
Assembly; and was app. a councillor, Oct. 
12, 1734. In 1749 he commenced making 
grants of land on the W. side of the Ct. River, 
in what is now Southern Vt. Tliis domain 
was claimed by N.Y., occasioning the collision, 
so famous in the history of Vt., respecting the 
" New-Hampshire Grants." The town of Ben- 
nington, Vt., was named in his honor. He 



gave to Dartm. Coll. 500 acres of land, on 
which its building-s were erected. 

Wentworth, Col. John, jurist, b. Dover, 
N.H., 30 Mar. 1719; d. 17 May, 1781. Great- 
grandson of Wm. of Dover. MembLr Icgisl. 
1768-75, and speaker in 1771 ; chairmtm of the 
Revol. com. of corresp., and pres. of the first 
couv. held in 1774; State councillor 1776-81 ; 
judge of C.C.P. for Strafford Co. 1773-G ; and 
judge Sup. Court 1776-81. His son John, 
Jun. (b. 17 July, 1745, d. Dover, 10 Jan, 1787, 
H.U. 1768), was an active Revol. patriot; 
member legisl. 1776-80; member com. of safe- 
ty ; deleg. to the Cont. Congress 1778-9, and a 
signer of the Art. of Confed. ; councillor 1780- 
4, and senator 1 784-7. 

Wentworth, Sir John, LL.D. (Oxon. 
1766), gov. N.H. 1766-75, bart. 1795, b. Ports- 
mouth, N.II., 9 Aug. 1737 ; d. Halifax, N.S., 
8 Apr. 1 820. H.U. 1 755. Son of Mark Ilunk- 
ing, councillor of N.H., who d. 27 Dee. 1785, 
and nephew of Gov. Benning. Sent in 1765 to 
Eng. a-s agent of the Province, he attracted the 
favorable notice of tlie Marquis of Rocking- 
ham, who procured him his app. of gov. ; also 
that of surveyor of the king's woods in Amer., 
worth £700 per annum. At the outbreak of 
the Revol. in 1 775, he went to Eng. Licut.-gov. 
of Nova Scotia 14 May, 1792-1803. lie gave 
its charter to Dartm. Coll., encouraged the 
agric. and promoted the settlement of N.H., 
and possessed talents of a high order. In 1 769 
ho m. his cousin Mrs. Atkinson. Their son. 
Sir Charles Mary, d. April, 1844. 

Wentworth, John, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1867), journalist and politician, grandson of 
John, jun., b. Sandwich, N.H., March 5, 1815. 
Dartm. Coll. 1836. Removed to 111. in Oct. 
1 836, and edited the Chicago Democrat till July, 
1861. In 1841 he studied law at Camb. Law 
School ; was adm. to the bar in 1 84 1 ; and 
was M.C. in 1843-51, 185-3-5, and 1865-7. 
lie was an adherent of the Democ. party and 
of Mr. Douglas until the repeal of the Mis- 
souri Compromise, and afterward Republican. 
Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and took a leading 
part in the Const. Con v. of 1861. Author of 
a " History of the Family of Wentworth," 2 
vols. Svo, 1870. 

Wentworth, William, nn eariy colonist 
of N.H., progenitor of all of the nnmc in the 
U.S., b. Eng. ab. 1610; d. Dover, N.H., Mar. 
16, 1697. He was a follower of Rev. John 
Wheelwiight, and, with that clergyman and 33 
others, signed, Aug. 4, 1639, " A combination 
for a govt, at Exeter, N.H." He removed to 
Wells, Me., and from thence to Dover, where 
he was a ruling elder in the church, preaching 

olt( " _ ■ ". 

Exeter as late as 1693. 

men till in saving Heard's garrison from the 

Indians. 

Werden, Reed, commo. U.S.N., b. Pa. 
Feb. 28, 1817. Pliila. Naval School, 1840. 
Midshipm. Jan. 9, 1834; lieut. Feb. 27, 1847; 
com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866; 
commo. 1871. Com. a party of seamen at the 
capture of Tuspan, Mex., 1847 ; com. steamer 
" Stars and Stripes " at capture of Roanoke 
Island and Newbern ; fleet-capt. E. Gulf block, 
squadron, 1864-5; com. "Powhatan," and 



970 



blockaded Confed. ram " Stonewall " in Ha- 
vana until surrendered to the Spanish govt. — 

Wereat, John, patriot of Ga. ; d. Bryan 
Co. 1798. He was an early and decided ad- 
vocate of liberty. Member of the first Prov. 
Congress in 1775; speaker in 1776 ; and after 
the fall of Savannah in 1779, as pres. of the 
exec, council, exercised the functions of gov. ; 
pres. of the conv. which ratified the Federal 
Constitution at Augusta, Jan. 2, 1788. 

WertmuUer, Adolpii Ulric, painter, 
b. Stockholm, 1750; d. near Marcus Hook, 
Pa., Oct. 5, 181 1. He studied and pursued his 
profession in Paris some years, and came to 
Phila. in 1794, hut returned to Europe in 1796. 
He returucd to Phila. in 1800, and obtained an 
income by exhibiting his picture of Danae, 
which he sold for $1,500. He left a portrait 
of Washington. 

Wesley, Charles, poet and clergyman, 
b. Epworth, Dec. 18, 1708; d. London, March 
29, 1788. Oxford U. 1732. He was a con- 
spicuous member of the small religious society 
from which Arminian-Methodisra may be said 
to have sprung; and in 1735, after having been 
ord. deacon and priest, accompanied his bro. 
John on a mission to Ga. in the capacity of sec. 
to Gov. Oglethorpe. He labored assiduously as 
a preacher among the Indians and colonists ; 
returned to Eng. in 1736 ; and soon after com- 
menced his brilliant and successful career as a 
Methodist preacher. His sons Charles and 
Samuel acquired great reputation for their 
musical talents. Of the hymns now in use by 
the Wesleyans, 625 are by'Charles Wesley. A 
vol. of his sermons, with a Memoir, was pub. 
1816; Journal, with notes by Rev. Thomas 
Jackson, 1841,2 vols 

of 

ire, June 17, 1703; d. Mar. 2, 1791. Oxf. 
U. 1726. Son of Samuel, rector of Epworth. 
Disting. at Oxford by his adroitness in argu- 
ment, as well as his classical and theological 
attainments. Ord. deacon in 1725. In 1730 
he and his brother Charles, with a few other 
students, formed themselves into a small society 
on principles of greater austerity and devotion 
than prevailed in the university, receiving the 
name of Methodists. He soon became leader 
of the association, and upon the death of his 
father in 1735, during which year the cele- 
brated Whitefield joined his society, accomp. 
Oglethorpe to Ga. to preach the gospel among 
the settlers and Indians. For some time, his 
labors as a preacher promised to be successful ; 
but he soon rendered himself offensive to the 
colonists by his severe and injudicious conduct. 
He passed six months in Georgia without pos- 
sessing a single shilling. His ascetic practices 
andnumerouseccentricitiescreated some doubts 
as to thesolidity of his judgment. On his return 
to Eng. early in 1738 he commenced itinerant 
preaching, and gathered many followers. The 
churches being shut against him, he built spa- 
cious meeting-houses in London, Bristol, and 
other places. For some time he was united 
with VVhitefield ; but, differences arising upon 
the doctrine of election, they separated, and the 
Methodists were denominated according to 



Wesley, John, the celebrated founde 
the sect of Methodists, b. Epworth, in Lini 



their respective leaders. Wesley was indefati- 
gable in his labors, and almost continually 
engaged in travelling over England, Wales, 
Scotland, and Ireland. He pub. some vols, 
of hymns, numerous sermons, political tracts, 
and controversial treatises. He was the most 
successful preacher of modern times, and was 
the law-giver, as well as the apostle, of Ar- 
minian-Methodism. 

WesselS, Gen. Henry Walton, b. Litch- 
field, Ct., Feb. 20, 1809. West Point, 1833. He 
studied at the milit. school of Capt. Partridge 
atMiddletown ; entered the 2(1 Int. in 1833; en- 
gaged in Seminole war, Fla., 1837-42; 1st lieut. 
7 July, 1838 ; capt. 16 Feb. 1847; hrev. major 
Aug. "20, 1847, lor gallantry at Contreras and 
Churubusco, and in the former battle wounded ; 
major 6th Inf. June 6, 1861 ; brig.-gcn. of vols. 
April 25, 1862. He served in the Peninsular 
campaign, and wounded at Fair Oaks 31 May, 
1862; in defence of Suffolk, Va., Sept.-Dec. 
1862 ; in N.C. Dec. 1862 to 20 Apr. 1864, and 
engaged in combats of Kinston 14 Dec, 
Goldsborough 17 Dec, and defence of New- 
bern; com. at defence of Plymouth, May, 1863, 
to Apr. 22. 1864, where, after four days' hard 
fighting, he was taken prisoner ; brev. col. and 
brig.-gen. U.S.A. for gallant and merit, services 
during the Rebellion ; lieut.-eol. Feb. 16, 1865 ; 
retired I Jan. 1871. — Culluin. 

Wesson, James, col. Revol. army ; d. 
Marlborough, Ms., 15 Oct. 1809, a. 72. Maj. 
in L. Baldwin's regt. at the siege of Boston; 
raised and com. the 9th Ms. Regt. ; and disting. 
at Saratoga and at Monmouth, where he was 
severely wounded by a cannon-ball. 

West, Benjamin, LL. D. (B. U. 1792), 
mathcm. and astron., b. Rchoboth, Ms., Mar. 
1730; d. Providence, R.I., 13 Aug. 1813. Re- 
moving to Providence in 1753, he was a book- 
seller there until the Revol.; then manuf. 
clothing for the Cont. soldiers, all the while 
prosecuting his scientific studies. He pub. an 
almanac there in 1763-93; furnished a paper 
on the transit of Venus and Mercury in 1769 
for the Roy. Soc. of Lond. ; was made a fellow 
of the Anicr. Academy of Arts and Sciences ill 
1781 ; was prof, of mathem. in the Pr.-Ep. 
Sem. at Phila. in 1784-6; prof, of mathcm. 
and nat. philos. in B.U. 1786-99; postmaster 
of P. 1812-13. 

West, Benjamin, a celebrated painter, b. 
near Springfield, Pa., Oct. 10, 1738; d. Lon- 
don, March 10, 1820. His parents were Qua- 
kers ; but, perceiving in their son an innate pro- 
pensity for the art of drawing, they allowed 
him to cultivate his talents in opposition to the 
rigid principles of their sect. Accordingly, 
after having for a short time served as a sol- 
dier under Gen. Forbes, West removed to 
Phila. in 1756, and commenced portrait-paint- 
ing, which profession he subsequently exercised 
in New York; in 1760 he visited Italy and 
France, and remained some time at Paris ; in 
1763 he arrived in Eng.', and met such encour- 
agement that he took up his permanent resi- 
dence there. By the order of George lU., he 
executed his picture of " The Departure of 
Regulus from Rome," which procured him 
much reputation. At the foundation of the 
Royal Acad, in 1768, he became a member, 



971 



"WTIA. 



and in 1792 succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as 
pres. Among the earlier productions of his 
pencil, that which attracted most notice was 
liis painting of "The Death of Gen. Wolfe," 
which, by representing for the first time in an 
historical picture the modern costume, occa- 
sioned a revolution in art. The British Insti- 
tution presented him with 3,000 guineas for a 
painting of " Christ Healing the Sick." One 
of the latest of his great works was a represen- 
tation of " Death on the Pale Horse, from 
the Revelation. In 1817 he lost his wife, a 
Miss Shewell of Phila. As a painter he is 
celebrated for gracefulness of execution and 
harmony of coloring. — See Life 6y J. Gait, 8vo, 
Phila. 1816. 

West, .Samuel. D.D. (H.U. 1793), minis- 
ter i.t \ru l;, .ii.,ii|, Ms., b. Yarmouth, March 

4, 17 : : ' , oil, R.I., Sept. 24, 1807. 
H. I i , I , 111 in early life in farming. 
Hi'j ill i :,,_,! In i- .; Mjine discerning neighbors 
to give liiiii a liberal education. He was ord. 
ab. 1764. In 1765 he became a partisan of the 
Whigs ; wrote forcibly for the newspapers ; 
and deciphered the treasonable letter of Dr. 
Church. He was a member of the conv. for 
framing the constitution of Ms., and for the 
adoption of that of the U. S. ; and was a mem- 
ber of the Academies of Sciences at Phila. and 
at Boston. He was an original thinker and an 
independent inquirer. He pub. some sermons, 
and " Essays on Liberty and Necessity," 1793- 

5, — a reply to Edwards on the Will. 
West, Stephen, D.D. (Dartm. 1792), cler- 
gyman, b. Tolland, Ct., Nov. 13, 1735; d. 
Stockbridge, Ms., May 15, 1819. Y. C. 1755. 
In 175G he taught a school in Hatfield, Ms. 
He was chaplain at Hoosick Fort in 1757 ; suc- 
ceeded Jonathan Edwards in the Indian mis- 
sion at Stockbridge in 1768; and was pastor 
of the Cong, church there from June 15, 1759, 
to 1770. From an Arrainian he then became 
an lIo|)kinsian. Besides sermons and other 
pamphlets, he pub. "An Essay on Moral Agen- 
cy," 1 772, enlarged ed. 1794; " Duty and Obli- 
gation of Christians to Marry only in the 
Lord," 1779; "An Essay on the "Scripture 
Doctrine of the Atonement," 1785 ; "An In- 
quiry into the Ground and Import of Infant 
Baptism," 1794; "Life of Rev. Samuel Hop- 
kins, D.D.," 1805 ; and "Evidences of the Di- 
vinity of Christ," 1816. 

West, William E., portrait-painter; d. 
Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 2, 1857. After an ardu- 
ous career as a portrait-painter in the West and 
South, and several years of study in Italy, he 
went to London, where his "Annette de 
I'Arbre," exhibited at the Royal Acad., brought 
him into notice, and where he lived many 
years. An unfortunate speculation led to his 
return to the U.S. ; and he subsequently re- 
sided in Now York until the infirmities of ago 
caused him to take up his abode with Ins kin- 
dred at Nashville. While in Italjf, he painted 
Byron and the Countess Guiccioli. Among 
his pictures is "The Confessional," "The 
Pride of the Village," portraits of Mrs. Hcm- 
ans, Thos. Swan, &c. — Tuckerman. 

WestCOtt, Thompson, editor Phila. Sun- 
daij Despatch since its beginning in 1848, b. 
Phila. 1820. Adm. to the Phila. bar 1841. 



Author of a Life of .John Fitch, 1857 ; " Tax- 
Payer's Guide," 1 864 ; " Names of Persons, 
&c., with a History of the Test Laws of Pa.," 
8vo, 1865; "Chronicles of the Great Rebel- 
lion," originally compiled for the Old Frank- 
lin Almanac. He is preparing a history of 
the city of Phila. — Allibone. 

Wetherill, Samdel, 1736-1816; b. Bur- 
lington, N.J. An early resident of Phila., 
where he was an eminent manufacturer, and a 
preacher of the society of Free Quakers. Pub. 
" An Apology for the Religious Society called 
Free Quakers," a tract on the " Divinity of 
Christ," and other theol. treatises. — Simpson. 

Wetmore, Alphosso, capt. U.S.A. Au- 
thor of " Gazetteer of Mo.," 1837. App. from 
N.Y. ensign 23d Inf. 14 Apr. 1812; lost an 
arm in the exped. under Col. Winder to the 
Canada shore, below Fort Erie, 28 Nov. 1812; 
capt. Dec. 1819; res. May, 1833; d. St. Louis, 
13 June, 1849. His son Leonidas, capt. 
U.S.A., and disting. in Fla. and Mexico, d. 
Mo. 18 Oct. 1849. 

Wetmore, Prosper Montgomery, au- 
thor, b. Stratford, Ct., 14 Feb. 1798. In his 9th 
year he removed with his parents to N. York; 
entered a counting-room, and engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits. He began to wiite for the 
magazines in 1816; and in 1830 pub. "Lex- 
ington, with Other Fugitive Poems; "in 1832 
he delivered a poem on "Ambition" before one 
of the literary societies of N. York; in 1833 
he edited the poems of James N.ick. Regent 
of the U. of N.Y. in 1833; he promoted the 
public-school system as chairman of the com. 
on colleges and academies in the State legisl. 
in 1834-5; pres. of the American Art Union, 
which he soon made a national institution ; 
and a most active member and supporter of the 
N.Y. Hist. Society; many years paymaster-gen. 
of the State militia. Author of " Observations 
on the War with Mexico," 8vo, 1847. — See 
Wi'tmore Family; Dutfckinck. 

Wharton, Charles Henrt, D.D., Epis. 
clergyman and scholar, b. St. Mary's Co., Md., 
June 5, 1748; d. Burlington, N. J., July 22, 
1833. His parents being Catholics, he was 
sent in 1760 to St. Omer's, in 1762 to Bruges, 
and subsequently resided some years at Liege, 
partly as a scholar, and partly as a tutor in 
mathematics. Returning to America, he visit- 
ed Phila. in 1784 for the purpose of publishing 
his celebrated letter to the Roman Catholics of 
the city of Worcester. After joining the Epis. 
Church, he officiated at Newcastle, Del., subse- 
quently in the Swedish Church at Wilmingtot), 
and finally at St. Mary's Church, Burlington, 
N. J., of which he was rector 35 years. In 1805 , 
he was pres. of Col. Coll., N.Y. Author of Y 
" A Poetical Epistle to Gen. Geo. Washing- 
ton," Annap. 1779, repr. Lond. 1780 ; " Reply 
to an Address to the R. Catholics of the U.S.," 
.8vo, 1785; "Inquiry into the Proofs of the 
Divinity of Christ," Svo, 1796; "Concise 
View," 8vo, 1817. His remains, with a Me- 
moir by G. W. Doane, D.D., was pub. 2 vols. 
12mo, 1834. 

Wharton, Francis, D.D., LL.D., jurist, 
b. Phila. 1820. Y.C. 1839, and afterward prac- 
tised law in his native city. In 1856-63 he 
was prof, of logic and rhetoric in ICenyon Coll., 



TVTIA 



972 



0. Onl. in the Prot.-Epis. Church 1863 ; rec- 
tor of St. Paul's, Brookline, Ms., and prof, in 
Camb. (Epis.) Theol. School. He has pub. 
" Treatise on the Criminal Law of the U.S.," 
6th eii., 3 vols. 8vo, 1868 ; " Treatise on Con- 
veyancing," 8to, 1851; "Law Dictionary," 2d 
cd'., 1860 ; " State Trials of the U.S. during the 
Administrations of Washington and Adams," 
1849; " A Treatise on the Law of Homicide 
in the U.S.," 1855; with Moreton Stille, "A 
Treatise on Medical Jurisp.," 1855 ; a " Trea- 
tise on Theism and Scepticism," 1858 ; " Pre- 
cedents of Indictments and Pleas," 8vo, 1849 ; 
" The Silence of Scripture," a series of lec- 
tures, 1867; co-editor £/)('s. Recorder. He is 
a contributor to many periodicals. 

Wharton, Thomas I., lawyer, b. Phila. 
1791; d. tliere 9 Apr. 1856. Many years an 
eminent member of the Phila. bar, also re- 
porter Pa. Sup. Court. Author of " Digest 
of U.S. Circ.-Court Reports, 3d Dist.," 2 vols. 
8vo ; " Digested Inde.K of Reports of the South- 
ern and Western States," 8vo, 1824; "Dis- 
course on the Landing of Wm. Penn," 8vo, 
1825; "Reports Pa. Sup. Court, 18.35-41," 
6 vols. 8vo ; " Memoir of Wm. Rawle, LL.D." 
(Hist. Soc. Pa. Mi'm., vol. iv.), k>;. — Allihone. 

Wheatland, Henry, M.D. (H.U. 1837.) 
b. Salem, Ms., 11 June, 1812. H.U. 1832. 
Son of Capt. Richard and Martha Goodhue. 
Has never practised medicine, but has given 
much attention to historical and scientific in- 
vestigations. An original member of the Am. 
Assoc, for the Advancement of Science ; a 
founder of the Essex-Co. Nat.-Hist. Soc, and 
of the Essex Institute, of which he was pres. 
until it was merged in the Peabody Acad, of 
Science, of whicli he is a vice-pres. Member, 
also, of many other literary and scientific bodies. 

Wheatley, Phillis, a negro poetess, b. 
Africa ab. 1753; d. Boston, Dec. 5, 1784. 
She was brought from Africa in 1761 between 
seven and eigln years of age, and acquired in 
the family ol John Wheatley of Boston, within 
16 months after her arrival, the English lan- 
guage to such a degree as to read the most 
difficult parts of Scripture, and learned to write 
in a short time. She began very early to write 
verse, and evinced poetic ability in some poems 
written at the age of 14. Her " Poems " were 
pub. in London in 1773 with a copper-plate 
portrait, and dedicated to the Countess of Hun- 
tington June 12, 1773 (when about to visit 
London with a member of her master's family). 
They possess much merit, and have been seve- 
ral times reprinted. After her return from 
Eng., she m. a colored man. Dr. John Peters, 
who fell into poverty during the Revolution. 
The most important of her occasional un- 
collected verses are the lines to Gen. Washing- 
ton in 1775, which were acknowledged by him 
in a letter dated Feb. 2, 1776, and appeared 
with the letter in the Pennsijlcania Maci. for 
April, 1776. She wrote elegiac verses on 
George Whitefield and on Dr. Samuel Cooper. 
Her letters were privately printeil 8vo, 1864. — 
Ste Pror. Ms. Hist. Soc., Nov. 1863. 

Wheaton, Gex. Frank, b. Providence, 
R.I., 8 May, 1833. Son of Dr. Francis L. and 
Amelia S. Civil engr., and enjjaged in Cal. 
and in Mexican boundary surveys in 1850-5; 



1st licut. U. S. Cav. Mar. 3, 1855; engaged 
with Cheyenne Indians near Fort Kearney; 
capt. 1st Cav. Mar. 1, 1861 ; lieut.-col. 2d R.I. 
Vols, at first Bull Run; col. July, 1861 ; en- 
gaged in the Peninsular campaign, second Bull 
Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg; brig.- 
gcn. U.S. Vols. Nov. 29, 1862; com. brigade 
at Gettysburg. Rappahannock Station, Mine 
Run, defence of Harper's Ferry, battles of the 
Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Peters- 
burg, Weldon R.R., Rearas's Station, and Opc- 
quan ; maj. 2d Cav. Nov. 1863; com. division 
6th ( .-r;i- nt Fi-lvr'* Hill, Cedar Creek, Hatch- 
er's Ijmi! \. M.ri ."j's Mills, capture of Peters- 
bur. ~ IS Creek, and surrender of 
Let, I ., lii I .. 11. vols, for Opcquan, Fish- 
er's lliU, .iiui .Mi.iakton, Va. ; brev. lieut.-col. 
U.S.A. for the Wilderness; col. for Cedar 
Creek ; brig.-gen. for capture of Petersburg, 
and maj.-gen. for gallant and merit, services 
during the war; lieut.-col. 39th U.S. Inf. Julv 
28, 1S66; transf to 21st Inf. 15 Mar. 1869"; 
and presented with a sword by his native State. 
Wheaton, Henry, LL.D. (B.U. 1819 ; 
H.U. 1845), jurist and diplomatist, b. Provi- 
dence, R.I., Nov. 27, 1785 ; d. Dorchester, Ms., 
March 11,1848. Brown U. 1802. He sUidied 
law ; went to France in 1804 ; spent a year and 
a half at the law schools at Poitiers, and 6 
months in London ; began practice in Provi- 
dence on his return; but in 1812 removed to 
New York. He there edited the National Ad- 
vocate, and in it discussed the vexed question 
of ™lated neutral rights. He was during the 
same period, for a short time, one of the justices 
of the marine court. In 1816-27 he was re- 
porter for the U. S.. Sup. Court, publishing 12 
vols, of its decisions ; a prominent member of 
the N. Y. Const. Conv. of 1821 ; in 1825 he 
was one of the commiss. t(> rcviic the statute 
law of N.Y; in 1827-"- I -. -, •' ir,;e d'af- 
faires to Denmark, In i ■. IS. diplo- 
matic agent sent to thin i lit minis- 
ter at Berlin in 183.5-7,1111'! Ill r .;:-i'. minister- 
plenipo. He returned to the U.S. in 1S47, and 
was complimented with public dinners in New 
York and Pliila., and with the chair of prof, 
of international law in H.U., the duties of 
which he was prevented from assuming by 
death. In 1843 he became a coiTesp. member 
of the French Institute, and in 1844 a foreign 
member of the Roy. Acad, of Science of Ber- 
lin. His publications were "A Digest U. S. 
Sup.-Court Decisions 1789-1829, "'8vo; "A 
Digest of the Law of Maritime Prizes," 1815 ; 
" An Essay on the Means of maintaining the 
Commercial and Naval Interests of the U.S. ; " 
" Life of Wm. Pinkney," 1 826 ; and subsequent- 
ly an abridgment for Sparks's " Amer. Biog. ; " 
" History of the Northmen," 1831, translated 
into French, and pub. in Paris in 1844 with 
notes and additions by Mr. Wheaton ; " His- 
tory of Scandinavia," the joint production of 
Mr. Wheaton and Dr. Crichton (a sequel to 
"The History of the Northmen "), 1838; "Ele- 
ments of lutern.itional Law," 1836. — the Sth 
ed. (1866) has the notes of R. II. Dan.a, jun. 
( this work is regarded throughout Europe as 
a standard authority) ; " An Impiirv into the 
British Claim of a Right of Search of 
American Vessels," 1842. In 1841 he wrote 



973 



-WKE 



prize essay for the French Institute, of which 



from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Wash- 
ington," appeared in N.Y. in 1845, and, great- 
ly enlarged, in Leipsic and Paris in 1846. 
As a reporter he was unrivalled. He was a 
constant contributor to the American Quarterli/, 
the N. A. Review, and other periodicals; de- 
livered several addresses before the literary 
societies of N.Y. ; the anniv. address before the 
Hist. Soc. in 1820; and an "Essay on the 
Progress and Prospects of Germany " before 
the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown U., 
Sept. 1, 1847. A vol. of selections from the 
writings of his son Robert (b. N.Y. Oct. 5, 
1826, d. Oct. 9, 1851) appeiired in 1854, with 
a Memoir by his sister. 

Wheaton, N.iTiiANiEL Sheldon, D.D., 
(Y.C. 183.-!), b. Washington, Ct., Aug. 20, 
1792; d. there March 18, 1862. Y.C. 1814. 
In 1818-31 he was rector of Christ Church, 
Hartford ; was pres. of Trin. Coll. till 1837, 
when he became rector of Christ Church, New 
Orleans, where he continued 7 years. In 1 82^-4 
he visited Europe, and in 1839 pub. "Journal 
of a Residence in London, and of Tours in 
England, Scotland, and France;" and in 1844 
went abroad again. He was an efficient founder 
of Trinity College, for the endowment of which 
he raised $40,000, and bequeathed to it $20,000 
more. He also pub. an expository vol. and oc- 
casional discourses. 

Whedon, Daxiel Denison, D.D. (Em. 
Coll.). LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1807), of the M.E. 
Church, b. Onondaga, N.Y., 1808. Ham. Coll. 
1828; tutor there 1832-48. Prof, ancient lan- 
guage and lit. Wesl. U. 1845-53; prof, rhet., 
logic, and hist., U. of Mich. Author of " Pub- 
lic Addresses," 12mo, 1852 ; " Commentary on 
Matthew and Mark," 1860 ; " Freedom of the 
Will," 1864; " Commentary on the Gospels," 
2 vols. 1866; Single Sermons and Addresses. 
Ed. Melh. Quart, [lev., and the books of the 
M. E. Pub. House. 

Wheeler, Charles Stearns, scholar, 
b. Lincoln, Dec. 19, I8I6; d. Leipsic, Ger- 
many, June 13, 1843. H.U. 1837. He was 
an instructor at H.U. in 1838-42, and pub. 
an edition of " Herodotus," 2 vols. 8vo, 1843, 
the notes to which displaved much learning. 

Wheeler, Jons, D.b. (U. C. 1834), pres. 
of the U. of Vt. 1 833-49, b. Grafton, Vt., Mar. 
11, 1798; d. Burlington, Vt., April 16, 1862. 
Dartm. Coll. 1816; Andover, 1819. In 1804 
his parents removed to Orford, N.H. Licensed 
by the Haverhill Assoc. Aug. 4, 1819. Ord. 
pastor Cong. Church, Windsor, Vt., Nov. 1, 
1821. He pub. discourses on the death of 
Pres. Harrison, John Smith, James Marsh, and 
an hi.st. discourse at the Semi-Cent. Anniv. of 
the U. of Vt., Aug. 1, 1854. 

Wheeler, Capt. Thomas of Concord, 
Ms., 1042, b. Eng. ; d. 16 Dec. 1686. He 
served and was wounded in Philip's war. His 
narrative of his expcd. to the Nipmug country 
in 1675 is in the N. H. Hist. " Collections." 

Wheeler, William Adolphus, author, 
b. Leicester, Ms., 14 Nov. 1833. Bowd. Coll. 
1 853. He was many years engaged upon the 
Dictionaries of Worcester and Webster, and in 



1 867 became assist, supt. of the Boston Public 
Library. Author of " Dictionary of Noted 
Names of Fiction," 1865. 

Wheeloek, Eleazer, D. D. (Edinb. 
1767), clergyman, founder and first pres. of 
Dartm. Coll., b. Windham, Ct., Apr. 22, 1711 ; 
d. Hanover, N.H., April 24, 1779. Y.C. 1733. 
Descended from Ralph of Shropshire (edu- 
cated at Cambridge, and an eminent preacher), 
who came to this country in 1637; settled first 
at Dedham, and then at Medfield, where he 
died in 1683, a. 83. Eleazer was ord. pastor 
of the 2d Cong. Church, Lebanon, Ct., in Mar. 
1735, and remained 35 years. He opened a 
school in 1754 ; and the proficiency of one of 
his pupils, an Indian boy named Samson Oc- 
com, led to his establishing Moor's Indian 
Charity School, out of which grew eventually 
Dartm. Coll. For its enlargement. Rev. Mr. 
Whitaker of Nonvich, and Samson Occom, 
were sent to Great Britain in 1 766. The money 
they collected was put into the hands of a 
board of trustees in Eng., of which the Earl of 
Dartmouth was the head. A large tract of 
land being offered in N.H., he transplanted his 
school to Hanover, and there founded the col- 
lege, which was chartered in 1 769. He removed 
thither in Aug. 1770. Brandt was one of his 
pupils. He pub. a narrative of the Indian 
school at Lebanon, 1762, and several continua- 
tions of it up to 1775, together with an abstract 
of a mission to the Del. Indians west of the 
Ohio by McClure and Frisbie, and some ser- 
mons. His Memoir, with extracts from his Cor- 
rcsp. by McClure and Parish, was pub. 1811. 

Wheeloek, John, D.D. (Dartm. 1789), 
LL.D., second pres. of Dartm. Coll., b. Leba- 
non, Ct., Jan. 28, 1754; d. April 4, 1817. 
Dartm. Coll. 1771. Tutor 1772-4. He en- 
tered Yale in 1767; but, on the removal of his 
father to Hanover, grad. there with the first 
class. Member of the Prov. Congress in 1774, 
of the Assembly in 1775 ; was app. a major in 
the N. York forces in the spring of 1777, and 
in Nov. was a lieut.-eol. under Col. Bedell ; in 
1778 Gen. Stark sent him on an exped. against 
the Indians ; after which he held a position on 
Gen. Gates's staff until recalled to Hanover by 
the death of his father, and at the age of 25 
became his successor as pres. of the college. In 
1783 the trustees sent him to Europe to procure 
aid for the institution. On his return he was 
shipwrecked off Cape Cod, and lost the box 
containing his money and papers. Removed 
in 1815 in consequence of an ecclcs. controver- 
sy among the trustees, a legislative act was 
passed, enlarging the board, and changing the 
title of the college. The celebrated " Dart- 
mouth-College Case," in which Webster gained 
great reputation, was the result, and the uncon- 
stitutionality of the act was declared. A new 
board of trustees restored him to office in 1817; 
but he died a few weeks later. He bequeathed 
half his large estate to Princeton Theol. Sem. 
He pub. " Sketches of the History of Dartmouth 
College," 1816; "Eulogy on Dr. Smith," 1809; 
" Essay on the Beauties and Excellences of 
Painting, Music, and Poetry," 4to, 1774. 

Wheelwright, John, clergyman, b. Lin- 
colnshire, Eng., ah. 1592; d. Salisbury, Ms., 
Nov. 15, 1679. B.A. (Camb. U.) 1614. Son 



974 



of Robert of Saleby. He was a classmate of 
Cromwell ; and in 1623-31 was vicar of Bilsby, 
nearAlford ; but, being diiven in 1636 from his 
church by Archbishop Laud for nonconformi- 
ty, he came to Boston, where he was chosen 
pastor of a church in what is now Braintree. 
His sympathy with the religious opinions of 
his relative Anne Hutchinson led to animosi- 
ties benveen him and Mr. Wilson, pastor of the 
Boston church, and to his banishment from 
the Colony. In 16.38 he founded Exeter on a 
branch of'the Piscataqua. After residinfj there 
5 years, the town being declared within the 
limits of Ms., he removed with part of his 
church to Wells, Me. In 1 644 a reconciliation 
took place between him and the colonial govt, 
of Ms., in consequence of some acknowledg- 
ments on his part ; and he returned to Ms. in 
1646. He was settled at Hampton 8 years. In 
1654 he pub. his " Vindication." About 1657 
he went to Eng., where he was well received by 
Cromwell, but returned in 1660, and became 
pastorof Salisbury, May 9, 1662. The genuine- 
ness of the Indian deed to him, dated 1629, has 
been the subject of much controversy. Author 
of " Mtrcurius Americamts," &c., London, 4to, 
1645. — 5ee Geneal. Reij., Oct. 1867,- Sprague. 

W Uelplev, Samuel, minister and author, 
b. Stockbridge, Ms., 1766 ; d. N. York, July 
14, 1817. Ord. a Baptist preacher 21 June, 
1792, and a Presbyterian preacher 8 Oct. 1806 ; 
officiating at W. Stockbridge, Ms., and at 
Green River, N. J. In 1798-1809 he resided 
at Morristown, N. J., where he had charge of 
an academy; in 1814 he returned to New 
York, where he taught a very popular school. 
Author of the essays entitled " The Triangle," 
pub. N.Y. 1816, in defence of the N. Eng. doc- 
trines; "Letters on Capital Punishment and 
War," addressed to Gov. Strong, 1816; "A 
Compend. of Ancient and Modern History," 
1814, and again in 1826. His son Philip 
Melancthon, a Presb. clergvman of N.Y. (b. 
Stockbridge, Ms., 22 Dec. 1792, d. 17 July, 
1824), was the author of some occas. sermons. 

Wilipple, Abraham, commodore Revol. 
navy, b. Providence, R.I., Sept. 26, 1733; d. 
Marietta, 0., May 26, 1819. He com. a mer- 
chant-vessel in the W. India trade ; but, towards 
the close of the French war in 1759-60, he was 
capt. of the privateer " Game Cock," captur- 
ing in a single cruise 23 French prizes. In 
June, 1772, he com. the vol. crew which cap- 
tured and burned the British revenue schoon- 
er " Gaspe " in Narraganset Bay. In June, 
1775, two armed vessels were fitted out by R.I., 
of which W^hipple was put in com. with the 
title of commodore ; off Newport he made 
prize of one of the tenders of the British frigate 
"Rose." App. capt. of "The Columbus," 
Dec. 22, 1775 ; he afterward com. the schooner 
" Providence," which, though finally destroyed 
by the British, is said to have taken more prizes 
than any other vessel. Her memory was pre- 
served by the frigate "Providence," the com. 
of which was given to him ; and her escape from 
the blockade of the river and bay was one of 
the most chivalrous feats of the Revolution. 
Subsequently, till the termination of his career 
in the contest, he com. a squadron ; and on one 
occasion the prize-money from his captures 



amounted to $1,000,000. In 17S0, when en- 
deavoring to save Charleston from the enemy, 
he lost his squadron, and was held a prisoner 
during the remainder of the war. He resided 
on a farm in Cranston, near Providence, until 
the formation of the Ohio Company in 1788, 
when he removed his family to Marietta. 

Whipple, Gen. Amiel W., b. Green- 
wich, Ms., 1817; d. Washington, D. C, May 
7, 1863. West Point, 1841. 2d lieut 1st Art., 
and transferred to the topog. engrs. ; in 1844 
assist, astronomer to the N.E. boundary sur- 
vey; in 1845 employed in ascertaining the 
northern boundaries of N. Y., Vt., and N. H. ; 
in 1 849 assist, astron. on the Mexican bounda- 
ry commiss., his journal of which was pub. by 
order of Congress ; 1st lieut. 1851 ; capt. of 
topog. engrs. 1 July, 1855. Early in 1861 he 
was made chief engr. on the staff of Gen. Mc- 
Dowell ; was at the first battle of Bull Run ; 
maj. of engrs. Sept. 9, 1861 ; attached to Mc- 
Clellan's s"taff in April, 1862; brig.-gen. of 
vols. 14 Apr. 1862; com. a division in the 9th 
army corps ; and at the time of his death {from 
wounds at Chancellorsville) com. the 3d div. 
3d corps. Brev. lieut.-col. for Manassas ; col. 
for Fredericksburg ; brig.-gen. for Chaneellors- 
yille; maj.-gen. 7 May, 1863; maj.-gen. vols. 
6 May, 1863.— CH//i(m. 

Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist, b. 
Gloucester, Ms., March 8, 1819. His father 
Matthew dying when he was an infant, his ear- 
ly character was fonncd by his mother, Lydia 
Gardiner, a woman of strong mental power. 
Educated at the public schools of Salem. At 
the age of 14 he was a contrib. to a Salem 
newspaper. He was subsequently employed in a 
broker's office in Boston ; became a member of 
the Merc. Lib. Assoc, and was soon a leader in 
debate and compo^ition ; and, shortly after the 
erection of the Merchants' Exchange, he be- 
came supt. of the news-room, which 'in 1860 he 
gave up for the exclusive pui-suit of literature. 
He dehv. a poem before the Merc. Lib. Assoc. 
Sept. 29, 1S40, which was full of playful humor 
and satirical hits. His " Essay on Slacanlay," 
in 1843, increased his fame, and drew from the 
brilliant historian and essayist a letter expres- 
sive of high regard. He has contrib. to the 
N. A. Review, Christian Examiner, and other 
periodicals. Many of these articles appear in 
his vols, of Lectures and Essays. He has deliv- 
ered lectures of striking ment for the literary 
societies of Brown, Dartmouth, and Amherst, 
besides those delivered at the lyceums of the 
cities and towns of the Middle and Northern 
States. In 1 850 he was the Fonrth-of-July ora- 
tor for Boston, on " Washington and the Prin- 
ciples of the American Revolution." In the 
spring of 1859 he delivered a course of 12 lec- 
tures before the Lowell Institute, Boston, on 
" The Literature of the Age of Elizabeth," 
pub. in 1869. A new vol. of essays, " Success 
and its Conditions," app. in 1871 ; also a new 
edition of his works in 6 vols. 

Whipple, Gen. William, a signer of the 
Dccl. of Independence, b. Kittery, Me., Jan. 
14, 1730; d. Nov. 28, 1785. After receiving a 
public-school education, he went to sea, and 
was several years com. of a vessel in the West- 
India trade, and acquired a considerable for- 



"Win 



975 



tunc. Member of the prov. Congress of 1775, 
and of the com. of safety ; member of Congress 
1776-Sept. 1777, when, the N. H. Assembly 
having assigned him to the com. of a brigade 
organized to oppose the progress of Burgoyne, 
he joined Gates's army, and at the battle of 
Saratoga com. the N.H. troops; in 1778 he 
took part in Gen. Sullivan's exped. to R.I. 
Again in Congress in 1778-9 ; member of the 
Assembly in 1 780-4, and of the exec, council ; 
and in 1782-4 supt. of finance, and receiver of 
public moneys for N.H. App. judge of the 
N. H. Superior Court in 1782. 

Whipple, William D., brev. major-gen. 
U.S.A., b. N.Y. ab. 1830. West Point, 1851. 
Entering the 3d Inf., he became 1st lieut. 31 
Dec. 1856 ; sei-ved against the Apaches and 
Navajoos in N. Mexico in 1857-8 ; assist, adj.- 
gen. of Hunter's div. at battle of Bull Run ; 
capt. and assist, adj.-gen. 3 Aug. 1861 ; major 
17 July, 1862; brig.-gen. vols. 17 July, 1863; 
assist, adj.-gen. of Army and Dept. of the Cum- 
berland, Dec. 1863 to June, 1865 ; in operations 
about Chattanooga, and engaged at Mission. 
Ridge 23-25 Nov. 1863; in invasion of Ga. and 
in the engagements ending with the capture of 
Atlanta, Sept. 1864 ; engaged in the battle of 
Nashville, and piu-suit of Uood, Dec. 1 864 ; 
brev. col., brig, and maj. gen., 13 March, 1865, 
for Atlanta campaign, battles before Nashville, 
and tor gallant and merit, services during the 
Rebellion. — Cullum. 

Whistler, Geoege W., engineer, b. Fort 
Wayne, Ind., 19 Mav, 1800; d. St. Petersburg, 
7 Apr. 1849. West Point, 1819. Employed 
in 1822-8 on the Northern Boundary com- 
miss. ; resigned from the U.S. engr. corps in 
1833. He engaged in constructing the Balti- 
more and Ohio and the Susquch. and Western 
Railroads, and in 1842 became chief, engr. of 
the Petersburg and Moscow Railroad. Not 
only was the road to be built, but the iron for 
the track, the locomotives, cars, and every thing 
appertaining to the roads, were to be manuf. un- 
der his supervision. He had also been employed 
to construct extensive dock-yards at St. Peters- 
burg, and to improve the Russian harbors and 
rivers. His son Geouge W., also a skilful 
railway engr., d. Brighton, Eng., 24 Dec. 1 869. 

Whistler, Col. William, b. Md. ; d. Cin- 
cinnati, Dec. 4, 1863. App. lieut. of inf. June 

8, 1801 ; disting. in battle of Maguago, Aug. 

9, 1812; capt. Dec. 1812; maj. 2d Inf. April 
28, 1826; lieut.-col. 7th Inf Julv 21, 1834; 
col. 4th Inf. July 15, 1845 ; retired Oct. 9, 1861. 
Son of Maj. John (aRevol. olUcerwho d. 1827), 
brother of George W. Whistler. 

Whitaker, Alexander, author of " Good 
Newes from Virginia," 1613. Was son of Uev. 
Dr. W., master of St. John's Col!., Cambridge; 
a graduate of Camb., and had been seated in 
the north of Eng., where he was held in great 
esteem. Animated by a missionary spint, he 
came to Va. while young, and was one of the 
settlers of Henrico, on James River, in 1611. 
A church was built, and the minister "im- 
paled " a fine parsonage with 100 acres of land, 
calling it Rock Hall. He baptized Pocahon- 
tas, and also married her to John Rolfe in 
April, 1613. 

Whitcomb, James, gov. of Ind. 1843-8, 



b. Stockbridge, Vt., Dec. 1, 1791 ; d. N. York, 
Oct. 4, 1852. Transylv. U. Jan. 1, 1824, he 
established himself in the practice of law at 
Bloomington, Ind.; in 1826 was app. pros, 
atty. for the dist. ; was a State senator in 1830- 
5, and a leader of the Democ. party ; in 1836 
he was app. supt. of the land-olCce ; resumed 
practice at Tcrre Haute in 1841 ; and in 1848 
was returned to the U.S. senate. 

Whitcomb, Gex. Johx, b. Lancaster, Ms. ; 
d. 1812. He was a col. in the exped. against 
Crown Point in 1755 ; led a regt. to Boston in 
1775 ; was app. by the Prov. Congress a brig.- 
gen., and 13 June, 1775, maj.-gen; was made 
a brig.-gen. on the Cent, establishment, 5 June, 
1776, but soon left the service on account of 
advanced age. 

White, Andrew Dickson, LL.D. (U. 
of Mich. 1867), educator, b. of N. Eng. par- 
entage, Cortland Co., N.Y., 1832. Y. C. 1853. 
Removed in 1839 to Syracuse, N.Y. On leav- 
ing college, where he was an editor of the Yale 
Lit. Mai/., he visited France; was for 7 months 
an attachg at St. Petersburg; then studied at 
the U. of Berlin ; and, the following year, re- 
turned to Amer. Prof of hist, and Eng. lit. 
in the U. of Mich. 5 years. Visiting London 
in 1863, he pub. "A Letter to Dr. Rus.sell," 
replying to statements in the letters of the 
Times corresp. State senator of N.Y. 186.3-7, 
and introd. the bills which codified the school- 
laws, which created the new system of normal 
schools, and which incorp. the Cornell Univer- 
sity, of which he became pres. in 1868, after a 
third visit to Europe, made at the request of its 
trustees to procure for it books and apparatus. 
App. in Jan. 1871 one of the commiss. to San 
Domingo, and aided in preparing its report; 
pres. Repub. State Conv. of N.Y. Oct. 1871. 
Besides contribs. to periodicals, reports, &c., he 
has pub. " Lectures on Mediasval and Modern 
Hist.," 8vo, 1861, 4th ed. 1871; "Plan of 
Organiz. for Cornell U.," 1868; "The New 
Education," inaug. address at C.U. 1868; and 
a report on the co-education of the sexes, 1871. 

White, Alexander, delegate to the Cont. 
Congress from N.C. in 1786-8, and M.C. in 
^listing, for 

Wood/ilTe, Va., Sept. 

White, Col. Anthony Walton, b. Va. 
17.S1 ; d. Brunswick, N. J., 10 Feb. 1803. App. 
9 Feb. 1 776 lieut.-cul. 3d N. J. Regt. ; com. the 
cavalry after the defeat at Monk's Corner in 
Apr. 1 780, and with most of the regt. was again 
surprised and captured at Lanneau's Ferry 6 
May, 1780. Col. 1st Light Dragoons; app. 
brisr.-gen. provisional army 19 July, 1798. 

White, Charles, D.D., pres.' of Wabash 
Coll., Crawfordville, la. (1841-61), b. Ran- 
dolph, Vt., Dec. 28, 1795; d. Oct. 29, 1861. 
Dartm. Coll. 1821 ; And. Sem. 1823. He re- 
moved to Thetford, Vt., in 1808; was settled 
there in 1824-8 ; at Cazenovia, N.Y., 1829-41. 
His sermons and addresses were pub. in 1853. 

White, Kdward D., gov. of La. in 1834- 
8, and M.C. in 1829-34 and 1839-43; d. New 
Orleans, Apr. 18, 1847. 

White, Hugh Lawson, jurist and states- 
man, b. Iredell Co., N.C, 30 Oct. 1773; d. 
near Knoxville, Tenn., 10 Apr. 1840. His fa- 
ther Gen. James d. Knoxville, Tenn., Aug. 



976 



1821, a. 72; he removed to Tenn. in 1786; 
M.C. 1792-4 ; brig.-gen. Tenn. vols. 23 Sept. 
1813, and com. in a suceessful attack on the 
Creek Indians at Hillibee Town, 18 Nov. 1813. 
Hugh was a vol. soldier against tlie Indians in 
1792; studied law in Pliila. in 1794-6 ; began 
practice in Knoxville in 1796 ; app. U.S. dist.- 
atty. in 1807 ; jndge of the Sup. Court 1801-7 
and 1809-15 ; State senator in 1807 and 1817 ; 
pres. of the State Bank of Tenn. I8I5 ; app. a 
eommiss. to adjust the claims of Spain against 
our ciiizens in 1820 ; U.S. senator 1825-35 and 
1836-40, and pres. pro tern, of that body in 
1832. In 1836 he received the electoral votes 
(26) of the States of Ga. and Tenn. for pres. 
of the U.S. — See Memoir by Nancy N. /Scott, 
8vo, Phila. 1856. 

White, John, a Puritan divine, and an 
efficient promoter of the settlement of Ms. 
Colony, and of Dorchester, Ms., b. Stanton, St. 
John, Oxfordshire, Eng., 1574; d. Dorchester, 
Eng., 1648. Made perpet. fellow of New Coll., 
Oxford, 1595; was a frequent preaclicr in O.x- 
ford ; rector of Trinity Church, Dorchester, 
1606; one of the assembly of divines 1643; 
rector of Lambeth 1645. Author of " The 
Planter's Plea, or the Grounds of Plantations 
Examined," &c., Lorid. 4to, 1630; "Way to 
the Tree of Life," &c., 8vo, 1647 ; " Comment, 
on 3 fir^t chap, of Genesis," 1656. 

"White, CoL. John, a Revol. officer, b. Eng- 
land; d. Va. ab. 1780. Of Irish parentage 
He acquired a fortune as surgeon in the British 
navy, and settled in Phila. He entered the 
Revol. army as capt., and was soon promoted 
to col. 4th Ga. batt. During the siege of Sa- 
vannah, he performed one of the most remarka- 
ble feats on record. With only 2 officers, a 
sergeant, and 3 men, by a successftil stratagem 
he made prisoners of Capt. French and 1 1 1 
British regulars, posted on the Ogechee River, 
about 25 miles from Savannah ; also the crews 
of 5 vessels (40 in number), and 130 stand of 
arms. Ho was severely wounded at the assault 
of Spring-hill redoubt, Oct. 9, 1779 (where 
Pulaski fell), and was obliged to retire from 
the army. — Hist. Ma^., ii. 181. 

White, Jons, M.C. 1835-45; speaker 
27th Congress, and judge 19th jud. dist. ; b. 
1805; shot himself in a fit of depression at 
Richmond, Ky., Sept. 22, 1845. 

White, JoHK Blake, artist and author, of 
Charleston, S.C. ; d. there Aug. 1859, a. 77. 
He commenced to study law, but in 1803 went 
to Eng., and became the pupil of West. Some 
months later, he resumed the study of law 
in Charleston. Member of the Literary and 
Philos. Society. He excelled as an hist, painter. 
Among his pictures are "Mrs. Motte present- 
ing the Arrows," " Marion inviting the Brit- 
ish Officer to Dinner," and " The Battles of 
New Orleans and Eutaw" (placed in the 
State Hotise). He wrote "Foscari," a play; 
"Mysteries of the Castle," a drama, 1S07; 
" Modern Honor," a tragedy, 1812 ; " Triumph 
of Liberty, or Louisiana Preserved," a nation- 
al drama, 1819. — iZ/sf. Mag., iii. 321. 

White, Joseph M., an eminent and elo- 
quent lawver; delcg. to Congress from Fla. 
Terr. 1823"-37; b. Franklin Co., Ky. ; d. St. 
Louis, Mo., 18 Oct. 1839. Author of "New 



Collection of Laws, Charters, &c., of G. Britain, 
France, and Spain, relating to the Concessions 
of Land," &c., 2 vols. 8vo, 1839. 

White, Peregrine, the first Englishman 
bom in New Eng. Son of William and Su- 
sanna. Was bom in " The Mayflower," in 
the harbor of Cape Cod, ab. Nov. 20, 1620; 
d. Marshfield, July 22, 1704. " He was vigor- 
ous and of a comely aspect," and bore civil 
and military offices. 

White, Pliny Holton, clergyman and 
author, b. Springfield, Vt., 6 Oct. 1822; d. 
Coventry, Vt., 24 Apr. 1869. Adm. to the bar 
of Windham Co., Vt., in 1843, he practised 
law until 1853 ; and was editor of the Brattle- 
borough Eagle in 1 851-2, and of the Express at 
Amhei-st, Ms., in 1857-8. Ord. minister of 
Coventry 15 Feb. 1859; in the Vt. Icgisl. in 
1862-3; chaplain of the senate 1864-6; and 
was, at the tune of his death, pres. of the Vt. 
Hist. Soc. A freqncnt contrib. to newspapers 
and magazines. He pub. a number of address- 
es and sermons, and a " Hist, of Coventry," 
1858, 8vo. 

White, Richard Grant, philologist and 
scholar, b. N.Y. Citv, May 23, 1822. U. of 
N.Y. 1839. Son of Richard Mansfield White, 
merchant of N.Y. Studied medicine and law, 
and was adm. to the bar in 1845. He soon 
exchanged law for letters, and was connected 
with the N.Y. Courier and Enquirer in 1845-59, 
with a brief interval, — at first as critic of art 
and literature, but for the last 5 years as editor. 
In 1860, he, with Mr. J. R. Spalding, established 
the World newspaper, but withdrew from it in 
1861. He is a frequent contrih. to the month- 
lies ; wrote for Putnam's Monthly, on Collier's 
new readings in Shakspeare, 1853 ; and, beside 
other works, has pub. " Shakspearc's Scholar," 
in 1854; an edition of Shakspeare, 1857-9; 
"National Hymns," N.Y., 1861; "Appeal 
from the Sentence of the Bishop of N.Y.," 
8vo, 1845; "Hand-Book of Chnstian Art," 
1 853 ; " Essay on the Authorship of King 
Henry the Sixth," 1859; "Poetry of the Civil 
War, Selected and Edited," 1866; edited the 
" Record of the N.Y. Exhibition," and the 
" Book-Hunter," &c., with additional notes, 
1863; was a co-founder of Yanhee Doodle, 
1846-7. Contrib. to Appleton's " New Amcr. 
Cvclopiedia." 

"White, WiLLiAM,D.D.(PhUa. Coll. 1783), 
first Pr.-Epis. bishop of Pa., b. Phila. Apr. 4, 
1748; d. there July 17, 1836. Phila. Coll. 1765. 
Son of Col. Thomas, who cmig. from London 
to Md. He studied theology, and was adm. 
while in Eng. to priest's orders, in Apr. 1772. 
In Lond. he made the acquaintance of Johnson 
and Goldsmith. On his retum to Phila. in 
Sept. he was settled as an assistant minister 
of Christ Church and St. Peter's, and 15 Apr. 
1779 was chosen rector of these churches. 
During the Revol. war he was a friend of 
Washington and his associates, and was elect- 
ed chaplain to Congress at Yorktown in 1777. 
At one time ho was the only Epis. clergyman 
in Pa. Dr. White presided at the first Epis. 
convention held Sept. and Oct. 1785, and the 
constitution of the church was written by him ; 
in 17S6, being bishop elect of the diocese of 
Pa., he proceeded to Eng. with Dr. Provoost 



977 



to receive bishop's orders ; was consec. by the 
Archbishop of Canterbury, Feb. 4, 1 787, and 
returned on Easter Day, 1787. Pres. of the 
Bible Society of Phila., the first established in 
the U.S. ; pres. of the Dispensary from its 
origin in 1784, of the Prison Society since its 
origin, of the societies for the Deaf and Dumb, 
and for the Blind. With Bishop Seabury, he 
had the chief part in revising the " Book of 
Common Prayer " for the Epis. Church in this 
country. His chief pubs, are Mcmoira of the 
Prot.-Epis. Church in the U.S., 1820; "Com- 
parative Views of the Controversy between 
the Calvinists and Arminians," 1817; " Lec- 
tures on the Catechism, and Commentaries on 
the Ord. Service," 1813. He was disling. for 
exemplary zeal and consummate prudence. A 
Memoir of Bishop White Ijy Dr. Bird Wilson 
was pub. in 1 839. 

White, William Charles, actor and 
dramatist, b. Boston, 1777 ; d. Worcester, May 
2,1818. The son of a merchant. He quitted 
the counting-room for the stage in 1796, ap- 
pearing at the Federal-st. Theatre, Dec 14, as 
Jforval. He at the same time produced a trage- 
dy, " Orlando," but, not meeting with much 
encouragement, turned his attention to the 
law, and opened an office in Providence in 
1 800, but again took to the stage, which he quit- 
ted finally in the summer of ISOl. He was 
app. county atty. in 1 81 1 . Pnb. a Compendium 
ot the Laws of Ms. in 1810, 3 vols. 8vo, and 
in the same year produced " The Clergyman's 
Daughter " and " The Poor Lodger." He was 
an editor of the National ^(jis. He published 
"Oration at Rutland, 5 Jiily," Wore. 1802; 
" Oration at Boston, 4 July, 1809." 

Whitefield, George, a celebrated preach- 
er, founder of the Calvinistie Methodists, b. 
Gloucester, Eng., Dec. 16, 1714; d. Newbury- 
port, Ms., Sept. 30, 1770. He received the 
rudiments of his education in his n.ative town, 
where his mother kept an inn, but in 1733.en- 
tercd Pembroke Coll., Oxford, where he joined 
the society formed by the Wesleys, named, fi-om 
the strictness of their rules, Methodists. Adm. 
to orders June 20, 1736. After taking bis 
bachelor's degree at Oxford, he preached at 
various places, exciting great enthusiasm. Vis- 
iting Georgia in 1738, the trustees of the Colo- 
ny presented him to the liWng of Savannah 
( though he insisted upon having no salary ), and 
granted him 500 acres of land for his intended 
orphan-honse. Ord. priest Jan. 14, 1 739, he 
resumed preaching in London and elsewhere, 
being obliged by the vast crowds which at- 
tended to preach in the open air. From this 
period the origin of Methodism is to be dated. 
Embarking again in Aug., he landed in Pa. in 
Oct., preached to immense congregations in the 
Middle and Southern States, and early in Jan. 
1740 arrived at Savannah, where he founded, 
and in a great measure established, his orphan- 
house by the name of Bcthesda. After preach- 
ing in N. Eng. by invitation of the ministers 
of Boston, addressing 20,000 persons on Bos- 
ton Common, he sailed for Eng. in Jan. 1741. 
Separating himself from Wesley, whose Ar- 
minian sentiments he disapproved, he now be- 
gan to form distinct societies of persons who 
held Calvinistie sentiments in England and 



Scotland, preaching in all the jji-incipal towns. 
Arriving again in tliis country in Oct. 1744, he 
met at fii-st with much opposition in N.E., Harv. 
Coll. issuing a "testimony" against him, and 
many of the clergy being equally hostile. Be- 
fore setting out for Ga., he had, however, eon- 
verted 20 pastors. His fifth visit to America 
(by him considered his most important ex- 
pedition, extending from Ga. to N.H.) lasted 
from May, 1754, to March, 1755; and his 
seventh and last landing upon our shores took 
place Nov. 30, 1769. After preaching in dif- 
ferent places, his strength was exhausted, and 
he died of the asthma. His sermons, letters, 
and controversial tracts, have been pnb. in 7 
vols. 8vo, and also an account of his life writ- 
ten by Gillies. He pub. a Journal of his life 
in 1756. His eloquence was wonderfiil, his 
voice powerful, rich, and sweet ; and Dr. Frank- 
lin estimated that 30,000 people might hear 
him distinctly when preaching in the open air. 

Whitefield, James, D.D. (Rome, 1825), 
R. C. archbishop of Baltimore, b. Liverpool, 
Eng., Nov. 3, 1770; d. Baltimore, Oct. 19, 
1834. Receiving a good education, he devoted 
himself for a time to mercantile pursuits. He 
studied divinity with Ambrose Marechale ; was 
ord. in 1809; emig. to Baltimore in Sept. 1817; 
was immediately app. one of the pastors of St. 
Peter's ; and succeeded Bishop Mare'chal in the 
archiepiscopate. May 25, 1828. . 

Whitehead, William Adee, historian, 
b. Newark, N. J., 19 Feb. 1810. CoUcctor of 
customs at Key West, Fla., 1830-8; subse- 
quently connected with diflferent railroad com- 
panies. Author of " East Jersey under the 
Proprietary Govt.," 8vo, 1846 ; "Biog. Sketch 
of Gov. Wm. Franklin," 1848; "Robbery of 
the Treasury of East Jersey in 1768," 1850; 
"Early Hist, of Perth Amboy," Svo, 1856; 
" Northern Boundary-Line between N. J. and 
N. Y.," &c., 1859; "Eastern Boundary of 
N. J.," 8vo, 1866; "Index to N.J. Col. Docu- 
ments," Svo ; " Settlement of Elizabeth, N. J.," 
a paper bef. the N.J. Hist. Soc. 20 May, 1869. 
Edited the papers of Lewis Morris, with Me- 
moir, 1852. Corresp. sec. N.J. Hist. Society, 
and editor of some of its "Proceedings." — 
AllUxme. 

Whitehouse, Hekht John, D.D. (Col. 
Coll. 1865 J, D.C.L. (Camb., Eng., 1867), Pr.- 
Epis. bishop of Dlinois, b. New York, Aug. 
1803. Col. Coll. 1821; Gen. Thcol. Sem. 1824. 
Ord. deacon 1824; priest 1827; 15 years rec- 
tor of St. Luke's, Rochester; rector of St. 
Thomas's, New York, 1844-51 ; consec. assist, 
bishop of lU. Nov. 20, 1851 ; succeeded to the 
see on the death of Bishop Chase, 1852. _ He 
preached the sermon before the Pan-Anglican 
Council, London, in 1867. 

Whitfield, Hexet, first minister of Gnil- 
ford, Ct., b. Eng. 1597; d. Winchester, Eng., 
after 1651. The only son of an opulent law- 
yer, and educated to the law, but, preferring the 
ministry, he took orders, and was minister of 
Okely in Surrey, where he entertained the Pu- 
ritan divines during Laud's persecution. In 
1 639 he emig. to America, and became one of 
the founders of Guilford, but returned in 1650. 
He pub. an account of the progress of the gos- 
pel among the Indians in 1651 ("The Light 



978 



appearing more and more towards the Perfect 
Day,"&c.); "Helps to Stir up to Christian 
Duties," London, 1634._ 

ANIEL 

West Point, 1832. Entering 
the 7th Inf., he heeame capt. 18 April, 1845; 
maj. 10th Inf. 20 Dec. 1860; lieut.-col. 6th Inf. 
15 Feb. 1862; retired 4 Nov. 1863. He sened 
iu the Florida war 1839-42 and 1849-50; in 
the Mexican war at defence of Fort Brown, 
siege of Vera Cruz, and battles of Monterey 
and Cerro Gordo, for which he was brcT. 18 
April, 1847. Author of "Army Portfolio," a 
series of views illustrating the Mexican war, 
1849.- CiMmn. 

Whiting, Henry, brev. brig. -gen. U.S.A., 
b. Ms. ; d. St. Louis, Mo., 16 Sept. 1851. Son 
of Col. John (b. Lancaster, 1759, d. Washing- 
ton, DC, 3 Sept. 1810), a Revol. oiBcer, app. 
lieut.-col. 4th Inf 8 July, 1808, col. 5th Inf 31 
Dee. 1809. After a brief clerkship in the dry- 
goods store of Amos Lawrence, Boston, he 
was npp. cornet of dragoons 20 Oct. 1808; 
was disting. at the capture of Fort George, 
U.C, May, 1813 ; made capt. Mar. 1817 ; dep. 
quarterm.-gen. 7 July, 1838; assist, quarterm. 
(rank of col.) 21 April, 1846; brev. brig.-gen. 
for services at Buena Vista 23 Feb. 1847; 
chief quartermaster of Gen. Taylor's army in 
Mexico. He edited " The Revol. Orders of 
Gen. Washington, 1778-82," 1844. Author 
of " Ontway, the Son of the Forest," a poem, 
1822; " Sannilac," a poem, 1831; co-author 
of "Hist, and Scient. Sketches of Michigan," 
1834 ; author of " The Age of Steam," &c. ; 
" Life of Z. M.Pike," in Sparks's " Am. Biog.," 
vol. XV. ; and eontrib. 14 articles to the A'. A. 

Whiting, CoL. Nathaniel, b. Windham, 
Ct., 4 May, 1724; d. 1771. Y.C. 1743. Son 
of Rev. Samuel, first minister of Windham 
(1700-25). He served with distinction in the 
cxped. against Cape Breton in 1745, and the 
same year was app. a lieut. in Pepperell's 
regt. ; app. in 1755 lieut.-col. of the 2d Ct. 
Regt. for the exped. against Crown Point; was 
present in the engagement near Lake George, 
and, when Col. Williams was killed, succeeded 
to the com. ; in 1758 he was again app. col. of 
the 2d Ct. Regt. ; shared in Abercrombie's de- 
feat at Ticonderoga ; and in 1759-60 in Am- 
herst's campaigns, ending in the conquest of 
Canada. 

Whiting, Samuel, first minister of Lynn, 
Ms., from Nov. 8, 1636, to his death Dec. II, 
1679, b. Boston, Eng., 20 Nov. 1597. Cam- 
bridge U., Eng. Son of John, mayor of Bos- 
ton, England. He arrived at Boston, May 26, 
1636. Author of " Oratio quam ComitHs'Can- 
loll Americanis," &c., 1664; treatise on the 
Last Judgment, 1649. His son Samcel was 
first minister of Billerica from 1663 to his d. 
Feb. 28, 1713; H.U. 1653. Joseph his son, 
also minister of Lynn, d. April 7, 1723, a. 82; 
H.U. 1661. 

Whiting, William, lawver, b. Concord, 
;}>.? Ms., March 3, 1813., H.U. 1833 ; Camb. Law 
School, 1838. A descendant of the preceding. 
Ab. 1838 he began practice in Boston ; attained 
high rank «t the bar, and has been engaged in 
many important cases. Shortly after the civil 



war began, he advocated an entire change in 
the policy of the govt in carrying it on. His 
" War Powers of the President, and the Legis- 
lative Powers of Congress in Relation to Re- 
bellion, Treason, and Slavery," 8vo, 1862, met 
a great want of tlie country, and first formu- 
lated its war-powers. Recent editions of this 
work include " Militarj- Arrests in Time of 
War," " Reconstruction of the Union," and 
"Military Govt." Summoned in 1862 to 
Washington as solicitor of the war dept., his 
services for 3 years in that capacity were highly 
arduous and responsible. He was 5 jears pres. 
of the N. E. Hist.-Genealogical Society. Au- 
thor also of some pamphlets ; Memoir of Rev. 
Joseph Harrington, prefixed to his sermons, 
1854. — DuifckincL 

Whiting, Gen. William Henry Chase, 
b. Ms. 1625 ; d. Governor's Island, N.Y., Mar. 
10,1865. West Point, 1845. Son of Lieut.- 
Col. Levi. Entered engineers; was 1st lieut. 
Mar. 16, 1853; capt. 13 Dec. 1858; and re- 
signed Feb. 20, 1861. Chief engr. (rank of 
major) in the Army of the Slienandoah, under 
Gen. J. E. Johnston, in June and July, 1861 ; 
was app. brig.-gen., and com. a brigade whose 
timely arrival saved for the Confederates the 
battle of Bull Run, July 21 ; took part in the 
battle of West Point, Va., May 7, 1862 ; and 
was made a maj.-gen. in 1863. He built and 
was put in com. of Fort Fisher, N.C., in the 
autumn of 1864; was in charge during both 
attacks; and was severely wounded and taken 
prisoner on its capture by Gen. Terry, Jan. In, 
1865. 

Whitman, Ezekiel, judge and M.C., b. 
East Biidgewater, Ms., March 9, 1776; d. 
there Aug. 1, 1866. Brown U. 1795. He 
settled as a lawyer in the Dist. of Me. in 1799 ; 
established himself in Portland in Jan. 1807; 
was a member of the exec, council in 1815 and 
'16, and of the Const. Conv. of 1819; was 
chief justice of the Common Pleas 1822-11, 
and also of the Supreme Court of Me., presid- 
ing as such from 1841 to 1848 ; was M.C. from 
Ms. in 1809-11 and 1817-21, and from Me. 
in 1821-3. Author of " Genealogy of the 
Descendants of John Whitman," 1832. 

Whitman, Sarah Helen (Power), 
poetess, b. Providence, R.I., 1813. In 1828 
she m. John Winslow Whitman, a lawyer of 
Boston, since whose death, in 18.33, she has 
resided in Providence. She has pub. " Hours 
of Life and Other Poems," 1853 ; " Edgar Poo 
and his Critics," 1859; and critical articles on 
European writers. Portions of her Fairy Bal- 
lads were written by her sister, Anna Marsh 
Power. 

Whitman, Walter ("Walt"), poet, b. 
West Hilisi, N.Y., 1819. Has been a printer, 
school-teacher, editor, a clerk in the dept. of 
the interior, Washington, and 1865-70 a clerk 
in the office of the U.S. atty.-gen. Author of 
" Leaves of Grass," 1st ed. 1855, 3d ed. I860 ; 
" Drum-Taps," 1 865-6 ; collected poems, 8vo, 
1867 ; poems selected and edited by W. M. 
Ro.ssetti, London, 8vo, 18C8. — AlUhone. 

Whitmore, Edward, gen., drowned in 
Plymouth Bay, Feb. 1761. At the second 
capture of Louisburg, in 1758, he was military 
gov. of the place ; col. 22d Regt., and brig.-gen. 



979 



Whitmore, William Henry, antiquary, 
b. Dorchester, Ms., Sept. 6, 1836. Son of a 
merchant of Boston, and educated in the 
schools of that city. He has pub. " Register 
of Mcdford Families," 1855; Genealogies of 
Whitmore, Temple, (1856), Lane, Reyner, 
and Whipple (1857), Norton, (1859), Avres 
(1870) ; " Handbook of Amer. Geneal.," 186-'; 
"Notes on the Winthrop Family," 18G4; 
"The Cavalier Dismounted," 1864; "Amer. 
Genealogist," 1868 ; edited Praed's Poems, 
1860. Many years an active member of the 
N. E. Historic-Geneal. Soc., in whose Register 
many of his articles have appeared. Editor of 
several of the Prince Society's publications ; 
"Elements of Heraldry," 1866; "Ms. Civil 
List 1636-1774." 8vo, 1871; and of vols, i., 
ii., and iv.. Heraldic Jour. ; and has con- 
tributed articles to the N. A. Revieic, Apple- 
ton's " New American Cyclop.," and the Knick- 
erbocker. 

Whitney, Adeline D., b. Boston, 1824. 
Dau. of Enoch Train ; wife of Seth D. Whit- 
ney of Milton, Ms. Author of " Footsteps on 
the Seas," a poem, 1857 ; "Mother Goose for 
Grown Folks," I860; " Bovs at Chequasset," 
1862; "Faith Gartncy's Girlhood," 1863; 
"The Gavworthys," 1865; "A Summer in 
Leslie Goldthwaite's Life," 1866 ; " Patience 
Strong's Outing,s," 1868; "Hitherto," 1869; 
"Real Folks," 1872. Contrib. to Oi(r Young 
Folks, Old and Neiv, Atlantic ilfonthli/, &c. 

Whitney, Eli, inventor of the'cotton-gin, 
b. Westborough, Ms., Dec. 8, 1765; d. N. 
Haven, Ct., Jan. 8, 1825. Y. C. 1792. He 
early displayed mechanical genius, and partly 
by teaching, and partly by other labor, obtained 
the means of a college education. In 1792 he 
went to Ga. as a teacher, and, while studying 
law, was invited by the widow of Gen. Greene 
to make her house his home. While there, his 
attention was drawn to the difficulty in sepa- 
rating cotton from the seed, and for months he 
was engaged in constructing a cotton-gin, un- 
der great difficulties ; being compelled to draw 
his iron wire, as he could obtain none in Sa- 
vannah, and to make his own tools. Rumors 
of this invention were noised about ; and, before 
it was finished, the building in which it was 
jilaecd was broken open by night, and the 
machine carried off. Before ho could complete 
his model, and obtain a patent, similar machines 
had been surreptitiously made, and put in opera- 
tion. A Mr. Miller became a partner in May, 
1793; and Whitney manuf. the machines in 
Ct. The legisl. of S.C. granted him §50,000 
for his invention, which, after vexatious delays 
and lawsuits, was finally paid. North Caro- 
lina allowed a percentage for its use 5 years, 
and collected and paid it over to the patentees. 
Tennessee promised to do the same, but after- 
ward rescinded her contract. For years he 
struggled on ; lawsuits being wrongfully de- 
cided against him ; his manufactory destroyed 
by fire; reports that his machine injured the 
fibre of the cotton ; Congress refusing, on ac- 
count of the opposition of the Southern mem- 
bers, to allow a renewal of the patent; until, 
satisfied that he should never receive a just 
compensation for his great invention, he en- 
gaged in making fire-arms for govt., from which 



he eventually gained a fortune. He applied 
several of his inventions to other manufactures 
of iro n and steel. — Appleton. 

Whitney, Frederick Acgostus, pastor 
at Brighton, Ms., 184.3-58, b. Quincv, Ms., 13 
Sept. 1812. H.U. 1833 ; Camb. Theol. School 
1838. Author of " Hist. Sketch of the Old 
Church at Quincy, Ms.," 1864; " Biog. of 
Jiimes Holton," 1865 ; " Oration at Dedication 
of Soldiers' Monument, Brighton, Ms.," 1866; 
also school and S. school re|)orts, sermons, 
addresses, hymns, and articles in periodicals. 

Whitney, JosiAH Dwight, geologist, b. 
Northampton, Ms., 23 Nov. 1819. Y.C. 1839. 
Prof, of geol. and metallurgy in H.U. since 1865. 
Author of " Use of the Blowpipe," &c., transl. 
from Berzelius, 8vo, 1845; " Metallic Wealth 
of the U.S.,"8vo, 1854; "Geol. Survey of 
California," 4to, 18G5; "Yosemite Guide- 
Book," 1869 ; with J. W. Foster, " Report on 
the Geol., &c., of Lake Superior," 1850-1 ; with 
James Hall, " Report on the Geol. Survey of 
Ohio," 8vo; " Report of Geol. Survey of the 
Upper Mpi. Lead Region," 8vo, 1862. tontrib. 
to scientific and literary journals. — Allibone. 

Whitney, Peter, author of a Uistorv 
of Worcester County (8vo, 1793), b. North- 
borough, Sept. 6, 1744; d. Feb. 29, 1816. 
H.U. 1 762. Ord. pastor of Northborough, Nov. 
4, 1767. Of his sons, Peter was minister of 
Quincy 1800-43; George (1804-42), minister 
of Ro.\bury (1831-42), was author of a His- 
tory of Quincy, 8vo, 1827. 

Whitney, Thomas R., writer and poli- 
tician, I). N. Y. City 1804 ; d. Apr. 12, 1858. 
He served two years in the State Assembly ; 
wasM.C. in 1855-7 ; and was at one time editor 
of the iV. Y. Sundai/ Times. Author of a poem 
called the "Ambuscade," 1845; and a poli- 
tical work entitled " The American Policy 
Vindicated," 8vo, 1856. 

Whitney, William Dwight, Ph. D. 
(U. of Breslau, 1861), LL.D. (Wms. 1868), 
philologist, b. Northampton, Ms., Feb. 9, 1827. 
Wms. Coll. 1845. He studied at Berlin and 
Tubingen ; transcriljed from the Sanscrit MSS. 
the "Atharva - Vida," and with Prof. Roth pub. 
it (Berlin, 1856). In 1853 he returned home; 
in 1854 was made prof, of Sanscrit in Y.C, and 
became an active officer of the Oriental Society. 
He is one of the co-laborers of Bohtlingk and 
Roth in the Sanscrit Dictionary, pub. at St. 
Petersburg. He hascontrib. articles on Orien- 
tal Philology and Literature to the New Amer. 
Cycloptedia. In 1870 he received from the 
Roy. Acad, of Sciences of Berlin a prize for a 
work on Sanscrit Orthography. He has been 
a contrib. to the N. A. li/view, the New-Eng- 
lander, the Journal of the Am. Oriental Society, 
&.C. Pros, of the Am. Philol. Soc. 1869; mem- 
ber of many learned societies. He pub. 
"Lectures on Language," 1867; a " German 
Grammar," 1869 ; " German Reader," 1870. 

Whiton, John Milton, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1848), clergyman and author, b. Winchendon, 
Ms., Aug. r, 1785 ; d. Antrim, N.H., Sept. 28, 
1856. Y.C. 1805. Son of Dr. Israel. Ord. 
pastor of the church in Antrim, Sept. 



ig till 18.53. He pub. a History of 
Antrim, 1852; a History of N. Hampshire for 
schools, 1834; and at the time of bis death 



080 



was preparing a History of Presbyterianism in 
N.H. In 1846 he pub. in the N.'H. lie-iosilorij 
a statistical account of tlie Cong, and Presli. 
ministers of Hillsborough County. 

Whittemore, Amos, inventor, b. Cam- 
briilge, Ms., Apr. 19, 1759; d. W. Cambridge, 
JIar. 27, 1828. Tlie son of a farmer. He 
worked for some years as a gunsmith, and 
finally formed a copartnership with his bro. 
and others for the manuf. of cotton and wool 
cards. He soon after invented a machine for 
puncturing the leather, and setting the wires, — 
a work previously performed by hand. He 
found the greatest difficulty in bending the 
wires to a given angle after they were Hnally 
fastened in the leather, and was on the point 
of abandoning the attempt, when in a dream 
he discovered the method of effecting it. The 
invention was patented in 1797, and it was 
sold for 8150,000; but afterward Samuel his 
bro. repurchased it, and carried on the business. 
Amos devoted liis later years to the invention 
of an orrery, in wliicli eyery planet was to 
describe its own orbit, but did not live to com- 
plete \t.— Howe's Ulst. qfhwentors. 

Whittemore, Thomas, D.D., clergyman, 
b. Boston, Jan. 1, 1800; d. Cambridge; Ms., 
Mar. 21, 1861. Apprenticed successively to a 
morocco-dresser, a brass-founder, and a boot- 
maker, and finally studied for the ministry 
under Rev. H. Baliou. In April, 1821, he was 
pastor of a Universalist church in Milford, 
Ms. ; in 1822-.31 he preached in Cambridge- 
port, and resided in Cambridge till he died. 
Joint editor of the Unwersalist Mat/., and in 
1S28 began to pub. the Trumpet, a Universalist 
new.-ipaper in Boston, of wliich he was sole 
editor and proprietor for nearly 30 years. Pres. 
of the Vt. ami Ms. Railroad, and represented 
Cambridge repeatedly in the State legisl. In 
1830 he pub. a " History of Universalism," 
which he afterward enlarged, the first vol. ap- 
pearing in 1860, and the second being, at the 
time of his death, nearly ready for the press. 
His other works are, " Notes and Illustrations 
of the Parables," 1832 ; " Songs of Zion," 
1836 ; "Plain Guide to Universalism," 1839; 
" The Gospel Harmonist," 1841 ; " Conference 
Hymns," 1842; "Sunday-school Choir," 1844; 
"Commentary on Revelation," 1838 ; "Com- 
mentary on Daniel ; " " Lives of Walter Bal- 
four and Hosea Ballon ; " " Autobiography," 
12mo. 1860. 

Whittier, John Greenleaf, poet, b. Ha- 
verhill, Ms., Dec. 17, 1807. Joseph his grand- 
father, grandson of Thomas of Newbury, b. 
1716, d. H. 10 Oct. 1796, m. Sarah Greenleaf 
of Newbury. John G. worked on a farm until 
18, writing occasional verses for the Haverhill 
Gazette, and turning his hand to shoemaking. 
After two years' study at the town acad., he 
became in 1829 editor, at Boston, o( the Amer. 
Mann/hcturer, a newspaper in the tariff interest. 
In 1830 he succeeded to Brainerd's paper at 
Harlfbrd, and wrote the prefatory memoir of 
that poet for his " Remains," pub. 1832 ; edit. 
Gazette at Haverh. 1832 and 1836. In 1831 
appeared his " Legends of New England ; " its 
sequel, " The Supernaturalism of New Eng- 
land," in 1847; "Moll Pitcher," a tale of a witch 
of Nahant ; " " Mogg Megone," an Indian 



story, 1836 ; and " The Bridal of Pennacook," 
also an Imlian poem. In 1 833 he pub. an essay 
entitled " Justice and Expediency, or Slavery 
considered with a View to its Abolition." 
Aficr 1 iVw \ 11, ^pcnt at home in farming, 
ami ! . I . ,i- town in the State legisl. 

(1- _ !^ 'I i:i the proceedings of the 

Aiiti-1, Miv Si. .ly; was elected its sec. in 
183G; anil', in di-fence of its principles, edited 
the Pa. Freeman in Phila. in 1838-40. " The 
Voices of Freedom" (1841) afford the best 
specimen of his antislavery effusions. In 1840 
Mr. Whittier took up his residence at Ames- 
bury, where he has since resided, and whence 
he forwarded his eontribs. to the National Era, 
Washington. He has also pub. " Songs of 
Labor and Other Poems," 1848 ; " Old Por- 
traits and Mo<lern Sketches," 1850; "The 
Chapel of the Hermits and Other Poems," 
1852 ; " Leaves from Margaret Smith's Jour- 
nal," 1848; "Literary Keereations," 1852: 
"The Panorama and Oilier Poems," 1856; 
" Home Ballads and Poems," 1859 ; " In War- 
Time,"1863; " Snow-Bound," 1865; "Tent 
on the Beach," 1867; "Among the Hills," 
1868; "Ballads of New England," 1869; 
" Miriam," 1870 ; " The Stranger in Lowell " 
(prose), 1845;' "National Lyrics," 1865; 
"Maud MuUer," 1866. Several " complete " 
collections of his works have been pub.; the 
last, Sept. 1869, in 4 vols. His sister Eliza- 
beth H. Whittier, poetess, d. Amesbury, 
Ms., Sept. 3, 1864. 

Wllittingham, William Rollinson, 
D.D. (Col. Coll. 1837), LL.D., Frot.-Ep. bish- 
op of Md. (consec. 17 Sept. 1840), b. N.Y. City, 
Dec. 2, 1805.^. Gen. Theol. Sera. 1825. Adn'i. 
to the rainistrv in 1827, and became rector of 
St. Luke's, N.V., in 1831. In 1835 he was 
elected to the chair of eccles. hist, in the Gen. 
Theol. Sem. He has edited the Fmnili/ Visitor, 
Cliildren's Hag., the Churchman (weekly), also 
the " Parish Library," 13 vols. He lias also 
pub. occas. sermons. 

Whittlesey, Col. Charles, author, b. 
Southington, Ct., 5 Oct. 1808. In 1813 his 
family moved to 'Tallmadge, 0. West Point, 
1831. Resigned 30 Sept. 1832. Counsellor- 
at-law, Cleveland, O., 1835. Editor Cleveland 
Herald 1836-7; employed on geol. survey of 
Ohio 1837-8, and on mineral, and geol. surveys 
1848-50, 1853-6, 1858-60. Assist, quartenn.- 
gen. of O. 1861-2 ; in Western Va. campaign 
July-Aug. 1861 ; in camp, of 1861-2 as col. 
20th O. Vols, in Kv. and Tenn. ; and engaged 
at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, in which he 
com. the 3d brigade of Wallace's division, ren- 
dering important service in the second day's 
fight; resigned 19 Apr. 1862. Author of 
" Life of John Filch," in Sparks's " Amer. 
Biog.," vi. ; " Ancient Mining on Lake Supe- 
rior," 1862 ; " Glacial Drift of the North-west. 
States," 18G6(inSmithson.Contribs.); "Early 
Historv of Cleveland," 8vo, 1867 ; " Sketch of 
the Settlement of Tallmadge, O.," 1842 ; " De- 
script, of Ancient Works in Ohio," 1851 (Smith- 
son. Contribs., vol. iii.) ; " Fugitive Essays," 
1854; besides some 30 essays, reports, &c. 
Col. W. founded, and is pres. of, the Western 
Reserve Hist Soc. of Cleveland. 

Whittlesey, Frederick, jurist, b. Wash- 



•WHX 



981 



ington, Ct., 12 June, 1 799 ; d. Rochester, N. Y., 
19 Sept. 1851. Y.C. 1818. Adm. to the bur 
at Utica, N.Y., in 1821; settled in Roi-liestcr 
in 1822 ; was editor and proprietor of a politi- 
cal newspaper prominent in the anti-Masonic 
party; M.C. in 1831-5; vice-chanccUor 8th 
jud. dist. 1839-47 ; judge Sup. Court 1847-8 ; 
prof, of law in Geneva Coll. 1850-1. He pub. 
address, 4 July, 1842, Rochester. 

Whittredge, Wokthington-, landscape- 
painter, b. Ohio, 1820. His ancestors were 
among the early settlers of Cape Aun, his fa- 
ther an early emigrant to the West. The son 
painted portraits and landscapes in Cincinnati; 
was in Europe in 1849-59, and then established 
himself ill X Y. City. Amuii- his |.ni,lueiions 
are " Tvi i:'_ III. '11 ill'' Sin u .iirjriii;. M. .mrains," 
"Th- M 'I ,, ,, . ,,.: ■ I,; , .„e," 

"BVVI, . • l,M 1^ I I . .i,""A 

Hurnh-.. I ^ . ;,^ \ 1 , i; I Cam- 

pagna," anil ■■ I I ,i i <,r IJ.isc of the 

Rocky Mounii. il nil Kentucky 

Home," and "i -' i 1: •■■■ l-land," were 
.sent to the Pail- I m. .i:, n ..| |sil7. In 1866 
ho explored the West, aitaehed to Gen. Pope'.-i 
stair, and brought back a large and valuable 
cull, (if sketches. 

Wiekham, John, LL.l)., lawyer, b. 
Southold, LI., 176.J; d. Richmond, Va., 17 
Jan. 18.iU. Intended for the army, he studied 
one year at Arras, France; settled in Williams- 
burg in 1785 ; engaged in the practice of law 
in 1787; and in 1790 removed to Richmond, 
Va., where he acquired a high reputation, and 
was long at the bead of the bar of Virginia. 

Wiokliffe, Cihrles A., U.S. postnia.ster- 
gen. 1841-5, b. Bardstown, Ky., June 8, 1788 ; 
d. Howard Co., Md., Oct. 31, 1869. Educated 
at the Bardstown grammar-school ; studied 
law, and attained a high position at the bar. 
In 1812 he was aide to Gen. Caldwell at the 
battle of the Thames; was a member of the 
legisl. in 1812-23; M.C. in lS2.'i-33 ; again 
elected to the legist., he was speaker in 1834 ; 
was elected lieut.-gov. in 1836, and became act- 
ing gov. in 1839. In 1843 he was sent to Te.xas 
bv Prcs. Polk on a secret mission ; was a mem- 
ber of the State Const. Conv. in 1849 ; was a 
member of the Peace Congress in Feb. 1861 ; 
M.C. 1861-3; and delegate to the Chieagocouv. 
1864. His stately and aristocratic bearing, and 
his contempt for the poorer classes, earned for 
him the soliriquet of " the Duke." 

Wigglesworth, Edwabd, D.D., Ilollis 
prof of divinity H. U. 1765-91, b. Feb. 7, 
1732; d. Cambridge, June 17, 1794. H.U. 
1749 with the first honors. His father Kd- 
WARD, D.D. (H.U. 1710), was first Hollis prof 
Oct. 24, 1722, until bis death, Nov. 19, 1765 
(a. 72), and prominent as a controversial wri- 
ter. The son was made tutor at H U. 1764. 
An original member of the Acad, of Arts and 
Sciences, and a man of great learning. He 
pub. the Dudleian Lectures on the Errors of 
the Roman Church, 1777 ; " Calculations on 
American Population," &c., 1775. — Allm. 

Wigglesworth, Col. Edward, Rcvol. 
officer, b. Ipswich, its., 3 Jan. 1742; d. Ncw- 
bnryport, 8 Dec. 1826. H. U. 1761. Son of 
Rev. Samuel of Ipswich (1714-68), and grand- 
son of Rev. Michael. Comuiiss. col. by the 



Prov. Congn-i 21 .hwi.- ]::'; :iii! ".I in com- 
mand of Am : :' I - ! I iiiiMplain 

5 Sept. 177'. . , ,, . : , ,!-, Kegt.- 

6 Nov. 177tt : i i.ii i i' 'i i" i; inii). by 
Pres. Washing:,.,] .Ml, ,,: \ , „t, 

Wigglesworth, Ml' II M I . i.iulclci> 

gvman, b. Eng. Oct. 1^ I . l i . !- n, Ms., 

June 10, 1705. II. U. H.il- .--.n -i lOdward 
of N. Haven, and came witli luni tu tiiis coun- 
try in 1638. After graduating, be was a fellow 
and tutor in the college a short time. In 1 656 
he was ord. over the church at .MaMcn, where 
he remained "for al.iMii :i ji.M; . .I' \cars" 
till his death. Frci|iiMi i : , I liiui at 

times to suspend his pn.;- ' , Imt lie 

was able in tlie intervi: i n i m literary 
labor. He pub. in liii- I. I' iDoom," 
"" ■ ■ , i , ;.. in this 

lira long 

I I ^ Ml N. E.; 

in 1669 he pub. another pucni,^ "Meat out of 
the Eater," which has passed 'through 6 edi- 
tions. He left in manuscript a poem entitled 
" God's Controversy with New England," 
printed in the Proc. of the Ms. Hist. Society, 
1871. After the death of John Rogers, in 
1684, he was offered the presidency of H.C., 
but dcLlincd it on account of his health. He 
].rr:h II. ij il, ( ii. mi III Election Sermon in 1686, 
au'l I .\ ! 'ion Sermon 'in 1696. He 
wii- ,1 iilnsician. — See Memoir of 

ItV/ ."■ ■/ ;./, ir. /A,/», 8vo, 1871. 

Wight, MoSKis, .,,11 li: ,11, i,,. ,,ainter, 
b. Boston, 2 Apr. Isj: I'- , mt at 18; 

went to Europe in 1>.'' I ■ ilaiepor- 

traitsof Hon. U. D, l; I n ,1 niiAle.x. 

Von Humli,ii,li ; ■ n i I i I ,,!v; and 

has since ]inh : : i i l '> i "ith suc- 

cess. Amoii^ |,. :, ;i I ' .,11(1 Ever- 

ett, Jo.siah Qiiiip; , I I ,, , mil Prof. 

Agassiz. In 1860 In -: , , I i.-v under 

Couture, and has sii mn large 

ideal works, "The .'■ i !' m " and 
" Eve at the Fountain ' ^i i In litvisitto 
Europe in 1865-7, he has piuiluccd several 
cabinet, figure, and interior subjects, among 
them " Le Scizieme Siecle," " Lisette," " Les 
Confidants," " The Old Cuirassier," " John 
Alden and Priseilla," and " Pet's First Gate." 

Wight, Orlando Williams, author, b. 
Centrerille, N.Y., Feb. 19. 1824. He studied 
at Westfleld Acad. an,l lio.hc.tcr Collegiate 
Institute, and then tin.i I i i r,iirn|„.. He 
has contrib. to the I. i j i mid has 

pub. "ThePhilosop!,^ : • -'> 1 i miilton," 
1853; "Life of Abciii.l mil I !■ Imi-.," 1853 ; 
translations of Cousin's " History of .Modern 
Philosophy," 1852; "The True, the Beauti- 
tiful, the Good," 1854; and "Pascal's 
Thiin-lits," l.S.iO. Ho has also edited and re- 
\]-.,-A I L' \,i:- ,1,- livii.i, Classics, 1858-60; 
" 'Iji. III. I I , ,1 IS vols. ; transl. 

lJ,il,,M^ \m , u c.ntrib. to N.A. 

Jl.r-, .\- J: . ' i :. xr_ lie has in prep, a 
Diction, in III riiikis. Science, 8vo. 

Wlgnell, TiioiiAS, manager Phila. Thea- 
tre ; ,1. tlKiv IS l\li, 1803 ; b. Eng. First app. 
at the Jolui-st. Theatre, N.Y"., 1785, as Joseph 
Surface ; became manager Chestnut-st. Thea- 
tre in 1794 ; m. Mrs. Merry 1 Jan. 1803. 

Wikoff, Henry, b. P'bila., where he was 



TVTL, 



adm. to the bar. Author of " Life of Nap. 
Louis Bonaparte," N.Y., 1S49; "My Court- 
.ship and its Consequences," 1855; "Adven- 
tures of a rising Diplomatist," 1 856 ; " A New- 
Yorker in the Foreign Office," &c., 1853. — See 
also " Trial of Wikoff and Others for a Con- 
spiracv," 8vo, 1852. — Allilmie. 

Wilbur, Miss Anne T. (Mrs. Wood), 
dau. of Hev. Hervey Wilbur, b. Wendell, Ms., 
1817. A resident of Newburyport, Ms. Transl. 
" The Solitary of Juan Fernandez," and other 
works, from the French. Contrib. as " Florence 
Leigh " to periodicals ; has edited the Ladies' 
Mag. and the Ladies' Casket, 1848; has transl. 
"The Roman Question," by E. About, 1859; 
and pub. " Romance of a Mummy," 1860. 

Wilbur, John, a minister of the Society 
of Friends, founder of the " Wilburite " sect, 
b. Hopkinton, R.L, 1774 ; d. 1856. Ab. 1838 
he was accused of circulating statements de- 
rogatory to the character of Joseph J. Gurncy ; 
and in Jan. 1 843 he was disowned. His friends, 
however, believing him to have been unfairly 
and harshly dealt with, set up an independent 
yearly meeting, and are popularly designated 
" Wilburites." — 6'ee Journal and Conesp. of 
John Wilbur. 

WilcockS, Alexander, M.D., b. Phila. 
1817. Jeff. Med. Coll. 1844. Author of "Es- 
say on the Tfdes," 1855 ; " Temporary Star 
of the Year 1572," 1860 ; " Influence of Ether 
in the Solar System," &e., 1864; papers in 
Med. Exam. 1845, Jour. Med. Sci. 1847.— 
Allihone. 

Wilcox, Gen. Cadmus Makcellhs, b. 
N.C. ab. 1825. West Point, 1846. Adj. and 
A.D.C. to Gen. Quitman 1847-8; and brev. 
1st lieut. for gallantry at Chapultepec 13 Sept. 
1847 ; assist, instr. of inf. tactics at West Point 
1852; capt. 7th Inf.; resigned 8 June, 1861 ; 
app. brig. -gen. C.S.A. 21 Oct. 1861 ; 3 Aug. 
1863 promoted maj.-gcn. com. division in A. P. 
Hill's (3d) Corp. He com. a(brigade in Ander- 
son's div. at Gettysburg, and surrendered with 
Lee. Author of " Rifles and Rifle-Practice," 
N.Y. 1859; "Evolutions of the Line," 1860; 
" Tabular Statements of the Austrian and 
French Armies," 1861. 

Wilcox, Carlos, poet, b. Newport, N.H., 
Oct. 22, 1794; d. Danbury, Ct., May 29, 1827. 
Mid. Coll. 1813; And. Scm. 1817. 'His father 
was a farmer, and in 1797 removed to Orwell, 
Vt. He began to preach in Hartford, Ct., 1818, 
but after a few months was obliged by illness 
to desist. In 1822 he pub. at Salisbury, Ct., 
his poem, " The Age of Benevolence. In 
1 824 he delivered a poem before the Phi Beta 
Kappa Society of Y'.C. on " The Religion of 
Taste." In 1824-6 he was pastor of the North 
Church, Hartford. After the restoration of his 
health by a few months' travel, he accepted a 
call to Danbuiy at the close of 1826. His " Re- 
mains " were pub. in 1828. — Dui/ckinck. 

Wilcox, Piuneas Bacon, lawyer, b. 
1795; d. Columbus, 0., 25 Mar. 1863. Y.C. 
1821. In successful practice at Columbus 
nearly 40 years. Author of " Ohio Reports," 
vol. X. ; several vols, of condensed and digested 
" Ohio Reports ; " " Ohio Forms and Practice," 
1833 ; " Forms in Action and in Chancery," 
1858 ; In " CivU Procedure," 1862. 



Wilde, Richard Henry, scholar and 
lawyer, b. Dublin, Ireland, 24 Sept. 1789; d. 
N. Orleans 10 Sept. 1847. His father came to 
Baltimore in 1797, and d. 1802. He received 
Irom Ids mother liis poetic talent and his edu- 
cation. In 1803 he removed to Augusta, Ga. 
Was adm. to the bar in Mar. 1 809 ; soon rose to 
the head of the profession ; became atty.-gen. 
of the State; M.C. in 1815-17, 1824-5, and 
in 1827-35 ; and was distiiig. as an orator. He 
visited Europe in 1835-40, and on his return 
devoted himself to literature, polities, and the 
law. While in Florence, he discovered some 
documents concerning Dante, and also an 
original painting of the great poet on the wall 
of the Chapel of Bargetto. He left a MS. vol. 
of the poet's life. Author of " The Love, Mad- 
ness, and Imprisonment of Tasso," 2 vols. 
1842, and" Hesperia ; " wrote for the JSoullurn 
Review an article on Petrarch; and contrib. to 
the magazines. From 1843 to his d. he was 
prof, of law in the U. of La. at New Orleans. 
His literary productions are numerous, and 
bear the impress of a gifted and highly educa^ 
ed mind. One of his lyrics, entitled " My Life 
is like a Summer Rose," received the praise 
of Lord Byron. 

Wilde, Samuel Sdmner, LL.D. (Bowd. 
1817; H.U. 1841), jmist, b. Taunton, Feb. 5, 
1771 ; d. Boston, June 22, 1855. Dartm. Coll. 
1789. Son of Daniel. He was adm. to the 
bar in Sept. 1792, and the same year was m. to 
Eunice, dau. of Gen. David Cobb. He prac- 
tisedsuecessively in Waldoborough, Warren, and 
Hallowell, Me., removing to the latter place in 
1799, after representing W arren two years in 
the legisl. In 1814 he was elected a State 
councillor. He was also one of the delegates 
to the Hartford Conv. ; judge Ms. Sup. Court 
1815-50. In 1820 he removed from Hallowell 
to Newbnryport, and in 1831 to Boston. Dele- 
gate from Newburyport to the State Const. 
Conv. of 1820 ; member of the Acad, of Arts 
and Sciences. His judicial career was disting. 
by great legal learning and stern integrity ; 
and he was accounted one of the best nisi pnus 
judges in JIs. His dau. Caroline m. Caleb 
Cushing. He pub. " Oration 4 July, 1797 ; " 
" Masonic Oration," 1799. 

Wilder, Marshall Pincknet, one of 
the most useful men of his time, b. Rindge, 
N.H., 22 Sept. 1798. Educated at the common 
schools and at Ipswich Acad. He worked on 
his father's farm ; then became a merchant ; and, 
establishing himself in Boston in 1825, lias for 
many years been a prominent and successful 
business-man. He has been active in the Ms. 
Hortic. Soc; was its pres. in 1840-8 ; pres. of 
the Amer. Pomological Soc. since that date ; 
of the U. S. Agric. Soc. 1852-8; of the N. E. 
Historic-Genealogical Soc. since 1869 ; member 
of the Ms. house of reps. 1839; councillor 
1840; State senator 1841, and pres. of that 
body in 1850'. He initiated the organization 
of the State Board of Agriculture, the estab- 
lishment of an agric. college and of the U.S. 
Agric. Soc, and has held many important 
trusts beside those enumerated above. He has 
delivered many addresses and speeches, and 
contrib. valuable papers on hybridization to 
hortic. journals. 



Wildey, Thomas, founder of the Odd 
Fellows in Amenca, b. Eng. Jan. 15, 1783 ; d. 
Baltimore, Oct. 19, ISGl. He came to this 



country 



lid bei 



Baltimore his 



P^ 



trade of coach-spring making. The first lodge 
was established at Bait, by him in 1819, and 
he was grand-sire from 182.^ to 1833. 

Wiley, C.\LviN Hesdersox, b. Guilford 
Co., N.C., 1819. U. of N.C. 1840. Member 
Iei;isl. 1850 and 1852, and gen. supt. common 
schools of N.C. Dec. 1852. Author of " Ala- 
mance," a novel; "Adventures of Old Dan 
Tucker," 1851 ; " Utopia, Early Life at the 
South," 1852; "Life in the South, a compan- 
ion to Uncle Tom's Cabin," 1852; "Sober 
View of Slavery ; " " Roanoke," 18G6 ; " Elo- 
cution and Oratory," 1869 ; polit. pamphlets. 
Editor South. Weekly Post, Raleigh; Oxford 
Mercuri). Contrib. to Sartain's Mag., Sat. Even. 
Post, &c. — AlUbone. 
h Wilkes, CnAHLES, rear-adm. U.S.N., 

' • nephew of the celebrated John Wiikes of Lon- 



, , >, don, b. N. y. City 1801. Midshipman 1 Jan. 

^toA-oC 1818; lieut. 28 Apr.1826; com. 13 July, 1843; 
^ / Z . *apt. 14 Sept. 1855; commo. 16 July, 18C2; 
/>r r^/i'/i-ear-adm. (retired list) 25 July, 1866. In 18-30 
/he was app. to the dcpt. of charts and instru- 
' ments. 18 Aug. 1838 he left Norfolk, Va., in 
com. of 5 vessels, for an exploring exped. to the 
South Seas : after visiting the islands of the 
Pacific, they discovered the Antarctic conti- 
nent, which they coasted westward for more 
than 70 degrees. For this and other contribu- 
tions to science, Wilkes received a gold medal 
from the Geog. Soc. of London. The explora- 
tions included the Hawaiian group and the 
North-west coast; and he reached N.Y. harbor 
10 June, 1842. Sent in I8C1 to the W. Lidies 
in the frigate " San Jacinto " to look after the 
Confcd. steamer " Sumter," he took Messrs. 
Mason and Slidcll from the British raail-steam- 
er " Trent," Nov. 8, and conveyed them to 
Boston. He was thanked by Congress, and re- 
ceived the applause of the people ; but his 
course was finally disapproved by the Pres. 23 
Aug. 1862, while com. the flotilla on the James 
River, he destroyed City Point. He afterward 
com. a squadron in the W. Indies, capturing 
many blockade-runners. Author of " Narra- 
tive of the U. S. Explo. Exped.," 5 vols. 1845 ; 
in 1851, "Voyage round the World," &c., a 
concise account of the same ; " Western Amer- 
ica," 1849; "Meteorology of the Explo. Ex- 
ped.," 1851; and " Theory of Winds," 1856. 

Wilkes, George, editor and proprietor 
of the Spirit of the Tinus. Author of " His- 
tory of California," 8vo, 1845; "Europe in a 
Hurry," 12mo, 1852. In 1870 he received 
from the Emperor of Russia the grand cross 
of the order of St. Stanislas for suggesting an 
overland railway to China and India by way 
of Kus,«ia. 
Wilkins, William, statesman. 



em Pa. 1779 ; d. near 

23,1865. Sonof John, 1 

settler of Pittsburg, Ini . 

ing the "Whiskey In -I. I 

burg, 1816, a. .54. Wi ii 

Pittsburg. In 1810 was 

Manuf. Co., and was until 1819 pres. of the 

Bank of Pittsburg. Ho then entered the 



Juno 

early 



Pittsburg 



legisl. ; was U. S. senator in 1831-4 ; minister 
to Russia 1834; M.C. 184.3-4; sec. of war 
1844-5 ; and judge of the U.S. Dist. Court for 
Western Pennsylvania. 

Wilkinson, Gen. James, b. near Bene- 
dict, Md., 1757 ; d. near Mexico City, Dec. 28, 
1825. He studied at the Medical School of 
PMla in 1773, and, after the battle of Bunk- 
er's Hill, repaired to the camp at Cambridge ; 
March, 1776, Washington made him a capt. in 
Reed's N.II. re"t., in which he served under 
Arnold in the Northern army ; July, 1776, ha 
was app. brigade-major ; in Dec. was sent by 
Gates to the com.-in-chief with despatches, and 
assisted in the battles at Trenton and Prince- 
ton ; lieut.-col. Jan. 12, 1777 ; on Gates's app. 
to com. the Northern army, he was made adj.- 
gen. (May 24), and bore to Congress the offi- 
cial despatches announcing Burgoyne's surren- 
der. He received the brev. of brig.-gen., and 
was appointed sec. to the board of war, of which 
Gates was pres. Implicated in the Conway 
Cabal, he resigned his secretaryship, and July 
24, 1779, was app. clothier-gen. to the army, 
After the peace, he settled in Lexington, Ky., 
with his family, and engaged in mercantila 
transactions, particularly in a tobacco contract 
with the Spanish gov. of La. App. lieut.-col. 
com. 2d Inf. Nov. 7, 1791 ; com. an exped. on 
the Wabash in 1791-2; brig.-gen. March 5, 
1 792 ; com. right wing of Wayne's army at tho 
Maumce Kapids, and was disting. ; received 
Louisiana from the French, as joint commiss. 
with Gov. Claiborne, in Dec. 1 803 ; gov. of 
La. Terr. 1805-7; gen.-in-chicf of the army, 
Dee. 1796-July, 1798, and June, 1800-Jan. 
1812; remained at the head of the Southern 
dept. until his court-martial in 1811, which 
grew out of the enmity of Burr's friends at his 
activity in exposing his plans, and the charge 
of being in the pay of Spain, and was honor- 
ably acquitted. App. brcv. maj.-gen. July 10, 
1812; maj.-gen. ^lar. 1813; in April, 1813, ha 
reduced Mobile, and fortified Mobile Point ; and 
in May was ordered to the northern frontier. 
His operations against Canada were totally 
unsuccessful, principally on account of dis- 
agreement mth Gen. Wade Hampton ; and ho 
was tried by a court-martial, but was acquitted 
of all blame. On the reduction of the army in 
1815, he was discharged. Having become pos- 
sessor of large estates in Mexico, he removed to 
that country, where he died. He pub. at Phila., 
in 1816, "Memoirs of My Own Times," 3 vols. 
8vo. He was elegant in person and manners, 
and sumptuous and hospitable in his living. 

Wilkinson, Jemima, a religious impos- 
tor, b. Cumberland, R.I., ab. 1753; d. July 1, 
1819. She was educated a Quaker, and ob- 
tained distinction in the sect. Recovering sud- 
denly from an apparent suspension of life, 
experienced during a fit of sickness ab. 1773, 
she asserted that she had been raised from tha 
dead, and claimed to be invested with divine 
attributes, as well as authority to instruct man- 
kind in religion. She made a few proselytes, 
with whom, in 1789, she removed to N.Y., and 
settled on the tract called Jerusalem, Yates 
Co., where she resided until her death. SPa 
professed to be able to work miracles. Though 
she inculcated poverty, her dupes enabled her 



984 



(o live in a style of elegance ; and she was care- 
ful to be the owner of lands, purchased in the 
name of her companion, Rachel Miller. When 
she preached, she stood in the door of her bed- 
chamber, wealing a wai^tcnnt, stmk, and a 
white silk cravat. After h.r a hIi. i'k' sr, t was 
entirely broken up. Sho i-i-i 1 " i '■'•! Sha- 
ker doctrine of celibacy ; an I ili ■ r... r i.-, s of 
her religious meetings resembled tliuse ul that 
sect. 

Willard, Col. Abijah, loyalist, h. Lan- 
caster, Ms., 1722; d. Lancaster, N.B., May, 
1789. Son of Col. Samuel. He served at the 
talcing of Cape Breton ; rose to the rank of 
capt., and was wounded in that campaign ; 
com. a Ms. regt. in the campaign of 1759 un- 
der Amherst; was a loyalist; and in 1778 was 
proscribed, and his property confiscated. He 
settled in New Brunswick, and was a member 
of the Prov. council. 

Willard, Emiia C. (Hart), teacher and 
author, b. N. Berlin, Ct., Feb. 23, 1787; d. 
Troy, N \'., April 15, 1870. Descended from 
Thos. Hooker, the founder of Hartlbrd. At 
1 6 she began teaching in her native town ; was 
successively principal of several academies; and 
while at Middlebury, Vt., in 1809, m. Dr. John 
Willard. In 1821 she commenced her celebrat- 
ed school, the Troy Female Sem., with which 
she was connected till 1S39. In 1830 she made 
a tour in Europe, and on her return pub. her 
"Journal and Letters," 12mo, 1833, devoting 
her share of the proceeds of the sale to the sup- 
port of a school in Greece, founded mainly by 
her exertions, for the education of female teach- 
ers. Mrs. Willard long resided in Hartlbrd,. 
where she wrote and pub. addresses on Female 
Education; a "Manual of American History;" 
a " Treatise on Ancient Geography ; " a small 
vol. of "Poems," 1830; a "Treatise on the 
Motive Powers which produce the Circulation 
of the Blood," 1846; "History of the Mexi- 
can War and California," gvo, 1849; "Last 
Leaves of American History," a continuation 
of her Manual ; " Universal History in Per- 
spective," 1837; "Temple of Time," 1844; 
"Historic Guide," 1847; "Respiration and its 
Ell'ects ; " " Astronography ; " " Morals for the 
Young," 1857 ; "Astronomy," 1853. One of 
her best known poems is the ocean-hymn, 
" Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep." 

Willard, Francbs E., pres. of the Evans- 
ton Coll. for Ladies, h. near Rochester, N.Y., 
28 Sept. 1839. Northw. Fem. Coll. 1858. Of 
N. Eng. parentage, and descended from a race 
of teachers. She followed the same profession 
in various Western towns; afterward taught 
the natural sciences in her alma mater ; in 1867 
was app. preceptress of Genesee Wesl. Sem. at 
Lima, N.Y.; and Feb. 14, 1871, was elected 
pres. of the coll. recently established in connec- 
tion with the North-western U. in deference to 
the popular idea of the co-education of the sexes. 
Tliis is the first time that etich an honor was 
ever conferred upon a woman ; and Miss Wil- 
lard's eminent fitness for the position hus been 
abundantly manifested. In 1869-71, in com- 
pany with her fi-iend and benefactress. Miss 
Kate A. Jackson of Paterson, N. J., she made 
an extended foreign tour, visiting Europe, Syria, 
and Egypt. In 1871 she lectui-ed successfully in 



Chicago, her theme being " The New Chival- 
ry," the educational aspects of the Woman 
Question. Besides numerous contrilis. to peri- 
odicals. Miss W. in 1864 pub. "Nineteen Beau- 
tiful Years," a tribute to a deceased sister, 
which has been highlv commended. 

Willard, Johx'Dwight, LL.D., judge 
N.Y. Circuit CVuut, b. Lancaster 4 Nov. 1799; 
d. Troy, N.Y., 16 Oct. 1864. D.C. 1819. Adm. 
to the N.Y. liar ab. 1823; began practice iu 
Troy in 1826 ; was editor of the Troy Sentinel 
some years ; served as a State senator ; and 
was a judge C.C.P. Left 810,000 to Dartm. 
Coll. Author of " Treatise on Equity Juris- 
prudence," 18.'>5 ; " Law of Executors, Ad- 
ministrators, and Guardians," 8vo, 1839; "Law 
of Real Estate," 1861. 

Willard, Joseph, D.D., LL.D., clergy- 
man, ijres. of H.U., b. Biddeford, Me., Dt'c. 
29, 1738; d. N. Bedford, Ms., Sept. 25, 1804. 
HU. 1765. Losing his father. Rev. Samuel, 
minister of Biddeford (1725-41), at an early 
age, he went to sea, and made several coasting- 
voyages. He was enabled by the generosity 
of some friends to enter college ; was tutor 
there in 1 766-72 ; was ord. colleague with Rev. 
Joseph Champney at Beverly, Nov. 25, 1772 ; 
and was inducted into the presidency of Har- 
vard, Dee. 19, 1781. He pub. a few sermons ; 
a Latin address on the death of Washington, 
prefixed to Tappan's discourse, 1800 ; and some 
math, and astron. papers in the Memoirs of the 
Amer. Academy. 

Willard, Joseph, antiquarian, son of the 
preceding, b. Cambridge, Ms., March 14, 1798 ; 
d. Boston, May 12, 1865. H.U. 1816. He 
studied law. Settled ahnut 1<;29 in Boston. 
Corresp. sec. of the Ms. lli-i Siu i. tv IS29-64; 
app. master in chancery m i>:;,i ; rink (jf the 
Sup. Court 18-39-56; 'rl'ik ul ilic .Superior 
Court from 1856 until his death. Author of 
a " History of Lancaster," 1826; the Life of 
his ancestor, Simon Willard, with a Family 
Genealogy, 8vo, 1858 ; " Address on the 200th 
Anniv. of the Town of Lancaster," 8vo, 1853 ; 
" Naturalization iu the Anicr. Colonies," 1859 ; 
" Letter to an English Friinil on the Rebellion 
in the U.S.," 1862 ; contribs. to hist, and lite- 
rary periodicals. His son Maj. Sidney (H.U. 
1852), h. Lancaster, Ms., Feb. 3, 1831, fell at 
Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. He studied 
and practised law in Boston. Was made maj. 
35th Ms. Regt. Aug. 27, 1862. He was the 
writer of the article in the Atlantic Monthli/ 
entitled " A Night in a Wherry ; " was a dis- 
ting. oarsman at college, and skilful in athletic 
sports. 

Willard, Samdel, divine and author, h. 
Concord, Ms., Jan. 31, 1640; d. Sept. 12.1707. 
H.U. 1659. Son of Maj. Simon. Settled min- 
ister of Groton in 1G63, but was driven thence 
bv the Indian war of 1676; became colleague 
With Mr. Thacher of the Old South Church, 
Boston, April 10, 1678; and as vice-pres., on 
the death of Pres. Mather (Sept. 6, 1701), took 
the superintendence of H.U. till his death. He 
opposed the proceedings of the courts during 
the witchcraft persecutions. His chief work 
is his " Body of Divinity," a folio vol. made up 
of monthly lectures delivered for 19 years, and 
pub. 1726; also author of " Brief Animadver- 



985 



sions," &c., 1681 ; " The Fountain Opened," 
&c., 12mo, 1700; sermons and treatises. His 
son JosiAH (b. 1 Miiv, 1681) was sec. of Ms. 
from June, 1717, to his d., 6 Dec. 1756. H.U. 
1698. App. judge of probate in 1731, mem- 
ber of the council 1 734. 

Willard, Samtol, D. D. (II. U. 1826), 
Unitarian divine, b. Petersham, Ms., Apr. 19, 
1776; d. Deerfield, Ms., Oct. 8, 1859. H.U. 
1S03. He was in 1804-5 tutor in Bowd. Coll. 
Was ord. over the church in Deerfield, Sept. 3, 
1807, and resigned the pastorate in Sept.. 1829 
on account of loss of sight. Author of the 
" DecrfieUI Coll. of Sacred Music;" "Origi- 
nal Hvwius," 1823 ; " Index to the Bible, with 
Juvcnik- Hymns," 1826; "Coll. of Hymns," 
1830 ; •■ Rhetoric," 1831 ; "Introd. to the Lat- 
in LanL'na;,'e," 1835, &c. Member of the 
Amir. Aciid. of Arts and Sciences. 

Willard, Sidnet, prof, of Hebrew in H. 
U. in 1807-31, b. Beverly, Ms., 19 Sept. 1780; 
d. Cambridge, 6 Dec. 1856. H.U. 1798; li- 
'brarian there 1800-5. Son of Pres. Joseph of 
H.U. At one time a preacher; frequently a 
member of the legisl. and council; mayor of 
Cambridge 1848-51. Author of "Memories 
of Youth and Manhood," 2 vols. 12mo, 185.t; 
and contrib. to the Monthly Anthology, Christ. 
Exam . and the A^. A. Review. 

Willard, Majok Simon of Salem, b. 
Kent, Eiig. ; baptized 7 Apr. 1605 ; d. Charles- 
town, Ms., where he was holding a court, April 
24, 1676. He came to N.E. in 1634; was a 
chief settler of Concord ; then lived in Lancas- 
ter and Groton, and finally, in 1676, in Salem. 
He held various civil ofSces, and was skilful as 
a soldier. 

Willard, William, portrait-painter, b. 
Sturbridge, Ms., 1819. Began portrait-painting 
ah. 1849; has made successful pictures of Jenny 
Lind, Daniel Webster, Choate, Lincoln, and 
other noted persons; and since 1866 has been 
fully occupied with his profession in Worces- 
ter,' Mass. 

Willeox, Orlando Bolivar, brev. maj.- 
gen. U.S.A., b. Detroit, Mich., 16 Apr. 1823. 
West Point, 1847. Entered 4th. Art; served 
in Texas, and iii the final campaign in Florida, 
by which he suffered greatly in health ; and re- 
signed 10 Sept. 1857. Adm. to the Detroit 
bar in 1858, he practised with success until 
May 24, 1861, when he became col. of the 1st 
Mich. Regt., the first to arrive at the theatre of 
war fruTu the West. With Col. Ellsworth, he 
took jiossession of Alexandria ; com. a brigade 
at ihe battle of Bull Run, where he was con- 
spicuous for gallantry ; was severely wounded, 
and taken prisoner; exchanged in Aug. 1862; 
brig.-gen. vols., dating from July 21, 1861. He 
was in the battles of Antietain and Fredericks- 
burg, and was temporarily in com. of the 9th 
corps in Central Ky. Engaged in the opera- 
tions in E. Tenn., Sept. '63 to Mar.' '64 ; com. 
div. 9th corps in the Richmond campaign end- 
ing with Lee's surrender; brev. maj.-general 
vols. 1 Aug. 1864 for gallantry in several ac- 
tions after crossing the Rapidan ; and brig.- 
gen. U.S.A. for the battle of Spottsylvania ; 
col. 29th Inf. July 28, 1866; col. 12th Inf. 
1869; brev. maj.-gen. March 2, 186", for cap- 
ture of Petersburg. Author of " Shoepack 



Recollections," 1856; "A Wayside Glimpse 
of American Life," 1856; " Fuca, an Army 
Memoir, by Maj. March," 1857. — Ck/Zk/h. 

Willett, Col. Marinos, Revol. soldier, 
b. Jamaica, L.I., July 31, 1740; d. N. York, 
Aug. 22, 1830. Col. Coll. 1776. A lifut. in 
Delancey's regt. in the unfortunate attack upon 
Ticonderoga, in which he displayed great cool- 
ness and bravery ; and served in Bradstrcet's 
exped. against Fort Frontenac. Early in 1775 
Willett entered M'Dougal's regt. as second 
capt. ; joined the exped. of Montgomery ; com. 
the post of St. John's until Jan. 1776, when he 
returned home,lind was soon afterwards app. 
liout.-col. 3d N.Y. Regt. ; May 18, 1777, he was 
ordered to Fort Stanwix, which was invested 
ab. the 3d of Aug. by Col. St. Leger with a 
large force of regulars and Indians. In order 
to effect a diversion in favor of Gen. Herkimer, 
who was collecting a body of militia to raise 
the siege, Col. Willett made a successful sally, 
and the siege was raised on the approach of 
Arnold. In June, 1778, he joined the army 
of Washington, and was present at the battle 
of Monmouth; in 1779 he accomp. Sullivan's 
successful exped. against the Indians. At the 
close of the war he was sheriff of N. Y. City 
(1784-92), and was mayor in 18U7. In 1792 he 
was app. brig.-gen. in the army intended to act 
against the North-western Indians, hut declined. 
He pub. an Autobiography. A Memoir, by 
his son Wra. M. Willett, was pub. 8vo, New 
York, 1831. 

Williams, Gen. Alpheus Starkey, b. 
Saybrook, Ct., Sept. 20, 1810. Y.C. 1831. 
In 1836-41 he practised law in Detroit; judge 
of probate for his county 1841-5; and editor 
and proprietor of the Detroit Dally Advertiser 
1843-7. In the Mexican war he was lieut.-col. 
of Stockton's Mich. Vols., and was postmas- 
ter of Detroit in 1849-53. App. brig.-gen. 17 
May, 1861, he organized the Mich. Vols, un- 
til Sept. ; joined Gen. Banks in com. of the 
1st division in his corps in March, 1862. At 
the battle of Cedar Mount.ain, one-third of his 
division were killed or wounded. He com. this 
division of Slocura's (12th) corps at Antietam, 
at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsvillc, and at 
Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863; served under 
Sherman in the Atlanta campaign ; succeeded 
Slocum in com. of the 20th corps in Nov. 1864, 
and led it in the "march to the sea," and the 
campaign in the Carolinas, Dec. 1864-May, 
1865. Minister to the republic of San Salva- 
dor 1866-9. 

Williams, Col. Benjamin, Revol. pa- 
triot, b. N. C. 1754; d. Moore Co. July 20, 
1814. He entered the army as a capt.; was 
disting. and made col. at the battle of Guil- 
ford ; served many years in the State legisl. ; 
was M.C. in 1793-5 ; was gov. of N.C. 1799- 
1802 and 1807-8, and State senator 1808-9. 

Williams, Mrs. Catharine R., b. Provi- 
dence 1790; living therein Dec. 1871. Author 
of " Original Poems," 1828 ; " Religion at 
Home," 1829; " Tales, National and Revol.," 2 
scries, 1830-5; "Aristocracy," 1832; "Fall 
River," 1833; "Lives of Barton and Olney," 
1839; "Neutral French," 1841 ; "Annals of 
the Aristocracy " (of R. I.), 1842-5. 

Williams, Charles Kilbourne, LL.D. 



WIL 



'W^i. 



(Mid. Coll. 1834), jurist, b. Camhi-idfe'e, Ms., 
J;in. 24, 1782; d. Rutland, Vt., Mar. 9, 1853. 
Wm-s. Coll. 1800. Son of Piof. Samuel. He 
became an eminent practitioner at the bar of 
Rutland Co. In 1812 served one campaign on 
the northern frontier; was frequently a repre- 
sentative between 1809 and 1821, and again in 
1849; State attorney in 1814 and '15; judge 
of the Sup. Court in 1822-4 and 1829-42; 
collector of customs for the dist. of Vt. 1825- 
9 ; chief justice of the Sup. Court 1842-6, and 
ex officio chancellor of the State ; pres. of the 
council of censors in 1847; and gov. 1850-2. 
A Memoir of his Life was piA. by Hon. Isaac 
T. Redtield. 

Williams, Charles Langdon, b. Rut- 
land, Vt., 1821 ; d. there 10 Feb. 1861. Wnis. 
Coll. 1839. Adm. to the bar in 1842; prac- 
tised at Brandon, Vt., in 1844-8; and after- 
ward resided in Rutland. Author of" Statistics 
of the Rutland-Co. Bar," 1847; " Statutes of 
Vt.," 8vo, 1851 ; " Vt. Sup.-Court Reports," 
vols. 27-29, 1855-7. 

Williams, David R., gov. S.C. 1814-16; 
killed hy accident at a new bridge, Nov. 15, 
1830. M.C. 1805-9 and 1811-13'; brig.-gen. 
July 9, 1813, to Aprils, 1814. 

Williams, Edwin, statistical writer, b. 
Norwich, Ct., 1797; d. N. Y. City, Oct. 21, 
1854. Son of Gen. Joseph, a Revol. officer. 
He pub. Williams's Annual Register {\S30-i5} ; 
" Statesman's Manual," 4 volumes 8vo, 1854; 
" Politician's Manual," 1832 ; " New Universal 
Gazetteer," 1833 ; "Book of the Constitution," 
1833; "New York as It Is in 1833," f< seg.; 
"Arctic Voyages," 1835; " Pol it. History of 
Ireland," 1843; "Presidents of the U.S.," 
1849 ; " Twelve Stars of the Republic," 1850. 
He was also one of the authors of " The Napo- 
leon Dynasty," and was a constant contrib. to 
periodicals. Many years sec. to the American 
Institute, and an active working-member of 
the Hist., Geog., and Statistical Societies, as 
well as of the Mechanics' Institute. 

Williams, Rev. Eleazer ; d. Hogans- 
burg, N.Y., Aug. 28, 1858, a. ab. 73. He fs 
supposed to have been a grandson of Eunice, 
daughter of " the redeemed captive." In his 
youth he was put to school at Longmeadow, 
Ms. When the war with England broke out 
in 1812, he became confidential agent of govt, 
among the Indians; served with bravery in 
severuiengngemcnts; and was severely wounded 
at Plattsbuig in 1814. After the war ho con- 
nected himself with the Prot.-Epis. Church, 
officiating for several years as lay-reader among 
the Oneida Indians; and in 1826 was ord. mis- 
sionary in Northern N. Y. and in Wis. Terr, 
for many years. He derives his notoriety from 
an article by Rev. Mr. Hanson in Putnam's 
Mag., entitled "Have we a Bourbon among 
Us f " and a subsequent vol. by the same per- 
son, called " The Lost Prince." Author of 
"Iroquois Spelling-Book," 1813; "Caution 
against our Common Enemy," 1815; "Book 
of Common Prayer," transl. into Mohawk, 
1853 ; " Life of Thomas Williams," a chief of 
the Caughnawagas, 1859. 

Williams, Elisha, pres. of Yale College 
1726-39, b. Hatfield, Ms, Aug. 26, 1694 ; d. 
Wethersfield,July 25, 1755. H.U. 1711. Son 



of Rev. William of Hatfield. Ord. minister of 
Newington, Oct. 22, 1722. He passed from 
his parish duties at Wethersfield to the presi- 
dency of Yale. Obliged by ill-health to resign 
his rectorship of Yale Coll., he returned to 
Wethersfield, and was elected to the legisl., 
and app. judge of the Superior Court. He 
was in 1745 chaplain of the Ct. regt. sent to 
Cape Breton ; was subsequently app. to com. 
a regt. in an intended exped. against Canada ; 
went to Eng. in Dec. 1749 to receive the pay 
due .to himself and his regt., returning in 1752. 
He pub. some occasional sermons. 

Williams, Col. Ephralm, founder of 
Williams College, b. Newton, Ms., Feb. 24, 
1715; killed near Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755. 
Eldest son of Col. Eph., an early settler of 
Stoekbridge. In early life he made several 
voyages to Europe. In the war with France, 
1740-8, he served as a capt. in Canada; com. 
the line of Massachusetts forts on the west side 
of Ct. River; in 1755 he took com. of a regt., 
and was ordered to join the N.Y. forces under 
Gen. Johnson, who were marching northward 
to attack the French. He was proceeding wiih 
about 1,000 men and 200 Indians to attack 
Dieskau's advanced force, when he was ambus- 
caded by the French and Indians, and was 
killed at the first fire. He left his properly by 
will for the establishment of a free school at 
Williamstown, Ms., which was opened in 1791, 
was incorporated as a college in 1793, and be- 
came a flourishing institution. 

Williams, Frederick Dickinson, land- 
scape-painter of Boston, b. 27 Aug. 1828. Bos- 
ton Latin School, 1843; H. U. 1850. Draw- 
ing-teacher at the Boston Latin and High 
Schools 1850-7. Now (1871) a resident of 
California. Among his pictures are " Tremont 
St. by Gaslight ; " " At Home, a N. England 
Interior ; " " The Old Tannery on the Road 
to Franconia ; " " Back-Bay Lands ; " " New- 
England Hillsides ; " " The Seaside Pasture ; " 
"Manchester Coast;" "Summer at Lake 
George." 

Williams, George H., attv.-gen. U. S. 
(app. 14 Dee. 1871), b. Columbia Co., N.Y., 
23 Mar. 1823. Received an academical educa- 
tion in Onondaga Co. Studied law ; adm. to 
the bar in 1 844, and emig. to Iowa ; elected 
judge 1st jud. dist. 1847; apyi. chief justice 
Oreg. Terr. 1853; re-app. 1857, but declined; 
member Const. Conv. of Oregon which 
formed the State govt. ; U. S. senator 1865- 
71. 

Williams, Henry Willard, M.D. (H.U. 
1849), oculist of Boston. Author of " Diseases 
of the Eve," 1862 ; " Recent Advances in Oph- 
thalmic "Science," 1866. 

Williams, Col. James; d. Oct. 8, 1780, 
of a wound at the battle of King's Mountain. 
He emig. from Granville Co., N. C, to Little 
River, Laurens Dist., S.C, in 1773. Member 
Prov. Cong, of S.C. in Jan. 1775 ; col. of mi- 
litia in April, 1779 ; com. a detachment at the 
battle of Stono, June 20, 1779 ; Aug. 18, 1780, 
he attacked and defeated a large body of Brit- 
ish and Tories, under Col. Innis, at Musgrove's 
Mills. He led one of the columns of attack at 
King's Mountain, where he exhibited great 
bravery, and fell in the thickest of the fight. 



987 



Two of his sons, Daniel and Joseph, were in 
the battle. — O'NeuU's JVewbem/. 

Williams, Jared VV., gov. N.H. 1S47-9; 
M.C. 1S37-41 ; U.S. senator 185.'!-4 ; b. N.II. ; 
d. Lancaster, N.H., Sept. 29, 1864. Brovm 
U. 1818. He served several terras in the State 
legislature. 

Williams, John, first minister of Deer- 
field, Ms., b. Roxbury, Ms., Dec. 10, 1664; d. 
Deerfield, June 12, 1729. H. U. 16S3. His 
grandfather Robert settled in Roxbury in 
1637. By the aid of liis maternal grandfather, 
Wm. Park, he received a liberal education. 
May 17, 1686, ho was settled at Deerfield, a 
frontier settlement exposed to continued at- 
tacks from the Indians. Feb. 29, 1 704 (0. S.), 
the place was taken and burned, 38 of the 
townspeople slain, and ab. 100 carried into 
captivity, — among them, Mr. Williams and 
his wife (who was murdered on the way) and 
children. They were taken to Montreal, where 
they remained from the end of March till Oct. 
23, 1706, when the survivors were sent to Bos- 
ton. His dau. Eunice, 10 years of age, was 
left behind, and m. an Indian. In March fol- 
lowing he pub. " The Redeemed Captive," an 
interesting narrative of Ids adventures ; an edi- 
tion containing tl;e Journal of his son Ste- 
S'len, and a History of Deerfield, was pub. by 
r. S. W. Williams, 12mo, 1837. He returned 
to Deerfield; m. a dau. of Capt. Allen of 
Windsor, Ct. ; and ab. 1710 was app. a com- 
miss. in the expcd. to Canada under Col. Stod- 
dard. His 3 sons, Eleazer, Stephen, and War- 
ham, were ministers. Stephen, D.D. (D.C. 
1773), minister of Longmeadow from 17 Oct. 
1716 to his d. 10 June, 1782 (b. 14 May, 1693 ; 
II. U. 1713), was a chaplain under Pcpperell 
at Limisbiirg (1745), under Sir Wra. Johnson 
(IT.-.o), and'under Gen. Winslowin 1756. Of 
his sons, Stephen was min. of Woodstock ; 
Warham, of Northford (1750-88); and Na- 
than, of Tolland (4 Apr. 1760 to his d. 15 
Apr. 1829; b. 1735 ; Y. C. 1755). 

Williams, John, jurist, b. Hanover Co., 
Va. ; d. Granville Co., N. C, Oct. 1799. He 
was one of the first judges under the State 
const, of N. C. in 1777-90, and a member of 
the Old Congress in 1778-9. 

Williams, John ("Anthony Pasquin"), 
b. London ; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 12, 1818. 
Educated at Merchant Tailors' School, and 
originally intended for the church, but pre- 
ferred literature, and was employed as a trans- 
lator by the London booksellers. He edited 
several journals in Dublin; and in 1784 as- 
sisted Henry Bate Dudley on the Morninij Her- 
ald. A violent quarrel soon severed this con- 
nection. In 1787 he was corresp. for the Uni- 
versal Reijisler. Two vols, of his poems were 
pub. Lonll. 1789. While in Ireland, his violent 
denunciation of govt, brought on him its ven- 
geance ; a heavy fine was imposed upon him : 
and he was adjudged by Lord Kenyon, in 
1797, "a common libeller." He came soon 
after to the U.S., where he edited a Democ. 
newspaper. Also author of " Legislative 
Biog.," 8vo, 1795 ; " The Hamiltoniad," Bos- 
ton. 1804; "Life of Alex. Hamilton," Boston, 
1804; "Dramatic Censor," 8vo, 1811. — See 
Allibone; Europ. Mag., 1789. 



Williams, Col. John, soldier and sena- 
tor, b. Surry Co., N.C, Jan. 29, 1778, d. near 
Knoxville, Aug. 10, 1837. Son of a disting. 
Revol. patriot. Was app. capt. 6th Inf April, 
1799 ; emig. to Tcnn. in 1803; engaged in the 
practice of law ; m. and settled near ICuox- 
ville. In the latter part of 1812 he raised a 
regt. of vols., and marched at their head into 
Florida ; app. col. 39th U. S. Inf 1 8 June, 
1813, with which he went to New Orleans ; in 
Dec. 1813 he joined Gen. Jackson, and partici- 
pated in the battle of Horse-shoe Bend ; U. S. 
senator 1815-23 ; several years chairman of its 
military committee. From Dee. 9, 1825, to 
March, 1827, he was minister to the republic 
of Central America, and was subsequently a 
member of the State senate. 

Williams, John, D.D. (Col. and Union 
Colls. 1847), Prot.-Epis. bishop of Ct. (eonsec. 
29 Oct. 1S51), b. Deerfield, Ms., 30 Aug. 
1817. Trin. Coll. 1835. Ord. deacon 1838; 
priest 1841 ; rectorof St. George's, Schenectady, 
1842. Pres. Trin. Coll., Hartford, 1848-53. 
Succeeded to the episcopate on the death of 
Bishop Brownell, Jan. 1865. Author of "An- 
cient Hymns of the Church ; " " Thoughts on 
the Gospel Miracles ; " " Inaug. Discourse Trin. 
Coll.," 1S49; also sermons, addresses, and 
articles in the Church Review, &c. Edited 
Browne's Exposition of the 39 Articles. 1865. 

Williams, John Foster, a naval officer 
of the Revol. ; d. Boston, June 24, 1814, a. 70. 



gun sliip built by the State of Ms. ; July 9, 1 780, 
he fell in with the letter-of-marqne " Admiral 
Dutt'" (32 guns and 150 men), which, after an 
action of an hour and a half, took fire, and was 
blown up. Late in Oct. 1780 he again sailed 
from Boston ; cruised a while in the W. Indies, 
where ho took several rich prizes ; but on his re- 
tuni-voyage, falling in with two armed ships 
of superior force, he was obliged to surrender, 
remaining a prisoner until the peace. In the 
celebration of the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution by Ms. in Feb. 1788, Capt. Wil- 
liams held a conspicuous place. From 1 790 to 
his d. he was com. of a revenuexutter. 

Williams, Gen. Jonathan, b. Boston, 
1752; d. Phila. 16 May, 1815. Son of Jona., 
a Revol. patriot. He received a good educa- 
tion ; was placed in a counting-house, and made 
several commercial voyages to the W. Indies 
and to Europe. He was in Eng. in 1770 and 
'73, where he was kindly received by Dr. 
Franklin, his grand-uncle, and was intrusted 
with letters and communications of political 
importance. Visiting France in 1777, he was 
app. U. S. commercial agent, and in 1785 re- 
turned with Franklin to the U.S. He was sev- 
eral years a judge of the C.C.P. in Phila. 
App. maj. of art. 16 Feb. 1801 ; insp. of forti- 
fications 4 Dec. 1801 ; and supt. of West-Point 
Acad.; lieut.-col. engrs. 8 Julv, 1802; col. 23 
Feb. 1808-31 July, 1812; gen.'of N.Y. militia 
1812-15. Elected to Congress from Phila. 
1814; vice-prcs. Amer. Philos. Soc. Author 
of a Memoir on the use of the thermometer in 
navigation, 1 799 ; " Elements of Fortilication " 
(transl.), 1801; and " Kosciusko's Movements 
for Horse Artillery," 1808. His son Capt. 



Alex. John was killed in defence of Fort Erie, in the 
15 Aug. 1814. wild./. 

Williams, Gen. Otho Hollakd, b. Hir^ 1 
Prince George Co., Md., in March, 1749; d. liuliai 
July 16, 1794. His ancestors were Welsh, and Euil.i 
came to America soon after Lord Baltimore be- vv;i> 
came proprietor of Md. At twelve he was left doi;!. 
an orphan, and was placed in the office of the the ( ' 
clerk of his native coimty, and afterward in stiiili > 
that of Baltimore, of which he had the princi- to t, 
pal direction. In the beginning of the Kcvol. siiilcd 
struggle he was app. lieut. of a rifle company, cure :\ 
and marched to the Amer. camp near Boston. " Kt\ 
In 1776 a rifle regt. was organized, in which he 
was app. major ; it formed part of the garrison 
of Fort Washington, N.Y., when that post 
was captured by tlie IJritish, and gained great 
honor by the gallant manner in which it with- 
stood the attack of the Hessian column to 
which it was opposed. Major Williams was 
wounded and taken, but was soon exchanged. 
App. col. 6th Md. Regt., with which, soon after 
the reduction of Charleston , he accomp. Baron 
De Kalb to S.C. ; and, when Gen. Gates assumed 
the com. of the Southern army, he was made 
adj.-gen., in which station he remained until 
the close of the war. He gained great distinc- 
tion in the disastrous battle of Camden ; per- 
formed efficient service during Greene's cele- 
brated retreat, in which he com. the light corps 
which acted as a rear-guard. He seconded 
Greene at Guilford and llubldrk; and, by his 
brilliant charge at Eutaw. 1m A. . U 1 iln' for- 
tune of the day. In May. I - i hK- a 
brig.-gen.; coll. of eustom- i r i i ^. i -i Md. 
until his death. — See J.'h ; / - ,, .^vo, 
1851. 

Williams, Reuel, LL.D. (Bowd. 1855), 



lawyer and senator, b. Augusta, Me., June 2, 
178.3; d. July •>:>. 1SG2. Adm. to the bar in 
1802, he was a jiiH ( i r v.: i. .T,,.i_> fliii- , :Mhl 

acquired high re I u ' . i 

1822-6, and of tli ^ i 1 - , 

the house in 182'.i-.;-' : I ■-. -< ,!,-,.r 1 ~ ;: i: : 
was active in the raihouil jjruj' x-t of uiiiiing 
Augusta with Boston ; and for 1 2 years was the 
manager of the road. 

Williams, KoiiER, founder of R.I., and 
the apostle of ri\i: :iimI i^ii_hiu, liherty in 
America, b. Wa! — , i ' r ... n! ii. r, ,\|ir. 

1683. Educatnl : - , i ;.t Siitl.M.'> 

Hospital, now tlir < II ..i . tu^\-i. and 

at Peillli. I ..:: , I , 1 I. . -I II I.. . an.' a 

noncon. : . uni 

in Am. ; .. ;, .i i . . . ._ ..i !'. . -.: l ■-, i ...'H . 
InApri: I,. «.:■ . i a ,1 ■ a. Ma sL.lton 
in the niinistrv ai a : , , rrin:^ at once 

his views of relia) 

ence of conscii'n. 

the separation ul t 'an 
a few months obliged to i 
where he was for two years assist, to Mr. Ralph 
Smith. Returning to Salem in 1633, he suc- 
ceeded Skelton, and was driven thence by an 
order of the Gen. Council, late in 1635, into 
exile for " his new and dangerous opinions 
against the anthority of magistrates." Per- 
mitted to remain till spring, he persisted in 
preaching in his own house ; and orders were 
sent in Jan. 1636 to seize him, and send him to 
Eng. He fled, making liis memorable journey 



his 



lie L.i 



1043). lie obtained a < liara i in laii, and 
landed in Boston in .Sapt. 1!. iMir i mrning, 
he pub. in Lond. "Mr. (Mti.m I., a r, lately 
printed. Examined and .\a ',. i .1 aal ixlso 
his celebrated work, wlii. :. . a. . i - a, princi- 
ples of toleration, — •■ I I r 1 ! .lit of 
Pei-secution for Cau>r .n i a . i. a. , ' At 
the dose of 1651 he agani mmicU Lag. to se- 
cure the confirmation of the charter, in which 



he succeeded. Cotton having replied to his 
"Bloodv Tcncnt," Williams pub. (Lond. 1652) 

"Tha III 1i ThmiiI x.-i ni.iiv !;; ', livMr. 

Cottaa- 1 ,..■...,',; W in the 

Blood . I same 



al Lite and 
During this 

. time engaged 
with Milton, 

nitli whom he 

.11 ]o... ofthe 
a ha laid 2i 
n.ia^ .iiabled 



Cromuall, a, 
pas.=ied much 
Colony in Sa 
years. His i 
him to rend, 
around him I 
ties of savaa. 
R.I. into tlia 



lia independ- 

i^iitrate, and 

ita, he was in 

' Plymouth, 



I al a;. ; ..a .. admit 

1 ' a. I I ;_|.,., ,ai.| . .,vn put 

M: '.: ir has been written by J. 

I> . I Will. Gammell (1846), and 

l; I a. a ,1 -a.aa The XaiTa..;aii>at Club 

in IKliOpiih. avol. coniaiaiaa a |.i..a of Wil- 
liams by R. A. Guild i' K \ into 
the Language of Anim. .1 Ham- 
mond Tnuiilaiin, an.l . .; . , I r with 

n-.lliaaa'- l;..plx. I:,... a , , ■: i ,a,- the 

ii_ ha . ' ' ''. . ontro- 

1 ..ant of 

«lii.'li 1- II" I.I ■ .'I lia pai.^,, .-■■ ..^e FoX 

.liaa...l ..III ..r his Bnrrowcs " (1C7G). 

Williams, S.imuel, LL.D. (Edinb. 
I7s.-i|, historian, and Hollis prof, of mathe- 
matics and nat. philos. in 11. U. 1780-8, b. 
Waltham. Ms., Apr. 2.-;. 1 :p; ; .! laa ,i,.l, Vt., 
Jan. 2, 1817. H.U. ITai ... , r Rev. 

John of Deerfield. (h.l a , . .i lai.lford, 
Nov. 20, 1765-80. Ini: a I i.i Rut- 

land, where ha ji. a. hi. . : a-.j,,, ;nid where 
he resided dnn II a :ii. ; . .^ !a- life. He sur- 
veyed the wi'^i I ..a I .. Ma in 1786, and 
the boundary liia ..i \ I ..:.. Some time 
editor and prop, of til.. / // ./. fellow 
of the Amer. Acad., of til I ^. iv; and 
pub.,bcsidespapcrson aa i the sci- 
entific journals, "The N a i a liaait I- a lli,.-tory 
of Vt.," 8vo_, 1794, enlarged edition, 2 vols. 8vo, 
1809. During his residence at Bradford, Benj. 
Thompson, afterwards Count Rumford, studied 



"wrL 



pliUosophy under him, was a member of his 
family, and corresp. witli liim until 1791. His 
son Gen. C. K. Williams became chief justice 
and gov. of Vt. 

Williams, Samuel Wells, LL.D. (Un. 
Coll. 1850), orientalist, b. Utiea, N.Y., Sept. 
1812. After studjHng at the Rensselaer School, 
Tro)', he went in 1833 to China as a printer for 
the nii-'ionarv honr-l nt f';inton, and assisted 
in idi: :: :' ' /. ' /. Inl837, while 

on :i . _ I I !- I 1]. an, he obtained 

fvuia -.' :i -ii-,.i :• • ,.. -1 .l,,;.,,ih'^o a knowledge 
oCtlii-ir l.iiiuica^i-, iiaii^l.ae.i a iivatise on smelt- 
ing copjier truni the original, and made a ver- 
sion of the Book of Genesis and the Gos]iol 
of St. Matthew into .Japanese. He eontrib. 
to Dr. Bridgman's "Cliiii .■ ri-r--^tnmathv;" 
and pub. " Easv Lo^-.i; n i ' ii " 1841; 
"English and 'Chin. - \ . ,, . , ' IS43; 
and "Chinese Commnri ill imili i-i4. Re- 
turning home, he reaeliiu Aew Vi)ik in Oct. 
1845, and pub. "The Middle liingdora," 2 
vols. 1848. In 1848-51 he edited the Chinese 
Repositorii at Canton ; in 1 S,')3-4 he was inter- 
preter to' Com. PeiTy's .I.iiiir, .-:;,., 1 ; in 1855 
he was sec. and interpiv: ' r ^ ! nation ; 

in 1856 he pub. a "'I- l" : i . ..f the 
Chinese Language ;" in 1--^ ii a -i-i.il Mr. 
Keed in the negotiations at lient>eii. and in 
1859 went with Mr. Ward to Pckin to ex- 
change the ratifications; in 1860 he lecUired 
before the Smithsonian Inst, and elsewhere in 
the U. S. — Appleton. 

Williams, Gen. Seth, b. Augusta, Me., 
IMarch ii, 1822; d. Boston, March 23, 1866. 
West I'oint, 1842. Son of Hon. Daniel of 
Augusta, ile. Entered 2d Art. ; was 1st lieut. 
iu iS47; served with Scott's army in Me.\ico, 
participating in the principal battles, as aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Patterson ; and was brev. capt. 
for gallantry at Cerro Gordo. After the war 
he was assigned to the adj.-gen.'s dept. ; pro- 
moted to maj. Aug. 3, 1861 ; liout.-col. July 17, 
1 862 ; made brig.-gen. vols. Sept. 23, 1 86 1 ; adj .- 
gen. to ( len. McClellan in Western Va., and 
until JliClellan was relieved of the com. of the 
Army of the Potomac ; and held the same posi- 
tion with Gen. Meade. May 10, 1864, he was 
placed on the staff of Gen. Grant as acting in- 
spector-gen. ; brev. col. U.S.A. for Gettysburg; 
maj.-gen. vols. 1 Aug. 1864 for merit, sen'ices 
since Gettysburg; brig, and maj. gen. U.S.A. 
for campaign ending with Lee's surrender, and 
for gallant and merit, services in the field dur- 
ing the Rebellion. 

Williams, Stephen West, M.D., a dis- 
ting. physician and author, b. Deerfield, Ms., 
Mar. 27, 1790; d. L.aona, HI., July 6, 1855. 
Son of Dr. W. S. Williams of Deerfield. Re- 
moved to Laona in 1 852. A Memoir is in the 
Phila. Med. and Sun/. Jour, of Aug. 1852. Au- 
thor of "Amer. Med.Bio^.," 8vo, 1845; "Me- 
moirs of Rev. John "Williams of Deerfield ; " 
"Genealogy of the Williams Family," 1847; 
"Indigenous Medical Botany of Ms.," 8vo; 
"Cateeliism of xVIed. Jtirisprudence," 18mo, 
1835. Contrib. to med. and scient. journals. 

Williams, Gen. Thomas, b. N.Y. 1815; 
killed in the battle of Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 
1862. AVest Point, 1837. Entering the 4th 
Art., iu 1 840-1 he was assist, prof, of math, in 



the Milit. Acad. ; was aide to Gen. Scott in 
1844-50; won the brevets of capt. and major 
iu the Mexican war ; capt. 12 Sept. 1850; maj. 
5th Art. 14 May, 1861 ; and Sept. 28 was made 
brig.-gen of vols. He com. for a time the forts 
at Hatteras Inlet; accomp. Butler's exped. to 
New Orle-ons ; led the land-forces in the unsuc- 
cessful siege of Vieksburg, cutting the canal 
designed to turn the course of the Mpi. from 
that city ; and afterward held com. at Baton 
Rouge. He vigorously repulsed the attack 
upon that place by the Confeds. under Breck- 
enridge, but fell towards the close of the action 
while leading a Michigan regt. in a charge. 

Williams, Thomas Scott, LL.D. (Y.C. 
1834), jurist, b. Wcthersficld, Ct., June 26, 
1777 ; d. Hartford, Dec. 15, 1861. Y.C. 1794. 
Adm. to the bar in Feb. 1799; commenced 
practice at Mansfield, removing to Hartford in 
1803; member of the Gen. Assembly 7 times 
between 1813 and 1829 ; M.C. in 1817-19; in 
May, 1829, wasapp. anassoc.judge'of the Sup. 
Court of Errors and of the Superior Court ; and 
in May, 1 834, was app. chief justice, which office 
he held till 1847 ; mayor of Hartford 1831-5. 
Some years pres. of the Amer. Tract Society ; 
was a large contrib. to objects of benevolence, 
and bequeathed nearly $30,000 to charitable 
institutions. An active member of the Foreign 
Mission and Bible Societies. 

Williams, William, minister of Hatfield, 
Ms., 1685 to his d. Aug. 31, 1741, b. Newton, 
Feb. 2, 1665. H.U. 1683. Son of Isaac, and 
grandson of Robert of Roxbury . He preached 
a half-century sermon from his ord., as also did 
his son Solomon, his grandson Eliphalet at E. 
Hartford, and his great-grandson Solomon of 
Northampton. 

Williams, William, a signer of the Decl. 
of Indcp., b. Lebanon, Ct., Apr. 18, 1731 ; d 
Aug. 2, 1811. H.U. 1751. Son of Rev. Solo- 
mon. In 1755 he belonged to the staff of his 
relative, Col. Eph. Williams, and was engaged 
in the battle of Lake George; in 1773 he was 
a member of the com. of corresp. of Ct. ; in 
1775 speaker of the house, and afterwards a 
member of the council ; was an active member 
of the com. of safety. After serving a long time 
in the legisl., he was in 1776-7 and 1783-4 a 
member of the Cont. Congress. He aided in 
arousing the spirit of freedom by several essays 
on political subjects, and once by an impres- 
sive speech; and expended nearly all his prop- 
erty in the cause. Member of the convention 
of his State which adopted the Federal Consti- 
tution. His wife was a dau. of Gov. Trumbull. 

Williams, William R., D.D., clergyman, 
b. New York, Oct. 14, 1804. Col. Coll. 1822. 
Son of Rev. John, pastor of the Oliver-st. Bap- 
tist Ch., N.Y. City. lie studied law 3 years m 
the office of Hon. "P. A. Jay ; practised a year ; 
visited Europe ; and, entering upon the Baptist 
ministry, was installed over the Amity-st. Ch., 
New York, in 1831. He has pub. 2 vols, of 
discourses; "Religious Progress," 1850; "Lec- 
tures on the Lord's Prayer," 1851; a vol. of 
"Miscellaneous Addresses," 1850, &c. A 
" History of the Baptists," by him, is an- 
nounced (1871) from the press of Harper & 
Bios. Dr. Williams has a high reputation as 
an author and pulpit-orator. 






990 



Williamson, Hnan, M.D., LL.D., states- 
man and man of letters, b. West Nottingham, 
Pa., 5 Ucc. 1735; d. N.Y. 22 May, 1819. U. 
of Pa. 1757. He studied divinity; preached 
occasionally during two yeara; in 1760-3 was 
prof of mathematics in the U. of Pa. ; studied 
medicine at Edinburgh and Utrecht, where he 
took his degree ; and on his return practised 
successfully in Phila. Jan. 7, 1769, he was 
app. one of a com. of the Philos. Society to 
observe the transit of Venus, his account of 
which is in vol. i. of the " Philos._ Trans. ; " 
which also contains a paper by him on the 
transit of Mercury, 9 Nov. 1769. After visit- 
ing the W. Indies in 1772, he went to London 
to procure aid for an acad. at Newark, N. J., 
and was examined in Feb. 1774 by the privy 
council on the subject of the destruction of the 
tea ; spent some time on the Continent ; and, 
after the Decl. of Indep., returned home, bring- 
ing important papers. The letters of Hutch- 
inson and others were placid in the hands of 
Dr. Franklin, and reached Boston before Wil- 
liamson reached Europe, disproving the as- 
Fertion of his agency in thur procurement. 
In 1777 he engaged in mercantile pursuits in 
Charleston, S.C., with a youn^r brother. He 
subsequently practised medicine in Edenton, 
N.C. ; served a number of years in the house 
of commons ; served as a surgeon in the mili- 
tia of N.C. in 17S1-2, rendering aid to those 
wounded at the battle of Camden ; was a dele- 
gate to Congress in 17S2-5 and 1787-8, and to 
the conv. which formed the U.S. Constitution 
in 1787, as well as to the State conv. to ratify 
it in 1789; M.C. 1790-3; then removed to New 
York, where he was instrumental in forming a 
Literary and Philos. Society in 1814 ; and was 
a frequent contrib. to the " Transactions " of 
the learned societies of Europe and America. 
He pub. a series of essays upon Paper Curren- 
cy in 1 786 ; some fugitive pieces on Languages 
and Politics in the American Museum ; " Ob- 
servations on the Climate of America," 1811 ; 
" Hist, of N.C," 2 vols. 8vo, 1812 ; " Observa- 
tions on Nangable Canals ; " and an essay on 
Comets in "Trans." of Lit. and Philos. Soe. of 
N.Y. In 1810 he delivered a discourse on the 
" Benefits of Civil History," before the N.Y. 
Hist. Soc. Such was his integrity, that none 
could approach him with flattery or falsehood. 

Williamson, Isaac H., LL.D. (N.J. 
Coll. 1839), lawyer and jurist, b. Elizabeth- 
town, N.J., 1769; d. there July 10, 1844. 
Educated at the local schools of the place. 
He studied law with an elder bro., Matthias ; 
was adm. to the bar in 1791 ; was at one time 
prosec.-atty. for Morris Co., and rose to the 
head of the profession. In 1 81 7 he was elected 
to the Assemblv, and was gov. and chancellor 
of the State 18l'7-29. Pres. of the State Const. 
Conv. of 1844. 

Williamson, Jasies, landscape-painter, 
b. Tollcross, near Glasgow, Apr. 10, 1826 ; 
came to the U.S. in 1831, and is sec. of the 
Brooklyn Art. Assoc. His best pictures are, 
" Autumn in the Adirondacks," " Trout-Fish- 
ing," " American Fruit," and " Summit of 
Chocora by Twilight."— r«c/.(;rmaii. 

Williamson, Peter, well known for his 
singular adventures; d. Edinburgh, Jan. 19, 



1799. He was kidnapped when a boy at Aber- 
deen, and sent to Amer., for which he afterward 
recovered damages. He passed a considerable 
lime among the Cherokees, and, on his return 
to Edinburgh, amused the public with a descrip- 
tion ot their manners and customs, and his ad- 
ventures among them ; assuming the dress of 
a chief, imitating the war-whoop, &e. He had 
the merit of instituting a penny-post at Edin- 
burgh, for which, when it was assumed by govt., 
he received a pension. He was also the first 
who pub. a city directory. Author of " French 
and Indian Cruelty Exemplified," &c., Glasg. 
8vo, 1758; "Brief Account of the War in 
North America," 12mo, 1760. — Gents. Mag., 
Ixix. 167. 

Williamson, William Durkee, his- 
torian, b. Canterbury, Ct., July 31, 1779; d. 
Bangor, May 27, 1846. Brown U. 1804. His 
ancestor Timothy of Marshficld was a soldier 
in King Philip's Indian war. Commencing 
the practice of law at Bangor in 1807, he was 
atty. for Hancock Co. 1808-16 ; was State sena- 
tor in 1816-20; was pres. of the first senate 
of the new State of Me., and acting gov., in 
1821; M.C. 1821-3. He was in 1824-40 a 
judge of probate for his county. He pub. a 
valuable Hist, of Maine, 2 vols. 8vo, 1832, 
a second ed. of which appeared in 1839. Mem- 
ber of several hist, and lit. societies, and a 
contrib. to the Amer. Quart. Register and to the 
" Colls." of the Ms. Hist. Society. 

Willing, Thomas, merchaiit and Revol. 
patriot, h. Phila. Dec. 20, 1741 ; d. there Jan. 
19, 1821. After reading law in the Temple, 
Lond., he became the head of the mercantile 
house of Willing and Morris, one of the largest 
in the country, who were the agents of Congress 
for supplying naval and military stores. Mayor 
of Phila. ; judge of the Supreme Court; repre- 
sentative in the Gen. Assembly ; chairman of 
a Revol. meeting in June, 1774; pres. of the 
Prov. Congress ; delegate to the Cont. Con- 
gress in 1775-6; pres. of the first chartered 
bank in Amer. ; and pres. of the first bank of 
the U.S. He was for 60 years an active, enter- 
prising, and successful merchant. — Simpson. 

Willis, Nathaniel Parker, poet and 
journalist, b. Portland, Jan. 20, 1807 ; d. Idle- 
wild, Jan. 21, 1867. Y.C. 1827. Son of Na- 
thaniel (1780-1870), founder, in 1816, of the 
Boston Recorder; and grandson of Nathaniel 
(1755-1831), one of the Boston " Tea-Party," 
and many years a journalist in Ohio. His 
mother, dau. of Solomon Parker, a woman 
of exemplary piety and benevolence, d. in 1844. 
He studied at the Boston Latin School and 
at the Phillips Acad, at Andover. While 
at college, he pub. some religious poetry, and, 
after graduating, edited " The Legendary," a 
series of volumes of tales, and " The Token." 
In 1828 he established the Amer. Montldi/ Mag., 
which he conducted two years, then merging 
it in the N. Y. Mirror. His " Pencillings by 
the Way " (repub. in 3 vols. 1835), contributed 
to the Mirror, give the history of his next 4 
years of travel and adventure in Europe. 
While in Paris, Mr. Rives, the American min- 
ister, attached him to his legation, and with 
this privilege he made his visits to the courts 
and capitals of Europe and the East. Return- 



991 



WiJ_. 



ing nfter his marriage in Eng., in 18.35 he sut- 
tleil in the Valley of the Susquehanna, at a 
place which he called " Glcnmary," where he 
passed 4 years, and wrote the " Letters fiom 
under a Bridge." Financial embarra'ssments 
caused his return to New York, where, in 1839, 
he established with Dr. Porter the Corsair, a 
weekly journal. He made a short trip to Eng., 
where he engaged Mr. Thackeray to write for 
the Corsair, and pub. in London " Loitcrings 
of Travel," a miscellany of stories, poems, and 
European letters; two plays, "Bianca Vis- 
conti " and " Tortesa the Usurer," with the 
joint title, " Two Ways of Dying for a Hus- 
band ; " and also the le"tter-press for two serial 
fubs. by Virtue on the Scenery of the U.S. and 
reland. Finding, on his return to N.Y., that 
the Corsair had been abandoned in discourage- 
ment by Dr. Porter, ho in 1844 established with 
Gen. Morris the Evrninq Mirror. His heal tli giv- 
ing way under the pressure of this occupation, 
he once more went abroad. He returned home 
in 1846, and was, until his death, co-editor, with 
Morris, of the Home Journal. In 1846 he was 
m. (for the second time) to the dau. of Mr. 
Joseph Grinncll of New Bedford. His " Pencil- 
lings " were severely criticised bv the Quarterli/ 
Review. He also pub. in Eng.'" Inklings of 
Adventure," 3 vols., originally contrib. to the 
New Monthly Mag. Among his other publica- 
tions are "Rural Letters;" "People I have 
Met ; " " Life Here and There ; " " Hurry- 
graphs; " "A Summer Cruise in the Mediter- 
ranean," 1853 ; " Fun Jottings ;"" A Health- 
Trip to the Tropics ; " " Letters from Idlcwild " 
(his residence on the Hudson, just above West 
Point) ; " Famous Persons and Places ; " 
" The Rag-Bag ; " " Dashes at Life with a Free 
Pencil," 3 vols. 1845; "Paul Fane," 1856; 
and " The Convalescent," 1860. His poems 
have been pnb. with illustrations by Leutze. 

Willis, Richard Stores, b. Boston, 10 
Feb. 1819. Y.C. 1841. Bro. of N. P. Willis. 
Author of " Church Chorals and Choir Stud- 
ies;" "Our Church Music," 1855; "Carols 
and Music Poems," 15 Nos., 1860-1; "Life 
of Bartholdy," 1865. Editor N. Y. Musical 
World, and of Once a Week, estah. 1862; con- 
trib. to " National Hymns," 8vo, 1861 ; and to 
the newspapers and periodicals. — Allibone. 

Willis, William, LL. D. (Bowd. Coll. 
1867), historian, b. Haverhill, Ms., 31 Aug. 
1794; d. Portland, Me., 17 Feb. 1870. H.U. 
1813. Descended Irom Michael, a cutler of 
Dorchester, Ms., 1638. Adni. to Boston bar 
1817; settled in Portland, Me., 1819; law- 
partner of Senator W. P. Fessenden 1835-54; 
State senator 1855 ; mayor of Portland 1857; 
jires. Me. Hist. Soc. 1856-65; member of 
many State Hist. Societies, and vice-pres. N.E. 
H. Geneal. Soc. Author of " History of Port- 
land," part i. 1831, part ii. 1833, and a new 
ed. 1865 ; Introd. Address bef. the Me. Hist. 
Soc. 1855; Address to same, 1857; " McKin- 
8try Genealogy," 1 866 ; " Books and Pam- 
phlets relating to Maine," 1859; "History 
of the Law, the Courts, and the Lawyers of 
Me.," 8vo, 1863; chief ed. "Me. Hist, Colls.," 
vols. 1-6 ; ed. Journals of Smith and Dcanc, 
with notes, &c., 8vo, 1849; and in 1869 of 
Dr. Kohl's " Discov. of Me.," in the first vol. 



of the documentary hist, of the State. Contrib. 
to N. E. Geneal. lief!.. Hist. Mag., Qmr. Jour- 
nal, Xnrton's Literary Letter. Imw Reports, &c. 

Williston, Ebexezer B., pres. Jeff. Coll., 
Mpi. ; d. Norwich, Vt., 28 Dec. 1837, a. 37. 
H.U. 1823. Author of "Eloquence of the 
U.S ," 5 vols. Svo, 1827. 

Williston, Samuel, philanthropist, b. 
Easthampton, Ms., 17 June, 1795. Son of Rev. 
Payson, min. of Easthampton 1789-1833. He 
began the study of theology, but discontinued 
it from weakness of the eyes. Gaining a for- 
tune by the manufacture of buttons, he estab- 
lished in 1840, in his native town, the Williston 
Scm., to which ho has given $250,000. In 1846 
he endowed professorships in Amh. College, 
adding in 1858 and 1859 sums which made in 
all $125,000. He gave liberally to the Mount- 
Holyoke Fem. Scm., and has 3 times erected a 
church at Easthampton, repeatedly burned. 

Willson, Marcids, b. W. Stockbridge, 
Ms., 1313. Un. Coll. 1836. Author of " Civil 
Polity and Political Economy," 1838 ; " Land- 
scape-Drawing," 1839; "Theoretical Arith- 
metic ; " scries of School Histories and Read- 
ers ; " Object Lessons," 1862 ; with N. A. 
Calkins, " School and Family Charts." 

Wiliner, Lambert A. ; d. Brooklyn, 
N.Y., 21 Dec. 1863, a. 58. Editor in early life 
of the Bait. Sat. Visitor; afterward for many 
years of the Phila. Pennsylvanian. Author of 
"New System of Grammar;" "Quacks of 
Helicon," 1851; "Life of De Soto," 8vo, 
1858; " Our Press-Gang," IS59. — Allilione. 

Wilmer, William Holland, D.D. (B.U. 
1819), Epis. clergyman, b. Kent Co., Md., 
1782; d. Williamsburg, Va., July 24, 1827. 
Wash. Coll. He first engaged in mercantile 
pursuits; was ord. in 1808; took charge of 
Chester parish, whence he went in 1812 to 
Alexandria, D.C., as rector of the parish of St. 
Paul's. He was in 1816 first rector of St. 
John's, Washington City; and in 1819-26 was 
an editor of the Washington Theol. Repertory; 
in 1823 he was app. to the chair of theology in 
the sem. in Alexandria, Va. ; and in 1826 pres. 
of VVra. and Mary Coll., and rector of the 
church at William.sburg. Besides sermons, 
Dr. Wilmer published in 1815 bis "Episcopal 
Manual." His controversy with Ba.xter, a 
Jesuit priest, was pub. 1818, 8vo. 

Wilmot, David, author of the Wilmot 
Proviso, b. Bethany, Pa., 20 Jan. 1814; d. 
Towanda, Pa., 16 Mar. 1868. Educated at the 
academies at Bethany and at Aurora, N.Y. ; 
adm. to practise law at Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 
1834, and practised at Towanda. He began 
political life a Democ. ; was M.C. in 1845-51 ; 
pres. judge of the 13th dist. of Pa. 1853-61 ; 
and was U.S. senator to fill a vacancy in 1861- 
3. While a bill was pending to appropriate 
52,000,000 for the purchase of a part of Mex- 
ico, he moved, Aug. 8, 1846, to add an amend- 
ment. " That, as an express and fundamental 
condition to the acquisition of any tcrr. from 
the republic of Mexico by the U.S., . . . nei- 
ther slavery nor involuntary servitude shall 
ever exist in any part of said territory." " The 
Wilmot Proviso, as it was called, was adopted 
by the house, but failed in the senate. Ho 
supported Van Buren for the presidency in 



992 



184S; Wi 


IS a 


dele-ate 


at Phila. 


in 


185i'i 1 


opposed 


the 


rei.ral 


was the 1 


iinsi: 


icco.^ful 


of Pa. ; 


was 


tciiipor 



lie Xat. Repub. Conv 



vention which in 1S60 nominated Mr. Lincoln 
to the presidency; and in IBM was app. by 
him a jiid^'c of the U.S. Court of Claims. 

Wilmot, Hos. Robert Ddnc.\n, b. Frcd- 
erickton, N.B:, 16 Oct. 1809. Educated at St. 
John, N. B. Elected to the N. B. legisl. in 
I84G; surv.-gen. 18.")l-4 ; prov. sec. in 1856- 
7, and also a member of the govt, in 1 865-6 ; 
mayor of St. John, and its representative for 
16 years; delegate for effecting a union of the 
British Provinces, and to the Council of Trade 
at Qnebec in Sept. 1865. Author of some im- 
portjint papers upon " Currency." 

Wilson, Alexander, ornitholoirist, b. 
Paisley, Scotland, July 6, 1 766 ; d. Phila. Aug. 
2.3, 1813. He was brought up in the trade of 
a weaver, which he followed 7 years, during 
which time be wrote verses for the Glasr/ow 
Advertiser. He pub. 2 vols, of Poems in 1 789 
and 1791, which he peddled through the coun- 
try. " Watty and Meg," pub. anonymously 
in 1792, met with a sale of 100,000 copies, and 
was attributcil to Burns. He also wrote for 
the Bee, and gained an rr rpn-nt it; ^ with 
Burns. Prosecuted ami i ■! ' ! lor a 
poetical lampoon, he vl-m: i i > . iitr to 
Amer., and landed at New I i-,: ,li i .i,,iyl4, 
1794. In the varied occiip;iiiuiis oi a weaver, 
peddler, and schoolmastei-, he lived on for 8 
years. By the advice of Bartram the botanist, 
iic turned' his attention to ornithology. In 
Oct. 1804 be set out on a pedestrian excursion 
to the Falls of Niagara, a metrical account of 
which he pttb. in the Portfolio, entitled " The 
Foresters, a Poem ; " in 1805 he began to learn 
the art of etching. Employed by Bradford, 
the Phila. publisher, upon aii edition of Rccs's 
" Cyelopsdia," he prevailed upon him to furnish 
funds for the publication of an Amer. orni- 
thology on an adequate scale. The 1st vol. of 
his great work appeared in Sept. 1808; but it 
was too ex])ensive to be very successful. The 
2d app. in 1810. In the course of publishing 
the first 7 vols, of his work, he travelled all 
over the continent to obtain subscribers and to 
increase his ornithological stores. On his re- 
turn, by laboring night and day in the prepara- 
tion of his work, be impaired his already 
weakened constitution, and hastened his death. 
The 8th and 9th vols, were edited after his 
death, with a biog. by George Ord, who had 
accorap. him in some of his journeys. The 
work was afterward continued by Charles 
Lucien Bonaparte (4 vols. 4to, Phila. 1825-33). 
— See Peabodfs Memoir of Wilson in Sparls's 
Amer. Biog., 2d ser., vol. i., and AUibone. 

Wilson, Allen B., inventor, b. Willet, 
Cortland Co., N. Y. Has made imporiant 
improvements in the sewing-machine. The 
first, patented 12 Nov. 1850, made the stitch 
with less expense of time and power than the 
original ; another improved the mechanism 
for holding and feeding the cloth; and, 12 
Aug. 1851, he patented the "rotating hook," 
one of the most valuable improvements ever 
made in the sewing-machine. The first 



" Wheeler and Wilson " sewing-machine was 
madceaiiv in 1851. 

Wilson. BiKi), D.D., LL.D., b. Carlisle, 
Pa.. 1777 ; d. N.V. City, 14 Apr. 1859. Phila. 
Coll. 1792. Sun of James Wilson the signer. 
Pres. judge C.C.P., 7th circuit, 1802; ord. 
deacon Pr.-Ep. Ch. 1819; rector of St. John's, 
Norri-stown, Pa., 1819-21 ; prof, svstem. divin. 
N.Y. Epis. Sem. 1821-50; and eineritus prof. 
1850-9. Author of an edition of Bacon's 
"Abridgment," 7 vols. 8vo, 1811-13; Me- 
moir of Bishop White, 8vo, 1856. — See 
Memorial of B. Wilson, by W. White Branson, 
1864. 

Wilson, Daniel, LL.D., prof of history 
and Eng. lit. U. of Toronto since 1853, b. Ed- 
inburgh, 1816. Bro. of " Christopher North." 
Author of "Memorials of Edinbnrah," 1847; 
"Oliver Cromwell," 1850; " Archirolosry, &c., 
of Scotland," 1851 ; "Prehistoric Man/' 1865; 
" Chattcrton," 1869. Four years editor of the 
Canadian .founial. Pres. of the Canadian In- 
stitute since 1 859. — Morrjan. 

Wilson, Henry, statesman, b. Farming- 
ton, N.H., Feb. 16, 1812. The son of poor 
parents, he was brought up on a farm, and had 
little schooling, but, accumulating a little 
money by shoemaking at Natick, Ms., studied 
for a while in the academies at Stafford, Wolfs- 
borough, and Concord. He resumed shoe- 
making at Natick in 1838. In 1840 he took 
an active part in the presidential canvass, and 
made upward of 60 speeches in behalf of Har- 
rison. In the next 5 years he was 3 times 
elected from Natick to the legisl., and tivice a 
senator from Middlesex Co. An active and 
zealous opponent of slavciy, he made an elab- 
orate speech on his resolution in the legisl., 
declaring the unalterable hostility of Ms. to 
the farther extension and longer continuance 
of slavery in America. Delegate to the Wliig 
nat. conv. of 1848, and, on the rejection of 
antislavery resolutions, withdrew from it, and 
took a prominent part in organizing the Free- 
soil party. He then bought the Boston Rep'jb- 
lican, a daily newspaper, which he edited for 
two years. In 1851 and '52 he was pres. of the 
State Senate; in 1852 he was pres. of the Free- 
soil nat. conv. at Pittsburg. He took a promi- 
nent part in the Const. Conv. of 1853, and was 
the Freesoil candidate for gov., but was dt-- 
feated. He was elected to the U.S. senate in 
1855, where he has ever since been conspicuous. 
For a brief period in 1855 he was associated 
with the American party, but, on the adoption 
of a proslavery platform by its national coun- 
cil, withdrew from it, and took an active shar ■ 
in organizing the Rcpub. partv. He has taki u 
part in all important debates m the senate, and 
made elaborate speeches on Kansas, the treas- 
ury-note bill, the expenses of the govt., the 
tai-ilf, the Pacific Railroad, and many ot'a-^r 
topics. His speech in defence of free l.nbor in 
reply to Senator Hammond of S.C, March. 
1859, attaint d an immense circulation through 
the fi-ee States. In March, ie61, he was made 
chairman of the com. on military allairs, a post 
which the civil war rendered one of great labor 
and responsibility. In the session of 1861-^2 
he introduced the bills abolishing slavery in 
the Dist. of Col., and for abolishing the " black 



war. 



code." In the autumn of 1861 he raised the 
22d Ms. Eegt., of which he was for a short 
time col. In 18G2 he brought in the bill for 
the employment of colored soldiers. He intro- 
duced many important measures to organize 
and develop the luilitrry resources of the 
counti-y during the civil war, and delivered 
about 100 speeches at various places in support 
of the Union. In 1864 he puh. a " History of 
the Antislavery Measures of the 37th and 38th 
Congresses ; " in 1 866 " Military Measures of 
the U. S. Congress," 8vo, 1866; "History of 
the Rctonsiruction Measures of the 39th and 
40ih Congresses," 1S6S. 

Wilson, James, LL.D., a signer of the 
Dccl. of Inilcp., b. near St. Andrew's, Scotland, 
ab. 174:2; d. Edcnton, N.C., Aug. 28, 1798. 
He studied successively at Glasgow, St. An- 
drew's, and Edinburgh ; then craig. to PhUa., 
wherc_ in 1766 ho was first employed as a 
tutor in the coll. and academy ; a few months 
afterwards ho commenced the study of law in 
the otBce of John Dickinson; was adm. to 
the bar in 1 768 ; practised successfully at Read- 
ing, then at Car.isle, then at Annapolis, and 
in 1773 returned to Phila., where he continued 
to reside during the rest of his life. Upon the 
opening of the controversy with Great Britain, 
he wrote and pub. his sentiments with great 
freedom and boldness. He was a member of 
the conventions held in 1774 and '75. He took 
his scat in Congress, May 10, 1775, and voted 
in favor of the Dfcl. of Indep., in opposition 
to the majority of his colleagues from Pa. In 
1 782-3 and 1785-7 he was again a delegate ; in 
1779-81 ho was advocate-gen. of France, and 
continued to give advice imtil 1783, when the 
French sent him a present of 10,000 livres. He 
was a member of the conv. which framed the 
Constitution of the U.S. ; was one of the com. 
who reported the draught, and in the State 
conv. was efficient in procuring its adoption. 
He was subsequently a member of the conv. 
which changed the constitution of Pa., and 
was one of the com. to make the di-aught. In 
Sept. 1789 he was app. a judge of the U.S. 
Supreme Court. In 1790 he was app. prof, of 
law in the U. of Pa., and delivered a course 
of lectures, which are contained in his works, 
pub. in Phila. 3 vols. 1804. He pub. "Ad- 
dress to the Citizens of PhUa.," 1784; and 
with Thomas McKean, LL.D., " Commentaries 
on the U. S. Constitution," Lond., 8vo, 1792. 

Wilson, James Grant, b. Edinburgh 1 832. 
Son of Wil.iam of Perthshire, with whom he 
came to the U.S. in Dec. 1833, and was his 
partner in the bookselling and publishing busi- 
ness in Chicago. During the Rebellion he 
served under Grant at Vicksburg, and subse- 
quently under Banks in La. He has since 
resided in N.Y. Citv- Author of "Illinois 
Officers in the Rebellion," Svo, 1863 ; " Love 
in Letters," &c., 1867 ; "Life of Gen. Grant," 
Svo, 1863; "Mr. Secretary Pcpys and his 
Diary," 1869; "Life and Letters of Fitz 
Greene Hallcck," 1869; "Sketches of Illus- 
trious Soldiers ; " " Poets and Poetry of Scot- 
land," and " Historv of Chicago," are in SIS. 
Ho edited Ilalleck's "Poetical Works," 1869 ; 
assisted in preparing the " Life of Audubon," 
by his widow, 1 S69 ; edited the Chicago Record 



and the iVort/i - TFr-strrn Qnart. Mar].: and has 
contrib. to Appleton's Cyclop, and the maga- 
zines of the day. — AUihom. 

Wilson, Gen. James II., h. ID. ab. 1838. 
West Point, 1 860. Entering the Topog. Engrs., 
he became 1st lieut. 9 Sept. 1861, aiid capt. 7 
Mav, 1863; lieut.-col. staff U.S. Vols. 8 Nov. 
1862; brig.-gen. vols. 31 Oct. 1863; maj.-gen. 
vols. 20 Apr. 1865. He seiTcd in the Port- 
Royal exped. ; at the capture of Fort Pulaski, 
Ga., for which he was brev. major 1 1 Apr. 
1862 ; aide to Gen. McClellan at South Moun- 
tain and Antiotam ; assist, engr. and insp.-gen. 
Army of the Tenn. in Vicksburg campaign of 
Mar.-Oct. U-63 ; brev. lient.-col. 24 Nov. 1363 
for battle of Chattanooga; com. 3d cavalry 
div., Army of the Potomac, May-Aug. 1 864 ; 
brei-. col. 5 May, 1864, for the battle of the 
Wilderness, and engaged in the principal ac- 
tions during that period ; in the Shenandoah 
campaign, Aug.-Sept. 1864, and engaged at 
Summit Point 21 Aug., and at Opcquan 19 
Sept. 1864; com. cavalry of the div. of the 
Mpi. Oct. 1864-July, 1865, and engaged in 
Gen. Thomas's campaign, driving the Confed. 
cavalry across the Harpeth River during the 
battle of Franklin, 30 Nov. ; and in battle of 
Nashville, for which he was brev. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865; com. cavalry exped. 
into Ala. and Ga. Mar .-Apr. 1 865 ; and brev. 
maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for capture of 
Selma, Ala. ; tuok Montgomery 12 Apr., Co- 
lumbus 16 Apr., and Macon 20 Apr.; and 
finally, 10 May, 1865, captured Jclicrson Da- 
vis, pros, of the Confederacy. Lieut.-col. 35th 
Inf 28 July, 1866 ; discharged 31 Dec. 1870. — 
CuHum. 

Wilson, James Patriot, D.D. (U. of Pa. 
1807), minister in Phila., b. Lewes, Del., 21 
Teb. 1769; d Bucks Co., Pa., Dec. 10, 1830. 
U. of Pa. 1788. Son of Rev. Dr. Matthew 
Wilson. Adm. to the bar in 1790. He was first 
a disting. lawyer, and from 1806 to 18.30 pas- 
tor of the Firs't Presb. Church. He pub. " Lec- 
tures on the Parables and the Hist. Parts of 
the New Testament," 8vo, 1810; "Introd. to 
Hebrew," 1812; " Essay on Grammar," 1817; 
"Common Objections to Christianity," 1829; 
" Hope of Immort.," 1829; " Primitive Govt. 
of Christ. Churches," 1833, &c. 

Wilson, John, first minister of Boston, b. 
AVindsor, Enir., 1588; d. Aug. 7,1667. Sou 
of Rev. Dr. Wm. He was educated at King's 
Coll., Cambridge, where he obtained a lelJow- 
ship, of which lie was deprived for nonconform- 
ity. After studying law and theology, he 
was chaplain in several families; then settled 
in the ministry at Sudbury, Suffolk; butinl629 
came to N. E. with Winthrop. A church was 
formed at Charlcstown, and, Aug. 27, Mr. Wil- 
son was ord. over it. Settled in Boston Nov. 
22, 1630, but returned to Eng. for his wife in 
1631. He was again ord. pastor in Nov. 1632. 
He was regarded as the father of the new plan- 
tation. He pub. in England " Some Helps to 
Faith," I2mo. 

Wilson, John, printer of Boston from ab. 
1843 to his d. 3 Aug. 1868, b. Glasgow, Scot- 
land, 1802. Author of " Scripture Pmofs and 
Illustrations of Unitarianism," Svo, 1833; 
"Concessions of Trinitarians," Svo, 1842; 



994 



WEN- 



"Treatise on Piinctuiition," 1844 and 1S50; 
" Unitarian Principles confirmed by Trinitarian 
Testimonies," 1355; "Elements of Punctua- 
tion," 185G. He prefixed an essay on Burns 
to an edition of iiis poems in 1837, and deliv- 
ered an address on Burns, in Boston, in 1859. 

Wilson, Peter, LL.D., scholar and lin- 
guist, b. parish of Ordu;,'hill, Scotland, Nov. 
23, 1746 ; d. N. Barbadocs, N.J., Auf,'. 1, 1825. 
Mar. Coll., Aberdeen. Emi;,'. to America in 
17G3. He was many years principal of llackcn- 
sack (N.J.) Acad.,' and of that at Flatbusli, 
L.I.; and was in 1789-92 and in 1792-1820 
prof, of Latin and Greek at Col. College. 
An .active Whig of the Kevol. ; member N.J. 
legisl. 177S-8.3. Ho pub. "Introd. to Greek 
Prosody," 1811, and an improved ed. 1812; 
"Latin Prosody," 181G; an cd. of Adams's 
"Roman Antiquities," 1819; and of the "Greek 
Test.," rcpr. Pliila. 1859. 

Wilson, ItOBERT Andersox, b. Coopcrs- 
town, N.Y., 1812; resided 3 years and a half 
in Cal., where ho was judge of the Sacramento 
goW dist. Author of " Mexico and its Reli- 
gion, or Incidents of Travel," 1851-4, I2mo 
1853; "A New History of the Conquest of 
Mexico," Svo, 1859. Edited, with notes .and 
appendix, vol. i. " Calif. Reports," by Bennet, 
18^3. — AUilione. 

Wilson, Samuel Farmer, journalist, b. 
New York, 1805; d. N.Orleans, March 12, 
1870. Col. <:oIl. 1822. Adm. to the N.Y. 
bar, but reiBOved to N. Orleans, where he was 
at one time associated with Gen. Wm. Walker, 
in the True Delia, and was afterward an editor 
and propriewr (if the Picayune. Author of 
" Hist. Amer. Revol.," 5th ed. 1834, new ed. 
1869. 

Wilson, Thomas B., naturalist, b. Phila. ; 
d. Newark, Del., March 15, 1865. Eminent 
as a zoologist. Ho raised to a high rank the 
Acad, of Nat. Sciences oif Phila., of which he 
was pres. His collections 'in this dept. were 
of great value. The splendid collection of 
birds belonging to the Piiila. Acad, was his 
gilt. 

Wilson, William, an early pioneer of 
Illinoi,, ; chief justice of the Sup. Court of 111. 
1819-49 ; d. White Co., 111., 29 Apr. 1856, a. 68. 

Wilson, William, bookseller and poet 
of Poughkeepsie, N.Y., b. Perthshire, Scot- 
land, 1801 ; d. 25 Aug. 1860. After many 
years' residence in Edinburgh, he came in 1833 
to the U.S., and in 1834 estab. himself at P. 
For 30 years a contrib., under the ?iowi de plame 
of " Allan Grant " and " Alpin," of poems to 
the periodicals. He edited the Scottish Songs, 
&c., of Hew Ainslie; assisted in editing the 
Dundee Review 1821-3; and in 1824 edited the 
Literary Olio. A vol. of his Poems, edited by 
Benson J. Lossing, was pub. I2mo, 1870. 

Wilson, William Dexter, D.D. (Gen. 
Coll. 1850), LL.D., clergyman, b. Stoddard, 
N.H., Feb. 28, 1816. He studied at Walpole 
Acad., and afterward in the Cambridge Theol. 
School, and was ord. in the Epis. miniritry in 
1 842. Prof, of hist, and moral and intcll. phi- 
los. Geneva Coll. 1850. He has pub. " A Man- 
ual of Church Principles," 1 846 ; " History of 
the Reformation in England," 1848 ; "The 
Church Identified," 1830; "Elementary Trea- 



tise on Logic," 1856; " Con;nitution of a 
Christ. Church derived from Holy Script. ; " 
in 1847 ho edited Bishop Maut "On the Ru- 
brics ; " and has contrib. to the reviews on 
philos. subjects. 

Winchell, Alexander, LL.D. (Wes. 
U. 18G7), geologist, b. North East, Duchess 
Co., N.Y., Dee. 31, 1824. AVcsI. U. 1847. 
Teacher of natural sciences at Amenia Sem., 
N.Y., 1843-51. and at Mesopotamia Female 
Sem., Ala., 1851-3 ; pres. of Alasonic Female 
U., Sclma, Ala., 1853 ; prof, physics and civil 
eng. U. of Mich. 185.3-5; and of gcol., zoiil., 
and botany, since 1855; pres. of Mich. State 
Teachers' Assoc. 1859 ; State geologist, Mich., 
1859-62 ; prof, of geology in the Ky. U. 1866- 
9 ; made director of the geol. survey of Mich. 
1869 ; prof, of geol., zool., and botany, U. of 
Mich. Member of a large number of scientific 
bodies at home and abroad. Has pub. 210 
original papers and volumes ; and has described 
300 new species and genera, mostly fossil. Ed- 
ited the Miclii,:.'an Journal of kdiinilion in 
1859. Author of '■ Sketches ofCreation," 1869, 
also a " Genealogy of the Family of Win- 
chell," 1869; "First Biennial Report Geolog. 
Siuv. of Mich. 1861 ;" " The Grand Traversa 
Region," Svo, 1866; "Geolog. Map of Mich.," 
Phila. 1865; "Geol. Ch.art NY.," 1870.— 
See. list of Ills papers in Allil-one. 

Winchester, Eluanan, clergyman, b. 
Brookline, Ms., Sept. 30, 1751; d. Hartford, 
Ct., April 18, 1797. He began preaching in 
1769; and in 1771 was pastor of a Baptist 
church in IJehoboth, Ms. Adopting the views of 
the restricted communists, he was excommuni- 
cated by his church. After residing in Charles- 
ton, S.C., from 1774 to 1780, he became pastor 
of the First Baptist Church in Phila. In 1781 
he founded there a Universalist church. He 
preached successfully in Eng. in 1787-94; and 
pub. " Four Dialogues on Universal Restora- 
tion," 1788; "Lectures on UnfulliUed Prophe- 
cies," 4 vols. Svo, 1 790 ; " Five Letters to Rev. 
Dan. Taylor," 1790 ; " The Progress and Em- 
pire of Christ," a poem, 1793; and "The 
Three Woe Trumpets," 1793. Among 37 
others of his publications are " New Book of 
Poems," Boston, Svo, 1773 ; " Hymns," 1776 ; 
" Oration on the Discovery of America," deliv- 
ered in Lond. 1792; "Life of Benneville; " 
" Five Letters on the Divinity of Christ ; " 
" The Beauties of the Millennium ; " " Ten Let- 
ters to Thomas Paine, in Reply to his Age of 
Reason," 1794 ; " Political Catechism," 1795; 
"Hymns on the Restoration," 1795 ; "Ad- 
dresses to Jews, Deists, and Christians." His 
Life was written by Vidler, and by E. M. 
Stone (Boston, 1836). 

Winchester, Gen. James, b. Md., 
1756 ; d. Tenn. July 27, 1826. Lieut, in the 
3d Md. Regt. May 27, 1778; and was made a 
prisoner by the British, and exchanged Dec. 
22, 1780; app. brig.-gen. Mar. 27, 1812; com. 
a detachment of North-western army, and de- 
feated by British and Indians near French- 
town, on the River Raisin, Jan. 22, 1813; re- 
signed March 21, 1815. 

Winchester, Samuel Gover, pastor 
of the Sixth Prcsb. Church, Phila. 18.30-7, and 
of a cong. at Natchez, Mpi., from 1837 to his 



995 



■WTN- 



d. at N. Y. City 31 Aug. 1841, b. Rock Run, 
Md., 17 Feb. 1805. Author of "Companion 
for the Slck,"lS3.3; "Christian Counsel to 
the Sick," 1836; Discourse at Oakland Coll., 
1838; " The Theatre," Phila.l2mo; "Impor- 
tance of Family Religion, with Prayers and 
Hymns," 12mo, 1841. — Spraqite. 

Winder, Levin, gov. Md. 1812-15; d. 
Bait. July 7, 1819, a. 63. App. maj. 4th Md. 
Regt. Apr. 17, 1777, and was alieut.-col.at the 
close of the Revol. war. Speaker of the h. of 
delegates before 1812; in 1816 was a mem- 
ber of the senate, and was also a gen. of militia, 
and i;rand-master of Masons of Maryland. 

Winder, Gen. William H., b. Somerset 
Co., Md., Feb. 18, 1775; d. Baltimore, May 
24, 1824. U. of Pa. Ho established himself 



798; 



was app. lieut.-col.inf. Mar. 16, 1812 ; col. I4th 
Inf. July 6, 1S12; com. a successful exped. 
from Black Rock to the Canada shore below 
Fort Erie, Nov. 28, 1812; brig.-gen. Mar. 12, 

1813 ; made prisoner at Stony Creek, U. Can- 
ada, June 6, 1813 ; adj. and insp.-gcn. May 9, 
1814; assigned to com. of 10th dist. July 2, 

1814 ; com. at the battle of Bladensburg, and 
in the unsuccessful defence of Washington City, 
Aug. 1814 ; and, after the war, resumed his pro- 
fession. He was disting. at the bar and in the 
6enate of Md., and, though unfortunate, was 
esteemed for gallantry and patriotism. His 
son Gen. John H. Winder, b. Md. 1800, d. 
Brancheville, S.C, Feb. 9, 1865, West Point, 
1820; assist, instructor in tactics there 1827-8. 
He served with distinction in the Mexican war, 
and at the opening of the Rebellion was major, 
and brev. lieut.-eol. 3d Art. He resigned 27 
Apr. 1861 ; entered the Confed. service; was 
soon made a brig.gen., but was not actively 
employed. He com. the post of Richmond ; 
had charge of Libby Prison, Belle Isle, and 
finally of Andersonville, Ga. His cruelty to 
prisoners rendered him infamous. 

Winds, Gen. William, Revol. officer, b. 
Southold, L.I.,ab. 1727 ; d. near Dover, Morris 
Co., N. J , 1789. He was one of the founders 
of the Presb. Church in Rockaway, and be- 
queathed to it more than half his large property. 
In 1775 he was lieut.-eol. in Lord Stirling's 
regt., and was a col. in 1776 at Ticonderoga. 
He was a large, athletic man, and had a most 
powerful voice. 

Winebrenner, John, founder of a re- 
ligious sect, called by him the "Church of 
God," but generallv termed Winebrennerians. 
Originally a minister of the German Ref. 
Church, he took charge, in 1821, of a small 
cong. at Harrisburg, Pa., from which he with- 
drew in October, 18.30, and founded a new sect. 
The church has 3 positive ordinances, — bap- 
tism, feet-washing, and the Lord's supper. Two 
things are essential to the validity of baptism ; 
viz., faith and immersion. The elders meet an- 
nually, while a general eldership of delegates 
from the annual elderships is held every 3 years. 
The denomination has a domestic and foreign 
missionary society, and a printing-establishment 
for its publications. Its organ is the Church 
Adroi-ntp, a. wceklv. 

Wines, Enoch Cobb, D.D. (Mid. 18.53), 
LL.D. (Wash. Coll. 1859), teacher and author, 



b. Hanover, N. J., Feb. 17, 1806. ^ Mid. Coll. gi 
1827. He became principal of an acad. at 
St. Alban's, and afterward assist, teacher in a 
female sem. in Alexandria, Va., and next 
opened a school In Washington City. In 1829 
he taught on board the ship " Constellation," 
in which he visited the Mediterranean. In 
1833 he took charge of the Edge-hill School, 
Princeton, N. J. ; in 1833 became prof, of lan- 
guages in the Central High School of Phila. ; 
in 1844 founded a boarding-school in Burling- 
ton, N. J., where he remained 4 years. In Jan. 
1849 he was licensed to preach by the Cong, 
board of R.I., and has since preached in various 
places. In 1853 became prof, in Wash. Coll., 
Pa.; and in July, 1859, took charge of a lit- 
erary institution, styled the " City U. of Si. 
Louis." Has latterly been engaged in a mission 
for the organization of an International Prison 
Congress. He has pub. " Two Years and a 
Half in the American Navy," 2 vols. 1832; 
"Hints on a System of Popular Education," 
1837; "How shall I Govern my School?" 
1838 ; " Commentaries on the Laws of the 
Ancient Hebrews," 1852 ; "A Trip to Boston," 
1838; "A Peep at China," 8vo ; Monthly 
Journal of Education ; " Essay on the Advan- 
tages of Studying the Classic Languages ; " 
" Lecture on Education as a Source of 
Wealth ; " " Treatise on Regeneration," 1863 ; 
" Essay on Temptation," 1865 ; " Promises of 
God," 1868; besides contribs. to periodicals. 

Wingate, Paine, jurist, b. Amesbury, 
Ms., May 14, 1739; d. Stratham, N.II., March 
7,1833. H.U. 1759. Gr.-grandson of John 
of Dover, 1660; grandson of Col. Joshua (b. 
Dover, N.H., Feb. 2, 1680, d. Hampton, Feb. 
9, 1769), who was at the capture of Louisburg, 
1745 ; son of Paine, minister of Amesbury 
1726-86 (H.U. 1723). He was ord. Cong, 
minister of Hampton Falls, N. H., Dec. 14, 
1763; dism. March 18, 1771; M.C. in 1787; 
U.S. senator 1789-93; again M.C. 1793-5; 
and a judge of the Superior Court of N.H. 
1798-May, 1809. His wife, a sister of Timo- 
thy Pickering, d. Jan 7, 1843, a. 100 years and 
8 months. 

Wingfleld, Edwin Maria, merchant of 
London, a member of a disting. family ; wa3 



first pre-^. of the Colony of Va. under the pat- 
" "" Apr. 1606. In consequence of dis- 
agreements, he returned to Eng. in 1 603. Capt. 



ent of 10 Ar 



John Smith gives him a very bad character. 
Charles Deane in 1860 edited, with Notes and 
an Introd., "A Discourse of Virginia" by 
Wingficld, first printed from the original MS. 
in the Lambeth Library. 

Winslow, Chakles Frederick, M.D. 
(H.U. 1834), b. Nantucket, Ms., ISU. App. 
consul to Payta, Peru, 1862. Author of "Cos- 
mography," 12mo, 1853; " Preparation of the 
Earth,'' &c., 1854; "The Cooling Globe," 
1865 ; " Force and Nature," &c., 8vo, 1869. 

Winslow, Edward, gov. of Plymouth 
Colony 1 633, '36, and '44, b. Droitwich, Worces- 
tershire, Eng., Oct. 19, 1595; d. at sea, be- 
tween St. Domingo and Jamaica, May 8, 
1655. He was of good family ; made a tour in 
Europe; and in 1617 joined the church of Rev. 
John Robinson at Lcyden. He was a passen- 
ger in " The Mayflower;" was one of 5 emi- 



^VTisr 



996 



grant brothers ; and, in the first conf. with Mas- 
sasoit, offered himself as a hostage, and won the 
attachment of the chief, which he strengthened 
in 1623 by curing him of a severe illness. lu 
1623-4 he made two voyages to Europe as agent 
for the Colony. Wliile in Eng. in 1635, as 
agent for the Colony, Archbishop Laud im- 
prisoned him in the Fleet Prison for 17 weeks 
on the charges of having taught in the church, 
being a layman, and performing marriage as a 
magistrate. In 16-19 he again went to Eng.; 
oidod in organizing the Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel in N.E., and was engaged 
in various public affairs. In 1655 Cromwell 
made him one of 3 comraiss. to superintend an 
cxped. against the Spaniards in the W. Indies, 
and he died in that service. He pub. " Good 
Newes from N. England," 1623; "Relation 
about Indians ; " " Hypocrisio Unmasked ; " 
" A Brief Narrative of the Tnie Grounds or 
Cause of the First Planting of N. England; " 
"The Danger of tolerating Levellers; "Glo- 
rious Progress of the Gospell among the Indi- 
ans," 1649; "New England's Salamander Dis- 
covered," &c., 1647; "A Platform of Church 
Discipline in New England," 1653. 

Winslow, HcBBAKD, D.D. (Ham. Coll. 
1858), clergyman and author, b. WilUston, 
Vt., Oct. 30, 1799; d. there Aug. 13, 1864. 
y.C. 1825. He studied theology; was settled 
pastor of the Fii-st Church at Dover, Dec. 4, 
1828 ; dism. Nov. 3, 1831 ; pastor of the Bow- 
doin-st. Church, Boston, Sept. 26, 1832-Mar. 
1844 ; from 1844 to 1853 he had charge of the 
Mt. -Vernon, or Beacon-Hill, Sem. for Young 
Ladies, in Boston; afterward travelled some 
months in Europe ; in 1 857-9 preached to the 
First Presb. Church in Geneva, N.Y. ; and in 
1861 was pastor of the 50th-st. Prcsb. Church. 
Among his pubs, are " Young Man's Aid ; " 
" Sermons on Christian Doctrines ; " " Dis- 
courses on the Trinity ; " " Social and Do- 
mestic Duties ; " " Are you a Christian "i " 
"Elements of Intellect. Philos. ; " "Appropri- 
ate Sphere of Woman," 1 837 ; " Woman as She 
Should Be," 1837 ; " Relation of the Natural 
Sciences to Revelation," 1839; "Design and 
Mode of Baptism," 1842 ; " History of the 
First Prcsb. Church and of the Village of 
Geneva, N.Y.," 1859; "Moral Philosophy," 
1856; "The Hidden Life," 1862. He deliv- 
ered numerous addresses on educational topics, 
contrib. to the Educational Journal, edited the 
Religious Ma/jazine, and wrote articles for vari- 
ous reviews. He was an able controversialist 
and an impressive preacher. 

Winslow, John, maj.-gcn., b. Marshfield, 
Ms., 27 May, 1702; d. Hi'ngham, Ms., 17 Apr. 
1774. Grandson of Gov. Josiah. Capt. in the 
unfortunate Cuba exped. in 1740. He was the 
principal actor in the tragedy of the expulsion 
of the hapless Acadians from Nova Scotia in 
1755; and it is a singular fact, that, 20 years 
after, nearly every person of Winslow's lineage 
was for political reasons, by the force of evente, 
transplanted to. the very soil from which the 
Acadians were expelled. Winslow was com.- 
in-chief at Fort Wm. Henry, on Lake George, 
in 1756; a major-gen. in the cxped. against 
Canada in 1758-9; and was an olUcer of cour- 
age and ability. App. pres. judge of C.C.P. 



for Plymouth Co. in 1762; Prov. councillor 
and member of the Ms. legisl. during the 
Stamp-Act difficulties. An orirfnal fotmdcr 
of the towa of Winslow, Sle., m 1765. His 
son Dr. Isaac d. Marshfield in 1819, a. 80. 

Winslow, John A., rear-adm. U.S.N., b. 
Wilmington. N.C., Nov. 19, 1810. Descended 
from a bro. of Gov. Edward. Midshipm. Feb. 1 , 
1827; lieut. Dec. 9, 1839; com. Sept. 14, 1855; 
capt.Julyl6,1862; commo. June 19, 1864; rear- 
adm. 1870. Attached to the frigate " Cumber- 
land" in the attack on Tabasco; and in various 
skirmishes on the Mexican coast 1 845-7 ; in the 
Mpi. flotilla 1861-2; at Fort Pillow; com. ex- 
ped. uf) the Wbite River for the relief of Gen. 
Curtis in June, 1862; com. "Kearsarge" 1863- 
4. June 19, 1864, he sunk the Confed. steamer 
"Alabama," Capt. Semmes, oil' Cherbourg, 
France. The action was fought while the two 
vessels were steaming at the rate of 7 or 8 miles 
an hour, and every few minutes sheering so as 
to bring their broadsides to bear, being forced to 
fight in circles, " swinging steadily around an 
ever-changing centre." After they had de- 
scribed 7 circles, and had reduced their distance 
from a mile to about a quarter of a mile, " The 
Alabama " began to sink. " The Kearsarge " 
lost only 3 killed and wounded. For tliis gal- 
lant action Capt. Winslow was made commo- 
dore. Com. Gulf squad. 1866-7 ; now (1S71) 
com. Pacific fleet. 

Winslow, Josiah, first native-bom gov. 
of Plymouth, son of Gov. Edward, b. Marah- 
field, Ms., 1629; d. there Dec. IS, 16S0. Ho 
had the command of a military company in 
Marshfield as early as 1652; in 1656 he cap- 
tured Alexander, eldest son of Massasoit, and 
defeated his plans against the Colony; in 1658 
was app. major, then commander of the mili- 
tary of the Colony ; in 1675 he was gen.-in- 
chief of the whole force of the U. Colonies raised 
iu liing Philip's Indian war. One of the com- 
miss. of the U. Colonics in 1653, he was re- 
elected for 13 years. He was chosen oue of the 
deputies in 1657, and until 1673 one of the as- 
sists., when he was elected gov., which office he 
held until his death. He was tolerant in an ago 
when that virtue was exceedingly rare. His 
wife Pe.nelope, dan. of Herbert Pelham, whom 
he m. in 1657, d. Dec. 7, 1703, a. 73. 

Winslow, MiRON, D.D. (II. U. 1858), 
LL.D. (Mid. Coll. 1864), missionary and phi- 
lologist, bro. of Rev. Hubbard and Gordon, b. 
Wiiliston, Vt., 1 1 Dec. 1789 ; d. Capo of Good 
Hope 22 Oct. 1864. Mid. Coll. 1815; And. 
Scm. 1818. His father Nathaniel, descended 
from Kenelm, who came in " The Ma%-nower," 
was a teacher, and d. Wiiliston, Vt., .30 April, 
1832, a. SO. In June, 1819, he sailed for India. 
After 17 years' labor at Ceylon, he founded a 
mission at Madras, and was pros, of the native 
college connected with it. Author of " Hist, 
of Missions," 1819 ; "Memoir of Harriet Wins- 
low," 1835; "Hints on Missions to India," 
1856; and in 1862, after 20 years' labor, his 
valuable " Dictionary of the 'Tamil and Eng- 
lish Language." He also translated the Bible 
into Tamil, pub. several works in India, and 
contrib. to periodicals. Ilis brother Gordon, 
many years Pr.-Ep. rector of St. Paul's, Statcn 
Island, drowned in the Potomac 7 June, 1804, 



Wi-N" 



997 



WLN" 



whfle insp. for the Sanitary Commiss., Army 
of the Potomac. His son Col. Cleveland d. 
of wounds received at Mechauicsville, Va., 7 
July, 18G4, a. 2S. 

Winsor, Justin, superintendent Boston 
Public Library since Feb. 1863, b. Boston, 
Ms., 2 Jan. 1831. Studied at Cambridge, Ms., 
Paris, and Heidelberg. Author of " History 
of Duxbury, Ms.," 8vo, 1849; compiler, with 
Rev. G. H. llepworth, of" Songs of the Unity," 
1859. Contrib. to various periodicals. He is 
now preparing a Liie of David Garriek. 

Winston, Joseph, b. Va. 1746 ; d. near 
Gormantown, X.C, 1314. He joined a com- 
pany of rangers in 1760; was twice wounded 
in an Indian fight on the Greenbrier ; was pen- 
sioned by the Icgisl. for liis gallantry ; removed 
to Stokes Co., N.C., in 1766; was its repre- 
sentative in 1775-6, and was app. a major; 
was in several fights with Tories ; and for his 
travcry at King's Mountain, where he com. 
the right wing, had a sword voted hira by the 
legisl. Commiss. to the Cherokccs, with whom 
a treaty was made in 1777. First senator from 
Stokes Co. in 1791, and member of the legisl. 
repeatedly untU 1812; M.C. 1793-5 and 1803- 
7. His son Gen. Joseph d. Platte Co., Mo., 
March 24, 1840, a. 52. He had filled important 
offices in Stokes Co., N.C. ; served in the war 
of 1812; W.1S many years in the State Icgisl. ; 
and was a major-general of militia. 

Winter, William, poet, b. Gloucester, 
Ms., 1836. Author of " The Convent, and 
Other Poems," 1854; The Queen's Dom.iin, 
and Other Poems," 1853 ; " My Witness," Sx., 
a book of verse, 1871. lias edited George Ar- 
nold's poems ; is dramatic critic of the N. Y. 
Tribune and X }'. Albion, and a contributor to 
magazines and journals. 

Winterbotham, William, assistant 
preacher at How's Lane, Plymouth, was ar- 
raigned for seditious words in his sermons, Nov. 
5 and 8, 1792; and in July, 1793, sentenced to 
4 years' imprisonment and a fine of .£200. Au- 
thor of "American Atlas," London, 1794; 
" Historical View of the U.S. and of the Eu- 
rop. Settlements of America and the West In- 
dies," 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1795 ; composed in 
prison, " View of the Chinese Empire," 8vo, 
1793. — Al'Ibonc. 

Winthrop, Fixz John, F.R.S., gov. of 
Ct. from 1698 till his death, b. Ipswich, March 
14,1633; d. Boston, Nov. 27, 1707. Eldest 
son of Gov. John of Ct. He went to Eng., 
where he held a commission under the Pro- 
tector Richard Cromwell in 1653, and, return- 
ing to Ct., became a representative in 1671 ; 
served as major in Philip's war, and in 16S6 
was one of the council of Gov. Andros. He 
I)ecame a magistrate of Ct. in 1689 ; in 1690 
was app. maj.-gen. of the army designed to act 
against Canada, and conducted the exped. with 
great prudence. In 1693-8 he was agent of 
the Colony in Great Britain, and discharged 
his duties so satisfactorily, that the Icgisl. pre- 
sented him vrith £500. Like his father, he was 
distinguished for philosophical attainments. 

Winthrop. John, gov. of Ms., b. Groton, 
Suflblk, Eng., Jan. 12, 1588 ; d. Boston, Mar. 
26, 1649. Like his father and grandfather, he 
was bred to the law; at 18 was a justice of the 



peace, and was noted for piety and hospitality. 
Made gov. of the Ms. Company in 1629, and 
chosen to lead a colony to Ms. Bay, he con- 
verted his estate into cash, left Eng., and landed 
at Salem, June 12, 1630. He soon removed 
to Charlestown, and selected the peninsula of 
Shawmut as the site of Boston, and sliared in 
the severe privations of the first year. Devoting 
himself assiduously to the good of the Colony, 
he was annually elected gov. until 1634, again 
in 1637-40, 1642-4, and fiom 1646 to his death. 
In 1636, when Sir Henry Vane was elected 
gov., Winthrop was chosen deputy-gov. Vane 
and Winthrop were on opposite sides in the 
Hutchinson controversy, and in 1637 Winthrop 
was chosen over Vane. He subsequently had 
a controversy with Vane in regard to the alien 
law. Again dep.-gov. 1644-5. Winthrop was 
opposed to an unlimited democracy ; and, when 
the people of Ct. were fonninjj a govt., he wrote 
them a letter, in which he said that " the best 
part of a community is always the least, and 
of that least part the wiser are still less." His 
firm and decided management of afl';iii-s some- 
times made him unpopular. He bore this with 
equanimity, and served the State as faithfully 
in an inferior station as at its head. He op- 
posed the doctrines of Anne Hutchinson and her 
followers, and was active in their banishment. 
His private character was most amiable. Gov. 
W. left 5 sons, the eldest of whom was the found- 
er of the Saylirook Colony, and gov. of Ct. 
His valuable "Journal" of the public occur- 
rences in the Ms. Colony from Mar. 29, 1630, 
to Jan. 11, 1649, was pub. in 1790, and, with 
notes by James Savage, in 1826 and 1853. He 
also wrote on board " "The Arbella " " A Mod- 
el! of Christian Charitv," printed in the Ms. 
"Hist. Colls." — .See Life and Letters of Win- 
throp, htj R. C. Wintlirop, 2 vols. 8vo, 1864-7. 

Winthrop, Johx, F.R.S., gov. of Ct.,son 
of the preceding, b. Groton, Eng., Feb. 12, 
1606; d. Boston, April 5, 1676. Dublin U. 
1622-5. He was in the exped. of 1627 for the 
relief of the Huguenots of Rochello; in 1628 
was an attacM of the embassy to Turkey ; fol- 
lowed his father to America in 1631, and was 
in 1632 chosen a magistrate of Ms. ; settled at 
Ipswich in Mar. 1633, but soon returned to 
Eng. In 1635 he came back with a commis- 
sion under the Warwick grant, built a fort at the 
mouth of the Ct. River, and was constituted 
gov. In 1644-5 he moved his family from Bos- 
ton to Pequot Harbor, where, in the following 
spring, he founded the city of New London. 
He was a magistrate in 1651 ; gov. from 1657 
to his d. Sent to Eng. in 1661, he procured a 
charter from Charles II. uniting Ct. and New 
Haven in one Colony, and was the first gov. 
under it. In 1676 he visited Boston as the 
representative of Ct. in a congress of the 
United Colonies. He was an accomplished 
scholar, a founder of the Royal Society of Iion- 
don, and the author of a number of papers in 
the "Philosophical Transactions." 

Winthrop, Jons, LL.D. (U. of Edinb. 
1771), F.R.S., Hollis prof of math, and nat. 
philos. in H. U. 1738-79, b. Boston, 19 Dee. 
1714; d. Cambridge, Ms., 3 May, 1779. H.U. 
1732. Son of Adam Winthrop, and descend- 
ant of Gov. John. Disting. for his mathemat- 



ical skill. His observations of tlic transit of 
Mercury, in 1740, were nolicrd liy tlir Kny. Soo. 
of Lond., of which he suIim^] i iitly !..( umr :v 
member. He observed the tiau -it oi \rMu^n\Lr 
tlie sun's disk at St. John's, N'ewtbundliui.l, 6 
June, 1761, an account of wliich he pub. Bos- 
ton, 8vo, 1761. He was several years juil.i;e of 
probate for Middlesex Co. ; member of the 
council in 1773-4 ; and a prudent as well 
as a. firm advocate of political liberty. Author 
of a " Lecture on Earthquakes," 1755; " An- 
swer to Mr. Prince's Letter on Earthquakes," 
1756; "Two Lectures on Comets," 1759; 
" Account of some Fiery Meteors," 1 765 ; and 
" Two Lectures on the Parallax," 1769. In 
1766 his paper, " Cogitata de Cometes," was 
communicated to the Roy. Soc. by Dr. Frank- 
lin, and was separately printed in London. 

Winthrop, Robert Charles, LL.D. 
(Bowd. 1849; Keny. 1851; H.U. 1855), ora- 
tor, politician, and man of letters, b. Boston, 
12 May, 1809. H.U. 1828. Sixth in descent 
from Gov. John Winthrop. His father Thos. 
Lindall, LL.D. (Trin. Coll. 1836), lieut.-sov. 
of Ms. in 1826-32 (b. N. Lond., Ct., 6 Mar. 
1760; d. Boston, 22 Feb. 1841 ; H.U. 1784), 
was a merchant, and took a deep interest in 
agriculture ; was pres. of the Ms. Agric. Soc, 
of the Jls. Hist. Soc, and of the Amer. Antiq. 
Soc, and a member of the Amer. Acad, of 
Arts and of the Philos. Soc; in 1786 he m. 
the eldest dau. of Sir John Temple, and grand- 
dau. of Gov. Bowdoin. The son studied law 
with Daniel Webster ; entered the State legi.sl. 
in 1835; was its speaker in 1838-40; M.C. 
1840-2 and 1843-50, and speaker in 1847-8; 
U.S. senator 1850-1, during the unexpired term 
of Mr. Webster. Pres. of the Ms. Hist. Soc, 
and of other literary and charitable associations, 
and also of the Boston Public-Library Building 
Commissioners . His congressional speeches are 
included in a vol. of " Addresses and Speeches," 
pub. 1852, followed by a second in 1867. Au- 
thor of " Life and Letters of John Winthrop," 
2vols., 1864-7; and "Memoir of Nathan Apple- 
ton," 1861. Among his addresses are those on 
the Washington Monument Inaug., 1848; 
Public Library of Boston, 1855; and that of 
the Franklin Statue in 1 856 ; in memory of 
Wm. H. Prescott, Feb. 1859 ; Josiah Quincy in 
July, 1864 ; on Edward Everett in Jan. 1865 ; 
and at Plymouth, 21 Dec 1870. In Dec. 
1 853 he delivered a lecture on Algernon Sidney 
before the Boston Jlercantile-Lib. Association. 

Winthrop, Theodore, soldier and au- 
thor, b. N. Haven, Ct., Sept. 21, 1828 ; killed at 
the battle of Great Bethel, Va., June 10, 18G1. 
_Y. C. 1 848. After a visit to Europe for his health 
in 1849-51, he became tutor to the son of Mr. 
W. n. Aspinwall, whose counting-house in New 
York he subsequently entered ; resided 2 years 
in Panama in the employ of the Pacific Steam- 
ship Co. ; visited California, Oregon, and Van- 
couver's Ishind ; and accomp. the unfortunate 
exped. of Lieut. Strain to explore the Isthmus 
of Darien. Returning in 1 854 in poor health, 
he was adm. to the bar, and practised at 
St. Louis, but, disliking the climate, soon re- 
turned to New York. Immediately after the 
fall of Fort Sumter, in Apr. 1861, he joined the 
N.Y. 7th Regt., and became military sec. to 



Gen. Butler at Fortress Monroe, with the rank 
of major. .Author of " Cecil Drecme," " John 
limit," " IMwin Brothcrtoft," "Canoe and 
SacMlc," " Life in the Open Air; " also a num- 
ber of nia:;a/.ino articles, among them an ac- 
count of the campaign of the N.Y. 7th Regt. 
in the Atlantic MontlJij of June, July, and Aug., 
1861. 

Winthrop, Waitstill, mn).-gon.,b. Bos- 
ton. Feb. 27, 1642; d. there 7 Nov. 1717. Son 
of Gov. John of Ct. Member of Aiidnis's coun- 
cil and of that of 1692; jud-c of admiralty; 
and chief justice of the Superior Court of Ms. 
His son John (b. 28 Aug. 1681, d. 1 Aug. 
1747 ; H.U. 1700) was some time a magistrate 
of Ct. ; afterward a disting. member of the 
Koy. Soc of Lond., to whose " Tr; 
he was a contributor. 

Wirt, William, LL.D. (H.U. 
orator, lawver, and author, b. Blade! 
Md., Nov. 8, 1772; d. Washington. 
Feb. 18, 1834. His father was a Sni 
his mother a German. Left an orpli; 



1824), 
nsburg, 
D. v.. 
and 
at the 



age of 8 with a small patrimony, he was edu- 
cated by his uncle Jasper, lle'resided ab. 20 
months' as a private tutor in the fomily of 
Benjamin Eduards, the father oC Gov. Ninisin 
Edwards of lllinuis. In 1792 he commenced 
the practice of law at Culpeper C.H., Va. ; in 
1795 he m. the eldest dau. of Dr. George Gil- 
mer, and settled at Pen Park, near Charlottes- 
ville. He there contracted dissipated habits, 
from which he is said to have been redeemed 
by listening to a sermon preached by James 
Waddell, whose memory he has perpetuated in 
his " British Spy." In 1799 his wife died, and 
he was soon after elected clerk of the house of 
delegates. He was in 1802 app. chancellor of 
the eastern dist. of Va., but shortly afterward.s 
resigned this office, and, toward the close of 
1803, removed to Norfolk. Just before this he 
wrote the letters j)ub. in the Richmond Argus 
under the title of " The British Spy," which 
have since been collected, and have passed 
through ten editions; in 1804 he pub. in the 
Richmond Enquirer a series of essays entitled 
"The Rainbow;" in 1806 he went to Rich- 
mond, and, the following year, greatly disting. 
himself in the trial of Aaron Burr, establishing 
his reputation as one of the foremost lawyers 
in the country ; in 1807-8 he was elected to" the 
house of delegates, in which he was a promi- 
nent advocate of the policy of Pres. Jetlerson ; 
in 1812 he wrote most of the essays originally 
pub. in the Richmond Enquirer under the title 
of " Tlie Old Bachelor." " The Life of Pat- 
rick Henry," his longest literary production, 
was first pub. in 1817. In 1816'he was app. 
U.S. atty.for theDist. of Va. ; and in 1817-30 
was atty.-gen. of the U.S. ; in 1830 he removed 
to Baltimore. He delivered a discourse on the 
death of Mr. Adams and Mr. Jefferson before 
the citizens of Washington, Oct. 19, 1826. In 
1S32 he was the candidate of the anti-Masonic 
party for pres. of the U.S. His Life, by J. P. 
Kennedy, was pub. (2 vols., Phila.) 1849. His 
widow Elizabeth Washingto.n, dau. of Col. 
Robert Gamble (b. 30 Jan. 1784, m. 1802, d. 
Annapolis 24 Jan. 1857), was the author of 
" Flora's Dictionary," Bait. 1829. 
Wise, Henky Alexander, politician, b. 



\V1S 



"^VIT 



Drumraondtown, Accomac Co., Va., 3 Dee. 
Ci li)L> 180G.^ Wash. Coll., Pa., 1825. His father, 
/ who was a lawyer, and once speaker of the house 
of delegates, d. 1812. His mother d. in 181.3, 
and he was educated by relatives. Adm. to the 
bar at Winchester in 1828, and settled in Nash- 
ville, Tenn., but in 1830 returned to Accomac ; 
M.C. 18.33-43, and a supporter of Gen. Jack- 
son, but, on his removal of the deposits from 
the U.S. Bank, went over to the opposition. 
Minister to Brazil 184.3-7. He exerted a 
powerful influence over the policy of John Ty- 
ler, to whose nomination to the vice-presidency 
in 1840 ho largely contributed. A zealous ad- 
vocate of the admission of Texas into the 
Union. Member of the State Const. Conv. of 
I8J0; t'ov. ofVa. 1856-60. He joined Senator 
Douglas in opposing the Lecompton Constitu- 
tion (or Kansas. In 1859 he pub. a treatise on 
territorial govt., sustaining the doctrine of 
congressional protection of slavery. The last 
act of his administration was the execution of 
John Brown and his followers for the raid on 
Harper's Ferry. In the Va. convention of 13 
Feb. 1861, he advocated a peaceful settlement 
of the difficulties with the Federal government. 
After the secession of Va., however, he took 
the commission of brig.-gen. ; was defeated by 
Gen. J. D. Cox at Gauley Bridge ; and com. at 
Roanoke Island, but was sick when its capture 
took place, 7 Feb. 1862. His son, Cant. O. J. 
Wise, was killed on that occasion. —See Biog. 
Sketch hii J. P. UamUeton, 1856. 

Wise, Henry Augustus, capt. U.S.N., 
and novelist, b. Brooklyn, N.Y., May 12, 1819; 
d. Naples 1 Apr. 1869. Son of George Stuart 
Wise, an officer of the U.S.N., who came from 
an old royalist family, several of whom were 
taken prisoners after the Penruddock Rebel- 
lion, and sent to Va. ab. 1665. At the age 
of 14, by the influence of his cousin Gov. Wise, 
he was app. a midshipman, and first sailed un- 
der Capt. John Percival, — the " Jack Percy " 
of his " Tales for the Marines." He served in 
the squadron on the coasts of Florida during 
the Seminole war, and, after promotion to a 
lieutenancy, in the Pacific, in Cal., and Mexico, 
during the war of 1846-8. On his return to 
the U.S. he m. the dau. of Edward Everett. 
In 1862 he was promoted to com., and made as- 
sist, chief of the bureau of ordnance and hy- 
drography ; capt. Jan. 1867 ; resigned his con- 
nection with the ordnance bureau, Jan. 1869. 
He pub. in 1849 "Los Gringos;" in 1855 
" Tales for the Marines ; " " Scampavias," 
1857; "Capt. Brand of the Schooner Centi- 
pede," 1860. 

Wise, John, minister of Ipswich, Ms., 
from Aug. 12, 1683, till his d. April 8, 1725. 
Bapt. Aug. 15, 1652. H. U. 1673. Son of 
Joseph of Koxbury. In 1 688, for remonstrating 
against the grievance of taxes imposed without 
authority from the Assembly, he was im- 
prisoned by Andros. After the revol. of Apr. 
1689 he brought an action against Dudley, 
chief justice, for denying him the benefit of the 
habeas-corpus act. Asa chaplain in the unfor- 
tunate exped. against Canada in 1690, he was 
disting. not only for piety, but for martial skill 
and an heroic spirit. He was one of the very 
few ministers who favored the introduction of 



inoculation for small-pox in 1721. In 1705 ho 
opposed the scheme of establishing associations 
to be intrusted with spiritual power; and in his 
" Church Quarrel Espoused," pub. in 1710, — 
a book abounding in wit and satire, — con- 
tended that each church contained in itself all 
ecclesiastical authority. He was zealous and 
ardent in his attachment to civil and religious 
liberty, and was a dep. to the Assembly in 
Andres's administration. He pub. beside the 
above, ab. 1717, "A Vindication of the Govt, 
of the N. E. Churches," reprinted in 1772, 

Wisner, Benjamin Bltuenisurg, D.D. 
(Edinb.), minister of the Old South Church, 
Boston, Feb. 21, 1821-1832, b. Goshen, N.Y., 
Sept. 29, 1794; d. Boston, Feb. 9, 1835. Un. 
Coll. 1813 ; tutor 1815-18. His father, P. B. 
Wisner, was one of the first settlers and founders 
of the church at Geneva, N.Y. The son stud- 
ied law, and afterward theology, at Princeton. 
Ill-health caused him to leave the pulpit in 
1832 fur the office of sec. of the Amer. Board 
of Missions. Besides sermons, he pub. in 1830 
"A History of the Old South Church;" 
"Memoirs of Mrs. S. Huntington," 1828. — 
iU/s.s-. IleraUl, 1836. 

Wisner, Moses, lawyer, gov. of Mich. 
1859-61, b. A urclius, Cayuga Co.,N.Y., 1818; 
d. Lexington, Ky., 5 Jaii. 1863. He received 
a good education ; removed to Mich, in 1839 ; 
was adm. to the bar in 1842, and was pros, 
attv. for Lapeer Co. in 1843-4; app. col. 22d 
Mich. Regt. in 1862. 

Wistar, Caspar, M.D. (U. of Edinb. 
1786), physician, b. Phila. 13 Sept. 1761; d. 
there 22 Jan. 1 81 8. His father, a German 
Quaker, settled in N.J. After the battle of 
Germantown in 1777, he ministered to the 
wounded, and was in consequence led to adopt 
the medical profession. After studying with 
Dr. Redman, he attended the lectures at the 
U. of Pa., and in 1783-7 studied and travelled 
in Great Britain. Returning to Phila. in Jan. 
1 787, he began practice there ; was prof, of 
chemistry and physiol. in Phila. Coll. m 1789- 
92, and physician to the Dispensatory and Hos- 
pital ; adjunct prof of anatomy and surgery 
with Dr. Shippen, Jan. 1792-1808; and prof, 
of anatomy in 1808-18. He was a most skilful 
physician, and gave to the Phila. Med. School 
the high reputation it acquired. Member of 
many literary and scientific societies ; vice-pres. 
of the Amer. Philos. Soc. from 1795, and pres. 
from 1815. lie succeeded Dr. Rush as pres. 
ofthe Society for the Abolition of Slavery. His 
principal work is a " System of Anatomy," 2 
vols. 1812. — GVoss's iteJ. Diog. 

Wiswall, IcHABOD, minister of Duxburv, 
Ms., 1676, to his d. July 23, 1700, b. Eng. 1638. 
He studied three years at H.U., but did not 
graduate. He was many years an instructor 
of youth, and was agent ofthe Colony in Eng. 
in 1689, striving to prevent the union of Plym- 
outh to either N.Y''. or Ms., but was defeated 
in this by Inc. Mather. A poem on the comet 
of 1680 was pub. by him in London. 

Withers, Gen. Jones M., b. Ala. ab. 
1814. West Point, 1835. Entered 1st Drag.s. 
July, and resigned Dec. 5, 1 835. Aide to Maj.- 
Gen. Patterson of Ala. Vols, in the Creek war, 
1836; col. Ala. Vols, for Mexican war; licut.- 



WOL 



col. 13th U. S. Inf. 9 Apr. 1847 ; col. 9th Inf. 
Sept. 13, 1847; resigned May 23, 1848; mer- 
chant in Mobile 1848-61; mayor of that city 
1858-61. App. brig.-gen. Confed. serviie 1861; 
raaj.-gen. 1862; com. 2U div. 2d corps at the 
battle of Shiloh Apr. 6, and at the battle of 
Stone River Dec. 31, 1862. 

Witherspoon, Jonir. D. D., LL. p., 

clergyman and scholar, b. Tester, near Edin- 
burgh, Feb. 5, 1722 ; d. near Princeton, N. J., 
Nov. 15, 1794. His father, the parish minister 
of Tester, was a lineal descendant of John 
Knox by his dau. Elizabeth. The son was 
educated at the U. of Edinburgh ; was licensed 
to preach at 21; and settled at Beiih. When 
the Pretender landed in Scotland, he marched 
at the head of a corps of militia to Glasgow 
to join him ; was taken prisoner at the battle 
of Falkirk, and imprisoned in Donne Castle, 
where he remained until after the battle of Cul- 
loden. In 1 757 he was settled at Paisley, whence 
he was called in 1767 to the presidency of Prince- 
ton Coll., N. J., and was inaug. Aug. 17, 1768. 
He wrote an apologue entitled " History of a 
Corporation of Servants," &c., a narrative, under 
a pleasant disguise, of the church-history of 
Great Britain; "An Essay on Justification," 
1756 ; and a " Serious Enquiry into the Nature 
and Effects of the Stage," 1757, occasioned by 
the performance of " Douglas," written by the 
clergyman Home. In 1764 he went to London, 
and pub. 3 vols, of " Essays on Important 
Subjects." Heimprovedthefinances, and raised 
the reputation of the college, and gave lectures 
on moral philos. and rhetoric, which are in- 
cluded in his works. In addition to his other 
duties, he was prof, of divinity, and pastor of 
the church in Princeton, during his presidency. 
On the opening of the war, the college was for 
a time broken up ; when Witherspoon was dele- 
gated to the N.J. conv. for framing a State 
constitution, and, being sent by thoProv. Con- 
gress to the Gen. Congress at Pliila., took his 
seat in time to sign the Decl. of Indep. He 
was a punctual attendant in Congress during 
his term of 6 years, and active on committees ; 
member of the secret com. and of the board of 
war, and visited the camp to improve the state 
of the troops. He wrote the congressional 
addresses to the people, recommending fasts, 
and " Thoughts on American Liberty," and 
war-pieces in tjie newspapers. His " Ess.ay 
on Money" was a reproduction of his speeches 
in Congress, where he opposed the repeated 
issues of paper-money. In that body his 
sagacity, and insight into the future, were pre- 
eminent. In 1781 he wrote several periodical 
essays on social and literary topics, entitled 
" The Druid." He went to Eng. in 1783 and 
178410 collect funds for the college. At the age 
of 70 he m. a young lady of 23. By his first wile 
he had a son, a major in the Hevol. army, 
killed at the battle of German town. Ramsay 
the historian m. his dau. His works were pub. 
in 4 vols. 8vo at Phila. in 1802 ; and in 9 vols. 
12mo, Edinburgh. 

Withington, Rev. Lecw^kd, D.D., 

pastor of the First Church, Newbury, Ms., 
1816-58, b. Dorchester, Ms., Aug. 9', 1789. 
Y.C. 1814. He pub. " The Puritan, a Series 
of Essavs by John Oldbug, Esq.," 2 vols. 1836 ; 



"Solomon's Song," trausl. and explained, 
1S6I ; "Penitential Tears," 8vo, 1845; single 
sermons, &c. — Dmjckimk. 

Woedtke, De, brig.-gen. Revol. army, b. 
Prussia; d. Lake George, ab. July 31, 1776. 
He was for many years an officer in the army 
of the great Frederick, and was app. by Con- 
gress a brig.-gen. March 16, 1776. 

Woleott, Oliver, LL.D. (Y.C. 1792), 
signer of the Decl. of Indep., b. Windsor, Ct., 
Nov, 26, 1726; d. Litchfield, Dec. 1, 1797. 
Y.C. 1747. Son of Gov. Roger. Acapt. inthe 
northern frontier in the war which terminated 
with the peace of Aix la Chapelle. He then 
studied medicine, but abandoned it on being 
app. sherifi'of Litchfield Co. inl751. In 1774- 
86 he was an assist, in the council of the State ; 
also for some time judge of the C.C.P. and of 
the Litchfield Court of Probate, and a maj.-gcn. 
of militia. In 1775 he was app. by the Cont. 
Congress one of the commiss. of Indian affiiirs 
for the northern dcpt. to secure the neutrality 
of the Indians. In Jan. 1776 ho was made a 
delegate to Congress. In July he returned to 
Ct., and was invested with the com. of the State 
militia drafted for the defence of N. Y. In Nov. 
he resumed his seat in Congress. The follow- 
ing year he joined the northern army under 
Gates with several hundred volunteers, assisted 
in the defeat of Burgoyne, and was made brig.- 
gen. on the field of Saratoga. Until 1 786 he was 
occupied in serving his country either in Con- 
gress, in the field, or as a commiss. of Indian 
affairs; lieut.-gov. of Ct. 1786-96; gov. in 
1796-7. 

Woleott, Oliver, LL.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1799; Y.C. 1819), statesman and financier, b. 
Litchfield, Ct., 11 Jan. 1760; d. N.Y. Citv, 1 
June, 1833. Y.C. 1778. Son of the preceding. 
He was a vol. to repel theBritish attack on Dan- 
bury, Ct., in 1777; was a vol. aide to liis faiher 
in 1779 ; and afterward was an officer in the 
commis.sary dept. Adm. to the bar in I7S1, 
he was erai loved in the financial affairs of his 
State ; in May, 1784, was a commiss. to settle 
its accounts with the U.S. ; comptroller of 
public accounts, May, 1788-Sept. 1789; auditor 
U.S. treasury 1789-91 ; comptroller 1791-5; 
sec. U.S. treas. 3 Feb. 1795-31 Dec. 1800; 
app. judge U. S. Circuit Court in 1800. Re- 
moving to N.Y. City in 1802, he was a merchant 
until the breaking-out of the war of 1812, the 
policy of which he sustained, and about this 
time, in connection with his bro. Frederick, 
commenced the extensive manuf. establishment 
at Wolcottville, near Litchfield. Pres. of the 
State Const. Conv. of 1817; gov.ofCt. 1818-27. 1 
While a resident of Hartford, he was one of its 
coterie of wits with Hopkin.s, Barlow, Alsop, 
and Trumbull. His last years were passed in 
New Yoik. Author of " An Address to the 
People of the U.S.," 8vo, 1802. 

Woleott, Gen. Roger, soldier, statesman, 
and jurist, b. Windsor, Ct., Jan. 4, 1679; d. 
there May 17, 1767. Never having h.ad a day's 
schooling, he yet rose to the highest military and 
civil honors. At the age of 12 he was appren- 
ticed to a mechanic, and by industry and frugal- 
ity acquired a fortune. In the exped. against 
Canada(in 1711) he was commissary of the Ct. 
forces, and at the capture of Louisburg (in 



"WOL 



1001 



1745) was maj.-gcn., ami second in com. He was 
Buccessivcly a member of the Assembly and 
Council, judge of tlie county court, dep-;;ov., 
chief judfie of the Supeiior Court, and in 1751- 
4 };ov. He pul). " Poetical Meditations," 17i5. 
A loiiLT MS- poem, which describes minutely 
the I'lquot war, is preserved in the Hist. See. 
" ColK." His son Eeastcs, b. 21 Sept. 1722, 
d. 14 Sept. 1793 ; a col. at the siepe of Boston 
in 1775, afterwards a gen., and a judge of the 
Sup. Court. 

Wolf, GiORGE, gov. of Pa. 1829-35, h. 
Allen townsldp, l>a., Aug. 12, 1777; d. Phila. 
March 14, 1S40. He received a classical edu- 
cation, studied law, and became eminent in the 
profession. In 1814 he was elected a repre- 
sentative; was M.C. in 1824-9; was npp. in 
1836 first compt. of tlie U. S. treas.; and was 
afterwards coll. of the port of Philadelphia. 

Wolfe, James, a British gen., b. Wester- 
ham, Kent, 15 Jan. 1726 ; killed at Quebec 13 
Sept. 17.J9. Son of Edward, a lient.-gen. En- 
tering youn;; into the aruiy, he disting. himself 
at Latleldt, though then only 20 years of age. 
Quartennaster-gen. of the inglorious exped. 
against Rochcfort in 1757, he vainly recom- 
mended an attempt at landing; acquired an 
increase of reputation at the capture of Louis- 
burg ; and was placed hy \Vm. Pitt, with the 
rank of maj.-gen., at the head of the force des- 
tined against Quebec. Late in June, 1759, ho 
arrived with 8,000 men, in the fleet of Admiral 
Saunders, in the River St. Lawrence. Mont- 
calm, the French com., occupied a strong posi- 
tion, and repulsed Wolfe's first attack with 
great loss, July 31. Though greatly dispirited 
by this failure, Wolfe renewed his efforts, and, 
deceiving the enemy by several feints, embarked 
with Ills farces in the night of Sept. 12, 
drifted with the tide, unobserved by the senti- 
nels, to a point beyond the town, and, scaling 
an almost inaccessible mountain, formed in 
order of battle at daybreak of the 13th on the 
Plains of Abraham. Montcalm, accepting the 
inevitable battle, attacked Wolfe; but after 
a severe conflict, which proved fatal to both 
leaders, victory declared for the English, and, 
three days later, Quebec surrendered, and Cana- 
da was lost to France. A monument was 
erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. 

Wood, Alphonso, teacher and botanist, 
b. ChesterHeld, N.H., Sept. 17, 1810. Dartm. 
Coll. 1834. He studied divinity at Andover 
Sem.; taught at Meriden Acad., Plainfield, 15 
years ; was a civil engr. 3 years ; prof, and 
pres. Ohio Female Coll. 8 years ; prof, of Terre- 
Haute Female Coll., Ind.; subsequently pres. 
Brooklyn Fem. Acad. He pub. " Class-Book 
of Botany," 1845, which has gone through 50 
editions; "First Lessons in Botany," 1848; 
"Leaves and Flowers," 1863; "American 
Botanist and Florist," 1870. 

Wood, Eleazek D., lieut.-col. U.S.A., b. 
N. Y. ; killed Sept. 17, 1814, in a sortie from 
Fort Erie. West Point (lieut. engineers), 1806. 
Capt. 1 July, 1812 ; brev. major for defence of 
Fort Meigs', M.iy 6, 1813; disting. in the bat- 
tle of the Thames ; acting adj.-gen. to Oen. 
Harrison, Oct. 1813; brev. lieut.-col. for battle 
of Niagara, July 25, 1814; disting. in Gaines's 
victory in defence of Fort Erie, U.C. Wood 



Co., 0., containing the site of Fort Meigs, and 
Fort Wood on Bcdloe's Island, were named for 
him ; and Gen. Brown erected a monument to 
his memory at West Point. 

Wood, FuRNASDO, politician, b. Phila. 
14 June, 1812, of Quaker parentage. From 
the humble vocation of a cigar-maker he rose 
to be a ship-owner and a successful merchant 
of N.Y. City. M.C. 1841-3, 1863-5,and 1867- 
73. Mayor of New York 1855-7 and 1861-2 ; 
and in Jan. 1861 recommended that New York 
should secede, and become a free city. 

Wood, George, author, b. Newburvport, 
Ms., 1799; d. Saratoga Springs, N.Y.,' Aug. 
24, 1870. Educated by Samuel L. Knapp, a 
talented lawyer and Htl&ateur. His mother re- 
moved with her family in 1816 to Alexandria, 
D.C. A clerk in the war ilept. 1819-22, and 
in the tre.is. dept. in 1822-45; he then took 
lip his residence in N.Y., where he wrote his 
"Peter Schlemihl in America." Returning 
to Washington, he resumed his clerical labors, 
and was at the time of his death chief of navi- 
gation, division of the treas. dept. Also au- 
thor of" The Modern Pilgrims," 2 vols. 1855 ; 
"Marrving Too Late," 1856; "The Gates 
Wide Open," 1869. He was long co-editor of 
the National Era, and contrih. to the Knicker- 
bocker Mai/azine and other periodicals. 

Wood, GuoiioE B., M.D., LL.D. (N. J. 
Coll. 1858), prof, of the theory and practice of 
raed. at the U. of Pa. 1850-60, and pres. of 
the Coll. of Physicians of Phila., b. Greenwich, 
N.J., 13 March, 1797. U. of Pa. 1815. M.D. 
1818. Prof, of chera. in Phila. Coll. of Phar- 
macy 1822-31, and of mat. mod. 1831-5; prof, 
of mateiia medica U. of Pa. 1835-50. In 
1865 he endowed an auxiliary faculty of medi- 
cine in the U. of Pa. Pres. Philos. Soc. since 
1859. Author of a Centeimial Address, Pa. 
Hospital, June 10, 1851; "Practice of Medi- 
cine," 2 vols. 8vo, 1847; "Therapeutics," 2 
vols. 8vo, 1856; with F. Bache, "Dispensa- 
tory of the U.S.," 8vo, first pub. in 1833; 
" Memoir of S. G. Morton," 8vo, 1853 ; " Lec- 
tures and Addresses on Medical Subjects," 8vo, 
1859; "Memoirs of Franklin Bache," 8vo, 
1865, &c.; "History of the U. of Pa.," 1827. 

Wood, George T., gov. of Texas 1847- 
9; d. on Trinity River, Texas, Sept. 5, 1858. 
App. major of Ga. 3 mos. vols, in the Creek 
war. May 16, 1836; col. 2d Texas Regt. 
mounted vols, in Mexican war, and disting. at 
the storming of Monterey ; and aftenvards 
M. C. of Texas. 

Wood, Isaac, M.D. (Queen's Coll. 1816), 
physician and philanthro])ist of N. Y. City, b. 
Clinton, Duchess Co., N.Y., Aug. 21, 1793; 
d. Norwalk, Ct., March 25, 1868. His father 
in 1803 removed to N.Y. City, and established 
there a bookstore, still conducted by his de- 
scendants. He studied medicine ; spent the years 
1814-16 in tlic N. Y. Hospital ; was one of the 
physicians of the N. Y. Dispensary until 1 825 ; 
resident phys. of the Bellevue Hospital in 1826- 
33 ; and was active in founding and managing 
many of the medical and other charitable insti- 
tutio'ns of N.Y. City ; member of the Soc. of 
Friends. In 1832-3, during the cholera epi- 
demic, he kept his post, was himself attacked 
by the disease, and was not fully restored to 



woo 



1002 



health for 5 years. He had a very high rep- 
utation as an ophthalmic surgeon, and was for 
25 years one of the most active managers of the 
N. Y. Inst, for the Blind. 

Wood, Gen. James, gov. of Va. in 1796- 
9 ; d. Richmond, June 16, 1813. Son of Col. 
Jas. Wood, founder of Winchester, Va. ; was 
a member of the conv. of Jime, 1776, wliich 
framed the State Const. ; was made a col. in 
the Va. service Nov. 15, 1776; and was lieut.- 
gov., and member of the executive council. A 
county of Va. was named Wood, in commemo- 
ration of his patriotic services. — Grigshi/. 

Wood, John, political writer, b. Scotland ; 
d. Richmond, Va., May, 1822. He came to 
America ab. 1800; edited the Western World, 
a paper in Ky., in 1806, and in 1817 the Atlantic 
World at Washington. In his last years he 
resided at Richmond, and was employed in 
making county maps. He pub. a " History 
of Switzerland and the Swiss Revol. ; " " His- 
tory of the Administration of J. Adams," 
followed by a statement of its sources, pub. in 
1802 ; " Exposition of the Clintonian Faction," 
1802 ; "A New Theory of the Diurnal Motion 
of the Earth," 1809. 

Wood, Mrs. John (Vining), actress, b. 
Eng. Made her debut at the New Boston Theatre, 
Sept. 11, 1854, as Gertrude, in the "Loan of 
a Lover." In 1859 manageress of the Ameri- 
can Theatre, San Francisco; in 1860-6, of the 
N.Y. Olympic; and is now (1871) manageress 
of the St. James Theatre, Lond. Her husband, 
a comic actor, d. Vancouver's Island, May 28, 
1S63. 

Wood, Joseph, col. Revol. army ; d. 5Iar. 
1789. Maj. 2d Pa. Regt., and sent to Canada, 
4 Jan. 1776; lieut.-col. 22 July, 1776; col. 7 
Sept. 1776. 

Wood, Reuben, gov. Ohio 1850-3, b. 
Rutland Co., Vt., 1792; d. Rockport, O., 2 
Oct. 1864. Capt. of Vt. Vols, in the war of 
1812 ; removed to Cleveland, O., in 1817; was 
State senator 1825-8 ; pres. judge 3d dist. 1830- 
3; judge of Sup. Court 1833-45; and U. S. 
consul to Valparaiso 1853-5. 

Wood, Silas, author, and M.C. 1819-29, 
b. Suffolk Co., N.Y., 1769 ; d. Huntington, L.I., 
March 2, 1847. N.J. Coll. 1789. Author of 
a " History of Long Island," 1824 ; new edition 
1828 ; and again, with Biog. Memoir and Ad- 



Munfordsville, Ky., Sept. 25, II 
Point, 1845. Entering the topog. engrs., he 
was disting. at the battle of Palo Alto ; was as- 
signed to the 2d Dragoons in Oct. 1846; and 
was brev. 1st lieut. for gallantry at Buena 
Vista. In 1848-54 he was in active service 
against the Indians on the Texan frontier. 
Mar. 3, 1855, he became capt. 1st Cav. ; major 
16 Mar. 1861 ; lieut.-col. May 9, 1861; col. 2d 
Cav. Nov. 12, 1861; brig.-gen. vols. Oct. 11, 
1861 ; maj.-gen. 27 Jan. 1865 ; resigned June 9, 
1869. Feb. 25, 1862, he took com. of the 6th 
division of the Army of the Ohio, with which 
he took part in the battle of Shiloh. He par- 
ticipated in the battle of Perrj'sville and the 
pursuit of Bragg's army Oct.-Nov. 1862; was 
wounded at Stone River 31 Dec. 1862 ; com. 
division in 21st corps in Tcnn. campaign and 



battle of Chickaraauga 19-20 Sept. 1863 ; com. 
div. 4th corps at Mission. Ridge (23-25 Nov.), 
relief of Knoxville, and invasion of Ga., and 
engaged in all the operations of the campaign, 
ending in the capture of Atlanta, and severely 
wounded at Lovcjoy's Station 2 Sept. 1864; 
com. 4th corps Dec. 1864 to Feb. 1865 in Tenn. 
campaign against Hood's forces ; in the battles 
of Franklin and Nashville ; and brev. brig.- 
gen. and maj.-gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1865 for 
Chickamauga and Nashville. — Cullum. 

Wood, William, author of the first 
printed account of Massachusetts; resided in 
that Colony from 1629 till his return to Eng., 
Aug. 15, 1633. He pub. in Lond. in 1634 
"New England's Prospect," — a true, lively, 
and experimental description. Lewis, his 
Hist, of Lynn, supposes that he returned to 
Ms., lived there, was representative in 1636, 
and in 1637 removed to Sandwich, where he 
was town^^lerk, and d. there 1639. His book 
was rcpub. in Boston 1764, and (by the Prince 
Soc.) in 1865. 

Wood, William B., comedian, b. Mon- 
treal, May 26, 1779; d. Phila. Sept. 24, 1861. 
He was brought up in New York, whither his 
family removed at the close of the Revol. Fail- 
ing as a merchant in 1798, he went on the stage 
with Wignell's company, and soon became a 
favorite. He in 1 809 became a proprietor of 
the New Theatre, but lost every tlung by its 
conflagration in 1820. Dec. 2, 1822, he opened 
the new Chestnut-st. Theatre, Phila., whirh ho 
sold in 1826 to Wm. Warren, and Oct. 1, 182'!, 
opened the new Arch-st. Theatre. Made his 
last appearance Nov. 18, 1846, at the Walnut-st. 
Author of "Personal Recollections of the 
Stage," 8vo, 1854, and of many alterations 
and adaptations of English plays to the Amer. 
stage. His wife, Juliana Westeat, first ap- 
peared at the Haymarket, Boston, in 1797 ; m. 
Mr. Wood Jan. 30, 1804; d. Phila. Nov. 13, 
1836. 

Wood, William W. W., chief engineer 
U.S.N., b. Wake Co., N.C., 1818. Educated 
at the North, and acquired a thorough knowl- 
edge of engineering at the Wcst-Pomt Foun- 
dry, N.Y. City. Entered the naval sen'ice in 
Mar. 1845. Gen. insp. of steam-machinery, and 
had charge during the Rebellion of the con- 
struction of our iron-clad fleet and the ma- 
chinery for the new class of vessels then intro- 
duced. 

Woodbridge, Benjamin Ecggles, phy- 
sici.an and col. Revol. army, b. 16 Oct. 1733; 
d. So. Hadlev, 8 Mar. 1819. Son of Rev. John, 
minister of S.II. 1742-83. He com. a Ms. regt. 
at the siege of Boston and at Ticonderoga 
in 1776. 

Woodbridge, William, statesman and 
jurist, b. Norwich, Ct., Aug. 20, 1780; d. De- 
troit, Oct. 20, 1861. Removed with Ids father, 
Hon. Dudley, to Marietta, Ohio, in 1791. 
Educated in Ct. ; stndicd law in Litchfield, and 
was adm. to the bar in 1806. In 1807 he was 
a member of the Assembly ; pros. atty. for his 
county 1808-14, and also a member of the State 
senate; app. sec. of Mich. Terr. 1814; delegate 
to Congress in 1819 ; judge of the Sup. Court 
of the Terr. 1828-32; member of the State 
Const. Conv. in 1835; State senator in 1837; 



1003 



^voo 



gov. of the State in 1840-1; and U. S. 
1841-7. His "Life," by Charles Lanman, was 
pub. 1867. 

Woodbridge,WiLLiAMCnANNTNG, teach- 
er and author, b. Medford, Ms., Dec. 18, 1794; 
d. Boston, Nov. 9, 1845. Y.C. 1811. In 1812- 
14 principal of Burlington Acad., N.J. ; then 
studied theol. ; and was in 1S17-20 a teacher 
in tlic Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at 
Hartford. He prepared, in conjunction with 
Mrs. Emma Wiilard, a compendium of Geog- 
raphy. Also pub. fi-om 1831 to 1838 the Amer. 
Annals of Education ; "Letters from Hofwyl," 
giving an account of Fellenbcrg's system ; and 
Several elementary works of instruction. 

Woodbury, Augustus, b. Beverly, Ms., 
1825. Camb. Theol. Sehool, 1849. Settled as 
a Unitarian pastor at Concord, N.H., 1849 ; at 
Lowell, Ms., 1853; and at Providence, R.I., 
1857. Author of "Plain Words to Younj; 
Men," 1S53; "Campaign of the First R.f. 
Eegt.," 1861; "Gen. Bumsido and the 9th 
Corps," 8vo, 1867; also orations, sermons, ad- 
dresses, papers in the reviews, &c. — AUi- 
bone. 

Woodbury, Damiel Phineas, brev. maj.- 
gcn. U.S.A., b. New London, N.U., 16 Dec. 
1812 ; d. Key West, Fla., 15 Aug. 1864. West 
Point, 1836. 1st lieut. cngrs. 7 July, 1833; 
capt. 3 Mar. 1853; maj. 6 Aug. 1861 ; lieut.- 
col. 1 June, 1863; brig.-gen. vols. 19 March, 
1S62. In 1847 he established Forts Kearney 
and Laramie on the Platte; was engaged on 
the fortifications of Washington, May, 1861- 
Mar. 1862. He had charge of the cngr. brigade 
before Richmond and Fredericksburg, and was 
chief engr. of the dept. of the Gulf, Apr. 1863- 
Aug. 18G4. Brev. col. for the Peninsular cam- 
paign; brig.-gen. 13 Dec. 1862 for Fredericks- 
burg, Va. ; and maj.-gen. 1 5 Aug. 1 864 for 
services in the Rebellion. Author of papers on 
" Sustaining Walls," 1854; and "Theory of 
the Arch," 1858. — Cidlwii. 

Woodbury, Isaac B., teacher and com- 
poser of music, b. Beverly, Ms., 1819; d. Co- 
lumbus, S.C., Oct. 26, 1858. Ho studied one 
year in Europe under eminent ins.rnctors. 
Taught in the public schools of Boston, and 
about 1 845 removed to New York. Ho wrote 
and compiled a number of musical works, 
among them " The Dulcimer," a collection of 
church-music, pub. 1850; "Liber Musicus," 
1851; "The Cythai-a;" "New Lute of Zion;" 
also oratorios with orchestral accompaniments, 
glee-books, juvenile music, " Cultivation of the 
Voice," "Self-Instructor in Musical Compos, 
and Thorough-Bass," "Singing-school Com- 
panion," "Melodeon and Seraphine Instruc- 
tion Book," &c. He commenced the publica- 
tion of the Musical Review in Jan. 1850. 

Woodbury, Levi, LL.D. (Dartm. Coll. 
1823; Wesl. U. 1843), jurist and statesman, 
and a leader of the Democ. party, b. Frances- 
town, N.ll., Dec. 22, 1789; d. Portsmouth, 
N.H., Sept. 7, 1851. Dartm. Coll. 1809. He 
studied law ; was adm. to the bar in 1812 ; and 
practised at Francestoivn till 1816, when he 
was chosen clerk of the State senate. In Dec. 
1816hcwasapp. a judgeofthe Superior Court ; 
and in 1819 m., and removed to Portsmouth. 
Gov. of the State in 1S23; speaker of the house 



in 1825; U.S. senator 1825-31 ; sec. of the na- 
vy. May, 1831 -July, 1834, and of the treasury, 
July, 1834-March4, 1841. During this period 
he refused tlie post of chief justice of the N.H. 
Superior Court. Again returned to the U.S. sen- 
ate in 1841, he voted against the increase of the 
navy, and in 1 844 in favor of annexing Texas. 
In Sept. 1845 Mr. Polk app. him a justice of 
the U.S. Sup. Court. The mission to Eng., 
previously tendered him by Mr. Polk, he de- 
clined. He pub. a vol. of Law Reports in con- 
nection with Judge Richardson of N.H. ; a 
coll. of his "Political, Judicial, and Literary 
Writings," app. in 1852, 3 vols. Svo, Boston. 
His son Chables Levi, member Suffolk bar, 
and a prominent Mason (I). Portsm. 22 May, 
1820, U.S. dist. atty. for Ms. 1858-61), edited, 
with George Minot, Reports 1st U.S. Circuit, 
3 vols. Svo, 1847-52. 

Woodford, Gen. William, Revol. offi- 
cer, b. Caroline Co., Va., 1735 ; d. N.Y. City, 
Nov. 13, 1780. He early disting. himself m 
the French and Indian war. Upon the assem- 
bling of the Va. troops at Williamsburg, in 
1775, he was app. col. of the 2d Regt. ; com. 
at the battle of Great Bridge, Dec. 9, 1775, and 
gained a signal victory. He was afterwards 
com. of the 1st Va. brigade ; was wounded at 
Brandywine ; and at the siege of Charleston 
was made prisoner, and taken to New York. 
His son John T. Woodford was a lieut.-col. 
in the war of 1812. 

Woodhouse, James, M.D. (U. of Pa. 
1792), chemist, b. Phila. Nov. 17, 1770; d. 
there June 4, 1809. U. of Pa. 1787. In 1791 
he served as a surgeon in St. Clair's army. 
Prof, of chenii^tvv in the U. of Pa. from 1795 to 



his death. 



of \. 



panion, 



ns on the Com- 
Astringents," 
Pocket-Com- 

Ii Illi>^■^l Pock- 

ilil.hlOffis- 



tic theory ',\ . ; , : i j i „ iiments 

1802 ; and comnbs. to sei. journals of the day. 
— Thachei: 

Woodhouse, Samuel, capt. U.S.N., b. 
Pa. ; d. Chester Co., Pa., 16 July, 1843. Mid- 
shipman under Tru.Kton in the action with the 
French ship "La Vengeance," 1 Feb. 1800; 
lieut. 4 M.iy, 1808; com. 27 Apr. 1816 ; capt. 
3 Mar. 1827. 

WoodhuU, Gen. Nathaniel, a Revol. 
patriot, b. Mastic, Sutfolk Co., L. I., Dec. 30, 
1722; d. Gravesend, L. I., Sept. 20, 1776. He 
served in the French war of 1 755-63, and rose 
to be col. 3d N.Y. Re-t, uii.I.r Anilierst. In 
1769-76 he was a rep in tl,. X.V i.^i^!., where 
he, with Schuyler, Geurui' Cliiiti.ii, and other 
patriots, steadily resisted tlie cnrrMacliinents of 
the cro^vn upon the rights and lil)ertio3 of the 
province. In 1776 he was pros, of the N.Y. Prov. 
Congress, but, on the landing of the British on 
L. I., put himself at the head of the militia, and, 
a few days after the disastrous battle of Long 
Island, was surprised by a party of light-horse 
near Jamaica : after surrendering his sword, 
he was cruelly hacked and cut, and died in con- 
sequence of his wounds. A narrative of his 
capture and death was pub. by H. Onderdonk, 
jun., Svo, 1843. His Jouraal of the Montreal 



1004 



-woo 



Exped., 1760, is pub. in the Ilist. May., Sept. 
1861. 

Woodruff, Hiram, celeb, trainer and 
driver of trotting-horses, b. Flemington, N. J., 
22 Feb. 1817; d. L. I., 13 Mar. 1867. He be- 
gan his prof, career at Phila. in 1831, and had 
a unique reputation for honesty and fair-deal- 
ing as a trainer, and remarkable skill both 
in driving and training horses. He was uni- 
versally popular. Author of " The Trotting 
Horse of America," edited by C. J. Foster, 
8vo, 1869. 

Woods, Alva, D.D. (B. U. 1828), b. 
Shoreham. Vt. H.U. 1817. Ord. 28 Oct. 
1821 . Prof, of math, and nat. philos, in Brown 
U. 1824-8, and also in Transylv. U. 1823-31, 
of which he was also pres. ; and was pres. of 
the U. of Ala. from 1831 until his resign. Dec. 
1837. Nephew of Leonard Woods, D.D., and 
Bon of Rev. Abel, a Baptist minister (1790- 
1850). He resides in Providence, R. I. "Au- 
thor of " Intell. and Moral Culture ; " " Inaug. 
Discourse, Lexington U.," 1828; "Introd. 
Lecture before the Ala. Institute," 1834; 
" Baccal. Address, U. of Ala.," 1835; " Vale- 
diet. Address," 6 Dec. 1837. — Alliliom. 

Woods, Andrew Sai-tku, LL.D., jurist, 
b. Bath, N.H., 2 June, 1803 ; d. there 20 June, 
1863. D. C. 1825. He began the practice of 
law in 1828; was made justice in 1840; and 
chief justice N.H. Sup. Court in 1853. 

Woods, Charles R., brcv. maj.-gen. 
U.S.A., b. Licking Co., O., ab. 1830. West 
Point, 1852. Entering the 1st Inf., he was 
early in 1861 quarterm. on Gen. Patterson's 
statF; app. col 76th Ohio 13 Oct. 1861 ; was 
at the capture of Fort Donelson, Feb. 15, 1862 ; 
Pittsburg Landing, Apr. 7 ; com. a brigade, 
and joined the Army of the South-west, July 
24; for gallantry at Ark. Post, May 15, wa's 
rccom. for promotion ; was in all the battles 
around Vicksburg; became brig.-gen. 4 Aug. 
1863, and com. 1st brig., 1st div., ]5th corps, 
which he led at Lookout Mountain and Mis- 
sion. Ridge, Nov. 23 ; at Resaca, Dallas, Kcne- 
saw, Atlanta, and Jonesborough ; and in the 
campaign of Ga. and the Carolinas com. a div. 
in Ostcrhaus's (15th) corps. Brev. lieut.-col. 4 
July, 1863, for capture of Vicksburg; col. 24 
Nov. 1863 for Chattanooga; brig, and maj. 
gen. U.S.A. 13 Mar. 1863 for Atlanta, Ga., 
and Bentonville, N.C. Lieut.-col. 28 July, 
1866; assigned to 5th Inf. 24 Mar. 1869.— 
CuUhvi. 

Woods, Leonard, D.D. (D.C. 1810), 
theologian, b. Princeton, .Ms., 19 June, 1774; 
d. Andover, 24 Aug. 1854. H.U. 1796. Ord. 
pastor of a Cong, church in W. Newbury 5 
Dec. 1798. A series of able papers, contrib. by 
him to the Panoplist in 1805, vindicating Calvin- 
ism, estab. his reputation as a controversialist. 
Prof, of theology in Andover Theol. Sem. 
1803-46. The contemporary of Buckrainster, 
Channing, and Ware, he was the able antago- 
nist of the Unitarian theology, and the cham- 
pion of orthodox Calvinism. Dr. Woods was 
one of the originators of the Amer. Board of 
For. Missions, the Tract Society, and the 
Temperance Society. Author of " Letters to 
Unitarians," 1820; "Reply to Dr. Ware." 
1821; "Lectures on Inspiration," 1829; "Let- 



ters to Rev. N. W. Taylor," 1830; "Lectures 
on Inf. Baptism," 1829 ; " Memoirs of Amer. 
Missionaries," 1833 ; " Doctrine of Perfection," 
1841; "Reply to Mahan," 1841 ; "Lectures 
on Church Govt.," 1843 ; on " Swedenborgian- 
ism,"1846; "Hist, of Andover Sem.," &c. 
His collected works were pub. in 5 vols. 1849- 
50. 

Woods, Leonard, Jun., D.D. (H.U. 
1846), LL.D. (Bowd. 1866), pres. of Bovvdoin 
Coll. 1839-66. Son of the preceding ; b. New- 
bury, Ms., 24 Nov. 1807. Union Coll. 1827. 
Ord. 1833; tutor at And. Theol. Sem. 1831; 
prof, sacred lit. Bangor Theol. Sem. 1836-9. 
Transl. Knapp's " Theology," 2 vols. 8vo, 1 8.33. 
Author of " Address on the Life and Char, of 
Parker Cleavcland," 1839 ; on " The Opening 
of the New Hall of the Med. School," 1862. 
He edited the early vols, of the Lit. and Theol. 
i?fW.,N.Y. 1834-7; contrib. to DM. Repos., &c. ; 
and translated from the French De Maistre's 
" Essay on the Generative Principle of Polit. 
Constitutions." In July, 1867, he visited Eu- 
rope to complete the documentary history of 
JIainc. 

Woodville, Richard Caton, 7enie paint- 
er, b. Baltimore ab. 1825; d. London, Eng., 
Sept. 13, 1855. St. Mary's Coll. His talent 
was lirst evinced by his " Interior of a Bar- 
Room." From Dusseldorf he sent in 1847 
" The Card-Plavers," in 1848 " A Man hold- 
ing a Book," and in 1850 "The Game of 
Chess" and "The Politicians." He was in 
Paris in 1851-3. Among the other fruits of 
his brief but brilliant career are " Waiting 
for the Stage," and " The Sailor's Wedding." 
— Tucberwan. 

Woodward, Ashbel, M.D. (Bowd. Coll. 
1829), b. Wellington, Ct., June 26, 1804. Pres. 
of the Ct. Med. Soc. Besides numerous con- 
tribs. to iheN.E. Hist. Geneal. Register and to 
medical journals, he lias pub. "Vindication of 
Gen. Putnam," 1841; " Review of UneleTom's 
Cabin," 1853; "Hist, of the Ct. Med. Soc.," 
an address, 1859; "Medical Ethics," 1860; 
" Early Phvslcians of Norwich," 1859 ; " Life 
of Gen. N. Lyon," 1862 ; " Memoir of Col. T. 
Knowlton," 1861; "Specialism in Medicine," 
1866 ; " Hist. Adilress at the 200rh Anniv. of 
the Town of Franklin, Ct., 14 Oct. 1868." 

Woodward, Samuel Bayard, M. D., 
physician, b. Torriiigford, Ct., June 10, 1787; 
d. Northampton, Ms., Jan. 3, 1850. His fa- 
ther Dr. Samoel W., a physician of eminence, 
b. Watertown, Ct., 1750, d. Jan. 6, 1835. In 
1809 Samuel B. began practice at Wethersfield; 
became physician to the State-prison, and was 
some years in the State senate. He was one 
of the founders of the " Retreat for the Insane," 
at Hartford ; and from 1832, until his removal 
to Northampton in 1846, was supt. of the 
State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester. He was 
the projector of an asvlum for inebriates, and 
also of the Ms. School for Idiotic Youth. He 
pub. " Hints to the Young," and an essay 
on the " Fruits of New England." 

Woodworth, John, jurist, b. Schodack, 
N.Y., 12 Nov. 1768; d. Albany 1 June, 1858. 
Y.C. 1788. He studied law with John Lan- 
sing, jun., at Albany; adm. to the bar in 1791; 
began practice in Troy ; and in 1806 removed 



ti. IS] 



■woo 



1005 



to Albany. Surro;;ate of Rons. Co. 1793- 
1804; member of the Assembly 1803, of the 
neiiate 1804-7; atty.-gen. of N. Y. 1804-S; 
jml-e N.Y. Sup. Court 1819-28. Aiiihor of 
" Keminiseences of Troy 1790-1807." With 
W. \V. Van Ness, app. to revise the laws of 
N.Y. 1811-13. — ArecCs Council of Revision, 
New York. 

Woodworth, Samuel, poet, b. Scituatc, 
Ms., Jan. 13, 1785 ; d. New York, Dec. 9, 1842. 
Youngest son of a farmer and llevol. soldier. 
He hail few educational advantages, and was 
apprenticed to Benjamin Uussell of the Cenli- 
nel, Boston. In 1807 he removed to New Ha- 
ven, where he commenced a weekly paper, the 
Belles-Letlres Repository, discontinued after the 
second month. He removed to New York in 
1809; m. in 1810; and during the war of 1812 
conducted a weekly paper ( The War) and a 
monthly Swedenborgian mag. {The Ifalci/an 
Lnniiniirif and Theol. Repositori/], both unsuc- 
cessfully ; in 1816 he wrote a history of the 
late war, in the style of a romance, entitled 
" The Champions of Freedom." A small vol. 
of his poems was pub. in N.Y. in 1818, and 
another in 1825. Was one of the founders of 
the iV; }'. .Ui/Tor in 182.3, in conjunction with 
Cjeorge P. Morris; withdrew from it in 1824; 
and in 1827 edited the Parthenon. He was a 
frequent contrib. of verses to the newspapers; 
wrote some popular songs on the victories of the 
war of 1812-14, and some dramatic pieces, 
mostly operatic, — one of which, " The Forest 
Rose," still keeps pos.session of the stage. 
"The Old Oaken Bucket" is by far the best 
of his numerous lyrics. His collected poems 
were pub., with a Memoir by Geo. P. Morris, 
in 1861, 2 vols. l8mo. — Dai/c/cinck. 

Wool, Gen. Jous Ellis, b. Newburg, N.Y., 
1783 ; d. Troy, N.Y., Nov. 10, 1869. Son of 
a Ucvol. soldier. He received little education, 
but before he was 21 became proprietor of a 
bookstore in Troy. Losing his jiroperty by 
fire, he studied law, but, through the friendship 
of Gov. De Witt Clinton, was app. capt. I3th 
Inf. Apr. 14, 1812. He raised a company in 
Troy; was disting. and severely wounded at 
Qucenstown Heights, Oct. 13 ; was promoted 
to major 29ih Inf., and was brev. lieut.-col. for 
(jallantry at the battles of Plattsbnrg, Sept. 6- 
11, 1314; insp.-gen. Sept. 29, 1816; lieut.-col. 
Feb. 10, 1818; brev. brig.-gen. Apr. 29, 1826; 
brig.-gcn. June 25, 1841. In 1832 the govt, 
sent him to Europe to examine the military 
systems of some of the principal nation-, and 
he witnessed the siege of Antwerp; in 1836 he 
was employed in removing the Cherokee In- 
dians to Arkansas. May 30, 1846, he was .sent 
to the West to organize vols, for the Mexican 
■war, and in less than 6 weeks despatched to the 
seat of war 12,030 fully armed and equipped. 
Collecting 3,000 men) he reached Saliillo, 
after a march of 900 miles, without loss, pre- 
serving the most admirable discipline. He 
selected the ground for the battle of Buena 
Vista (Feb. 23, 1847), made the preliminary 
dispositions, and com. in the earlv part of the 
action until the arrival of Gen. Taylor. For 
his conduct on this occasion. Wool was brev. 
maj.-gen. May, 1848. In Jan. 1854 he received 
the thanks of Congress, and the present of a 



sword, for Iiis services in Mexico. A valuable 
sword was also prcsenteil him by the N. Y. 
legisl.; in 1856 he put an end to the Inrlian 
disturbances in Washington and Oregon Terri- 
tories in a campaign of 3 months, and was 
recalled to the dept. of the East. Soon after 
the attack on Fort Sumter, he went to N.Y., 
and, by timely re-enforcements, saved Fortress 
Monroe from seizure by the Confederates. In 
Aug. he was sent to that post iis com. of the 
dept. of Va., and led the exped. which occu- 
pied Norfolk, Mav 10, 1862. Made maj.-gen. 
May 16, 1862 Pla-ed at the head of the 8ih 
ariiiy corps, Sept. 16, 1862. Gen. Wool was 
a rigid disciplinarian, and had no superior as 
an organizer of troops. 

Woolman, Jobs, Quaker preacher and 
author, b. Northampton, West Jersey, Aug. 
1720; d. Y'ork, Eng., Oct. 7, 1772. "Charles 
Lamb, in one of the Essays of Elia, says, " Get 
the writings of John Woolman by heart, and 
love the earlv Quakers." These writings in- 
clude " The Journal of his Life and Travels 
in the Service of the Gospel ; " " Some Con- 
siderations on the Keeping of Negroes" (1753); 
" Considerations on Pure Wisdom and Human 
Policy, on Labor, on Schools, and on the 
RightU.se of the Lord'sOutward Gifts" (1768); 
iind " Considerations on the True Harmony 
of Mankind " (1770). He worked on a farm 
till his 2Ist year, when he became clerk to a 
shopkeeper .it Mount Holly. He at various 
times opened a school for poor children at Mt. 
Holly, and was disting. for purity and benero- 
lence. He afterward became a tailor; and, 
feeling **a concern to visit Friends in some of 
the back settlements of Va.," he started on a 
tour with Isaac Andrews, March 12, 1746, and 
was so well pleased with his journey, that he 
afterward adopted itinerancy as a regular pur- 
suit. He spoke and wrote frequently on the 
subject of slavery, desiring its extinction in 
all parts of the country. In June, 1763, he 
paid a visit to the Indians on the east branch 
of the Susquehanna; in 1772, after a long and 
debilitating sickness, he went to England, 
where, previous to his deatli, he attended a few 
meetings of his sect. His Journal was rcpub. 
by John G. Whittier in 1871. 

Woolsey, Mei.-\nctiios B., commodoi'c 
U.S.N., b. New York, Aug. 11, 1817. Mid- 
shipm. Dec. 24, 1832; lieut. July 16, 1847; 
com. July 16, 1862; capt. July 25, 1866 ; com- 
mo. 1871. While comg. steamer "Ellen" of 
the S. Atlantic squad., he took part in the en- 
gagement at the Waiipcr Creek battery, May 
30,''1862; at Secession^ I'l '■, - 1,, ,T,ii,. 1 I -■•1 ■ 
and co-operated witli i n: i i ^ ,. ;it 

to carry James-Islam! ! ; ■ n J ! ' 

3. Engaged in stiaur ) ■ 1'; ii''-- K'..;! 
of W. Gulf squad, (.lune -J-^. I so;!) mi (inniee 
of Donaldsonville .and Ft. Butler against 3,000 
Confeds. under Green .and Taylor, who were 
repulsed with a loss of 1,500. — " llainer.ili/. 

Woolsey, Melasctho^j Taylor, capt. 
U.S.N., b. N.Y. 1782; d. Utica, May 18, 1838. 
Son of Gen. M. Lloyd Woolsey, a Revol. offi- 
cer, who died Trenton, N.Y.. 29 June, 1819. 
After studying law, young Woolsey, April 9, 
1800, entered the navy as a midshipm.; served 
in the W. Indies and Mediterranean; was made 



1006 



lieut. Feb. 4, 1807 ; in ISOS ho was sent to 
the Lakes to superintend the construction of the 
armaments on those inland seas. During 
the war of 1812, he served with credit under 
Chauncey. July 24, 1813, he was made mast, 
com. ; capt. 27 Apr. 1816. In 1825-6 he com. 
the fri,'ato " Constellation," attached to thcW. 
India 'squadron ; in 1826-7 had charge of the 
Pen-sacola navy-yard; and performed his last 
service on the coast of Brazil. 

Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, D.D. 
(H.U. 1347), LL.D. (Wesl. U. 1845), scholar, 
pres. of Y.C. 1846-71, b. N. Y. City 31 Oct. 
1801. y.C. 1820; tutor there 1823-5. Pres. 
Dwight was his maternal uncle. He studied at 
the Princeton Theol. Sem. ; was licensed to 
preach ; afterwards spent 3 years in Europe, 
studying the Greek language and literature in 
Germany, and was prof, of that branch at Yale 
in 1831-51 ; vice-pres. of the Oriental See, and 
a regent of the Smiths. Inst. He has pub. edi- 
tions of the " Prometheus " of iEschylus, the 
" Antigone " and " Electra " of Sophocles, the 
" Alcestes " of Euripides, and the " Gorgias " 
of Plato. Author of inauguration discourse 
in 1846 on " College Education; " an hist, dis- 
course at Yale, 1850; commemorative of 
President Day, Nov. 1867 ; Introd. to the 
Study of International Law, 1860; and essay 
on " Divorce and Divorce Legislation," 12rao, 
1869. A frequent contrib. to the New-Eng- 
landrr and other periodicals. 

Wooster, Gen. David, Revol. officer, b. 
Stratford, Ct., 2 Mar. 1710; d. Danbury, Ct., 
2 May, 1777. Y.C. 1738. He was made capt. 
of an armed vessel to protect the coast in 1 739 ; 
in the expcd. against Louisburg in 1745 lie 
com. the sloop-of-war " Connecticut," which 
conveyed the troops ; was sent in com. of the 
cartel ship to Europe, but was not permitted to 
land in France. In England ho was a favorite, 
was presented at court, and was made a capt. 
in Pepperrell's regt., receiving half-pay until 
1774. App. col. 3d Ct. Regt. in 1755 ; became 
a brig.-gen., and was in service in 1758-60. 
He was one of the originators of the exped. 
which captured Ticonderoga in Apr. 1775, and 
a member of the Ct. Assembly ; was made brig.- 
gen. in the Cont. army 22 June, 1775, and 
served in Canada, holding, for a time, the cliief 
com. after the death of Montgomery. Resign- 
ing soon after, he was made maj.-gen. of the 
State militia, and, while opposing a force of the 
enemy under Tryon sent to destroy the public 
stores at Danbury, was mortally wounded 27 
Apr. 1777, and died a few days later. In 1740 
he m. the dan. of Pres. Thomas Clapp of Yale 
College. His grandson, an adm. in the Chilian 
navy, formerly of N.Y. City, and extensively 
engaged in privateering in the war of 1812-15, 
d. Monterey, Cal., in the autumn of 1848. 

Worcester, Joseph Emerson, LL.D. 
(B.U. 1847; D.C. 1856), lexicographer, b. 
Bedford, N.H., Aug. 24, 1784; d. Cambridge, 
Ms., Oct. 27, 1865. Y.C. 1811. His greats 
grandfather Rev. Francis went to HoUis, N.H., 
in 1750; pub. in Boston in 1760 a series of 
meditations in verse; d. 1783, a. 85. Joseph's 
early education was in Hoi lis, at Phillips Acad., 
and Andover. While teacliinc; .school at Salem, 
he wrote his " Geographical Dictionary, or Uni- 



versal Gazcteer," 2 vols., Andover, 1817. His 
" Gazeteer of the U. S." appeared in 1818. 
Removing to Cambridge, he \m.'b. in 1819 "Ele- 
ments of Geography ; " " Epitome of Geogra- 
?hy," 1820; "Sketches of the Earth and its 
nhabitants," 2 vols. 1823; "Elements of His- 
torv," 18.32; " Epitome of History," 1827 ; and 
"Outlines of Scripture Geography," 1826-3. 
He pub. an edition of Todd's "Johnson and 
Walker" in 1827, and prepared an abridgment 
of Webster's " American Dictionary " in 1 828. 
His " Pronouncing and Explanatory Diction- 
ary " appeared in 18.30. From Nov. 1830 to 
Sept. 1831 he was in Europe, engaged in 
philological studies. His " Universal and Crit- 
ical Dictionary of the English Language," 
pub. in 1846, was afterward reprinted in Lon- 
don without his consent. In 1855 he pub. a 
" Pronouncing and Synonymous Dictionary ; " 
and in 1860 he pub. 'his great "Dictionary of 
the English Language," 4to, Boston. Dr. 
W. also pub. a "Spelling-Book of the English 
Language; "" Remarks on Longevity," &c. ; 
and w.\s literary editor of the Amerkan Alma- 
nac in 1831-43. He was a fellow of the Acad, 
of Sciences ; a corresp. member of the Royal 
Geog. Society, Lond. ; and a member of other 
learned bodies. 

Worcester, Noah, D.D. (H.U. 1818), 
clergyman, founder of the Ms. Peace Society, 
b. Hollis, N.H., 25 Nov. 1758; d. Bri;;hton, 
Ms., 31 Oct. 1837. Descended from William, 
first minister of Salisbury, Ms. He had a 
common-school education. Served 3 campaigns 
in the Revol. army, being a fifer at Bunker's 
Hill, and a soldier at Bennington ; afterward 
taught school at Plymouth, N.H. ; removed to 
Thornton, N.H., and was a member of the 
legisl. Having in 1785 pub. a " Letter to Rev. 
John Murray "on his sermon on the Origin 
of Evil, he turned his attention to theology, 
and was ord. pastor at Thornton in 1787, 
making up the deficiency of his salary (S200) 
by fanning and shoemaking. In 1802 he was 
employed by the N.H. Missionary Soc. lu 
Feb. 1810 he removed to Salisbury, N.H. ; in 
1813 to Brighton, Ms. Edited the Christian 
Disciple in 1813-19, and the Friend of Peace 
1819-29. Ho pub. in 1815 "A Solemn Re- 
view of the Custom of War;" founded the 
Peace Society in Jan. 1816, and was app. sec. 
The Hopkinsian Assoc., of which he was a 
member, formally condemned his book, " Bible 
News ; " and in Nov. 1810 he pub. his adilres.? 
on the Trinity. He also pub. " Friend of 
Youth," &c., 1823; "The Atoning Sacrifice," 
1829; "Causes and Evils of Contention 
among Christians," 1831; "Last Thoughts 
on Important Subjects," 1833 ; besides many 
pamphlets, sermons, and treatises. — .See Me- 
moirs III/ H. Warejun., 1844; and Tribute bu 
Win. E. Channing, D.D., 1837. 

Worcester, Samuel, D.D., clergyman, 
bro. of Noah, b. Hollis, N.H., Nov. I,"l770; 
d. Brainerd, Tenn., June 7, 1821. Dartm. 
Coll. 1795. Pastor of the church in Fitch- 
burg, Ms., 1797-1802, and of the Tabernacle 
Church, Salem, from 1803 till his d. ; corresp. 
sec. of the Board of Foreign Missions in 1810. 
He pnh. 3 orations ; 6 sermons on Future Pun- 
i.shincnt (1800) ; 3 letters to Dr. Channing on 



WOR 



1007 



Unitarianism, 1815 ; Watts's entire and select 
hymns, 1818; and occasional sermons, reports, 
reviews, essays, &e. A vol. of his sermons ap- 
peared in 1823. His son Samuel Mel.\xc- 
THOJi, D.D. (Amh. 1847), b. Fitchbur^', Sept. 
4, 1801, d. Boston, An?. IG, 1866. II.U. 
1822. Some years prof, of rhetoric and oratory 
in Amh. Coll., and then pastor of the Talicr- 
nacle Church, Salem. He pub. " Life and La- 
bors of Rev. Samuel Worcester," 2 vols. 
12mo, 1852; "Essays on Slavery by Viy;or- 
nius,"1826; "Memorial of the Tabernacle, 
Salem," 1855. 

Worden, John Lorimer, commo. TJ.S.N., 
b. Mt. Pleasant, Westchester Co., N.Y., Mar. 
12, 1817. Midshipm. Jan. 12, 1835 ; licut. Nov. 
30, 184G; com. July 12, 1362; capt. Feb. 3, 
18G3; com. May 27, 1863. Sent with de- 
spatches to Fort Pickens in Apr. 1861, ho was 
arrested while returning, and kept in prison 7 
months. He com. the iron-clad " Monitor " 
in her famous engagement with the iron-clad 
"Merrimack," in Hampton Roads, Mar. 9, 1862. 
The latter, partially di-ablcd, retreated to Sow- 
ell's Point. Capt. W.'s eyes were severely 
injured by the explosion of a shell from " The 
Merrimack," upon the eye-hole of the pilot- 
house. In com. of the iron-clad " Montauk," 
of the S.A.B. squad, he engaged Fort Mac- 
Allister, Jan. 27, 1863, and Fob. 1, 1863; at- 
tacked and destroyed the privateer "Nashville," 
under the guns of that fort. Fob. 23, 1 863 ; and 
was in the attack of Charleston, under Dupont, 
Apr. 7, 1863. Superint. U. S. Naval Acad, 
since 1 Dec. 1869. — llamersli/. 

Wormeley, Mary Elizabeth (now Mrs. 
Latimer), novelist, b. London, 26 July, 1822 ;. 
has resided many ^ears in Newport, R.I. Her 
father, Kear-Adimral Ralph Randolph W. (b. 
Va. 29 Oct. 1785, d. Utica, N.Y., 26 June, 
1852), was grandson, on the mother's side, of 
Atty.-Gon. John Randolph, a lovaUst. Oct. 3, 
1820, he m. Caroline Preble of Boston. Miss 
W. pub. " Forest Hill," 3 vols. Lond., IS-IG ; 
"Annabel, a Family History," N.Y., 1353; 
"Our Cousin Veronica," N.Y., 1856; and has 
contrib. to raag.azincs. She was subsequently 
m. to Randolph Latimer of Baltimore. Her 
sister Katuerixe Prescott (b. 14 Jan. 1830) 
was during the civil war one of the most en- 
thusiastic supporters of the Sanitary Commis- 
sion. In 1862-3 she was supt. of the woman's 
dept. of the Lowell General Hospital at Ports- 
mouth Grove, Rhode Island. — Preble Fami/i/. 

Worth, Jonathan, gov. of N.C. 1865-8; 
d. Raleigh, N.C, Sept. 5, 1869, a. ab. 72. 
Member of the N.C. legisl. in 1829-34, and in 
1831, during the nullification excitement, de- 
nounced it in the strongest terms. He opposed 
the secession movement vigorously, and, during 
the war, was a strong Unionist. 

Worth, Gen. William Jenkins, b. Hud- 
son, N.Y., 1 Mar. 1794 ; d. San Antonio, Tex., 
7 May, 1849. With a plain education, he be- 
gan life a trader's clerk in Hudson. A pp. 
19 May, 1813, liout. 23d U. S. Inf., he highly 
disting. himself at Chippewa and at Niagara 
(25 July, 1814), where he was severely wound- 
ed; was com. of cadets at West Point 1S20-8; 
maj. ordnance corps 30 May, 1832 ; col. 8th 
Inf. 7 July, 1838; served in the war against 



the Seminole Indians 1 840-2 ; com. the army 
in Fla. May, 1841, to Aug. 1842, and engaged 
in attack of Halleck Tustenuggee's band at 
Pilaklikaha, 19 Apr. 1842; brcv. brig.-gen. 
U.S.A. 1 Mar. 1842 for gallantry and high- 
ly disting. services in Fla. war ; com. brigado 
1846-7, and division 1847-3, in the war with 
Mexico, and engaged in the capture of Monte- 
rey and Vera truz, battles of Cerro Gordo, 
Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and 
assault and capture of city of Mexico, 13-14 
Sept. 1847; and, 23 Sept. 1846, brov. maj. -gen. 
for Monterey, and presented with a sword of 
honor by Congress, also by the States of N.Y. 
and La., and by his native county, Columbia. 
A fine monument has been erected to his mem- 
ory by the city of N.Y. at the junction of 
Broadway and Fifth Avenue. Brave, chival- 
rous, and a good tactician, his manners wera 
popular, and h^ presence imposing. 

Worthington, Erastus, lawyer and poli- 
tician, b. Belchertown, Ms., Oct. 8, 1779; d. 
Dedham, June 27, 1842; Wms. Coll. 1804. 
He practised law at Dedham in 1809-25, and 
was a member of the Gen. Court 1814-15. Ha 
pub. an Oration at Dedham, July 4, 1809; 
" History of Dedham 1635-1827," 8vo, 1827. 

Worthington, Thomas, gov. of Oliio 
1814-18, b. near Charleston, Va., July 16, 
1773; d. N. Y. City 20 June, 1827. He re- 
coived a good education, but was a common 
sailor in 1 790-3 ; removed to the N.W. Terr, in 
1793 ; was a member from Ross County of the 
Terr, legisl. in 1799-1801, of the Const. Conv. 
of 1802; was U. S. senator in 1803-7 and 
1810-14, and canal comraiss. 1822-7. — A. T. 
Goodman, 

Wragg, William, a talented and eloquent 
lawyer of S.C, b. 1714; d. Sept. 1777. Of 
Huguenot descent. Educated in Eng. ; many 
years a member of the S.C. Assembly, and in 
1753 of the council. In 1769 he declined the 
ollice of chief justice. His sense of duty pro- 
vented liis espousing the cause of independence. 
Embarking for Eng., ho was shipwrecked and 
lost on the coast of Holland : his infant son 
was saved. A monument in Westminster Ab- 
bey depicts this event. He pub. " Reasons for 
not coucuiTing in the Non-Importation Reso- 
lution," 1769. 

Wrangel, Von (fon vrang'-gel), Ferdi- 
nand Petuovitch, baron, a Russian admiral 
and navigator of Swedish extraction, b. Es- 
thonia, 1 795. Apj). in 1 820 com. of an exploring 
exped. to the Arctic Sea, he travelled on the ice 
in sledges as far north as 72° 2'. In 1 829 he be- 
came gov. of the Russian Possessions in Ameri- 
ca, and in 1847 vice-admiral ; in 1849 he retired 
from service, and has since been director of the 
trading eo. in the Russian Possessions. Au- 
thor of "Journey from Sitka to St. Petersburg," 
1836 ; " Statistical and Ethnographical Notices 
on the Russian Possessions in America," 1 839; 
and " Journey on the Northern Coasts of Si- 
beria and the Icy Sea," 1841. 

Wright, Elizur, author and journalist, b. 
South Canaan, Ct., Feb. 12, 1804. Y.C. 1826. 
Elizur his father d. Talmadge, 0., 1845, a. 
83. He lived on a farm in Ohio in 1 810-22, and, 
after leaving college, taught in the Lawi-ence 
Acad., Groton, two years. In 1829-33 he was 



1008 



prof, of mathematic.5 anil nat. jihilos. in W. 
Res. Coll., Hudson, O. In 1833 he became 
sec. of the Aincr. Antislavery Society in N.Y., 
editing Human R^ijIUs 1834-5, anl the Qaar- 
lerli/ Aniislaven/ iltvj., until his removal to 
Boston in 1833; in Apr. 1839 ho bc;camo edi- 
tor of the Ms. AM.'tionist. In 184G he estab- 
lished the Chmnoi'/pe newspaper, and was for 
some time editor of the Commonwealth, into 
wlilch it was merged in 1850. Ins. comraiss. 
of Mi. 1858-66. He has pub. a translation in 
verse of La. Fontaine's " Fables,'' 2 vols. 8vo, 
Lond. 1843; 1vol. 8vo, Boston, 1846; "A 
Cariosity of Law," &c., 18G6. Antislavery 
pamphlets, articles in Atlantic Monthli/, &c. 

Wri-^ht, Fkakces (D'Arusmost), reform- 
er, b. Dundee, Scotland, Sept. 6, 1795; d. Cin- 
cinnati, Dec. 14, 1S52. The intimacy of her 
father with Adam Smith, Dr. CuUen, and oth- 
er eminent literary and scientific men of his 
day, was probably the cause of her becoming a 
propagandist of social and political novelties. 
At the age of 13 she wrote "A Few Days in 
Athens," in which she defended the opinions 
and character of Epicurus. In 1818-21 she 
visited America, and pub. " Views on Socie- 
ty and Manners in America." She afterwards 
visited Paris on the invitation of Lafayette. 
After her return to America in 1 325, she pur- 
chased 2,000 acres of land in Tenn. (subse- 
quently the sitj of Memphis), and peopled it 
with a number of slave families whom she had 
redeemed, but who were subsequently removed 
to Hayti. In 1833-6 she lectured publicly on 
slavery and other social topics, with s^reat suc- 
cess, in all the principal cities of the Union, in- 
cun-ing, however, the hostility of the press and 
the clergy by the freedom with which she spoke 
of matters both of Church and State. She then 
joined Robert Owen at New Harmony, editing 
the Gazette, and lectming in behalf of the en- 
terprise, but with small success. About 1 833, 
while on another visit to France, she ra. M. 
D'Arusmont, from whom she soon separated, 
subsequently residing in America with an only 
dau., the fruit of h r marriage. She was an 
eccentric and daring woman, and full of be- 
nevolent enthusiasm. Her other publications 
were " Altorf," a tragedy, 1819 ; "Lectures on 
Free Inquiry, Religion, Morals, Opinions," &c., 
1 836. Her biography was pub. by John Windt, 
1844; and by Amos Gilbert, 8vo, Cin. 1855. 

Wright, Gen. George, b. Vt. 1803; 
drowned 30 July, 1 865, in the wreck of steamer 
"Brother Jonathan." West Point (lieut. 3d 
Inf.), 1822. Adj. Jan. 1831-6; capt. 30 Oct. 
1836 ; brev. maj. tor meritorious conduct in the 
Florida war March 15, 1842; brev. lieu t.-col. 
for gallantry at Contrcras and ChurubiLsco 20 
Aug. 1847 ; com. the storming-party and brev. 
col. for gallantry at Molino dal Rey 8 Sept. 
1847, in which he was wounded; maj. 4th Inf. 
Jan 1, 1848; col. 9th Inf. Mar. 3, 1855; greatly 
disting. in campaigns against the Indians of 
Wash. Terr. Mar. 1856 and Sept. 1853; brig.- 
gen. of vols. Sept. 28, 1 861 ; and com. the dept. 
of the Pacific, Oct. 1861 to July, 1864, and the 
district of California 1864-5. 

Wright, Henrt C, lecturer on antislavery, 
socialism, and spiritualism, b. 29 Aug. 1797; 
d. Pawtueket, R.I., Aug. 16, 1870. Author 



of " Marriage and Parentage," 12mo, 1855; 
" Manki'.ling by Nations and Individuals 
Wrong," 1841 ; "A Kiss for a Blow," 1843 ; 
" Defensive War a Denial of Christianity," 
1346; "Human Life Illustrated," 1849; "An- 
thropology, or the Science of Man," 1850 ; 
"The Living Present and the Dead Past," 
1865. 



App. 2d lieut. of engrs. ; assist, prof of cng. at 
West Point, Jan. 1842-July, 1844; 1st lieut. 
23 Feb. 1848 ; capt. 1 July, 1355 ; maj. 6 Aug. 
1861 ; liout.-col. 23 Nov. 1865 ; brig.-gen. vols. 
14 Sept. 1861 ; maj.-gen. 18 July, 1362. Chief 
enginrerof lleintselman's div. at Bull Run, 21 
July, 1861 ; com. 2d brigade in the Port-Royal 
expcd. ; com. the exped. (27 Feb. 1862) that 
captured Fcrnandina, Fla. ; com. a division 
in the attack on Secessionville, S.C, 16 June, 
1 862 ; assigned to com. the dept. of the Ohio 
18 July, 1862; com. a division. Army of ths 
Potomac, in passage of the Rappahannock and 
at Gettysburg; com. 6th corps at Rappahan- 
nock Station 7 Nov. 1863, and brev. lieut.- 
col. ; com. 6th corps in Richmond campaign, 
and wounded at Spottsylvania, and brev. col. 
1 2 May, 1 864 ; engaged in defence of the capi- 
tal in July, and in the Shenandoah campaign 
Aug.-Dec. 1864, and wounded at Cedar Creek ; 
and finally at the siege of Petersburg, and 
operations ending in Lee's surrender. Brev. 
lirig.-gcn. and maj.-gen. 13 March, 1865, for 
Cold Harbor and capture of Petersburg. — 

Wright, Sir James, last royal gov. of 
Ga., b. Charleston, S.C; d. Eng. 1786. His 
father Robert was chief justice of S.C. at his 
decease. The son practised law in Charleston, 
and was afterward agent of the Province of 
S.C. in Great Britain, and atty.-gen. May 13, 
1 760, he was app. chief justice and lieut.-gov. ; 
in 1 764 he received the appointment of gov. ; 
and Dec. 8, 1772, was created a baronet. His 
long administration was disting. by wisdom 
and prudence; and the Colony flourished. He 
wa-s, however, avaricious, and devoted to the 
wishes of the king. At the commencement of 
the Revol. a contest was kept up by him and 
the popular leaders until Jan. 1776, when ho 
was imprisoned, but soon afterwards escaped. 
He returned in July, 1779, and resumed the 
govt. ; but the royal authority soon ceased, the 
large estates acquired by him in Ga. were con- 
fiscated, and Sir James retired to England. 
His son James succeeded to the baronetcy, and 
d. in 1 8 1 6. He served with the Ga. Royalists 
at the siege of Savannah. 

Wright, John C, jurist, b. 1783; d. Wash- 
ington, D.C., Feb. 13, 1861, while a delegate to 
the Peace Convention. He settled early at Stcu- 
benville, O. ; soon attained eminence at the bar ; 
was many years on the supreme bench ; M.C. 
1 82.3-9 ; and was long editor and owner of the 
Cincinnati Ga:ett'. His reported decisions are 
in high repute in the West. He pub. Sup. 
Court Reports, Ohio, 1831-4, 8vo, 1835. — 
Lanman. 

Wright, Joseph, portrait-painter, b. Bor- 
dentown, N.J., 1756; d. Phila 1793 of yellow- 
fever. Patience Wright, his mother, excelled 



^WRl 



1009 



in modelling wax miniature-heads. The fami- 
ly went to Eng. in 1772. Here the young ar- 
tist painted the Prinee of Wales; afterward 
pursued his studies in Paris under the care of 
Dr. Franklin ; and on his return narrowly 
escaped with his hfe from shipwreck. In the 
autumu of 1783 he painted a three-quarter- 
length portrait of Washington; afterwards 
painted anotlier for the Count de Solms ; and, 
still later, a miniaturo-profilo from life. App. 
by Washington first draughtsman and die- 
smkor in the U.S. mint. The first coins and 
medals of the U.S. were his handiwork. — 
Tucktrman. 

Wright, Joseph A., statesman, b. Pa. 17 
April, 1810; d. Berlin, Prus.-ia, May U, 1867. 
Ilis educational advantages were limited. Early 
in life he settled in lad. ; came to the bar in 
1329; soon rose in the profession ; in 1833 be- 
came a member of the State legisl. ; State sen- 
ator in li40; M.C. 1843-5; gov. of Indiana 
1o40-j7; minister to Prussia'l 857-61 ; U.S. 
senator in 1861-2; U.S. commiss. to the Ilam- 
burij Exuiliiiion in 1863; and a second time 
minisrcr to Prussia, from 1865 until his death. 

Wright, Nathaniel H., poet, b. Concord, 
Ms., 1787; d. Boston, May 13, 1824. Edu- 
cated as a printer in Boston, where he edited 
the Kaleidoscope. Pub. " Fall of Palmyra," a 
poem; and "Boston," or a touch at the times, 
a small pamphlet. 

Wright, Robert, gov. of Md. in 1805-9, 
b. Kent Co., Md.; d. Sept. 7, 1826. U.S. sen- 
ator 1301-6; at one time a member of the 
exec, council ; and was M.C. in 1810-17 and 
1821-3. 

Wright, Robert E., counseUor-at-law, b. 
Allentown, Pa., 1810. Author of "Law of 
Aldermen and Justices," 1839; "Law of Con- 
stables," 1840; "Pa. Digest, 1836^1," 8vo, 
1842; Pa. Sup. Ct. Reports, 1860-5, 8vo, 14 
vols. ; essays on Constitutional Reform, an 
Elective Judiciary, Relbrm in our Postal Po- 
litical System, &c. — AUibone. 

Wright, Silas, statesman, b. Amherst, 
M^., May 24, 179.T ; d. Canton, N.Y., Aug. 27, 
1847. Mid. Coil. 1815. Adm. to tlie bar in 
1819, he established himself as an attorney at 
Canton. In 1820 ho was app. surrogate of the 
county. In 1823 he bccaine a member of the 
State senate, and an opponent of De Witt Clin- 
ton; M.C. in 1827-9, voted for the protective 
tariff of 1828, and for an inquiry into the ex- 
)icdlency of abolishing slaverv in the Dist. of 
l.'ol. ; comptroller of N.Y. 1829-33 ; U.S. sen- 
ator 1833^4, supported Mr. Clay's compromise 
bill in 1833, defended Pres. Jackson's removal 
of the deposits, opposed the reeharter of the 
U.S. Bank, voted against receiving a petition 
for abolishing slavery in the Dist. of Col., 
voted for the tariff of 1842 and for the an- 
nexation of Texas. He refused to be made a 
justice of the U.S. Sup. Court, and in 1844 
declined the nomination to the vice-presidency. 
In 1844 he was chosen gov. of N.Y. ; in 1845 
lie declined the office of sec. of the treasury. 
On leaving the gov.'s chair, Mr. Wri^rht re- 
turned to his little farm of 30 acres at Canton, 
whose cultivation with his own hands had al- 
ways been a favorite pursuit. He was a man 
of clear and powerful mind, and thoroughly 



informed upon public affairs. — See hin Life 
and Times hi) Jahez U. Ilammond, 8vo, 1848. 

Wright, William, senator, b. Clarkstown, 
N.Y., 1794: d. Newark, N.J., Nov. 1, 1866. 
The death of his father, Dr. William Wright, 
compelled him to abandon the design of a col- 
lege education ; and he learned the trade of 
harness-making, in which be eventually made a 
large fortune, having in 1821 established him- 
self in Newark. He was a volunteer for the 
defence of Stonington, Ct., in the war of 1812; 
was mayor of Newark in 1 840-3 ; was a warm 
political friend of Henry Clay; M.C. in 1843- 
7 ; changed his politics in 1851 ; wasaDemoc. 
U.S. senator in 1853-9, and re-elected in 1863; 
and was chairman of the committee on manu- 
factures. 

Wyatt, Sir Francis, gov. of Va. 1621- 
6 and 1639-41 ; d. Bexley, Kent, Eng., 1644. 
Son of George, who d. in Ireland 1625. Dur- 
ing his administration, the Indians beiian (-2 
Mar. 1622) to e.xecute a plot to exterminate 
the English, which was followed by a sangui- 
nary war; and the first courts were estab- 
lished in the Colony. 

Wylie, Andrew, D.D. (Un. Coll. 1825), 
educator, b. Washington Co., Pa., Apr. 12, 
1789;- d. Bloomington, Ind., Nov. U, 1851. 
Jelf. Coll. 1810. In 1812 he was licensed as a 
Prcsb. preacher; was pres. of Jeff. Coll. in 
1812-16. In 1817 he became pres. of Wash- 
ington CoB., taking charge at the same time 
of a cong. 7 miles distant ; and from 1828 to his 
death was pres. of thceoll. at Bloomington ; in 
Dec. 1841 lie took orders in the Epis. Church. 
He pub. " English Grammar," 1822 ; " Sec- 
tarianism is Heresy," 1840; " Eulogy on La- 
fiiyette," 1834 ; and addresses and sermons. 

"Wylie, Samuel Brown, D.D. (Dick. 
Coll. 1817), 51 years pastor of the First Ref 
Church, Phila.; d. there 14 Oct. 1852; b. near 
Ballymena, Ireland, 21 May, 1773. U. of 
Glasg. 1797. Came to Phila. in 1797 ; prof in 
Theol. Sera, of R. P. Church 1809-51; prof, 
of ancient languages in the U. of Pa. 1828-45, 
and an eminent Oriental and classical scholar ; 
vice-provost of the U. Pa. 1838^5. Author 
of " The Faithful Witness," 1804 ; Covenant- 
ing, 1803; "Greek Grammar," 1838 ; "Life 
of Rev. Alexander McLeod, D.D.," 8vo, 1855. 
Co-editor Presbi/terian Mag. 1821-2; contrib. to 
periodicals. 

Wylie, Theodore W. J., D.D. (U. of 
N.Y. 1859), son of S.B.,h. Phila. 1818. U. of 
Pa. 1836. Assoc, pastor 1st Ref Presb. Church 
1843-52, and pastor since that date; prof. 
Theol. Sem. Ref. Pr. Church 1847-51, 1854-7, 
1859-69. Author of English, Latin, and Greek 
Vocab., 1839 ; " The God of Our Fathers," 
1854; " Washington a Christian," 1862. Edi- 
tor Jiiy. Missionari/ Intellig., 1835-7 ; Missionari/ 
Admcale, 1838-41 ; Banner of the Covenant, 
1845-55. —AUibone. 

Wyllys, George, of Fenny Compton, 
Co. VVarwick, came to Hartford in 1638 ; was 
an assist, in 1639; dcp.-guv. 1641; gov. 1642; 
d. 9 Mar. 1645. His son Samuel (b. 1632; 
(1. 30 May, 1709; H.U. 1653) was an assist. 
1654-84. ' IIezekiaii, son of Samuel, sec. of 
tlie Colony of Ct. 1712-34, d. 24 Dec. 1741. 
George, son of Hez, (b. 6 Oct. 1710; d. 24 



1010 



YAIj 



Apr. 1796; Y.C. 1729), succeeded his father 
as sec. (1734-95). 

Wyllys, Ges. Samoel, RcvoI. patriot, b. 
Hanforil, Jan. 15, 1739 ; d. there June 9, 1823. 
Y.C. 1758. Son of Sec. Geor-e. In 1775 he 
was lieut.-col. of Spencer's rej;t. ; was col. of a 
regt. at the siege of Boston ; app. col. in the 
Cont. line in Jan. 1776, serving with repute 
throughout the war. Ho aftenvaril became 
maj.-gen. of militia; member of the Ct. Acad, 
of Arts and Sciences; and succeeded his father 
and grandfather as sec. of State, which post 
he resigned in 1809. The 3 held this office 98 
years in succession. 

Wsrman, Jeffries, M.D., anatomist, b. 
Chelmstord, Ms., Aug. II, 1814. II.U. 1833 ; 
Harv. Med. Coll. 1837. During a two-years' 
visit to Europe, he studied medicine in the hos- 
pitals of Paris, and nat. history in the Jardln 
des Planles. In 1843-7 he filled the chair of 
anatomy in Hamp. Sid. Coll., Va. ; and has 
sincebecnHersey prof of anatomy in H.U., and 
prof of comp. anatomy in the Lawrence Scient. 
School. He has pub. " Twelve Lectures on 
Comparative Physiology," delivered before the 
Lowell Inst., Boston, 1849; also various articles 
in the Jour, of Science, " Smithsonian Contribs. 
to Knowledge," Boston Jour, of Nat. Hist., and 
the " Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. 
Hist.," of which association he has been pies. 
since 1856. 

Wynne, J.*.mes, M.D. (U. of N.Y. 1835), 

LL.D., b. Utica, N.Y., 1814. A lineal de- 
scendant of Sir John of Gwydyr. He prac- 
tised medicine at Baltimore, and afterward in 
N.Y. Author of " Memoir of Major Samuel 
Ringgold," 1847 ; " Lives of Eminent Literary 
and Scient. Men of America," 1850; "Vital 
Statistics of the U.S.," 1857 ; " Importance of 
the Study of Legal Medicine," 1 859 ; " Private 
Libraries of New York ; " " Report on the 
Asiatic Cholera in the U.S.," 1849, prep, for 
the British govt., which in 1858 rewarded him 
with a gold medal ; reports, med. papers, &.c. — 
AUilioiie. 

Wynne, John Hpddlestone, author, b. 
S. Wales 1743; d. St. Thomas's Hospital, 
Lond., Oct. 1788. Author of a " General His- 
tory of the British Empire in America," 2 vols. 
8vo, 1770; " History of Ireland," 1773; "Fa- 
bles of Flowers," &c. 

Wynn, Gex. Richard, b. Va. ; d. Tenn. 
soon after 1813. Entering the service early, he 
was in 1 775 lieut. of S. C. Rangers ; served in 
the battle on Sullivan's Island ; was in com. 
of Fort Mcintosh, Ga. ; was subsequently pro- 
moted to coL, and com. the militia of Fairheld 
dist., S. C- ; was with Sumter at Hanging 
Rock, where he was wounded ; was active dur- 
ing the remainder of the war ; and at its close 
was app. a brig., and finally a maj.-gen. of 
militia. M.C. 1793-7 and 1802-13. 

Wjnin, Gen. Thomas, Revol. officer, b. 
Hartford Co., NX.; d. there 3 June, 1825. A 
planter :by occupation. He served many years 
in the State legisl., was a member of the exec, 
council, gen. of militia, and M.C. 1803-7. 

Wythe, George, statesman and jurist, and 
a signer of the Dccl. of Indep,, b. Elizabeth 
City, Va., 1726; d. Richmond, June 8, 1806. 
Wm. and Mary Coll. Educated chiefly under 



the supervision of his mother, — a woman of 
uncommon knowledge, and strength of mind. 
The death of both parents before he was 21, 
and the uncontrolled possession of a large for- 
tune, led him for some time into a career of ex- 
travagance and dissipation. At the age of 30, 
however, his conduct underwent an entire 
change : he gave his assiduous attention to the 
study of law; was adm. to the bar in 1757, 
where his learning, industry, and eloquence 
made him eminent. As early as 1758, and for 
several years previous to the Revol., he was a 
prominent member of the house of burgesses as 
the representative of Wm. and Mary Coll., 
of which he was prof, of law in 1779-^89. In 
1764 he drew up a strong remonstrance to the 
house of commons against the Stamp Act, the 
tone of which was greatly modified by the As- 
sembly. In Au^. 1775, he was app. a dclcg. to 
Congress, of which he was an influential mem- 
ber until 1777. In Nov. 1776 he was app., with 
Jefftrson (who had been his pupil in the law) 
and others, to revise the laws of Va., in which 
they made important changes. In 1777 he 
was chosen speaker of the house of delegates, 
and was app. judge of the High Conit of 
Chancery of the State. On the re-organization 
of the Court of Equity, he was app. sole chan- 
iellor, which station he filled more than 20 
years. In 1 788 he was a member of the Va. 
"Conv. which ratified the Federal Constitution, 
— during the debates, generally acting as chair- 
man, — and was a strenuous advocate of the in- 
strument adopted. His death was occasioned 
by poison ; but the person suspected was ac- 
quitted by a jury. In the latter part of his life 
he emancipated his slaves, and furnished them 
means of subsistence. Author of " Decisions 
by the High Court of Chancery," &c., 1795; 
second ed., with Memoir by B. B. Minor, Svo, 
1852. LL.D. (Wm. and Mary Coll. 1790). 

Xeres (ha'-rSs), FRANgois DE, historian 
of the conquest of Peru, and one of the con- 
querors, b. Seville. His History, pub. by order 
of Pizarro (whose secretaiy he was), in folio, 
Salamanca, 1547, was written in Caxamarca, 
and, though partial, is full of interest. 

Ximenes de Quesada (ze-mce'-nez da 

ka-sa'-ilii) , Gonzalo, a Spanish explorer and 
captain, b. Granada ab. 1495 ; d. 1546. He 
com. a party which ab. 1532 began to explore 
the region since called New Granada; and 
founded, in 1638, Santa Fe dc Bogota. 

Yale, Cthus, minister of New Hartford 
1814-54 (excepting in 1834-7, when he was 
settled at Ware), b. Lee. Ms., 17 May, 1786; 
d. 21 Miiy, 1854. Wms. Coll. 1811. He was 
zealous in the cause of peace and temperance. 
He pub. a " Memoir of Rev. J. Hallock," 1828; 
" Sketches of Ministers of Litchf. County," 
18.i2 ; and some sermons. 

Yale, Eliiiu, principal benefactor of Yale 
Coll., b. New Haven, Apr. 5, 1648; d. Lond. 
July 22, 1721. His father Thomas came to 
N. Haven with the first colonists in 1638, but 
returned with his family in 1658. At the age 
of 10 he went to Eng., where he was educated ; 
and ab. 1678 removed to the E. Indies, where 
he resided 20 years, and acquired a very large 
estate. He first introduced auctions into Eng. 
ab. 1 700, on goods brought home by him from 



1011 



YOR 



Fort George in the E. Indies, of which place 
he had been ^ov. in 1687-92. He m. a native 
of the E. Indies, by whom he had three daugh- 
ters. The close of his life he passed in Eng., 
where he was made gov. of the E. I. Company, 
and a fellow of the Royal Society. His dona- 
tions to Yale Coll. amounted to about £400 
sterling. — Gen. Keg., iv. 245. 

Yancey, William Lowndes, politician, 
b. Ogeechee Shoals, Ga., Aug. 10, 1814; d. 
near Montgomery, Ala., July 28, 1863. He 
went to Ala. while young; studied law; was 
adm. to the bar at jVlontgomery, near which 
city he afterward resided. Edited the Cahawba 
Democrat aai Wetampka Aiyas ; served in both 
branches of the State legisl.'; and was M.C. in 
1844-7. Resuming practice in Ala., he was a 
member of the Nat. Democ. Conv. at Balti- 
more in May, 1848, a zealous opponent of the 
compromise" measures of 1850, and was one of 
the leaders of the extreme party in the South. 
In a letter written in June, 18o8, and pub. in 
1860, he advised the organization of commit- 
tees of safety in all the cotton States to " fire 
the Southern heart," and ultimately to pre- 
cipitate the cotton States into revol. Member 
of the Democ. Conv. at Charleston Apr. 23, 
1860, and withdrew with other Southern ex- 
tremists. In the seceding convention he aided 
in the nomination of Mr. Breckenridge, and 
advocated his election before the people. In 
the Ala. Conv., which met at Montgomery, 
Jan. 7, 1861, he reported the ordinance of seces- 
sion, which was passed Jan. 14 ; Feb. 27 he 
was made a commiss. to the govts, of Europe 
to obtain the recognition of the Confed. States, 
and left New York in March. Returning in 
Feb. 1862, he was a member of the Confed. 
Congress until his death. 

Yates, Joseph C, judge of the Supreme 
Court of N.Y. 1808-22, gov. of N.Y. 1823-5, 
b. Sclieneciady, N.Y., 9 Nov. 1768; d. there 
March 19, 1837. Son of Col. Christopher. 
Studied and practised law at S. ; a founder of 
Union Coll. 1795; mayor of S. 1798-1808; 
State senator 1806-7. 

Yates, RiCHAKD, lawyer, and a prominent 
Repub. politician, b. Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1818. 
He removed to Illinois; grad. at III. Coll., and 
practised law. Often a member of the State 
legisl.; M.C. 1851-5; gov. of III. 1861-5; 
active in raising vols, in defence of the Union ; 
U. S. senator 1865-71 ; delegate to the Phila. 
Loyalists' Convention of 1866. 

Yates, Robert, jurist and statesman, b. 
Schenectady, N.Y., Jan. 27, 1738 ; d. Albany, 
Sept. 9, 1801. He received a classical educa- 
tion in N.Y. City; studied law; and in 1760 
was adm. to practice at Albany, where he at- 
tained eminence in the profession. During the 
early stages of the Revol., several well-written 
essays established his reputation as a writer in 
defence of the rights and liberties of his coun- 
try. A prominent member of the com. of 
safety ; chairman of the com. of niilit. opera- 
tions 1776-7; member of the Prov. Congress 
of New York, and of the conv. that framed the 
State constitution in 1777; judge of the Su- 
preme Court 1777-90; chief justice 1790-8, 
and eminent for his moderation and impartial- 
ity ; member of the conv. that formed the Con- 



stitution of the U.S., which he opposed; and to 
his labors we are indebted for the preservation 
of its debates, pub. by his widow, 12nio, 1839. 
A member also of the State Convention which 
adopted the Constitution. Soon after this 
period, he was commissioned to treat with the 
States of Ms. and Ct. on the subject of terri- 
tory, and to .settle the claims of N.Y. against 
the State of Vt. 

Yeadon, Richard, lawyer and journalist, 
b. Charleston, S.C, 23 Oct. 1802 ; d. there 25 
Apr. 1870. S.C. Coll. Adm. to the bar, but 
became interested in politics, and wrote for the 
Political Gazette. He was many years cd. and 
prop, of the Charleston Courier. "Several years 
a member of the State legisl., and filled various 
public offices. He accumulated wealth from 
his law practice and from his paper, much of 
which he used in charity. 

Yeamans, Sir John, gov. of S. C. in 
1671-4, b. Bristol, England; d.Barbadoes. He 
emig. to Barbadoes ; and in 1665 was one of 
the settlers of Clarendon Co., S.C, and first 
introduced slaves into Carolina, previous to 
which the laborers were Europeans. He at 
first ruled with prudence and moderation, but 
became violent, unjust, and tyrannical, and was 
removed from office. 

Yeardley, Sir George, gov. of Va. 
1616, 1619-21, and 1625; d. 1627. In 1619 the 
first Gen. Assembly met in Va.; and, during bis 
administration, many important improvements 
were made, and the power, population, and 
respectability of the Colony much increased. 
He was at one time a member of the council. 

Yeates, Jasper, judge of the Sup. Court 
of Pa. from 1791 to his d., Lancaster, Pa., Mar. 
14, 1817. Member of the Lancaster Co. com. 
of corresp. in 1774, and of the conv. which rati- 
fied the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He pub. 
" Reports of Cases in the Sup. Court of Pa. 
1791-1808," Phila., 4 vols. 8vo, 1817-19. 

Yell, Col. Archibald, b. Ky. 1797; killed 
in battle of Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847. Judge 
of Ark. Terr. ; M. C. from Ark. 1837-9 and 
1845-7; gov, 1840-4; col. Ark. volunteer 
cav. July, 1846. 

Yeo, Sir James Locas, who com. the 
British fleet on the Lakes in the war of 1812, 
b. Southampton, Eng., 1782 ; d. 1819. Enter- 
ing the navy at an early age, he earned his 
promotion to com. by a gallant exploit, storm- 
ing the fort of El Muros, and capturing and 
bringing off every vessel in the port. His cap- 
ture of Cayenne, for which he was made pos^ 
capt., and his services on the American Lakes, 
gained him high consideration. — Morgan. 

Yoakum, Col. Henderson K., b. Clai- 
borne Co., Tenn., 1810; d. Houston, Texas, 
Nov. 29, 1856. West Point, 1832. He entered 
the 3d Art., but re.signed 31 Mar. 1833 ; was a 
lawyer in Tenn. in 1835-45, and in Texas in 
1845-6 ; and was a member of the Statescnato 
in 18-39. He served as 1st. lieut. Hay's Texan 
Rangers in Mexican war, June, 1846 ; lawyer 
at Iluntsville. Tex., 1846-56. Author of " A 
History of Texas, 1685-1845," 2 vols. 8vo, 
1855. 'Contributed also to periodicals. 

Yorke, Col. John, a British officer serv- 
ing in the Amtr. Revol. war, b. May, 1745 ; d. 
1825. Maj. 33d Regt. 8 Aug. 1776; lieut.-col. 



1779; col. 19 Mar. 1783. Di.sting. in Coni- 
wallis's campai^^ns ; M.P. for Reading ; dep.- 
lieut. of the Tower from Mar. 1794 to his 
death. 

Youmans, Edwakd Livingston, author 
and lecturer, b. Albany Co., N.Y., 1821. M.D. 
U. of Vt. ; prof, of ehemistry Antioch Coll. 
since 1866. In his early youth he was some 
years deprived of eyesight, but eventually be- 
came a proficient in chemistry. He pub. 
" Chemical Chart of Colored Diagrams," 
1851; "Class-Book of Chemistry," 1852; 
"Atlas of Chemistry," 1854; "Alcohol and 
the Constitution of Man," 1855; " Handbook 
of Household Science," 1857 ; " Correlation 
and Conservation of Forces," 1864 ; " Obser- 
vations on the Scient. Study of Human Na- 
ture," 1866; "The Culture demanded by 
Modem Life," 1867. Editor of Herbert Spen- 
cer's works. Contrib. to scient. periodicals. 

Young, Alexander, D.D. (U.U. 1846), 
Unitarian clergyman and historian, b. Boston, 
Sept. 22, 1800; d. there Mar. 16, 1854. H.U. 
1820. The son of a printer. Jan. 19, 1825, 
he was settled pastor of the Sixth (New South) 
Church, Boston. Besides a vol. of occas. dis- 
coui-scs. Dr. Yoimg pub. in 18.39 a series of 9 
vols., entitled the " Old English Prose Wri- 
ters;" "Discourse on the Lile and Character 
of Nathaniel Bowditch," 1838 ; " Chronicles 
of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Pl;ym- 
outh," 1841; and "Chronicles of the First 
Planters of the Colony of Ms. Bay from 1623 
to 1636," 1846. 

Young, Beigham, high priest of the 
Mormons, b. Whittingham, Vt., 1 June, 1801. 
In 1832he joined the Mormons at Ivirtland, O.; 
soon became influential by his shrewdness and 
energy ; was one of the 12 apostles sent out to 
make converts in 1835; and on the death of 
Joe Smith in June, 1 844, was chosen pres. and 
prophet. With most of the sect, he abandoned 
Nauvoo early in 1846; persuaded his followers 
that the Salt-Lake Valley was the Promised 
Land, and founded there, in July, 1847, Salt- 
Lake City. In the spring of 1849, having 
greatly increased by emigration, they organized 
a St.ite they called Deserct ; but Congress or- 
ganized it as the TeiT. of Utah, of which Young 
was U.S. gov. in 1850-4. The Mormons hav- 
ing defied the Federal govt., Pres. Buchanan 
■ 1857 sent a force of 2,500 men to enforce 

; authority; and in 1858 a compromise ended 



the imbroglio. Brigham has 12 actual wives, 
besides many who have been " sealed to him 



as his spiritual wives. As the head of the 
Mormon Church, he was long de facto gov. of 
the Terr., and is " president by semi-annual 
viva-voce election. 

Young, J. Harvet, portrait-painter of 
Boston, b. Salem, Ms., 14 June, 1830. He 
studied under John Pope, and, opening a studio, 
worked on portraits at five dollars a head. For 
4 years he was an architect, and was engaged 
in mercantile business in N.H. and in Phila., 
but in 1858 settled permanently in Boston, 
soon acquiring reputation. Among his best 
known portraits are those of Edward Everett, 
William Warren, comedian, Wm. H. Prescott, 
and Horace Mann, Maj. Camp the knightly 
soldier, Chaplain Fuller, Col. Ellsworth, and 



Sergeant Prownell. Mr. Young married in 
1855. 

Young, Rev. Jacob, Meth. preacher, b. 
Alleghany Co., Pa., March 19, 1776; d. Har- 
risburg, 0., Sept. 15, 1859. Licensed to preach 
in 1801, and continued till 1856. Author of 
" The Autobiography of a Pioneer," Cin., 
12mo. 

Young, John, gov. of N.Y. 1847-9, b. 
Chelsea, Vt., 1802; d. N. Y. City, Apr. 23, 
1852. While young, his father removed to 
Livingston Co., N.Y., where he received a 
common-school education, and studied and 
pr.ictised law. Member of the State legisl. in 
1831, '44, and '45; M.C. 1841-3. Originally 
a Democrat, he became in 1 829 an anti-Mason, 
and was elected to Congress by the Whigs. 
U. S. assist, trcas. at N.Y. City 1849-52. 

Young, Right Hon. Sib Joun, Baron 
Lisgar, gov.-gcn. of the Dominion of Canada 
since 18 Sept. 1868, b. 1807. B.A. of Oxford 
U. 1829; called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn 
1834 ; a lord of the treasury 1841-4 ; see. of 
the treas. 1844-6; chief sec. to lord-licut. of 
Ireland 1852-5 ; commiss. of the Ionian Islands 
1855-9; gov. of New South Wales 1860-7; 
created Baron Lisgar 8 Oct. 1870. 

Young, John Clark, D.D. (N.J. Coll. 
1839), clergyman, b. Greeneastle, Pa., Aug. 
12, 1803 ; d. June 23, 1857. Dick. Coll. 1823. 
He in 1828 became pastor of a church in Lex- 
ington, Ky. From 1830 till his death he was 
pres. of Centre Coll., DanWIle, Ky., and also 
had charge of a cong. there. Author of an 
Address to the Presbyterians of Ky., propos- 
ing a Plan for Emancipation, 1 835 ; also many 
single sermons. 

Young, Josde Marie, B. C. bishop of 
Erie (conscc. 23 Apr. 1854), b. Santbrd, Me., 
Aug. 1 808 ; d. Erie, Pa., Sept. 1 8, 1 866. Bom 
of Protestant parents, he became a Catholic at 
19. Learning the printer's trade, he went to 
Cincinnati, and worked in the office of tha 
Catholic Tdir/raph. Prepared for the church at 
Mount St. Slary's Coll., he ;vas ord. in 1837, 
and labored many years in the diocese of Cin- 
cinnati. In 1853, while pastor of St. Mary's, 
Lancaster, Ohio, he was app. to the see of 
Pittsburg, but declined. 

Young, William, editor of the Albion 
(N.Y.) 1848-67, b. Deptford, Eng., 1809, and, 
having m. an Amer. lady, in 1839 emig. to the 
U. S. He has transl. Be'ranger's songs and 
poems, and " The Man who Laughs ; " and 
has pub. a Collection of Amer. College Songs, 
1868; " Matthieu Ropars, et csetera," 1868. 

Zane, Col. Ebenezer, a Western pioneer, 
b. Berkeley Co., Va., Oct. 7, 1747; d. 1811. 
Of Danish origin. He at the age of 23 emig. 
to the West, and settled on the site of the ])res- 
cnt city of Wheeling at a time when there 
w.as not a permanent Anglo-Saxon settlement 
from the source to the mouth of the Ohio. 
During the Revol. war, several attacks by the 
Indians upon Fort Henry, as the settlement was 
then named, were repulsed; the last in 1781. 
Col. Zane was a disbursing-oiBcer under Dun- 
more, and held under the commonwealth nu- 
merous civil and military posts. He owned 
the land where the city of Zanesville now stands, 
on the Muskingum. 



1013 



Zarate (tha-ra'-ta), AoosTiN DE ; d. ab. 
15G0. Author of a " History of the Conquest 
of Peru," pub. 1555. Sent to Peru in 1543 
as treasurer of the crown, he played an im- 
portant part in the civil wars of the country, 
where he remained many years. After the dep- 
osition of Vela, he was sent on an important 
embassy to Gonzalo Pizarro. 

Zea (tha'-ii), Don Francisco Antonio, 
a South-American patriot, h. Medellin, New 
Granada, Oct. 20, 1770; d. Bath, Eng., Nov. 
28,1822. Educated at Bogota. Participating 
in revol. movements, he was confined at Cadiz 
in 1797-9. In 1802 he became an assistant 
director in the Botanic Garden of Madrid, and 
in 18U5 prof, of botany, and dircctor-in-chief ; 
in 1808 lie was elected a member of the junta 
of Bayonnc, and was, under Joseph Bonaparte, 
minister of the interior, and gov. of Malaga; 
in 1814 he embarked for S. America, and joined 
Bolivar. Made intendant-gen. of the army ; 
he was vice-pres. of Venezuela in reb.-Aug. 
1819; Sept. 24, 1819, he was accredited to all 
the European courts ; and succeeded in obtain- 
ing from Eni.'Iish bankers a loan of £2,000,000 
in March, 1822. 

Zeilin, Jacob, brig.-gen. U.S. marine corps, 
b. Phila. 2d licut. Oct. 1, 18.31 ; capt. Sept. 
14, 1847 ; major July 26, 1861 ; col. and com. 
marine corps June 10, 1864; brig.-gen. Mar. 2, 
1867. Attached to frigate " Congress " in 
Mexican war; com. battalion of marines under 
com. Stockton ; and brev. major for gallantry 
in the battle of Los Angelos, Jan. 9, 1847; 
wounded in the battle of Bull Run. 

Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary 
among the Indians, b. Zoetenthal, Moravia, 
Apr. 11, 1721; d. Franklin, Summit Co., O., 
Nov. 7, 1808. His parents emig. to America 
during his youth. After completing his studies, 
he went to England, when Gen. Oglethorpe 
enabled bim to join his parents in Ga. One 
of the founders of Bethlehem, Pa., in 1740. 
He soon after became a missionary to the In- 
dians, and labored, until the breaking-out of 
the Indian war in 1755, among the Delawares 
at Shamokin and the Iroquois at Onondaga. 
During the Pontiac conspiracy he assisted the 
Christian Indians, whom he afterward led to 
Wyalusing, Bedford Co., Pa. In 1767 he es- 
tablished a church among the Monseys ; in 
1772 be began the settlement of an Indian 
town (Schoenbrunn) on the Tuscarawas, Ohio, 
where he was afterward joined by all the Mora- 
vian Indians of Pa. ; but the settlement was 
destroyed by the Wyandots in 1781; in 1787 
he began the settlement of New Salem, Huron 
Co., near Lake Erie; in 1791 be emigrated to 
Canada, and founded Fairfield on the Thames; 
in 1798 the Moravians returned to their for- 
mer settlements in Ohio which had been grant- 
ed them by Congress, and built there a new 
station named Goshen. Zeisberger preached 
there till the end of his life. He pub. in 
the Delaware tongue a " Dcl.iware and English 
Spelling-Book," 1776; a " Coll. of Hymns," 
1803; "Sermons to Children," 1803; "A 
Harmony of the Four Gospels " (N.Y. 1821 ) ; 
and Verbal- Biegungen der VhippeKorjer, in Va- 
ter's Aiwlekten der Sprachhunde. He left in 
MS. a Delaware Grammar and Dictionary, 



deposited in H. Coll. Library, and an Iroquois 
Dictionary in the library of thePhilos. Society 
at Phila. — See Memoir bi/ Schiveinitz, 8vo, 
Phila. 1870. 

Zenger, Joh.n Peter, printer, b. Ger- 
many ; d. New York, 1746. He established a 
press in 1726; Nov. 5, 1733, be began the 
Weekli/ Journal, continued by his widow Ca- 
tharine, and John his son, until ab. 1752. For 
some strictures in his paper on Gov. Cosby 
and the council, he was arrested 17 Nov. 1734, 
tried in 1735, and kept in close confinement 
35 weeks. Andrew Hamilton of Phila. de- 
fended him from the charge of libel on the 
ground of the truth of the publication, — a prin- 
ciple since well established. The court, how- 
ever, would not allow the witnesses of the truth 
to be examined, nor would it allow the jury 
to be judges of the law as well as of the fact. 
Notwithstanding the direction of the bench, 
the jury brought in a verdict of not guilty. A 
narrative of this trial was pub. at Boston, also 
at London, with that of Wm. Owen, in 1765. 

Zeuner, Charles, musician and compos- 
er; d. Phila. Nov. 1857, a. ab. 60. lie resid- 
ed some years in Boston, where he was or- 
ganist at the Park-st. Church and of the 
Handel and Hayden Soe. Author of "Feast 
of the Tabernacles," an oratorio, 1832 ; 
"American Harp," 1839 ; "Ancient Lyre," 
1848; " Musical Manual," &c. 

Zinzendorf, Nicholas Lonis, count, 
founder, or restorer, of the Moravian brethren, 
b. Dresden, May 26, 1 700 ; d. Hernhutt, May 9, 
1760. His father, one of the principal min- 
isters of the Elector of Saxony, died a few 
weeks after his birth ; and he was educated by 
Prof. Eranke at Halle, and afterward at Wit- 
tenberg. Receiving in 1 720 his property from 
his guardians, he purchased a lordship in Lu- 
satia, and m. a sister of the Prince of Reuss. 
In 1 722 he began to conceive the idea of a purer 
church-discipline, traces of which were observa- 
ble among the sect called the Bohemian and 
Moravian Brethren, some of whom he permit- 
ted to settle on his estate. The count and a 
clergyman named Rothe labored to instnict 
them ; and he formed statutes for their govt., 
from which period their writers date the re- 
newal of the Union of the Brethren. To him 
"Wislcy was indebted for both his religious or- 
ganization and his iiiissionarv plans, that inde- 
iaii ,, :■■ l:)Ii"r , li.ii; • 1 -. -.d some time With 
Ziii 1^' M : \ \t to their organi- 

ZLiii I. .~ iii-ing (which fur- 

nisli ■ I ili'j \\j,:i-,t wiili ;i \ .iluablo hint) is one 
of their most remarkable characteristics. In 
1 736 the count was consec. bishop of the Mo- 
ravian Cong. He then visited England, and 
travelled almost all over Europe ; made numer- 
ous settlements, and sent missionaries to all 
parts of the world. He came to Pa. in 1741 ; 
began his labors by preaching at Genuantown 
and Bethlehem; and in Feb. 1742 ord. at Oly, 
Pa., the missionaries Rauch and Ruttner. At 
Sbekomeco he established the first Indian Mo- 
ravian congregation in America. He returned 
to Europe in 1743 ; succeeded his bro. Dec. 21, 
1756; and abdicated his countship March 19, 
] 757. — See his Life by Spangenberg, 8 vols Svo, 
1777. 



ZOL 



1014 



Zollicoffer, Ge;?. Felix K., b. Maury 
Co., Tenn., May 19, 1812; killed at the battle 
of MUl Spring, Ky., Jan. 19, 18G2. H« re- 
ceived an academical education. Learned the 
trade of a printer ; in 1 829 became a newspaper 
editor at Paris, Tenn. ; edited and pub. the Co- 
lumbian Observer in 1834; in 1835 was chosen 
State printer ; and in 1842 took the editorship 
of the Nashville Banner, tlie leading Whig pa- 
perof the State. lie was in 1845-9 comptroller 
of the State treas. ; in 1849 was a State sena- 
tor, and M.C. in 1853-9, and an ad ocatc of 
extreme Southern views. He was a delegate 
to the Peace Congress in Feb. 1 86 1 ; was soon 
after app. a brig.-gen. in the Confederate 
army ; took com. of East Tenn. Aug. 8 ; was 
defeated at Camp Wild-Cat, Ky., Oct. 21, bv 
Gen. Sehoepf, and at Mill Spring by Gen. 
Thomas. 

Zook, Gen. Samuel Kosciuszko, b. Pa. 
ab. 1823; killed at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863. 
While young, he was a telegrapher, and made 
important discoveries in electrical science. Ab. 
1 848 he removed to N.Y. ; and at the outset of 
the war he went as lieut.-col. with the 6th N.Y. 
S. M. to the Potomac, and was made military 



gov. of Annapolis. Returning, he raised and 
com. the 57th N.Y. Vols. During the severe 
battles on the Peninsula, he generally com. a 
brigade; made brig.-gen. Nov. 29, 1862. He 
disting. himself at Chancellorsville ; also at 
Gettysburg, where he fell. 

Zubly, John Joacbim, D.D. (N. J. Coll. 
1770), clergyman, b. St. Gall, Switzerland, 27 
Aug. 1724; d. S.C. 23 July, 1781. Ord. 1744. 
He took charge of the First Prosb. Church, Sa- 
vannah, in 1 760, where he preached to an Eng- 
lish and German cong., also preaching occasion- 
ally in French. He was active among the Sons 
of Liberty at the outset of the Revol. ; was on 
the most important coramitteesof the first Prov. 
Congress of Ga. 1 775 ; and in that year was a 
delegate to the Cont. Congress. He opposed 
the Docl. of Indep., and suddenly left congress 
for Ga., where he sided with the crown. Ac- 
cused of treasonable corresp. with Sir James 
Wright, the royal gov., he returned to Savan- 
nah, and was for some time concealed, to 
escape popular resentment, lie was in that 
city during the siege in 1779. He was a man 
of learning, ofa vigorous and penetrating mind, 
and pub. a number of patriotic discourses. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



BAR 



CHA 



Bartlett, Gen. William Frakcis, b. Ha- 
verhill, Ms., 6 June, 1840. H.U. 1862. App. 
capt. 20th Ms. luf. 10 July, 1861 ; engaged at 
Ball's Bluff; wounded at the siege of York- 
tovra (losing a leg) ; col. 49th Ms. Inf. 10 Nov. 
1862; and took part in the operations result- 
ing in the capture of Port Hudson. In the as- 
sault of this place (27 May, 1 863) he was a con- 
spicuous mark for the enemy, being mounted ; 
and was severely wounded in the arm and foot. 
Col. 57th Ms. Vols. 17 Aug. 1863, with which 
he participated in the battles of the Wilder- 
ness, and again slightly wounded ; brig.-gcn. 
vols. 22 June, 1 864, for conspicuous gallantry 
at Port Hudson. He com. a division 9th corps, 
and was captured at the explosion of the mme 
before Petersburg, 30 July, 1864. After being 
exchanged in Sept., he com. the 1st div. 9th 
corps; brev. maj.-gen. 1865. 

Beatty, Gen. John, M.C. from Ohio since 
1867, b. near Sandusky, 0., 16 Dec. 1828. Re- 
ceived a good English education. Engaged in 
banking ; volunteered as a private 3d O. Inf., 
and app. lieut.-col. in 1861 ; took pai-t in sev- 
eral battles in West Va. ; col. in 1 862, and con- 
spicuous at Perryville and at Stone River, 
where he com. a brigade ; brig.-gcn. 29 Nov. 
1 862 ; and fought at^Tullahoma, Chickamau- 
ga, and at Mission. Ridge. 

Bedell, Gregory Thurston, D.D., as- 
sist, bishop of Ohio (consec. 13 Oct. 1859), b. 
Hudson, N.Y., 27 Aug. 1817. Brist. Coll., Pa., 
1836; (Epis.) Theol. Sem. of Va. 1840. Son 
of Rev. Gregory T. of Phila. Ord. deacon 
1840, priest 1841 ; became rector Ch. of the 



Holy Trinity (West Chester, Pa.) 5 Nov. 1840, 
and of the Ch. of the Ascen. (N "' 
1843. Residence, Gambler, O. 



Bigler, John, gov. of Cal. 1852-6, b. 
Cumberland Co., Pa., 8 Jan. 1804; d. Sacra- 
mento, Cal., 30 Nov. 1871. Bro. of Wm., gov. 
of Pa. Apprenticed to the printing-business ; 
edited a paper in Pa. in 1828-9 and 1831-2; 
adm. to the bar, and resided in Brown Co., 111., 
in 1846-9; moved to Cal. in 1849, and was 
twice speaker of the Assembly. He was a con- 
servative Democrat, and was known as " Hon- 
est John Bigler." 

Birge, Gen. Henry W., b. Nonvich, Ct. 
When the civil war began, he was one of the 
aidi'S of Gov. Buckingham ; entered the service 
in June, 1861, as major 4th Ct. Inf ; made col. 



13th early in 1 862 ; and in the exped. to N. Or- 
leans and in the capture of Port Hudson, for 
which he was made brig.-gen. Sept. 19, 1863; 
took part in the Red-river campaign under 
Gen. Banks; brev. maj.-gen. for seniees in 
.Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah Val- 
ley, Oct. 1864 ; and in June, 1865, was app. to 
com. the milit. dist. of Savannah. 

Blow, Henry T., minister to Brazil since 
1869, b. Southampton Co., Va., 15 July, 1817. 
Went to St. Louis in 1830; grad. at the U. of 
that city; became interested in mining-lands, 
in which, and in manufacturing, he acquired a 
fortune. He was among the first in Mo. to de- 
clare against slavery ; was 4 years a State sen- 
ator ; was the friend and adviser of Gen. Lyon 
at the opening of the Rebellion ; minister to 
Venezuela in 1861-2, and M.C. in 1863-7. 

Bradley, Joseph P., LL.D. (Laf. Coll. 
1859), jurist, b. Berne, Albany Co., N.Y., 14 
Mar. 1813. Rutg. Coll. 1836. Adm. to the 
bar in 1839, attaining distinction in the prac- 
tice of law in Newark, N. J., especially in causes 
involving a knowledge of polit. economy and 
constitutional law. App. assoc. judge U. S. 
Supreme Court 21 March, 1870. 

Brayton, George Bailey, inventor of a 
safety steam-boiler and of the high-pressure 
gas-engine, b. Crompton, R.I., 23 Oct. 1829. 

Buckland, Cyrus, inventor, b. Manches- 
ter, Ct., 10 Aug. 1799. He received a common- 
school education, worked in various machine- 
shops, and in 182S became a pattern-maker and 
de.-igncT in the U. S. Armory at Springfield, 
Ms. He produced his machine for making gun- 
stocks ab. 1 842 ; and is also the inventor of the 
machines for rifling musket-barrels, for cutting 
the thread of the screw on the inside of the bar- 
rel, and for milling the breech-screw. 

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel de, Cuban 
revolutionist, b. Bayamo, 1 8 Apr. 1819. U.of 
Havana, 1838. Studied law at Barcelona, and 
was adm. to practice in 1842. In 1844 he set- 
tled in practice in his native city, acquiring 
reputation and a fortu ne. For a demonstration 
in favor of Cuban indep. in 1852, he was con- 
fi ned 5 months in Morro Castle, Santiago de 
Cuba. Heading the movement for Cuban in- 
dep. in Oct. 1868, he was soon after made pres. 
of the republic. 

Chamberlain, Gen. Joshua Lawkencb, 
LL.D. (Pa. Coll. 1866; Bowd. 1868), gov. of 
lOlS 



CHE 



1016 



Me. 1866-70, b. Bangor, Me., 8 Sept. 182«. 
Bowd. Coll. 1852; Bangor Thcol. Sem. 1855. 
Son of Col. Joshua. In his boyhood he at- 
tended the niilit. acad. of Maj. Whiting; at Ells- 
worth. Prof, at Bowd. Coll. from 1 85.") to Aug. 
1862, when app. lieut.-col. 20th Mc. Inf.; col. 
May, 1863; brig.-gen. June, 1864, for gallantry 
at Petersburg, where he was severely wounded ; 
brev. maj.-gen., and again wounded at Quaker 
Road 29 Mar. 1865 ; and com. 1st division 5th 
corps, leading the advance, in the final opera- 
tions ending in Lee's surrender, 9 April, 1865. 
Ilis com. was designated to receive the formal 
surrender of the arms and colors of Lee's ar- 
my. He was engaged in 24 pitched battles, in- 
cluding An tietam, Fredericksburg, Chanccllors- 
ville, Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, 
Petersburg, and Five Forks ; and was 6 times 
wound'.d, thrice severely. He resumed his pro- 
fessorshiji (modem languages) in 1865 ; and in 
July, 1871, was elected pres. of Bowd. Coll. 

Chester, J. L. (p. 181), has long been en- 
gaged upon what promises to be his maynum 
opus, — the printing of the entire marriage, 
baptismal, and burial registers of Westminster 
Abbey, annotated in an exhaustive manner. 

Coan, Rev. Titus, D.D., missionary and 
volcano^rapher, b. Ivillingworth, Ct., Feb. 1, 
1801. Aub. Theol. Sem. 1834. In the same 
year he m. Miss Fidelia Church of Riga, N.Y., 
and sailed for the Hawaiian Islands. Between 
1835 and 1870 he had gathered 15,000 of the 
native islanders into the Protestant Church, — 
a success unequalled, it is believed, by that of 
any other modern missionary. For his con- 
trite, to volcanic scieuce, see Amer. Journal of 
Sciences, 1840-70. 

Cochran, Jon>f AVebster, inventor, b. 
Enfield, N.IL, 16 May, 1814. In 1832, with a 
cash capital of SI .25, he started for Boston, 
walking the whole way, — 110 miles. In 1833 
he invented and patented a steam-heating ap- 
paratus ; and in 1834 patented his invention of 
a revolving breech-loading rifled cannon, in 
which the cocking of the hammer automatical- 
ly rotated the cylinder, — the same principle 
which subsequently secured the success of the 
revolving pistol. This invention procured him 
fame and fortune. Visiting France in 1835, he 
exhibited his model to the Turkish ambassa- 
dor ; was invited by Sultan Mahmoud to Con- 
stantinople, whither he went, and was liberally 
rewarded by the sultan. In 1 839-47 he resided 
in France, and afterward in Eng., where he in- 
vented macbinery for curvilinear sawing, used 
in " converting " ship-timber, and adopted by 
the Brit. govt. He has latterly resided in the 
U.S., actively engaged in the manuf. of fire- 
arms and projectiles, and in improvements of 
various kinds. — Amer. Artisan, Mar. 8, 1871. 

Conner, Gen. Patrick E., b. Ireland, 
1820; came to theU.S. ataveryearlyage; set- 
tled in Te.xas ; was a capt. in Walker's Texan 
regt., and severely wounded at Buena Vista. 
In 1861 be raised a regt. ; was ordered t<5 Utah ; 
gained a signal victory over the hostile Indians 
at Bear River 29 Jan. 1863; made brig.-gen. 
30 Mar. 1863 ; was long in com. of the Utah 
dist., where he established firmly the authority 
of the govt. ; and brev. maj.-gen. 1865. 

Davis, Thomas Feedeeick, D.D., Prot.- 



Ep. bishop of S.C. (consec. 17 Oct. 1853); d. 
Dec. 2, 1871. 

Delmar, Alexander, statistician, b. N.Y. 
Citj^, 9 Aug. 1836. His father was a native of 
Spain. He wrote for a N.Y. journal in 1854 ; 
became financial editor of Hum's Merchunts' 
Mag. and of several N.Y. journals ; established 
the Social-Science Review, and was sole editor 



in 1867-8 ; and in 1867 became pros. Washing- 
ton Statist. Soc. Author of " Gold Money 
and Paper Money," 1862; "Treatise on Taxa- 
tion;" "Essays on Polit. Economy," 1865; 
" International Almanac, or Statistical Hand- 
book," 1866. 

Denio, Hiram (p. 263), jurist, b. 21 Mav, 
1799; d. Utica, N.Y., 5 Nov. 1871. Began 
practice at Rome in 1821; dist. atty. 1825- 
34; settled in Utica in July, 1826; circuit 
judge 5th circuit 1334-8; judge of the Court 
of Appeals 1853-66. 

Devens, Gen. Charles, Jun., b. Charlcs- 
towu, Ms., Apr. 4, 1820. H.U. 1838; Camb. 
Law School. In 1841-9 he practised in Frank- 
lin Co., Ms.; was a State senator in 1S48; in 
1 849-53 was U.S. marshal for Ms. ; and in 1854 
resumed the practice of law at Worcester. Apr. 
16, 1861, he was chosen major of a rifle batt. ; 
was made col. 15th Ms. Inf. 24 July; com. at 
Ball's Bluff' before the arrival of Col. Baker, and 
again after the death of the latter; brig.-gen. 
Apr. 15, 1862; was in the battles of Williams- 
burg and Fair Oaks (in the latter of which he 
was wounded), at South Mountain and Antie- 
tam ; com. a division of Howard's corps at 
Chancellors-ville ; in the 18th corps in the Va. 
campaign of 1864-5, and was in temp. com. 
24th army corps in Dec. '64 ; brev. maj.-gen. 
13 Apr. 1865. In Nov. 1862 he was the unsuc- 
cessful candidate of the " People's Party " for 
gov. of Ms. A justice of the Ms. Superior 
Court since 1867. 

Doniphan, Col. Alexander William, 
lawyer and soldier, b. Mason Co., Ky., July 9, 
1808. Aug. Coll., Ky., 1827. Son of an caily 
emigrant Irom Va., who d. in 1814. Having 
studied law, he began practice at Lexington, 
Mo., but in 1833 removed to Liberty. Brig.- 
gen. of militia in the expedition which in 1838 
drove the Mormons from the State; member 
of the State legisl. 1836 and '40; col. 1st Mo. 
Cav. June 1 8, 1 846, and led the successful ex- 
ped. against Chihuahua; com. in the battle of 
Brazito, Dec. 25, 1846, and in that of Sacra- 
mento, Mexico, Feb. 28, 1847; and in the tii- 
mous march from Santa Fe to the Rio Grande. 

Eiehberg, Jclics, teacher and composer 
of music, b. Germany, 1825. Adra. to the Con- 
servatory of Brussels, he gained in 1843 the 
first prizes in violin and composition. After- 
ward musical director in prominent German 
opera-houses, and director of sacred music to 
the consistory of the Church of Geneva. Since 
1 856 he has taught in Boston, where he founded 
the Consci-vatory of Music. He has composed 
the successful operas, " The Doctor of Alcan- 
tara," "A Night in Rome," and "The Rose 
of Tyrol." 

, EweU, Gen. R. S. (p. 313), d. Maury Co., 
Tenn., 25 Jan. 1872. 



FER 



1017 



LOR ■ 



Perrero, Gen. Edward, b. of Italian par- 
ents in Granada, Spain, Jan. 10, 1832. He 
was brought to the U.S. an infant. Before the 
war he kept a dancing-school, and taught the 
art at West-Point Acad. In 1861 he raised 
the 51st N. Y. Vols. (Shcpard Rifles) ; accomp. 
Bumside's exped. to Roanoke Island and Ncw- 
bem ; disting. himself at both those places, and 
com. a brigade under Gen. Reno. In July, 
1 862, he served in Gen. Pope's Va. campaign ; 
waa in the battles of South Mountain and An- 
tietam, and for his bravery and efficiency in the 
latter engagement was maide brig. -gen. Sept. 1 9, 
1 862. He served at Fredericksburg and at Vicks- 
burg; com. the 2d brigade of Sturgis's div. 9th 
army corps, and a division at the siege of Knox- 
\iUa; com. at the defence of Fort Sanders 
against the desperate assault of Longstrect ; led 
the colored div. 9th corps in the operations 
against Petersburg in 1864; and subsequently 
com. defences of Bermuda Hundred. Brev. 
maj.-gen. 2 Dec. 1864. 

Guiliore, Pathick Sarsfield, musician, 
b. near Dublin, 28 Dec. 1829. He connected 
himself with a military band at the age of 15. 
Came to Boston in 1 849, where he has been for 
many years a leader of military bands ; accomp. 
the 24th Ms. Regt. to the field in 1862, and 
was in 1863 placed in charge of all the bands 
in the dept. of La. by Gen. Banks. Origina- 
tor of monster concerts in this country, and pro- 
jector of the great National Peace Jubilee at 
Boston in June, 1869, a history of which he 
published in 1871. Composer of many songs, 
marches, &c. 

Gladden, Rev. Washington, clergyman 
and author, b. Pittsgrove, Pa., 11 Feb. 1836. 
Wms. Coll. 1859. He first preached at the 
State-st. Cong. Ch., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; after- 
ward at Mon-isania, N.Y. ; and since Feb. 1867 
has been pastor of the 1st Cong. Church, North 
Adams, Ms. Besides his frequent contrihs. to 
the N. Y. Independent and other papers and pe- 
riodicals, he has published " From the Hub to 
the Hudson," and is a successful pub. lecturer. 

Godkin, Edward L., journalist, b. Wick- 
low Co., Ireland, 1831. Educated at a gram- 
mar-school near Wakefield, England, and at 
Queen's Coll., Belfast. Corrcsp. of the London 
Daily News in Turkey and Russia during the 
Crimean war, 1854-6. In the fall of 1856 he 
came to the U.S., and in the ensuing winter 
made a journey on horseback through the 
Southern States, detailed in a scries of letters 
to the Daili/ News. He then studied law in the 
office of David Dudley Field in N.Y. City ; waa 
adm. to the bar in 1858, but in that year re- 
turned to Europe in impaired health. Return- 
ing to N.Y. at the close of 1862, he was, until 
the establishment of The Nation in 1865, a cor- 
rcsp. of the Daily News, and an editorial con- 
trib. to the N.Y. Times. The Nation, a. weekly 
journal of politics, literature, science, and art, 
estab. in July, 1865, and edited by Mr. God- 
kin, in 1866 passed into his hands as a proprie- 
tor, and owes to him its success, ranking - - ■' 
does among the first literary and critical . 
nals of the land. Republican in poll 
also the advocate of free trade and civil-service 
reform. 

Hall, John, D.D., pastor (since 3 Nov. 



I jour- 



1867) of the Fifth-ave. Presb. Ch., N.Y. City, 
b. of Scotch ancestry, Co. Armagh, Ireland, 31 
July, 1829. Belfast Coll. Licensed to preach 
in June, 1849, and labored as a missionary in 
the west of Ireland ; pastor of the church at 
Armagh 30 Jan. 1852-8, and of Mary's Abbey, 
Dublin, from 1858 until app. in 1867 a deleg. 
to the Presb. churches of the U.S. He is an 
eloquent speaker on the platform as well as in 
thcpulpit. 

Halleck, Gen. Henry Wager (see p. 
399) ; d. Louisville, Ky., 9 Jan. 1872. 

Ualstead, Murat, journalist, b. Ross 
Township, Butler Co., O., 2 Sept. 1829. Far- 
mers' Coll., 0., 1851. His grandfather emig. 
to Ohio from N.C. in 1804. A contrib. to the 
Cincin. Gazette and other papers in Ind. and O. 
in 1851-2; became assist, ed. of the Columbian 
and Great West, and in 1 853 of the Commer- 
cial, introducing the new feature of a systematic 
abstract of the important news found in the ex- 
change papers; and in 1854 became a partner 
in the concern. Under his able management 
the Cincin. Commercial has long been a leading 
journal in the U.S. 

Helper, Hinton Rowan, author, b. Da- 
vie Co., N.C., 27 Dec. 1829. Educated at the 
Mocksvillc Acad. Went to Cal. in 1851, and 
travelled on the Pacific coast; U.S. consul at 
Buenos Ayres 1861-7. Resides at Asheville, 
N.C. Author of " The Land of Gold," 1 855 ; 
"Impending Crisis of the South," 1857; "No- 
joque, a Question for a Continent," 1867; and 
"The Negroes in Negroland," &c., 1868. 

Holcombe, Jajies P., author, b. Lynch- 
burg, Va., 1820. Educated at Y.C. and at the 
U. of Va., where he was some time prof, of 
law. He has pub. " Leading Cases upon Com- 
mercial Law,"8vo, 1847; "Digest of Decisions 
of the U.S. Supreme Court," 8vo, 1848; "Mer- 
chant's Book of Reference for Debtor and Cred- 
itor," 8vo, 1 848 ; "Literature in Letters," 12mo, 
1868. 

Holcombe, William H., M.D., homce- 
opathist and author, b. Lynchburg, Va., 1825. 
Educated at Wash. Coll., Va., and in medi- 
cine at the U. of Pa. After practising at 
Lynchburg and at Cincinnati, he settled in N. 
Orleans, and in 1852 became a homceopath. 
Besides many contribs. to periodicals, he was 
some years co-editor of the A^. A. Journal of 
Homceop. Has pub. " The Scientific Basis of 
Homoeopathy," 12mo, 1855; "Poems," 1860; 
" Our Children in Heaven " (Swedenborgian), 
1868; "The Sexes," 1869; and many bro- 
chures on topics similar to the above. 

Knowlton, John Stocker Coffin, 
journalist, b. Hopkinton, R.I., 11 Dec. 1798; 
d. Worcester, Ms., 11 June, 1871. Dartm. 
Coll. 1823. He became connected with the 
Lowell Journal ab. 1827 ; in 1833 removed to 
Worcester, assuming the editorial charge of 
the .r^ji's and Yeoman, with which the liepuh- 
lican was subsequently merged to establish the 
Palladium, which he pub. and edited for ab. 37 
years. He had been tmce mayor of W. ; mem- 
ber of both branches of the legisl., and 15 years 
high sheriff of the county. 

XiOring, Frederick Wadsworth, jour- 
nalist, b. Boston, 12 Dec. 184S; murdered by 
Apache Indians 5 Nov. 1871 in Arizona, while 



LO"W 



1018 



on Ilia way home from the expl. expcd of Lieut. 
Wlieeler. H.U. 1870. He was a contrib. to 
the At/antic, Old and New, &c. ; was the author 
of " The Boston Dip," a vol. of poems ; " Two 
College Friends," 1871 ; and of two successful 
plays. 

Low, Fredekick F., minister to China 
(app. 1869), b. Frankfort, Me., 30 Jan. 1828. 
He received a thorough English education. 
Went to Califoi-nia early in 1849 ; was for a few 
months engaged in mining ; and was a mer- 
chant in San Francisco until 1855, when he be- 
came a banker at MarysvUle. Repub. M.C. in 
1861-3, contributing to the enactment of the 
Pacific-Railroad Bill ; subsequently collector of 
the port of San Francisco, and gov. of Cal. 
1864-8. 

McCabe, James D., Jan., author, b. Rich- 
mond, Va. Son of Rev. James, D.D., and 4th in 
descent from the first white settler in the Cum- 
berland Valley, Pa. Educated at the Va. Milit. 
Inst. Began writing for the .(16in5don Virginian 
in his 1 4th year. He has pub. " Fanaticism 
and its Results," I860; " Life of Gen. T. J. 
Jackson," 8vo, 1863; " The Bohemian," 1863; 
"Life of Gen. R. E. Lee," 1867 ; "The Gray- 
Jackets," 1867. He has also written poems, 
plays, and translations fi-om the French, and 
many contributions to periodicals. Resides in 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 

McCook, tiEN. Edward M., b. Stcuben- 
villo, 0., June, 1834. Educated principally in 
a log school-house. Accomp. Gov. Medary 
to Minnesota in 1856 as private sec. ; emig. to 
Pike's Peak in 1859 ; member Ks. legisl. 1860; 
app. 2d lieut. U.S. Cav. ; major 2d lud. Cav. ; 
promoted successively to lieut.-col., col., brig.- 
gen. (27 Apr. 1864); and was brev. major- 
gen, in 1865. In the battles of Shiloh, Stone 
River, Perryville, and Chickamauga; com. a 
division in the Atlanta campaign, and a corps 
in E. Tenn. In the summer of 1864, in a raid 
in the rear of Atlanta, he destrojred large quan- 
tities of Confed. stores; was intercepted by 
Wheeler's cav. on his return, and cut his way 
through, rejoining Sherman's army near Mari- 
etta; com. 1st cav. div. in Wilson's raid through 
Ga. and Ala. Minister to. the Hawaiian Is- 
lands 1866-9; app. gov. Colorado Terr. 1S69. 

McGill, John, D.D., R.C. bishop of Va. 
(consec. 10 Nov. 1850), b. 4 Nov. 1809. Ord. 
priest 13 July, 1835. Resided in Lexington, 
Ky., in 183G ; in Louisville in 1836-50, and ed. 
there for 7 years the Catholic Advocate, Au- 
thor of " Life of Calvin," translated from the 
French of Andin, " Origin of the Church of 
Eng. aa represented in Macaulay's History," 
"The True Church Indicated to the Inquirer," 
and " Our Faith the Victory." — Living Wri- 
ters of the South. 

Mahone, Gex. William, b. Southamp- 
ton, Va., ab. 1827. Va. Milit. Inst. 1847. Be- 
came an engineer ; constructed the Norf. and 
Petersb. Railroad, Va., of which he was after- 
wards pros. ; and was in 1861 a militia col., and 
contrib. to the capture of the valual ile mate'rid 
at the Norfolk Navy- Yard, 21 Apr. 1861. He 
then raised and com. the 6th Va. Regt. ; com. 
Fort Darling, and repulsed attack of IJ.S. gun- 
boats 15 May, 1861 ; was at Fair Oaks, Oak 
Grove, Malvern Hill, Groveton (where he was 



wounded), Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, 
battles of the Wilderness; was made hrig.-gen. 
March, 1864; took com. of Anderson's div.; 
in battle of Spottsylvania C.H., North Anna, 
Cold Harbor, the "Crater" Fight (.30 July, 
1864); made a maj.-gcn. 12 Aug. 1864, and 
com. div. in A. P. Hill's (3d) corps ; in battles 
of Wcldon Railroad, Hatcher's Run (27 Oct. 
1864) ; and at Lee's surrender com. the lines at 
Bennuda Hundred. — Hist. J/o';., July, 1871. 

Nye, James W., Repub. seiiator Irom Ne- 
vada since 1865, b. Madison Co.,N.Y., 10 June, 
1815. Received a public-school education; 
studied and practised law ; State police coin- 
miss. N.Y. City, 1860; gov. Nevada Territory 
1861-5. 

Porcher, Fkat^cis Pettre, M.D. (Char. 
Med. Coll. 1847], botanist, h. Charleston, S.C., 
ab. 1825. S.C. Coll. 1845. He has pub. " Med. 
Botany of S.C," 8vo, 1849; "Cryntogamic 
Plants of the U.S." (" Trans." Am. Med. As- 
soc. 1854) ; " Clinical Investigations," Svo, 
1861 ; "Resources of the Southern Fields and 
Forests," Svo, 1863; "Illustrations of Disease 
with the Microscope," 1860. While a lecturer 
in the Charleston Prep. Med. School, he edited, 
with Dr. D. J. Cain, 5 vols, of the Charleston 
Med. Jour, and Review. 

Porter, Gen. Andrew, b. Lancaster, Pa., 
10 July, 1819; d. Paris, 4 Jan. 1872. West 
Point,. 1836-7. Grandson of Gen. Andrew ; 
son of Gov. Geo. B. App. 1st lieut. Mtd. Ri- 
fles 27 May, 1846; disting. at Ccrro Gordo; 
capt. 15 May, 1847 ; brev. major for Contreras 
and Churubusco 20 Aug. 1847; lieut.-col. for 
Chapultepec 13 Sept. 1847; col. 16th U.S. 
Inf. 14 May, 1861 ; brig.-gcn. vols. 17 May, 
1861 ; prov.-gen. Army of the Potomac; com. 
1st brigade of regulars at the battle of Bull 
Run, in which he displayed much skill and 
bravery ; resigned 20 April, 1864. 

Quesada, Manuel, gen.-in-chief of the 
Cuban patriot forces, b. Camaguey, 29 March, 
1833. Emig. to Mexico in 1852 ; entered the 
military service of the republic ; gained sev- 
eral victories over the forces of Maximilian; 
was made a gen» for that of May 5, 1 862, at 
Puebla and at Pachuca ; and was made gov. of 
the States of Tlascala, Coahuila, and Duran- 
go. la 1 865 he came to N.Y. City, and labored 
in organizing the insurrection In Cuba, whither 
he went in 1868; and was named gen.-in-chief 
of the troops of Comarca, and subsequently 
gen.-in-chief of the republic. Sent in March, 
1870, to the U.S. and Europe in a diplomatic 
capacity- 

Eedpath, James, author, b. Bonvick-on- 
Tweed, Eng., Aug. 1833. Emig. with his par- 
ents to Mich, in 1848. At 16 he became a 
printer; at 19 one of the editors of the Tribune, 
with which he was long connected editorially 
or as a corfesp. He was in Kansas during the 
troubles there of 1855-7; and was with the 
armies of Sherman and Thomas, and with Gill- 
more at Charleston, during the war. App_. by 
the govt, of Hayti gen. agent of emigration ; 
then consul at Phila. ; then joint commiss. to 
the U.S. ; and instrumental in procuiing the 
recognition of ilaytien indcp. Supt. of educa- 
tion in Charleston during the war ; organized 
the schools of S.C, and established the Colored 



"U^OO 



Orphan Asylum in Charleston. Established 
the Boston- Lyceum Bureau in 186S. Author 
of " Guide to Kansas," " The Koving Editor," 
'Echoes of Harper's 



I," "Guide to llayti," 



' Life of John 
Ferry," "Southern 
&c. 

Richards, George, a writer of patriotic 
verses, b. (probably) in R.I. ; d. Phila. about I 
Mar. 1814 by his own hand while deranged. 
An eminent schoolmaster in Boston after the 
close of the Revol. ; he also preached occasion- 
ally, in tlie absence of the pastor, to the cong. 
of Mr. Murray; was pastor of a Univcrsalist 
church in Portsmouth, N.H., in 1793-1809, and 
subsequently in Phila., where hcalso established, 
and for two years edited, the Freemason's Mag. 
and Gen. Miscellany. He was a man of great be- 
nevolence, assuming the charge of orphans, and 
giving his personal attendance upon the sick, 
mcluding those stricken with contagious dis- 
ease. Among his pieces — usually anonymous 
— is a descriptive poem on the Revol., extracts 
from which arc in the Ms. Maij. 1789-92. Au- 
thor also of odes. Masonic orations, an hist, dis- 
course on the death of Washinjton, Portsm. 
22 Feb. 1800, &C. — MS. ofS. F. Haven. 

Robinson, William S. ("Warrington"), 
political writer, b. Concord, Ms., 7 Dec. 1818. 
Editor Lowell Courier 1842-8; Boston Daily 
Whig 1849 ; aftenvard of the Republican, Com- 
monwealth, and the Telegraph. Rep. of Lowell 
in the Ms. legisl. of 1852 and '5.3 ; clerk Const. 
Conv. of 1 853 ; and clerk Ms. legisl. since 1 862. 
Under the nom de plume of " Warrington," he 
has long been a well-known contrib. to the 
N. Y. Tribune, Springfield Republican, and other 
papers. 

Rodman, Gex. Thomas J., inventor of 
the Rodman gun, b. Ind. 1821 ; d. Rock Island, 
111., 7 June, 1871. West Point, 1841. Enter- 
ing the ordnance dept., he became 1st lieut. 3 
Mar. 1847; capt. 1 July, 1^55; maj. 1 June 
1863; lieut.-col. 7 Mar. 1867; brev. col. and 
brig.-gen. 13 Mar. 1865. Author of " Reports 
of Experiments in Metals for Cannon and Can- 
non-Powder," 18G1. 

Sargent, Aarok Auocstcs, journalist 
and politician, b. Newbury]iort, Ms., 28 Sept. 
1827. Began as a printer in the office of the 
Watchman and Herald, Newburyport; accomp. 
Fremont to Cal.in 1846, and in 1849 settled m 
Nevada City; long edited the Nevada Journal ; 
adra. to the bar in 1 854 ; dist. atty . Nevada Co. 
1855-6 ; M.C. 1861-3 and 1869-72 ; U.S. sen- 
ator elect for the term of 1873-9. While in 
Congress, he was a member of the com. on the 
Pacific Railroad, and drew the bill for the 
Western Pacific Railroad, of which enterprise 
he was an active and eflicient promoter. 

Smith, Charles H. ("Bill Arp"), hu- 
morist ; is a lawyer of Rome, Ga., of which 
city he has been mayor ; and has also been a 
State senator. In 1861 he began the publica- 
tion of his letters, which in 1866 wore collected 
and pub. under the title of "Bill Arp, — so 
called." 



Stockton, John P , senator, b. Princeton, 
N.J.,2Aug. 1826. N.J. Coll. 1843. Gr.-grand- 
son of Richard, the signer of the Bed. of In- 
dep. Adm. to the bar 1849 ; a commiss. to re- 
vise the laws of N. J ; subsequently reporter 
to the Chancery Court, and pub. 3 vols of Equi- 
ty Reports (1852-9) ; minister to Rome 1858- 
61 ; U.S. senator 1866, and re-elected for the 
term 1869-75 as a Democrat. His father and 
grandfather were members of the U. S. senate. 

Strong, William, LL.D. (Lafayette Coll. 
1867), assoc. judge US. Supremo Court (app. 
Feb. 1870), b. Somers, Ct., 6 May, 1808. Y.C. 
1828. Son of Rev. Wm. L. f pastor of Som- 
ers 1887-31), who d. Fayetteville,N.Y.,31 Aug. 
1859, a. 77. Adm. to Phila. bar 1832; prac- 
tised in Reading, Pa., 1832-47; M.C. 1847-51 ; 
judge Sup. Court of Pa. 1 857-68 ; afterwards 
practised in Phila. In June, 1 87 1 , he declared 
the U.S. income tax to be constitutional ; and 
1 5 Jan. 1 872 delivered the opinion of the ma- 
jority of the court, affirming the constitution- 
ality of the Legal-tender Act of 1862. 

Swann, Thomas, gov. Md. 18G5-7, b. Al- 
exandria, Va. Educated at Col. Coll., D.C., 
and the U. of "Va. Studied law with his father 
at Washington ; app. sec. Neapolitan com- 
miss. ; settled in Bait, in 1834; pres. Bait, and 
O. R. il. Co. 1847-53; mayor of Bait. 1857-9; 
elected U.S. senator in 1866; declined; M.C. 
since 1869. 

Thurman, Allen G., jurist, and U.S. sen- 
ator for the term 1869-75, b. Lynchburg, Va., 
31 Nov. 1813; removed to Ohio in 1819. Re- 
ceived an academic education. Adm. to the 
bar in 1835; M.C. 1845-7; judge Sup. Court 
of Ohio 1851-4; chief justice 1854-G; Domoc. 
candidate for gov. of Ohio 1867. 

Wakefield, Cvrus, an eminent public 
benefactor, b. Roxbury, N.H., 7 Feb. 1811. 
Son of James and Ilannah (Hemenway). 
Came to Boston ab. 1 827, and engaged in busi- 
ness. Originated the rattan business in this 
country, and discovered the process of utilizing 
the rattan waste. The town of Wakefield, Ms., 
is named for liim. 

Wheeler, John H., b. Murfreesliorough, 
N.C.,was before the civil war U.S. minister to 
Nicaragua, and about 1867 was app. to the bu- 
reau of statistics at Washington, D.C. Au- 
thor of "Hist. Sketches of N.C. 1584-1851," 
Svo, 1854 ; "History of N.C," 8vo, 1851. 

Wood, James F., R.C. bishop of Phila. 
since Jan 5, 1860, b. in that city, of Protestant 
parents. On taking orders in the R C Church, 
be was attached to the diocese of Cincinnati, 
and was pastor of St. Patrick's Church until 
consee. bishop of Antigonia, and co-adjutor of 
Phila. 26 May, 1857. 

Woodward, George W., jurist, and 
Democ. M.C. from Pa. 1867-73, b. Bethany, 
Pa., 26 Mar. 1803. Received an academic edu- 
cation. Studied and practised law ; member 
Pa. Const, Conv. 1837; pres. judge 4th jud. 
(list. 1841-51 ; and judge sup. judicial dist. of 
Pa. 1852-67. 



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